THOMAS LINCOLN
CASEY
LIBRARY
1925
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
ERRATA.
TRANSACTIONS.
Page 39, last line, for fodicus read fodiens.
Page 40, last line, for etaon? read eatont.
Page 70, line 17 from bottom, for Hourath read Honrath.
Page 87, line 9 from bottom, for Gymonpleurus read Gymnopleurus.
Pages 191, 195, 196, 197, 199, for band read brand.
Page 263, line 24 from top, for Caucathal read Cauca Valley.
Page 272, line 22 from top, for Carilla read Carrillo.
Page 352, line 16 from top, for PRASONOTUS RUFICANDIS read
PRASONOTUS RUFICAUDIS,
Page 453, line 12 from bottom, for Columbia ead Colombia.
Page 478, line 2 from bottom, for Laelia read Lelia.
Page 648, line 13 from top, for Astatus read Astata.
Page 733, line 3 from bottom, for Zeitschrift vead Zeitung.
PROCEEDINGS.
Page liv, line 4 from top, for 4-Fasctata read 4-fasciata.
Page liv, line 11 from bottom, for Gangelbauer read Ganglbauer.
Page lxxx, lines 18, 21 from top, for Cherocampid read Chcerocampid.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
ROR Te .¥Y EAR
1904.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND ©CO.,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK.
1904-1905.
DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.
Part I. (TRANs., pp. 1-158, Proc., i-xxiv) was published 27th April, 1904
Petia", 159-898,
Pe -,,. 820-676,
iw. Cr 6772750,
1
29
”
Pl
”
XXV-XXXV1)
XXXVi-xlvili)
xlix—]xxx)
Ixxxi-clxxxv)
29
”
”
”
15th June, __,,
30th Sept., ,,
23rd Dec.,
»
16th Mar., 195.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FouNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885.
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1904-19085.
President,
Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.
Vice=Presidents,
Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS.
Dr. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D.
THe Rev. FRANCIS DAVID MORICEH, M.A.
Treasurer,
ALBERT HUGH JONES.
Secretaries,
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S.
HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.
Librarian,
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS.
Otber Members of Council.
CotoneL CHARLES T. BINGHAM, F.ZS.
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A.
JAMES EDWARD COLLIN.
HAMILTON H.C. J. DRUCE, F.ZS.
WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A.
Tore Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S.
Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS.
CoLoneL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S.
Cotonen JOHN W. YERBURY, R.A., F.Z.8.
Resident Librarian.
GEORGE BETHELL.
a>)
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CON TEN ES:
PAGE
Errata onc cee Ess i see an ii
Explanation of the plates... x6 oe cae see = Pe eA LL
List of Fellows... a os se ies = Bs 8 sss ix
Additions to the Library xp see te > a ay Pay XL)
MEMOIRS.
I. On the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. By
II.
iBT
Vie
We
Wi:
xaniTs
XIV.
. Notes on the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides, a Mantis of
. A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. By
FREDERICK Murr, F.E.8., and Dr. Davip SHarp, M.A.,
RIS ets. aes wee Boe ee Sac nae aes wats
Illustrations of the male terminal segments and armatures in
thirty-five species of the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. By
the Rev. Francis D. Mortcs, M.A., F.E.S. ... Ses eee
On some Aberrations of Lepidoptera. By Percy I. Latuy,
Notes on Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. By Dr. THOMAS
ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8. Bee or ie ae
An Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain, by GEORGE
CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.; with some remarks on the
habits of Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., by Dr. Tuomas ALGERNON
Cuapman, M.D. F.Z.S8. ... a3y act ee Bis ae
Descriptions of New Species of Cryptine from the Khasia
Hills, Assam. By PETER CAMERON. Communicated by
GxrorGE ALEXANDER James Roruney, F.E.S. ... ‘ . 103
._ A New Species of Bembex from the Khasia Hills, Bembex
Khasiana, sp. nov. By PETER CAMERON. Communicated by
G@rorGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY, TSI OSIS eee
the Tribe Empusides and a Floral Simulator. By Captain
Cartes E. Witttams, M.A., M.B., Indian Medical Service.
Communicated by Dr. Davip Suarp, M.A., BRS: «.. «.. 125
. New Species of Eastern, Australian and African Heterocera in
the National Collection. By CoLonEL CHARLES SwINHOE,
M.A., F.L.S., ete. ... :
WiiaM James Kaye, F.E.S. With an Appendix by J. Guppy 159
On some new or imperfectly-known forms of South African
Butterflies. By Ro~ranp TRIMEN, M.A., F.R.S., etc. ae pil
_ A Revision of the Sub-family Pelidnotine of the Coleopterous
family Rutelide, with descriptions of new genera and species.
By the late FrepErick Bares. Communicated by GILBERT
J. Arrow, F.E.S. ... me 208 bce on ao ... 249
Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions of several
Genera, and descriptions of New Genera and Species. By
Matcorm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.5., TASS oe : ae
Further Notes on Hydroptilida belonging to the Huropean
Fauna, with descriptions of new species. By Kenneru J.
Morton, F.E.S. — és fos ase ah Ae
277
323
(oh
PAGE
XV. Notes on Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, with
Descriptions of New Species. By ArtHuR M. Lea, F.E.S. 329
XVI. New Species of South American LE? ynge. = Percy I.
Latuy, F.Z.8., F.E.S. ae 500 . 463
XVII. A Classification of the Australian Lymantriate By ‘Dr. A.
JEFFERIS TuRNER, M.D., F.ES. : . 469
XVIII. Notes on Maternal Teatnst in Richie, By isos P.
Dopp. Communicated by OLIvER JANSON, F.E.S. -. 483
XIX. A Note on Elymnias borneensis, Wallace. By Rote We G:
SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M. Z.8. With a Note ah COLONEL
Cuaries T. BINGHAM, PZS. os . 487
XX. On three collections of Rhopalocera fort Fiji, ae one fits
Samoa. By Gustavus A. WATERHOUSE, B.Sc., B.E., F.C.8. 491
XXI. On the Geometridx of Tropical Africa in the National Collec-
tion. By CotoneL CHARLES SwinHOE, M.A., F.L.S., ete. ... 497
XXII. Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorea (1901) and Spain (1901-2).
By Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S. With an Introduction, Notes,
and Appendix by Prof. Epwarp B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S. 591
XXIII. Additions to a knowledge of the eras Cicadide. oT,
WituiAm L. Distant a... . 667
XXIV. Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea 1 (1902-3) aa Hi snatinneiat
misippus (1904), together with observations on the life-history
of the former. By Grorcr F. Leicu, F.E.S. With notes
by Professor Epwarp B. Pourron, D.S8c., F.R.S., and an
Appendix by Rotanp Tren, M. A, F.R.S. a . 677
XXY. New species of African Striphnopterygide, Notodontidse aii
Chrysopolomidw in the British Museum, described by Prof.
CHRISTOPHER AurtIvituius, Hon. F.E.S., F.M.Z.S., ete. ... 695
XXVI. Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe and notes
on the migration of Butterflies in Ceylon, by ee NEVILLE
Manvers, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ach . 701
XXVII. Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. By Chics BERT J. ;
Arrow, F.E.S. ate iad oy 05 . 709
Proceedings for 1904 _..... ase Re ee es ae .. i—Ilxxxix
Annual Meeting ... Re a SF af ee See aay EXC
President’s Address is os she ae ae Pr en XCY,
General Index ... wes nie oes sez ass Bs ee. CXXXili
Special Index ede aes oes ee es Mee aR fo eal
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PlatesI to V. See pages 1—23 Plate XXVII. See pages 463—468
Plates VI to IX. ri 25—63 Plate XXVIII. » 483—486
Plate X. e 65—70 Plates — &? 667—676
Plates XI to XIV. _,, 71—79 a 2 ee
Plates XV & XVI. _,, 81—102 | Plates XERI Ns ’ 677694
Plates XVII. & 159229 6.9.4 AY ey
XVIII. ; » Tie: Plate XX XIII. » 695—700
Plates XIX & XK. ;, 231—247 | Plates XXXIV-&} 701-708
Plate XXI. » 323—328 Xxxy.
Plates XXII ) Plate XXXVI. » 109—750
to Xoxv IL. s ” 3829—461
Hist of Fellotvs
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Date of HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1900 AuvRtiviLLtvs, Professor Christopher, Stockholin.
1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.
1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.
1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.
1884 OstTEN SACKEN, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg.
1884 PacKkarD, Dr. Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertusse 2, Geneva.
1895 ScuppsEr, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam.
1893 WarrenwyL, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28,
Vienna.
1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.
FELLOWS,
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Date of
Election.
1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.
1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.
1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1902 ApKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.
1885 ADKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, S.E.
1904 Aaar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.
1904 AtpeERsoN, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts.
_1899 Anprews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.0., Kent.
1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.
1899 | ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British
Museum (Natural History), Cromawell-road, S.W.
1886
(9)
Armong, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.
1850 | AveBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S8., F.LS., F.GS.,
1901
1904
1905
1886
1890
1886
1895
1887
1902
1894
1904
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
Bacot, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E.
BAGNALL, Richard 8., The Grove, Winlaton-on-Tyne, Durham.
Baupock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.
Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.8., The Warren, Cromer.
BarGacut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.
BarKER, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.
BarkER, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E.
BaRRAUD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.
+ Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu-
tion, Buenos Ayres.
1896 + BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc. F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace,
1851
1899
1903
1904
1897
1885
1895
1880
1895
1891
1904
Edinburgh.
+ Beaumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex.
BEDWELL, Ernest C., Elmlea, Clevedon-road, Norbiton, Surrey.
Bewu-Maruey, H. W., Agincourt, Currie-road, Berea, Natal.
BENGTSSON, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.
Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.
BreTHuUNE-BakeER, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbastor,
Birmingham.
Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., H.M.S. “ Excellent,’ Portsmouth.
BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.
BincHAM, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps,
6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, 8.W.
BuaBer, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W.
Buack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.
1894 | BLackBuRNE-Mazp, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury.
1889
BLANDFORD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens,
Ladbroke-grove, W.
Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.
Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelicr-road, Ealing, W.
BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., G'uestling Rectory,
Hastings.
Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Shepton Mallet
Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.
Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconnex,
Geneva.
( xi)
1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G8., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,
Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex.
1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.
1904 Bourceso!s, Jules, Ste. Marie-awa-Mines, Markisch, Germany.
1892 BovuskE.uL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.
1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.
1894 + BowxEs, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.
1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, §.E.
1893 Brapant, Edouard, Chéteau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.
1904 Brinceman, The Hon. Richard O. B., Westow Park, Shifnal, Salop.
1877 Briaes, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon.
1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N.
Devon.
1894 Bricut, Percy M., Chumar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth.
1897 BricHrweEn, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore.
1890 Bristowg, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey.
1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand,
1902 Brovueuton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Alderney.
1886 Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge.
1892 Browne, Major Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Lahore, India.
1904 Browne, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.
1898 + BucHan-Herpurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.
1883 Buckron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere,
S.0., Surrey.
1902 Buxuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand.
1896 + Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Royal Societies Club, St.
James's, 8.W., and 23, Blomfield Gardens, Maida Vale, W.
1868 + Burtzr, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road,
Beckenham.
1883 Burner, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Park, N.
1902 Burier, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.
1904 Byarr, Horace A., B.A., The Colonial Office, Whitehall, 8.W.
1886 Catvert, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili.
1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N. Gunnery. School, Sheerness.
1885 CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &¢., Brynllwydwyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.
1898 Canpize, Léon, 64, Rue de l Ouest, Liége.
1880 CanspALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.
1889 Cant, A.,57, Umfreville-road, Harringay, N.; and ¢/o Fredk. DuCane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1890 CappER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.
1894
1892
1895
1898
1868
1890
1895
1900
1900
1903
(#50 7)
Caracciono, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.
CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Kiplin, Northallerton.
CaRPENTER, G. H., B.Se., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
CarPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.
CaRRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford.
Carrer, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Clif End House, Scarboro’.
Carrer, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C.; and
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.
Carter, J. W., 25, Glenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford.
Cassat, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballangh, Isle of Man.
Carrie, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Cuistor, Lincolnshire.
1889 + Cave, Charles J. T., Binstead, Cambridge.
1900
1871
1891
1902
1890
1897
1898
1902
CuaMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.
Cuampion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell,
Woking ; and 10, Ohandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
Cuapman, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Vicz-PResipEnt, Betula,
Reigate.
CHaRNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston,
Lancashire.
CHATTERTON, Frederick J.S., 5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W.
CHawneER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
Cuawner, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal.
1891 } Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8.W.; and Hiunt-
1889
ingfield, Faversham, Kent.
Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.
1886 + CLarK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N.
1867
1886
1891
1904
1873
1899
1901
1900
1892
1886
1867
1895
1888
1890
CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl's Court, S.W.
CLARKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., 13, Kew
Gardens-road, Kew, S.W.
CuarkE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Cockayne, Edward A., 30, Bedford Court Mansions, W.C.
Coxr, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
CoLiin, James E., Sussea Lodge, Newmarket.
Connoup, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens.
Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 10, Buckingham-
street, Strand, W.C.
CoweEtL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs, Eve, 125, Harley-street, W.
CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.
Crecor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E.
Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
—EE
€ =x)
1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., Treasurer L.8., 17, Throgmorton-
1902
1901
1873
1900
1886
1903
1898
1875
1887
1895
1903
1891
1885
1873
1845
1899
1884
1867
1900
1894
1883
1890
1865
1904
1902
1886
1884
1900
1900
1886
1903
1878
avenue, E.C., and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
CrUTTWELL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme
Rectory, Wallingford.
Dapp, Edward Martin, Bismarckstrasse 1, Charlottenburg, Germany.
Day, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.
DaueuisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.
Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E.
Day, F. H., 27, Currock-road, Carlisle.
Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,8.E.
Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Vick-PRESIDENT, Wadham College, Oxford.
Doxsson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, 8.0., Surrey.
DoutiMaNn, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.8., 58, Kensington-mansions,
South Kensington, 8.W.
Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P, Macfadyen
& Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C.
Doria, Marchese Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.
Dovatas, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W.
Drewitt, Frederic G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.ZS.,
14, Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W.
Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
Druck, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.
Dupgxon, G. C., Holta, Kangra Valley, P.O. Palimpur, Punjab,
India.
Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.
Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.
Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-voad, West
Worthing, Sussex.
EckForD, George, 3, Crescent Avenue, Plymouth.
EDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elis, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.
EpwaRDs, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-
heath, 8.E. ;
Exuiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham.
Ex.is, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields.
Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS. F.Z.8., Colesborne,
Cheltenham.
1886
1903
1899
1890
1900
1861
1886
1889
1898
1878
1900
1874
1886
1900
1898
(awe)
Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 42, Salisbury-road, Bexley, Kent.
ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewn, Sydney, N.S.W.
FarmporouaH, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N.
Fary, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical
Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W.
Fetruam, H. L. L., P. O. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.
Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E,
Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
FERNALD, Prof, C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
Finer, F. £., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, S.W.
Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W.
Firtu, J. Digby, F.L.8., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
Firou, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.
Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
Fiemync, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co.
Waterford.
Fuercuer, T. Bainbridge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealand.” Special Service.
1883 + FretcHer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.
1885
1900
1898
1880
1883
1896
1888
1903
1891
1855
1900
1884
1898
1904
1887
1892
1890
Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.
Fourxes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College,
Newport, Salop.
Founrtaineg, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place East, Bath.
Fow1er, The Rev. Canon, M.A., D.Sc, F.LS., Early Vicarage,
near Reading.
FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.
FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.
FREMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone.
Frencu, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria,
Australia.
Frouawk, F. W., Ashmownt, Rayleigh.
Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park,
Norwood, 8.E.
Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.
Fuutuer, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, 8.E.
Fuuuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
Furnivat, Thomas F., Hondwras Cottage, Bushey Heath.
GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-
road, S.W.
GarRDE, Philip de la, R.N., 2, South View, Teignmouth, Devon.
GARDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool.
1901 + GarpNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.
1899
GaAYNER, Francis, 20, Queen-square, W.C.
Gizy.)
1899 GeELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
1902 GriLanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.
1904 Grurat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex.
1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., South
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-
square; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1890 GoxnptHwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.
1886 + Goopricu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern
Link, Malvern.
1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.
1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.
1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown-
shire.
1855 Gornam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts, Shirley
Warren, Southampton.
1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., Secretary, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill,
Surrey.
1886 GrRegy, A. P., c/o 8. Green, Esq., 1, Gordon-place, Kensington, W.
1891 + Green, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
1850 GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.
1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W.
1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, Bellevue, Riffel-road, Willesden Green, N.W.
1893 + GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge,
Salisbury.
1888 GrirriTHs, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.
1894 GrimsHAw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Museum of
Science and Art, Edinburgh.
1900 Groom, Prof. Perey, M.A., F.LS., Royal Indian Engineering
College, Cooper’s Hill, Staines.
1869 Gross-SmitH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde
Park, W.
1899 Gunninc, Montague, Narborough, Leicester.
1897 Hacus, Henry, 2, Woodland Avenue, Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.
1890 +t Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
1885 Hatz, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.
1898 Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar
School, Queensland, Australia.
1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope-
gardens, S.W.
1891 Hawnpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton,
N.E.
1903 Harz, E. J., 8, Hillsborough-road, East Dulwich, S.E.
( xy)
1904 Harris, Edward, 2, Churdmore-road, Upper Clapton, N.E.
1897 + Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South
Woodford, Essex.
1889 Harrison, John, 7, Gawber-road, Burnsley.
1892 Heaptzy, Charles Burnard, Two Elms, Alexandra-road, Stoneygate,
Leicester.
1881 Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings.
1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.
1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural. History),
Cromwell-road, S.W.
1888 Hiaes, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Mine Office, Venterskroon,
Transvaal.
1876 + Hitumayn, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.
1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.
1902 Horn, R. S., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs. King, King and
Co., Bombay.
1887 Howttanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
1898 Hoxtman-Hunt, C. B., Aneimundi Esp., Munaar, P.O., Travancore,
S. India.
1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.
1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,
Rosslyn Hill, N.W.
1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., F.LS., F.Z.8., &e., Surrey Mount,
Forest Hill, S.E.
1903 Hovceuton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.
1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.
1865 + Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.
1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand.
1902 Hurron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury
Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand.
1897 Images, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fitzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.
1893 Inpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.5.,
14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.
1891 IsaBELL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Coriwall.
1886 Jacosy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead,
AE
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.
1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes.
1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.
(oa =)
1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.
1889 Jonnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.
1888 Jones, Albert H., TREasureEr, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.
1894 + JorDAN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring.
1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading,
1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,
Monaghan.
1884 Kappes, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1896 + Karn, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
1902 Kemp, Stanley W., Trinity College, Dublin.
1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.
1898 KerrsHaw, J. A., Macao, China.
1901 KerrsHaw, John C. W., c/o F. W. Styan, Esq., Shanghai, China.
1900 Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.
1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.
1861 Krrey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W.
1893 KrrKaupy, George Willis, Board of Agriculture, Division of
Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1889 KwnapALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.
1887 + Kuetn, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate.
1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.
1901 Lang, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E.
1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.
1900 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea.
1901 Larny, Percy I., 18, Somerset-street, Portman Square, W.
1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.
1900 Lerroy, H. Maxwell, B.A., Muzaffarpur, Behar, Bengal.
1901 Leteu, George F., corner of Sydenham and Essenvood-roads, Durban,
Natal.
1883 LeMANN, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1892 Lesuix, J. H., Bryn Glas, 33, Streathbourne-road, Upper Tooting, 5.W.
1898 LrtTapripeE, Ambrose G., Knowle, Dunster, Taunton.
1903 Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks,
1898 Lewis, E. J., F.LS., 4, Clements Inn, W.C.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells.
1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand.
1892 Ligutroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
b
( xvi)
1903 LirrLer, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Launceston, Tasmania.
1865 + Lurwetyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A, F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.
1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, 8.W.
1903 LorrHousE, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
1904 Lonostarr, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.
1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape
Town, S. Africa.
1894 Lows, The Rey. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., Devonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.
1901 Lower, Rupert S., Bantley Crescent, Wayville, South Australia.
1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on- Thames.
1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds.
1903 LyeEtt, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.
1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.
1902 Macponaxp, George B. Douglas, M.B.
1887 M‘Dovueatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E.
1901 McGrueor, T. M., 48, Glasgow-road, Perth.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.
1898 Manppison, T., South Bailey, Durham.
1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,
N.E.
1887 Manpers, Major Neville, R.A.M.C., Curepipe, Mauritius.
1892 ManspripG#, William, 27, Elmbank-road, Sefton-park, Liverpool.
1894 + MarsHatt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1895 MarsHaut, G. A. K., P.O. Box 149, Salisbury, Mashonaland,
S. Africa.
1896 MarsHat., P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand.
1856 ¢ MarsHAtL, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.
1895 Massgy, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester.
1865 MatHeEw, Gervase F., F.L.8., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,
Dovercourt, Harwich.
1887 MatrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth.
1899 May, Harry Haden, 6, Citadel Terrace, Plymouth.
1904 MrADE-WALDO, Geoffrey, Stonewell Park, Edenbridge, Kent.
1872 + Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., 6, Brunswick-
square, W.C.
1885 Metvitt, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Braic Hall, Shrewsbury,
1887
1888
1880
1894
1883
1896
1879
1902
1853
1899
1886
(sax)
MERRIFIELD, Frederic, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton.
Meyer-Darcis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland.
Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.
Mrat, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 1, Richmond Mount,
Headingley, Leeds.
Mites, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
Moserty, J. C., M.A., 9, Rockstone-place, Southampton.
Montetrro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.
MontaomerY, Arthur Meadows, 83, Osborne-road, Forest Gate, E.
Moore, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Maple-road, Penge, 8.E.
Moore, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.
Moreay, A. C. F., F.L.S., 24, Leinster-square, W.
1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
Vick-PRESIDENT, Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1895 + Morey, Claude, The Hill Howse, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.
1893
1900
1882
1901
Morton, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.
Mosgr, Julius, 90, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.
Mostey, 8. L., Beawmont Park, Huddersfield.
Morr, Frederick, EH. and S. African Telegraph Co., Mozambique.
1869 | Mtuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-
1904
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
MoumrorD, Frank 8., 10, Wountfield Gardens, Tunbridge Wells.
1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, 8.W.
1903
1896
1889
1901
1890
1900
1904
1886
1893
1886
1878
1895
1869
1877
NEAVE, 8. A., B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford.
Neswaw, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W.
Nevinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
Nevinson, E. B., 5, Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W.
NewsteaD, R., The Museum, Chester.
NicHo.t, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
Nicuoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B.
NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.
NonFRIED, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.
Norris, Herbert E., 15, Warket-place, Cirencester.
Nortipa®, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
Nursk, Major C. G., Indian Staff Corps, Quetta, Baluchistan, India.
OpseERTHUR, Charles, Rennes (Ile et Vilaine), France.
OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France.
1893 + OcLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.
1893
1873
OuiIveR, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton.
OLIVIER, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
1895
1898
1901
1883
( xx )
Paces, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 8.E.
PauuisEeR, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey.
Peau, Henry Woolner, Indian Musewm, Calcutta.
Pirincury, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
1903 ¢ Perkins, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento-
1879
1900
1897
1903
1901
1891
1901
1903
1885
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-under-Edge.
Puinuips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road,
Tavistock. :
Puiniips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., M. and L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace,
Hyde-park, W.
Pninuirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, Canon-
bury, N.
Proxert, ©. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.
Prercer, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
PirrarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.
PincuEerR, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester-
road, Kensington, W.
Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Drishergen, Netherlands.
1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Hudders/ield.
1884 + PouLton, Professor Edward B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
1878
1904
1893
1900
1874
1900
1893
1891
1898
1890
1898
1894
1853
1892
F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Presipent, Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.
Priskk, Richard, A.B., 66, Chaucer-road, Acton.
Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.
Rarnpow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W.
Reep, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
Retp, Percy Charles, Peering Bury, Kelvedon, Essex.
Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
Ret, William, St. Andrews-road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South
Africa.
Reuton, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.
RENDLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-
bridge.
Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.
Riprne, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton.
Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.RB.S., F.LS.,
ete., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
RoBrnson, Sydney C., Goldsmiths’ Hall, E.C.
1869 + Roprnson-Dovatas, William Douglas, M.A, F.LS., F.R.G.S.,
1890
1886
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.
Rogson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool.
Ross, Arthur J., 37, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, N.
( ort -)
1868 Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, 3.E.
1894 + Roruscainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
148, Piccadilly, W. ; and Tring Park, Tring.
1888 | RoruscHitp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 148,
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1890 Rovutuepesr, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
1887 Rownanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., SecretTARY, Oxhey-grove, Harrow
Weald.
1903 Rowxnanpbs, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove.
1898 Rvussevy, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E.
1892 Russe, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.
1899 Rywes, William E., B.A., 11, Waverley Mount, Nottingham.
1865 + SaunDERS, Edward, F.R.S., F.L.8.,S4 Ann's, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1861 ¢ SaunDERS, G. 8., F.L.S., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common,
SEAM
1886 SaunpeErs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
1901 Scuaus, W., F.Z.8., Trentham House, Twickenham.
1881 Scouuick, A. J., Petersfield, Gleneagle-road, Streatham.
1864 Semper, George, Klopstoch-strasse 23, Altona, Elbe, Germany.
1862 SwHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Hawthorndene,
Hills-road, Cambridge ; and University Museum of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
1902 Suarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.
1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Overdale, Laxey, Isle of Man.
1901 SwHeEtrorp, R., M.A., C.M.Z.8., Hythe, Kent.
1883 SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens
S.W.
1900 | SHEPHEARD-Wauwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887 Sicu, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswich, W.
1904 Simmonps, Herbert W., 17, Awrora-terrace, Wellington, New
Zealand.
1901 SkeERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘ Penang Gazette, Penang, Straits
Settlements.
1902 StapEn, Frederick William Lambart, 2, Sydney-road, Walmer,
Deal.
1904 Surpper, Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich.
1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts.
1901 Smiru, Arthur, 16, Hdward-street, Grimsby.
1901 Smiru, W. G., Rosebank, Brecknock-road, Knowle, Bristol.
1895 Smiru, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand.
1898 Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Diverpool-road
Birkdale, Lancashire.
1885 Souru, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.
1889
1898
1890
1897
1898
1889
1896
1900
1895
1903
1882
1884
1894
1876
1893
1892
1908
1901
1892
1897
(f semi”)
STANDEN, Richard S., F.L.S., Townlunds, Lindfield, Sussex.
Strares, C. L. B., M.R.CS., L.R.C.P., The Infirmary, Wandsworth
S.W.
STEARNS, A. E., 99, Glowcester-terrace, Hyde-park, W.
Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and
Co., Calcutta.
STEBBING, Henry, 134, Westbowrne-grove, W.
Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury.
STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester.
Srupp, HE. A. C., Downton, near Salisbury.
Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.
Swate, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SwiyHoE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 42, Campden House
Court, Campden Hill, W.
SwinHog, Ernest, 37, Addison-gardens, Kensington, W.
Swinton, A. H., c/o General Callender, Vineyard, Totnes.
Taytor, Charles B., 503, West 148th-street, New York City, U.S.A.
TayLtor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s
Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia.
Taybor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds,
Tompson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thorneliff Villas, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
THORNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.8., South Leverton Vicarage,
Lincoln.
TomuIn, B., M.A., Hstyn, Chester.
1859 + TRiMEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., c/o Edward Trimen, Esq., 61,
1895
1897
1898
1893
1894
1886
1904
1898
1904
1866
1897
1895
1901
St. John’s Park, N.
TUNALEY, Henry, 13, Beemere-road, Streatham, S.W.
TunstaLL, Wilmot, Caverlon, Greenlow, Drive, Paisley.
Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.
TurNeER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-roud, St. Catherine's Park,
Hatcham, 8.E.
TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.
Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E.
TyLecotE, Edward F. §., M.A., 3, Castle-road, Deal, Kent.
Uricu, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West
Indies.
VauGHAN, W., Denton Dene, Ealing.
VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
VicE, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester.
WacHER, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.
Wappineron, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds.
1899
1897
1870
1878
@ aii)
Wangs, Albert, 20, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire.
Watnwnicat, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth,
Birmingham.
Watker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.8., Dun Mallard,
Cricklewood, N.W.
WALKER, James J., R.N., F.L.8., Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summer
Toun, Oxford.
1863 + Watuacz, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z,S.,
Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.
1866 | WaALSINGHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS.,
1886
1869
1901
1900
1904
1893
F.Z.8., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, Merton
Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8. W.
WarREN, Wmm., M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick-lane, W.
WATERHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acton, W. ;
and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 5.W.
WaTERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia.
Watkins, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Jlartin’s Vicarage, St. Philip,
Barbados, W. Indies.
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1876 + WestTERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.
1886
1884
1903
1896
1894
1904
1894
1900
1881
1901
1899
1891
1888
1892
1904
WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.
Waite, William, 75, Thurlow Park-road, West Dulwich, S.E.
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British East Africa.
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Common, 8.W.
WooprorpsE, F. C., Market Drayton.
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1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A.
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Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105,
Victoria-street, S.W.
Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy
Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
Youpatg, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth.
Youne, L. C. H., Rampart Row, Bombay.
("axav )
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
DurinG THE YEAR 1904.
APFELBECK (V.). Die Kaferfauna der Balkanhalbinsel, mit Beriicksichtigung
Klein Asiens und der Insel Kreta. Erster Bd. Caraboidea. 8vo,
Berlin, 1904. Purchased.
ASHMEAD, (W.H.). Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hymeno-
ptera from the Philippine Islands.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Banks (Nathan). Treatise on Acarina or Mites.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Barrett (Charles G.). The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vol. IX.
4to, London, 1904. The Publishers.
Bemis (Florence E.), The Aleyrodids, or Mealy-winged Flies of California.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII. ]
Bucxton (G. Bowdler). A Monograph of the Membracidz. 4to, London,
1903.
The Author.
BreARE (T. H.) and DontstHorpe (H. St. J. K.). Catalogue of British
Coleoptera, 8vo, London, 1904. The Authors.
BENGTSssoN (Simon). Biologiska Undersékningar ofver Nunnan (Lymantria
monacha, Lin.). 8vo, Stockholm, 1902. The Author.
Studies Och Jakttagelser 6fver Humlor. 8vo, Stockholm, 1903.
The Author.
Minnistenkning 6fver C. G. Thomson. The Author.
Till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata.
4to, Lund, 1897. The Author.
Ueber Sogen, Herskérper ber Insecten larven. 8vo, Stockholm.
1899. The Author.
Undersokningar Rorande Nunnan ar 1900.
[Entom. Tidskr, Arg. 22, Heft. 3, 1901.] The Author.
Bericht tiber die wissenschaftligen Leistungen in Gebiete der Entomologie.
[See Lucas (Dr. Robert.) ]
BuiaNnprorpD (W. F. H.). [See Gopman (F. D.) Biologia Centrali-Americana.]
Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]
@izxvy °)
Burr(Malcolm). On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland, with
descriptions of new species.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900. ]
Notes on the Forficularia, Parts V, VII, VIII.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), Vols. V, X, 1900, 1903.]
Auguste de Bormans, Obituary Notice.
[Ent. Record and Journal of Variation, Vol. XIIT, 1901.]
The Earwigs of Ceylon. Parts I and II.
[Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIV, 1902.]
On the Forficularia of the Hungarian National Museum of Budapest.
[Termes. Fiizetek, Vol. XXV, 1902. ]
Busck (August). Tineid Moths from British Columbia.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904. ]
CAMERON (P.) Hymenoptera Orientalia. Part IX.
The Hymenoptera of the Khasia Hills. Part II.
[Manchester Memoirs, Vol. XLVII, 1903. ]
G. A. James Rothney.
Papers on Indian Hymenoptera.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1902—03.]
G. A. James Rothney.
CaupEtt (A. N.). Two Orthoptera Hitherto Unrecorded from the United
States of America.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904. ]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Campion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
Cowan (T. W.). The Honey Bee. Second Edition. 12mo, London, 1904.
The Author.
Distant (W. L.). Fauna Transvaaliensia. Parts V and VI. 1904.
Purchased.
DonisTHoRPE (H. St. J.). Ten Years’ Captures of New British Beetles.
[Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soe., Vol. VIII, 1904. | The Author.
[See Beare (T. H.)]
Drvuce (Herbert). New Species of Butterflies, Family Erycinide, from
Tropical South America.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, Vol. I.] The Author.
Dyar (H.G.). Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia.
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904.
The Smithsonian. Institution.
Fiercuer (Philena B.). [See StincERLAND (M. VY.).]
Foret (A.). Ants and some other Insects, 8vo. Chicago, 1904.
The Author.
Note sur les Fourmis du Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale
des Sciences a St. Petersburg.
[Ann. du Mus. Zool. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pet., 1903.]
Fourmis des Musée de Bruxelles.
[Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique, T. XLVIII, 1904. ]
See ULE (H.). The Author.
Fow er (W. W.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Ceutrali-Americana. ]
(\ eva)
GANGLBAUER (Ludwig). Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa, Vol. IV, Halfte 1,
1904.
Purchased.
Gopman (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Parts CLXXXI—
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Arachnida Araneidea and Opiliones, by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge.
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W. W. Fowler.
GREEN (E. Ernest). The Coccide of Ceylon. Part III, 1904.
Notes on some Ceylon Butterflies.
[Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. II, Part VI, 1904. ] The Author.
HinE (James 8.). ‘Tabanidee of the Western United States and Canada.
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. V, 1904.] The Author.
Hurton (Capt. F. W.). Index faunae Nove Zealandiz. 8vo, London, 1904.
The Editor.
Kettoce (V. L.). New Mallophaga. I—III.
[Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory.]
The Net Winged Midges (Blepharoceridz) of North America.
[Proc. California Acad. Sci. Zool. 3 Ser., Vol. III.]
The Development and Homologies of the Mouth parts of Insects.
[American Naturalist, Vol. XXXVI.] The Author.
Kertesz (C.). Catalogus Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum. Vol. I.
8vo, Leipzig, 1902.
[Mus. Nat. Hungariam. ] Purchased.
Kuwana (S. I.). Coccidae (Scale Insects) of Japan.
[Proc. California Acad. Sci., Zool. 3 Ser., Vol. III.]
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Lucas (Dr. Robert). Bericht ther die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in
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Hymenoptera und Lepidoptera. 8vo, Berlin, 1904.
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NEEDHAM (James G.). New Dragon Fly Nymphs in the U. 8. National
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[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904. ]
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Osporn (Herbert). Notes on South American Hemiptera-Heteroptera.
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. V, No.1. Nov. 1904.] The Author.
Packarp (Alpheus 8.). Studies on the Transformation of Saturnian Moths.
[Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sci., Vol. XX XIX, 1904.]
Opisthenogenesis, or the Development of Segments, Median Tubercles
and Markings a Tergo.
[Journal New York Ent. Soc., 1904.] The Author.
Parrott (P. J.) and Strrine (F. A.). Fall spraying with sulphur washes.
[New York Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. No, 254, Aug. 1904. ]
The Authors.
Perincuery (L.). Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa.
Two Parts.
[Trans. 8. African Phil. Soc., Vol. XII, 1903—1904.]
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Roruney (G. A. James). The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, Bengal.
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1903. | The Author.
SremeENow (Andreas). Dermatoptera nova aut minus cognita. IT.
[Revue Russe Ent., Vol. IIT, 1903, No. 1.] The Author.
SrRRINE (F. A.). See Parrorr (P. J.).
SLINGERLAND (M. V.). The Grape Leaf-hopper.
[Bull. No. 215, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Jan. 1904.)
The Grape-Berry Moth.
[Bull. No. 223, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Nov. 1904. ]
Two Grape Pests.
[Bull. No. 224, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Nov. 1904.]
and PatvenaA B. Fietcurer. The Ribbed Cocoon-maker of the
Apple.
[Bull. No. 214, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Dec. 1903. ]
The Authors.
Swezey (Otto H.). Preliminary Catalogue of the Described Species of the
Family Fulgoridz of North America, North of Mexico.
[Ohio Dept. of Agriculture, Bull. No. 3, 1904.] The Author.
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[Canad. Ent., Novy. 1903.]
New Culicidz from the Federated Malay States.
{Entomologist, 1903. ] The Author.
THomson (C. G.). Memoir of, and Bibliography of his works. [See BENGTs-
son (Simon). |
Tort (J. W.). British Lepidoptera. Vol. IV, 1904. Purchased.
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Hebrides and Adjacent Islands.
[Entom. Monthly Mag., XIII.]
Antipodean Field Notes. 2. A Year’s Insect Hunting in New
Zealand,
[Entom. Monthly Mag., XV.]
Some Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Curtis Collection of British
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[Entom. Monthly Mag., XV. ] The Author.
WartrrRHouss (C.O.). Supplementary List of Generic Names. 8vo, London,
1904. The Author.
Witxrnson (8. J.). The British Tortrices. Svo, London, 1859.
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Wiuutamson (E. B.). The Dragon-flies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower
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For THE YEAR 1904.
T. On the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide.
By Freperick Murr, F.E.S., and Dr. Davip SHarp,
M.A., F.RS., ete.
[Read Oct. 7th, 1903.]
Pears: £1. ci Vv aANnD® Vi.
THE egg-cases described below have all been discovered
by Mr. Muir in 8. Africa. In the course of working at
the mode of their formation he has also become acquainted
with the larvae, and as these are of a highly remarkable
character we have concluded that an illustrated account of
them would be acceptable to entomologists, as an addition
to our account of the oothecas. One new species is
described on p. 13.
Although the eggs of insects are in many instances of
a very beautiful and elaborate character, it is only in a few
exceptional forms that oothecas or egg-cases are used.
The best known examples of these structures are found
among Orthoptera, in the Mantidz and Blattide. The
German naturalist Verhoeff has recently formed these
two families into a separate Order, and has named it
Oothecaria.
Until attention was called to these Coleopterous oothecas
by exhibition of some of Mr. Muir’s specimens at a meet-
ing of the Entomological Society of London it was not
known that such structures existed in Cassidide. In the
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 1
2 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
most recent work on the family, Weise, in reviewing what
is known as the Natural History of the family, says that
“the longish eggs are deposited in small clumps fastened
to a leaf and surrounded with excrement so that they may
not become too dry.”
In the case of the African forms here described the eggs
are placed in a case that is built of membranes formed ot
a peculiar substance. In Cassida mwirana and the forms
allied to it the extremely small and imperfect ootheca is
covered with excrement, and I think1it probable that obser-
vation of European Cassidas will show that the excrement
is not really placed directly on the eggs, as it is said to
be in books, but as in African forms, is placed on an
imperfect ootheca. The ootheca is of various degrees of
perfection in accordance with the species that forms it ;
and in the ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta the struc-
ture is so elaborate and perfect that it surpasses even the
comb formed by bees and wasps.
We will describe this ootheca at some length, and sub-
sequently deal with the less perfect structures formed by
some other 8. African species.
OOTHECA.
1. Aspidomorpha puwneticosta.
Pl. I, figs. 1—6 and 9.
Fig. 1 gives a very good idea of this ootheca as it
appears attached to a fragment of the leaf of Jpomaa
pescapre and magnified two times. Fig. 2 gives a hori-
zontal section and fig. 3 a perpendicular one. It is
seen from fig. 2 that a large number of cells exist,
and the figures show that in four of the rows each of
the cells contains an egg. In the ootheca figured there
are about 80 eggs. ‘The outer row of cells on each
side of the egg-case is different in form from the four
rows in the middle and contains no eggs. The struc-
ture is formed of nearly two hundred separate and distinct
membranes. One of these membranes is shown in fig. 4,
and two together in fig. 5. Before attempting to
explain the structure in greater detail, it will be well to
give the description of the mode in which the Insect pro-
ceeds in its formation. The beetle selects a suitable spot,
generally on the under-side of a leaf of J. pescapre. Having
taken up her position, she plants her anterior feet firmly, and
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 3
does not move them during the whole operation. The pos-
terior * pair of legs are held up so as to be out of the way. The
abdomen is then extended and the oothecal plates extruded.
Placing the tips of the plates against the surface of the
leaf she exudes a small quantity of colleterial fluid which
adheres to the leaf. Then compressing the oothecal plates
together and moving the abdomen upwards + this fluid is
drawn out between the plates as a thin membrane. Having
attained the limit of the upward movement, the two oothecal
plates are moved laterally upon one another, so that
the membrane is cut off. It rapidly dries and becomes
hard on exposure to the air, and is then tough and elastic.
To form a second membrane she brings the tip of the
abdomen again to the surface of the leaf, but a little on
one side of the point of attachment of the first membrane,
again exudes some colleterial fluid, and elevating the abdo-
men, another membrane is formed. Having thus fastened
a few membranes firmly to the leaf, the beetle now begins
to add the deposition of eggs to the process.
An egg after passing down the oviduct becomes covered
with colleterial fluid. This egg is placed about the middle
of the membrane behind it (it is of course one previously
deposited: the formation of the ootheca proceeds from
behind forwards). The egg adhering in this position, the
abdomen is moved downwards (7. ¢. towards the leaf), but
when it has reached the limit of movement in this direction
it does aot touch the leaf, but, moving in a parallel direc-
tion with that of the preceding membrane, is turned up-
wards so that the membrane is doubled, and the movement
continuing upwards the end of the membrane is left free
at the top, when the limit of upward movement is reached.
A point of considerable interest may now be referred to.
It should be recollected that the ootheca is so formed that
when the eggs it contains have hatched the young have an
easy road for exit left at the top, but cannot escape at the
bottom of the ootheca. A similar condition exists as to
the egg-case of Mantidee, and has given rise to much diffi-
culty as to how it is brought about. The two authors of
this paper are not in agreement as to the mode in which
* In other divisions of Chrysomelide the hind-legs play a very
important part in the formation of the egg-envelope.
+ In this description of the process it is for the sake of clearness
supposed that the beetle is working right-side up on the upper-
surface of a leaf. Usually, Mr. Muir says, this is not the position.
4 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
the closure of the under-surface is effected in the case of
A, puncticosta, but both are agreed that no special act of
intelligence is required to effect it. Mr. Muir thinks that
at the moment the abdomen has reached the limit of its
downward movement and is just turning upwards another
structure comes into play.* “ Another plate in the abdo-
nen, similar in form to the lower oothecal plate, comes into
play. Itis similar in shape to the lower oothecal plate,
and passes over the newly-formed membrane, giving the
pressure necessary” to make this, while still soft, the re-
quisite shape, and also to make it retain by adhesion this
form and the position given to it.
It appears possible, however, that the matter is even
simpler than this, and that the closure and consolidation of
the floor of the case may be due simply to the delay at the
moment of reversing the movement of the abdomen, sup-
plemented by the exudation, then, of a rather larger amount
of material, sufficient to fill any gap or irregularity; the
position given being maintained by the elasticity and
pressure of the parts previously constructed.
With regard to the fact that the case is so constructed
as to leave an exit for the larva only above, and none below,
we may add that there does not appear to be any advan-
tage in this limitation of modes of egress for the larva.
The advantage, if it existed, would consist in limitation of
modes of ingress for enemies. But in the case of the exits
that do exist, these are amply protected by the long free
ends of membranes curling over, while at the bottom it
will be recollected there are no free ends; for each mem-
brane forms there a fold. It is the connections of, or between,
these folds that close the floor of the case and that have to be
accounted for. See Pl. I, fig. 9.
The egg and membrane having been thus deposited,
another egg is placed by the side of the first (and of course
on the anterior face of the membrane), and the process is
repeated. ‘The series of four rows of eggs is attained by
means of slight lateral movement of the abdomen, as will
be comprehended by the diagrammatic figure (fig. 6, Pl. I.)
showing the sequence of the position in which 8 suc-
cessive eggs are placed. Jt will be noticed that though
* Mr. Muir considers that this is the 7th ventral plate of the abdo-
men ; plates 7-10 being, he considers, invaginated and used for these
mechanical purposes,
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 5
only two eggs are placed in a row by the Insect they form
actually four series.
The special structures of the female Asp. puwnetizosta.*
(Pl. I, figs. 7, 8.) The external orifice of the cloacal
chamber is transversely elongate, and its lips are sur-
rounded by short hairs, When the lower lip is forced
open two oothecal plates can be seen. A pair of colleterial
glands, in addition to a spermatheca, the oviduct, and the
intestine openinto this chamber. The structure considered
to be a spermatheca is a chitinous chamber, with a long
slender spiral chitinous tube connecting it with the base of
the oviduct. It is very different from any spermatheca
Mr. Muir has observed in other Insects: but according to
Stein + this form is probably specially characteristic of Cas-
sidide. The two diagrammatic figures, 7 and 8, give an
idea of the relations of these parts.
With the aid of this brief description of the actual mode
of proceeding, and a similarly brief review of the structures
used, it is possible to understand the nature of the ootheca.
The shape of a single membrane is very peculiar (Pl. J,
fig. 4); it is narrow where it is attached to the egg, and
becomes broader as it gets to its end. The exact shape
cannot be perfectly ascertained, as we have failed to isolate
them without tearing, after they have been stuck together
by the Insect. They are clearly very far from being all
alike, but the general shape can be gathered from the
diagram fig. 4, which shows one of them isolated, and from
fig. 5, which shows two of them together but isolated from
their neighbours.
The membranes are soft and pliable when extruded from
the oothecal cavity, and rapidly become solid, and thus
retain the form they are made to assume during the con-
struction. The cells are made to a large extent by the
eggs pushing apart the membranes in some places, and
pushing them together in others, but they are partly due
to the shape of the membranes, which are, each one, curvate,
and moreover are doubled so that sometimes two concave
faces are brought together; in other cases the outside edge
of a membrane projects somewhat, and thus keeps the
* This account is entirely due to Mr. Muir. The dried specimens
at my disposal do not enable me to form any idea as to the rather
complex structures involved.—D. 8.
+ Stein ; Geschlechts-Organe bei den weiblichen Kafern, 1847, p.
1aQ; Pl. VII, fig. xvii.
6 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
next membrane a little way off. These various facts are
seen by examining those cells, at the two ends, that contain
no eggs: at these places the cellular structure still exists,
though i in more irregular fashion than in the area of the
egg-containing cells. The outer row of cells on each side
is quite different in form and never contains any egg.
Though this outer layer (fig. 2, Pl. I) appears to consist of
closed cells, it is very easy to convince oneself that the
apparent cells are not really such, but are merely due to
the curling of the membranes where they have a free
projection externally.
A very remarkable feature of the membranes is that at
the edges they are often provided with a delicate in-
crassation or margin. This adds greatly to their strength,
and assists their retention of the shape given to each
membrane at the moment of its being added to the edifice.
Before considering some points of general interest we
will give some brief particulars as to other Cassid oothecas
discovered by Mr. Muir in Natal near Durban.
2. Aspidomorpha tecta.
This ootheca is much smaller than that of A.
puncticosta ; it contains only from 14 to 20 eggs. It is
attached to the leaf of the food-plant—lpomaa holosericea
in a very different manner. One membrane only is
attached to the leaf, and by its broad face; this membrane
is folded at the bottom and the part that is reflexed up-
wards is very much curved, so that the rest of the mem-
branes repose in it as if it were a cup. The transverse
section of this ootheca is composed of only a single membrane
—not of six as in A. puncticosta—and there appear to be
only seven or eight membranes in the whole structure.
The differentiation between the first and last of these
membranes is very remarkable. We have no particulars
as to the mode of construction, and have seen so few
specimens that we cannot set forth its intimate structure.
3. Aspidomorpha cunfinis.
ELA, figs. Opals
The ootheca (figs. 10, 11) is small, it is attached to the
leaf of the food-plant, Zpomaa holosericea ; the first mem-
brane has a wide attachment to the leaf, but is destitute
the egg-cases and carly stages of some Cassidide. 7
of the remarkable form it possesses in A. ¢ecta, differing
indeed very little from the other membranes: of these
there are only eight or ten used in the formation of the
complete ootheca. There are no marginal cells and each
membrane extends the whole width of the ootheca.
There are spaces for about 14 eggs in a case, and the eggs
are rather irregularly placed, so that the cells are also
irregular. After the eggs have been laid only about two
membranes are laid free on them : as these free membranes
can be easily turned back their form can be readily seen.
This ootheca on account of its comparative simplicity is a
very instructive one.
4, A. tigrina.
Pl. II, figs. 12, 13.
The ootheca (figs. 12, 15) is in general similar to that of
A. confinis; it differs in several unimportant details and
in one very interesting point, viz. that the membranes
project much at the sides, and thus exhibit a very
irregular set of marginal spaces. The membranes appear
to be—notwithstanding the considerable width of the
ootheca—each not very broad; the width of the case and
the considerable projections of the membranes laterally is
apparently due simply to the fact that one membrane is
laid a good deal to one side of the middle line, another
membrane much to the other side, and so on; by this
means the case can be made to be in some places nearly
twice the width of a single membrane.
5. Basipta stolida.
Pl) Ob fies! 14, 15, 16.
The ootheca of this species is a remarkable structure
totally different in plan (using the word in our interpreta-
tive fashion) and mode of execution from those previously
described. ‘The ootheca is occasionally attached to the
surface of the leaf of the food-plant—Brachylena discolor
—but much more frequently it is attached to the stem
and built around this, so as to form a very convex body,
somewhat like a sphere of which about one-third has been
cut away. It is formed of very delicate membranes. The
cells, some twenty or thirty in number, are placed so that
there is no membrane intervening between the leaf-surface,
or twig-surface, and the membranes that form the first
8 Mr. F, Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
series of cells. After the thirty cells have been formed
and the eggs laid, there is then applied a thick chitin-
ous covering* forming a hard shell. Outside this
shell numerous delicate membranes are applied so as to
form many cells about the circumference. A very peculiar
structure is thus produced. It has somewhat the shape of
an ant-hill or termitarium.
Not only is the structure itself different in form from
the oothecas of the genus Aspidomorpha, but even a single
membrane shows characteristic distinctions; there is a
thickening along the middle of each (fig.16), like the mid-rib
of a leaf, and instead of being curvate in transverse section
each membrane is slightly angulate. This is due to the
shape of the oothecal plates which Muir describes as
“indented with a V-shaped cut, the sides of which hardly
meet at the apex” of the V (fig. 17).
6. Cassida mutrana.
Pl IE, figs) 185-19:
The ootheca of this species is a very small structure
consisting of about fourcells. It is laid flatly on a leaf and
covered with a layer of excrement, from under which the
membranes project a little on each side.
7. Cassida unimacula.
This species is fairly common at Durban, but we can
give very little information as to the ootheca. A specimen
of it laid two eggs in a folded membrane in Mr. Muir's
breeding cage. So that it is probable the ootheca
will prove to be a very small structure as in the case of
Cassida muirana. Both of the eggs were subsequently
found to be parasitized.
8. Laccoptera excavata.
The ootheca is small and usually contains only two eggs,
but sometimes four. It is attached to the surface of a leaf
of Ipomea holosericea by a membrane. One or two mem-
branes destitute of eggs are placed on the exposed surface,
and then the whole is covered with a layer of excrement
* Mr. Muir thinks this is due to a number of membranes plastered
firmly together. It may, however, be due to a quantity of colleterial
matter applied in some other special manner.
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 9
so as to entirely conceal it. This small structure is there-
fore like those of the genus Cassida, though the insect,
having pectinated claws, is considered to be allied to
Aspidomorpha.
METAMORPHOSES.
Much attention has been attracted to the extraordinary
nature and habits of Cassididx larvee, and yet information
on the subject is extremely limited. The observations
here given add therefore considerably to our knowledge.
The following brief descriptions are supplemented by the
figures on Plates IIJ—V.
1. Aspidomorpha puneticosta.
BR aes 200—207,
The larva is about 7 mm. long when hatched out and
undergoes four moults at intervals of four or five days with
very slight alteration except in size; at the fifth moult it
becomes a pupa, and remains in that condition for a week
or ten days before the imago comes forth.
The pronotum is well developed, and the head can be
entirely retracted beneath it. It has four pairs of fleshy
spikes, two pointing cephalad and two laterad. The meso-
and metathorax are both well developed and each bear
two pairs of lateral spikes similar to those on the prothorax,
The abdomen consists of ten visible segments. The
first nine each bear a pair of spikes similar to those of the
thorax. The eighth pair is slightly more ventrad than the
others, and the ninth pair greatly enlarged and much
more dorsad. When the larva is first hatched out the
ninth abdominal spikes are 15 mm. long, nearly twice the
length of the larva, These long spikes are carried over
the back by the last two segments being turned upwards.
When annoyed or alarmed several sharp flicks are given
with them.
At each ecdysis the old skin is not cast entirely away,
but is retained on the ninth abdominal spikes and carried
over the back, thus a full-grown larva will have four old
skins of varying sizes to carry over its back and flick about
when annoyed.
The tenth segment bears a pair of small beadlike pro-
tuberances, homologous to the spikes on the other segments,
10 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
ae can be seen by turning the ninth spikes over the
ack.
The first thoracic and first eight abdominal segments
bear a pair of spiracles each which are white and raised
up above the body surface. They are s:tuated above the
fleshy spikes.
The larva is of a whitish colour and bears two large
dark chitinous plates on its pronotum. The following
segments have two dark marks on each side, and the
abdominal segments a dark dorsal mark. These marks
vary in size and often coalesce laterally, and the colour
varies from light grey to black, against which the white
spiracles show up distinctly.
Pupa. In the pupa the pronotum is greatly enlarged and
extends beyond the head. The thorax has lost all trace
of spikes. The first five abdominal spikes become
spatulate and curved, and the outer surface covered with
glandular hairs which secrete an oily substance. The other
four pairs of spikes become greatly reduced in size, the ninth
pair becoming short, thick and curved at the tips, to which
the five larval skins still adhere and hang over the back.
The tenth urite is evidently withdrawn into the body.
2. Aspidomorpha tecta.
Pl. LV, fies. 20a, 200:
The larva of this species when first hatched is yellowish
and flattish. It bears the same number of spikes as A.
puncticosta, and the ninth abdominal pair is greatly
enlarged and retains the cast skin at each ecdysis.
The tenth abdominal segment is capable of being
extended and then forms a tube down which the excre-
ment is slowly passed and hardens upon exposure to the
air, and forms long slender filaments. During the first
two instars the filaments are attached to the ninth ab-
dominal spikes, in a radiating manner. During the
following instars the filamentous excrement is dropped,
the tenth abdominal segment being too short to reach to
the base of the ninth abdominal spikes.
The pupa is delicate semi-transparent green or yellow.
The pronotum is greatly expanded and has a series of
little spikes all round its edge, two pairs being larger than
the others. The mesa- and metanotum are well developed
but bear no spikes. The number of visible abdominal
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 11
segments is the same as in A. puneticosta. The first five
abdominal spikes are expanded horizontally into trans-
parent lanceolate membranes beset around by spikelets.
The remaining four are greatly reduced, but the ninth
still carry the larval skins.
Food-plant—Lpomwa holosericea.
This larva differs from those of A. tecta and A. tigrina
by the fact that it retains in later life only the excrementi-
tious filaments of the earlier stadia, there being apparently
an anatomical difference in structure that renders this
species incapable of the feat that makes some of its con-
geners so remarkable.
3. Aspidomorpha confinis.
Pl. IV, fig. 22a, 226,
The larva of this species is flattish, and of the same shade
of green as the upper surface of the leaf of its food-plant
(Lpomea holosericea). It bears the same number of spikes
as its allies, and the old larval skins are retained on its
ninth abdominal spikes. The skins are delicate and dry
up and are carried out straight behind, and in no way
hide the insect as in other species, It generally feeds
upon the upper-surface of the leaves and may possibly
find sufficient protection in its colour.
The pupa is green, and the first five abdominal spikes
flattish, and, except in colour, differs little from A. tecta.
It is to be noticed that this species retains the old skins
in a manver similar to its congeners, but that the partial
inability of A. tecta to make use of excrementitious
filaments is in A. confinis complete.
4, Aspidomorpha tigrina.
Pl. IV, figs. 23a—28d.
The larva of this species feeds generally on the under-
side of the leaf. In colour it varies from a light yellow
to green. It is surrounded with spikes similarly to 4.
puncticosta, and the ninth abdominal spikes are enlarged.
The tenth abdominal segment is very mobile and
retractile, and the excrement passes out in long slender
filaments and hardens on exposure to the air. When the
filament has reached a certain length the tenth segment is
curved upwards and the filament tixed to the base of the
ninth abdominal spikes.
12 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
At each ecdysis the old skin is retained on the ninth
abdominal spike and also the filaments attached to it.
The long black filaments shown in figures 23a, 0, ¢, d,
are the excrement of the creature. They are, of course,
not present when the larva is first hatched out; but
all the filaments that are subsequently produced are
retained till the imago emerges; the crop of them pro-
duced during each stadium remaining attached to the old
larval skin. We do not know how these filamentous ex-
crements are produced, and there appears to be no authentic
information on the subject in literature.
The pupa varies from yellow te green in colour. The
spikes round the pronotum and abdomen are slightly
bordered with black, and a dark mark runs down each
side of the back. The pronotum is expanded into a semi-
transparent shield surrounded with fine spikelets, two pairs
of which are ofttimes larger than the rest. The pro- and
metanotum lose all traces of spikes.
The first five abdominal spikes become flattened into
thin transparent lancoelate membranes surrounded with
small spikes. The remaining four pair of spikes are
greatly reduced in size,and the ninth pair hold the cast
larval skins and attached, intestinally-made filaments.
The use of excrementitious filaments reaches its maxi-
mum* in A. ¢tigrina, and the larva with its array of
bristles and its complex series of excrementitious ap-
pendages is a truly wonderful object.
5. Basipta stolida.
Pl. V, figs. 24a—24d.
The adult larva of this species is whitish, the thorax
being marked with brown and a dark mark runs down
each side of the back. When first hatched out it is
nearly all black.
The spikes surrounding the larva are numerically the
same asin A. puncticosta but are proportionally smaller
and not so beset with bristles. The ninth abdominal
spikes are greatly enlarged, thick, strong and curved at
the tips; they are a dark colour below and hght above, so
* That is to say, so far as the species we are here dealing with are
concerned. The Brazilian Porphyraspis tristis far surpasses A.
tigrina, but uses the wonderful filaments it produces in a totally
different manner.
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidida. 13
that when carried over the back the colour harmonizes
with the black. Generally they are carried out straight
behind, and when the insect is annoyed it sharply flicks
them over its back and head.
The ecdysis of this species is complete and the old skin
is not retained on the ninth abdominal spikes; neither is
the excrement retained.
In the pupa the pronotum is greatly enlarged and the
thoracic spikes disappear. The tirst five abdominal spikes
become thicker and flatter. The remaining spikes are
greatly reduced in size and even the ninth pair are quite
small, The last larval skin is retained on the end of the
abdomen, and with the chitinous skin of the ninth ab-
dominal spikes lies over the back.
This form is highly exceptional in the larval state. The
great development of the robust anal callipers (fig. 24),
though these are not used for the purposes they are put
to in Aspidomorpha and in Cassida, is extremely peculiar,
It should be noticed that these callipers are comparatively
as largely developed in the young larva (fig. 247) as in the
adult. Their robustness in the newly-hatched form is a
striking character of this species. In the pupa the last
larval skin is retained at the base of the callipers, not upon
them. Both the callipers and these appurtenances drop
off before the imago emerges. This larva is a quite
isolated form amongst the Cassidid larvee at present known,
and a careful study of it would be of great interest.
6. Cassida muiranda, n. sp.
PNG, fees 256:
Parva, parum convexa, haud nitida, pallide testacea; antennis
articulis ultimis quatuor nigris; elytris late nigricantibus fortiter
punctatis,
Long 4mm. Lat. 33-35 mm.
Thorax with very little punctuation, the punctures appearing
merely as very minute spots of a brownish colour, the lateral angles
distinct and not rounded though very obtuse, the scutellar lobe
broadly truncate. Elytrashort and broad, humeral angles extending
only very slightly more outwards than the angles of the thorax ; the
punctuation coarse, deep and irregular though quite distinctly serial ;
the colour pallid, but very extensively marked with black in asome-
what variable manner ; the summit, always pallid ; the dark colour
in front extends forwards and outwards to the margin, but leaves a
14 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
minute spot at the humeral angle pale ; behind the middle the dark
colour extends outwards again to the margin, leaving a large pallid
spot at the side between itself and the anterior outward extension ;
near the summit of this spot the surface is rather deeply depressed.
The black colour may be so much extended as to nearly obliterate the
lateral pallid mark. There is trace of hairs on the surface, which is
rough and not shining. The under-surface is vaguely variegate
with black ; the colour of the epipleural dilatation being the same as
on the upper-surface.
T am indebted to Herr Julius Weise for the information
that this species is undescribed and allied to C. innotata,
Boh. It lives at Durban ona species of Solanum, but has
only once been met with.—D. 5S.
I have only taken one batch of this species, and the
larva and pupa (figs. 25a, 25), Pl. V.) are similar to
Cassida wnimacula, being hidden under a shield of
excrement.—F. M.
7. Cassida unimacula.
> 9? ;
Pi. VY, ties, 25a, 26e.
This larva is flattish and dark in colour, with the spikes
and edge of the body of a lighter colour. The larva is
surrounded with spikes as in A. puncticosta, but the spikes
are flattish and edged with spikelets. The ninth abdominal
spikes are larger than the others, and shortly after hatching
become covered with excrement. At each ecdysis the old
skin is retained on the ninth abdominal spikes, and is
soon covered over with excrement and forms a triangular
shield, which is carried over its back and completely covers
the larva. J have often mistaken this larva for the excre-
ment of snails, which are very plentiful on its food-plant
(Brachylena discolor).
Pupa. The pronotum is greatly enlarged in the pupa,
and its edge is surrounded with little spikes, two pairs
of which are larger than the rest. All traces of spikes
on the meso- and metanotum are lost, and the first five
abdominal spikes become thin flat spade-shape membranes,
edged with spikelets.
The system of using the excrement is in this species
the same as it is in the European congeners, and is totally
different from that adopted by the species of Aspidomorpha ;
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 15
the mode in which it is attached is similar in the two
genera. The excrement in Cassia accumulates in a solid
mass, which is held flat on the back of the larva. In fig.
26a, Pl. V, the excrementitious shield is shown folded
backwards, so as to allow the shape of the larva to be
seen.
8. Laccoptera excavata.
This larva is very dark, in some instances quite black.
The spikes surrounding it are proportionally small
compared with A. puncticosta. The ninth abdominal spikes
are larger than the others. Shortly after hatching, these
ninth abdominal spikes are covered with excrement, and
before the larva is two days old a “shield” is formed,
under which the larva can hide itself. At each ecdysis
the old skin is worked into the shield and covered with
excrement.
These larvze expose themselves quite freely upon the
upper-surface of their food-plant (Jpomea holosericea), and
unless one is acquainted with their habits, he would never
think the black blotches were living creatures.
The pupa is of a golden colour, marked with black.
The pronotum is enlarged and edged with spikelets, a
pair of which is larger than the rest. The first five
abdominal spikes are flattened into thin membranes edged
with spikelets. The other spikes are greatly reduced in
size.
In the larval structure and habits this insect is a
Cassida—not an <Aspidomorpha—form; and we have
already pointed out that its ootheca is also that of
Cassida.
EKTHOLOGY.
In considering some points of general interest in connec-
tion with these oothecas and with the larval habits, it is
desirable to make a few general remarks as to the informa-
tion that has been put on record by other Naturalists.
And in order to do this satisfactorily it will be well to treat
the oothecas and larve separately.
A. OOTHECAS.
The eggs of insects are usually provided with two cover-
ings, a very delicate internal one called the vitelline
16 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
membrane, and a stronger external one called the chorion.
Tn the great family Chrysoiielide—to which the Cassidide
belong or are allied—there is usually an additional envelope,
which is very various according to the divisions of the family.
This envelope has been discussed in an excellent manner
by Lécaillon,* who calls it an epichorion. The epichorion,
in the divisions of the family in which it is already known,
is applied to each egg separately, and thus differs from
what we have described in Cassididx, where a capsule or
common envelope is formed for a number of eggs varying
according to the species. Nevertheless it is probable that
the ootheca is essentialiy similar to the epichorion of the
other forms of the family, and we hope to show that it is
really a substance applied to each egg ; the capsule, how-
ever complex, resulting merely from the mode of application
and the abundance of the material used.
We have nothing to add to the excellent réswmé of the
epichorion given by Lécaillon in his memoir; and will
merely remark that of the forms of epichorion distinguished
by him, it will probably prove that the material used by
Chrysomela menthastri isthe most similar in general respects
to that of these Cassididz : and also that by C. menthastri
the epichorion is applied in such a manner as to connect
the eggs together. We have made no observations on the
histology and chemistry of the membranes of Cassididz,
and it is therefore doubtful whether the similarities in
Chrysomela and Cassidide will prove to be of importance.
A few further remarks on this point occur at the end of
this paper. The structure and mode of formation of the
ootheca in Mantide has been quite recently discussed in a
valuable paper by Giardina.t The J/antide are so totally
different from Cassididx, that one would expect to find
great differences in the corresponding oothecas. One very
striking physical distinction exists between the two, inas-
much as the ootheca in Mantide is formed by layers of
foam,t while in Cassididx it is constructed of membranes
having no trace of a foam-like structure. On the other
hand, the general resemblance between the egg-case of
Mantis vreligiosa as described by Giardina and that we
have investigated in Aspidomorpha puncticosta is surpris-
ingly great ; and we gather from Giardina’s memoir that
* Arch, anat. micr. II, 1898, pp. 89-117, Pl. V.
+ Giorn. Soc. Palermo, XXII, 1899, pp. 286-326, Plates I
and IT, { No! See Postscript on p. 21.
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 17
the Mantid ootheca is formed of layers of matter, doubled,
as in the case of the membranes of Aspidomorpha ; * soft
when emitted, and hardening on exposure to the atino-
sphere, as is also the case with the membranes of Aspido-
morpha and with the simpler epichorion of Chrysomela
menthast?.
Giardina’s memoir gives a much better account than
any that has previously been given; and the parallelism
between the biological facts in Mantide and in Cassidide
is a point of considerable interest.
Taxonomy of the oothecas here dealt with.
The oothecas of the 8. African Cassidide noticed in the
preceding pages fall into three very natural divisions.
1. A covering of excrementitious matter is added to the very small
and imperfect ootheca which consists of only three or four
cells. Cassida, Laccoptera.
2. There is no coat of excrementitious matter.
a. The ootheca is attached, at one extremity, to a leaf by one,
or a few special egg-less membranes ; and has a bilateral
symmetry. Aspidomorpha.
). The ootheca is attached by a broad base to a leaf or round
astem, by means of the egg-membranes ; has a concentric
symmetry, and consists of three differentiated strata, viz.
(a) The eggs and their attached membranes, (b) a stratum
of agglutinated membranes forming a shell, (c) a cireum-
ferential layer of two or more series of large empty cells,
Basipta.
In the genus Aspidomorpha the ootheca of each species
examined has special characters by which it can be
recognized.
There can be no question that the modes in which the
eggs of insects are deposited have a considerable bearing
on the numbers of individuals that are hatched. The
place where these oothecas have been discovered and
investigated by Muir is a large area of sand on the sea-
shore near Durban, covered by creeping plants and low
vegetation. It is on a large-leafed convolvulus—Ipomaa
pescapre—on these sand-hills that A. puncticosta, the
species with the most perfected ootheca, feeds and forms
its egg-case. Eggs deposited on the leaf without any
* T believe that in Mantidz there are two kinds of colleterial
glands.—D. 8.
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL) 2
18 Mr. F, Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
covering would doubtless suffer greatly from drought, or
downpours, or great changes of temperature. We may
feel sure therefore that the ootheca of this insect, surround-
ing as it does the eggs with a complete periphery of large
air-cells, is very valuable, and it may aid the survival of
the young, even if the structure should be covered with
sand.
The ootheca does not offer protection from parasites.
Mr. Muir has found that the eggs of A. puncticosta are
very extensively parasitized. In the case of one species of
Chalcid he has observed the oviposition ; the little parasite
sits on the back of the beetle and flies down and oviposits
in an egg whenever it feels inclined. The construction of
an ootheca containing about 80 eggs occupies about 20
minutes, so that this parasite has plenty of time for its
operations, and the Cassid would clearly be more efficiently
protected against its attacks if the ootheca were dispensed
with and the eggs deposited rapidly and covered with a
coat of membranes similar to the shell layer of the Basipta
ootheca. The Chalcid parasites that emerge from these
Cassid oothecas are very numerous, Mr. Muir having
already discovered several species. They do not, however,
seriously affect the perpetuation of the species, as Mr.
Muir considers A. puncticosta to be a common insect from
Durban to Zanzibar; and it probably extends farther, as
he thinks he bas seen it at Aden.
The variety of the oothecas in these seven or eight
species of Cassididx is very remarkable. The contrast
between the small irregular structure of Cassida wnimacula
and the large and complex edifice produced by A. puneticosta
is very striking.
Although the punceticosta ootheca is a really admirable
production, there is no reason to suppose that any skill is
exhibited in its production. The operation seems to be
more comparable with the actions of a machine. The
factors that contribute to its superiority (if we may use
such a term) are of the simplest character: viz. the large
size of the insect, the order in which the eggs are depo-
sited, and their large number, the completely stationary
position of the insect, the great width of the orifice of the
abdomen from which the colleterial fluid is exuded, and,
above all, the remarkable qualities and great abundance of
the colleterial fluid. It is from the combination of these
characters that the perfection of the structure results. The
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassididx. 19
operation of case-making is performed by the Insect with-
out its seeing what it is doing, the case being constructed
between the lower surface of the abdomen and the surface
of the leaf. We can scarcely suppose that the cerebral
ganglia are concerned ; and some dissections made by Mr.
Muir have not revealed any peculiar structure of, or even
development of, the terminal ganglia.
These conclusions agree with those of Giardina. He
found that a Mantis that has had its head eaten away can
still construct an ootheca, Giardina’s account of this (1. c.,
p- 313) leaves some doubt as to the extent of the destruction
of the head in the case he describes.
The substance used in the construction of the cases has
most remarkable properties, and it is to these that the
possibility of construction of the case is due. We have
already mentioned that we consider these cases may prove to
be homologous with the epichorion found as envelopes to the
solitary eggs of other divisions of Chrysomelide. But in
another Order of Insects we find parallel cases. The
remarkable stalked eggs of the Neuropterous genus Chry-
sopa are well known to naturalists, and Dr. Jenkinson has
reminded one of us that the formation of the pedicel
is in this case due to a miaterial that has properties
similar to that used by the Cassididx, and that is used in
a somewhat similar manner. The way in which these
stalked eggs are formed has previously been described ; *
we may here recall that the Chrysopa touches a leaf or
other substance with the tip of the abdomen, and then
drawing the abdomen away leaves an erect thread of sub-
stance adhering at one of the extremities to the leaf and at
the other extremity to the egg which is held in the abdo-
minal orifice, only partly extruded, for a few seconds; by
which time the thread has become hard, and, when the
abdomen is withdrawn, the egg is found to be placed at the
head of this thread-like pedicel.
B, THE CLOTHING OF THE LARV.
The variety in this matter is also very interesting. Par-
ticulars have been given in the preceding pages under the
headings of the eight species. We may here confine our-
selves to a comparison.
Taxonomy of the larval clothing. Our eight species
fall into three very definite groups :
* By Miller, Ent. Mo. Mag., ix, 1872, p. 60.
20 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on
il, “Phe larva istmaked i. 4. . % [gi 0-1 eee susie,
2. The larva carries the old skins.
(a) The excrement is attached to the old skins, and forms a
solidpad. . . .. . . . Cassida, Laccoptera.
(b) The excrement does not form a solid pad, but is carried
either in the form of long filaments or is not used
abel, 2st ea) ee oe) Alspidomernhor
The four species of Aspidomorpha fall into three divisions,
VIZ.%:
1. The larva carries long filaments of excrement attached to
each one of the oldskinsitbears. . . . . . A. tigrina.
2. The larva carries long filaments attached only to the earliest
of the old'skins, . . 2 eg eo Atel
3. There areno filaments of aio a Sova osta and vonfinis.
We are not yet able to explain these variations, as
comparative observations on the formation of the filaments
and on the structures by which they are formed are want-
ing, except for the brief remark made on a previous page
as to a difference in the length of the anal tubes of two
species of Aspidomorpha.
Comparative observations on the movements and actions
of these different kinds of larvee are also wanting, so that
it is too early to consider the uses to which their peculiar
clothing and armature are put. Two opinions on this
subject have already been expressed. Candeze considers
that the apparatus protects the larvae against enemies, while
Weise denies this, and says the larva Cassida is protected
by its clothing against drought.
Mr. Muir’s observations on A. puncticosta show that the
larva is “very heavily parasitized.” He has bred a species
of the genus Chalcis, as well as other Chaleidide from it.
Broods produced at certain seasons are more affected by
the parasites than those produced at other seasons; a
phenomenon that is well known in parasitology. In the
case of Cassida and Laccopiera—the pad-bearing forms—
the larvee feed on the upper_surface of the leaf, and thus
afford some slight grounds for the “ protection against
drought” theory.
As we have already previously said, we have made no
observations as to the composition or chemical characters
of what we have called the colleterial fluid. It is probably
not true chitin, though it possesses the property of drying
the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide, 21
and hardening rapidly when exposed to the air. The
rapidity with which it becomes hard is remarkable, and is
more marked than it is in the case of chitin. Lécaillon,
whose paper on the envelopes of the eggs of Chrysomelide,
in Arch. Anat. micr. II, 1898, has already been referred
to, tells us that, in conformity with the views of Ticho-
miroff, he considers the chorion of eggs to be formed of a
peculiar substance—chorionine—very different from chitin.
In Chrysomelide he distinguishes two forms of epichorion—
(1) excrementitial coverings, e.g. Clythra, Cryptocephalus,
(2) epichorions composed of special secretions. These secre-
tions he thinks to be of two kinds: (a) derived from the
epithelium of the genital ducts and passages; (>) from
special glands. In Cassididw both excrementitial and
glandular coverings are applied to the eggs, and the
glandular part of the epichorion comes from a special gland.
Nothing appears to be known as to the chemical properties
of these very remarkable glandular epichorions. It is
possible that they may prove to be some special kind of
chitin.
PostscripT.—According to a paper communicated to the
Society by Captain Williams and published by the Society
in this Part of the Transactions, the egg-case in Mantide
is composed of two substances of dissimilar nature. The
material of which the central part of the ootheca is formed
appears to be like that used by Aspidomorpha. The foam
that is concomitantly used by the Mantis is constantly
brushed away from the middle to the sides, and finally
forms an outer covering to the egg-case. Cf. WILLIAMS,
p. 130, postea.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I—YV.
PEATE i
Fra. 1. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta attached to a leaf of
Ipomcea pescaprx ; seen laterally. x 2.
Horizontal section of same. x 3. In one of the series of
chambers eggs, in section, are seen.
3. Perpendicular longitudinal section of same. x 3.
4. One of the membranes of which the ootheca is composed,
separated with its attachment to the egg. x 4.
bo
to
to
Explanation of Plates.
5. Two such membranes showing relative positions and mode
of connection, x 4.
6. Numbered diagram to show the order in which the eggs are
arranged by the insect when constructing the case.
7. Diagram of a longitudinal perpendicular section of the
abdomen, showing the parts concerned in the formation
of the ootheca; la to 10a dorsal plates of abdomen, 10a
being the upper oothecal plate ; 1b to 10b ventral plates
of the abdomen, 9b the lowez oothecal plate; c, colleterial
(or accessory) gland; 7, intestine; 0, oviduct; s, spermatheca
with twisted duct.
8. Diagram of structures opening into the oothecal division of
the cloaca ; a, line pointing to exit of intestine ; b, line
pointing to exit of oviduct ; ¢, c, colleterial glands (of one
group, only the ducts are left) ; 7, intestine ; 0, ovaries
(tubes cut away) ; s, spermatheca.
9. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta ; diagram to show
mode of closure of case below ; a, b, line of junction of
bottom of case: the parts above this line are supposed to
be seen in section (like Fig. 3), the parts below the line
show mode of arrangement of lower surface of the egg-
case and are in a plane at right angles with that above
the line a, b; ¢, point of fold of a sectionized membrane ;
d, exposed part of a fold ; e, egg.
Preane dil:
10. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha confinis.
11. Transverse section of same.
12. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha tigrina.
»
3. Transverse section of same ; one or two of the outer mem-
branes lifted.
14. Ootheca of Busipta stolida on a twig.
15. ‘Transverse section of same ; h, hole of twig. [In this figure
the layer separating the two kinds of cells is not satis-
factorily shown. ]
16. A single membrane of same.
17. Oothecal plates of the female Basipla ; a, lower plate ; b,
upper plate.
18, Ootheca of Cassida muirana, with covering of excrement ;
a, membranous margin, not covered with excrement; |,
excrement,
19, Transverse section of same ; a and J, as in fig. 18.
Explanation of Plates 23
PLATE III.
Iilustrating the metamorphosis of Aspidomorpha punceticosta.
Fie, 20. a, newly-hatched larva ; b, second instar ; c, adult larva;
d, pupa, dorsal view ; e, pupa, ventral view ; f, imago.
Pate LV.
21. Aspidomorpha tecta : 21a, larva, with caudal appendage
reflexed over dorsum, showing the series of the retained
cast skins, only one of which bears excrementitial fila-
ments ; 21b, imago.
22. Aspidomorpha confinis: 22a, adult larva, with caudal
appendages extended, showing series of the retained cast
skins, none of which bear excrementitial filaments ; 22h,
imago,
23. Aspidomorpha tigrina : 23a, 3rd instar, with caudal append-
age extended ; 23b, adult larva, dorsal view, showing the
series of cast skins, four of which bear excrementitial
filaments ; 23c, profile of adult larva ; 23d, pupa, dorsal
view ; 23e, imago.
N.B.—The lines showing the length of these figures are of little
use, as they have been taken from shrivelled specimens.
Prare V.
24. Basipta stolida: 24a, 1st instar; 24b, adult larva; 24e
pupa; 24d, imago,
25. Cassida muirana: 25a, larva, with caudal appendage bent
back ; 25b, pupa ; 25c, imago.
26. Cassida unimacula : 26a, adult larva, with caudal append-
age bent back ; 26b, pupa, with caudal appendage in
natural position on dorsum ; 26c, imago.
Laccoptera excavata: 27a, larva, 3rd instar, with caudal
appendage turned off back; 27b, pupa, with caudal
appendage in natural position ; 27¢, imago.
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Il. Lllustrations of the male terminal segments and arma-
tures in thirty-five species of the Hyimenopterous
genus Colletes. By the Rev. Francis D. Morice,
M.A., FES.
[Read December 3rd, 1903. ]
EnATEs Vil Vile VEL, ann 2X.
Ir has long been known that the “armures copulatrices ”
of Colletes f ¢ yield remarkable specific characters. Mr.
Saunders’s Synopsis (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882) figured them
for the six British species then known, and in 1891 (Hor.
Soc. Ent. Ross., xxv) Radoszkowski published a “ Révision,”
with two Plates, representing in all about twenty
palzearctic species.
It is so hard to find really satisfactory specific characters
in this genus, that Radoszkowski’s work might have been
extremely useful if its execution had been somewhat more
careful, But even the best of his figures are far too slight
and diagrammatic to give an adequate idea of the very
complicated objects which they represent. Certain features
of these—not always the most characteristic—are empha-
sized and even exaggerated in his figures, but so many
others are ignored that the total impression conveyed to us
is often quite unlike that made by the objects themselves.
(The manner in which he deals with the bases of the saqitte
in these figures is particularly unsatisfactory—the two or
three hard lines on a flat field which are meant to suggest
their shape being never adequate for that purpose, and
sometimes really unintelligible.) Occasionally some
attempt is made in the text to explain the characters
which the author meant to indicate in his figures, but
these explanations often by no means suffice to clear up
doubts and difficulties produced by the lack of suggestive-
ness in the figures themselves. And it must be said
further that the “new species” brought forward in this
Revision are very poorly characterized, and that his
identifications are often questionable, and sometimes
certainly wrong.
I am as convinced as Radoszkowski himself can have
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I. (APRIL)
26 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal seginents and
been, that Colletes # armatures have usually characters of
their own, by which the species can be certainly, and some-
times easily, recognized. But these characters do not
. depend simply on the outlines assumed by certain portions
of the structure in certain positions. Those outlines are
often only the somewhat illusory and variable horizons of
solid objects viewed accidentally in this or that aspect, they
depend partly on the focussing adopted, partly on the
position of the armature as a whole, and partly on that of
each different part of it in relation to the others. This
last may depend on a variety of accidents, since the parts
are not all equally rigid, so that one or more of them may
easily be somewhat distorted or displaced by causes which
leave the rest of the structure unaffected. I do not think
that Radoszkowski sufficiently realized this fact, which in
itself seems to render his diagrammatic way of treating the
subject inapplicable. Besides this—or perhaps because of it
—he seems too ready to content himself with noting certain
arbitrarily selected details, which are often not sufficiently
distinctive to bear the weight he lays upon them.
Other parts of the structures he dismisses—one might
almost say, impatiently, giving the impression that he had
studied them not at all or only in certain species. Thus
he says that the volsellw “ne présentent aucune particular-
ité,’ which is quite curiously untrue in this genus, though
no doubt their position renders it difficult to make much
use of the characters exhibited in them. And in speaking
of the cowvercle génital, as he calls it, he defines it in the
introductory part of his paper as composed of “ two pieces,
the siath” (!) “and eighth segments”; but he figures it
both there and afterwards (in the only two cases where he
figures it at all) as consisting not of these two segments,
nor of either of them, but simply of the seventh ventral-
plate! This is the more curious, because in his earlier
paper on the J/utillides (1885) he says quite correctly, that
the couvercle génital has been shown by Mr. E. Saunders to
consist of the seventh and eighth ventral plates; and he
figures accordingly, as such, those two plates (clinging
together as they often do) both there, and also in a paper
published a year later (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xx, 1886). It
would seem, then, that between 1886 and 1891—the date
of the “ Révision’”—he must have somehow lost interest
in the cowvercle, or he would hardly have blundered about
its composition as stated above. He adds one further
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 27
remark in the Revision, and one only, on the cowvercle
génital: viz. that its “form appears to be stable.” That,
if he means what I suppose him to mean by it, is doubtless
true: but it certainly cannot be said to exhaust the subject,
nor to indicate that the author had studied it carefully
throughout the genus he was revising.
Perhaps the best thing in Radoszkowski’s “ Révision ” is
his recognition of a distinct group of species in which the
stipites of the armature are simple, 7. ¢. not divided by a
deep sulcation into two apparently distinct portions—an
apical and a4 basal. This is an easy character to see, and
I think it is an important one, though I do not believe
that all the other species—those with “divided stipites ”—
should also be regarded as forming a single group. The
species with simple stipites are certainly, to some extent,
united by other characters also; and I believe that they
are confined to the warmer parts of the palzearctic region.
None of them occur in Great Britain, nor, apparently, in
Scandinavia. On the other hand, species with divided
stipites are found throughout the whole region, and among
them are some which seem to have hardly anything else in
common (e.g. cunicularius and fodiens). Still, if it be
necessary to classify Colletes-armatures dichotomically, this
is perhaps the best “ fundamentum divisionis” with which
to start. And, as far as I know, Radoszkowski was the
first to point it out,
But to return to the subject of the above-mentioned
“seventh ventral plate”; it was, I think, particularly
unfortunate that Radoszkowski, when dealing with Colletes,
should have dismissed it with such slight and inaccurate
treatment, instead of figuring it—or at least describing its
form—in each of the species with which he dealt. For, in
fact, this segment is generally at least as characteristic for
specific purposes as the “armure” itself, and its characters
are (for reasons presently to be given) easier both to
recognize, to figure, and to describe. One chief object of
this paper is to call attention to the very distinctive forms
assumed by this segment in different species, and I figure
it accordingly, together with the armature, in such
palearctic species as I possess—thirty-five in all—and
likewise in an American species, which I cannot name, but
which differs evidently from any of them, communicated
to me from Massachusetts by Prof. C. T. Bruce of New
York. (See Pl. IX, 57, 58.)
28 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
Though I am far from feeling competent to attempt a
complete monograph of palzearctic Colletes-spp., I hope I
may render some service to the future monographist by
publishing along with these figures some notes on the
insects examined, and a synoptic table of such further
distinguishing characters as I have been able to find in
their external structure. There does not, I believe, exist
as yet any work which deals with nearly as many species
as now lie before me. My materials have been partly
collected by myself in England, France, Germany, the
Alps, and nearly all countries round the Mediterranean,
including Algeria, Egypt, and Syria; partly received from
various friends and correspondents, especially Professor
Perez, Dr. Schmiedeknecht, and Messrs. Friese, Kohl,
Alfken, Vachal, and Edward Saunders. To Professor Perez
above all—with whom I have been throughout in constant
communication, and who has supplied me most liberally
with material, including many of his own new species—
any value that my work may have will be chiefly due.
With regard to one of the great difficulties connected
with this genus, the obscure and entangled state of its
“synonymy, I must say at once that I can do almost
nothing to remove it. The original descriptions of their
species by early authors are nearly always quite insufficient
to fix their identity for certain, and I have had no oppor-
tunity for examining any “types” of them that may still
exist. In calling species, therefore, by the old and familiar
names of suwccinctus, L., ligatus, Er., etc., I express no
opinion of my own as to the correctness of these identifica-
tions, but merely accept what I take to be the view
generally current among hymenopterists. Even when I
have reason to doubt this view, though I shall say so, I
shall not always discard the name that is commonly
adopted. Such insects as are unknown to any of my
correspondents I shall treat as “new species,’ even if I
know some old vague description to which they might
possibly be referred. I think that, as matters stand at
present, less confusion will be created by employing a name
that may ultimately have to sink as a synonym, than to
fix an old name on to a species to which it does not really
belong. What I aim at is to ascertain, as far as I can, how
many real species lie before me, and how they may be
distinguished from one another. How they are ultimately
to be called in our lists is another question, which must be
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 29
settled by the future monographist of the genus, and to
him I leave it. Still I do occasionally mention points
which seem to me deserving to be considered when that
question comes up for definite settlement.
Let us now consider in a general way (a) the concealed
abdominal plates in Colletes f f, and () the armature
proper.
The concealed abdominal plates—Of these some are
dorsal, some ventral. They all lie, normally, enclosed
within the apex of the abdomen and immediately adjacent
to the “armature.” To this, I believe, they both act as a
protective sheath, and also in some way co-operate with it
in its special functions (clasping, etc.). For these purposes
they are always extraordinarily modified from what we
must suppose to have been their original form, viz. that of
semi-annuli, And it may be noticed here, that at least on
the ventral side this sort of modification commences in a
rudimentary way even in the preceding (unconcealed)
segments. The sixth, especially, when mounted in balsam
and rendered semi-transparent, is seen to be far from
uniform in its structure and chitinization, and is often
tuberculated and foveated in a manner which probably
bears some relation to the forms of the organs underlying
it. (Cf Pl. IX, figs. 49, 50, 52, 53.)
From between the armature and the seventh dorsal
plate may be extracted (though seldom unbroken) the
object which I figure in Pl. IX, 40. This, following Dr.
K. Zander, I take to consist of a pair of dorsal plates—the
eighth and ninth of the abdomen reckoning from the
constriction, 7. ¢. exclusive of the propodeum. I have not
found any specific characters in them; and they are so
extremely fragile and difficult to study, that I confine
myself to figuring a single successful extraction of them.
The concealed ventral plates are the seventh and eighth
of the abdomen (exclusive of the ventral plate, if such exists,
which answers to the propodeum—lI have never succeeded
in finding any trace of one !).
The eighth plate seems very similar in all species. (See
Pl. IX, 44.) It has none of the paradoxical variations of
form which make this segment so characteristic in some
species of Prosopis, Andrena, etc.
The seventh ventral plate, however, is a most interesting
and surprising object. Its base is a ribbon-like strip or
arch of chitin, joined at each end to the corresponding
30 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
dorsal plate. Springing from the apex of this arch appear
nearly always two large symmetrical lobes or “wings.”
They are perfectly colourless and membranous at the
extreme apex, still membranous, but more or less in-
fuscated, punctured, and pilose on the disc, evidently
chitinized at the base and along the inner margin, and
at least somewhat thickened and darkened on the exterior
margin. Each of them consequently has the appearance
of a frail membranous sheet stretched on a more solid
framework, which supports it much as the costa and
nervures support a wing.
The form, colour, and pilosity of these lobes differ
specifically to such an extent, that many species can be
distinguished at a glance by these characters alone. Not
only the actual outlines, but even the minute veinings,
cloudings, etc. of the membrane seem to be extremely
constant. The only difficulty in examining them is that
they are apt to curl over somewhat at the apices laterally,
but even this curling sometimes contributes to their specific
“facies.” I have frequently dissected inany specimens of
one species from widely-different localities, and have
nearly always found their seventh segments exactly similar,
and quite unlike that of any other species. The cases in
which two different species have this plate deceptively
similar, are extremely rare; and curiously enough, where
this docs happen, the insects themselves are generally very
unlike each other in external characters.
These segments have, for examination, at least one great
advantage over the armatures proper. Their outlines are
real margins and not mere variable horizons of solid figures,
hence their appearance is much less affected by slight
differences of position. Also being much less complicated
objects, and less troublesome to focus under the microscope
(being flatter), they produce an impression which is more
quickly grasped and more readily remembered.
It is perfectly easy, with a little practice, so to prepare
either fresh or relaxed specimens as to display this segment
sufficiently for all practical purposes; or it can be actually
removed and mounted separately without any noticeable
disfiguring of the specimen, but in that case the ligaments
connecting it with the dorsal plate must be severed
cautiously first. In nearly all cases it forms a most
beautiful microscopic object, whether it be mounted dry
or in balsam.
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 31 .
In certain cases (cf. my last figures on Pl. VIII) a very
singular appearance is given to this segment by a tendency
which the lateral thickened portions or “ costa” show to
detach themselves from the lobes and stand up as separate
tooth-like or spine-like processes. This leaves the lobes
comparatively unsupported (cf. fig. 33a), or they may even
disappear almost entirely, so that only a sort of skeleton of
the segment remains to represent it (fig. 35a). One can
trace, I think, a regular gradation in this respect—the
likeness of the modified segment to the simple semi-
annulus, from which it must have developed, decreasing
stage by stage, till it vanishes altogether.
It is curious to note how in different genera of the
Anthophila nature seems to select different ventral
segments of the ¢ for paradoxical specific modification—
the sixth in certain Osmie, the seventh m Colletes, the
eighth im Andrena, both the seventh and the eighth in
Prosopis—while in other cases none of these segments are
particularly characteristic, and it is the armature itself
which supplies the best specific characters (¢. g. in Bombus
and Sphecodes). I have already noted that these modifica-
tions are not confined wholly to the concealed portions of
the abdomen ; and indeed I suspect that its entire structure
(the emboitement of all its segments, the development of
ventral tubercles on some of them, the usual acumination
and occasional peculiar armature of its apex, etc.) depends
a good deal on the same sort of causes, which have diverted
the concealed ventral segments from their original function
as a part of the insect’s integument, and made them a sort
of appendage to the armatura copulatrix.
We come now to the “armature” proper, which com-
prises at least three obviously distinct portions, viz. its
cushion-like base—the cardo, and two objects, each
resembling a pair of forcipes, one within the other—the
outer of which (following Thomson and Saunders) I call
the stipites, and the inner the sagitte.
The cardo has little character, and need not detain our
attention ; but the séipites and sagittw are very differently
formed in different species, and undoubtedly give to some
armatures a peculiar and easily recognizable facies. Yet
it is often not easy to define exactly the characters on
which the peculiarity depends. This is partly because
these organs, being practically very irregular figures of
three dimensions, completely alter their appearance, when
32 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal seginents and
the aspect in which we view them is even slightly changed.
Consequently, to get a real idea of their structure we must
look at them all round, and the more we do this the more
we find that the characters which strike the eye at once in
some particular aspect can no longer be recognized if the
point of view be ever so slightly changed. (For this reason,
as well as because of its comparatively simple character, I
greatly prefer the characters of the seventh segment to those
of the armature—they are both more positive, and more
recognizable in different positions of the object.)
However, let us suppose that an armature is lying
perfectly flat before us with its dorsum uppermost, and
see what characters may be then observed in it.
First, as to the stipites. Each of these will generally
appear more or less evidently three-jointed. There is a
‘pilose, somewhat palpiform, and often pale apex—a longer
and much broader central portion—and (separated from
the last by what looks like a transverse suture) a large
sub-triangular or sub-reniform basal lobe—bulging inwards
so as to meet the corresponding lobe of the other stipes
below the sagittz.
This is the commonest type, and when it occurs we can
take into account the forms of the three apparent joints
which compose the stipes; the comparative length and
breadth of each (individually or as compared with the
other two); the straightness, convexity, sinuation, etc., of
their outlines; the extent, density, and length of the
pilosity at the apex, etc. In all these points the stipes of
a particular species will present characters which seem to
be constant, and will help to distinguish it,
In other cases, as Radoszkowski has pointed out, we can
see no suture defining the basal portion of the stipes. In
some such armatures the pilose apices are exceedingly long
and narrow; in others much less so. The pilosity in this
group is generally very much developed, and differs a good
deal in its arrangement in the different species.
Next as to the sagitt, we see—or rather seem to see,
for the appearance is very different from the reality—two
strips or rods of chitin lying side by side, dilated at the
base into lobes which are sometimes sharply angled
laterally, while their apices generally look pointed ‘and
sometimes divergent. ‘To each of these rods laterally is
attached a sort of membranous “ wing” or “ sail,” called by
Radoszkowski the “ fourreau,” not flat, but bent and folded
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 38
in various ways—sometimes looking much longer than the
rods, sometimes not so—in some parts quite glassy, but in
others often more or less dark and opaque. Besides these
“wings” the rods may, or may not, have other lateral
appendages or dilatations of rather thicker and darker
substance, and these sometimes give the impression of a
sharp triangular tooth projecting over the base of the more
transparent “wing.”
“ Characters” presented by the sagittx in this aspect are
—the outline and extent of the basal dilatation of the
“rods”; the shape, size, colour, and foldings or twistings
of the membranous “ wings”; the presence or absence of a
secondary (often tooth-like) dilatation of the rods as above
described (between their basa/ dilatation and the “ wing ”) ;
the length of the sagittz as a whole in proportion to that
of the stipites, ete. But all these characters are lable to
become—I will not say impossible, but difficult to recognize
if the organs are (as often happens) accidentally shrunk or
displaced ever so little, or if the armature as a whole is not
lying in exactly the proper position. I must repeat, there-
fore, that, for practical purposes, I greatly prefer the
characters of the seventh segment.
As soon as we begin to examine the armature in other
points of view than the direct dorsal aspect, we shall find
that the description given above of the stipites and sagittz
requires a good deal of modification. Thus, looking at the
stupites (Plate IX) sideways, we see at once that they are
never really three-jointed, but composed of a single
curiously-folded sheet, which is nearly but not quite com-
pletely chitinized throughout ; the apices look no longer in
the least palpiform, but more or less broadly triangular ;
the supposed suture dividing the stipes transversely is seen
to be merely a superficial though often deep sulcation in
it, etc. Again, looking sideways at the sagittw (Pl. IX),
we find that the dorsal view has not shown us their real
apices at all—the latter are so sharply deflexed, that when
we viewed the organ dorsally they were completely out of
focus, and in fact out of sight. We have also to correct
our former impression of the “wing” as something distinct
from the “ rod,” and attached to it as a sail to a mast—it
is really nothing but a difference in the degree of chitiniza-
tion which makes them look distinct objects. The truth
seems to be that each sagitta consists of a single sheet of
substance, folded and “crinkled” up in a complicated
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 3
34 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
fashion (especially towards its base), and much more
thoroughly chitinized in certain places (especially along
its inner margin and all over its basal part) than elsewhere.
All the appearances in it of tooth-like processes, etc., are
really produced by foldings of the substance, foreshortened
in various ways according to the point of view. In fact
the whole apparent structure of the object as viewed in
the flat field of a microscope is simply a mass of optical
illusions. Still the phenomena themselves, however de-
ceptive, are constant in each species, and can therefore be
used to furnish us with specific characters, if we have
sufficient familiarity with microscopic work not to be
misled by the efdwAa of the “optic glass.”
When the armature is viewed from behind, a curious
object with a bifid or bilobed apex appears to protrude
from the inner side of each stipes, close to and partly
covering the bases of the sagitte. This is called the
volsella. It has in some points of view the appearance of
a distinct organ, partly imbedded in the stipes, but I think
it is really only a peculiarly folded portion of the stipes
itself—at any rate I have never succeeded in removing it
without bringing away part of the stipes with it. The lobes
at its apex differ in shape and size a good deal in differenti
species (Pl. IX, 41, 42, 43), and might give good
characters if they were more conveniently placed for
examination. Sometimes they are pretty conspicuous
even in the dorsal view of the armature, but more usually
they are hidden by the dilatations of the sagitte. The
opposing faces of the lobes seem to be covered with rasp-
like denticulations or tubercles, and I think they must
have some prehensile function, but they do not seem to
have any power of movement apart from that of the stipes
as a whole.
The armatures which I have figured are rendered semi-
transparent by immersion in Canada balsam. ‘This causes
a pair of divergent rod-like, perhaps tubular, objects to be
seen indistinctly through the surface of the stipites, which
on dissection are found to proceed from the bases of the
sagittz, and are part—I suppose—of the apparatus by
which the latter are moved. (I have not attempted to
take characters from them, as they cannot be seen without
special preparation of the armature.)
Such of my figures as represent neither armatures
nor seventh ventral plates are intended to render more
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 35
intelligible the Tables now to follow, in which I do m
best to distinguish the ¢% of such palsarctic Colletes-
species as are known to me by such characters only as can
be seen without dissection.
I am bound to say at once, that I think we can hardly
expect quite satisfactory results from an inquiry which
begins by setting aside the most positive marks of differ-
ence which Nature has stamped on the creatures we are
endeavouring to distinguish. Therefore it does not sur-
prise me that, after attempting to deal with the matter
under such limitations, the results I have reached do not
even to myself seem very satisfactory. However, such
as they are, I will offer them to my readers.
Apart from colour (including that of the pilosity, which
depends a good deal on the condition of the specimen, and
sometimes on other causes than that of specific identity),
the most conspicuous differences that I see between one
Colletes f and another lie in («) size; (%) surface sculpture
of the body, especially its puncturation; (c) the structure
and proportions of certain parts of the insect, especially
the head, the antenne, and the legs; and perhaps also
in certain cases (@) the infuscation or the reverse of the
wings, including their nervures.
Of these, the size of the insect is only in certain cases
of much use in “determining” it. The average size of
most species, when one is compared with another, differs
little; and particular specimens in all of them may be
much larger or smaller than the average. Of course the
biggest nanus is much smaller than the smallest nasutus ;
but out of a mixed lot of (say) swccinctus, fodiens, montanus,
pristigma, and daviesanus, the biggest specimen and the
smallest might equally belong to any of the species.
The sculpture-characters are much more to be trusted,
but they are extremely difficult to describe in unmistak-
able terms:—e.g. such an expression as “fine punctur-
ation,” a “close puncturation,’ conveys different ideas to
different minds, and even to the same mind at different
times. Each reader measures such expressions by a
standard of his own, and even that standard is lable to
vary.
In the shape and relative proportions of the head, ete.,
we do at last arrive at characters which can be stated
positively. But even here, it is surprising how difficult
it is to be quite sure that one sees what one thinks one
36 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
sees. To estimate correctly (¢.g.) the relative length of
two antennal joints seems a simple matter; yet even here
the most practised eyes will sometimes be deceived.
Again, the comparative length and breadth of the gena
in a particular insect is a definite fact; yet unless it be
placed in exactly the right position when we measure it,
the best micrometer will measure it quite wrongly.
And as to infuscations, etc. of the wings, there are
but few Colletes-species in which such characters can be
employed to any purpose, and even in these species the
phenomenon is apt to be inconstant.
Accordingly in constructing tables for Colletes based
on such characters, I am simply making the most that
I can of unsatisfactory materials. The fact is, that through-
out the whole genus the external structure is particularly
simple and uniform: strong paradoxical characters such
as help us to classify other genera are here scarcely to
be found * without dissection of the insects. And though
in quite fresh specimens the colour and disposition of
the pilosity in certain species may be adequate to dis-
tinguish them for certain, a slight amount of fading or
rubbing will make almost any Colletes practically un-
recognizable by such characters. Whatever its original
colours may have been, it speedily bleaches into a dull
uniform grey. The fascize which now look white may
once have been distinctly yellow; and those which are
now widely interrupted, may or may not have once been
entire. Hence, if we are to determine at all any but
exceptionally perfect specimens, we can do so only by
employing structural characters; and these in Colletes
are, as we have seen, for the most part minute, easily
misinterpreted, and still more easily misrepresented when
we try to express them in a verbal description.
If then my Tables prove to be of practical use to
hymenopterists, I shall be glad; if not, I shall not be
much surprised.
The length of the gena being perhaps the most con-
spicuous of the external characters, I have taken it as
my first ground of division. But I do not at all think
that it divides the species into real natural groups. (Cf.
the figures of genz in Plate VI, which, different as they
are, belong all to insects which I believe to be nearly
* The scutellar appendages of greffei, Alfk., are an isolated
exception,
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 37
related.) Certain differences of pilosity (e.g. nearly naked
or, on the contrary, almost villose discs of the abdominal
segments) are perhaps of real phyletic significance, but
all sorts of intermediate conditions occur, and I prefer as
far as possible to employ characters which depend less
on the freshness, etc. of the particular specimens ex-
amined. As to my measurements of antennz, legs, gene,
etc., I have made them with great care; but I cannot
hope that I have always avoided errors, for when such
objects are measured microscopically, the slightest in-
accuracy in placing them produces a fallacious image, and
falsifies the measurement accordingly.
TABLE OF EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
1. Gene extremely long, their (least) longitudinal
diameter quite twice the breadth of the
mandible at its base... at ae tte cen:
Genz evidently elongate, but decidedly not
twice as long as the base of the mandible is
broad 50 “ee ¢ eee a se oe. yok
Gene subquadrate, their (least) length about
equalling the breadth of the mandible ee Os
Genz transverse or short, two-thirds as long as
the breadth of the mandible or less ... : so HG:
(For the above characters, consult the Figures
of genz and heads in Plates VI and IX.)
. Abdomen coarsely and rugosely punctured.
Face, between eyes, very long, narrow and
parallel-sided. (Pl. IX, 36) ... 0 ... 15. nasutus, Smith.
Abdomen with minute distinct punctures. Face
very long, but wide above, the eyes con-
verging. (Pl. IX, 39) ... 40 ... 84. formosus, Perez (? =
lacunatus, Dours).
to
3. Abdominal fasciz definite and conspicuous
Fasciz indefinite or absent. Large, cire. 15
mill. long oe ae i ee ... 88. cunicularius, Linn.
4. Second abdominal segment clothed on its disc
above with long pale hairs. All the fasciz
wide. Species rather small, circ. 10 mill.
long ral ioe ie ee 5. ... 16. coriandrt, Perez.
Disc of second abdominal segment with short
fuscous hairs. Fascize towards the apex of
the abdomen becoming very narrow. A much
larger species than the last, cire. 13 mill.
long. Cordiform area of the propodeum
with a narrow shining triangle forming its
apex, but its base and disc occupied by a
series of transverse parallel rugosities (Can-
ary Islands, etc.) Bie alse a ... 5. dimidiatus, Brullé.
5. Sixth ventral plate with a well-defined small
and deep oval fovea, impressed transversely
on each side of its disc, some way from the
sides and apex of the segment. (PJ. IV, 52) of) Le
Sixth ventral plate without such definite discal
fovez, though sometimes broadly depressed
or excavated on each side of a central carina.
(Cf. Pl. TX, 53) ... 3c See eee 366 este ails
38 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
6. Punctures of basal abdominal segment above
much larger and coarser than those of the
second segment. Fasciz rather wide and in
fresh specimens generally more or _ less
yellowish. Cire.11 mill. long. (Universally
distributed species, ranging from North
Europe to Egypt, and common everywhere) 80. succinctus, Linn.
Puncturation much more uniform and very
fine. Fasciz narrow and white. A larger
species, circ. 13 mill. long. (Mediterranean
region) ... . 29. frigidus, Perez.
7. Sides of seventh dorsal plate of abdomen much
constricted, making its apex somewhat mu-
cronate (PL TXA3 a) eee ee -.- 82. acutus, Perez
Seventh dorsal plate shaped otherwise .. 5, tsk
8. All the abdominal fasciz entire, broad, and
uniform nae 9.
Some at: least of the fascie are narrow, or
interrupted, or obsolete 12.
Ne)
. Very large, circ. 15 mill. long. Disc of second
dorsal plate with long pale hairs... . 14
Much smaller. Second dorsal plate not very
pilose, apart from its fascie ...
10. Very small, circ. 7 mill. long. Wings opales-
cent with pale reddish-yellow stigma and
nervures. Hairs of head and thorax above
white abe abe ae aa tee ae
Larger, circ. 10 mill. long. Wings simply
hyaline with darker stigma and nervures.
Hairs of head and thorax above pale brown
. bracatus, Perez.
10.
ue
(Greece) . 3. cecrops, n. sp.
11. Third abdominal segment punctured much like
the second. Fasciz quite as broad as the
spaces between them (Egypt, Tunis) age 2A
Third abdominal segment punctured much less
closely than the second. Fascize distinctly
narrower than the spaces between them
. nanus, Friese.
(Algeria) .. =e ... 22. pumilus, n. sp.
12. Six well-defined abdominal fasciz, the fifth
more or less narrowed laterally and the sixth
extremely narrow throughout. Cire. 10 mill.
long (Greece, and South Italy) ass . 17. phalericus, n. sp.
Either the fascie are more or less indistinct or
even absent; or, if well defined, those to-
wards the apex are as broad as those Prccee
ing them ... :
13. The “whole clypeus except its extreme apicai
margin is strigose longitudinally and strongly
punctured between the strigze : 26
Part at least of the sides and apex ‘of the
clypeus are smooth with only a few large
sparse punctures
14. Fasciz almost obsolete ; punctures of abdomen
intensely fine and sparse, apex of basal
segment almost impunctate ... ai Beal
Fascie distinct, punctures of abdomen, though
fine and sparse, are much less so than in
empunctatus, and the apex of the basal
segment is punctured throughout —... anel Q0E
15. Scutellum with conspicuous unciform lateral
processes (Pl. IX, 45). Wings ee Meta-
tarsus posticus very broad... ; ... 28
Scutellum simple
13.
. montanus, Morawitz.
14.
. impunctatus, Ny] (=
alpinus, Mor.).
mongolicus, Perez.
. greffer, Altken.
16.
16.
Ai
18.
19.
20.
armatures vn the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 39
Dorsal surface of abdomen peculiar, showing in
places a sort of irregular transverse rugulosity
or striolation together with numerous very
shallow punctures. The latter vary in shape
and size, and have rather ill-defined margins.
They are partly “elevated,” and sometimes
become almost confluent transversely. The
extreme apices of the segments are smooth
and whitish. Their discs are clothed with
pretty long suberect hairs. The colour
of the pilosity seems to be mainly cinereous,
that on the thorax rather fuscous than
fulvous (but all my specimens are much
faded). The sixth ventral segment has a
well-marked central carina. The labrum is
scarcely tuberculated or foveated. The
anterior and intermediate tarsi seem particu-
larly long and slender, scarcely half as broad
as the posterior. The insect is rather large,
cire. 13 mill. long. The wings sometimes
(but not always) evidently with a yellowish
stain aes dec 560 oe
Punctures of abdomen above either large and
strong, or, if fine, at least pretty deep and
well-defined (circular) upon a smooth ground
Discs of intermediate abdominal dorsal plates
clothed with longish sub-erect hairs. Inter-
mediate joints of tarsi postici considerably
dilated, cordiform, at least half as broad as
long (PI. IX, 59, 60, 61) :
Discs of intermediate dorsal plates very “shortly
pubescent or naked. Intermediate joints of
tarsi postici narrower, evidently not half as
broad as long (Pl. IX, 62, 63)
Intermediate joints of tarsi postici ‘broader
than long. Wingsfaintly clouded. Dises of
abdominal dorsal plates strikingly hirsute.
A large Mediterranean sp. 12-13 mill. long...
Intermediate joints of tarsi postici not or
scarcely as broad as long. Species smaller,
and all occurring arian: in northern
districts a3 505 50
Puncturation fine and spars se. Fasciz narrower,
the hairs forming them. scarcely half as long
as the erect hairs on the disc of second
segment. Sixth ventral plate dentate later-
ally and not carinated in the centre (PI.
IX, 50) cg es
Punctures much closer and stronger. ’Fascize
wider, their hairs about as long as the erect
pilosity. Sixth ventral plate evidently cari-
nated in the centre (Pl. IX, 53) de
Second joint of tarsi postici (Pl. IX, 60) more
produced and dilated at the apex exteriorly,
making the very oblique apical margin as
long as the interior. Antenne longer.
Fasciz of a purer white. (Pilosity of body
and legs a little shorter and less copious) ...
Second joint of tarsi postici (Pl. IX, 61) less
dilated and produced, the apical margin is
therefore less oblique and evidently shorter
than the interior. Fascie with a oreaTy
tinge. Antenne shorter
- 85. cariniger, Perez (?=
collaris, Dours).
17.
ll. abecliei, Perez.
19.
. 18. davicsanus, Smith.
20.
19. picéstiyma, Thoms.
. 12. fodicus, Kirby.
40 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
21. Wings distinctly clouded with fuscous-yellow... Ree nee
Wings clear or nearly so . ones
22. Larger, circ. 13 mill. long. Abdomen finely
punctured on a smooth shining ground, with
narrow white fascie ... oe eS . 20. spectabilis, Morawitz
"(Sniveo fasciatus, Dours).
Smaller, circ. 10 mill. long. Abdomen very
coarsely sculptured, with large rugose punc-
tures, and strong (Cerceris-like) abrupt con-
strictions between the discs of the segments 18. punctatus, Mocsiry.
23. Third joint of antenna as long as the fourth.
A small insect with short antenn, and very
short genze (their least length is not a fourth
of the width of the mandibles). Sixth
ventral plate with a pilose tuberculation
at each lateral angle and a wide pale apical
margin. Pedes postici with very slender
tibiz and tarsi ... . 23. brevicornis, Perez.
Third joint of antenna evidently shorter than
the fourth. Genz at least a third of the
width of the mandibles, often much more ... ee
24. Fifth ventral plate punctured (subrugosely) all
over—the punctures seem both larger and
closer than those on the preceding segments.
Cordiform area of propodeum for the most
part longitudinally rugose, somewhat ob-
liquely .. . 24. pees Smith.
Fifth ventral plate ‘otherwise punctur ed. : x
5. The disc of the fifth ventral plate (sce Pl. IX,
51) is occupied by a large impunctate tri-
angular space, nearly equilateral, whose
sides, defined by dark lines, converge from
the base of the segment to near its apex,
where the triangle ends in a small pale
rounded fovea. Outside this triangle the
surface is punctured and pilose. (A small
Mongolian sp. circ. 8 mill.long.) ... ... 27. ventralis, Perez.
Fifth ventral plate sculptured otherwise 200 Ey 20;
26. Sixth ventral plate (Pl. IX, 49) with a rather
conspicuous oval patch of ‘dense dark-looking
pilosity bordered by an oblique fovea near
each of its lateral angles. Last dorsal
segment slightly incised at: apex (sub-bilobate) 6. /igutus, Er.
Sixth ventral plate without conspicuous pilose
patches as above ; at most with a thin loose
tuft or pencil of pale hairs
27. The whole abdomen, including its basal segment,
very closely, finely, and evenly punctured
above, so that the surface is uniformly almost
dull SG deer
The puncturation i is much less close and regular,
with shining intervals, on the basal segment
it is conspicuously larger and more sparse
than on those following res 20:
28. Slightly larger and especially broader than the
next species, circ. 12 mill. long. Fascize
broad and yellowish. Hairs of thorax above
rich fulvous-red. » Hives very econ con- ;
verging (Egypt) .. ate ... 4. perez2, 0. sp.
Fasciz somewhat narrower and. snow-white.
Hairs of thorax above cinereous yellow.
Hyes rather strongly converging, making the
face look more triangular and the cly bone
narrower (Algeria) —... joc Bee . 9, etaont, 0. Sp.
bo
Or
bo
ot
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 41
29. Middle joints of antenne (Pl. IX, 54) about as
broad as long (they seem to be ‘flattened in a
peculiar manner beneath). Face very short
and broad, differing evidently from all the
following species, except perhaps caspicus
(See Pl. “VI, 8a and 10a). A small species,
cire. 7 mill. long. (S. France) .. . 10. chobauti, Perez.
Middle joints of antennze considerably | longer
than broad. Species larger ... Bon OU!
30. Area trigona of propodeum crossed by large
clathrate rugosities, its lateral areas also
largely rugose, looking in some lights almost
strigose. Eyes not very convergent. Apex
of seventh dorsal plate narrowly rounded,
almost pointed ... . V. hyleiformis, Eversm.
Dise of area trigona mostly quite smooth ; the
lateral areas punctured, rugosely, but with
no appearance of strigosity. sey taille
31. Apical half of sixth ventral plate abruptly
depressed; its central part is pale shining
and almost impunctate. Face wide and
short with eyes converging strongly: the
vertex elevated. Dorsal apex much as in
hylexiformis. Hind tarsi rather wide—the
first joint not above four times as long as
broad (six times in the species following!) ... 8. caspicus, Morawitz.
Sixth ventral plate less sharply sculptured, and
its central part evidently rather largely
punctured. Apex of last dorsal plate wider,
subtruncate, with a slight central incision.
Face squarer, the eyes converging only
slightly. Lateral areas of propodeum not NENT ETE i
so strongly and closely punctured is fl. NCR: Nplate
U2. cows, n. sp.
I can at present give no external character that satisfies me for separating
these two. (See below, Notes on the Species.)
NOTES ON THE SPECIES FIGURED.
Species with unincised stipites 1-10.
1. Balieatus, Ny! @). PI. VI, fig. 1, lo, 1b. Pl. IX, figs
63, 64.
I call this species baltcatus on the authority of Prof.
Perez and several other correspondents from whom I have
received it. But whether it is really Nylander’s species
I do not know. If, as I believe, it does not occur in
Northern Europe, it obviously cannot be the baltcatus of
Thomson.
Nylander first proposed balteatus as a name for Latreille’s
succinctus, which he considered not to be the swecinctus of
Linné. But I can find nothing either in Latreille or
Nylander to show what the insect really was which
Latreille called swecinctws. Several species seem to me
42 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
to suit all that is said by either author quite as well as
the present.
Radoszkowski’s balteatus is certainly marginatus, Smith,
and I believe Thomson’s is the same.
In its armature and seventh ventral segment the present
insect resembles very closely the four species next to be
figured. But it differs in that the stalks or petioles from
which the lobes of the seventh ventral plate spring are
evidently pilose. They have a continuous ciliation of
well-developed hairs, proceeding from definite punctures,
which commences nearer the base of the segment than
the point at which the lobes begin to spread from it.
In the armature all five species agree (a) in the narrow
elongate wn-notched stipites, which contract very gently in
the dorsal aspect, but rapidly in the lateral (Pl. IX, 64), to
form the slender and very pilose apical process; (b) in the
manner of folding (rather than the actual outiine which
depends on a variety of accidents) of the dilated sagittee.
The more transparent part of this (the “fourreau”’)
consists of ¢wo laps (one basal, the other apical) which
parily cross each other, and in so doing produce the effect
of a triangular sub-opaque thickening of the membrane.
These laps are further overlapped by a third fold which is
chitinous and triangular, occurring at the pomt where the
sagittae (viewed laterally, Pl. IX, 64) are bent downwards
almost at a right angle, and this is really about half-way
between their bases and their apices, though in the dorsal
view the deflected apical halves are so foreshortened that
this is not easily realized. Between the bases of the
sagittz and the stipites the volsella peeps out, of course
at a much lower level, and therefore only to be seen
properly by altering the focussing.
All this group agree as to the seventh segment in the
gradual dilatation of sub-triangular and petal-like lobes
from elongate stalk-like and apically sub-acuminate in-
terior “costw.” The clouding, etc. of these lobes is also
very similar. They differ chiefly in their degree of dilata-
tion (more or less rapid) and in the outline of their actual
apical margin, to see which properly, however, the object
must be viewed in more aspects than one.
In external characters they agree in being all very
shortly haired on the discs and conspicuously banded at
the apices of the segments. The fasciz are entire, and
there is usually—perhaps always—a distinct basal fascia
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 43
also on segment 2. The legs in all are rather slender,
and the third antennal joint is always shorter than the
fourth. In puncturation they differ considerably, and
also in the length of the genie, the sculpture of the
propodeum, and the structure ‘of the apical segments both
dorsal and ventral. These differences seem enough to
separate them as distinct species, but I feel sure that they
must be very near relations.
Balteatus seems to be a fairly common and widely
distributed species in the Mediterranean and also in the
Alpine districts (Spain, 8. France, the Adriatic, Switzer-
land, Tyrol, ete.) I have taken it quite high up on the
Simplon Pass. It is not British, nor (I believe) does it
occur in Scandinavia or North Germany—hence it is
unlikely that Thomson's la/ieatus 1s this species.
Though Radoszkowski figures our marginatus as “bal-
ieatus, Latreille” (sic),* he also figures what I think must
be the present species under the name “ marginatus,”
which name of course it cannot bear in any case.
Prof. Perez at one time identified this species with
lacunatus, Dours, under which name it is placed in some
collections. But Dours’s description does not suit it in
the least, and M. Perez tells me that he accepted the
identification on the faith of a correspondent, and has now
abandoned it.
A correspondent sent me a Zand 2 of this species as
“ stervensis, Frey Gessner,” and I have myself taken it at
Sterve! But I have not seen Frey Gessner’s types, and
another insect that has come to me under the same name
is certainly marginatus, Smith. If svevrensis really =my
balteatus, I should be inclined to adopt the former name,
as there really seems no particular reason for identifying
our insect with Nylander’s species.
2, Hous nso. (?). “PISVE, 2, 2a.
Species a bulteato vix distinguenda, nisi segmenti septimi ventralis
lobis magis elongatis, apicem versus minus dilatatis, margine apicali
vix sinuato, et praecipue petiolis loborum nudis (nec ciliatis nec
punctatis), fortasse quoque numero (13) hamulorum in alis inferi-
oribus. ¢ long. cirea 10 mill., 9 latet.
Helenensdorf, Transcaucasia (?), Pola (2).
* Balteatus, Latreille, isa nullity. Succinctus, Latreille =balteatus,
Nylander.
44 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
Iam rather unwilling to separate this from balteatus,
with which it agrees in almost every particular. But the
difference in the seventh ventral plate is remarkable.
(Prof. Perez has seen my dissections and agrees with me as
to this.) The lobes are differently shaped, and their petioles
are absolutely impunctate and unciliated. To this I may
add, that in the one specimen whose external characters I
have examined for this paper—two others I seem to have
unfortunately mislaid, and can at present only find the
dissections—there are thirteen hooks in each wing (a number
which also occurs in all my specimens of perczi), whereas in
balteatus I have never found more than eleven. But I
fear this characteris not reliable, for my solitary specimen
of the next species (cecrops) has thirteen hooks in one
wing and eleven in the other!
Whether cows is a true species, I must leave to be
decided by those who can tell me what “a true species”
really is. But I have found the pilosity of the concealed
segments so constant a character in all the genera in
which I have examined it, that for the present I must
regard it as specific. The absence of the characteristic
hairs in my specimens of cous is not due to accidental
depilation, for the punctures from which they should
originate are wanting also.
My one remaining entire specimen of cous ¢ is from
Helenensdorf, Transcaucasia, sent me by Herr Koul of
Vienna. It is not in such a condition that I can say
whether in fresh specimens it might be distinguished
from baltcatus by external pilosity-characters. In structure,
except as to the alar hooks and the naked “ petioles” of
the seventh ventral plate, I have failed to find any difference
between them that I can regard as clearly specific, and
unfortunately I do not know cous 2.
3. Cecrops,n. sp. Pl. VI, 3, 8a, 30.
Balteato simillimus, cum quo facile confundi potest, sed genis
multo longioribus (pene quadratis !), etiamque segmenti ventralis
septimi petiolis bases versus haud ciliatis, ut opinor, certe discedens.
This insect again comes exceedingly near to balteatus,
but its genze are evidently longer, so that in my Table it
is placed among the species with sub-quadrate gene. They
are also irregularly rugose, or rugosely punctured, longitu-
dinally almost all over, while in balteatus there is a wide
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 45
smooth space between the basal rugosities and the apex.
The apical part of the “petioles” in the seventh ventral
plate is very densely ciliated with pale whitish hairs,
but not in the style of balteatus, where the hairs are looser,
darker (I think), and commencing much nearer to the
base of the segment.
If a distinct difference in the length of the genz is not
to be regarded as a positive specific character in Colletes,
it is hard to see on what grounds we are to establish
species among them at all: if it 7s, then certainly cecrops
and balteatus differ. Thus we come back to the question,
“ What is a species?” to which, for my part, I know no
thoroughly satisfactory answer. In the meantime, I hold
cecrops to be distinct.
I have only one specimen (f), taken by myself in Attica
(April 30, 1901).
ay Peres, spo, el Via, 4a.
6 LBalteato affinis, sed maior (10-13 mill. long.), abdomine longe
subtilius eequaliusque punctato (propterea magis opaco), fasciis ab-
dominalibus latioribus, flavidis subsquamosis. Segmenti ventralis
septimi petioli nudi, basibus dilatatis. @ (long. circa 15 mill.) a
balteato 2 notis iisdem, quibus mas, differre videtur.
Aegyptus, prope Cairo, iv et v, 1896.
This is a species which, though it has almost all the
other characters of balteatus, distinguishes itself at a
glance by its exceedingly different puncturation. This is
intensely fine and close throughout, making the discs of
the abdominal segments look remarkably opaque. The
fascize also are seen ata glance to be very much wider.
These in fresh specimens are decidedly flavescent, and
formed of more than one distinct row of very thick
(almost scale-like) branched hairs. It is rather larger than
balteatus, and has thirteen alar hooks. I know it only from
Egypt, where I have taken both sexes near Cairo. Possibly
it may be identical with some of the species described by
Spinola (e.g. intricans, not however if Radoszkowski
rightly identified that species !), but I cannot fit it satis-
factorily to any of them. I have named it therefore
after Professor Perez,in acknowledgment of much kind
assistance received from him during this inquiry.
5. Dimidiatus, Brullé. Plate VI, 5, 5a, 50.
The largest species of the group, and very distinct by its
46 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
exceedingly long cheeks, sparsely punctured, shining ab-
domen, and narrowish white fascize (especially those
towards the apex). The sculpture of the propodeum is
also somewhat peculiar: its base is occupied by clathrate
rugosities, or rows of adjacent fovez, which gradually
diminish, and become vaguer as they approach the narrow
shining triangle at its apex.
I know the species only from the Canaries, etc. (the
region from which came also Brullé’s types).
(In the 2 the gene are not particularly long, less so
decidedly than their greatest breadth. In the ¢ they look
even longer than they are in proportion to their breadth,
an effect which seems to be due to their convexity, or to
something in the disposition of the hairs. In the arma-
ture figured the apices of the sagittze were unluckily
distorted by pressure of the cover-glass. Normally I
think they would look much as in the other species,
almost linear—being viewed in profile only.)
6. Ligatus, Er. Pl. VI, 6, 6a, 6b. Pl. IX, 49.
The name ligatus was first employed by Illiger, who
however did not describe his species. Erichson’s descrip-
tion is of a 9 from Spain, and, as is usual with these early
descriptions, would suit equally well a number of species.
Following Prof. Perez, I adopt the name for a species of
which I have dissected three or four ~f from various
Mediterranean districts (that figured is from Barcelona,
and Erichson’s description is fairly suitable for it, though
inadequate).
The ¢ has a strong external character in the well-
marked dense tufts, in some lights looking almost velvety,
which adorn the lateral angles of the last visible ventral
segment. It is finely and rather sparsely punctured with
shining interspaces.
This species, and the four which follow, agree with the
last five in having the stipes wnnotched, but differ from
them in having the lobes of the seventh ventral plate much
more transverse, and developed more abruptly, so that one
may distinguish in them a basal as well as a lateral ex-
terior margin (they might be called quadrilateral, the
others being ¢rilateral). But what is still more conspicuous
is that they spring not from elongate “ petioles,” but from
comparatively broad and stumpy “trunks.” (The condition
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 47
in ligatus is somewhat transitional, in the others it is
impossible not to recognize it instantly.)
The armature of degatus is not unlike that of the pre-
vious species (balteatus, etc.), but differs in the much
greater (broader and longer) triangular chitinous dilatation
of the sagittee at their point of deflexion. This occupies
a much larger part of their dorsal aspect, and looks nearer
their bases than the smaller (apical-looking) triangles in
the other species.
The colour of the seventh ventral plate is very dark,
making the broad hyaline space at the apex of each lobe
particularly conspicuous. All my specimens have the
same bold oblique (downwards and inwards) curl or roll
of the lobes. It seems hardly possible to flatten them
out completely without splitting them by the pressure.
So they must be somewhat rigidly chitinized in parts.
1. Liylaipormess nr. -PLOVE, 7, fa, (0. PI VX) 46.
8. Caspicus, Morawitz. Pl. VI, 8, 8a, 8b, 8c. Pl. IX, 47.
I shall treat of these two species together, as they seem
near allies, and their synonymy is at present somewhat
entangled.
The questions whether and how they differ are best
determined by consulting the writings of Morawitz who
was the original describer of caspicus, and who also wrote
a careful re-description of hylxiformis from examination
of Eversmann’s type-specimens, the original description
being, he tells us, altogether inadequate.
The conclusions to which a study of these descriptions
brings me are supported by the evidence of specimens
received under the names respectively of hylwiforivis
(from Prof. Perez and Herr Kohl) and caspicus (from Prof.
Perez only). Hylxiformis 2 is at once separable from
caspicus 9 by its thoroughly squamose style of pilosity,
and hylxiformis from caspicus f, both by the external
characters given already in my Tables and (at a glance) by
the armature, in which each apex of the unnotched stipes
is narrow and elongate in hyleiformis, while in caspicus
it is a broad, blunt, almost equilateral triangle. (See Pl. [X,
46 and 47.)
The species, however, which Radoszkowski calls hylxi-
Jormis (and also his jloralis, probably not = the floralis of
Kversmann !) is figured with an evidently blunt and short
48 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
apex to the stipes. As Radoszkowski has no species
called caspicus in his Revision, while Morawitz, as we
have seen, knew thoroughly both species, I feel practically
certain that Radoszkowski dissected a caspicus not knowing
it to be such, and wronely assigned it to hylxifornus.
And what he called floralis was probably another specimen
of the same insect, indeed he himself suggests this as prob-
able. (The true jloralis seems, from what both Evers-
mann and Morawitz say of it, to have been very different
from either caspicus or hylxiformis, and very likely did
not belong to the groun of wnnotched stipites at all. But
what it was, I have no idea. It must be a very small
insect: 7-8 mill. sec. Morawitz.) Therefore, I think
hylxiformis, Rad. (nec. Eversm., nec. Moraw.) is a synonym
of caspicus, Morawitz.
Several of Radoszkowski’s figures might possibly be
referred to the true hyleifornvis, e. g. his anceps, mixta,
and carinata, are all more or less suggestive of it.
I never took hyleiformis myself, but have met with
caspicus in several Mediterranean countries, and received it
from others and also from Transcaucasia. It seems to be
widely distributed, therefore, and probably is one of the
common species of its group. Prof. Perez takes it at
Royau, near Bordeaux. .
The sagittee of hylexiformis and caspicus seem very
similar. Their most striking character is perhaps the
large tooth-like fold of sub-opaque (but not thoroughly
chitinized) substance which spreads out from them near
the bases, overlying and partly hiding the base of the
more transparent “wing.” Above this fold is another
dilatation of the sagitta, less conspicuous in the dorsal
aspect because seen only in profile, but also lookmg denti-
form when viewed laterally. This is more solid—in fact
it is completely chitinized and black. It appears to cor-
respond, though its situation is very different, to the
triangular dilatations at the bend of the sagittz in
balteatus, ete.
In both species the lobes of the seventh ventral plate
spring from short broad bases—not elongate petioles. In
most of my specimens the outer apical corners are curled
or rather creased diagonally into a sort of “dog’s-ear,” and
when this happens the segment assumes an outline which
always reminds me of a bishop’s mitre as represented in
heraldry. As compared with ligatws the lobes are more
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 49
elongate, and the sinuation of their apical margin hardly
so strong. Their discs are also as a rule much less deeply
infuscated.
Two further points about the synonymy of hylaiformis
are puzzling.
(1) Morawitz says that the species is probably identical
with nasutus, Smith. Yet as he describes it, it is evidently
as different as possible from the latter, which is perhaps
the most unmistakable species of the whole genus. I
can only suppose that Morawitz did not know the real
nasutus when he revised Eversmann’s collections.
(2) V. Dalla Torre gives “hylxiformis, Perez,” as pro-
bably = acanthopygus, Dours. But certainly the hylai-
Jormis § § I have received from Prof. Perez and Herr
Kohl by no means answer to Dours’s description of
acanthopygus. The latter should have a strong spine at
the apex of the abdomen. Such a spine in a Colletes-sp.
I never saw. Is it possible that Dours has been deceived
by some ¢ in which a stipes of the armature accidentally
protruded from the abdomen ? (His “ types” seem to have
disappeared.)
9: Hatoni, n.sp. Pl. VI, 9, 9a, 90:
Simillimus caspico, sed abdomine multo subtilius et s#qualius
densissime punctulato. Pilositas mesonoti pallida, non nihil flaves-
cens. Fascize abdominalis dense, latissime, nivece, in 9 vix minus
quam in hylxiformi squamee. ¢ stipitibus ut in caspico formatis,
scilicet apicibus haud productis sed oblique truncatis. Genz breves.
(Corp. long. ¢ circa 10 mill., 2 circa 12 mill.)
This beautiful insect is closely allied to caspicus by the
structure of its armature and seventh ventral plates, but
easily distinguished from it in both sexes by the extremely
fine, close and even puncturation of the abdomen, and in
the by the shorter and paler pilosity, which on the
abdomen, though not on the thorax, is almost as squami-
form as in hylxiformis. It appears to me to stand to
caspicus much in the same relation as perez: to balteatus.
The first abdominal segment is densely clothed at the base
with white pilosity ; there is also adense basal band on the
second segment, which, as well as all the apical fasciz, is
entire, very broad, and of the purest silvery-white ; the
pubescence on the discs of the segments is very short and
dark, making the fascize show up very sharply in contrast
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART 1. (APRIL) 4
50 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
with it. The % sixth ventral plate resembles that of
caspicus, it has pretty long but not very thick penicilli at
its lateral angles, a scarious margin, and a smooth pale
longitudinal space in the middle of the disc. In both
sexes the thorax above has a close and very even (as
though shorn) pilosity, paler than in caspicus, being rather
yellowish-brown than fulvous. Beneath, and on the face,
propodeum, and legs, the hairs are pure silvery-white.
Other characters are given in my Tables.
The specimens examined, the only ones I have seen,
were taken in Algeria by the Rev. A. Eaton, after whom I
have named it.
Radoszkowski’s figure (in H. #. S. R., v) of his C. hkirgi-
sicus much resembles the 2 of eatoni; but its wings look
very dark, while they are quite clear with pale nervures
in eatont. And his description is so inadequate, that I
cannot even be sure to what group even his species really
belongs. He described only the 9.
10. Chobauti, Perez. Pl. VI, 10, 10a, 100. PL IX, 54.
A small species from South France kindly communicated
to me by its author; and the last known to me of the
section with ‘‘unnotched stipites.”
In the seventh segment the base reminds me most of
caspicus, the apex of ligatus. The armature seems very
distinct by the very broad, well-developed “ fourreau,” with
its appearance of a strong narrow (almost linear) chitiniz-
ing of its substance near the base of each exterior margin,
by the slighter triangular sub-chitinous dilatation which
overlies the fourreau, and by the apices of the stipites
which have neither the very elongate character of those in
hylevformis and ligatus, nor the short, broad, triangular
form of those in caspicus and eatoni.
Externally the structure of the head and antenne,
together with its small size, separate it easily from
anything known to me.
Species with notched stipites 11-35.
11. Abetilet, Perez. Pl. VII, 11, 11a. Pl. IX, 59.
This species also I have received from the author.
Both in the armature and the seventh ventral plate it
seems to have some affinity with the species following, and
armatures in the Hymenopterows genus Colletes. 51
externally both are pilose, strongly punctured insects, with
short cheeks, rather short antenne, and dilated tarsi. But
abeiller is much the larger species.
In the armature of abeillei the “apical process” of the
stipes is short and inconspicuous (except for its dense but
rather short pilosity); the “middle part,” 7. ¢. that above
the “notch,” is rather elongate, and has a pointed look,
the outer margin (or rather “ horizon”) curving inwards
towards the apex as though to meet the straight inner
margin at an angle of about 30” The sagittz are only
moderately dilated near the base, but the fourreau is
particularly large and solid-looking; it is very wide at the
apex, not only extending close up to the stipes, but curling
round and returning thence towards the middie of the
armature—doubled back over itself, as it were. Besides
this doubling of the membrane, which alone would make it
somewhat opaque, it has an actual dark stain over a con-
siderable part of its substance, and appears even to some
extent chitinous. The whole colour of this armature 1s
unusually dark, and the seventh ventral plate, except its
extreme apical border, is dark also, its lateral thickenings
or “costa” almost black. The form of this segment is
rather simple; its lobes are wide and sub-triangular, with
the corners rounded off, their surface slightly concave
(ventral view), but not strongly curled up at the sides as in
ligatus, etc., their actual apical margins straighter perhaps
than in any species of the group, though the apical outline
of their infuscated discs is evidently sinuated.
12. Fodicus, Kirby. Pl. VII, 12,120. Pl. IX, 61.
This is a common British species, and I have taken it
also in Switzerland. It often occurs on Senecio, and I have
found it accompanied by Epeolus productus.
The armature is very distinct by the unusually elongate
central portion of the stipites, their very inconspicuous and
only slightly pilose apices, and the extremely dark “ wings”
of the sagittz, which, however, are hyaline at the apices.
The outline and colouring of the seventh segment also
distinguish the species immediately from any other. It is
generally very dark as a whole—almost black in places,
but with sharply-defined hyaline spaces at the apex and
near the base. Its apical margins are gently sinuated in
the middle, and gently rounded on each side of the sinua-
tion. The segment is distinctly more produced in the
y
52 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
apical direction near its centre than at the sides—a
character which appears more strongly still in the next
species.
13. Punctatus, Morawitz. Pl. VII, 13, 13a.
My specimens (from Pest) were given me by Herr
Friese. I never found it myself.
The armature and seventh ventral plate have a certain
resemblance to those of fodiens. But their colour is much
paler; the stipites are very differently formed, their central
portion being comparatively short and broad, while the
apical portion on the contrary is very elongate and strongly
pilose; there is a peculiar thickening of the membrane at
each apical outer corner of the “wings” in the sagitte ;
and the lobes of the seventh ventral plate are much more
narrowly rounded at their apices—almost pointed.
A character common to this species and the two last is
the truncate appearance (at the apex) of the “wings” of
the sagitte. This is unusual in the genus; the “wings”
are generally either rounded apically or produced into a
form resembling the point of a penknife.
14. Bracatus, Perez. Pl. VII, 14, 14a.
I have received this very large and handsome species
from the author. Specimens taken by myself in Egypt
agree with it exactly, both externally and in the characters
of the armature and the concealed segments. These have
been described by Herr Friese under the name grandis,
but Prof. Perez’s name is the older, and must be adopted.
The form of the seventh segment and the disposition of
its cloudings to a certain extent recall those of fodicus, but
the apical margin has a different (double) sinuation, and
the colour is extremely different—the lighter parts being
yellowish, and the darker a beautiful orange-red.
The armature is quite unlike that of any preceding
species. The stipites, indeed, are not unlike those of
punctatus, but the sagitte are altogether of another type.
The “ wings” are nearly clear, only faintly yellowish, and
the more solid part has two distinct basal dilatations, the
more apical of which is not—as is usual in such cases—
dentiform.
15. Nasutus, Sm. Pl. VII, 15, 15a. Pl. IX, 36.
This is another very large species—one of the few which
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 58
can be distinguished at a glance by its external characters,
the long parallel-sided face, etc.
Its armature and seventh ventral segment show affinities
to those of bracatus, but the secondary dilatation of the
sagitta (between the basal dilatation and the “wing ”) is
very evidently dentiform.
The lobes of the seventh segment appear less transverse,
partly perhaps because they curl inwards much more
strongly ; their cloudings are also very different.
The species examined were sent to me by Herr Kohl
and Herr Friese.
16. Coriandri, Perez. Pl. VII, 16, 16a. Pl. IX, 37.
Li Phalerncus, nap, EL Vil L7, bia.
I treat these two species together, as their dissections
are practically identical. Their external characters, how-
ever, separate them at once; especially their heads are
constructed quite differently, so that they fall under
different sections in my tables.
The simple almost circular lobes of the seventh ventral
plate are unlike those of any other species known to me.
The wings of the sagittze are produced far beyond their
apparent apices, much as in daviesanus, but with a differ-
ent outline. There isa secondary dilatation—not dentiform
—between the basal dilatation of the sagitta and its wing.
Coriandri is an Algerian sp. I have examined a 7
determined by the author, and sent to me by M. Vachal,
and another taken in Algeria by Mr. Eaton.
Phalericus I have taken freely in Greece and also in
South Italy and at Cerbére—the eastern end of the
frontier between France and Spain. Its diagnosis follows.
Niger, sed 9 apice ventrali fere semper testaceo ; nitidissimus,
abdomine subtilissime omnium punctulato (in segmento basali dis-
perse, in reliquis multo densius). Gene in ¢ subquadrate, in ?
margis transverse. Antennarum art. 3tius (¢) 4t subequalis.
Mesonotum griseo-brunnescente (vix fulvido) mediocriter pilosus ;
segmentorum abdominalium disci fusco-subpilosi, apices decolorati,
fasciis albis integris, quarum ultima (in ¢ saltem) longe angustior
quam basales videtur (? segmentum abdominis secundum fasciam
basalem quoque distinctam exhibit, quae in maribus meis omnibus
aut detrita est aut omnino deest). Segmentum ventrale ¢ sextum
basi leniter bicallosum, reliqua segmenta ventralia apicibus plus
minusve triangulariter in medio scariosis.
54 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
From the circumstance that the sixth ventral segment
in the ? is almost invariably testaceous, it seems to me
possible that this, and not the species I have above accepted
as ligatus, is the species described under that name by
Erichson. He gives this character, and I have not
observed it in the § @ of what I have called ligatus. But
without a great deal more material I should not venture
to do more than throw out this as a suggestion.
Prof. Perez has kindly sent me the dissected apex of a
species which, after seeing my phalericus, he considers to
be distinct from it. Ido not see myself that the dissections
differ from my own of phalericus. If the two species are
identical, his name—foveolaris, Perez—will have priority
over mine.
But considering that coriandri, a very different species
from phalericus, shows the same dissection characters, I am
quite prepared to believe that /foveolaris is a third distinct
species of the same group. As I have only seen its
dissection, and not examined the insect itself, it does not
of course appear in my Tables.
18. Daviesanus, Smith. Pl. VII, 18,180. Pl. IX, 41, 50.
The commonest species in this country, and widely
distributed over Europe.
Its seventh ventral plate could only be confounded with
that of brevicornis, from which species the greatly produced
apices of the wings in the sagittze distinguish it immedi-
ately. The external characters of the two species are very
different.
19. Picistigma, Thoms. Pl. VII, 19, 19a. Pl. TX, 53,.60.
Not uncommon in certain localities in this country, it
occurs also in the Alps, and Thomson describes it from
Scandinavia.
The seventh ventral plate is extremely distinctive, it is
curled laterally in such amanner, that (viewed either dorsally
or ventrally) the lateral margins of the lobes look quite
straight and perpendicular, they also seem to project in
the basal direction beyond the basal margins of the lobes,
forming with them a sort of angular incision in which
appears a peculiar fringe of diagonal hairs. The apical
margin of each lobe has a sort of tooth-like production
before it meets the interior margin, which contrasts
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes, 55
strongly with the rounded outline of this part in /odicus,
daviesanus, ete., and allies it rather to saccinctus. The
armature is, on the whole, not unlike that of davicsanus ;
but the apical productions of the “ wings” in the sagitte
are less marked than in that species. Yet the difference
seems to me hardly so great as the figures in Mr. Saunders’s ~
synopsis would suggest.
20. Spectabilis, Morawitz. Pl. VII, 20, 20a.
This is generally called niveofasciatus, Dours, and I have
little doubt that the identification is correct. But I am
also convinced that the female at least is that which
Morawitz described as spectabilis; and as his description
appeared before that of Dours, I adopt his name.
The forms both of its armature and seventh ventral
segment are most peculiar, and distinguish it at once.
Radoszkowski has luckily figured the latter along with the
armature of his niveofasciatus; and though the figure is
exceedingly rough, its outlines unmistakably indicate the
present species.
As to the armature, it will probably suffice if I call
attention to the elongate and attenuated character of all
its parts, to the peculiar forceps-like prolongation of the
apices of the sagittal “ wings,” and to the singular appear-
ance of the volsella, which is much more prominent than
usual—prominent even in the direct dorsal view.
I know the species from Greece, Italy, South France,
and Spain.
21. Nanus, Friese. Pl. VII, 21, 21a.
This was originally described from specimens, f and
? 2, which I took in Egypt, near Cairo.
The armature and seventh ventral plate have a certain
resemblance (but too slight to cause any confusion) to those
of spectabilis,
The insects themselves have no similarity whatever, and
could not possibly be confounded.
22. Pumilus, nu. sp. Pl. VII, 22, 22a.
This is so like the last species externally, that until I
dissected them I never doubted that the two were identical ;
and Herr Friese himself, on comparing my specimens with
his types of nanus, at once declared them to be the same.
56 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
The armatures, however, and still more conspicuously the
seventh ventral plates, make it impossible, I should say, to
unite them. And having separated my specimens by these
characters, I can now detect other slight differences in them
which I mention in my Tables.
Personally I have taken nanus only in Egypt, and
pumilus only in Algeria. But M. Vachal has sent me a
specimen from Tunis, which I can only call nanus; so that
probably that species occurs in Algeria also, though I did
not meet with it there.
The almost equilaterally triangular lobes of the seventh
segment in pumilus are quite unique in the genus, as far
as I know it. Yet possibly we may see in them the
beginnings of such a modification as has produced the
extraordinary “tails” of dmpunetatus described below.
23. Brevicornis, Perez. Pl. VII, 23, 23a. Pl. TX, 38, 56, 62.
. All my examples of this species are from the Alps. ‘The
author records it from Sicily.
I have mentioned above the likeness of its seventh
ventral plate to that of daviesanus. The lobes, however,
spring from more elongate and altogether larger basal
“trunks,” which give the segment as a whole a different
outline.
It will be noticed that in my figure the apices of the
stipites point outwards. But probably no stress should be
laid on this, as these apices have certainly some power of
independent motion in the living insect, and though in
dried specimens they usually turn inwards, I have found
occasional instances to the contrary among examples of
other species.
24. Marginatus, Smith. Pl. VIII, 24, 24a.
As to the determination of this species there can be no
doubt. Nothing occurs in this country which could be
confused with it, and Smith’s types were British insects.
It seems to be very generally distributed over Europe, and
T have dissected specimens from the most remote localities
—one even from the interior of Asia—with precisely
similar results.
The apices of the stipites, in this and several of the
species following, look decidedly pale, broad, and rather
triangular than palpiform even in the direct dorsal view.
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 57
Their middle part has a more or less bulging external out-
line—less noticeable, however, in this particular species
than in some near it, e.g. montanus. The sagitte have a
very noticeable dentiform dilatation between the basal
dilatation and the “wing.” The pilosity at the apex of
each stipes is decidedly rather long and copious.
The seventh ventral segment in marginatus has a distinct
facies of its own. Its outlines are rather angular than
rounded—note especially the lateral projections towards
its base. It is mostly nearly colourless, but with yellowish
costal thickenings. Though it has certain points of like-
ness to the same segment in two or three of the other
species, it could hardly, I think, be confused with any of
them.
It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to repeat that Rados-
zkowski’s figure of “ marginata, Smith,” has nothing to
do with this species, but represents one of the balteatus
group.
On the other hand, balteatus, Rad. (nec. Perez), certainly
does represent our British species, his type having been
received (as he tells us) as marginatus from Mr. E.
Saunders, and his figure, though hardly good, being at
least recognizable.
25. Mongolicus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 25, 25a.
I have received this species from the author, and also
(unnamed) from Herr Kohl.
Its armature closely resembles that of marginatus, but
the seventh ventral plate distinguishes it at a glance. This,
alone among the species with “divided stipites,” has the
sort of outline (long petioles and bilobed apices) which
characterizes the balteatus group, and yet it could hardly
be confused with any of them.
I cannot point to any case which illustrates better than
the present the value of the characters of the seventh ventral
plate for determination of obscure Colletes species.
Mongolicus and inarginatus both occur in Mongolia, and
their armatures are practically not distinguishable. Yet
by the seventh ventral plate, as well as by sufficient though
minute external characters, they are unmistakably shown
to be distinct species. And in a third Mongolian species,
to be dealt with below, we have again the armature of
mongolicus and marginatus, but a seventh ventral plate
which separates it at once from either of them.
58 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
26. Montanus, Morawitz. Pl. VIII, 26,26a. Pl. IX, 42.
This species has recently been found in Scotland. I have
several times met with it in the Alps, and I suspect it is
that recently described from Scandinavia by Aurivillius as
seca.
The armature is of the same type as marginatus and
mongolicus. The dentiform secondary dilatation of the
sagittee near their bases is for some reason less conspicuous
—I fancy the volsella obscures it somehow—but_ it
certainly exists, though my figure hardly shows it. The
outline of the stipites, in their central part, is particularly
bulging.
The outline of the seventh segment distinguishes it at once
from any species yet mentioned. We see, as it were, a
pair of rather stout but elongate columns with dilated
“capitals” and a sharp lateral projection—sharper than
that in marginatws—on each side near their bases. (The
lobes in spectabilis and nanus are also elongate, but
otherwise very different, their form being rather oval than
column-like.)
21. Ventratis, Perez, Pl. Vall 27, Zig. PE To
I have examined two specimens, both from Mongolia.
One was sent to me by the author; the other I received
from Herr Kohl.
By its dissection-characters it should be nearly allied
to montanus, but it is much smaller, and the external
characters differ considerably.
The armature hardly differs from those of the three
last specimens. The seventh ventral plate is much in the
style of montanus, but the “columns” here are decidedly
more slender.
(I feel sure that mongolicus, montanus, and ventralis, and
probably also marginatus, belong to a real group; and next
to them I should place the American species figured in PI.
TX, 57, 58.) In this group (assuming it to be one), as in
that of balteatus, we find great differences in the length of
the gena, making it probable (as suggested before) that
this character throws little light on the affinities of species,
though useful in distinguishing them individually).
28. Greffe, Alfken. Pl. VIII, 28, 28a. Pl. IX, 45.
T am enabled to figure this species through the extreme
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 59
kindness of Herr Friese, who actually allowed me to
dissect his only specimen.
Its armature and seventh ventral plate seem to me as near
to those of marginatus as to any other species. But the
differences are considerable, and the unique external
structure of the insect makes me think it better to con-
sider it provisionally as standing alone in the genus,
Should other species with toothed scutellum hereafter
occur, it would be interesting to see how their “‘ dissection-
characters ” compare with those of grevffei.
29. Frigidus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 29, 29a. Pl. IX, 52.
30, Succinctus, L. Pl. VIII, 30, 30a. Pl. IX, 55.
In these two species—which agree inter alia in the
peculiar foveation of the sixth ventral segment (PI. IX, 52)
—we come to a type of armature, etc. differing evidently
very much from that found in marginatus, etc. The
apices of the stipites are less conspicuous, more palpiform,
and not nearly so pilose; the outlines of their central
portion straighter—see especially the apical truncation
and the exterior margin; the “ wings” of the sagittz are
differently shaped, and though the latter have a secondary
dilatation between the base and the “wing” it is not at
all dentiform. The lobes of the seventh segment are not
elongate but very transverse, recalling those in the neigh-
bourhood of bracatus or picistigma, rather than those of
marginatus, and differig “toto cvlo” from those of mon-
golicus or montanus. In frigidus they are very hairy, and
very small in proportion to the size of the insect. In
succinctus they are much larger, nearly naked, and ex-
tremely transparent—so much so that under the microscope
their apical margin, unless most carefully focussed, is apt
to become altogether invisible. The costal thickenings in
succinctus are of a beautiful and most delicate yellow ;
and the segment is altogether so frail and membranous
that especial care is required to extract it undamaged.
Frigidus seems to be exclusively a Mediterranean
species. My examples were received partly from the
author and partly from Mr. E. Saunders.
Suceinctus occurs universally from England and Scan-
dinavia to Egypt, and its dissection-characters, as far as I
can see, are everywhere the same.
In this country I nearly always find it on the purple
60 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and
heather in late summer, but in Egypt I have taken it
quite early in the year—on what plants I cannot re-
member, but certainly not on heather.
31. Impunctatus, Nyl. Pl. VIII, 31, 3la.
I feel no doubt that the insect from which I figure
belongs to Nylander’s species, nor that alpinus, Morawitz,
is a synonym of the same. All my examples are from the
Alps, where it is tolerably common.
The seventh ventral plate is most peculiar, and alone
would distinguish the species at a glance. If we imagine
the hairy transverse lobes of a /vigidus contracted into a
more quadrate shape, and furnished each at its inner apical
corner with a long horn or tail of exceedingly thin trans-
parent membrane, we should get the condition which we
actually find in impunctatus. The armature is much more
ordinary. Its stipites are formed nearly as in montanus,
but the sagittze have only a single basal dilatation; and
their “ wings” either wre narrower, or are so folded as to
look so, with a pointed rather than a rounded apex—but
this last I take to be mainly an effect of “ foreshortening.”
No other Colletes—unless possibly pumilus—has a seventh
ventral plate with anything even remotely approximating
to the apical tails of impwnetatus, and in that species both
the armature and the external characters are altogether
different. If impunctatus has really special affinities with
any other Colletes-species, it perhaps comes as near to
Jrigidus as to any; but I should be more inclined to place
it in a special group of its own.
32. Acutus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 32, 32a. Pl. IX, 43, 43a.
I have two males and two females of this very distinct
species, all from Algeria.
The seventh ventral plate seems to me to exhibit in a
rudimentary form the paradoxical modifications which
become stronger and stronger in the species which follow.
The interior “ coste” are detaching themselves from the
“lobes” to stand up as separate spike-like processes, and
the commencement of a similar change seems indicated
by the sharp sinuation—almost an incision—near each
outer extremity of the apical margin.
In the armature I see nothing to call for special atten-
tion, except the very large and conspicuous volsella.
armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 61
33. Cunicularius, L. Pl. VIII, 33, 33a. Pl. IX, 40, 48.
This being so common and well-known a species—rare
perhaps nowhere except in our own islands—I will merely
point out the unusually attenuated “wings” of its
sagittze, and the detachment of the “cost,” both exterior
and interior, from the lobes of the seventh ventral segmeat.
34. Formosus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 34, 34a. Pl. IX, 39.
35. Cariniger, Perez. Pl. VIII, 35, 35a.
In these extraordinary species, which must surely be
nearly related in spite of considerable external differ-
ences, I may leave (I think) my figures of the dissection-
characters to speak for themselves.
Formosus g, determined by its author, was sent to me
by M. Vachal; cariniger I have taken myself in Egypt,
and its female (I believe) in Spain, and I have also seen
specimens (f and ¢) taken by the late Sir 8. S. Saunders
in the Balkan peninsula.
I am strongly inclined to think that formosus is the
real “lacunatus” of Dours, and cariniger his “ collaris.”
Everything at all distinctive that I can see in Dours’s
descriptions bears out this view; but as his types seem
to have disappeared, and I do not know the @ of formosus,
it is more prudent perhaps to adopt at present synonyms
which are certain.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
(Characters of Colletes ¢ ¢.)
1. balteatus armature la seventh ventral plate,
2. eous = 2Qa iF
3. cecrops Fe 3a os
4. perez of 4a, x
5. dimidiatus a 5a 5
6. liqatus " 6a 4
7. hylxiformis _,, Ta Be
8. caspicus - 8a Fe
9. eatoni A 9a Pe
10. chobauti 6 10a “5
5b
3b
lb
7b
8b
Explanation of Plates.
dimidiatus gena 6b ligatws head
cecrops ¥ 8c caspicus ,,
balteatus ce 9b ‘eatoni ,,
hylexiformis ,, 10b chobauti ,,
Caspicus 7
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
(Characters of Colletes 4 2.)
abeillei armature lla seventh ventral plate
fodicus f 12a +
punctatis és 13a %
bracatius % 14a 3
nasutus An 15a
coriandrt ‘ 16a 5
phalericus y 17a -
daviesanus —,, 18a .
picistigma 7p 19a +
spectabilis > 20a r
NanUs ‘A 21a =
pumilus B 22a -
brevicornis ey 23a e
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
(Characters of Colletes ¢ 2.)
marginatus armature 24a seventh ventral plate.
mongolicus “5 25a %
montanus es 26a r
ventralis . 27a 55
gree ffer Fp 28a a
Frigidus - 290 .
suceinctus i‘ 30a 3
impunctatus —,, dla “f
acutus + 32a *F
cuniewlarius — 330 p
formosius 34a 49
carimager A 35a »
36.
39.
42.
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
nasubius
coriandré
brevicornis
formosus
cunmicularius
dawiesaivus
montanus
acutis
nasutus
grengier
hyleiformis
caspicus
cunicularius
acutius
ligatus
dawiesanus
ventralis
Sfrigidus
pierstigma
chobauti
swccinctus
brevicornis
sp. ? (American)
7
abeiller
picistigma
fodicus
brevicornis
balteatius
balteatus
head.
ms (lateral view).
53 (lateral view).
”
concealed dorsal plates.
volsella.
»
99
eighth ventral plate.
side of scutellum.
stipes viewed laterally.
”
9
seventh dorsal plate.
sixth ventral] plate.
”
fifth ventral plate.
sixth ventral plate.
”)
antenne.
3)
”?
armature.
seventh ventral plate.
tarsi postici.
)
armature viewed laterally.
63
( 65 )
III. On some Aberrations of Lepidoptera, By PrERcyY
[Lary ZS), FES.
[Read November 4th, 1903.]
PLATE X.
THE whole of the aberrations here described and figured
are contained in the rich collection of Mr. Herbert J.
Adams, F.E.S.
1. Melinea mauensis, Butl.
A gynandromorphous example, the left side being
female and the right male; this specimen is from
Demerara.
2. Amathusia andamanensis, Fruhst.
A male with three ocelli on hind-wings below.
3. Morpho cacica, Stgr.
A male in which the submarginal white spots of fore-wing above
are large and elongated; the discal pale band of fore-wing below
shows through, in some lights giving the appearance of a band on the
upper-side.
4, Acrea terpsichore, Linn. PI. X, fig. 1.
A male with the black spots of hind-wing below much enlarged
and elongated.
Received from Natal.
5. Heliconius aristiona, Hew.
A female with discal black spots of fore-wing absent, cellular and
costal spots greatly reduced.
Taken by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson in Peru.
6. Heliconius sara, Fabr.
A female from Venezuela with the usual yellow markings white.
7. Heliconius sprucei, Bates.
A similar aberration to the preceding; obtained in
Ecuador,
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I, (APRIL) 5
66 Mr. P. I. Lathy on
8. Heliconius erato, Linn.
Another female aberration in which the yellow markings are
replaced by white ; the red markings are more pinkish in tinge than
in typical specimens.
This example came from Venezuela in the same parcel
as H. sara, Fabr., mentioned above.
9. Dione vanille, Linn. PI. X, fig. 2.
A female with all the black markings above increased and
coalescent; the under-side differs little from typical specimens,
except the cell of fore-wing is filled in with black.
This fine specimen was taken at Santa Barbara,
California.
10. Brenthis myrina, Cram. PI. X, fig. 3.
A male from Canada with discal black markings of both wings
large and coalescent, in the fore-wing forming a wide black band.
11. Pyrameis indica, Herbst. Pl. X, fig. 4.
A remarkable aberration in which subapical white spots of fore-
wing have disappeared, the lower one being indicated by an obscure
reddish spot, the black markings in the red median band are also
wanting ; marginal red band of hind-wing much reduced, and the
black spots replaced by a dark brown bar ; the under-side of fore-
wing differs from typical specimens in the same way as the upper-
side, while the hind-wing is much clouded with brown, therefore
rendering the markings obscure,
This beautiful form is from Travancore, S. India.
12. Anartia jatrophe, Linn.
A female from Dominica, Leeward Islands, having four discal
black spots to hind-wing above, the additional two which are smaller
being placed between the usual two.
13. Anartia saturata, Stgr. Pl. X, fig. 5.
A female with the transverse markings of both wings obscure and
diffused, ocelli absent, and submarginal orange brown patches greatly
elongated at apex of fore-wing and absent in hind-wing ; under-side
with all markings very obscure, submarginal ones and ocelli absent,
hind-wing with faint red scaling.
This most beautiful variety was captured by the late
Mr, Priddey in Haiti.
some Aberrations of Lepidoptera, 67
14, Callicore clymena, Cram, PI. X, fig. 6.
A male in which hind-wing below has submarginal black band,
and band dividing figure of eight markings wider, and black spots
larger than usual, these resembling C. clymena, Cram. ; the front
discal band absent.
Taken in Peru by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson.
15. Catagramma hydaspes, Dru. Pl. X, fig. 7.
A male from Paraguay with black band beyond base of hind-wing
below narrow and obscure, almost disappearing in cell; submarginal
black band wider, its inner edge diffused.
16. Catagramma cyllene, D. and H. PL X, fig. 8.
A male with the submarginal black band of the hind-wing below
narrower and much further from margin, and the blue markings it
contains more lunular in shape.
Another of Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson’s captures
in Peru.
17. Batesia hypoxantha, G. and 8.
A curious freak in neuration, the subcostal nervure of hind-wing
being connected with upper discoidal nervure by a short bar ; this
occurs on both hind-wings but in a different position, as on right
wing the connection is formed some distance before submarginal
black border, and on left wing on border.
18. Amnosia decora, Doubld.
A female with pale band of fore-wings below broken at middle
median nervule.
19. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. PI. X, fig. 9.
A female with both wings above cream-colour, darker towards
base and without markings, with exception of a little dark brown in
and beyond upper part of cell of fore-wing and base of costa of hind-
wing. Under-side of fore-wing very similar to upper but dark
cellular markings less and enclosing whitish spots, a little dark
clouding at anal angle ; hind-wing with a small dark mark at anal
angle otherwise immaculate,
This specimen is from Fiji, and is a striking form even
among the beautiful varieties that occur there,
68 Mr. P. I. Lathy on
20. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn.
A female with discal white spot on hind-wing above and below ;
this spot is faintly shot with blue above as in the male.
I received this specimen from Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., of
Durban, Natal.
21. Hypolimnas deiois, Hew.
A male from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, having the usual
white patch of hind-wing above replaced by a very small bluish one
very similar to that in H. paleutes, Grose Smith.
22. Godartia ewrinome, Cram.
I have already described this aberration of the female.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. 193, n. 109.
23. Huphedra francina, Godt.
A male from Sierra Leone with subapical yellow band of fore-wing
obsolete.
24. Chlorippe vacuna, Godt.
A male from Espirito Santo, Brazil, in which discal spots of
fore-wing above are white instead of orange.
25. Archonias eurytele, Hew.
A male from Columbia has the usual yellow markings replaced by
white.
26. Hesperocharis hirlanda, Stoll.
A male with ground-colour of both wings above pale yellow.
This and the following variety were taken by Messrs.
Watkins and Tomlinson in Peru.
27. Hesperocharis nereina, Hopf.
A similar aberration to the preceding.
28. Dismorphia astynome, Dalm.
A female from Paraguay with the usual reddish-brown markings
above yellow.
29. Delias belisama, Cram.
A male with hind-wing above pale yellow.
30. Prioneris autothisbe, Hiibn.
a. A male with discal area of hind-wing below yellowish-white
and suffused with black scales,
b. A male with discal area of hind-wing below white,
some Aberrations of Lepidoptera. 69
31. Prioneris sita, Feld.
A male from §S. India with nervules on both wings above and
below widely bordered with black, in this respect resembling the
female.
32. Teracolus erone, Angas. PI. X, fig. 10.
A male with hind-wings above suffused with pinkish-brown,
slightly iridescent.
Obtained in Natal.
33. Troides urvillianus, Guer.
a. A male with hind-wings above very densely scaled with black,
and the black spots between nervules produced into bars which run
into black scaling.
b. A male wanting black patch between median nervule and
submedian nervure of hind-wing below.
34. Troides papuensis, Wall.
A pair with outer margin of fore-wings strongly incurved between
middle and lower median nervules, in the female the outer margin
of left fore-wing is also incurved near apex.
35. Papilio ridleyanus, White. PI. X, fig. 11.
I described this pretty aberration in a previous number
of the Transactions, June 1903, p. 203, n. 198, and now
take the opportunity of figuring it.
36. Papilio athous, Feld.
Two males with fore-wing above devoid of white patch on inner
margin.
37. Papilio anchisiades, Esp:
A male from Cayenne in which the usual red patches of hind-wing
are blue.
38. Papilio lycophron, Hubn.
A striking aberration of the male in which the submarginal
yellow markings of the hind-wing above have entirely disappeared,
the under-side being normal.
39. Papilio demolion, Cram.
Three males from Nias with bands orange yellow.
40. Papilio chaon, Westw.
A male from Sikkim with left hind-wing below having submarginal
yellow lunules much elongated at anal angle.
70 Mr. P. I. Lathy on some Aberrations of Lepidoptera.
41. Papilio thomsoni, Butl.
A male with discal white patches on hind-wing below.
42. Papilio joésa, Butl.
A male in which the usual brilliant blue is replaced by dull
silvery blue.
43. Papilio memnon, Linn.
A female from Sumatra with five large elongated greyish-white
patches between nervules of hind-wing above ; this specimen belongs
to the form which has red basal patch, and large white apical patch
to fore-wing.
44, Papilio gyas, Westw.
T have already recorded this gynandromorphous specimen,
“Entomologist,” June 1899, p. 148.
45. Papilio mikado, Leech? PI. X, fig. 12.
The green markings are paler than in typical axion, Feld.,
more resembling the colours of those in gordion, Feld.; fore-
wing above with cellular and discal markings large, the subapical
spots being coalescent, submarginal spots obscure ; hind-wing with
nearly all costal area white, a long green fascia below subcostal
nervure ; under-side of fore-wing as above, but with pale markings
zoalescent with exception of the three lower submarginal spots ;
hind-wing with pale markings much extended and the red more
diffused. This beautiful form came into Mr. Adams’ possession with
the Hourath Collection; the specimen bears no locality, but is
probably from Japan, as it appears to be intermediate between
typical mikado, Leech, and the form figured by Mr. Wileman under
the name of albidus, Entom,. xxxvi, n. 487, p. 300, 1903.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
. Acrexa terpsichore, Linn!
Dione vanille, Linn.
Lrenthis myrina, Cram.
. Pyrameis indica, Herbst.
. Anartia saturata, Stgr.
Callicore clymena, Cram.
Catagramma hydaspes, Dru.
Ae cyllene, D. and H.
. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn.
. Teracolus erone, Angas.
. Papilio ridleyanus, White.
,, mikado, Leech ?
DONA NP Whe
i
= =
NR ©
Cones)
IV. Notes on Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. By Dr.
THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D.
[Read February 3rd, 1904.]
Pestes XM Xt XE, AND XIV.
Art the end of June and beginning of July last year (1903)
Mr. Champion and I met with a species of Heterogynis,
at Canales de la Sierra, which we took at first for Heteo-
gynis paradoxa, but which is really very close to H. penella,
and has fewer points in common with H. paradcxa than
with H. penella.
It was attached to Genista scorpius, a plant that looked,
to my eyes, very much the same as the common Calycotome
of the Riviera, whenever at any rate it was allowed to grow
at all freely ; usually, however, it was so browsed down by
goats, sheep, and other animals, that it took the form of
little rounded bushes a foot or two high, that were little
better than very solid bundles of thorns. The grazing
must be done entirely during the growing season, when
some of the shoots that protrude are soft and succulent. I
regarded as a most ungrateful task, the getting a portion
of this plant and carrying it home for the food of larve.
There were several other Genistas at Canales, chiefly a
tall handsome species, which I do not think was Genista
florida, but was certainly in habit and general appearance
very like it. Another, which I took to be C. scoparius, was
also common.
I think I got one odd larva of Heterogynis from the C.
scoparius, but, with this exception, not a specimen was found
on anything but the G. scorpius. This close attachment
to one plant was one of the items that made me at first
think I had H. paradoxa. My experience of H. paradoxa
is that it will eat nothing but broom, and as a rule only
one species of broom in each locality. H. penella on the
other hand will eat almost any leguminous plant, and even
a good many others.
We met with various “brooms” at different parts of
our excursion, and I searched this Florida-like species
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I. (APRIL)
72 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on
thoroughly at Barbadillo, at Canales, and at Moncayo, and
it, and others more superficially at other poimts of our
journey, but nowhere else did Heterogynis occur than at
Canales, and then only on the @. scorpius. This plant was
a favourite food of Orgyia awrolimbata, and a considerable
number of Geometers occurred on it; of these I only bred
one or two, which proved to be H. coronillaria, Euconista
miniosaria, and Hybernia bajaria.
This Heterogynis is in many respects very close to H.
penella; as an imago it has a few points of distinction, which
are probably quite trivial. On the larva the minute
coronetted tubercles are slightly but definitely and con-
stantly different from those in H. penella. There is, how-
ever, a remarkable difference in the habits of pupation of
the female larva, and consequently in the habits of the
imago, that appear to compel one to regard it as specitically
distinct. Should any one prefer to regard it as a local
race of H. penella, I should consider his personal equation
in the matter, as being less typical than my own, but not
as being of a very aberrant variety. I propose for the
species the name of Canalensis from its habitat.
The ¢ imago has more the general facies of paradoxa
than of penella, it is larger than penella, viz. 22 mm. against
penella 20 mm.,and is very constant at this expanse. It is
nearer paradoxa than penella in the form of the wing, the
hind margin being more oblique than in penella, less than
in paradoxa, that is, the inner margin is definitely shorter
than the costal, to a greater degree than in penella.
The fringe is decidedly shorter than in penella, viz. as 10
to 11, just the reverse of their wing expanse, at same point,
0°60 mm. to 0°66 mm., and the whole insect has a specially
smoothed brushed-down aspect when beside penella.
It differs from both the other species in coloration. In
these species both wings are very similar in coloration, but
in canalensis the upper and under wings contrast with
each other in the way that is so much more usual in
Heterocera. The upper wing has something of the dove
colour of paradoxa, var. candelarix, whilst the hind one is
decidedly darker.
In view of the slight differences between the species of
Heterogynis as imagines, it has often occurred to me to
reflect, that in Lepidoptera generally, specific differences
are very frequently confined to small differences of marking
or colour, but in Heterogynis both marking and colour are
Heterogynis canalensis, 2. sp. 73
wanting, and so specific differences that might have been
detected in this way have no means of expression.*
The genital armature of H. canalensis differs in no
respect that I have been able to discover from that of H.
penella. In both the apex of the tegumen is pointed,
whilst in H. paradoxa it is bifid at the apex.
It also agrees with H. penella, in the larva in its first
skin being without the stellate or coronate, secondary
tubercles, which are present in H. paradoxa at hatching,
and in both species are conspicuous in all the further
larval stages (Plate XII).
In the full-grown larva, these curious points (photo-
graped in Ent. Trans. 1902, Plate XX VIII, as they appear
in newly-hatched H. paradoxa) are very different in H.
paradoxa from the other two species, those of H. penella and
H. canalensis, more nearly resemble each other. Though
thicker and more robust than in the others, the coronets
are in H. paradoxa only about half the size they attain in
the other two species. The large spines are short and
thick, about 0:03 mm. long, and the smaller or secondary
spines are short blunt teeth, very few in number.
In H. penella the tubular base is larger and more cylin-
drical than in the others, and the long spines are seen to
arise rather from its outer surface than irom its margin ;
they do not widely diverge, they are about twice as long as
those of H. paradoxa; the smaller or secondary spines are
numerous, long, sharp and needle-like, and arise from the
margin of the tubular portion, and may be seen passing
round their margin, inside the larger spines.
In H. canalensis the form is more like that of H. paradoxa,
the size that of H. penella. The base is wide and salver-
shaped, the large spines spreading, and the secondary ones
are even shorter than H. paradoxa, so short and blunt as
often to appear to be absent.
These coronets vary very much in size in all the species,
but between the species they not only compare generally
as above noted, but the same differences are observable
when those nearest in size and form are compared.
On comparing those of H. penella and H. canalensis,
those of canalensis always have the tubular portion more
open and salver-shaped, in penel/a it is straighter and more
* T see Professor Poulton in the President’s address (Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1903, p. 1xxxii, xxxiii) presents a very similar reflection, though
with a somewhat different application in view.
74 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on
tubular. In both, the long spines appear to arise rather
just outside the upper rim than from its margin; in H.
penella the rim often very distinctly passes round inside
the long spines, and bas short spines along this margin.
In canalensis the margin rather folds over to the spine, or
the inner surface of the spine opens out to either side into
the margin, which inclines to fold inwards a little, and has
irregularities rarely amounting to short blunt teeth, whilst
the margin in penella is usually armed with a continuous
series of long fine needles.
The cocoons of the three species of Heterogynis present
good differential characters (Plate XI).
In H. paradoxa 2 the cocoon is much larger than that of
penella, and instead of being lemon-yellow is bright reddish.
The larva spins first an outer delicate lace-like layer,
beginning at the surface of attachment and spinning out-
ward on each side a net-like veil, unites these above when
they are large enough to meet. Within this is the true
inner cocoon, which is similar to the outer one, but hardly
as dense and strong; it is not far within the other, the
space between being occupied by a comparatively slight
web of connecting silk. The outer cocoon is more net-like
than a mere fortuitous disposition of the silk would produce,
there being numerous net-like holes, the margins of which
consist of numerous strands of silk, giving the impression
that the silk of paradowa is coarser than that of the other
species ; it does not, however, appear really to be so.
The 2 cocoon of H. paradoxa consists then of a definite
separate net-like outer layer and an inner layer less dense
and slung within the outer one by somewhat abundant
threads, the inner and outer layer being frequently so far
separated from each other, that the thickness of the wall
of the cocoon may be from 3 to5 mm. The f paradoxa
cocoon appears to have the same structure, but it proves
practically impossible to separate it into two layers.
The ¢ H. penella cocoon is much the same as that of
HT. paradoxa § as regards divisibility into layers, but agrees
with the 2 H. penella in the silk being fairly uniformly
distributed, there being little or no aggregation into strands
to form a network. The ? H. penella cocoon is compara-
tively small, looks fluffy, with outside silken threads,
instead ef smooth as in H. paradora, so that the method of
spinning is probably different. I have not seen H. penella
spinning its cocoon, It places it, however, like paradoxa
FHeteroqgynis canalensis, n. sp. 75
does, by preference, on a stem or stalk and not between
two or more surfaces. Its structure looks uniform and
the thickness of the wall of the cocoon is trifling, on
section, however, it is found to consist of an inner and
outer layer, closely fitting together, but with less connecting
silk than the two separated but less definite layers of H.
paradoxa’s cocoon are united by.
The cocoon of the male of H. canalensis is not unlike
that of H. penella f¢, that of the @ is very different. In
the first place, it is never laid along a twig or stalk as is
the typical position of the 2 cocoon of the other species
and of all the males, It is sometimes found amongst the
thorns of the food plant, but perhaps more frequently
under stones adjacent to the feeding place. It is necessary
to it to have support on several sides. It is very large,
25 to 35 mm. long, 22 mm. across, and more or less in
the third dimension according to its situation, against
25x13x13 mm. for a large H. paradoxa, or 16x8x8
for a well-sized H. penella. This outer cocoon often has
some external spinning to fix it to its place of attachment,
under (or between) stones, one side (or two) is attached
to the stone. It is thin and transparent but very closely
woven, and probably proof against a good many enemies.
Centrally in this outer cocoon is an inner one that looks
much like the ordinary cocoon of H. penella, but is fre-
quently a good deal larger (17 or 18 mm. long, 16 being
large for penella).
What are the homologies of this cocoon? When I
first met with it, having only memory and no specimen
by which to compare it, I thought it must be a variation
of the cocoon of paradoza. This, however, it certainly is
not. The manner of spinning is that of penella and not
of paradoxa. ‘The colour does not at all agree with para-
dowa, indeed it is paler than that of penella. It is rather
a faintly flesh-tinted white than anything of the yellow of
penella.
When one examines the inner cocoon, it is found to
consist of two layers like the cocoon of the other species,
but they are a little less easily separated.
The outer cocoon, then, is an entirely new structure
not represented in the cocoon of either H. penella or of
HI. paradoxa.
This conclusion is fully confirmed when the function
it fulfils is considered. It is a continuous envelope with-
76 Dr. T, A. Chapman’s Notes on
out opening, valve, or weak place; the inner cocoon has
the same valvular opening at top that the cocoons of the
other species have, and through which the pupa partly
emerges and again retreats. When this emergence of the
pupa of penella and of paradoxa takes place, it comes into
the open air, and the ? then emerges and finds herself
fully exposed. But in the case of H. canalensis when the
female emerges, she is still within the chamber formed
by the outer cocoon. The position into which she emerges
is free from any silken cords which elsewhere suspend
the inner cocoon safely in the centre of the apartment
formed by the outer cocoon.
When the male arrives he has to thrust his abdomen
through such openings as he can make or find in the
outer cocoon. I have twice seen this pairing take place,
but could not be sure whether he had to discover some
particular spot or whether almost anywhere at the right
end of the cocoon was practicable. In other cases the
male failed to reach the female, but this was probably
due to the artificial conditions of my observations; the
cocoon, not being left in situ, the right place would be
difficult to find, and with cocoons spun in captivity, other
larvee spin over them, so as to destroy the proper structure.
The anal armature of the f is well calculated to pierce
such a web as the outer cocoon, and the movement for
doing so, is very similar to that used by penella and para-
doxa in finding their goal by searching over the smooth
surface of the moth.
There can be no question that Heterogynis canalensis
has a much more severe struggle for existence than the
other two species; except perchance the candelariz var.
of H. paradoxa, which certainly concealed itself at all
stages in a marvellous way, without varying in any very
material degree from the other sub-species in order to
secure this result. Taking canalensis as being close to
penella we find it confines itself to a plant that is a solid
mass of thorns, the female retires to form her cocoon to
a place in the interior of the bush where thorns are
especially thick and brittle, more rarely spinning in the
centre of a living bundle of thorns. More frequently than
remaining in the bush, she wanders to find a place under
the bush amongst stones, which are usually plentiful
enough where the G. scorpius grows, and in such stony
places the H. canalensis is rather more frequent. We
Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. Ct)
often found several cocoons together in places under stones,
sometimes half-a-dozen or more, usually all but one or
two, rarely more, being old ones, looking indeed much like
the new ones, except that the fine silky lustre of the fresh
cocoon was wanting.
These habits seemed to render it practically impossible
that birds, lizards, or such enemies should attack the
species with any appreciable success, yet it is certain that
Dipterous parasites and some Hymenoptera made great
havoc amongst them, and of the old cocoons found under
stones a very large proportion (two-thirds or three-fourths)
contained the remains of a larva or pupa that had died
apparently from such attacks. It was common in my
boxes for one larva to spin over the cocoon of another in
a way that was fatal, but I never found an unmistakable
instance of this in the open.
In considering whether this species is or is not truly
distinct from H. penella, several reflections occur. Chiefly
it seems tolerably certain that a male of H. penella could
not normally pair with one of H. canalensis, and it is
doubtful whether a male of canalensis would successfully
approach one of H. penella. This, in addition to the
points I have already referred to, leads me to consider
them distinct.
Of course the question of whether they are distinct
species or not does not affect the interest attaching to the
remarkable differences in habit. Whether in their diver-
gence the two forms have or have not passed the point at
which sub-species become species is no doubt a question
of fact, they either have or they have not, but as the
materials for definitely settling the point are wanting, we
can only form an opinion from the available facts.
The species was plentiful enough at Canales, and though
we did not see it, it probably occurs in various other places
in this mass of Sierras, but it must be well segregated
from other colonies of the genus as the Sierra is well
surrounded by wide areas quite unsuitable to any
Heterogynis.
For Explanation of Plates see next page.
78
Fras.
16.
Fias.
. Cocoon before spinning of outer
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PrarEe Xf,
Cocoons of HETEROGYNIS.
. Heterogynis penella.
. Males.
. Females.
. Female cocoon cut open and inner cocoon partially
pulled out.
. Heterogyiis paradoxa.
Males.
. Females.
. Female cocoon cut open and inner cocoon partially
pulled out.
cocoon is quite
completed.
. Heterogynis canalensis.
. Males with pupa cases attached.
. Males without is ‘5
. Females as made in varying situations.
. Female cocoons in which the moths have died (and
shrivelled) in the position of emergence showing them
to be within the (special) outer cocoon. The unpleas-
ing effect of the ill-managed (artistically) light back-
ground, must be excused, as it is effectual for its
purpose of showing the situation of the moth.
Female cocoon, outer (special) cocoon (1) torn open and
inner one (2) slit, and extreme inner one (3) removed
to side, showing that the two inner (2 and 3) corre-
spond to the outer and inner in the other two species.
Pre Xr
Larval tubercles (coronetted) of HETEROGYNIS.
1-4, Heterogynis paradoxa.
i
First instar, tubercle, x 400. First instar penella and
candlensis are without these tubercles,
Explanation of Plates, 79
Fras. 2, 3, 4. Tubercles of last stage larva. x 250. Compared with
other species they look thick and strong, and are short,
about half their length. The short spines are very
distinct, but short and obtuse.
5, 6, 7. Heterogynis canalensis.
Tubercles in lastinstar. x 250, They are wide, open and
shallow, consequently many, in a prepared specimen,
present themselves as fig. 6, opened out flat. The
smaller spines are often absent, and when present are
always few, short and rounded.
8-13. Heterogynis penella.
Tubercles in last instar. x 250. The basal or tubular
portion is longer and narrow, may be nearly cylind-
rical, never so widely salver-shaped as in canalensis ;
in preparations, an open flattened one, as fig. 9, is
rare and always distorted. The short spines are
numerous, sharp, long and needle-like.
Puate XIII.
View of Canales de la Sierra (Province of Logrofio) from the
W.N.W., below a spur of the ridge to the North of the Valley.
The distant point is to the North of the Cebollera.
PuatTe XIV.
Rough sketch map of the Sierra district between Burgos and
Saragossa to give some idea of the position of Canales de la Sierra.
Caen)
V. An Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain, by
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.8.; with some
remarks on the habits of Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., by
Dr. THomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS.
[Read March 2nd, 1904. ]
PLATES XV. AND XVI.
THE excursion made by Dr. Chapman and myself to the
Sierra de Bejar in 1902 having been a fairly successful
one, we decided last summer to pay yet another visit to
Spain, the irregular range of mountains lying about mid-
way between the Pyrenees and the Guadarrama being
our objective on the present occasion. The mountainous
region selected was that included between the valleys of
the Ebro and the Duero (Douro), commencing near Burgos
and terminating eastward in the isolated lofty mass, 7600
feet elevation, known as Moncayo, the latter forming the
- boundary between the Province of Soria in Old Castile and
Aragon. To the south of Moncayo the adjacent districts
are of considerable altitude, while to the north the valley
of the Ebro is very much lower, and backed by the
distant range of the Pyrenees. The geological formation
of these mountains, instead of being almost wholly granite,
as in the Bejar and Guadarrama Sierras, is very varied,
and includes a good deal of limestone ; hence we antici-
pated that there would be a considerable difference in the
insect-fauna, and this proved to be the case. The region
visited was perhaps too far north for many special Spanish
forms, a number of the species met with being common to
the Eastern Pyrenees, still there was a considerable ad-
mixture of southern types. Leaving London on June
22nd, we travelled, vid Paris, direct to Guéthary, in the
Basses-Pyrenees, a pleasant seaside place not far from
Biarritz ; and after spending a few days there, continued
our journey to Burgos. After a day or two here, we moved
on to Canales, a centre suggested to us by the manager of
the Sierra Company in Burgos, who was kind enough to
furnish us with passes by the “Ferrocarril minero de
Monterrubio 4 Villafria” to their present railhead at
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL.) 6
82 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
Barbadillo, whence the rest of the journey—perhaps fifty
miles in all—was made in a country cart. Later on, we
shifted our head-quarters to Moncayo, two days’ journey
from Canales, and about sixty miles distant. On arrival
at Canales, we were unable to obtain accommodation at
the place recommended by our friends in Burgos, and as
the public “ posada” was extremely uninviting, we had to
hunt up lodgings elsewhere, eventually finding rough
quarters in an empty house, which proved, however, to be
inhabited by legions of Cimea lectularius. This village is
the uppermost one on the Najerilla river, an affluent of
the Ebro, and just below the ridge separating the pro-
vinces of Burgos and Logrofo, and as it was a good centre
for collecting we remained there from June 27th to July
9th. Though rather low (elevation about 2500 feet),
the adjacent mountains were accessible on all sides. These
latter ranging up to quite 7000 feet, with the hollows near
their summits still filled with snow. The northern slopes
of some of the narrow valleys here are clothed with beech
forest, and on the south side there is a good deal of oak
scrub, which is very dense in places. On the ridge near
the village of Huerta there is an extensive pine forest, and
this proved to be a productive locality. The mountains
elsewhere are clothed with heath almost to their summits,
and here and there are patches of Genista, which, however,
is not in sufficient abundance, when in flower, to give a
colour to the slopes, as is the case at Bejar. From Canales
two expeditions were made to a limestone cave—the Cueva
de la Calera—but without success as regards cave-insects,
the few beetles found about the mouth belonging to
common species. In some of our excursions here the
scarcity of water in these limestone mountains added not a
little to the fatigue of the long tramp. Almost the only
people encountered during these trips, apart from the
occasional “ pastores” or shepherds, were individuals en-
gaged in cutting down the abundant asphodels for feeding
their pigs, the plants being made into bundles, and carried
down on their donkeys’ backs. Leaving Canales on July
9th, we caught the diligence starting from Mansilla, a
mining village a few miles down the valley, and reached
Anguiano the same evening, the road for about three
hours lying through the extremely picturesque gorge of
the Najerilla (which is not mentioned in the guide books
and is apparently unknown to tourists), the last-mentioned
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 83
town being situate at its mouth. Anguiano would probably
be a good centre for collecting, but we were satisfied with
one night there (the “parador” being a vast malodorous
stable, with the living-rooms over it, as usual in Spain),
leaving at 4 am. next day, by the diligence for Logronio.
At Logrono,a large city on the Ebro, and the centre of the
rich wine-producing district of the Rioja, in the vicinity of
which a terrible railway accident had occurred a few days
previously, we took the train to Tudela, for Tarazona,
arriving there the same evening. After spending a day in
this old cathedral city on the Queiles (another affluent of
the Ebro, and nearly dry at this season), the extremely
narrow streets in the upper part of it reminding us of
Cuenca and Albarracin, we made our way up to the old
Santuario or Monastery, dedicated to Neustra Senora de
Moncayo, five hours distant, involving an ascent of about
4000 feet. Here we were fortunate enough to obtain good
accommodation, thanks to the kindness of José M. Sanz
Artubucilla, the priest-in-charge, staying from July 12th
to 24th. The first half of the journey from Tarazona—
usually commenced at 4 a.m.—was through ground
cultivated with olives, vines, maize, etc., alternating higher
up with brick-fields, an extensive scrub of deciduous oaks
growing among loose stones being then entered, followed as
we ascended by a broad belt of beech forest. Immediately
above this was the Santuario, well sheltered from the wind
by a great square mass of perpendicular blackish rock,
known as the Pena Negra. Hence to the wind-swept
summit the slopes, except where covered with loose shale,
are clothed with heath, mostly of a very sweet-smelling,
white-flowered species, which when in blossom harboured
an immense number of minute insects, appearing to be
even more attractive to them than the scattered Genistz.
The summit itself, often enveloped in cloud during our
stay, has a scattered growth of tussocky grass, etc., afford-
ing sufficient pasturage for the numerous goats and sheep
that are often taken up there. From the Santuario, which
is uninhabited in winter, owing to the large accumulation
of snow, a magnificent view is obtained of the broad valley
of the Ebro, the river appearing as a mere silver thread
from this elevation (5300 feet*), backed by the entire range
of the Pyrenees, the Pic de Néthou, the Maladetta group,
* The elevation of the “hermitage ” is given in Murray’s Guide as
275 feet below the summit, this being probably a misprint for 2750.
84 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
etc., being clearly visible when the usual summer haze
clears off after rain. The storm on the night of July 22nd
along the Pyrenees afforded a pyrotechnic display never
to be forgotten, vivid flashes of forked lightning from
several points at once being almost continuous for several
hours, and throwing up into strong relief the serrated black
mountain ridges. The Ebro valley, seen from this height,
and when the sun is shining, is of a very uniform brick-earth
tint, the parts raised above the level of the river looking
like flattened terraces of baked mud, and very few trees
are visible. From the summit there is a very extensive
view of the Province of Soria, and to the south-east the
mountains stretching northward from the Sierra de Albar-
racin; eastward, too, the city of Zaragoza could just be
discerned. The beech forest is confined to the northern
slope, extending downwards for about 1500 feet below the
Santuario, and in the more open parts of this, especially
along the unused “carretera” or cart-road, there are plenty
of Umbelliferz, etc., attractive to insects. An excursion was
made one day to the Cueva de Agreda, on the western
slope, but as before, without result, as the mouth of the
cave, owing to its close proximity to the village, served as
a corral for goats at night—the interior, in consequence,
being very dirty and smoke-blackened. During our stay
at this place we were joined for a time by an enthusiastic
veteran entomologist, Father Navas, of Zaragoza, whose
chief study is the Neuroptera and Trichoptera; he gave
us a good deal of local information, and accompanied
us on several of our outings. Leaving Moncayo on
July 24th, we made our way on foot over the very rugged
forest-clad slopes to Agreda, travelling thence by the dili-
gence southward to Soria, an old town on the Duero. On
arrival at this place, we found the season too far advance:
to make collecting profitable, there was therefore nothing
to be done but to return by the way we came, so on the
morning of July 26th we left by the daily diligence to
Tarazona (8 hours’ journey), taking the train thence to
Pamplona, 7 hours further on.
The localities visited, or at any rate the Logrofio Sierra,
have probably not hitherto been systematically worked for
the smaller Coleoptera. It may be noted, however, that
Moncayo is the recorded habitat of Cyrtonws cupreovirens
and Otiorrkynchus cawnicus, and that certain species of
Dorcadion have been noticed by Escalera from Neila, the
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 85
Sierra de la Demanda, and other places in the vicinity of
Canales. A list of the species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera-
Heteroptera, so far as at present identified, cannot fail
therefore to be of interest, especially to show the affinity
or otherwise of the fauna of the places visited with that of
the nearest adjacent districts which are at all well known,
viz. the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains, and the
Sierra de Guadarrama. The forests of beech at Moncayo
(those visited near Canales were too dry and not so pro-
ductive), the pines at Canales (there were none at
Moncayo), the mountain tops, the slopes, valleys, etc., had
their special insects, the beech alone producing a consider-
able fauna. The beetles most in evidence on the higher
mountains were the species of Dorcadion, each district
having one or more local forms; two of these abounded in a
restricted area on the summit of Moncayo, and another very
similar insect was found on the Logrofio Sierra. The
species at Moncayo, where most abundant, occurred in com-
pany with swarms of the nymphs of a grasshopper, perhaps
a natural result of one living above and the other below
ground in places where grass was most abundant. When
at rest, the beetles are rather conspicuous on uniformly-
coloured bare earth, but when they were near or among
tufts of grass, and amid a horde of jumping grasshoppers,
the eye required some training to distinguish them. The
likeness between the Dorcadion and the Orthopteron may
of course have no further meaning than a similar facies
induced by an identical habitat; still it may serve to
protect the beetles during the short period of their existence
in the perfect state. On Moncayo, too, Coccinella T-punctata
abounded to an incredible extent, the species being com-
paratively scarce lower down, swarming under every stone,
and the presence there of certain other lowland forms, as
Cartallum ebulinum, Lebia cyanocephala, Aphodius carpe-
tanus, etc., would suggest that these insects were migrating
or had been carried there by the terrific winds at times
prevalent in the district. Other species met with on the
higher ground, either at Moncayo or Canales, were Chlznius
dives, Limonius nigripes, various Corymbites, Zabrus,
‘Cymindis, Heliopathes, Timarcha, Cyrtonus, Pterostichus,
and Byrrhus, a Rhytirrhinus, a Crypticus, Aphodius scru-
tator, and many others. Near the lingering patches of
snow, Carabus helluo and C. purpurascens, Tachypus cyant-
cornis, Leistus montanus, Otiorrhynchus caunicus, bryoporus
86 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
rugipennis, ete., were found ; and on the snow itself two
Omophli in plenty, Chrysomela gaubili, Corymbites, Rhizo-
trogus, Aphodius, Byrrhus, and others. On the slopes of
Moncayo, between 50U0 and 6000 feet, the heath, while in
flower, as already mentioned, attracted a vast number of
minute Coleoptera, amongst others a tiny Ceuthorrhynchus
Gn the greatest profusion), Lebia cyanocephala and L.
trimaculata, Gynandrophthalma concolor, and divers Antho-
him, Meligethes, Brachypterus, Dasytes, Danacea, Antho-
linus, Hypebeus, Phyllotreta, Cryptocephalus, Pacha ybr achys,
Apion, small Telephorids, ete, many of these insects occur-
ring also on Genista, but more sparingly. In the hollows
hereabouts, near the sources of the small streams, there is
an abundant growth of Aconitum napellus, and from some
Phytophagous larve found on this plant, Dr. Chapman
subsequently bred Gialeruca laticollis, Lower down, just
above and among the beeches, the Umbelliferze attracted
Semiadalia 11-notata in great abundance (a species far
outnumbering Coccinella T-punctata at this level), Leptura
scutellata (including a pallid variety), Cerambyx scopolii,
Clytus arietis including thevar.bowrdilloni), Phytwcia affinis
and others of the genus, Agapanthia cardui, Clytanthus figu-
ratus, Trichius gallicus, Erya ater, Mordella aculeata, Haplo-
enemus, Lebia, etc. In the beech woods themselves, Lebia
cyanocephala was almost the commonest beetle, abounding
under the dry loose bark of standing trees, living in com-
pany with Cymindis discoidea (in plenty), Helops caraboides,
Quedius crassus, and swarms of earwigs, the latter much
resembling the Cymindis at first sight. This last-men-
tioned insect also occurred very sparingly under stones on
the high ground, and I had previously taken it in the same
way in the Sierra Nevada, but here in the beech forest it
seemed to have acquired the subcortical habits of a Dromius.
On old decaying standing beeches the beautiful Rosalia
alpina was often to be seen running about on the bark in
the sunshine, sometimes coming within reach, and one or
two trees were riddled with their burrows. It is probable
that this insect is often devoured by birds, one mutilated
but still lively specimen taken having evidently dropped
froma bird’s beak. The bark of these trees, or the fungoid
growth thereon, harboured a great variety of Coleoptera,
as Platycerus spinifer (a species usually found amongst the
dead stems of Genista, in which it is said to breed), Sino-
dendron, Lygistopterus sanguineus, Lemophlaus monilis and
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 87
L. ater, Ditoma, Cerylon, Diplocwlus fagi, Litargus bifasci-
atus, various red KElaters, Tenebroides mawritanicus,
Celometopus, Abdera quadrifasciata, Hallomenus hwmeralis,
Orchesia micans, Scraptia fuscula, Engis, Ennearthron, etc.
The old beech stumps attracted Tomozia, and the fresh-cut
logs and stumps Xyleborus dispar, Melasis, Lemophlaus
testaceus (in abundance), an Agrilus (specimens of which
were dug out of the solid wood), etc. At Canales most of
the old beeches found were too dry to produce much
beyond Thymalus, Tillus elongatus, Brontes planatus,
Leptura scutellata, and the like, though they were riddled
with the burrows of Dorcus. The pines, however, fur-
nished a considerable number of species, as Lhagiwm
indagator, Pogonocherus fasciculatus, Pissodes pint, three
species of Magdalis, Rhinomacer, four species of Tomicus,
Myelophilus minor, Hylastes palliatus, Corticeus pini,
Platysoma ohlongum, two species of Plegaderus, two of
Paromalus, Tachyta, Placusa, ete. Under pine chips and
logs on damp ground were found Cwlometopus (in plenty),
two Carali, Steropus, Pterostichus, Platyderus, Scaphidium,
a small elongate Anemadus, and others.
On the higher slopes at Canales or Moncayo various in-
teresting forms were beaten from oak bushes, as Rhynchites
sericeus and others of the genus, Cerambyx scopolii, Rhopa-
lopus perforatus, and divers Strophosomus, Phyllobvus,
Polydrusus, Balaninus, Cryptocephalus, Pachybrachys, Cly-
thra, ete. Henicopus and Hymenoplia, as usual, swarmed
on grass-stems on the hill-sides and in the valleys, and a
Chasmatopterus flew in abundance over the grass ; while in
dry, arid places the sluggish Capnodis tenebricosa could be
taken easily from the lichen-covered blackthorn bushes,
and also, but rarely, Ptosima 11-maculata. Horse-dung in
dry places at Canales sometimes harboured the local
Aphodius carpetanus in abundance (a species also seen
almost in the city of Burgos and on the summit of Moncayo),
and the usual Gymonplewrus, Ateuchus, Onthophagus, Hister
sinuatus, ete.
A very interesting new moth, Pyropsyche moncaunella,
Chapm., was found by Dr. Chapman and myself on the
rocks on the upper part of Moncayo. This species has
already been figured and described in the Entomologist’s
Record (xv, pp. 324-330; xvi, pp. 67, 68, t. 2). His
figures of the insect are reproduced at the end of this
paper, on Plate XVI. A rough map of our route is given
88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
by Dr. Chapman in his paper on Heterogynis in the present
volume of our Transactions, on Plate XIII, and also a
view of Canales, on Plate XIV.
At Guéthary, in the Basses-Pyrenees, where we broke
the journey both going and returning, a few interesting
beetles were found, as Aépys robini, Actocharis marina,
Lubria palustris, Aphanistieus emarginatus (in profusion
by sweeping rushes in a marshy place), etc.
The following isa list of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera-
Heteroptera so far as at present identified :—
[Monc. = Moncayo; Can. = Canales; Tar. = Tarazona;
Burg. = Burgos. ]
COLEOPTERA.
Cicindeia sylvatica, Linn., and C. campestris, Linn., Can.
Carabus purpurascens, Fabr., summit of Moncayo; C. helluo,
De}., Mone., Can.; C. nemoralis, Miill., var., under pine- chips
in the Pinares between Canales and Huerta. Leistus mon-
tanus, Steph., one specimen near the summit of Moncayo.
Notiophilus aquaticus, Linn.,Can., Mone. Zachypus cyani-
cornis, Pand., under stones, near fhe snow, Mone. Bembidium
laterale, De G., Mone. ; B. lampros, Herbst, Can. ; B. quadri-
guttatum, Fabr., Soria, Tar.; B. quadrimaculatum, Linn.,
Soria; B. hispanicum, De}j., banks of the Duero, Soria; BP.
fasciolatum, Duft., with the preceding; . nitidulwm,
Marsh., Can.; B. minimum, Fabr., Mone. ; B. normannum,
Dej., Soria. Lachyta nana, Gyll., Can., under pine-bark.
Platynus viridicupreus, Goeze, Soria. Calathus punctipennis,
Germ., C. fuscus, Linn., and OC. piceus, Marsh., Can. Pris-
tonychus terricola, Herbst, commonly at Canales, in the
mouth of a cave. Pecilus dimidiatus, Oliv., P. cwerulescens,
Linn., and P. crenulatus, Dej., Can. Steropus lacordairei,
Putz., common under stones, Can. ; S. globosus, Fabr., Can.,
Mone. Haptoderus nemoralis, Graells, not rare, under
large stones in the beech forest, Mone. Plat yee
montanellus, Graells?, Can.; P. 9 muficollis, Marsh., var.
Mone. Zabrus neglectus, Schaum, Can., Monc., not nae!
under stones. Amara ewrynota, Panz., Mone; A. equestris,
Duft., var. zabroides, Dej., under stones, Can. ; A. eximia,
Dej., Can. Acinopus picipes, Oliv., Can. Ditomus fulvipes,
Dej., Can. Avistus capito, De}., Burg., Can., on the roads
towards evening ; A. sphwrocephalus, Oliv., Can., Ophonus
sabulicola, Panz., and O. azwreus, Fabr., Can. Harpalus
honestus, Duft., H. uttenuatus, Steph., H. rubripes, Duft.,
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 89
H., servipes, Quens., H. picipennis, Duft., etc., Can. Chlenius
velutinus, Duft., on the banks of the Duero, Soria, and near
the source of a small stream, Monc.; C. vestitus, Payk., Soria;
C. dives, Dej., sparingly, on the mountains, Can. Lebia
cyanocephala, Linn., in the greatest profusion, under loose
bark of beech trees, on heath, broom, etce., Monc.; LZ. rufipes,
Dej., Can.; Z. trimaculata, Vill., on herbage, etc., Mone.
Metabletus obscuroguttatus, Duft., Mone. Dromius quadri-
signatus, Dej.,under beech-bark, Mone. Cymindis vartolosa,
Fabr., under stones, Monc., Can.; C. discoidea, De}j., in
plenty under loose dry bark of old beech trees, Monee
C. scapularis, Schaum, Can.; C. ruficeps, Chaud., Monc.,
Can. ; and others of the genus.
Oxypoda platyptera, Fairm., summit of Moncayo, one
specimen. Aleochara discipennis, Rey, Mone.; A. clavicornis,
Redt.,Can. Atheta nigritula, Grav., in plenty, in bones, etc.,
placed in the cave, Can. Thectura cuspidata, Er., dee
beech-bark, Mone. Placusa complanata, Er., in abundance
under pine-bark, Can. TZachyusa balteata, Kr., 7. coarctata,
Er., and 7. constricta, Er., banks of the Duero, Soria. Bryo-
porus rugipennis, Pand., summit of Moncayo, one specimen
in moss. Mycetoporus brunneus, Marsh., Can. Lschnopoda
umbratica, Er., with the preceding. Autalia impressa, Oliv.,
Mone. Quedius crassus, Fairm., sparingly under loose bark
of standing beeches, Mone. : ae mesomelinus, Marsh., Q. fuli-
ginosus, Grav., Can., Mone. Leistotrophus murinus, Linn.,
Can. Ocypus ophthalmicus, Scop., under stones, Monc., Can.;
O. brunnipes, Fabr., Mone. Philonthus atratus, Grav., P.
ebeninus, Grav., P. quisquiliarius, Gyll., banks of the Duero,
Soria; P. splendidulus, Grav., under bark, Can. Othius
leviusculus, Steph., Mone. Xantholinus tricolor, Fabr., Monc.;
X. fulgidus, Fabr., Soria, Tar. Lathrobiwm maltipunctum,
Grav., Tar. Pexderus ruficollis, Fabr., Soria. Platystethus
cornutus, Grav., and P. nitens, Sahlb., Tar. Bledius fracti-
cornis, Payk., Tar., Soria. Omaliwm florale, Payk., Mone.
Anthobium adustum, Kies., Monc., Can:; A. hispanicwm,
Bris., Can., in plenty on flowers: A. angustum, Kies., Mone.
Miemndus transversostriatus, Tee, Can., rarely, under
pine-chips. Silpha nigrita, Creutz., S. wndata, Mull., and
S. rugosa, Linn., Can. Phosphuga atrata, Linn., Mone.
Scaphidiwm quadrimaculatum, Oliv., Can. Schaphisoma
agaricinum, Linn., Can. Olibrus bisignatus, Mén., Can.,
Monc., Soria; 0. biplagiatus, Guill, Can. Hngis humeralis,
Fabr., Monc., i in rotten beech. Atomaria Juscipes, Gyll.,
90 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
Mone. ; A. analis, Er., Mone., Burg. Litargus bifasciatus,
Fabr., Mone., common, under beech-bark. Diphyllus
lunatus, Fabr., Mone., with the preceding. Brachypterus
cinereus, Heer, Mone. Meligethes brassice, Scop., var. aus-
tralis, Kiist., Monc., in abundance on Erica flowers high
up on the mountain slope; MM. ¢ristis, Sturm, Monce., Can. ;
M. fuscus, Oliv., and others of the genus, Mone. Thalycra
Jervida, Oliv., Mone. Thymalus limbatus, Fabr., Can., under
dry beech-bark. Tenebroides mauritanicus, Linn., Mone., not
rare under beech-bark. Rhizophagus bipustulatus, Fabr.,
Mone. Ditoma crenata, Fabr., Monc., under beech-bark.
Cerylon histeroides, Fabr., and C. ferruginewm, Steph.,
Mone., with the preceding. Brontes planatus, Linn., Can.,
under beech-bark. Lemophleus testaceus, Fabr.. im
abundance under bark of recently felled beeches; JL.
moniis, Fabr., and L. ater, Oliv., rarely, under beech-bark
Airaphilus carpetanus, Heyd., Mone. Dermestes murinus
Linn., Can. Byrrhus depilis, Graells, Can.; B. dorsalis
Fabr., Can., Mone.; B. fasciatus, Fabr., Mone. Cytilus seri-
ceus, Forst., Mone. Pedilophorus awratus, Duft.?, summit
of Monce., rarely, under stones, mostly found dead and
broken. Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst, and P. parallelo-
pipedus, Herbst, Can. Platy ysoma ees Fabr., Can.,
in abundance under sappy pine-bark ; P. /rontale, Payk.,
Can., two specimens, under stones. Hister quadrimaculatus,
Linn., var. gagates, Ill, H. amplicollis, Il., H. fimetarius,
Herbst, H. bissexstriatus, Fabr., Can., Monc., more or less
common in dung. Plegaderus sanatus, Truqui, rarely, and
P. saucius, Er., commonly, under pine-bark, Can. Saprinus
lautus, Er., Can., two specimens, under stones. Parnus
lutulentus, Kr., Can.
Lucanus cervus, Linn., Can., Anguiano. Dorcus parallelo-
ptpedus, Linn., Mone., in beech. Platycerus spinifer, Schauf.,
Can., Monc.,very rarely,in beech. Sinodendron cylindricum,
Linn., Can., Mone., in beech. Scarabeus laticollis, Linn.,
Mone. Gymnopleurus flagellatus, Fabr., Can. Sisyphus
scheffert, Linn., Can. Onthophagus lemur, Fabr., Can. ;
schrebert, Linn., Can., Burg. ; O. verticicornis, Laich., Can. ;
O. furcatus, Fabr., Can., Burg. Aphodius scrutator, Herbst,
Can., a few specimens high up on the mountains; A.
erraticus, Linn., A. fossor, Linn., A. hemorrhoidalis, Linn.,
A. scybalarius, Fabr., A. sordidus, Fabr., A. bigutattus,
Germ., A. luridus, Fabr., A. scrofa, Fabr., A. obscurus,
Fabr., and others, Can.; A. carpetanus, Graells, in abundance
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 91
in horse-dung in dry places, Can., and very sparingly at
Moncayo, one example occurring on the summit, also
found singly close to Burgos. in eieous Trigidus, ‘Bris,
high up on Moncayo. Plewrophorus cxsus, Panz., common
on the wing along the roadsides towards evening, Burg
Geotrupes vernalis, Linn., Mone. Can. Phyllognathus
silenus, Fabr., Tar., found dead on the road. Rhizotrogus
pygialis, Muls., Soria; &. solstitialis, Linn., var. pineticola,
Graells, Mone.; R. ater, Fabr., Can.; &. lusitanicus, Gyll.,
Can. ; 2. marginipes, Muls., Can. Triodonta aquila, Lap.,
Can. Serica mutata, Gyll., Soria. Chasmatopterus villo-
sulus, Il]., Can., Monc., males as usual in abundance on the
wing, females sparingly at rest on flowers. Mymenoplia
rugulosa, Muls., Can., Monc., common on grass stems, etc.
Anisoplia betica, Er., Can. Hoplia philanthus, Fiissl.,
Mone., Can. Cetonia floricola, Herbst, C. oblonga, Gory,
and C. morio, Fabr., Tar.,Can. Trichius fasciatus, Linn.,
Can.; 7. gallicus, Heer, in plenty on Umbelliferz, in the
beech forest, Mone.
Capnodis tenebricosa, Herbst, Can., Monc., not rare on
blackthorn-bushes in dry, hot places, the grey markings on
the prothorax exactly resembling the patches of lichen on
the stems of these plants. Ptosima 11-maculata, Herbst,
Can., one specimen with the preceding. Agrilus viridis,
Linn., var. nocivus, Ratz., Monc., dug out of the hard wood of
beech ; and others of the genus. Acmeodera flavofasciata,
Pill., Mone., Can. <Anthaxia funerala, IL, A. miallefolia,
Fabr., and A. confusa, Lap., Monc., Can.
Hlater ferrugatus, Lac., Monc., Can.; £. elongatulus, Fabr.,
Can. ; 2. cinnabarinus, Esch. ?, and E. crocatus, Lac., Monc.,
in beech, rarely. Melanotus tenebrosus, Er.,Can. Limonius
nigripes, Gyll., on the mountains, Can.; LZ. minutus, Linn.,
Mone. Cardiophorus signatus, Oliv., C. equisetr, Herbst,
Can., commonly. <Athous lateralis, Bris., and others of the
genus, Monc., Can. Betarmon ieispreats, Bach, Monc.,
Can. Corymbites cupreus, Fabr.?, Can.; C. latus, Fabr.,
commonly on the mountains, Can. ; mag ce enwUs, Linn., dark
var., summit of Moncayo, not uncommon; C. holosericeus,
Oliv., Mone., Can. Helodes minuta, Linn., Mone.
Lygistopterus sanguineus, Linn. Monce., rarely, in old
beech trees. Lampyris noctiluca, Linn., Monc., at light.
Telephorus abdominalis, Fabr., Mone.; 7. lividus, Linn., 7.
bicolor, Herbst, and many others, Mone.,Can. Rhagonycha
genisie, Kies., Monc.; &. hesperica, Baudi, Can., Mone.
92 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Hntomological
Malthinus and Malthodes, various spp., Mone., Can.
Hypebeus alicianus, Duv.,* Mone., Can. Malachius viri-
dis, Fabr., Mone. Can. Antholinus amictus, Er., Monc.,
common on heath. Charopus concolor, Fabr., Can. Heni-
copus heydeni, Kies.?, Mone., Can., males in profusion,
females sparingly, as usual, and one or two other species of
the genus. Dasytes subeneus, Schonh., D. vrosus, Kies.,
Monc.; D. plumbeus, Miill., Can., and others. Psilothrix
cyaneus, Oliv., Mone. Can. Dolichosoma lineare, Rossi,
Can. Haplocnemus albipilis, Kies., Monc., common on
flowers, and others of the genus. Danacwa atripes, Graells,
Monc.; D. veyi, Proch., Can., a few specimens, and others
of the genus. TZllus elongatus, Linn., Can., on a dead
beech. Thanasimus formicarius, Linn., Can., on pine logs.
Trichodes apiarius, Linn., 7. leucopsideus, Oliv., and 7.
ammios, Fabr., Can., not rare, on flowers. Priobium
castaneum, Fabr., Mone. Lasioderma lxve, Ill., Soria; L.
hemorrhoidale, Ill.,Can., on flowers. Xyletinus ater, Panz.,
A. laticollis, Duft., etc., Can., Mone., on flowers. Sphindus
dubius, Gyll., Can., in fungoid erowth on beech. Cis
boleti, Fabr., and C. setiger, Mell., Mone. Ennearthron
affine, Mell., Monc., in fungus on beech.
Stenosis hispanica, Sol., under stones, Mone. Asida
goudoti, Sol., and A. sericea, Oliv., Can., not rare under
stones. Blaps gigas, Linn., Scaurus punctatus, Herbst,
and Akis elegans, Charp., more or less abundant in
the outskirts of Tarazona. Dendarus castilianus, Pioch.,
under stones, Mone. Seliopathes perroudi, Muls., and
others of the genus, more or less abundantly, Mone.
Olocrates abbreviatus, Oliv., Can. Crypticus quisquilius,
Linn., var. pyreneus, Baudi,- commonly on the summit
of Moncayo; C. zophosoides, Heyd., Can. Corticeus pini,
Panz., Can., under pine-bark. Cwlometopus clypeatus,
Germ., in plenty under pine-chips, Can., and very rarely
at Moncayo. Helops caraboides, Panz., in profusion under
loose beech - bark, Monec.; H. daticollis, Kiist., Mone. ;
H, coriaceus, Kiist., Mone. Hryx ater, Fabr., Monc., one
specimen. Gonodera luwperus, Herbst, Can. Omophlus
lepturoides, Fabr., in abundance, and QO. picipes, Fabr.,
sparingly, on the mountains, Can., Monc., on the wing,
* Omitted from my Bejar list last year. I have also taken it at
Vernet, Pyrén.-or.
+ These specimens are considerably smaller than those I have
taken at Mont Louis in the Pyrenees.
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 93
and by beating pines, etc., and found on nearly all the
patches of snow. Jsomira murina, Linn., in abundance,
on flowers, Monc.; J. antennata, Panz., Can. Lagria
grenwrt, Bris., in plenty on Genista, Mone., Can.; LZ. hirta,
Linn., Mone. Hallomenus humeralis, Panz., Orchesia micans,
Panz., and Abdera quadrifasciata, Curt., in numbers, in
rotten beech, Mone. Scraptia dubia, Oliv., Can., Mone.,
commonly on oak, even in very dry places, and always
extremely active; S. fuscula, Miill., one specimen, Monc.,
in rotten beech. 2hinosimus ruficollis, Linn., and &.
planirostris, Fabr., Mone., under beech-bark. <Anthicus
tenellus, Laf., Soria, A. tristis, Schmidt, Can. TZomoxia
biguttata, Gyll., on beech stumps, Mone. Mordella aculeata,
Linn., Mone., Can., Soria, common on flowers. JMJordel-
listena episternalis, Muls., and M. brevicauda, Boh., Can. ;
M. pumila, Gyll., and M. micans, Germ., Monc., Can.; I.
parvula, Gyll., Mone. Silaria trifasciata, Chevr., and S.
quadrimaculata, Gyll., Mone., Can. Anaspis subtestacea,
Steph., and others of the genus, Mone., Can. Cerocoma
schreberi, Fabr., on flowers, Can. Meloé majalis, Linn.,
and MW. brevicollis, Panz., Can. Zonabris quadripunctata,
Linn., Z. variabilis, Pall., Z. hieracti, Graells, Z. dejeant,
Gyll., Z. fwesslint, Panz., and others of the genus, Can.,
Mone., Soria. Coryna billbergi, Gyll., Mone., Can. MHde-
mera podagramx, Linn., i. flavipes, Fabr.. @. subulata,
Oliv. @. nobilis, Scop., and @. lurida, Marsh., Can.,
Mone. Aselera cerulea, Linn., Monc., in beech.
Otiorrhynchus cawnicus, Perez (amputatus, Chevr.), spar-
ingly under stones, moss, etc., at or near the summit of
Moncayo; O. ovatus, Linn., Mone. Phyllobius tuberculifer,
Chevr., Can., Mone., in plenty, by beating oak, ete. Poly-
drusus setifrons, Duv., Mone., Can.; P. cervinus, Linn.,
Mone.; P. impressifrons, Gyll., Can.; P. confluens, Steph.,
Can. Sciaphilus carinula, Oliv., Can., on Genista.
Strophosomus erinaceus, Chevr., Monc., Can. ; S. corylt, Fabr.,
Mone. ; S. afinis, Stierl.?, Can., not uncommon; 8. picti-
collis, Seidl.?, Monc., Can.; S. faber, Herbst, Monc., and
others of the genus. Brachyderes lusiticanus, Fabr., Can.,
on pines; B. brucki, Tourn.?, Can., on oak. Sitones
flavescens, Marsh., var. cinnamomeus, All, Mone. ; 8. crinitus,
Herbst, Can. Cathormiocerus lapidicola, Chevr., Can., and
C. gracilis, Seidl., Monc., both under stones, on the mountains.
Brachycerus pradiert, Fairm., Can. Cleonws pedestris, Poda,
C. cinereus, Schr., and C. sulcirostris, Linn., Can.; C.
94 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
obliquus, Fabr., Mone. Lixus cardi, Oliv.,Can. Larinus
latus, Herbst, Soria; Z. jacew, Fabr., Can., and others of
thé genus. Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr., Can. Rhytir-
rhinus stableawi, Fairm.?, rarely, under stones, on the
summit of Moncayo, a species difficult to obtain in good
condition, the metallic scales being. easily abraded.
Anisorrhynchus bajulus, Oliv., Can. Pissodes notatus, Fabr.,
Can., on pines. Pachytychius sparsutus, Oliv., on Genista,
and P. hematocephalus, Gyll., Can.; P. scabxicollis, Ros.,
Soria. Smicronyx sp. Can. Cossonus linearis, Fabr., Burgos,
on the wing towards evening. DBrachytemnus porcatus,
Germ., Can., in abundance under bark of dead _ pines.
Celiodes ruber, Marsh., C. ilicis, Bed., and C. cardui, Herbst,
Mone. Ceuthorrhynchus macula-alba, Herbst, C. geographi-
cus, Goeze, C. marginatus, Payk., C. cyanipennis, Germ.,
Can.; C. nanus, Gyll., var., in the greatest profusion on
Erica, while in flower. Ceuthorrhynchidius horridus, Panz.,
Mone.; C. wrens, Gyll., Can. ; C. troglodytes, Fabr., var.?, a
small form approaching C. frontalis, Bris., Can. Balaninus
pellitus, Boh., and B. villosus, Fabr., Can., on oak. Antho-
nomus rubi, Herbst, Mone. TZychius quinquepunctatus,
Linn., Can., and others of the genus. Sthinia primita,
Herbst, Mone. Orchestes pilosus, Fabr., O. quercus, Linn., and
O. fagi, Linn., Monc.,Can. Rhamphus pulicarius, Herbst,
Can. JMecinus pyraster, Herbst, Can. Iiarus campanule,
Linn.,Can. Gymnetron noctis, Herbst,Can. Nanophues niger,
Waltl, Mone., Can., sparingly on heath. JM/agdalis memnonia,
Gyll., IL phlegmatica, Herbst, and JM. violacea, Linn., on
pines, Can. Apion fuscirostre, Fabr., and A. squamigerum,
Duv., on Genista, A. wenckeri, Bris., on Cistus, A. flavi-
manum, Gyll., A. atomariwm, Kirby, A. urticariwm, Herbst,
A. voraz, Herbst, etc., Mone. ; A. sulcifrons, Herbst, Soria ;
A. cracce, Linn., A. xthiops, Herbst, etc., Can. Rhynchites
sericeus, Herbst, Can., Monc., very sparingly on oak, on the
mountain sides. &. eneovirens, Marsh., R. pubescens, Fabr.,
Can.; &. olivaceus, Gyll., Mone. Attelabus ewreulionoides,
Linn., Monce., Can., abundant everywhere on young oaks.
Rhinomacer attelaboides, Fabr., Can., one specimen on pine.
Platyrrhinus latirostris, Fabr., Mone., in fungoid growth
on beech. Brachytarsus fasciatus, Forst., Mone. Uvrodon
suturalis, Fabr., Can.; U. rufipes, Oliv., Can., Soria.
Bruchus spp., undetermined, Monc., Can. Hylastes palliatus,
Gyll., common under pine-bark, Can. Hylastinus trifoli,
Miill., in dead stems of Genista, Can. Myelophilus minor,
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 95
Hart., in felled pines, Can. Phlwophthorus rhododactylus,
Marsh., in dead stems of Genista, Can. Pityogenes bidentatus,
Herbst, Can. TZomicus sexdentatus, Boern., abundant, 7’.
laricis, Fabr., T. acwminatus, Gyll., and 7. longicollis, Gyll.,
in felled pines, Can. Zaphrorychus bicolor, Herbst, Mone.
Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., Monc., not uncommonly in freshly-
cut beech stumps; the sexes in about equal numbers, the
males usually two or three together about the entrances of
the burrows of the females, the latter occasionally on the
bark, but mostly in the burrows, from which they were not
easily extracted ; XY. monographus, Fabr., Mone. Rhagiwm
indagator, Fabr., Can., on pines. Toxotus meridianus,
Linn., Can. Leptura scutellata, Fabr., Monc., Can., common
on Umbelliferze in beech woods, including a pallid variety
(ockracea, Faust ?) ; L. fulva, De G., Mone. ; L. livida, Fabr.,
and L. cerambyciformis, Schr., Monc., Can.; L. hybrida,
Rey, Mone., common on Umbelliferze. Acmeops collaris,
Linn., Can. Strangalia maculata, Poda, Mone., Can.; 8.
attenuata, Linn., on Cistws flowers, Monc.; S. bifasciata,
Miill., Can.; S. négra, Linn., Can. Allosterna tabacicolor,
De G., Mone. Grammoptera ruficornis, Fabr., Mone.
Cartalium ebulinum, Linn., one specimen on the summit
of Moncayo. Dilus fugax, Oliv., Can. Cerambyx scopolit,
Fiissl., on Umbelliferze, and also beaten from oak, Monc.,
Can. Lhopalopus femoratus, Linn., Monc., Can., rarely, by
beating oak, etc. Rosalia alpina, Linn., Monc., males not
rare on trunks of large decaying beeches, and occasionally
found dead in old burrows in the trees; one living muti-
lated example found had evidently been dropped by a
bird: a most beautiful insect alive. Yylotrechus arvicola,
Oliv., Can., Mone. Clytus arictis, Linn., and its var.
bourdilloni, Muls., on flowers, Mone. Clytanthus trifasci-
atus, Fabr., Soria; C. figuratus, Scop., Monc., not rare on
Umbelliferse. Dorcadion terolense, Esc., var. albarium, Esc.,
and D. seguntianum, Esc., var., abundant in a restricted
place on the summit of Moncayo, both varying in the
colour of the vestiture; an almost bare form of the female
of D. seguntianum occurred, as in some others of the
genus. D. neilense, Esc., not rare on the summit of the
Sierra de la Demanda, near Canales; D. cirewmcinctwm,
Chevr., Burgos, on the road to the Cartujar; D. escalerai,
Lauff., rarely on Moncayo, where it had previously been
taken by Father Navas; D. spinole, Dalm., Burgos, on the
96 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
banks of the irrigation ditches amongst the trees planted
on the road to the Cartujar, also” singly at Moncayo.
Pogonocherus fasciculatus, De G., Can., on pines. Aga-
panthia asphodeli, Latr., A. dahli, Richt., and A. cardut,
Linn., Can.; A. villosoviridescens, De G., Mone. Phytecia
cerulescens, Scop.; P. pustulata, Schr., and P. virgula,
Charp., Can. ; P. afinis, Harr., Mone.
Donacia discolor, Panz., Mone. ; D. consimilis, Schr., Can,
Titubea sexmaculata, Fabr., Soria. Labidostomis lusitanica,
Germ., Can., Tar. Lachneva sexpunctata, Scop., Monc., Can.;
L. pubescens, Duf., Mone., L. tristigma, Lac., Can., and others
of the genus. Clythra leviuscula, Ratz., Monc.,Soria. Gynan-
drophthalma concolor, Fabr., Monc.,Can., common on Genista,
Erica, etc. Coptocephala scopolina, Linn., Mone., Soria.
Cryptocephalus cynarex, Suffr., Mone. ; C. lusitanicus, Suftr.,
}. bipunctatus, Linn., C. violaceus, Laich., C. mystacatus,
Suffr., Mone., Can.; C. rugicollis, Oliv., Burg., Can., common
on flowers, etc., very variable ; C. crassus, Oliv., C. capucinus,
Suffr., C. pygmeus, Fabr., Soria; C. koyi, Suffr., C. morei,
Linn., C. schdfferi, Schr., very rarely on oak, C. quadri-
punctatus, Oliv., C. globicollis, Suffr., C. auwreolus, Suftr.,
C. hydrocheridis, Linn., C. pewicollis, Suffr., C. imfirmaor,
Kr., Can. Pachybrachys viridissimus, Suffr., Can.; P.
suffriant, Schauf.?, Mone. Timarcha rugipennis, Perez,
Can., Mone., and others of the genus. Cyrtonus cwpreo-
virens, Perez, not rare, under stones, summit of Moncayo.
Chrysomela gaubilr, Luc., Can., one specimen on the snow;
C. americana, Linn., Mone. ; C. analis, Linn., Can., and
others of the genus. Phytodecta varialilis, Oliv., Can., on
Genista ; P. olivacea, Forst., Mone. Plagiodera versicolora,
Laich., Tar., common. Jalacosoma lusitanicwm, Linn., Can.
Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goeze, common on Genista, L. lividus,
Joann., on pines, Z. flavipes, Linn., and L. niger, Goeze,
Can. Galeruca tanaceti, Linn., and G. laticollis, Sablb.,
the latter bred from larvee found on Aconitum napellus,
Monce., and G. interrupta, Oliv., on the mountains, Can.,
two specimens. Lochmexa suturalis, Thoms., Monc., on
heath. Galerucella luteola, Miill.,on elm, Tar. Crepidodera
transversa, Marsh., Mone. Mantura chrysanthemi, Koch,
Can. Psylliodes chalcomera, Ill. Can., P. luteola, Miill.,
Monc., and others of the genus. Aphthona levigata, Fabr.,
in abundance on Huphorbia, Tar. . Phyllotreta sp., common
on flowers of Erica, Mone. JLongitarsus, Apteropeda, etc.,
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 97
undetermined. Hispa atra, Linn., Can.; H. testacea, Linn.,
Mone., on Cistus.
Subcoccinella 22-punctata, Linn., Can. Semiadalia 11-
notata, Schn., in great abundance on flowers of Umbellifere,
also rarely on the summit, Mone. Adalia mutabilis, Scriba,
Mone., Tar. Coccinella 7-punctata, Linn., in vast numbers
under stones all over the summit, and sparingly lower
down on flowers, etc., Mone. ; varieties occurred with the
spots (the common scutellar one excepted) very minute ;
C. 14-pustulata, Linn., Mone., Soria. Halyzia 18-guttata,
Linn., Can. Exochomus 4-pustulatus, Linn., Can., Mone.
Mieraspis 16-punctata, Linn., Soria. Platynaspis luteorubra,
Goeze, Can. Scymnus spp. undetermined,
‘
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
Hurygaster maura, Linn., Soria ; L. nigrocucullata, Goeze,
Can. Graphosoma lineatwm, Linn., Monc. Geotomus pune-
tulatus, Costa, Can. Gnathoconus picipes, Fall., Monc.
Ochetostethus nanus, H.-S., Can. Sciocoris macrocephalus,
Fieb., and S.sp.n. 2, Mone. Alia rostrata, Poh., Soria,
Can. Neottiglossa flavomarginata, Luc., Can.; N. inflexa,
Wolff, Monc.; WV. leporina, H.-S., Can. Staria lunata,
Hahn, Can. Peribalus vernalis, Wolff, Monc., Soria.
Carpocoris purpuripennis, De G., Can. Dolycoris baccarum,
Linn., Mone. Chlorochroa juniperina, Linn., Mone. Palo-
mena prasina, Pod. Monc. Pentatoma rufipes, Linn.,
Mone. Hurydema oleracewm, Linn., Can. Phyllomorpha
laciniata, Vill, Can. Centrocoris spiniger, Fabr., Can.
Syromastes marginatus, Linn., Mone. Verlusia quadrata,
Fabr., Can.; V. suleicornis, Fabr., Mone. Loxocnemis
dentator, Fabr., Can. Coreus affinis, H.-S., Soria, Can.
Stenocephalus agilis, Scop., Mone. Camptopus lateralis,
Ger., Can. Therapha hyoscyami, Linn., Can., Mone.
Corizus crassicornis, Linn., Can. C. parumpunctatus, Schil.,
Mone. Maccevethus lineola, Fabr., Can. Berytus dis-
tinguendus, Ferr. ?, Soria. Lygewus equestris, Linn., Monc.,
Can. ; LZ. saxatilis, Scop., Can.; L. pandwrus, Scop., Monc.,
Tar.; LZ. albomaculatus, Goeze, Can.; LZ. superbus, Poll.,
Mone., Can., Soria. Lygwosoma reticulatwm, H.-S., Can.
Cymus glandicolor, Hahn, Mone. Ischnorhynchus geminatus,
Fieb., Mone. Heterogaster calarix, Fourc., Can., common
on herbage; H. artemisixv, Schill., Can., Monc., Soria;
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 7
98 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological
H. affinis, H.-S., Can.; H. urtice, Fabr., Can. Mieroplax
interrupta, Fieb., and I. albofasciata, Costa, Can. Metopo-
lax ditomoides, Costa, Can. Macroplax fasciata, H.-S., Can.
Tropistethus holosericeus, Scholtz, Can, Macrodema micro-
pterum, Curt., Mone. Pterotmetus staphylinoides, Burm.,
Can. Plinthisus longicollis, Fieb., Mone. Aphanus albo-
acuminatus, Goeze, Can.; A. pini, Linn., Mone. Microtoma
atrata, Goeze, Can, Trapezonotus ullrichi, Fieb., Can., in
abundance towards evening, on Umbelliferous flowers.
Emblethis verbasct, Fabr.. and £. angustus, Mont., Can.
Phyllontocheila angustata, H.-S., Can. Copiwm teuerii,
Host., Can. Monanthia echii, Wolff, Can. Aradus betule,
Linn., Can.; A. depressus, Fabr., Mone. Aneurus levis,
Fabr., Mone. Gerris giblifer, Schm., Tar. Harpactor
iraucundus, Poda, Can.; H. sanguineus, Fabr.,Can. Coranus
egyptius, Fabr., Can. Prostemma albimacula, Stein, Can.
Nabis apterus, Fabr., Can.; WN. jferus, Linn., Can.; WV.
rugosus, Linn., Mone, Can. ; WV. reuterianus, Puton, Soria.
Piezostethus obliquus, Costa, Mone. Anthocoris mink,
Dohrn, and A, confusus, Reut., Mone. Tvriphleps nigra,
Wolff, Can. Microphysa pselaphiformis, Curt., Can. Ace-
tropis gimmerthalt, Flor,Can. Megalocerxa erratica, Linn.,
and MV. linearis, Fuessl., Mone. Leptopterna dolabrata, Linn.,
Mone. Lopus flavomarginatus, Don., including a dark
variety, Monce., Can.; Z. gothicus, Linn., Mone. ; L. sulcatus,
Fieb., Monc.; ZL. cingulatus, Fabr., Can. Phytocoris feno-
ralis, Fieb., Mone. Calocoris roscomaculatus, De G., Can.
Homodemus M—flavum, Goeze, Can., abundant on Umbelli-
feree, etc. Brachycoleus triangularis, Goeze, Soria, on
Eryngium. Lygus kalmii, Linn., Mone. Charagochilus
gyllenhali. Fall, Can. Capsus cordiger, Hahn, Can.,
Mone., and var. fallaciosus, Reut., Can. ; C. scutellaris, Fabr.,
Soria. Systellonotus championt, Reut., Mone., one male
specimen, running on the ground amongst heath. Strongy-
lococis obscurus, Ramb., Can. ; S. lewcocephalus, Linn., Mone.
Dicyphus pallidicornis, Fieb., and D. geniculatus, Fieb.,
Mone. Globiceps parvulus, Reut., Soria. Heterocordylus
tibialis, Hahn, and H. twmidicornis, H.-S., Mone. Pachy-
cyphus cesareus, Reut., Mone. Sthenarus ocularis, M. & R.,
Mone, Can.; S. bicolor, M. & R. Mone. Plagiotylus
bolivart, Reut., Can. Psallus lepidus, Fieb., and P. varians,
H.-S., Mone.
Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 99
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prare, XV,
Northern slope of Moncayo, showing the “Santuario” and the
Pena Negra, at a little above the upper limit of the beech-forest.
PiarEe XVI.
Fic. 1. Pyropsyche moncawnella, & , rather over twice the natural size.
2. 7 Af neuration of fore-wing, from camera
drawing.
3. - A neuration of hind-wing, ditto.
4, 5. 5 5 5 », fore-wings, from two
specimens in which a missing vein
is partially represented.
6. x vs neuration of hind-wing in which a
missing vein is partially repre-
sented.
7. Phalacropterix muscella, fore-wing, for comparison.
8. ” ” hind-wing ” ”
9. Pyropsyche moncaunella, newly-hatched larva x 13 diam.
10. = 4 fully-grown larva ¢ x rather more
than 2 diam.
th a ‘i case of 6 x about &.
12. ad Bs ‘3 x §, pupa-case protruding.
Lo, 14... 5, - two cases 9 x about 3.
15. 99 se 3 pupa x 3.
16. on 5 g pupa, abdominal segments 6-10,
more magnified, to show the
mounting of dorsal armature on
ridges,
Ie $5 - ? pupa x 3.
18. m4 3 skin cast by ? larva on changing
to pupa, from camera sketch.
( 100 )
Notes on Xyleborus dispar, Fabr. By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.
WE had the pleasure of studying a colony of these
beetles at Moncayo, and were able fully to accept all that
we have been told about them by Ratzeburg, Ormerod,
Blandford, etc. Perhaps the best account of them, in-
cluding as it does their congeners and relatives, is that of
H. G. Hubbard in Bulletin No. 7, U. 8. Dept. Agr. 1897.
We found that the males never left the stumps in which
they are bred, being wingless, and having jaws of little
use except for tearing through any little overgrowth of
fungus in the burrows. Their degeneration in size and
form as compared with the females is, of course, associated
with this change of habit.
Ve
: Cz
Fic. 2.—Relative width
of head of g and ? X. dispar.
The greater anterior posterior
Fia. 1.—Relative size and form diameter of that of the ? is
of jaws of g and 2 X. dispar. due to the protrusion of the
The process to the right is a portion head, as much as to larger
of tendon. size.
~The relative size of the head of the ¢ and @ is
lineally as 3 to 2, the width of the male head being 0°6
mm. and of the female 0°9 mm.—making in volume a
ratio of 27 to 8, or about 3 to 1.
The jaws also differ much in size. The greatest length
of the male jaw is 0°21 mm. and of the female 0°33 mm.
Each has the double tip as in the larval jaw, but in the
female this is obviously supplemented by a. straight
margin, which is very slightly marked in the male; there
is a still greater difference in the chitinization, the male
jaw being brown and translucent, that of the female dense
black,
Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on Xyleborus dispar. 101
We found that the female beetle makes the burrows,
and ejects the gnawed wood uneaten. The larve live
entirely on the fungus (“ambrosia”) that grows in
them.
When young they are straight, but not flounder-shaped,
like those of Platypus cylindrus. When older they are
curved and look not at all like Platypus, but very similar to
those of other Scotylids or even ordinary Rhynchophora.
Their jaws are pointed for scraping and tearing, and
contrast with the pointed mandibles of bark beetles.
It may be noted that we saw no traces of beetles
attacking anything but (recently) dead or dying timber,
Kd
Fic. 3.—Jaw of larva of X. dispar, compared with
that of Scolytus muultistriatus.
and considering that they live not on the wood but ona
fungus, it seems impossible they could live in healthy
timber, even if Hubbard is right, in supposing that the
beetles are able to plant and cultivate the fungus. On
examining the larve after our return home, I was much
interested in finding that they had a very remarkable
structure in connection with the spiracles.
In a little longitudinal oval hollow there lies flatly
against the surface what looks at first like two somewhat
elaborated lips of an ordinary spiracle. If they were so
the opening would be longitudinal instead of transverse.
These two apparent lips, however, appear to be two
parallel lobulated sacculi free at their posterior ends, but
united together anteriorly where they are connected with
a circular skin area, which is probably the true spiracular
102. Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on Xyleborus dispar.
opening, opening into the interior of the double sacculus.
Round this centre circle is a larger one, that in some
prepared specimens looks very like an ordinary spiracular
circle. From the centre small circle, a tracheal vessel
proceeds inwards. It would seem that the tracheze open
therefore into these sacculi, and not directly into the air,
Fic. 4.—Spiracle of larva of X. Fie. 5.—Diagram of
dispar. 1. Hollow in which structure subsegmentation and
lies. 2. Appears to be spiracle proper. arrangement of hairs
3. Sacculus outside spiracle lying flatly of an abdominal seg-
in hollow. 4. Tracheal tube seen ment of larva of X.
through skin. dispar.
which must pass through the saccular walls. Probably a
provision against moist surroundings.
Tadd a diagram of the disposition of the hairs on an
abdominal segment of the larva and of its subsegmenta-
tion.
Cal08.,
VI. Descriptions of New Species of Cryptine from the
Rhasia Hills, Assam. By PETER CAMERON, com-
municated by GEORGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY,
F.ES.
[Read February 3rd, 1904. ]
THE species described here are in the collection of Mr.
G. A. J. Rothney.
ETHA LACTEIVENTRIS, sp. nov.
Plumbeous black: the face, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, the inner
orbits, the outer broadly on the lower-side, whitish-yellow: the
base of the propleure broadly, the mark incised below, a line on
the pronotum, tegul, tubercles, scutellums, the apex of the meta-
notum—the mark squarely narrowed in the middle behind—an
oblique, pyriform mark on the apex of the metapleuree above, united
to a much larger mark, which is prolonged downwards at the base
to the longitudinal furrow ; an irregular, somewhat triangular, mark
under the hind-wings and down the middle is a large, oblique mark,
sharply pointed at the base, and the apices of the abdominal segments,
yellow. Legs fulvous, the middle femora and apex of middle tarsi
darker, their coxze and trochanters white, the hinder cox white,
black above, except at the base, the femora and tibize dark rufous,
the femora above and the apex of the tibiz blackish, the tarsi white,
black at the base. Wings fulvo-hyaline, the stigma obscure testaceous,
paler at the base. Joints 7-12 of the antenne clear white, the
seape and base of the flagellum brownish beneath. 9.
Length 11 ; terebra 4 mm.
Face closely punctured, the clypeus smooth, as are the front and
vertex ; the front distinctly depressed and with a wide furrow in
the middle. Thorax smooth; the sternal furrow wide, smooth ; the
other furrows are crenulated. First abdominal segment smooth, the
lateral tubercles large ; the other segments are faintly aciculated.
ETHA KHASIANA, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, the inner orbits narrowly to the middle,
the outer entirely from shortly above the middle, the mandibles,
palpi, a broad line on the lower part of the propleure, a narrower
one, not reaching to the apex, shortly above the middle ; lower down,
extending from the middle to the apex, a much larger mark, which,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL)
104 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
at the apex, is prolonged downwards, the projection being curved
and narrowed at the base and straight at the apex; the apex of the
Ist abdominal white. The black part of the front coarsely irrregu-
larly striated. Face and clypeus minutely punctured. Thorax
opaque, thickly covered with short pale pubescenee which gives it
a greyish appearance ; mesonotum opaque, closely punctured, the
centre at the base finely, but not very distinctly, transversely striated.
Scutellum closely punctured ; the apex of the post-scutellum strongly
and closely punctured. Median segment behind the keel finely
rugose; immediately behind it, it is obliquely irregularly fulvous.
Wings hyaline, the stigma fuscous. The 7th to 10th antennal joints
white, the basal two joints of the flagellum brownish beneath. 9.
Length 10; terebra 4 mm.
Face in the centre closely and distinctly, at the sides sparsely and
obscurely punctured ; the clypeus obscurely punctured at the base ;
the front and vertex have a plumbeous hue and are very smooth and
shining ; the front has a distinct furrow in the centre. The meso-
and the base of the meta-notum have a plumbeous hue and are very
smooth and shining, this being also the case with the pleure. Meso-
sternal furrow wide, long and deep ; that on the apex of the meso-
pleuree is slightly, on the metapleurz coarsely, crenulated. Petiole
very smooth and shining, and having an elongate fovea near the
base of the post-petiole ; the other segments are less shining.
GOTRA FULVIPES, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, oral region, mandibles, palpi, the outer orbits
below broadly and the upper all round, white: the edge of the
pronotum, a small round mark on the apex of the middle lobe of
the mesonotum, the scutellar keels, the scutellums, a wide line round
the apex of the metanotum, narrowed and rounded above, the base
of the prosternum, the tubercles, the lower part of the mesopleure,
the mesosternum except in the centre, the yellow on the sternum
and pleura being divided at the base by a black wedge, which is
sharply pointed at the apex, the apex of the mesopleure, the mark
widely dilated above, a large mark, longer than wide, on the top
corner at the base, a large oblique quadrangular mark near the apex,
the apices of the abdominal segments above and the apical segments
at the sides and beneath, yellow. The four front cox and tro-
chanters yellow, the rest of the legs fulvous, the hinder coxe white,
a broad band down the outer-side in the centre and round the apex
above, the hinder femora and tibiee, rufous, the extreme base of the
femora, their apex broadly, the base of the tibiz narrowly and their
apex broadly, black ; the hinder tarsi pallid yellow, the claws black.
Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black; the areolet very
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 105
small, narrowed at the base. The 7th to 12th joints of the antenne
clear white at the sides and below; the scape with a narrow white
line below. @.
Length 12; terebra 2 mm.
Face and clypeus shining, strongly punctured and sparsely covered
with white hair ; the front with a wide and deep furrow down the
centre and strongly transversely striated ; the vertex on the lower
part irregularly reticulated and striated, behind punctured. The
apical half of the mandibles deep black. Mesonotum coarsely and
closely punctured ; the scutellums smooth ; the metanotum has, in
the middle, a smooth area, wider than long, widened from the base
to the apex and bordered by stout keels laterally ; the sides next
to this smooth, the rest behind the keel irregularly, obliquely
striated and punctured, the rest of the segment strongly irregularly
reticulated all over, the reticulations more distinct at the apex.
Petiole smooth and shining; the post-petiole laterally with some
large, widely separated punctures; the 2nd segment closely and
rather strongly punctured ; the gastrocoeli smooth and shining.
CRYPTUS RUFOPETIOLATUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the clypeus, except the oblique apex, a small oval mark
in the middle of the face, the inner orbits entirely, the outer more
broadly, except above, the mandibles, except at the apex, the palpi,
the basal half of the scutellum, the post-scutellum, the metanotal
spines and keel and the apex of the petiole, yellow: the scape of
the antennz beneath and the abdominal petiole, except at the apex,
rufous. Legs rufous, the hinder tarsi black ; the apical half of the
2nd tarsal joint and the whole of the 3rd and 4th, white. Scutellum
closely punctured ; the post-scutellum bifoveate at the base. The
median segment behind the keel closely and finely rugose ; the
spines thin, broad, bluntly rounded at the top ; the two are united
by a narrow keel, which is roundly curved backwards; the space
between the two keels is irregularly, mostly obliquely, striated,
except the triangular space in the middle above ; the oblique apex
closely rugose and irregularly striated in the middle. Propleure
closely striated ; the meso- closely rugose and thickly pilose. The
6th to 12th joints of the antennee white. Wings hyaline, the
stigma black, 9.
Length 17 ; terebra 5 mm.
Face closely punctured and thickly covered with white hair.
Clypeus distinctly projecting ; its basal and apical halves obliquely
depressed. The upper inner orbits raised; the front and vertex
depressed ; the former smooth, obscurely aciculated ; the vertex
106 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
stoutly obliquely striolated. Thorax opaque, the mesonotum covered
with white pubescence. Abdominal petiole smooth; the base of
the post-petiole depressed in the middle; the segments banded with
yellow at the apex.
CRYPTUS HIMALAYENSIS, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, labrum, mandibles broadly at the base,
palpi, the orbits narrowly above, widely below, yellow; a broad
line on the base of the prothorax, a slightly narrower one on the
pronotum, the tegule, and the tubercles, lemon-yellow ; the apex
of the petiole rufous in the middle ; the 2nd segment to near the
apex, black suffused with rufous ; the apex and the other segments
ferruginous. The four front coxze and trochanters whitish-yellow ;
the hinder black ; the femora fulvous, the tibize and tarsi testaceous,
the middle tibie slightly darker, the tarsi paler ; the hinder femora
and tibie rufous, the under-side of the apical joint of the trochanters,
the apex of the hinder tibie and the base of the tarsi, blackish ; the
rest of the tarsi white. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma
blacks 2:
Length 11 ; terebra 4 mm.
The scape and the four or five middle joints of the flagellum
striated ; the apex is, at the sides, strongly transversely striated, the
centre coarsely punctured. Propleure, except at the base, closely
longitudinally striated, finely and closely above, much more strongly
below ; the meso- opaque, granular, the middle and apex obscurely
striated. The metapleure with a distinct oblique furrow below the
spiracles ; behind this they are finely longitudinally, in front more
strongly, obliquely striated.
CRYPTUS BIBULUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape of the antenne beneath, the face, clypeus, man-
dibles, palpi, the inner orbits narrowly, the outer, except at the top,
broadly whitish-yellow, the 3rd and following abdominal segments
obseure rufous. The four front coxee and trochanters white, the
femora, tibive and tarsi fulvous; the hinder coxee, trochanters, the
femora, except at the base, broadly above, the apical three-fourths
of the tibiae and the base of the metatarsus, black; the fulvous
colour on the hinder femora and tibie is darker than on the front
legs. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. ¢.
Length 9 mm.
Face minutely punctured, the clypeus with some scattered punc-
tures; the vertex roughly aciculated, the front smoother and not
much depressed. Mesonotum strongly, closely and uniformly punc-
tured ; its middle lobe raised distinctly at the base; the scutellum
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 107
with large, clearly separated punctures ; the post-scutellum more
strongly punctured. Median segment closely and finely punctured
behind the transverse keel; the rest coarsely rugosely punctured
and sparsely covered with long soft white hair; there is only one
transverse keel and in the middle, on either side, is an indistinct
tubercle. Propleure at the apex above closely, the middle widely
longitudinally striated ; the meso- and meta- closely and uniformly
punctured, and thickly covered with a white pile.
UMLIMA FLEXILIS, sp. nov.
Black, the clypeus, the base of the mandibles, palpi, the scutellar
keels, the sides of the 2nd abdominal segment on the apical half—
narrowly at the base, much more broadly at the apex—lemon-yellow.
The four front legs pallid fulvous, the apex of the fore tarsi and the
middle tarsi above, the cox, except at the apex, black ; the hinder
legs of a darker and deeper rufous colour, the cox, trochanters, the
apex of the femora narrowly, the base of the tibize somewhat more
broadly, the apical third of the tibi, the base of the metatarsus
broadly and the apical half of the 5th joint, black, the rest white.
Antenne banded with white beyond the middle, the flagellum
thickly covered with longish pubescence. Face closely, finely
rugosely punctured, the clypeus roundly convex, its apex rounded ;
both are thickly covered with long white hair. Labrum projecting,
transverse, its sides oblique. The inner orbits distinctly margined ;
the front and vertex smooth and shining. Mesonotum thickly
covered with short pale pubescence, closely, and in the middle,
strongly punctured ; the middle lobe is largely raised at the base,
where the furrow is transversely striated. The median segment
behind the transverse keel closely, finely and uniformly punctured ;
the middle between the two keels transversely striated ; the base
shagreened, not distinctly striated ; the apical slope is much more
strongly transversely striated ; the pronotum laterally is stoutly
striated. Pleurze punctured, the middle and apex of the pro- above
strongly striated; the middle of the meso- longitudinally striated.
Pleural furrow wide and deep and extending to the apex where it
is wider and deeper. Mesosternum closely punctured ; its furrow
wide and deep, Abdominal petiole smooth and shining, depressed
at the apex, tuberculate behind the stigma; the other segments are
more opaque and thickly covered with pale pubescence ; the gastro-
coeli very narrow, longish and shallow. ¢
Length10mm. 4.
FRIONA VARIPES, sp. nov.
Black, the face, clypeus, mandibles, except the teeth, palpi, the
inner orbits above and the outer below the middle of the eyes, a
108 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
yellow central line on the metanotum, an apical mark slightly
thicker than it, curved at the base and not reaching to the edges,
the apices of the abdominal segments narrowly and the ventral
surface, yellow. The four front legs pallid fulvous, their cox pallid
yellow ; the hinder coxe black, broadly white at the base above, the
trochanters black, the femora dark rufous, tibie yellow with a
fulvous tint, the extreme base and the apex more broadly black, the
tarsi pallid yellow, their base narrowly and the apex of the last
joint with the claws, black; the metatarsus is shorter than the 2nd
and 3rd joints united. Wings iridescent, hyaline, the stigma and
nervures black. ¢.
Length 14 mm.
Antenne longer than the body, thickly covered with short black
hair; beyond the middle is a broad white band. Face strongly
punctured, the clypeus smooth, roundly convex, its apex black,
oblique. Front bearing stout, irregular, slightly oblique keels and
with a stout one in the middle. Thorax sparsely covered with long
fuscous hair; smooth, except for a depressed, irregularly stoutly
reticulated space at the apex of the middle lobe. Seutellums smooth
and sparsely haired. The base of the metanotum smooth, the rest
of it with stout, transverse, clearly separated striw. Propleure
stoutly striated except at the base; the meso- similarly striated
except in the middle behind ; the meta- stoutly striated, the striz
at the base intermixed with deep punctures; the strie are mostly
curved. The central furrow on the mesosternum deep, crenulated.
Abdomen narrow, smooth and shining.
This is the largest of the known Indian species. It
may be known from /. frontella by the darker-coloured
legs, by the weaker more widely separated, strize on the
front and vertex, by the hair on the thorax being denser
and longer and by the metatarsus being shorter compared
with the 2nd joint. J cwrvicarinata may be known from
it by the curved keels on the front, by the smaller areolet
and by the yellow mark on the metanotum being widely
dilated at the apex.
FRIONA FRONTELLA, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, the inner orbits and
the outer above and below, the edge of the pronotum, tegule, scutel-
lums, a narrow line down the middle of the metanotum from the
transverse keel to the base of the oblique apex, which is surrounded
by a broader band of similar colour and the apices of all the abdo-
minal segments, the yellow on the penultimate extending broadly
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 109
to the base in the middle, yellow. The eight middle joints of the
antenne clear white, except on the top where they are marked with
black. Four front legs pale fulvous, the coxee and trochanters white,
the hinder of a deeper fulvous colour, their cox broadly black on
the sides and at the apex above, their base above white ; the apex
of the femora and the base of the tibize, the apex of the tibiae and
the base of the tarsi, black ; the rest of the tarsi, except the last
joint, white, and there is a testaceous band near the base. Wings
hyaline. 9.
Length 12; terebra 5 mm.
Face rather strongly punctured, the clypeus almost smooth ; in
the centre of the face is a narrow black line, continued to the base
of the clypeus as a brownish one ; there is a black line on the base
of the clypeus. Front and vertex strongly striated ; the central
keel straight, the others more oblique. Mesonotum shining, thickly
covered with long fuscous hair; the middle lobe clearly separated.
The metanotum at the base smooth ; it has a semicircular depression
in the centre; the rest of the segment is strongly transversely
striated ; the apex has a slightly oblique slope ; its centre is smooth,
the sides obliquely striated. Propleuree in the centre with large,
stout, curved striz, the top and bottom strongly aciculated; the
meso- except in the middle behind, strongly longitudinally striated ;
the meta- strongly obliquely striated, the strize becoming stronger
from the base to the apex. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the 2nd
and 8rd seginents strongly aciculated.
FRIONA CURVICARINATA, Sp. noy.
Black ; the face, elypeus, labrum, palpi, mandibles, a mark on
the vertex opposite the ocelli and the apices of all the abdominal
segments, yellow. The four front legs are yellowish, with a pale
fulvous tinge; the middle tarsi blackish, the hinder cox pale
yellow, broadly black at the apex, narrowly above on the outer-side,
the trochanters black, the femora dull fulvous, broadly black above,
the tibize black, the base to shortly beyond the middle, dull fulvous,
the tarsi white, the base of the metatarsus narrowly and the extreme
apex, black. Wings hyaline. Antenne filiform, longer than the
body, the scape below and a broad band shortly beyond the middle
of the flagellum, white. ¢.
Length 13 mm.
Face rugosely punctured, transversely striated in the centre,
thickly covered with short white hair, front and vertex smooth; in
front of the ocelli are three rows of irregular, curved keels, all bent
backwards in the middle ; on the sides of the front are two or three
110 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
short longitudinal keels. Mesonotum smooth, thickly covered with
long fuscous hair, distinctly trilobate ; scutellum sparsely covered
with longish fuscous hair; opposite the post-scutellum is a large
broad yellow mark. Median segment elongate, the base behind the
transverse keel smooth, the rest transversely striated, but not strongly
or closely, the yellow marks commence near the keel, the broad
part shortly behind the middle and extending right across the apex.
The middle of the propleure finely longitudinally striated ; the
meso- above similarly striated, the striz: extending to shortly beyond
the middle ; the apex on the lower-side is more closely and finely
striated ; the meta- more strongly, closely obliquely striated and
thickly covered with long white hair. Abdomen smooth, long and
narrow.
Comes near to F. frontella; may be known from by
the keels or strise on the front being curved or transverse,
not longitudinal, by the pleuree not being so strongly or
closely striated, and by the apex of the yellow line on the
metanotum being much more largely dilated.
HEMITELES GENICULATUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the metathorax rufous, yellow towards the apex, the inner
orbits, an irregular mark on the upper part of the face, touching the
yellow on the orbits, the palpi, middle of the mandibles, a line on
the pronotum narrowed in the middle, a slightly broader one on
the lower-side of the propleure, the tubercles, a large mark, narrowed
and rounded at the apex on the lower-side of the mesopleurz, yellow.
The four front legs testaceous, the cox and trochanters pale yellow,
the hinder legs rufous, their coxze broadly black on the outer and
inner-side ; the basal joint of the trochanters pale yellow, the apical
black ; the apex of the femora and of the tibiz and the base of the
metatarsus black ; the rest of the tarsi, white. Wings clear hyaline,
the stigma pale, the nervures dark testaceous. Abdomen black, a
band before the apex of the 1st, slightly more than the apical half
of the 2nd, a mark on the side of the 83rd, the apex of the 6th and
the whole of the apical segment, pale yellow. Scape of antenne
rufous, @.
Length 8 mm.
Face strongly, the clypeus less strongly punctured, except for
a smooth band behind the apex; the front shagreened, the vertex
closely, but not very strongly, punctured, Mandibles testaceous at
the base, the apex black. Mesonotum closely rugose, the furrows
transversely striated at the base. Scutellum punctured sparsely,
the sides at the base stoutly keeled, the keels reaching to the middle ;
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 111
the post-scutellum bifoveate at the base. Median segment closely
rugose ; the areola broader than long, rounded at the base and apex ;
the spines are small, triangular. The pro- closely, the mesopleure
more strongly punctured ; the meta- distinctly punctured, striated
towards the apex, the base smooth.
HEMITELES PULCHERRIMUS, Sp. nov.
Ferruginous, the head black, the face, clypeus and mandibles,
yellowish-testaceous ; the palpi pallid yellow. Legs coloured like
the thorax, the front and hinder tarsi more yellowish and paler in
tint. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma pale fulvous, the nervures
darker, Antenne black, the scape and the base of the flagellum
rufous, beyond the middle is a white band of 9-10 joints. 9.
Length 8; terebra 3 mm.
Sides of face infuscated, punctured, the clypeus sparsely covered
with long fuscous hair. Scutellum minutely punctured ; the post-
scutellum raised in the centre, the raised part bordered by stout
keels. The basal middle area of the metanotum is obliquely
narrowed towards the apex, which is about one half the width of
the base ; the areola is slightly longer than broad, its base rounded,
the apex transverse, the sides straight ; nearly all the are are clearly
defined ; the spiracular is divided into two by a stout keel immedi-
ately behind the spiracles. Pro- and mesopleurze shining, impunctate.
The sides of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments are black ; the
petiole is closely and strongly aciculated, its apex laterally strongly
and closely longitudinally striated, as is also the base of the 2nd
segment, the striation being strongest in the middle; the apical
dorsal segment is oblique and yellow at the apex ; the cerci large,
pilose.
HEMITELES ORNATITARSIS, Sp. nov.
Black, the metathorax red ; the inner orbits from the front ocellus
to the base of the clypeus, broader above, narrowed, almost inter-
rupted, opposite the antennw, the edge of the pronotum, tegule,
tubercles, a large mark obliquely truncated behind on the lower part
of the mesopleurz, and the scutellums, yellow ; the petiole rufous,
yellowish at the apex, the apex of the 2nd segment from shortly
behind the middle yellowish-white ; the 3rd white on the sides at
the apical half; the apical two segments white, as are also the 2nd
and third ventral segments. The four front cox and trochanters
white, the femora rufous, the tibiz and tarsi paler; the hinder
eoxee, apical joint of the trochanters, the basal two-thirds of the
femora and tibiz and the basal and apical joints of the tarsi, black ;
the calcari and the 2nd and 4th joints of the tarsi white. Wings
12 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
very iridescent, the stigma pallid yellow, the basal nervures black,
the apical pallid fuscous. 9.
Length 7; terebra 1 mm.
Antenne perceptibly thickened towards the apex; the scape
rufous below. Face closely punctured, more strongly in the middle ;
the clypeus at the apex with shallow, scattered punctures ; the front
and vertex closely and not so strongly punctured. Mandibles
yellowish-testaceous, the teeth black; the palpi pallid yellow.
Mesonotum closely punctured ; the scutellum almost smooth. Median
segment coarsely punctured, the middle transversely striated at the
sides; the basal central area slightly wider than long, obliquely
narrowed towards the apex, the areola semicircular, nearly as wide
as long, aciculated laterally ; the teeth blunt, stout; the posterior
median area of nearly equal width throughout, its base rounded.
The apex of the pro- and the mesopleurz closely and strongly punc-
tured, the meta- for the most part closely, obliquely and strongly
striated. Petiole smooth, the apex aciculated ; the gastrocoeli trans-
verse, shallow, pale testaceous, the segment behind them obliquely
striated.
The # wants the white and red marks on the meso-
pleuree ; the hinder femora are black at the apices, the
tibise are for the greater part black ; the hind coxz broadly
black at the apex; the white mark on the antenne is
smaller and their apical joints are dilated beneath.
MESOSTENUS RESPONDENS, Sp. nov.
Black ; the 6th to 15th joints of the antennz beneath, the face,
clypeus, except at the sides, labrum, base of mandibles, palpi and
the outer orbits—broadly on the lower-side—white ; a broad line
on the pronotum, a mark on the apex of the middle lobe of the
mesonotum, the scutellums, a broad line round the apex of the
mesonotum—narrowed above, the lateral part appearing triangular
through being gradually narrowed below,—the tubercles, a small
mark on the apex shortly above the middle, a large mark on the
lower-side, triangularly narrowed at the apex. A crescent-shaped
mark immediately under the hind-wings, an oblique, conical mark
on the metapleure and the apices of the abdominal segments
—the basal two broadly, the penultimate still more broadly, the
central narrowly,—yellow. Legs rufo-fulvous, the four front coxe
and trochanters pale yellow, the hinder pale fulvous above and
with a somewhat triangular black mark in the centre, the apex of
the hinder tibiz, the extreme base of the tarsi and their apical joint
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 113
black ; their middle joints have a yellowish tinge. Wings rather
short, hyaline. ?.
Length 13-14 mm, ; terebra 2 mm.
Face and clypeus covered with short silvery hair, the vertex rugose,
irregularly striated in the middle below the ocelli. Mesonotum
finely and closely transversely striated, the stria stronger towards
the apex. Scutellums impunctate. Median segment closely reticu-
lated, the reticulations becoming stronger and more widely separated
towards the apex; the spines rounded at the apex. Propleure
shining, shagreened, striated at the apex ; the meso- closely punc-
tured, reticulated at the base ; a smooth depression at the centre ;
the meta- above closely reticulated, the lower border crenulated, the
centre obliquely striated ; the base in the middle finely punctured.
Abdominal petiole shining, obscurely shagreened, the sides with a
double keel reaching to the stigmas; the middle segments shagreened.
MESOSTENUS BRAHMINUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the orbits all round, but much narrower near the top on
the outer-side and above the clypeus on the inner, the face, clypeus
at the base, labrum, base of mandibles, paipi, a broad line on the
middle of the pronotum, an oval mark on the apex of the middle
lobe of the mesonotum, the scutellum, the apex of the post-scutellum,
the apex of the metanotum all round, narrowest above, the lower
edge of the propleure, the tubercles, a small, somewhat oval mark
on the apex of the mesopleure above the middle, a large mark on
the lower-side—narrowed towards the apex and triangular at the
base—a short line on the mesopleurew, bordering the keel, a large
mark behind the spiracles and a smaller one, narrowed toward the
apex, on the centre of the metapleure, and the apices of the abdo-
minal segments, yellow. Legs rufo-fulvous, the four front coxe
and trochanters white, the hinder coxze broadly black at the base
beneath, at the sides and at the middle above; the base of the
hinder tibie, their apices more broadly, the base of the metatarsus
and the apical joint black ; the rest white. Wings hyaline. 9.
Length 12 mm. ; terebra 3 mm.
The 7th to 15th joints of the antenne white, black above. Face
and clypeus closely punctured and covered with short silvery hair.
Front smooth ; the vertex with a stout smooth keel in the centre,
the sides strongly marked with curved keels; the ocellar region
finely striated, the striw curved. Mesonotum closely punctured, the
furrows crenulated, especially towards the apex, the sides there finely
transversely striated. Scutellum smooth, almost impunctate. The
base of the median segment irregularly longitudinally striated ; in
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL) 8
114 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
the centre is an area bounded by two stout keels, wide at the base,
gradually, but not much, narrowed towards the apex; the basal
transverse keel stout ; the middle and apex of the segment strongly
reticulated, especially at the apex. The apex of the propleure
covered closely with curved keels, the apical half in the middle with
some stout, clearly separated oblique keels; the meso- stoutly ob-
liquely striated, the lower part with the striw closer; the meta- at
the base finely obliquely striated, the apex more stoutly and with
the strie running into reticulations. Abdominal petiole smooth,
almost impunctate ; the other segment opaque, closely punctured.
MESOSTENUS MISIPPUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the 7th to 14th joints and the scape of the antennz beneath ;
the orbits broadly all round, an irregular mark on the face above
the middle, the clypeus, except its oblique apex, labrum, palpi, and
mandibles, except at the apex, white ; a narrow line on the pronotum,
a diamond-shaped mark on the mesonotum at the apex, a small line
opposite the tegule, the scutellums, a line following the outline of
the upper-side of the apex of the metanotum to shortly below the
spines, the lower edge of the propleure, the tegule, a small and a
larger mark immediately below the hinder wings, a large line on the
lower-side of the mesopleure, irregularly curved upwards at the
apex, a large oblique mark slightly narrowed above, on the centre
of the metapleure, and all the abdominal segments at their apices,
yellow. Legs rufo-fulvous, the four front coxe and trochanters
yellow ; the hinder coxze black at the base above and more widely
at the apex below; the basal joint of the trochanters black above,
the hinder tarsi white, the base fulvous, the apical joint black.
Wings hyaline. 9.
Length 12 ; terebra 2 mm.
Face closely punctured and closely covered with short white
pubescence ; the vertex and front strongly and closely obliquely
striated ; the sides of the front depressed, the depression somewhat
triangular, finely and closely striated on the outer-side. Mesonotum
closely punctured, thickly covered with short white pubescence, the
base of the middle lobe obscurely transversely striated ; scutellums
smooth. Median segment behind the keel finely rugose, in front of
it, in the centre, irregularly reticulated, the rest closely rugosely
punctured ; the spines broad, rounded at the top. Propleure strongly
and closely striated except on the top and bottom; the meso- finely
rugose, below the tubercles finely striated ; the meta- finely rugose,
and obscurely obliquely striated. Abdominal petiole aciculated.
Agrees closely with MZ. respondens; it is more slender,
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, 115
the face is broadly black in the middle, the front is furrowed,
not keeled; there are no keels on the middle of the meta-
notum at the base, and the hinder tibize and tarsi are not
marked with black.
MESOSTENUS CLARINERVIS, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, mandibles at the base, the inner and
outer orbits, the white on the inner slightly dilated at the base, and
apex of the mandibles, white. A broad line on the basal half of
the pronotum, the base of the tegule, a mark, slightly broader than
long, on the apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, the scutellar
keels, the apical half of the scutellum, the yellow continued down the
base as a triangle, the post-scutellum and its keels, a somewhat conical
mark on the base of the metanotum, its apex transverse, the teeth,
a line on the lower-side of the propleurz, the tubercles, an oblique,
somewhat oval, mark on the base of the mesopleure, a smaller, more
irregular mark on the lower-side at the apex, a crescent-shaped,
large mark on the sides of the mesosternum, a mark, somewhat
conical on the lower-side, on the base of the metapleur at the top,
a larger oblique one in the middle, and a line on the apices of all
the abdominal segments, the basal three being the larger, yellow.
Legs ferruginous, the four anterior cox white, the tips of the tarsi
black. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma fuscous, the nervures
at the apex testaceous, Antenne black, the five middle joints white,
lined with black above ; the apex brownish. 9.
Length 13 ; terebra 5 mm.
Face rough, the clypeus obscurely punctured at the base ; on the
sides of the clypeus is an oblique, broad black mark, extending from
the base of the mandibles to shortly above the base of the clypeus ;
the apical half of mandibles black. Front and vertex depressed ;
the former shagreened, the latter with a distinct keel down the
centre, its sides obliquely striated ; the striz stout and irregular.
Mesonotum almost opaque, closely and strongly punctured; the
scutellum almost impunctate. Median segment coarsely reticulated,
most strongly on the apex, where, in the middle, the reticulations
are transverse and much wider than long; the base is deeply ©
depressed ; from the middle at the base runs an oblique furrow,
bordered on the basal side by a sharp, stout keel, the keel bordering
the apex of this furrow being smaller and less clearly defined; the
triangular space bounded by this furrow is less strongly and more
closely punctured than the rest of the segment ; the teeth are large,
stout. The upper part of the propleure at the base above with some
stout, semi-oblique striations ; the apex with slightly thinner oblique
striz, the lower part with stout, longitudinal keels, most of them
116 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
having a slight curve. Base of mesopleure coarsely longitudinally
striated ; the upper part, except at the apex, obliquely and longi-
tudinally striated. Upper part of metapleure closely reticulated,
the lower stoutly obliquely striated. Abdomen smooth and shining,
the 2nd and 3rd segments closely punctured.
The posterior coxe may have a yellow mark on the
base and apex. Characteristic are the three yellow marks
in a triangle, on the metanotum.
MESOSTENUS RETICULATUS, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, oral region, the inner orbits to the end of the
vertex, mandibles, except the teeth, palpi, two lines on the prothorax
next to the head, a line on the centre of the pronotum, tegule,
scutellum, the apex of post-scutellum, two large elongated marks on
the apex of the metanotum, including the spines, and the apices of
the abdominal segments, yellow. The 5th to 12th antennal joints
yellowish-white. Legs fulvous, the hinder cox below, apex of
hinder femora and tibiz, black. Wings hyaline, the stigma testa-
ceous, nervures fuscous. @.
Length 15-16 mm.
Front and vertex stoutly striated in the middle, the strice stout,
irregular, semi-oblique, in places forming irregular reticulations ;
smooth and shining. Face and base of clypeus coarsely punctured ;
the apex of the clypeus smooth, semi-circularly depressed. Middle
lobe of the mesonotum closely punctured in the centre, the sides,
especially towards the apex, coarsely striated, the centre with a
broad shallow, but distinct, longitudinal depression ; the outer lobes
on the base and inner-side stoutly irregularly striated—scutellums
smooth, sparsely haired. Median segment strongly reticulated,
except at the base, where, in the centre, there is a small smooth space
behind the transverse keel ; the reticulations on the base laterally
are much weaker than on the rest of the segment. The teeth are
large, stout. Propleure, except at the base, strongly irregularly
striated ; the base of the meso- above coarsely rugosely punctured
and with some irregular striz ; the base of the meta- rugose, coarsely
reticulated, the apex coarsely obliquely striated. The pleural furrow
at the base is narrow, deep and crenulated.
MESOSTENUS CALIGATUS, sp. nov.
Length 9; terebra2mm. ?.
Very similar to M. salutator, but smaller; there are no white
marks on the pleure, the median segment is not so strongly reticu-
lated, but its base is distinctly punctured, almost as strongly as its
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, 1 aly
apex, and the former is gradually, and slightly rounded from the
ocelli to the base of the antennz. Black, the inner orbits from the
base of the clypeus to near the end of the vertex, the outer more
broadly below—the yellow becoming dilated round the base of the
mandibles, the palpi, the top and bottom of the prothorax, tegula,
seutellums, the apex of the median segment, including the spines,
broadly at the sides, tubercles, a large crescent-shaped mark behind
the metathoracic spiracles, a large mark on the apex of the middle
lobe of the mesonotum ; the apex of the 1st abdominal segment, of
the 2nd broadly, the apical segments entirely and the basal two
segments beneath, yellow. Legs rufo-fulvous, the four front cox»
and trochanters white ; the apex of the hinder tibiz infuscated.
Face strongly and closely punctured, the upper part laterally
obscurely striated ; the clypeus more weakly and closely punctured ;
the front and vertex coarsely shagreened, the front slightly depressed
and keeled down the centre. Mandibles ferruginous before the
teeth. Mesonotum shagreened, shining, covered with a short black
pile. The keel on the metanotum is broadly and roundly curved
backwards in the middle ; the space behind it coarsely reticulated,
the sides at the base smooth and shining ; the keels on its centre
straight and slightly converging towards the apex ; the reticulations
on the yellow sides are golden. Propleur stoutly obliquely striated,
except at the base; near the base is a stout perpendicular keel.
Mesopleure punctured and irregularly striated ; the metapleurze
strongly, almost uniformly and slightly obliquely, striated. Wings
hyaline, the stigma fuscous, paler below, the nervures darker. First
abdominal segment smooth and shining, becoming gradually dilated
from the middle to the apex, the middle segments aciculated.
MESOSTENUS SALUTATOR, sp. nov.
Black, a broad line on the pronotum, tegule, a squarish mark on
the apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, the scutellar keels,
the scutellums, two broad marks on the sides of the apex of the
median segment, the base of propleurw, tubercles, an elongated
curved line on the mesopleurez, extending from below the tubercles
to the base of the middle cox, a long crescent-shaped mark—narrowed
on the inner end, more truncated below—behind the spiracles, a
line following the oblique keel on the metapleuree—broad at the
base, becoming narrowed towards the apex—and the apices of the
2nd to 5th and the abdominal segments entirely, yellow. Four
front legs fulvous, their coxe and trochanters pale yellow, the apex
of hinder tibiz, the base and apex of the hinder tarsi black ; the rest
of the tarsi white. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. @.
Length 11; terebra 2 mm.
118 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
Joints 6 and 7 of the antenne white, black above; the scape
brownish below. Face closely punctured, bare; the sides of the
raised central part, its apex and the sides of the clypeus black, the
black lines united together, the rest yellow. Mandibles black, the
basal half yellow, edged with black. Palpi yellow ; the apical joint
of maxillary fulvous. Front smooth and shining ; the vertex irregu-
larly closely, strongly and somewhat obliquely striated and slightly
depressed before the ocelli. Mesonotum closely and strongly acicu-
lated. Base of the metanotum closely, irregularly striated, most
strongly on the outer-side ; in the centre are two keels; the only
transverse keel is curved backwards in the centre ; the rest of the
segment is closely, irregularly reticulated ; at the apex, in the middle,
is a smooth space with three longitudinal keels. Propleure for the
most part strongly longitudinally striated; at the top is a stout
oblique keel. Mesopleure finely rugosely punctured at the base
and top, the punctures running into strie. The base of the meta-
pleure on the lower part depressed, stoutly crenulated, the lower
and apex strongly obliquely striated, the stria running into reticu-
lations at the base. Petiole smooth and shining; the sides to the
thickened apex with two sharp keels; the 2nd to penultimate
segments closely, but not strongly, punctured.
MESOSTENUS VERSATILIS, sp. nov.
Leneth 15; terebra 4 mm.
Agrees closely in coloration and form with M. reticulatus and
in having the median segment reticulated ; but may be known by
the shorter hinder coxze, which are also devoid of black, by the
blackish hinder trochanters and by the longer and thinner spines
on the metathorax.
Antennze stout, broadly annulated with yellow in the middle.
Black : the face, clypeus, base of mandibles, palpi, the inner eye orbits,
an elongated line on the base of the pronotum, gradually narrowed
towards the apex, tegule, tubercles, scutellar keels, scutellum, a
crescent-shaped mark behind the posterior wings, the sides of the
obliquely sloped apex of the median segment, its spines, about the
apical fourth of the basal three abdominal segments, the middle
more narrowly and the apical entirely, yellow. Legs rufous, the
extreme apex of the hinder cox, more or less of the hinder tro-
chanters, the apex of the hinder femora, the base of the hinder tibie
more narrowly and their apex more broadly, black. Wings hyaline,
the nervures testaceous, the stigma black. 9°.
Sides of the front stoutly obliquely striated, the middle depressed.
Mesonotum thickly covered with short hair; the sides of the middle
lobe at the base and the outer-sides of the furrows striated. Scutellum
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, 119
smooth, sparsely covered with short fuscous hair. Median segment
shagreened behind the transverse keel; the base depressed and
having some stout longitudinal keels, the centre smooth and bounded
by curved keels ; the rest of the segment irregularly reticulated,
more widely at the base, than in the middle or apex. There are
three stout keels on the base of the propleure, the top, especially at
the apex, marked with irregularly curved keels, the middle with
stout, distinctly separated ones ; the lower part closely and strongly
aciculated, Mesopleure coarsely aciculated, the apex above smoother
and more shining, the lower part stoutly striated. Metapleure
closely, irregularly reticulated.
MESOSTENUS MACULICEPS, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape of the antenne beneath, the apex of the 6th and
the 7th to 10th joints white beneath ; the palpi, apex of labrum,
clypeus, a large wedge-shaped mark on the face below the antenne,
a line on the pronotum, narrowed in the middle, the apex of the
middle lobe of the mesonotum, scutellums, the scutellar keels, two
large marks on the obliquely sloped apex of the median segment,
its spines, the base of the propleura, tubercles, the apex of the Ist
abdominal segment, of the 2nd and 3rd and the apical two entirely,
yellow. Legs rufous, the four front coxe and trochanters yellow,
the tarsi spinose, the hinder white, black at base and apex. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. 9.
Length 10 mm.
Face closely punctured and covered with short, white pubescence,
the clypeus smooth, the front and vertex closely punctured. Meso-
notum opaque, alutaceous, the furrows distinct, the scutellum smooth,
Median segment finely rugose ; behind the basal keel striated ; the
apex in the middle irregularly transversely striated. Except at the
base the propleur are stoutly, obliquely striated ; the meso- opaque,
shagreened, obscurely striated ; the apex of the meta- obliquely
striated. The mesopleural furrow distinct, curved, striated. Meso-
sternum shining, aciculated, the central furrow widened at the apex.
PHYGADEUON LATIANNULATUM, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape beneath and joints 10-16 of the antenne clear
white ; the clypeus, mandibles, except at the apex, and palpi
yellowish-white, the base of the pronotum and tegule, yellow, the
apical fourth of the 1st, the apical half of the 2nd, and a mark in
the centre of the 3rd abdominal segment, rufous. Legs: the four
anterior pale rufous, the coxe and trochanters pale yellow, reddish
above, the femora rufous, their extreme apex black, the tibizw fuscous-
120 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species
black, dark rufous at the base, the hinder tarsi white, black at
base and apex. Wings hyaline, the stigma fuscous. ¢.
Length 7 mm.
Face closely punctured, thickly covered with white hair, the front
and vertex shining, distinctly, but not closely, punctured and thickly
covered with short, fuscous hair. Mesonotum punctured in the
centre and thickly covered with short fuscous hair. Scutellum
almost impunctate. Median segment obscurely punctured, thickly
covered with long white hair; its basal are are indistinct; the
basal three clearly defined, the central rounded above. Pro- and
mesopleure shining, obscurely punctured, the lower part of the
former obscurely striated in the middle. Mesosternum smooth,
thickly covered with white pubescence.
Comes near to P. labiale but is larger, the antennex are longer and
more slender; otherwise may easily be separated by P. labiale
having the clypeus and the four front cox black, by the metatarsus
being entirely black and by the narrower white band on the antenne.
PHYGADEUON STRIATIFRONS, sp. nov.
Black ; the labrum and middle of mandibles dull testaceous, the
palpi, tegule, tubercles, the basal third and a mark in the centre of
the Ist abdominal segment, almost the apical half of the 2nd and
the apical two segments, clear white. Legs pale testaceous; the
cox# and trochanters white, the hinder cox black, more or less
testaceous on the under-side, the femora and tibiae dark brownish,
the femora black above, the hinder tarsi white, the basal two-thirds
of the Ist and the last joint blackish ; the joints spinose at the apex ;
the penultimate with a bunch of long stiff hairs. Wings hyaline,
the stigma pale testaceous. The scape and the 8th to 13th joints
of the antennz beneath, white, 9.
Length 9 ; terebra 2 mm.
Face opaque, roundly bulging out in the middle ; the vertex and
upper part of the front furrowed down the middle and stoutly
transversely striated, the sides strongly aciculated, the lower part
of the front smooth ; the clypeus sparsely punctured above. Meso-
notum finely punctured ; the furrows only indicated at the base.
Median segment longish, its apex oblique; the basal area longer
than broad, gradually narrowed to less than half the width of the
base at the apex; the areola elongate, obliquely narrowed at the
base and apex ; all the arez distinct ; the outer of nearly equal width
throughout ; the spines are stout, triangular. Propleurx finely and
closely punctured, the middle striated; the meso- and metapleure
closely punctured, as is also the mesosternum. Wings hyaline, the
of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills. 121
stigma pale, the nervures black at the base, fuscous towards the
apex ; the transverse median nervure interstitial; the areolet is
longer than wide. Petiole longer than the 2nd abdominal segment,
smooth and shining.
PHYGADEUON LABIALE, sp. nov.
Black ; the labrum, base of mandibles and palpi white, the four
front trochanters white ; the femora and tibiwe fulvous, the tarsi
paler ; the coxa, basal joint of hinder trochanters, apex of hinder
tibiee all round and of femora above and the basal and apical joints
of the tarsi, black ; the middle of tarsi and the spurs white ; the
apex of the Ist abdominal segment, the 2nd except the sides above,
and two marks on the apex and the 3rd, except on the sides and
apex, reddish ; the apical segments are bordered with white. The
seape of antenne in the middle beneath and joints 12-14 white,
Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures fuscous. ¢.
Length 6-7 mm.
Face opaque, closely punctured and thickly covered with short
white hair ; the front and vertex strongly punctured, the punctures
larger and more widely separated than they are on the face, Thorax
thickly covered with white hair, which is longer on the pleure and
median segment; the mesonotum shining, uniformly punctured,
the punctures large and distinctly separated ; the scutellum more
shining and with the punctures smaller, sparser and covered with
long and white hair ; post-scutellum smooth and shining; the depres-
sion at the side wide, deep and marked with three stout keels, The
base of the metanotum has a deep depression ; at the base are two
curved keels, which do not reach to the extreme base ; the space
enclosed by them is shining and finely punctured ; the space before
them is irregularly punctured ; the apex has an oblique slope and
is coarsely shagreened, the top of the oblique slope is bordered by
a stout keel which bulges backwards into a triangle ; there are three
distinct are on the apex ; the areola is rounded at the base, its
sides straight, oblique and slightly converging towards the apex ;
the posterior median area is rounded at the base, the sides converge
slightly towards the apex ; it is coarsely, irregularly transversely
rugose ; the laterai aree are strongly obliquely striated. Propleure
and mesopleure strongly punctured, the former striated behind ;
the latter smooth in the middle. Metapleure closely punctured,
more strongly above than below; its median keel is not very
distinct and is interrupted in the middle.
PHYGADEUON PALLIDINERVIS, sp. nov.
Black ; the apex of the 1st, and the 2nd and 8rd abdominal seg-
122 Mr. P. Cameron on New Species, ete.
ments ferruginous, the apical two segments white, the legs rufous,
the apex of the hinder tibie and the tarsi black ; the wings hyaline,
the stigma pale yellow. 9.
Length 5 ; terebra 1 mm.
Antenne stout, black, the 8th and 13th joints clear white, except
above, the 2nd and the apices of the 3rd and 4th joints testaceous.
Front and vertex closely and strongly punctured and covered with
white pubescence. Mandibular teeth rufo-testaceous; the palpi
white. Thorax thickly covered with white hair ; mesonotum strongly
punctured ; the scutellum very shining and obscurely punctured.
Metanotum at the base in the centre smooth, bearing two, not very
distinet, keels which curve round to the right and left ; the middle
region is rough, obscurely punctured ; the apex above is bordered
by a stout keel which curves backwards in the middle and is, at the
top, obliquely striated ; the rest is roughly punctured; the apex
has an oblique slope and is thickly covered with long white hair.
Pleurx for the most part strongly and closely punctured.
The base of the post-petiole is strongly longitudinally striated,
the striz strongest on the sides; the 2nd and 3rd ventral segments
are testaceous. The punctures on the propleure run into striations
at the apex.
Ces3?')
VII. A New Species of Bembex from the Khasia Hills, Bembex
Khasiana, sp. nov. By PETER CAMERON, communi-
cated by GEORGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY, F.E.S.
[Read February 8rd, 1904.]
Lacteous-yellow ; two large oblique marks on the clypeus above,
the occiput, except near the eyes, vertex, the front, except above, and
two large lines on the upper half, roundly converging on the inner-
side above, a line, narrow above, broadly dilated below, on the
frontal keel, the prothorax, except for an irregular mark on the apex
of the pronotum, broader at the base than at the apex, a line on the
apex of the scutellum, a shorter, narrower one on the post-scutellum,
two oblique marks, roundly dilated upwards on the inner-side and
with a sharp projection on the lower, inner-side on the base of the
metanotum, an irregular mark on the sides on the top of the apical
slope, the pleurz, except for an irregular line on the base of the
meso- above, the sutures, an irregular broad line on the upper half
of the metapleurz above, two large marks on the centre of the meso-
sternum and a mark on the sides at the apex, black. First abdominal
segment black, with a yellow mark, narrowed gradually on the
inner-side and extending on to the ventral surface ; the 2nd segment
is black on the extreme base ; its apex is more broadly black, the
band dilated backwards in the middle and having there two broad,
large projecting marks united to it; the base of the 3rd segment
black, with two broad marks near the centre, its apex more broadly
black and dilated backwards in the middle, the projection being
gradually narrowed ; the 4th and 5th segments are similarly marked ;
the apical entirely black. Ventral surface black, except on the
sides, slightly, of the basal three segments. Legs pallid yellow; the
coxie for the greater part and the femora broadly black above. Tarsi
stout ; the anterior with the joints broad; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th
narrow at the base, broadly dilated at the apex; the spines long,
stout, rufous; the metatarsus is not much narrowed at the base,
with the anterior and not at all with the posterior. Calcaria narrow,
sharply pointed, reaching close to the middle of the metatarsus; the
2nd, 3rd and 4th joints become successively shorter and narrower
on the anterior.
Length 20 mm.
The ¢ I do not know. Comes near, in Bingham’s system, to
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL)
124 Mr. P. Cameron on a New Species of Bembez, ete.
B. fossoria. The scape of the antenne is pale yellow below and
may be so at the base above. The hair on the head is long and
fuscous ; on the thorax darker and shorter. Mandibles pale yellow
to the basal tooth.
Hab, Kuasia Hints, Coll. Rothney.
VIII. Notes on the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides,
a Mantis of the Tribe Empusides and a Floral
Simulator. By Captain CHARLES E. WILLIAMS, M.A.,
M.B., Indian Medical Service. Communicated by
Dr. Davip SHaAprp, M.A., F.R.S.
[Read February 3rd, 1904. ]
THis Mantis, of which a living immature specimen is
exhibited, is found in many parts of Central and Eastern
India, in Bengal and the Central Provinces and Madras,
in Ceylon, and in Lower Burma.
The appearance and habits of the immature insect were
described by Dr. J. Anderson to the Asiatic Society of
Bengal in 1877 (vide Proc. Asiatic Society of Bengal,
1877, p. 193). His description, which is rather meagre, is
quoted at length in the “Cambridge Natural History ”
(Insects), vol. v, pp. 254-257. So far as I am aware, no
full account of its Life History and habits has been
published hitherto.
The following account is compiled from my own notes
made during a period of nearly two years, during which I
kept numbers of these insects under observation, and
watched their development from the egg to the adult
form.
Owing to their retiring habits and protective form and
coloration, they are extremely difficult to find when
searched for. Although I have reason to know that they
are not uncommon near Rangoon, no European of my
acquaintance had ever seen this species in Burma. How-
ever, both De Saussure and Brunner von Wattenwyl
mention Pegu (i.¢. Lower Burma) as its habitat.
The chief distinctive external characters of the insect
consist in the peculiar modifications of the prothorax, and
in the leaf-like expansions of the lateral margins of the
dorsal abdominal plates, and those of the distal extremities
of the femora of the two hind pairs of limbs, together with
the elongated bifid cephalic crest.
These special characteristics are found to be more or less
developed in other members of the tribe Empusides, but
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL)
126 Captain C. E. Williams’ Notes on
in no other species has the modification of the tribal type
taken precisely the same lines as in Gongylus.
The prothorax is elongated into a narrow stalk, leading
to a somewhat diamond-shaped or disc-like expansion at
the insertion of the front pair of limbs (raptorial limbs).
This disc is coloured on its ventral aspect a brilliant azure-
blue, the angles and margins of which may be more or less
tipped with a warm purple hue. In the centre of this disc
is a deeply pigmented black spot triangular in shape.
Closely correlated with this colouring and formation is the
attitude adopted by the insect. When at rest and feeding
it hangs head downward, the ventral surface of the thorax
and prothorax being turned skywards and the dorsal
surface towards the ground. The azure-coloured disc is
thus turned towards the brightest part of the sky, or
preferably towards the blazing sun all through the hours
of daylight, and this part of the insect assumes the appear-
ance of a blue flower, by which other insects, the prey of
the Mantis, are attracted to it; this deceptive effect is
enhanced by the stalk-like elongation of the prothorax, by
the black central spot, which it has been suggested mimics
the opening of the tube of a corolla, and by the gently
swaying movements of the insect from side to side, as if it
were a blossom agitated by the breeze. The dorsal aspect
of the prothorax, and the dorsal surface of the insect
generally, and all other parts of the ventral surface, except
the prothoracice disc, are varied in colour, and marked by
bands of black pigment on a ground of light or dark
brown, and here and there by green markings, and this
more sober colouring is adapted to conceal the Mantis both
from its prey and from its possible enemies.
The female, on passing to the winged stage, develops a
relatively small pair of wings and of teemina. The former
are too small for flight, and the teomina, which do not
reach so far as the “posterior end of the abdomen, are
greatly modified to resemble dead and shrivelled leaves.
The female is therefore to all intents and purposes
wingless.
The adult male on the other hand is more slenderly
built, and has large wings adapted for powerful flight.
The wings and tegmina both reach some distance behind
the posterior end of the abdomen, and they are handsomely
ornamented by oblique black lines, not unlike the marking
on the tegmina of some species of Harpagides. The adult
the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides. 127
male has long bi-pectinate antenne, gracefully curved ;
while the antennz of the female are short, hair-like, curved
outwards, with fine rounded hooks at the free end, and
never reaching beyond the tip of the cephalic crest. The
prothoracic disc is in the male narrower and more diamond-
shaped than in the female, which is altogether a more
heavily-built insect in association with its sedentary habits.
The male adopts the same habits as the female for catching
its prey.
These insects are found hanging from creepers and the
foliage of trees and shrubs in country lying high and well
drained; also the female adult was found on hay-grass
about eighteen inches high. I met with two groups of
half-grown nymphs on creepers in my own garden. There
was a difference of colour in the two groups, the one was of
a light warm brown ground colour, while the other was of
a sooty hue. The markings of both varieties appear to be
similar, and the same male interbred with both varieties of
females. Their colours were inherited by the offspring.
The specimen shown is of the darker variety.
Food.
When feeding the insect invariably holds the fore part
of the prothorax towards the brightest light available at
an angle with the body of between thirty and forty degrees ;
insects are frequently captured and are generally devoured
entirely, with the exception of the wings and some of the
legs. The favourite food of the adult insect and of the
larger nymphs consists of small lepidoptera; chiefly of a
Skipper closely allied to, if not identical with, the British
Dingy Skipper. This butterfly abounds on the creepers
and flowering shrubs frequented by Gongylus during the
period when the Mantis is preparing for its last ecdysis, viz.
towards the end of the rainy season in September and
October, and on till the end of December. Much larger
butterflies also, including Papillios, are captured by the
adult insect. The nymph is of a retiring nature, and hides
all but its prothoracic disc and stalk behind the foliage,
while the adult insect displays its whole body and limbs at
the end of a twig or spray, or on a spike of flowers. It
maintains this inverted position exposed to the full sunlight
without any serious risk from its enemies, being evidently
protected by its peculiar colouring and form. I have
noticed large nymphs of Gongylus living for days and
128 Captain C. E. Williams’ Notes on
weeks on sprays frequented by lizards of all sizes and
remaining unhurt. The large Calotes lizards are dangerous
enemies, and when the leaves fall from the bushes during
the hot dry weather of February and March the Mantis
frequently becomes the victim of this lizard, which climbs
the stem of the bush from below and comes upon the
Mantis from behind. It will be noticed that the protective
coloration and markings of the dorsal surface of the Mantis,
which is turned downwards, are very elaborate, as if to
conceal it against a possible foe advancing from that
direction, whence indeed the lizard usually comes. In
seizing the Mantis Calotes usually bites through the
prothoracic stalk ; the fore part of the insect bearing the
disc and the spiny raptorial limbs and head, falls to the
ground, while the more fleshy thorax and abdomen are
ingested. The tough exoskeleton of these parts is easily
digested by the gastric juice of the lizard.
It may be added that the Mantis does not necessarily
frequent native plants, or those having blue blossoms; it
may be found alike on exotic or on indigenous plants, and
on floral spikes bearing blossoms of any other colour. It
appears to be just as attractive to insects in these situations
as if it were on blossoms of its own colour.
When irritated or alarmed by the close approach of
some threatening object, or of an enemy, this Mantis adopts
a very curious defensive attitude. The raptorial limbs,
which are usually held folded together in front of the
prothoracic disc, are now widely separated until they lie in
the plane of the disc, the inner aspect of the coxe being
directed forwards; the femora and tibia remain folded upon
them as before. It is now seen that the internal aspect of
the coxze is coloured a brilliant purple, dotted over with
circular white or pale blue spots, and the femora have a
warm red-brown coloration on this aspect. The effect
produced by this coloration and by the blue prothoracic
disc showing between the separated coxe, is that of some
curiously-shaped and brilliantly-coloured orchid. If the
irritating object, e.g. the finger or point of a stick, approach
too near, the Mantis strikes furiously at it with its fore
limbs repeatedly and with lightning-like rapidity. This
hostile attitude is shown by both immature and adult
insects, and is first exhibited by the nymph when the
coloration of the prothoracic disc and anterior cox is
matured, ze. about the end of the third month of pupal
the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides. 129
life. The attitude is plainly associated with the peculiar
coloration. I have no doubt that even a large lizard
would be deterred from seizing the Mantis, if confronted
by it in this manner. I have seen it adopt this attitude
only when some large beetle, butterfly, or hymenopteron
investigated the floral expansion; but on these occasions it
did not strike out at the intruder, but contented itself with
an exhibition of the warning or hostile colour-effect. I
never saw wasps or bees captured by this Mantis, but small
beetles and hymenoptera are frequently seized.
When adopting the hostile attitude described, the Mantis
sways the whole body rhythmically to and fro, If in the
adult stage, the tegmina are raised slightly and spread out-
wards and ventral-wards, until their outer edges, which are
serrated, come into contact with the femora of the hinder
limbs ; the lateral movements of the body then give rise to
friction between the tegmina and femora, and a hissing
sound is thus produced ; the wings are slightly spread over
the abdomen, which is distended. In the nymph, which
has the abdomen curved over the thorax, so that its dorsal
surface looks ventral-wards, in the same direction as the
prothoracic disc, a still more astonishing phenomenon is
exhibited in association with the hostile attitude of the
fore limbs. The abdomen is greatly distended, and both
widened and elongated; upon the larger segments broad
bands of a bright purple colour, and on the narrow hinder
segments a large black eye spot, are developed. This
remarkable effect is produced by the elongation of the
abdomen bringing into view portions of the segments,
including the delicate inter-segmental membranes, which
are usually hidden from view. These are naturally
coloured purple or black according to their serial position.
It is possible that under excitement this purple coloration
of the deeper-lying tissues may be actually increased in
some way, but this is doubtful. The insect when dropped
to the ground will often feign death for a short time, lying
on its back with its limbs contracted above the thorax as
after real death.
I will now trace the life history of the insect beginning
from the attainment of the winged stage. The nymph
effects its last ecdysis in the middle of October, and the
winged males appear among the females a fortnight’ or .
three weeks later. Within twenty-four hours of fertiliza-
tion the female commences to form its first egg-case.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 9
130 Captain C. E. Willams’ Notes on
Mid-day is chosen for this work. The insect retires from
its usually exposed position to within the shelter of the
foliage, and constructs the egg-case on a branch of the
bush near the stem, or on the stem itself. If on a branch,
it is always placed on the under-side, and constructed from
the stem outwards towards the periphery of the bush. If
situated on the stem it is formed from below upwards. The
insect, having taken up her position, proceeds to pour out
secretions from the accessory genital glands, with which
she builds up the ootheca. These secretions appear to be
of two kinds; the one is a thick viscid semi-transparent
fluid which very rapidly hardens to the consistency of horn ;
the framework and nearly the whole bulk of the structure
is formed of this material, and the eggs are extruded and
placed in rows, with their long axis vertical to the branch
on which the ootheca is built. The second secretion is
thinner in consistency, and as it pours out is beaten up
into a white foam or lather-like mass, by the very rapid
rotation of two small spatulate organs which are protruded
at the sides of the genital orifice. This lather-like substance
envelops the egg at the moment of extrusion, so that the
manner 1n which it is placed in a position at right angles
to that it occupies during its exit from the oviduct cannot
be made out. As the eggs are placed in position the lather
is constantly being swept aside by the end of the abdomen
until it occupies a position on the outside of the ootheca,
which it entirely clothes throughout to a depth of $ of an
inch. Its function appears to be, in the first place, to
protect the egg from parasitic insects until it is firmly
placed in its matrix, and secondly, as an outer covering to
the ootheca, to shield its contents from the direct rays of
the sun and from the desiccating effects of the hot air.
The lather is full of air-bubbles, and at first is sticky,
adhering to the fingers like bird-lime, gradually changing
to a firm spongy consistency. It is quite tasteless and free
from odour. It no doubt protects the ootheca from the
depredation of possible foes. I have frequently noticed a
small parasitic hymenopteron sitting upon the exterior of
the egg-cases, but have never hatched out any from them.
A small black ant, however, circumvents the measures
taken by the Mantis for the safe protection of its eggs by
boring into the egg-case between it and the bough to
which it is attached, and robbing it of its eggs and their
contents. The ootheca is roughly square in section. The
the Lite History of Gongylus gongyloides. 131
egos are arranged in a single layer, four abreast, and are
usually about forty in number. The viscid secretion which
forms the matrix of the case hardens with remarkable
rapidity, so that even a few seconds after the egg is laid it
is not possible to dislodge it with the point of a knife. It
may be that the lather-like secretion has the function of
protecting this fluid from the hardening effects of the
atmosphere while the egg is being placed in position.
It may further be noticed that the female uses her cerci
which are attached to the last ventral segment, in the
manner of a pair of callipers to shape her egg-case and to
arrange the lather-like substance in regular parallel rows
along its exterior, corresponding in position to some degree,
with the rows of eggs within.
The ootheca is finished off at either end with a sort of
rostrum formed by a vertical plane of matrix substance
projecting in the middle line of the structure. That formed
at the commencement of the construction is short and
rounded, while that formed at the end of the process is
drawn out into a sharp point, as the insect moves away.
These rostra are covered with the lather, in the same way
as the rest of the ootheca. Hach female makes about five
of these egg-cases during four or five weeks; a single
union with the male appears to suffice for the fertilization
of the whole series of eggs laid in the season. The act of
forming the egg-case occupies about an hour. The in-
cubation period occupies from forty-four to forty-eight days.
The young nymphs in one ootheca hatch out almost
simultaneously. The embryos are developed in the egg
with their heads pointing towards the free surface of the
ootheca, on the side opposite to its attachment to the
branch. In some way the embryo softens the end of the
cell in which it lies, and this falls outwards as a small disc
hanging by a silken thread, and setting the nymph free.
At the moment of hatching the nymphs come pouring out
of their cells, and hang each by a silken thread suspended
in the air; this silken thread is not attached to the cerci,
which have not, I think, the function of spinnerets as
figured for another species by Brongniart. The thread
appears to be a single one of twisted strands, and to be
attached at one end to the silk lining of the egg-case, and
at the other to a very delicate silk membrane which enfolds
the body of the nymph. The nymphs, clad in this
membrane, have a distinctly maggot-like appearance.
132 Captain C. E. Williams’ Notes on
They soon free themselves from this covering, which
remains hanging from the ootheca, and enter upon an
independent existence within a quarter of an hour of
hatching. At birth they are a tallowy-white colour with
the exception of the limbs and prothorax, which are a
pinkish-brown colour. This white colour is changed for a
brown hue very shortly, about twenty minutes after hatch-
ing. The nymphs having freed themselves of their invest-
ing membrane at once proceed to climb upwards until
they reach the extremity of the branch, where they take
up their position for the rest of their pupal existence on
the under-side of a leaf or twig. They resemble the full-
erown nymph in shape from the moment of hatching, and
adopt the inverted position at once. At first they have a
hairy appearance, but a lens shows this to be caused by
the keel-like expansions and edges and angles of the dorsal
and ventral plates, which are relatively exaggerated in the
minute nymph.
The nymphs undergo eleven or twelve ecdyses between
the date of hatching and the change to the imago stage.
The period between ecdyses is, in the early stages, from
eighteen to twenty days—and in the later months this
period appears to be prolonged to twenty-eight or thirty
days. I believe that the nymph effects its escape from the
egg-case by the expansion and peristaltic writhings of its
abdomen, and not by any hair-like projections of its cerci
and limbs as is stated by Trimen in the case of another
species. The limbs indeed are twisted up together like a
bundle of string, and they and the exoskeleton are quite
soft, and could not be used to assist the escape from the
egg-case; moreover the nymph is enclosed in a silken
shroud, clad in which it emerges from the egg.
The act of ecdysis deserves a short description. The
night or early morning is usually chosen for this function,
for until it is complete, and perhaps for half-an-hour after,
the soft succulent body of the nymph is liable to be seized
by one of its comrades, who practise cannibalism for the
first few months of free existence, and devour each other
readily if a favourable opportunity occurs, or by other foes,
spiders, wasps, etc. Before commencing the change the
nymph retires to a dark nook behind dense foliage and
attaches itself to its support by the terminal claws of all
its six legs, which are bunched together, the antennz are
also brought into line with the limbs, and the abdomen is
the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides, 13s
straightened and curved ventral-wards till it lies beside
the limbs; the skin then splits along the dorsal side, and
the prothorax emerges as a loop, the head flexed upon the
ventral side of the thorax is drawn out followed by the
antennz, and the pairs of legs in serial order; lastly, after
the lmbs have regained a hold on their support, the
terminal extremity of the abdomen is freed. At this stage
the insect is quite white, and has a bloated appearance
owing to the great size of its abdomen, which is twice that
which it will assume later, when curved dorsal-wards ;
even the eyes are covered by a white film, and only the
narrower joints of the legs and the prothorax are coloured
a pinkish-brown ; after a few minutes the return to the
ordinary shape and coloration is effected. The above
process is repeated at each moult, and is substantially that
which the newly-hatched nymph undergoes when freeing
itself from the enveloping egg-membrane. ‘The distention
of the abdomen throughout the act, possibly with air,
seems to play a very important part in freeing the insect
from its discarded skin.
Colour Changes.
At birth the prothoracic dise is relatively small and
inconspicuous. It is a greyish-white colour on its ventral
aspect, and the central black spot is absent. The azure
colour is only fully developed at the seventh moult, five
months after hatching, and the purple coloration of the
internal aspect of the coxze, and the purple and _ black
bands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen become well
defined about the same period. These colours are however
faintly indicated earlier than this, after the second moult.
The ground colour of the young nymphs is for the first
moult or two a greyish-brown, after this the nymphs are
very variously coloured, either light grey, brown, black,
pink, or light or dark red. The whole body of the nymph
assumes one general colour, the markings observed in the
later stages being faintly indicated.
Mr. Shelford, in “ Notes on Bornean Mantises,’ con-
tributed to the “ Zoologist,” 1908, states that the young of
Hymenopus bicornis have the power of adopting the
colour of their surroundings at the time of moulting; thus
they take the colour of a blossom on which they may be
sitting. I did not carry out any experiments in this
direction with the young of Gongylus, but it is very
134 Captain C. E. Williams’ (Votes on
probable that, as they have the power of producing such a
variety of colours, they may also possess that of assimilat-
ing their coloration to that of their environment. I hope
to be able to test this faculty on a future occasion.
After the fifth month the nymphs remain a light or dark
brown, and appear to have lost the power of varying their
ground colour. The development of the black spot in the
centre of the prothoracic disc is a phenomenon of special
interest. As already stated, this is absent at birth. At
the first ecdysis, which takes place eighteen days after
hatching, it may be noticed that a portion of the pigment
around the posterior angle of the disc, on its ventral aspect,
becomes separated from the lateral portions, which later
disappear. The middle portion, really formed of two dots
one on each side of the middle line, is advanced centri-
petally at each succeeding moult, until at about the sixth
moult it reaches the centre of the disc. It retains
permanently its angular shape as an indication of its origin.
The attractive influence exercised by this intensely black
spot for the insects which form the prey of Gongylus is
enhanced by the total disappearance of all other black
pigment from the disc. An interesting comparison may
be made in this connection between Gongylus and the
large African Mantis, Zdolwin diabolicwm, which is closely
related in form and habits to it. In the latter insect
the dark pigment at the posterior margin of the disc
is retained throughcut life, but there is no central black
spot, and this species does not use its prothoracic expansion
for the purpose of floral simulation, but has it coloured to
resemble the foliage amidst which it conceals itself.
The nymphs at the time of hatching measure from ;°; to 44
inch in length, and increase by about one-quarter of their
length at each moult. The adult female measures four inches
from tip of cephalic crest to the posterior extremity of the
abdomen. The young nymphs feed mainly on mosquitoes ;
they will only take live victims on the wing, and will not
touch dead mosquitoes or those seated motionless in their
midst. At all stages the Mantis is fond of water, and in
captivity will die if this is not sprinkled over it frequently.
After the second moult house-flies are eaten, and a month
or so later bluebottle flies are captured. When walking
and climbing Gongylus uses the tarsi of its fore limbs as
well as of the two hinder pairs. If the tarsi of the fore
limbs are damaged it assists itself by the large tibial claw,
the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides. 135
but the main functions of this claw are for the seizure of
prey and for defence. The loss of a limb of either of the
hinder pairs is repaired at the next moult, but the newly-
developed limb is smaller and weaker than the original.
The more complex raptorial limbs are not reproduced,
although the tibial claw and the tarsus may be. Often a
joint or so of the tarsus is missing in the newly-formed
limb, but the terminal pair of tarsal claws is always
present.
The Development of Sexual Characteristics.
!}
Immediately after the nymph is hatched one notices no
distinction between the two sexes. They can be dis-
tinguished at this stage by microscopical examination of
the terminal ventral plate, the posterior margin of which
is deeply notched in the middle line in the female, but
straight and uninterrupted in the male. This character
persists throughout life.
At the third ecdysis the antennze in the male are
considerably longer than in the female, but in both sexes
they remain hair-like, and are curved into a rounded hook
at the free end, as in the adult female.
At the ninth moult the male antennze become greatly
thickened for the basal three-quarters of their length, while
the remaining quarter is straight and finely tapering. The
bi-pectinate form is not assumed until the imago stage.
At the fifth moult the female is obviously larger than the
male, and this relative size is maintained for the rest of
life. About the same time the prothoracic disc of the male
assumes its characteristic shape, beimg smaller, narrower,
and more perfectly diamond-shaped than in the female.
Comparison of the habits and mimetic characteristics 0)
Gongylus with those of Idolum diabolicum.
This large African species is most closely related to
Gongylus in its habits and conformation. For a description
of the insect the reader is referred to the article by Dr. D.
Sharp in Vol. X. of the Proceedings of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society, where a coloured sketch of the
ventral aspect of the insect is given; this shows that the
floral simulation is effected by the petaloid colouring of
the inner aspect of the greatly expanded coxe of the first
pair of legs, which is a brilliant purple; and the coxe are
136 Captain C. E. Williams’ Notes on
widely separated, the limbs being extended in front of the
head, while the insect maintains a more or less inverted
position of the body, with the ventral surface turned
towards the light.
The females possess well-developed wings, and have
the power of flight. The large prothoracic expansion is
coloured a faint green, and has no central black spot; it
plays no part in the floral mimicry. Here we see the
petaloid colouring, which is confined to the prothoracic
dise in Gongylus, appearing in another situation, viz. on
the coxe, in J/dolwm, and that in Gongylus the purple
colouring of the cox is utilized for quite a ditferent
purpose, to produce a hostile or warning effect. We may
remark that Gongylus when adopting a hostile attitude
not infrequently opens out the several joints of its fore
limbs, though not so widely or so far in front of the head
as does Jdolwm—and it is worth recalling that Mr. Shelford
of the Sarawak Museum, in the paper before referred to,
states that many Bornean Mantises so extend their
raptorial limbs before seizing their prey. He calls this
attitude that they adopt a “warning” attitude. The
hostile attitude already described in Gongylus is probably
deserving of this name, since it evidently seeks by such
action to drive off an unwelcome visitor, but the term is
not perhaps so well applied to an act in other species
which precedes an attempt to seize the prey.
Floral simulation by Mantises appears to have proceeded
along two distinct lines. In the majority of species,
including some species of the tribe Empusides, the mimicry
depends upon the coloration and conformation of the
wings and tegmina and of the dorsal aspect of the body,
correlated with special attitudes adopted to display these
peculiar markings to advantage. Such coloration and
modification of form may also be developed in connection
with a warning or hostile attitude. A large, winged
Mantis, species unknown, found in the Shan States, which
has large eye-spots and brilliant colours on its wings,
spreads out and displays these when adopting a hostile
attitude, perhaps also as a means of attracting its prey,
though this has not yet been observed.
The second line of floral simulation is that taken by
Gongylus and Idolum, in which species the ventral aspect
is modified in form and colour, chiefly with a view to
attraction of prey, while the dorsal surface and wings are
the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides. 137
free of conspicuous colouts and markings. In all these
insects one is struck by the recurrence of the peculiar
purple pigment for the production of petaloid colouring in
various parts of the body. Dr. Sharp, in the article on
Idolum already referred to, has some useful remarks on
the distribution of this pigment in Mantises. In other
Orthoptera a purple or crimson coloration of the wings
and other parts of the body is not uncommon, and a
similar pigment occurs in other Orders of insects, e.g.
Hemiptera.
The azure blue pigment of the prothoracic disc in
Gongylus is probably related to the purple pigment found
in other parts of the body, for it tends to change slowly to
purple, especially around the margins. One of my Mantises
when dying exuded a bead of purplish fluid from its mouth.
I had hoped to find in a study of the life history of
Gongylus some indication which would throw light upon
the peculiar inverted position which it adopts, and for
which it is specially modified. No suggestions have how-
ever been derived from my investigations. At its exit
from the ego the nymph has already the form of the
mature insect, and the special coloration is produced as
soon as the insect is large enough for it to be of any value
in its economy. Many other species may be found occupy-
ing temporarily an inverted position when lying in wait
for prey, but with the exception of Gongylus and Idolum 1
know of none which is specially modified to this end.
Fuller information is required as to the habits of many
other species than is at present obtainable. The specimens
of dried Mantises available for study in our museums give
but little indication of the teresting and varied phenomena
which the insects exhibit during life.
Saami sh 7
rte ne
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ae i ,)
i ee aie
@riso)
IX. New Species of LHastern, Australian and African
Heterocera in the National Collection. By COLONEL
CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., ete.
[Read March 2nd, 1904.]
Family AGARISTID&.
ROTHIA MARL#, nov.
. Black, palpi with white spots, thorax below and legs with
some ochreous hairs ; fore-wings with a discal, oblique, white stripe
from the costa a little beyond the middle to the hinder angle,
touching neither costa nor angle; hind-wings with a white inner
patch occupying the basal half of the costa, narrowing gradually
hindwards and ending narrowly rounded, towards the outer margin
one-third from the anal angle.
Expanse of wings 2;'5 inches.
Kampala, Uganda, March 1900 (ZZ. B. Rattray).
Family NOCTUIDA.
CARADRINA ALBISTIGMA, nov.
3,¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings fawn-colour, frons pale ochreous,
top of head and collar in the female pale ochreous, fore-wings with
the costal line brown, a brown band on the hinder margin, three
sinuous, erect, thin brown transverse lines, sub-basal, ante- and post-
medial, a brown longitudinal streak (in the female more or less
macular) cut in two by the large, almost square reniform white
stigma which reaches up to the costa; hind-wings and abdomen pale
black, anal tuft of male ochreous,
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
2 g, Sandakan (W. B. Pryer). 1 9, Matang, 1800’,
May 1902 (£. Shelford).
AGROPHILA LABUANA, nov.
¢. Antenne, palpi and legs ochreous, head, body and wings
sordid white, head, front of thorax and anal tuft of abdomen slightly
suffused with ochreous, head and thorax with some black dots, fore-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL)
140 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
wings with the costa narrowly and the outer margin broadly grey,
two black dots at one-third from base, near costa and near hinder
margin, a brown upright band across the centre, narrow in its middle,
widened on costa and on hinder margin; an outwardly curved pale
brown discal line, composed of pale brownish minute marks,
containing a blackish dot below the costa and two towards hinder
margin, the outer marginal grey portion includes two brownish
bands, marginal and submarginal, cilia with grey tips; hind-wings
without markings, but slightly tinged with grey on the outer
portions.
Expanse of wings >; inch.
Labuan, Borneo.
Somewhat resembling Tarache erecta, Moore, from India.
EUBLEMMA VESTINA, nov.
@. White, upper-side of palpi and the antennae chestnut-brown,
fore-wings with a few blackish-brown markings, two indistinct
marks near the base below the costa, three short bands from the
costa to the median vein, ante-medial, medial and post-medial, at
even distances apart and rather close together, the medial band
ending in a brown ringlet, representing the reniform, the orbicular
a mere dot, all the bands having more or less indistinct traces
of completion on the hinder margin, a little blackish suffusion on
the costa before the apex and on the outer margin below the apex
and a marginal row of blackish dots ; hind-wings with a brown spot
in the middle of the abdominal margin, a very indistinct greyish
line close to the inner margin and a marginal grey line ; under-side
pure white with apices of the fore-wings suffused with pale black.
Expanse of wings ,°, inch.
Labuan, Borneo.
Resembling in shape Z. cretacea, Hmpsn., from Ceylon.
CAREA ANNA, nov.
@. Palpi white, brown above, antenne, head, thorax and fore-
wings pale chestnut-red, the tips of the hairs of the thoracal crest
dark brown ; fore-wings striated with grey, some brown dots near
the base and one at the end of the cell, a grey round patch in the
centre of the wing and two waved greyish transverse facie ante-
and post-medial, abdomen and hind-wings paler and with a
pinkish tinge, but without markings ; under-side white ; legs with
Heterocera in the National Collection. 14]
brown stripes and brown tarsi, wings with a pink tinge, fore-wings
with a costal row of white spots ; hind-wings striated with brown.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
1 ¢, Kuching, Borneo, May 1899 (2. Shelford).
CAREA MATHILDA, nov.
dg. Palpi and head chestnut tinged with ochreous, last joint of
palpi brown ; thorax and fore-wings chocolate-brown, a brown dot
at the end of the cell, and two nearly straight, thick, oblique brown
lines, the first from the costal third to hinder margin beyond the
middle, the other from the costa beyond the middle, to the hinder
margin élose to the angle, cilia and hinder marginal line brown ;
abdomen and hind-wings blackish-brown, without markings, cilia
pale pinkish, as is also the anal tuft, the sides of the abdomen and
the whole body and wings beneath, fore-wings with some brown
suffusion in the interior part, cilia brown.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
1 g, Matang, Borneo, 1800’, May 1902 (2. Shelford).
PLATYJA RUFISCRIPTA, nov.
2. Dark chocolate-brown, tinted with chestnut-brown and
suffused and marked in parts with pale red-brown and ochreous ;
palpi pale, tinged with ochreous, fore-wings with the middle and
lower central space pale, tinged with ochreous, containing a brown
dot in the cell, and a most curiously curved sinuous line, dentate in
parts, commencing on the hinder margin beyond the middle, curved
round outwardly above the middle, almost down to the hinder
angle, then up alongside the straight submarginal brown line
(which crosses both wings) and then bent in on to the costa one-
fourth from apex, there is an antemedial oblique thin line, which
limits the darker portion of the wing; on the hind-wings there is a
pale ochreous tinged space on the margin outside the submarginal
straight line ; the under-side is purplish-brown, uniformly tinged
with chocolate and is without markings except for a thin crenulated
pale line which crosses the middle of both wings.
Expanse of wings 2;’5 inches.
1 2, Paku, Sarawak, April 1899 (R. Shelford). 1 @,
Singapore (H. NV. Ridley). 1 2, Singapore (Aoore coll.).
The last-mentioned has much less ochreous on it than
the others.
142 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
GRAMMODES PULCHERRIMA.
Grammodes pulcherrima, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.
(2) vii, p. 258 (1892).
Grammodes clementi, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) viii,
p. 133 (1901).
Raebourne, Brisbane.
Mr, A. J. Turner of Brisbane, to whom I sent some of
my Australian species, informs me that the above two
are identical.
Genus VESTURA, nov.
Frons flat, proboscis present, palpi upturned, thickening upwards,
ending in three bushy tufts of hairs to each palpus, hiding third
joint which is thick, well clothed and twice as long as the second ;
the second is also hairy with short bunches of hair; antenne
ciliated and slightly distorted with a peculiar curve at one-third
from base ; wings shaped much as in Episparis, venation much the
same,
VESTURA ADEBA, nov.
¢. Dark chocolate-brown, frons pale, palpi with some ochreous
hairs, fore-wings with a white dot forming the orbicular, a large
somewhat square-shaped reniform stigma ; basal, sub-basal and medial,
outwardly curved and sinuous ochreous lines, the last ending in a
white spot on the costa of fore-wings, a discal (almost submarginal)
distorted similar line, the inner edgings of which are broadly black,
marginal lunules black, marginal line ochreous, a small white dot in
the cell; under-side pale chocolate colour, a black antemedial fascia,
a central ochreous line as above and some dark black markings on
the dise of the hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 1,°; inches.
2 ¢, Singapore (Lid/ley) (type). 5 gf, Sandakan, Borneo
(W. B. Pryer). 1 2, Kuching, Borneo, December 1901
(L. Shelford).
PSEUDAGLOSSA SHELFORDI, nov.
¢. Brown with a pink tinge, frons with large brown hairs, thorax
with a large tuft of brown hairs in front, abdomen with a crest on
each segment except the last two and with a large anal tuft ; fore-
wings with a band of ten black spots near the base, a broad central
blackish band, a narrow pinkish band running through the reniform
Heterocera in the National Collection. 143
and including it, some black dots in the reniform, a black angular
patch on the costa before the apex, a pale patch beneath, touching
the hinder margin and two similar, but much smaller patches near
the outer margin, the whole outer space between the patches is
pinkish, the outer margin being suffused with brown ; hind-wings
with the basal third black, then a medial pinkish band and the
remainder of the wing blackish-brown, central space pale.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inches.
3 g, Kuching, Borneo, June 1900 (2. Shelford). 2 2,
Pulo Laut (Doherty).
BocANA MADIDA, nov.
¢. Brown; fore-wings with a brown sub-basal spot, a brown
oblique band before the middle, a white dot at the end of the cell, a
sub-marginal line of pale lunules with black outer edging ; hind-
Wings with an inner brown band which includes a white dot at the
end of the cell, medial and discal sinuous and more or less dentate
bands with black inner edgings; marginal line to both wings
lunular and black, cilia dull ochreous.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
1 Z, Kuching, October 1900 (R. Shelford).
It is not a typical Bocana, the antenne have a kink in
the middle, from which proceeds a tuft of pale hairs, the
palpi is disjointed in the middle, the upper half consisting
of a thick club bent acutely backwards and has a comb
of thick hair on its upper-side, but I cannot diagnose
this genus properly with only a single example to work on.
RHASENA APICALIS, nov.
¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings dark grey, palpi white at the
tips, head and sides of the thorax marked with white, a black dot at
the end of the cell, some brown suffusion at the base of the wing,
a black straight band from the costa a little beyond the middle to
the hinder angle, the space beyond blackish-brown, a sinuous pale
line with black inner edging runs from near the middle of the black
band to the costa near the apex, the marginal space beyond this is
grey, the marginal line black and contains a black patch in the
middle; abdomen and hind-wings blackish-brown without markings.
Expanse of wings 35 inch.
1 f, Paku, Borneo, April 1899 (A. Shelford).
144 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
Family LYMANTRIIDZ.
Genus STRACENA, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1893, p. 388.
STRACENA FUSCIVENA.
Stracena fuscivena, Swioh., lL. c.
1 ¢, Ashanti. 4 9, Sapele, River Niger, including the
type. 1 2, Old Calabar.
The male has the thorax and fore-wings darker than the female
and more purplish-grey, the hind-wings are white as in the female,
the veins in both wings prominent and better clothed than in the
female, the wings below are white, the fore-wings with grey apical
patch and some grey suffusion, narrowly on the outer margin, the
abdomen has three rings at the anal end above.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
EUPROCTIS LYCLENE, nov.
@. Pure white, frons with some grey hairs, legs striped with
grey, fore-wings with a black spot at the end of the cell, followed
by a black line, elbowed outwardly in its middle, extending from
costa near apex to the hinder margin a little beyond the middle,
where it ends in a small black spot, and is followed by an outwardly
oblique, very short black line ; no other markings ; under-side pure
white without any markings.
Expanse of wings 4% inch.
Kuching, Borneo, May 1900 (2. Shelford).
DASYCHIRA HIEROGLYPHICA, nov.
@. Head ochreous-grey, body and wings dark brown, fore-wings
with a brown mark above the hinder margin near the base, a large
dull green space in the middle of the wing, marked with white and
limited by a black line with white edgings, running down in dentated
form from the costa one-fifth from apex to the hinder margin a little
beyond the middle, then curved and runs upwards, sinuous but
without teeth to near the costa, then bends inwards and on to the
costa a fifth from the base, there are some brown marks in this
patch, and a whitish space on the inner-side of it ; an indistinct,
submarginal sinuous line, black marginal lunules marked outwardly
with whitish-ochreous, and a line of that colour at the base of the
blackish-brown cilia, also three or four black streaks inwardly from
the margin; hind-wings without marks, but with a whitish-ochreous
Heterocera in the National Collection. 145
line at the base of the cilia: under-side greyish-ochreous, with
discal bands on the wings, cell-spots, and two or three discal
spots.
Expanse of wings 1,%, inches.
1 2, Ashanti, Obuassi (Bergman).
Of the shape of D. goodi, Holland, but the abdomen has
no crests.
DASYCHIRA LIBELLA, nov.
6. Pectus ochreous, palpi with ochreous and brown hairs,
antennz brown, head and collar white with some brown hairs,
thorax and fore-wings greyish-white with brownish-grey irroration,
packed in parts forming a thin antemedial band and a broad medial
fascia, with a thick blackish line in it near its inner limit, and a
similar outer line, more or less sinuous and curved outwards above
the middle and then straight to the costa at one-fourth from the
apex, the curved portion toothed, a similar paler grey line just
outside it, and indications of a sub-marginal similar line ; hind-wings
white, unmarked, abdomen grey ; under-side whitish, wings nearly
pure white without markings, except for a pale grey linear mark at
the end of the cell.
Expanse of wings 1;‘5 inches.
1 gf, Ashanti, Obuassi (Berginan).
Abdomen with crests.
DASYCHIRA BERGMANNII, nov.
¢. Palpi black above, ochreous beneath, antennz brown, a white
spot on each side below the base of the shafts, head, thorax and fore-
wings dull olive-green, fore-wings with a somewhat ear-shaped
brownish stigma at the end of the cell, the wing sparsely irrorated
with brown atoms, and with apparently eight very indistinct
transverse fascize some of which, more especially on the outer portions
of the wings, include indistinct dentated white and brown transverse
lines, marginal line blackish-brown, cilia dull ochreous, with a grey
medial line and blackish-brown patches at the tips; hind-wings
pale dull ochreous-brown, abdomen of same colour with blackish-
brown tufts ; under-side pale greyish-ochreous, without markings
except for a lunular grey mark at the end of the fore-wings and
brown patches on the cilia.
Expanse of wings 2,3; inches.
1 7, Ashanti, Obuassi (Bergman).
Allied to D. gnava, Swinh., and D. vires, Druce.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 10
146 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
DASYCHIRA ILA, nov.
¢. Antenne ochreous, shafts brown, top of head white, thorax
and fore-wings grey, covered with very minute darker grey
irrorations, and crossed by six sinuous bands of thin lunules formed
by brown irrorations, two apparently near the base, antemedial, medial
(ending in acell lunule and spot), discal (curving outwards) and sub-
marginal, the last composed mostly of blurred spots, some of them
duplicate ; cilia also with duplicate spots ; hind-wings and abdomen
white ; under-side pure white, without markings,
Expanse of wings 1,4; inches.
2 f, Ashanti, Obuassi (Bergman).
Abdomen with crests.
Genus HETERONYGMIA, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 414 (1898).
HETERONYGMIA MANICATA.
Lymantria manicata, Auriv., Ent. Tidsk., xiii, p. 193, 9
(1892).
5: He Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1903, p.
489,
Heteronygmia rhodapicata, Holland, l.c., p. 416, pl. 10,
f, 15.
1 gf, Ogave River (Holland). 1 $,1 9, Ashanti. 1 9,
Sapele, River Niger. 2 2, Old Calabar.
The receipt of both sexes from the same locality induced
a careful examination of their structural characters, leaving
no doubt of the identity of the species.
Genus Lomaponta, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 417 (1893).
LOMADONTA OBSCURA, nov.
¢. Brown with a slight ochreous tinge, palpi with some ochreous
hairs ; fore-wings with the costa dark brown, a patch on the costa
near the apex a little darker than the ground-colour, a transverse
medial brown band or fascia stopping short of the costa and the
inner portion of the wing rather darker than the outer, an indistinct
discal transverse sinuous pale line, a similar sub-marginal line with
some small blackish lunular marks on it, marginal line dark brown ;
hind-wings paler than the fore-wingsand without markings ; under-
side whitish with a discal brown line across both wings; ? much
paler than the male, uniform in coloration, with the male marks
faintly traceable.
Expanse of wings ¢ 15%, 2 14 inches,
Heterocera in the National Collection. 147
¢, Ashanti, Obuassi (Lergman). 9, W. Africa (Sawnders’
coll.).
Differs from the only two other known species of this
genus, erythrina, Holland, and johnstoni, Swinh., in
having a small excavation on the outer margin imme-
diately below the apex in both sexes.
LOMADONTA SATURATA, nov.
¢d. Head, thorax and fore-wings dark chocolate-brown, fore-wings
with a dark brown sinuous line from costa beyond the middle to
hinder margin beyond the middle, then it immediately curves round
and runs up again to the costa near the apex, abdomen and hind-
wings brown without any markings, thorax white, legs brown, wings
uniform in colour, paler than above, costa of fore-wings and the
whole of the hind-wings tinged with crimson, the latter with a
black spot at the end of the cell, a discal and a sub-marginal sinuous
line.
. Paler, more chocolate above, more crimson below, markings
similar.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,%, @ 14%; inches.
a, 2, River Niger, Sapele (Sampson).
Family AGANAIDA.
Subfamily DEIZLEMERINA.
DEILEMERA RATTRAYI, nov.
3, 2. Palpi bright ochreous below, with some brown marks,
dark brown above and on the third joints, antenne black, frons
ochreous, head black, thorax brown, ochreous spots in front, two
white stripes down each side, abdomen white with blackish
segmental dorsal and lateral spots, tip ochreous, wings semi-hyaline,
fore-wings pale reddish-brown the interior portion very thinly
clothed and consequently much paler than the rest of the wing ;
hind-wings white, with a narrow red-brown outer marginal border
thickened at the apex, cilia of both wings with dark brown marks ;
in some examples the band on the hind-wings is merely macular
except at the apex.
Expanse of wings 134; inches.
Kampala, Uganda, February 1903 (H. B. Rattray).
Male with normal hind-legs ; belongs to my Section IT,
D, Trans, Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 55,
148 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
Genus XYLECATA, nov.
Palpi rather long, first and second joints more than twice as long
as the third, upturned, third joint depressed, antennz of the male
pectinated to the tips, of medium length, of the female nearly
simple, with minute serrations, hind tibiz with two pairs of short
spurs of even length, tarsi short ; fore-wings with vein 2 from a
little beyond middle of cell, 3 from before end, 4 and 5 from the
lower end, 5 much bent, 6 from upper end, 9 from 8 near apex, 8
and 10 from a long areole, 11 from a little before upper end of cell,
12 free ; hind-wings with veins 2, 3, 4 and 5 as in fore-wings, the
origin of 5 being a little above that of 4; 6 and 7 stalked.
XYLECATA DRUNA, nov.
3, 2. Palpi yellow, last joint black, antenne black with a white
line along the shaft, frons white with a black spot ; a white spot at
the base of each antenna, collar ochreous, head white with a black
spot, thorax white with two black spots in front and black stripes,
abdomen white with black segmental bands and ochreous tip ; wings
white with broad marginal black borders, the costa of fore-wings
narrowly black, the outer border occupies fully one-third, the white
portion curving rather irregularly into the border, hind-wings with
a narrower and fairly uniform border; some grey shades and
streaks at the base of both wings and along the hinder margin of
fore-wings.
Expanse of wings 1,7, inches.
2 $, 2 9, Gaboon (Crowley Bequest).
XYLECATA SIMPLEX.
Nyctemera simplex, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., i, p.
330 (1869).
1 2, Congo (type).
Genus GEODENA, Walker, vii, 1691 (1856).
GEODENA QUADRIGUTTA.
Geodena quadrigutia, Walker, vii, 1691 2.
Geodena marginalis, Walker, vii, 1691 ¢.
Cypra bimaculata, Walker, xxxii, 399 (1865).
1 g, 2 9, Sierra Leone (Walker's types). 1 2,1 2, River
Niger, between Akasa and Asaba (Lugard),
Heterocera in the National Collection. 149
GEODENA SEMIHYALINA, nov.
¢@. Antenne black, shafts ochreous, palpi, frons, head, body and
legs ochreous, wings white, very thinly clothed, a large brown spot
at the end of each cell; on the under-side there is some ochreous
suffusion on the costa of fore-wings and near the base of both wings.
Expanse of wings 13 inches.
Sierra Leone (Crowley Bequest).
Wings broader than in the type species of the genus.
9
GEODENA BANDAJOMA, nov.
2. Antennx black, palpi black above, ochreous beneath, frons,
head and thorax ochreous, abdomen whitish, wings white, veins
grey and rather prominent, fore-wings with a pale black costal band,
and more than the outer third of the wing pale black, almost grey,
the excavation of the white into the black is toothed at its upper
part and rather more angled than usual in the middle, there is some
grey suffusion at the base and along the hinder margin ; hind-wings
with a narrow marginal band of very pale black, attenuated at the
middle.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
1 9, Bandajoma, Sierra Leone (Arnold).
GEODENA ACCRA, nov.
. Antenne and palpi black, frons and top of head white, collar
bright orange-ochreous, followed by a black band, body white, wings
white, fore-wings with a thin black band on the costa, the outer half
of the wing deep black, the white portion curving into it evenly, the
black being produced inwardly on the hinder margin to a point ;
hind-wing with a large deep black apical patch with a black line
running down for a short distance on the outer margin.
Expanse of wings 14 inches,
1 2, Accra (Crowley Bequest). 1 9, Old Calabar.
GEODENA FUNESTA.
Hylemera funesta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 304 (1899).
1 f, Kampala, Uganda, April 1900 (Z. B. Rattray).
The type from Port Alice is in coll. Rothschild.
Hylemera ansorgei, Warr., and discinota, Warr., p. 303,
belong to the same genus; they are however not in
the B. M.
150 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
GEODENA SUFFUSA, nov.
¢. Antenne black, shafts brown, palpi above and the last joint
black, palpi below, frons, head and thorax ochreous, abdomen grey
tinged with ochreous, wings greyish-white tinged with ochreous, the
fore-wings less ochreous than the hind-wings and tinged with pale
purplish, a large black spot at the end of the cell of fore-wings and a
smaller spot at the end of the cell on hind-wings ; outer border of
hind-wings with indications of a pale greyish band ; under-side
more ochreous, the hind-wings much suffused with that colour.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
River Niger, Sapele (Sampson).
Wings shaped as in G@. quadriguttata.
GEODENA INFERMA, nov.
¢. Antenne black, palpi black above, ochreous beneath, frons
ochreous with a large black spot nearly filling it up, top of head and
thorax ochreous (much denuded), abdomen whitish with black
segmental bands, wings white, fore-wings with the costal line and
the outer half of the wings black, the white recurved into the black
rather deeply and a white sub-costal elongate spot towards the apex ;
hind-wings with an apical black band which is continued in the
form of two or three small spots on the lower half of the outer
margin.
Expanse of wings 1} inches.
1 f, Ambriz, Portuguese West Africa (J/ontero),
GEODENA PARTITA, nov.
¢. Antenne, palpi above and head black, palpi below, collar and
thorax in front orange-ochreous, rest of thorax and abdomen white,
wings white, fore-wings with more than half the outer portion
black, the limit of the white part almost evenly rounded outwards ;
the black running along the costa towards the base; hind-wings
with a black spot at the end of the cell, and with a black marginal
band gradually attenuated hindwards; under-side, body ochreous,
legs mostly black but with some ochreous marks.
Expanse of wings 1;‘5 inches.
Ashanti, Obuassi, 150 miles inland (Bergman).
GEODENA SURRENDRA, nov.
2. Antenne, palpi and frons black, head ochreous, collar black,
thorax and abdomen ochreous suffused with pale black, wings white
Heterocera in the National Collection. 151
with a good deal of blackish suffusion especially on the basal and
hinder marginal portions of the fore-wings ; these have the costal
band rather broader than usual and almost two-thirds of the wing
pale black ; the white portion regularly curved into the black but
very limited in its space, there is also a long oblique white patch
towards the apex ; hind-wings with a narrow pale black marginal
band, the white curving into it in its centre and making it very
narrow.
Expanse of wings 13 inches.
1 2, Gold Coast, Aburi, August 1901 (W. H. Johnson).
GEODENA NOTATA.
Girpa notata, Holland, Ent. News, Philad., 1893, p. 60, pl.
Blah
1 J, Ogave River (Holland).
GEODENA ABSIMILIS.
Geodena absimilrs, Holland, Ent. News, Philad., 1893, p.
GL, plz’, f, 5:
1 f, Ogave River (Holland).
Subfamily CALLIMORPHIN 2.
CALLIMORPHA COCCINEA, nov.
dg. Head and body above and below bright scarlet-crimson, four
black spots in a row behind the collar, and black spots on the
abdomen, dorsal and lateral, palpi with the last joint black ;
antenne black ; fore-wings dark purplish-grey, crimson at the base,
two very large dull ochreous spots one touching the costa beyond
the middle, the other just below it, touching the hinder margin, its
lower half crimson ; hind-wings whitish tinged with crimson, the
abdominal margin broadly crimson, the outer margin with a broad
band coloured like the fore-wings, all the veins pale on the dark
portions of both wings; under-side, legs grey, abdomen with a middle
row of black spots ; wings as above but paler, an elongated grey spot
inside the end of the cell of hind-wings and a smaller similar spot
outside it and a small dot on the internal vein.
Expanse of wings 2.2, inches.
1 ¢, Kuching, Sarawak, February 1903 (2. Shelford).
152 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
Family EUPTEROTID.
EUPTEROTE JARESIA, nov.
4. Antenne ochreous-brown, shafts white, palpi and frons
reddish-ochreous, body and wings pale ochreous-grey, many pale
reddish-brown crenulated bands across both wings ; across the disc
is a duplicate thin brownish band, and between this and the outer
margin there is a dentate thick line of the same colour, which is
accompanied on the fore-wings by two or three large brownish
spots ; under-side same as above, but slightly paler, legs with brown
spots on the joints and at the ends of the tarsi.
Expanse of wings 23 inches.
Salayer Isl., Celebes.
The above is the measurement of the type specimen; I
have in my own collection four examples of this form from
the same locality, some more yellow in colour and varying
in size, the smallest measuring only 2,3 inches.
Family NOTODONTID.
SOMERA OXOIA, nov.
d. With the ground-colour of the antenne, head, thorax and
fore-wings pale ochreous fawn-colour, palpi brown above and at the
sides, thorax with a brown band in front, fore-wings marked in
many places along the costa and at the base and centre with dark
brown spots, the orbicular represented by a very large almost square
white stigma, the outer margin suffused with brown, and with two
bands of whitish lunular marks, abdomen and hind-wings dull red,
without markings, under-side dull red at the sides and legs, the
latter with whitish knees and whitish rings on tarsi ; fore-wings dull
red, hind-wings whitish, no markings.
Expanse of wings 2,!, inches.
1 Z, Kuching, Borneo, July 1897 (2. Shelford).
Family LASIOCAMPID/.
ARGUDA ERECTILINEA, nov.
¢. Of a bright ochreous-red colour; abdomen whitish at the
sides; fore-wings with a white spot at the end of the cell, an
indistinct thin grey ante-medial transverse line and an erect duplex
straight post-medial line with a white centre, the outer space pale
and tinged with grey, hind-wings whitish towards the base, dark red-
brown in the dise, pale grey at the outer margin ; under-side with
Heterocera in the National Collection. 1538
the whole space on the fore-wings up to the post-medial line
whitish, the outer portion and the hind-wings suffused with purplish-
pink, abdominal margin pale.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
1 4, Singapore (H. N. Ridley) (type). 1 ¢, Sarawak (Lh.
Shelford).
Family LIMACODIDA.
CONTHEYLA LOLA, nov.
¢. Head, body and the basal half of fore-wings chestnut-brown,
this colour on the wings limited by a pale oblique band of pale spots
with grey centres and this band is followed on the outer margin by
a pale grey band; hind-wings chestnut-brown ; a pale ochreous
marginal line to both wings and ochreous cilia, interlined with grey ;
under-side body and legs chestnut-brown, wings much paler than
they are above, tinged with grey and without markings.
Expanse of wings 7%; inch.
Kuching, Borneo, September 1900 (2. Shelford).
CoNTHEYLA BRUNNEA, nov.
¢. Dark olive-brown, palpi whitish at the tips, fore-wings
densely irrorated with black atoms except on the costal and outer
border where the wings are paler and slightly ochreous, hind-wings
blackish, outer marginal border pale and ochreous; under-side
paler, the fore-wings have all the borders ochreous, the centre portion
black in the form of a long triangle ; hind-wings pale brown, outer
border broadly ochreous ; no markings above or below.
Expanse of wing 7%; inch.
Sarawak.
THOSEA PERALBIDA, nov.
Q. Pure white, palpi with some black hairs at the base, fore-legs
with grey stripes, thorax with a broad grey longitudinal stripe in
the middle, abdomen with a blackish diffused middle stripe below,
and one on each side and around the under-side of the ochreous anal
tuft, fore-wings with a broad grey band at the base, leaving a small
white space on the hinder margin close to the base, some slight grey
suffusion along the costa and some grey speckles on the costal
margin, a small grey patch below the costa near the apex.
Expanse of wings 1 inch,
Poona.
Unlike any other species of the genus known to me.
154 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
BIRTHAMA BASIBRUNNEA, Nov.
¢. Antenne pale chestnut-colour, palpi, head, body and nearly
the basal half of the fore-wings rich dark brown, palpi with the tips
and base ochreous, top of head also ochreous, the basal brown
portion of the fore-wings limited by an ochreous line, which is
outwardly curved and has two indentations, one above and the other
below the middle, the outer portion of the wing is pale pinkish-
brown, with brown irrorations; a submarginal row of brown dots,
inwardly edged with whitish, a grey thin band close to the margin,
a marginal grey band, and grey tips to the cilia; hind-wings
whitish, outer margin and cilia tinged with grey ; under-side, wings
whitish with some brown suffusion in their centres, brown marginal
and sub-marginal lines on both wings, body and legs dark rich
chestnut-brown.
Expanse of wings | inch.
Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa.
Is more of the shape of a Miresa, but has vein 7 of the
fore-wings from the upper angle of the cell, 8, 9 and 10
stalked.
Family ZYGAINIDA.
Genus PTEROCEROPSIS, nov.
gd. Proboscis present, palpi upturned very minute, frons rounded
and prominent, antenne with the outer half much thickened and
curved, unipectinate on the lower half, the pectinations very short at
the base, increasing in length gradually towards the middle, the
upper half bipectinate, the pectinations long on one side, and
thickened and clubbed with sete forming a massive plume ; fore-
wings with all the veins from the cell ; hind-wings with veins 6 and
7 parallel and close together, 7 a long distance from 8 and joined to
it by a bar.
PTEROCEROPSIS UNIPUNCTA, nov.
d, 2. Palpi, head, antenne, body and fore-wings black, some
glistening blue scales on the antennal plume and on the frons, two
transverse bands of the same colour on the fore-wings, basal and
ante-medial, a largish white spot at the end of the cell and a blue
spot below it, hind-wings hyaline with black borders, the outer
marginal border occupying one-third of the wing; under-side with a
broad ochreous band on the centre of the abdomen ; the fore-wings
of the male with a broad ochreous stripe above and close to the
hinder margin, absent in the female.
Expanse of wings, g 1, ¢ 1 inch.
Heterocera in the National Collection. 155
g, 2, Kuching, May 1901 (types). 9, Kuching, August
1899 (&. Shelford). g, Sandakan, Borneo (W. B. Pryer).
The Sandakan male is as large as the females.
CHALCOSIA VIRIDISUFFUSA, nov.
2. Antenne and upper part of frons black, lower part of frons
glistening blue, top of head and collar crimson, body and fore-wings
nearly black, suffused with green, some bright blue scales on the
edges of the divisions of the thorax, fore-wings with the veins pale,
and with a broad white even band across the disc from costa a little
beyond the middle to hinder margin at three-fourths, hind-wings
white, basal fourth suffused with dark dull green, outer margin
broadly black, tinged with green, the band gradually fining to a
point before the anal angle ; under-side, body and legs dull black,
without markings, wings as above but the basal portion shot with
steel-blue, all the veins pale and distinct and both wings with a pale
blue grey band close to the outer margins.
Expanse of wings 24%; inches.
Matang, Sarawak, August 1899 (2. Shelford),
Family CALLIDULID.
Genus Aconis, Feld., Reise Nov., p. 107 (1868).
AGONIS DYMUS, nov.
¢.- Rich chocolate-brown, very uniform in colour, fore-wings with
the costal line dark brown with many minute white dots, no other
markings above, cilia of both wings with the tips ochreous ; below
paler, tinged with ochreous, fore-wings with the costal line as above,
a row of seven white dots from the base through the cell; Ist
basal, 2nd near it, 3rd in the middle of the cell with two very
minute dots above it, 4th, 5th and 6th close together inside an
angular brown mark at the end of the cell, 7th half-way between it
and the outer margin, with two or three dots above it, all the dots
ringed with brown, hind-wings striated with chocolate-brown, with
a dark red-brown central band, containing several white dots in
clusters all ringed with brown, and three on the inner side in a row,
and several smaller ones in the disc.
Expanse of wings 1,%, inches.
Fergusson Isl., several examples.
On the upper-side somewhat similar to A. lycenoides,
Felder, but the wings are longer and it is quite different
on the under-side.
156 ~~» Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Species of
Family PYRALIDA.
NIPHOSTOLA PUNCTATA, nov.
d¢. White, palpi brown on the inner sides, fore-wings with some
pale ochreous-grey suffusion in the disc and along the hinder border,
two small brown spots placed obliquely before the middle and a
larger black spot at the end of the cell, a small black spot at the
apex and some grey dots on the outer margin; hind-wings with
some ochreous-grey suffusion ; under-side, fore-wings ochreous-grey,
except on the margins.
Expanse of wings 3% inch.
1 f, Santubong, May 1902 (R. Shelford).
STENIA HIERALIS, nov.
d. Pale chocolate-brown, fore-wings with a white spot, marked
with brown on each side, at the end of the cell ; another white spot
on the outer margin, close to the apex ; a white transverse line
edged inwardly with brown, before the middle ; another in the disc,
rather close to the outer margin, commencing with a white mark on
the costa near the apex, nearly straight down for two-thirds, then
curving round, touching the outer margin, then well inwards for
one-third and then straight down to the hinder margin ; hind-wings,
with two nearly straight similarly coloured lines ; marginal line on
both wings brown, cilia white with brown tips.
Expanse of wings 4/; inch.
1 g, Sarawak (R. Shelford).
BRADINA OPACUSALIS, nov.
¢d. Blackish-brown, palpi white beneath, abdomen with whitish
segmental lines and thin bands, fore-wings with an indistinct dark
spot in the cell and another at the end, both wings with a pale
ochreous marginal line ; under-side paler, fore-wings with the hinder
marginal space whitish, no markings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
1 ¢, Kuching, Borneo, December 1900 (R. Shelford).
XANTHOMELAINA QUINQUEPUNCTA, nov.
d. Pale yellow, last joint of the palpi white, wings semi-hyaline,
fore-wings with three large black spots in the shape of a triangle, one
below the middle of the costa, the other two above the hinder
Heterocera in the National Collection. 157
margin, one sub-basal, the other near the hinder angle ; hind-wings
with two similar spots, one near the anal angle and the other
touching the outer margin, near the apex.
Expanse of wings 5 inch.
1 , Kuching, Borneo, January 1899 (A. Shelford). _
The wings narrower than in J. schematias, Meyrick,
from Pulo Laut and Tambora, which is also a yellow
insect of much the same shade of colour, with six spots on
the fore- and two on the hind-wing.
MARGARONIA AMICALIS, nov.
¢. Body and fore-wings pale chocolate-brown, head and stripes
on the thorax whitish, fore-wings with two broad white hyaline
bands, somewhat as in M. stolalis, Guen., but the medial band is
broader and more uniform in width and the outer band is equally
as broad on the costa and curves suddenly to a point a little below
vein 3, both bands edged with dark chocolate-brown, between the
first band and the base is a small pale thin band in the middle
space, and between the two bands is a similar mark at the end of the
cell, both edged with chocolate-brown ; on the hind-wings below the
first band of the fore-wings is a very broad white hyaline band,
which gradually narrows hindwards and is limited on its outer-side
by a duplex chocolate-brown band which runs across the dise of both
wings, marginal line of both wings brown, cilia white.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
Dar-es-Salaam.
Belongs to the stolalis group.
MARGARONIA CLEONADALIS, nov.
¢. Brown, frons with some white scales, head with a white line
on each side, some white hairs on the thorax and the abdomen with
a white tip ; fore-wings with the costa pale ochreous, a white lunular
semi-hyaline mark below the middle of it, a short semi-hyaline
white band touching the costa at one-fifth from apex and a dot
below it, all the white marks lined with brown and a brown band
extends from the last, straight across the disc and across the centre of
the hind-wing, a small white space at the anal angle and the cilia of
both wings white.
Expanse of wings ,%, inch.
1 ¢, Paku, December 1898 (R. Shelford).
158 Colonel C. Swinhoe on New Speeies of Heterocera.
LEUCINODES LABEFACTALIS, nov.
¢. Dull white, antenne, palpi above and top of head and thorax
brown, abdomen with a brown patch at the base and another in the
middle; wings semi-diaphanous, fore-wings with the costa, outer
margin and the lower half of the wing from the outer margin near
the hinder angle to the costa one-third from base opaque white, a
chestnut-brown patch near the base and another at one-third,
touching the hinder margin, the opaque part extends upwards in the
centre in the form of a thin band and joins the costa at the middle,
there isa very thin, sinuous transverse brown line in the disc and
another sub-marginal; hind-wings with a space at the base and
all the margins opaque, a chestnut-brown band with some hyaline
spots in it before the middle, a brown patch at the anal angle, and a
brown outer line limiting the hyaline space.
Expanse of wings ,°, inch.
1 Z, Kuching, June 1900 (R. Shelford).
APRIL 27TH, 1904,
( 159 )
X. A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad.
By WILLIAM JAMES KAYE, F.E.S. With an Appendix
by J. GuPPY.
[Read November 4th, 1903.]
Puates XVII anp XVIII.
THE Catalogue now submitted is intended as a companion
to the Preliminary Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Heterocera
published in the Transactions for 1901. There is a con-
siderable difference between the two, as the one now offered
is much more nearly a complete list. In it, as many as
289 species are enumerated, which for an island 60 miles
by 40 is probably unequalled. A few of the number will
doubtless have to be expunged, as errors of determination
in the first instance, but their places will probably be
more than filled when the last word has been said as to
what does really occur. The only thing of any sort that
has been published relative to the Butterflies of Trinidad
is the bare list of names by W. M. Crowfoot in “ The
Trinidad Field Naturalists’ Club” for April 1893. In
that list are 199 names, several of which appear to be
errors of determination, but in nearly every case I have
weighed the merits of each record, before inserting it in
the present Catalogue, and have indicated the probable
errors. The basis of the New List is my own Collection, the
majority of the specimens in which were personally obtained
in May—June 1898, and again in June—July 1901. Other
records are by Messrs. F. W. Urich, W. E. Broadway, H.
Caracciolo, J. Guppy, and several others. All the Trinidad
records at the Natural History Museum, besides those in
the Hope Museum at Oxford and those in the Godman
and Salvin collection have been laid under contribution,
the last generally from the “ Biologia Centrali Americana,”
and not from the actual specimens themselves. There are
few new species, which is not surprising seeing that the
fauna is essentially Venezuelan and Brazilian, which
regions have been so well worked in the last twenty years.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1904.—PaRT Il (JUNE) 11
160 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
The special insular characteristic is however sufficiently
well marked in certain insects to call for notice. Zithorea
megara (= 7. flavescens), Heliconius ethilla and Protogonius
ochraceus all exhibit a remarkable pale straw colour of
such similarity as to at once suggest a common stress.
Dismorphia broomee joins in, in only a slightly diminished
degree, Mechanitis veritabilis shows signs of assuming this
colouring by the frequent appearance of a yellow streak in
the cell of the hind-wing, but the Ceratinia, viz. euclea, does
not show any sign at present of conforming to this colour-
ing. The Zithorea in the above trio is by far the most
abundant, and is obtainable in the perfect state almost the
whole year round. How far this true 7. megara occurs else-
where it is impossible to say owing to the confusion in the
nomenclature, but Heliconius ethilla is almost if not quite
confined to Trinidad, and although Herr Stichel has
examined my H. ethilla and pronounced them to be the
same as Weymer’s H. sulphuwrews from Thomar on the
Rio Negro, I do not agree to this, as Weymer’s figure in
the “Iris” vi, t. iv, f. 8 (1893) is quite different. The Proto-
gonius has only once been taken outside Trinidad, viz. in
Cayenne, and this is Butler's type P. ochraceus. The
Tithorea, Protogonius and Heliconius all conforming in this
way is rather remarkable, as 400 miles south in British
Guiana in a similar but many times stronger group, a
Tithorea is only a wanderer, while a Protogonius and a
corresponding Dismorphia are altogether absent. Trinidad
is far more sunny, at least in the rainy season, than the
forest region of Guiana, and has a considerably drier
atmosphere in general.
There are several instances concerning the validity of
species that are now proved and which will it is hoped be
of interest and usefulness to the systematist and biologist
alike. Whether one or two species of Lycorea occurred
was for a long while a difficult question to answer, but
with the present series there is only one answer—there is
one, Lycorea ceres. Lycorea atergatis is in Trinidad only a
form of ceres, and no line of demarcation is possible nor is
it necessary. Northwards however the ceves form drops
out and southwards the atergatis form vanishes. Another
problem has been solved by Mr. F. W. Urich. He has
bred from the same batch of eggs Papilio anchisiades and
Papilio theramenes, and these two are one species. Further,
he has bred me a good series from one batch of eggs of
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 161
Papilio zeuxis. The series in the males presents con-
siderable variation, and several males would be called
Papilio alyattes. Felder’s description of 2 alyattes is
however not in accordance with any of the 2 2 bred, and
Felder’s alyaties came from Venezuela, but it is a question
if Felder’s 2 alyattes is not a $ of something else, or at
any rate not the 2 of what he named alyattes &.
There is still a very difficult question that I hope my
friend Mr. Urich will try and clear up by breeding, 7. e. the
Heliconius melpomene question. Riffarth’s monograph on
the genus Heliconius would make out that there are at
least three of these red and black Heliconius species—
H. hydara, H. euyrades, and H. melpomene, with probably H.
viculata added. For want of more material I have not
been able to see how far this coincides with the evidence
of the genitalia.
There are other questions the solution of which are not
yet certain. In the Lycenide TZmolus beon, Tmolus
isobeon, and T'molus bactra offer considerable material for
study. Have we here three or one species? or are these
different geographical forms of the same species? and is
this a parallel case to Lycorea ceres and Lycorea atergatis ?
Such questions as these can only be proved by breeding
from the egg. I must confess that I was inclined to dis-
agree with Godman and Salvin in calling them all the same
species, namely beon, as they do in the “ Biologia Centrali
Americana,” but their long series includes so many forms,
that it looks as if there was but one very variable species.
Beon from British Guiana is very constant and rather
different from any form in Trinidad. In the Appendix
by Mr. J. Guppy will be found some interesting notes on
the life histories of several species, especially so are those
on the Erycinids, Theope eudocia and Nymphidium molpe.
It is very possible that many Erycinids have the same
habit of living on friendly terms with different species of
ants, as, if the reverse were the case, doubtless some species
would be in danger of extermination, and be outnumbered
by the ants.
To Mr. F. A. Heron, at the South Kensington Museum,
Ihave to tender my very best thanks for help in many
ways, besides those resident entomologists abroad who
have been already mentioned. To Mr. F. Du Cane Godman
Iam indebted for access to his superb collection and for
personal help in naming the more obscure species.
162 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Family NYMPHALID.
Subfamily DAN AINA.
1, DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.
Papilio archippus, Fab., Ent. Syst.,iii, 1, p.49, n. 50(1798).
The specimens from Trinidad are very richly dark
coloured and have the marginal band to the hind-wing
very dark and very little spotted.
flange. Throughout the AMERICAN CONTINENT and
West INDIES.
2. DANAIS ERESIMUS.
Papilio eresimus, Cram., Pap. Exot., 1, t. 175, G.H. (1779).
Specimens from Trinidad are uniformly with a dark
broad marginal band to hind-wing. Similar specimens
occur in other West Indian islands and in Venezuela.
Brazilian specimens have the band extremely narrow,
frequently almost obsolete.
Range. VENEZUELA ; GUIANA.
Subfamily LYCOREAN 2.
The inclusion of the genera Lycorea and Jiwna in the
subfamily Danaine does not appear satisfactory on the
following grounds. There is no raised patch in the male
on vein 2 of the hind-wing; the cell is much larger and
longer; the wings are much more elongated and the
antenne have the last joints yellow.
The subfamily forms a sort of link between Danaine
and Lthomiine.
3. LyCOREA CERES. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 4, 4a.)
Papilio ceres, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 90, A. (1779).
Range. For the type GurANA; AMAZONS.
Var. ATERGATIS, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D.L., t. 16, f. 1
(1847).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; VENEZUELA.
After considerable investigation there can be no doubt
that LZ. atergatis is only a form of ceves (maintaining ce7es
as the type, because of its having been described so long
ago and not because it is scientifically the older species).
In Trinidad ceves and atergatis so run into one another that
they must be all of one stock. Going southwards the ceres
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 163
form becomes fixed, and even in British Guiana the atergatis
form never occurs. While, on the other hand, going
northward into Panama one finds afergatis only. In Cuba
and Haiti a form of ceves has been retained in ZL. demeter,
which has the characteristic markings of ceres but with
the ground-colour much darkened. Kirby, in his catalogue,
p- 18, assigns to demeter the same place as I have hinted,
but puts atergatis as a var. of cleobea, Godt. L. demeter
may or may not be quite removed from ceres, but atergatis
is the same thing in Trinidad, and only further north does
it become a definite form. It should be mentioned that
Cramer’s ceres is not the usual ceres form in British
Guiana, where the outer marginal half of the hind-wing
has most often become blackened.
Subfamily 77HOMIIN 42.
4, TITHOREA MEGARA. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 3—3d.)
Heliconius megara, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 223, n. 59
(1819).
Found abundantly in Trinidad, particularly in the
vicinity of Port of Spain. In the Maraval, St. Ann’s,
and Maracas Valleys I have met with it in numbers.
Range. BRAZIL (?).
5. MECHANITIS VERITABILIS.
Mechanitis veritabilis, Butl., Cist. Ent., 1, p. 155 (1873).
An abundant species throughout the Island.
Range. COLOMBIA.
This is nothing more than a well-defined form of JZ.
polymnia. In fact one of my specimens is undoubted
polymnia, while another has the yellow band beyond the
cell much broader than usual, the yellow patch within the
cell changed into the ground-colour.
6. MELIN#ZA TACHYPETIS.
Melinxa tachypetis, Feld., Reise Noy. Lep., i, p. 355,
n. 502 (1867).
- This must be a very rare species in the Island if it
really occurs and some mistake has not been made. Given
by W. M. Crowfoot.
ftange. VENEZUELA.
164 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
7, ARIA AGNA.
Atria agna, Godm. and Salv., Biol. Centr. Am., Rhop., 1,
p. 15.
Never, as far as I can ascertain, a common species here.
I have some from near Port of Spain.
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; EcuADOR; VENEZUELA ;
COLOMBIA.
8. CERATINIA EUCLEA.
Heliconia ewclea, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 212,n.49 (1819).
Found commonly in Cascade Valley in May 1898 (IV.
J. Kaye).
Range. VENEZUELA; CostTA RICA; COLOMBIA; GUIANA.
9, ITHOMIA LAGUSA.
Ithonia lagusa, Hew., Ex. Butt., I, t. 15, f. 89 (1855).
Included by Mr. Crowfoot. I have not been able to
trace a Trinidad specimen.
Range. COLOMBIA.
10. ITHOMIA PELLUCIDA.
Ithomia pellucida, Weymer, S.E.Z. 1875, p. 374, t. 2,
fe
To be found in many parts of the Island, but not
abundantly as a rule. Mr. Caracciolo has secured a long
series.
Range. VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA.
11. PTERONYMIA NISE.
Papilio nise, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 231 (1782).
A single specimen only. The species is however ex-
ceedingly local in my experience in Brit. Guiana, and
probably the head-quarters in Trinidad have not been
discovered.
Range. VENEZUELA; CAYENNE; Brit. GUIANA.
12. HYMENITIS OCALEA.
Ithomia ocalea, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D.L., t. 18, f£ 4
(1847).
Plentiful in the Cascade Valley.
Range. VENEZUELA.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 165
13. HYMENITIS ANDROMICA.
Ithomia andromica, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, 7, f. 88.
Evidently very local or scarce.
Range. VENEZUELA.
Subfamily BRASSOLIN A.
14. OPSIPHANES FABRICII.
Opsiphanes fabricii, Boisd., Lép. Guat., p. 54 (1870).
Not rare; in common with all the Brassolinze found
flying more frequently at dusk.
Range. GUIANA; COLOMBIA.
14a, OPSIPHANES CASSLH. (Pl. XVII, figs. 2—20.)
Papilio cassiv, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 265 (1764).
Range. SouTH AMERICA.
15. CALIGO SALTUS, sp.n. (Pl. XVII, figs. 1—I/)
Allied to Caligo ilioneus but easily separable by the much more
steely-blue colour of both fore- and hind-wings. Fore-wing steely-
blue beyond the cell and just touching it at the lower angle a broad
pale-yellow band runs from the costa to just beyond nervure 1 b.
This band is rather paler than the equivalent in C. ilionews and is
much less clearly defined in its edges being more obsolescent. Be-
yond the yellow band the colour is rich brown inclining to black.
A white dot is situated between nervures 8,9 close to the costa.
Only rarely are two dots present as in C. ilioneus. The submarginal
brownish band is very obsolescent in the ¢ and in the ? is much
less well defined than in C. ilionews. Hind-wing with the basal
half of wing steely-blue shot with rich purplish-blue. The mar-
ginal half of wing brownish-black. The blue colour of the basal
portion of the wing does not extend so far towards anal angle of
wing as in its near ally. Under-side very variable and in the same
direction as C. ilioneus.
Expanse 150—158 mm.
Not rare about cocoa estates but much less common
than the following, and is to be found amongst denser
undergrowth, as a rule.
16. CALIGO EURYLOCHUS.
Papilio eurylochus, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 33, A, t. 34,
A (ET 5).
Var. minor, nov.
Fore-wing steely-blue with a very broad marginal black band
166 Mr, W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
shaded internally with the general ground-colour ; from the costa
inwards to beyond middle of wing is an indication of a narrow
ochreous band just before the broad black marginal band ; on the
costa it is strongly indicated and quickly merges in tone with the
general colour though discernible to almost nervure 2, Between
nervures 5, 6 a round black spot is traceable midway between end of
cell and outer margin; two other similar black spots are usually pre-
sent between nervures 6, 7 and 7, 8, the upper always much more
distinct and blacker. Hind-wing similar to fore-wing, the marginal
band heavier black and the ground-colour more intense and shot deep
blue in the outer portion when held at certain angles. The outer
margin between nervures 4 and 7, with greyish lunules. Under-side
of fore-wing with the greyish shining scales extending to beyond
nervure2. Under-side of hind-wing with the large eye-mark almost
circular with the white scales within the pupil forming a curved line
and scarcely broken up into white dots except at extremities. The
area above the eye-mark dark brown. This Trinidad form of C.
eurylochus is usually smaller and is usually recognizable by the shot
blue colour of the hind-wings not extending down to the anal angle.
The apical spots and brownish band down from the tip of the costa
is hardly ever present and is never so clear and distinct as in the
mainland form of the species.
Common on most of the cocoa estates.
17, ERYPHANIS POLYXENA.
Papilio polyxena, Meerb., Afb, Zeldz. Gew., t. 41 (1775).
Not rare near Port of Spain.
Range. COLOMBIA; BRAZIL.
18. DYNASTOR DARIUS.
Papilio darius, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 482, n. 173 (1775).
A specimen in the National Collection.
Range. TROPICAL SouTH AMERICA,
Subfamily MORPHINE.
19. MoRPHO PELEIDES.
Morpho pelerdes, Koll., Denkschr. Akad. Wien., Math.,
Nat. Cl., 1, p. 356, n. 14 (1850).
Range. VENEZUELA; CENTRAL AMERICA.
Common in some of the valleys in the northern range
of hills,
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 167
Subfamily ACRAINA.
20. ACTINOTE ANTEAS.
Acrxa anteas, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 18, f. 5
(1848).
Range. COLOMBIA; VENEZUELA.
Given by Mr. Crowfoot in his list; I have not seen a
Trinidad specimen.
21. ACTINOTE ALALIA.
Papilio alalia, Feld., Ent. Mon., iv, p. 105, n. 62 (1860).
Range. BRAZIL.
An uncommon species; flies in the sunshine in a some-
what lazy fashion. Taken at Tabaquite in June 1898
(W. J. Kaye).
Subfamily HELICONIN 4.
22. HELICONIUS ETHILLA.
FHeliconia ethilla, Godt., Enc. Meéth., ix, p. 219, n. 49
(1819).
Range. Opposite shore of VENEZUELA.
Fairly common in and around the Botanical Gardens at
certain seasons. At the end of June and beginning of
July 1901, I captured half-a-dozen specimens, mostly in
perfect condition. There is a remarkable specimen in Mr,
Godman’s collection, which has all the yellow replaced by
the ground-colour, and this probably represents the ances-
tral form, being very close to metalilis or nwmismaticus of
Venezuela and other parts of the mainland.
23. HELICONIUS HYDARA.
Feliconius hydara, Hew., Ex. Butt., iv, Hel. t. 5, f 14
(1867).
Range. PANAMA; COLOMBIA; VENEZUELA.
Identified by Herr Stichel.
24. HELICONIUS EURYADES,
Heliconius euwryades, Riff., Gatt. Hel., p. 23, Berl. Ent.
Z., xlv, p. 205 (1900).
Range. PERU; VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA (?).
Identified by Herr Stichel.
168 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
25. HELICONIUS MELPOMENE.
Papilio melpomene, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 282 (1764).
Range. GUIANA; Brazit; Amaz. InF.; PERU; Ecua-
DOR; COLOMBIA ; VENEZUELA.
From Riffarth’s “Die Gattung Heliconius” and the
description therein I make out that true melpomene occurs.
It is quite impossible to say which of these black and red
melpomene-like species are rare or otherwise. In the
aggregate there are hundreds of individuals of this same
coloration to be obtained even in the Botanical Gardens,
while at about 1000 ft. behind Government House in late
June probably thousands could be obtained.
26. HELICONIUS VICULATA.
Feliconius viculata, Riff., Gatt. Hel., p. 6, n. 29 (1900).
Range. VENEZUELA; SURINAM; BRAzIL, Amazons.
I have identified this by Riffarth’s description, but in
all such cases there must remain some doubt until long
series of each of these closely-allied species are available
for comparison.
27. HELICONIUS RICINI, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 227 (1764).
Range. TRopicAL SouTtH AMERICA.
Not at all common (W.J/. Kaye) (Caracciolo).
Verdant Vale, Sangre Grande, and Maraval.
28. HELICONIUS ERATO.
Papilio erato, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 231 (1764).
Range. TROPICAL SouTH AMERICA.
29. HELICONIUS ANTIOCHUS.
Papilio antiochus, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. 2, Add., p. 1068,
mit 2 C1767).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
I have never seen a Trinidad specimen; but believe this
to be the species that is rumoured to be obtained at the
Pitch Lake at La Brea, Mr. Crowfoot includes the species
in his list.
Lepidoptera Fhopalocera of Trinidad. 169
30. EUEIDES ISABELLA.
Papilio isabelle, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 350, C. D.
(1782).
Range. AMAZONS ; GUIANA.
Probably locally common. A long series (Caracciolo), 1 2
(W. J. Kaye).
31. EUEIDES ALIPHERA.
Heliconia aliphera, Godart, Enc. Méth., ix, p. 246, n. 7
(1879).
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Locally common. I found it in considerable abundance
at about 1000 ft., flying amongst Colwnis julia on a rough
hillside where there was quite a wealth of flowers. At
other times the species is to be seen sailing with out-
stretched wings over the tops of cocoa trees, also frequently
in company with the Colxnis. The colour and markings
of these two species are wonderfully alike, and one must
suppose that they afford one another protection in sharing
like dangers. Godman and Salvin record Z. aliphera from
Central America and draw attention to the similarity of
Colznis delila (vol. i, p. 163), but do not state if the species
are found together. it aliphera from Central America is
almost certainly a distinct species with much narrower
black borders to both fore- and hind-wing; but it is
interesting to note that C. delila is much more like these
Central American “ aliphera” than true Brazilian or
Trinidadian aliphera.
Subfamily NY MPHALIN 4.
32. COLENIS PHERUSA.
Papilio pherusa, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 293 (1764),
Range. EQUATORIAL and CENTRAL AMERICA.
Mentioned by Crowfoot. The species must either be
very rare or very local in Trinidad.
33. COLENIS JULIA.
Papilio julia, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 509, n. 281 (1775).
Range. GUIANA; BraziL; St. Lucia, W.I.
An abundant species, more particularly at a small
altitude of 500 to 1000 ft,
170 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
34, DIONE JUNO.
Papilio juno, Cram., Pap. Exot., ili, t. 215, B. C. (1782).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; BRAZIL; St. LUCIA.
Not very common.
35. DIONE VANILLA.
Papilio vanille, Linn., Mus. Ule., p. 306 (1764).
Range. West INDIES; GUIANA; SOUTHERN STATES;
ARGENTINE.
An abundant species. The larva chiefly feeds on Guinea
grass wherever introduced in preference to the various
passiflore, its native pabula.
36. PHYCIODES LIRIOPE.
Papilio liriope, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 1 © D. (1775).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
37. PHYCIODES CLAUDINA.
Acrea claudina, Esch., Kotzeb. Reise, ii, p. 212, t. 8,
f. 18, a. b. (1821).
Range. AMAZONS.
Taken in May 1898 (W. J. Kaye); also in Nat. Coll.
(Hart).
38. PHYCIODES LEUCODESMA.
Eresia leucodesma, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon., v, p. 103,
nofi (861);
Range. VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA,
A very common species in many parts of the Island.
39. CHLOSYNE SAUNDERSII.
Synchloe saundersti, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 24,
f. 2 (1847).
Range. NICARAGUA to PARAGUAY.
Although a widely-spread and apparently generally
common species, there is but a single record of a Trinidad
specimen, namely, from Sangre Grande. The insect in
question has the submarginal row of large orange spots
very conspicuous and well defined.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 171
40, HYPANARTIA LETHE.
Papilio lethe, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii, 1, p. 80, n. 250 (1793).
Range. Mexico; VENEZUELA; Ecuapor; BRAZIL.
Not common. Port of Spain (W. J. Kaye).
41, JUNONIA GENOVEVA.
Papilio genoveva, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 290, E. F. (1782).
Range. WEST INDIES ; Mexico; HonDURAS; GUIANA.
Not very common in my experience, and found in
nothing like the abundance in the other islands.
42. ANARTIA JATROPHE.
Papilio jatrophe, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 289 (1764).
Range. WEST INDIES; BRAZIL; GUIANA; VENEZUELA.
‘An abundant species, particularly frequenting dry
weedy situations.
43, ANARTIA AMALTHEA.
Papilio amalthea, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 288 (1764).
Fiange. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA: GUIANA; PANAMA.
An abundant species delighting in damp places. ‘These
opposite habits in these two closely-related species are
noteworthy.
44, CATONEPHILE NUMILIA.
Papilio numilia g, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 81, E. F.
(1779).
Papilio micalia 9, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 108, C. D.
(1779).
Range. BRAZIL; COLOMBIA; GUIANA.
One f, 2 2 2, taken by Guppy.
Norr.—One of these females would be classed as numilia
(=micalia) and the other as penthia. It is exceedingly probable that
numvilia has a dimorphic female, as it is not likely that in an island
such as Trinidad two female Epicalias taken together would be two
different species, The males of nwmilia and penthia are identical,
and I have therefore not recognised penthia as a species.
172 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
45. TEMENIS LAOTHOE.
Papilio laothée, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t.132, A. B. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; CENTRAL AMERICA.
The form ariadne, |. c. t. 180, E. F. (1779), also belonging
to the Amazon region.
Never abundant, but pretty generally found in all the
valleys in the Northern Range of hills.
46. DYNAMINE THESEUS.
Eubagis theseus, Feld., Wien. Eut. Mon., v, p. 106, n. 89
(1861).
Range. COLOMBIA; VENEZUELA.
A common species in the valleys round Port of Spain.
I met with it commonly in Maracas Valley in June and
July 1901.
47, DYNAMINE ARTEMISIA.
Papilio artemisia, Fab., Ent. Syst., 1, 1, p. 101, n. 313
(1798).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTHERN’ BRAZIL;
VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA.
Uncommon. Taken by J. H. Hart at Botanical Gardens
and by Mr. W. E. Broadway at same place. Maraval
(C. W. Ellacombe).
48. DYNAMINE MYLITTA.
Papilio mylitta, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 253, D. E,
(1782).
Range. VENEZUELA; GUATEMALA ; HONDURAS.
Less common than J. theseus.
49, DYNAMINE AGACLES.
Papilio agacles, Dalm., Anal. Ent., p. 47 (1828).
Range. CAYENNE; NORTHERN BRAZIL.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
[DYNAMINE EGA.
Papilio egxea, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 496, n, 231 (1775).
This is a Jamaican species, and has been recorded from
Trinidad in error (W, J. K.).]
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 173
50. CALLICORE AURELIA.
Callicore aurelia, Guén., Mém. Phys. Gén., xxi, p. 385
(1872).
Range ?
Local. My brother found the species in abundance
flying round a certain tree at Verdant Vale.
In the Maraval Valley I have occasionally seen it. The
C. marchaluvi recorded by Crowfoot is no doubt this species,
and I have not hesitated to sink it therefore.
51. CATAGRAMMA CODOMANNUS.
Papilio codomannus, Fab., Spec. Ins., ii, p. 57, n. 2538
(1781).
Range. BRAZIL.
Crowfoot records the species. I saw a couple of speci-
mens in the St. Ann’s Valley that I put down to be Cata-
gramma pitheas, but they might almost equally well have
been this species. Caracciolo has recently taken an
undoubted codomannus.
52. HAMATERA PYRAMUS.
Papilio pyranmus, Fab., Spec. Ins., ii, p. 130, n. 590
(1781).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
Whether the insect found in Trinidad is pyramus is a
little doubtful. The insect is much redder and may be
distinct. At all events it is a well-marked form, which I
propose to call var. rubra.
Var. rubra, nov. (PI. XVIII, fig. 7.)
Fore-wing very red, the colour reaching right up to the base of
wing as in H. thysbe, but shot with purplish-blue to a small extent.
Hind-wing as in typical pyramus, with the red blotch narrow between
the costa and vein 8, then suddenly much broader and curved fairly
evenly round and not extending further down than vein 5. The
shape of the blotch is rather variable, and is sometimes rather pro-
duced in the neighbourhood of vein 6. There is a slight purplish
gloss as in fore-wing.
Mr. Godman has several similar specimens, one of which
is from Trinidad.
At the end of June 1901 I found this insect abundant
174 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
in St. Ann’s Valley. It frequents damp spots by streams,
and when alarmed flies off rapidly and settles then on a
branch of a tree near by.
53. GYNACIA DIRCE.
Papilio dirce, Linn., Mus. Uly., p. 287 (1764).
Range. JAMAICA; BRAZIL; GUIANA.
Not very common.
This species, together with certain (? all) species of
Ageronia, makes a loud clicking sound when flying. The
flight is short and wild and generally a wheeling motion,
returning quickly to some bare tree-trunk, where it settles
with the wings folded, and head downwards.
54, AGERONIA FERENTINA.
Papilio ferentina, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 428, n. 248
(1828).
Range. VENEZUELA; PANAMA; Mexico; HaAymT;
BRAZIL.
Abundant locally.
This species always alights and sits on a bare tree-trunk,
with the wings folded flat on to the trunk. Frequently
eight or ten will be found thus on a single trunk. If
alarmed they will fly off, and return probably to the same
tree, but on the opposite side. I have more than once
cautiously crept up, and as soon as the butterfly got
alarmed it would walk round to the opposite side of the
tree to which I was standing.
55. PERIDROMIA FERONIA. .
Papilio feronia, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 283 (1764).
Range. BRAziu; Sr. Lucia; Ecuapor.
Not nearly so common as A. ferentina, and partial to a
lower elevation.
56. PERIDROMIA AMPHINOME,
Papilio amphinome, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 2, p.'779, n. 176
(1767).
Range. BRAZIL.
Rare or very local.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 175
57. PERIDROMIA ARETHUSA.
Papilio arethusa, Cr., Pap. Ex., i, t. 77, E. F. (1779).
Range. BRAziu; VENEZUELA; Mexico; BoLivia.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
58. DIDONIS BIBLIS.
Papilio biblis, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 505, n. 261 (1775).
Range. COLOMBIA; BRAZIL; DomMINIcA; GUIANA.
A common species, particularly abundant in the Maraval
Valley. The form in Trinidad is always with a narrow
red band to hind-wing.
59. CYSTINEURA CANA.
Cystineura cana, Erichs., Schomb. Reisen, iii, p. 599
(1848).
Cystineura cowiana, Butl., P. Z.8., p. 718 (1901).
Range. St. Lucta; DoMmINICcA ; GUIANA.
Very abundant in the neighbourhood of Port of Spain
and excessively variable. In Mr. Crowfoot’s list Cystinewra
hypermnestra, Hiibn., is recorded, but there is scarcely a
doubt that C. cana was the species which was intended to
have been recorded.
60. PYRRHOGYRA TIPHA.
Papilio tipha, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 308.
Range. VENEZUELA; St. Lucta; BRazIt.
Not common. At San Fernando in the railway cutting
several were taken (June 1898, W. J. Kaye), and at Port
of Spain I have seen one or two.
61. MEGALEURA CHIRON.
Papilio chiron, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 452, n. 40 (1775).
Range. TRopicAL SouTrH AMERICA and CENTRAL
AMERICA,
Frequent near streams, Maracas, common (W. J,
Kaye).
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II (JUNE) 12
176 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
62. MEGALEURA PELEUS.
Papilio peleus, Sulz., Gesch. Ins., t. 18, f. 4 (1776).
Range. Mexico; BrAziL; HONDURAS.
Rare. Has the same habits as IZ. chiron, but is always
more difficult to approach.
63. VICTORINA STENELES.
Papilio steneles, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 218 (1764).
Range. W. INDIES; CENTRAL AMERICA; BRAZIL.
In my experience this is a far from common insect in
Trinidad, and I have never seen anything approaching the
abundance of the species in Jamaica, where it is to be
taken in hundreds settling on the rotting mangoes in the
Bath district.
64, HYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS.
Papilio misippus, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 264 (1764).
Range. INDIA; AFRICA; AUSTRALIA; GUIANA.
The occurrence of this cosmopolitan species is exceedingly
interesting, as I have little doubt that there is no reason
to suspect Crowfoot’s record. The species can hardly be
mistaken. Occurrences must be few and far between, as
I have been unable to obtain the species, neither have
correspondents succeeded in getting it. I have recently
seen a good specimen, caught near the Pitch Lake.
65. ADELPHA IPHICLA.
Papilio iphicla, Linn., Mus. Ulv., p. 311 (1764).
Larva and Pupa described by Mrs, E. M. Swainson,
Jour, N. Y., 1901; p. 78:
Range. MExIcO; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Not common.
66. ADELPHA CYTHEREA.
Papilio cytherea, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 305 (1764).
Range. Braztu, Para, Rio Janeiro; CoLomBiaA; Sr.
Lucta.
Very common and generally distributed.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 177
67. ADELPHA PLESAURE.
Adelpha plesaure, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., pp. 231,
232 (1823). .
Range. BRAZIL; COLOMBIA.
68. AGANISTHOS ODIUS.
Papilio odius, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 457, n. 60 (1775).
Range. TROPICAL SouTH AMERICA ; CENTRAL AMERICA;
FLoripa; JAMAICA; Haytr; the last two producing the
form orion.
Evidently never abundant. The form is always true
odius with the narrow pointed yellow area present which
is characteristic of the mainland; the forms in Hayti
and Jamaica being very distinct with the more truncate
yellow marking.
69. PREPONA DEMOPHON.
Papilio demophon, Clerck, Icones, t. 29, f. 2, t. 42, f.
3 (1764).
Range. AMAZONS.
This is probably the commonest species of the genus in
the Island. I only once saw it myself in the Maraval
Valley. Its habits are peculiar. It settles amongst low
herbage and is not easily induced to rise, but shuffles about
so that very soon the specimen becomes a wreck.
70. PREPONA ANTIMACHE.
Morpho antimache, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 49,
n. 458 (1816).
Range. AMAZONS; BERMUDAS.
Uncommon. Maraval Valley (W. J. Kaye). Has a
habit of settling amongst low herbage.
71. PREPONA DEMODICE.
Nymphalis demodice, Godart, Ene. Méth., ix, p. 408,
n. 193 (1823).
Range. COLOMBIA; BRAZIL.
This magnificent species is included on the strength of
Mr. Crowfoot’s record. I have just received a good
specimen from Sangre Grande, thus confirming the record.
178 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
72. ANZA PHIDILE.
Anxa phidile, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., ff. 905, 906
(1837).
Range. BRAZIL.
Not rare in the Maraval Valley.
73. ZARETES ISIDORA.
Papilio isidora, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 235, A. B. E. F.
(1782).
Range. NICARAGUA; COLOMBIA; BRAZIL.
Not a common species.
74. SIDERONE MARTHESIA.
Papilio marthesia, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 191, A. B.
(1779).
Range. BRAZIL; GUIANA.
Not rare in the Maraval Valley. The females generally
with a yellow ground-colour, shading off considerably into
reddish, but never approaching the male in brilliance.
Although not usually the case, in Trinidad the females
are about as common as the males.
75. PRoTOGONIUS OcHRACEUS. (Pl. XVII, figs. 3, 3a.)
Protogonius ochraceus, Butl., P. Z.S., 1873, p. 773.
Range. CAYENNE.
Fairly frequent. It delights in a grassy slope, where
sometimes two or three may be found gently fluttering
together.
The remarkable sulphur colouring of so many of the
Trinidad species is here very extraordinary, as it is the
only species of the genus that has so much diverged from
the typical brownish colour.
The extreme straw-coloured form in Trinidad is rather
different from the darker-coloured type specimen from
Cayenne. Whether one would be justified in separating
this strongly-marked island form is open to doubt. The
number of apical spots is greater in the Trinidad form,
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 179
Subfamily S47V RIN.
76. PIERELLA HYALINUS.
Papilio hyalinus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., , 5, p. 2259, n.
879 (1788).
Pieris dracontis, Hiib., Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 53, n.
500 (1816).
Range. GUIANA.
This species, better known as Pierella dracontis, is very
common in suitable situations. In dark damp places it is
always to be found flying low down and frequently beneath
the low undergrowth such as ferns, etc. It is always
difficult to approach, and has a most unusual flight.
77. EUPTYCHIA HESIONE.
Papilio hesione, Sulz., Gesch. Ins., p. 144, t. 17, f. 3, 4
(1776).
Papilio ocirrhoe, Fab., Gen. Ins., p. 260 (1777).
Range. COLOMBIA ; GUIANA.
One of the commonest species. It is abundant in all
damp shady places.
78. EKUPTYCHIA MYNCEA.
Papilio myncea, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 293, C. (1782).
Range. HONDURAS to BRAZIL.
Not rare near Port of Spain. The Huptychia helle
recorded by Crowfoot was most likely this species.
79. EUPTYCHIA PENELOPE.
Papilio penelope, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 498, n. 217 (1775).
Range. BRAZIL, Para.
Common at Verdant Vale (S. Kaye).
80. EUPTYCHIA RENATA.
Papilio renata, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 326, A. (1782).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
At St. Ann’s (W. J. Kaye); Verdant Vale (S. Kaye).
180 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
[EUPTYCHIA SOSYBIUS.
Papilio sosybius, Fab., Ent. Syst., 111, 1, p. 219, n. 684
(1793).
This is probably an incorrect identification of Mr.
Crowfoot’s. The species is a Southern United States and
Central American species. |
81. EKUPTYCHIA HERMES.
Papilio hermes, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 487, n. 195 (1775).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
An abundant species in almost every kind of situation.
82. EKUPTYCHIA ERICHTO.
Luptychia erichto, Butl., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 501, n. 124,
t. 40, £ 12.
Range. BRITISH GUIANA.
A very uncommon species.
83. EUPTYCHIA CELMIS.
Satyrus celmis, Godt., Enc. Méth., 1x, p. 489, n. 38
(1828).
Range. BRAZIL, Bahia.
Not rare. Botanical Gardens (J. H. Hart).
84, HUPTYCHIA CEPHUS.
Papilio cephus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 528, n. 359 (1775).
Papilio doris, Cr., Pap. Hix, 1, t. 8, B.oAi fo).
Range. AMAZONS.
Evidently an uncommon species in the Island.
1 gf, Maraval Valley (C. W. Ellacombe).
1 3, St. Ann’s Valley (Native collector).
85. EUPTYCHIA JUNIA.
Papilio junia, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 292, D. E.
(1782).
Range. BRAZIL.
St. Ann’s Valley (Native collector); Cascade Valley, May
19th, 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 181
86. EUPTYCHIA LIBYE.
Papilio libye, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 772, n. 146
(1767).
Range. Brazii, Amazons; COLOMBIA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
87, EUPTYCHIA ARNA.
Papilio arnea, Fab., Gen. Ins., p. 260 (1777).
Range. BRAziIL, Amazons; BRITISH GUIANA.
Very local in Trinidad. The only locality I know of
is Verdant Vale, where my brother first found it in
plenty in November 1895, and where I again took it,
singly, in June 1898.
88. EUPTYCHIA BRIXIOLA.
Euptychia brixiola, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, n. 74,
ti; 40; 4.9.
Range. BRAzIL, Amazon region.
I took a # and 2 on June 29th, 1898, in the forest near
the Palmiste River, Tabaquite. There can be no doubt as
to the identity of this species after having carefully
compared the two specimens with the fine series of JZ,
brixiola in Mr. Godman’s collection,
89. TAYGETIS VIRGILIA.
Papilio virgilia, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 96, C. (1779).
Range. TRopIcAL SouTH AMERICA.
It is difficult to say how far this is a common species
owing to its similarity on the wing to other species of the
genus.
90. TAYGETIS ECHO.
Papilio echo, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 57, C. D. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL,
Tolerably common in shady valleys.
91. TAYGETIS CLEOPATRA.
Taygetis cleopatra, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon., vi, p. 176,
n. 151 (1862).
Range. BRAZIL.
182 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
In similar situations to the preceding and about in the
same numbers.
The wxenana, Butl., I believe to be only the 2 or a ?
form of this species. The only difference is in the colour
of the under-side, the markings are identical.
92. TAYGETIS ANDROMEDA.
Papilio andromeda, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 96, A (1779).
fange. TRopIcAL SouTtH AMERICA.
Rather commoner than either of the two previous
species.
93. TAYGETIS PENELEA.
Papilio penelea, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 101, G. (1779).
Range. TROPICAL SoUTH AMERICA.
Very common in dark damp places.
Family ERYCINIDZ.
Subfamily HUSELASIIN 4.
94. HELICOPIS ELEGANS, n. sp. (PI. XVIII, fig. 6.)
Fore-wing very pale cream-coloured inclining to whitish; the
basal area slightly brownish. A black marginal band, broad at
apex, running to vein 4, thence to inner margin, of equal width and
not extending inwards. Hind-wing brownish at base of the same
colour as fore-wing ; a rather narrower marginal band than is found
in all other species in the genus and made up of three black lines
interrupted in the middle by a large yellowish ochreous blotch in
which are three or four black spots. There are no metallic markings
on the upper-side. Under-side of fore-wing white slightly lemon-
coloured at base, a black marginal band divides up at vein 4 into two
black parallel lines. Under-side of hind-wing whitish with three post-
median black lines, the inner one of which is partly duplicated.
Between veins 2, 3; 3, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6 are metallic silvery spots ;
surrounding these and extending to almost the margin is a deep
ochreous patch containing four more similar spots, and above these
between veins 4 and 6 is a blackish mark.
Exp. 42 mm.
The species is nearest to H. selene, Feld.
One specimen in Nat. Coll. taken by Caracciolo,
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 183
95. PEROPHTHALMA TENERA.
Mesosemia tenera, Westw., Gen. D.L., p. 455, n. 21
(1851).
Range. BRazIL; GuIANA; HonpURAS; VENEZUELA.
Common all round Port of Spain and at Verdant Vale
(W. J. Kaye).
Subfamily ZLEMONTLIN As.
96. EURYBIA HALIMEDE.
Limnas subtilis, Hiib., Samm. Ex. Schmett. (1806—
1816).
Range. NICARAGUA; COLOMBIA; BRAZIL.
One specimen in Nat. Coll. taken by W. E. Broadway.
97. MESOSEMIA CIPPUS.
Mesosemia cippus, Hew., Ex. Butt., 1, t. 6, f. 48 (1859).
Range. BRAZIL.
98. MESOSEMIA ANTARICE.
Mesosemia anterice, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, t. 6, f. 52, 538
(1859).
Range. BRAZIL.
One specimen only.
99. MESOSEMIA METHION.
Mesosemia methion, Hew., Ex. Butt., ii, t. 8, fi 76
(1860).
Range. BRAZIL.
One specimen, June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
100. CREMNA EUCHARILA.
Cremna eucharila, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc., Ser. 11.
(1867), p. 543.
Range. AMAZONS.
Apparently uncommon.
101. CREMNA ACTORIS.
Papilio actoris, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 98, D (1779).
Range. SURINAM.
Not common,
184 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
102. ZEONIA CHORIN ZEUS.
Papilio chorinzus, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 59, A.
(1779).
Range. BRITISH GUIANA.
St. Ann’s Valley in June 1898 and in July 1902 (W. J.
Kaye). The specimens (several) were taken off the same
bush, evidently a sign of extreme localness. ‘The species
rests on the outside leaves of the bushes in the hot
sunshine.
103. DIORRHINA PERIANDER.
Papilio periander, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii, t. ieee:
(1779).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; GUIANA.
Found in several of the valleys in June 1898, and at
Maracas in July 1901. The ¢ is apparently much scarcer
than the ¢ (W. J. Kaye).
104, LYMNAS IARBUS.
Papilio iarbus, Fab., Mant. Ins. ii, p. 83, n. 749
(1787).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; VENEZUELA.
Very common near Port of Spain. Frequently it is
to be observed fluttering against the roof of one’s
verandah.
105. LYMNAS XARIFA.
Lymnas xarifa, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, Lymn., t.1, f 1
(1852).
Range. VENEZUELA.
Evidently rare. Only two specimens from Botanical
Gardens (W. J. Kaye).
106. CRICOSOMA LUCIANUS.
Papilio lucianus, Fab., Ent. Syst., ii, 1, p. 318, n. 185
(1798).
Range. VENEZUELA,
One from Tunapuna.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 185
107. CRICOSOMA PSEUDOCRISPUS.
Lemonias pseudocrispus, Westw., Gen. D. L., p. 459, n.
27 (1851).
Range. BRAZIL; PANAMA; COLOMBIA,
Taken in Morrison Valley, July 1st, 1901,2¢3 (W. J.
Kaye). Botanical Gardens (J. H. Hart).
108. CRICOSOMA COCCINEATA, n. sp. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 10.)
Fore-wing vermilion red with the inner half of the wing spotted
with black ; the discoidal spot is largest of all. In the centre of cell
is a pair of spots and at the base a single spot ; a marginal series of
spots becoming more distinct towards costa and a subterminal line of
black dots. Margins of wing and fringes black. Hind-wing as
fore-wing ; the post-median row of black spots strongly angled
between veins 3 and 4. Abdomen red.
Exp. 28 mm.
Taken in the forest near Tabaquite in June 1898 (IV.
J. Kaye). |
109. MESENE PHAREUS.
Papilio phareus, Cram., Pap. Exot., 1, t. 170, C.
(1779).
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Evidently very local. Frequently found on deserted
sugar estates.
110. MESENE SAGARIS.
Papilio sagaris, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 88 D. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL.
One specimen only from Verdant Vale, November 1895
(S. Kaye).
111. CHARIS AVIUS.
Papilio avius, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 92 B. (1779).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
112. CHARIS ARGYRODINES.
Charis argyrodines, Bates, E. M. M., iii, p. 154, n. 112
(1866).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Probably other closely allied species may occur but are
overlooked.
186 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
113. ANTEROS FORMOSUS.
Papilio formosus, Cram., Pap. Exot. u, t. 118, G.
Gira):
Range. BRAZIL; COLOMBIA.
Evidently scarce or very local.
114, SAROTA GYAS.
Papilio gyas, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 28, F. G. (1775).
Range. BRAZIL; COLOMBIA.
Once in St. Ann’s Valley in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
115. EMESIS LUCINDA.
Papilio lucinda, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 1, E. F.
Giza):
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Only single specimens.
116. EMESIS FASTIDIOSA.
Emesis fastidiosa, Mén., Cat. Mus. Pet. Lep., i, p. 90,
tad, ts onlsoo)s
Range. BRAZIL.
Ouly single specimens.
117. EMESIS FATIMA.
Papilio fatima, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii, t. 271, A. B.
(1782).
Range. TRopIcAL SouTH AMERICA.
118. EMESIS AURIMNIA.
Emesis aurimnia, Bdv., Lép. Guat., p. 24 (1870).
Range. GUATEMALA; PANAMA; VENEZUELA; PARAGUAY.
A single specimen considerably worn, but sufficiently
recognisable as to assign it to this species. Taken at
about 500 feet behind Government House end of June
1901 (W. J. Kaye).
119. EMESIS FUROR.
Emesis furor, Butl., Cist. Ent., i, p. 104 (1872).
Range. BraziL; Costa Rica.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 187
120. EMESIS GuPPYI,n. sp. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 9.)
Fore-wing dull dark brown with several indications of indistinct
darker brown lines. Within the discoidal cell these are most
apparent and four short marks are discernible besides the linear
mark at the end of the cell. A broad paler brown band beyond the
middle from costa to tornus bordered on either side with deep
brown. Marginal portion of wing uniformly dark brown. Hind-
wing of the same ground-colour as fore-wing with numerous darker
transverse lines ; the three outer ones complete and the inner ones
stopping half-way across the wing. Under-side of fore-wing
ochreous with the post-medial band yellow shading off exteriorly
into the ground-colour, and bordered interiorly with a dark brown
line. Under-side of hind-wing ochreous with the same markings as
on the upper-side.
Exp. 32 mm.
Taken in June 1898, probably near Port of Spain.
There is a specimen of this same species, only somewhat
‘larger and better coloured, in Mr. Godman’s collection from
Chinchicua, Colombia.
121. RIODINA LYSIPPUS.
Papilio lysippus, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 332 (1764).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA.
Recorded by Crowfoot. Probably very local, as I have
never seen a Trinidad specimen.
122. LASAIA MERIS.
Papilio meris, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 366.
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Of fairly frequent occurrence.
123. THAROPS MENANDER.
Papilio menander, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 334, C. D,
(1782).
Range. BRAziL, Amazons,
One specimen at Verdant Vale in June 1898 (W. J.
Kaye).
124. EUCHENAIS ARISTUS.
Papilio aristus, Stoll, Suppl, Cram. Pap. Exot., t,
39, f. 4, 4¢ (1787),
188 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL.
Attached to dark places in the forest.
125. THISBE IRENA.
Papilo irenva, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 328, C. D.
(1782).
Range. GUIANA; BRAzIL, Amazons.
Not uncommon; flies high up round the tree-tops, and
is difficult to approach.
126. NYMPHIDIUM CALYCE.
Nymphidiwm calyce, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon., vi, p. 72,
n. 41 (1862).
Range. BRAzIL, Amazons.
Not rare; flies higher up than the smaller more fragile
species.
127. NYMPHIDIUM LAMIS.
Papilio lamis, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, t. 335, F.G.
(1782).
Range. SURINAM; BRAZIL.
128. NYMPHIDIUM CACHRUS.
Papilio cachrus, Fabr., Mant. Ins., 1, p. 78, n. 715
(1787).
Range. GUIANA.
About the commonest species of the genus.
129. NYMPHIDIUM MOLPE.
Limnas subtilis molpe, Hiibn., Samml. Ex. Schmett
(1806-1810).
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL, Amazons.
An abundant species.
Larva on Cassia. See Appendix.
130. NYMPHIDIUM AZAN.
Nymphidium azan, Doubl., Gen. D. L., t. 73, f. 5 (1851).
Range. BRAZIL.
An uncommon species.
Lepidoptera Ehopalocera of Trinidad. 189
131. NYMPHIDIUM MANTUS.
Papilio mantus, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 47, F. G. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; GUIANA.
Taken in the Botanical Gardens in May 1898 (W. J.
Kaye).
I have seen several from Sangre Grande.
132. SYNARGIS ABARIS.
Papilio abaris, Cram., Pap. Exot., i, t. 93, C. (1779).
Range. GUIANA; BraziL, Amazons.
One specimen only from Verdant Vale, June 1898,
I have revived the genus Synargis of Hiibner to take
this species. The type of Synargis was lytia, a species
hike abaris with a sexually different facies in the 2. The
remaining species with 2? differing from the ff all fall
into a group by themselves and have a far stronger flight
than the typical species of Vymphidiwm, they have broader
wings 1n the ? and havea less acute outer margin with the
costa. Abaris really stands out by itself with lytza, orestes,
artos, apame, and others forming a group by themselves
with much more ample wings, and with the hind margin of
the ? rounded and not angled as in abaris.
133. THEOPE THOOTES.
Theope thootes, Hew., Ex. Butt., 11, t.1, f. 9,10 (1860).
Range. Braztt, Amazons.
Once in Cascade Valley in May 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
134, THEOPE FoLIORUM. (PI. XVIII, fig. 2.)
Theope foliorum, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., ix,
p. 407 (1868).
Range. BRAZIL, Amazons.
Iam unable to distinguish punctipennis of Bates from
foltorwm.
Not rare. I netted several in June 1901, in St. Ann’s
Valley, and as the larva lives on cocoa, it is probably
common if properly searched for.
The myrmecophilous habits of this and the succeeding
species, as recorded by Mr. J. Guppy in the Appendix
190 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
are full of interest and give a clue as to the “modus
vivendi” of these larvee amongst the very numerous ants
which infest their food plant.
135. THEOPE EUDocIA. (PI. XVIII, figs. 1—1d.)
Theope eudocia, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 70, f. 4
(1851).
Range. BRAZIL, Amazons.
Mr. Guppy bred a single specimen from larva found on
cocoa. It is of the form with the blue patches on the
apical area.
Larva on cocoa. See Appendix.
136. ISAPIS AGYRTUS.
Papilio agyrtus, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 123, 13. C.
(1779).
Range. SURINAM; BRAzIL, Amazons.
Family LYCA NIDA.
137. CHILADES HANNO.
Papilio hanno, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot., t. 39,
£21790).
Range. FLORIDA to 8. BRAziIL and West INDIES.
Very common in dry grassy places.
SYNTARUCOIDES, n. gen.
Head medium sized ; antenne less than half the length of costa ;
palpi slender, the second joint slightly hairy on the under-side ; the
third joint of nearly equal thickness only slightly more slender,
slightly down-curved. Fore-wing a little elongated, the apex not
pointed ; outer margin evenly curved, inner margin straight ;
nervures 10, 11 fused on costa closely approximated for part of
their length and becoming separate at their origins. Hind-wing
rather ample in ¢, more narrow in @, with the costa curved at base
and almost straight for remaining length, apex greatly curved and
outer margin gently curved. No tails to outer margin,
Type Papilio cassius, Cr,
138, SYNTARUCOIDES CASSIUS.
Papilio cassius, Cram., Pap. Ex,, i, t. 28, C. D, (1775),
Range. JAMAICA; Mexico; St. Lucia.
Lepitoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 191
Less common than preceding, but found in the same
situations.
139. CALLIPSYCHE THIUS.
Hyrcus thius, Hiib., Zutr. Ex. Schmett, ff. 743, 744
(1832).
Range. BRAZIL.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
POLYNIPHES, 0. gen.
Fore-wing with the costa very strongly arched, apex rounded, and
outer margin much curved. The discoidal cell very large and bowed
out aboveand below. Discocellulars strongly angled. In the ¢ the
whole of the cell with the exception of the basal portion is occupied
with a band of brownish-black scales. Antenne very slightly
chequered on the under-side only and fairly stout for a Lycznid,
Palpi upturned ; the third joint very pointed and ending in a fine
bristle. Fore-tibia strongly spined.
Type Theela dumenili, Godt.
140. PoLYNIPHES DUMENILII.
Thecla dumenilit, Godart, Enc. Métb., ix, p. 677, n.
187 (1828).
Thecla argiva, Hew.
Range. VENEZUELA.
I have twice taken this species near Port of Spain. It
can easily be mistaken on the wing for Z7’molus albata.
141. TMoLUS ECHION.
Papilio echion, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, p. 788, n. 224
(1767).
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL, Bahia, Rio Janeiro.
Recorded by Crowfoot. I have not seen Trinidad speci-
mens. In the Hewitson collection specimens of crolws,
Cramer, are named echion ; Crowfoot may have determined
specimens from this collection, and it may be that the
true echion, Linné, does not occur. On the other hand,
there is no reason to suppose the non-occurrence of any
Venezuelan species.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART Il. (JUNE) 13
192 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
142. TMOLUS BEON.
Papilio beon, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 319, B.C. (1782).
Range. EASTERN BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
It is very difficult to say whether we have one or more
species to deal with. Z'molus bactra, Hew., looks distinct
from beon, but it may only be a form of it. The amount
of blue on the hind-win& cannot be considered as ever
constant. We know that in certain Palearctic Lycenidex
the first brood has often much bluer 2 2 than the second
brood, and some localities never yield a blue-tinged 2 at
all. The red inner edge of the transverse line on the
under-side of the fore-wing of beon fades considerably with
age, and some specimens (if they are undoubtedly beon)
have hardly a trace of the red colouring. My own series
is composed of four large males taken by my brother at
Verdant Vale in the autumn of 1895, and which scarcely
have any blue on the fore-wing except on the inner margin ;
five f fand two $ 9 are beon as figured by Cramer; one f is
the bactra of Hew.; and one fis very like typical beon, but
with much less blue on the hind-wing, while one is exactly
like beon on the upper-side but has no trace on the under-
side of the red edging to the transverse line. The species
is exceedingly abundant nearly everywhere. It should
perhaps be added that some specimens have a different
lustre to the blue colouring on the hind-wing. The
specimens alluded to from Verdant Vale are very pale
blue and not nearly so lustrous as the others.
143. TMOLUS UNILINEA, 0. sp.
Upper-side of both fore- and hind-wing extremely like crolus, Cr.,
the brand on the discocellulars of fore-wing is however larger and
browner in colour. Under-side white; fore-wing with a line
composed of brownish-yellow spots commencing immediately below
costa and finishing at nervure 2, the upper spots very small, the
lower ones gradually becoming larger ; outer margin just slightly
shaded with greyish. Hind-wing with a large orange blotch just
above the cell between nervures 7, 8, an elongated blotch between
nervures 4 and 6, a small elongated spot immediately below the cell
and a further small spot immediately above nervure 1b. Near the
outer margin between nervures 2, 3, is a yellow spot with a black
centre. At anal angle there is some faint yellowish colour.
Exp. 30 mm,
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 193
Described from a specimen in the British Museum sent
by H. Caracciolo.
144. TMOLUS ALBATA.
Thecla albata, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., 11, p. 261, 1, n.
310, t. 32, f. 17, 18 (1865).
Range. VENEZUELA.
Fairly frequent near the Botanical Gardens, in St. Ann’s
Valley.
145. TMOLUS STAGIRA.
Thecla stagira, Hew., Ill. D. L., n. 161, t. 39, f 120,
121, t. 43, f. 167 (1867).
Range. SouTH AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
146. TMOLUS TEPHRAEUS.
Bithys tephraeus, Hiib., Zutr. Ex. Schmett, f. 959, 960
(1837).
Range. VENEZUELA; HonpurRAS; BRAZIL, Amazons.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
147. TMOLUS ERGINA.
Thecla ergina, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 105, n. 187, t. 43,
f. 170, 171 (1867).
Range. CAYENNE; VENEZUELA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
148. TMOLUS CROLUS.
Papilio crolus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 333, G. H. (1782).
Range. HONDURAS to BRAZIL (Amazon region).
Very common. Appears to be attached to orange trees.
149. TMOLUS CELMUS.
Papilio celmus, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 55, G. H. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL.
A specimen from Trinidad in the National Collection,
and another (a ¢) in my own collection.
194 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
150. CALLICISTA MULUCHA.
Thecla mulucha, Hew., Ill. D. L., n. 81, t. 38, f. 117
(1867).
Range. BraziLt, Amazons, Pernambuco.
At the end of June 1901, on the hills behind Govern-
ment House (W. J. Kaye).
151. TMOLUS PALEGON.
Papilio palegon, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 282, C.D.
(1782).
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
A single specimen in May 1898, at Tabaquite (W. J.
Kaye); also recorded by Crowfoot.
152. TMOLUS TALAYRA.
Thecla talayra, Hew., Desc. Lyc., p. 1, n. 3 (1868).
Range. BRAZIL.
A single ? from Sangre Grande. It is likely that this
species 1s not congeneric with Tmolus.
153. TMOLUS PERDISTINOTA, n. sp. (PI. XVIII, fig. 8.)
Upper-side of both wings like Tmolus beon or of one of the forms
of that species. Fore-wing dark brown. A blue streak on the inner
margin from base beyond middle, and above the streak to the lower
end of cell is a large patch of dull greenish-blue slate colour. Hind-
wing with the costal portion broadly brown ; the dull blue colour
not extending above the cell nor to the outer margin except near
tornus, A conspicuous brick-red spot at anal angle. Under-side of
fore-wing pale brownish with a transverse line beyond middle not
reaching to inner margin, brown edged exteriorly with dirty whitish.
Under-side of hind-wing pale brownish with a conspicuous post-
medial transverse broken line of white marks edged interiorly with
blackish. A large black spot at anal angle and a small one set in
bright red between veins 2, 3. An indication of a similar mark
between veins 3, 4.
Expanse 27 mm.
Probably taken at Tabaquite in May 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
154, CALLICOPIS CALUS.
Polyommatus calus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 640, n. 88
(1828).
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 195
Range. COLOMBIA ; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Two or three specimens from Sangre Grande.
155. CALLICOPIS DEMONASSA.
Thecla demonassa, Hew., Ill. D. L., Lye. p. 31, n. 65
(1868).
Range. VENEZUELA.
Several found at end of May 1898 in the Botanical
Gardens, fluttering over a small patch of weeds (W. J,
Kaye).
156. CALLICOPIS HESPERITIS.
Callicopis hesperitis, Butl, and Druce, Cist. Ent., i,
p. 107 (1872).
Range. Costa Rica; MEXxico; CoLOMBIA; GUIANA ;
BRAZIL,
Crowfoot gives this species. I have not traced a Trinidad
specimen, but the species is probably overlooked.
157. BirHys DINDYMUS.
Papilio dindymus, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 46, F. G. (1776).
Range. BRAziL, Amazons.
Found commonly amongst the orange trees in the
Botanical Gardens.
SIDERUS, nD. gen.
Fore-wing with the costa very strongly arched at base and very
straight thence to apex. Outer margin bluntly angled at middle.
Inner margin straight. Discoidal cell very short with an almost
circular dull black band in the ¢g lying over the upper end of the
eross bar. A portion of the band lies within the cell and is more
brown than black. Vein 2 from beyond middle of cell; 3 and 4 from
just beyond the end ; 5 from middle of discocellulars which are very
oblique, the upper one much the longest ; vein 6 from before upper
angle ; 7 from upper angle ; 8 from just beyond angle of cell. Palpi
with the 3rd joint slender and rather short, porrect ; the 2nd joint
just visible when viewed from above.
Type S. parvinotus.
158. SIDERUS PARVINOTUS, n. sp.
Fore-wing much like Bithys dindymus except for the shape of the
band. Dark shining blue with black only on the outer margin and
196 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
none on the costa or only at the extreme margin. Hind-wing of the
same colour as fore-wing, the blue reaching almost to costa and with-
out any distinct patch of black. Inner margin iron-blue. Under-
side of fore-wing dirty white with a broken line of pure white spots
beyond middle from costa to vein 2. Under-side of hind-wing dirty
white with a post-medial irregular line of white marks. A black
spot at anal angle exteriorly edged with orange ; and between veins
2, 3 is a large reddish-orange spot encasing a black point on the
lower side.
Exp. 30 mm.
Taken in May 1898 at the Botanical Gardens (W. J.
Kaye).
TASPIs, n. gen.
Palpi small, the 3rd joint visible from above. Fore-wing with the
costa abruptly arched from base for a short distance ; outer margin
almost straight. Vein 5 from much nearer 4 than 6; vein 3 from
close to lower angle of cell. Veins 7, 8 given off from the same place,
beyond the cell is an oblong band of smooth black scales in the ¢.
Discocellulars greatly curved inwards and following the outline of
the band. Hind-wing with the upper discocellular slightly acute ;
lower discocellulat forming almost a right angle. Vein 5 about
equidistant from 4 and 6, Vein 7 given off long before the end of
cell. Inner margin of wing rounded. A medium length tail at the
extremity of vein 2 and a shorter one at vein 3.
Type Symmachia temesa, Hew.
159. TASPIS TEMESA.
Symmachia temesa, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 1, n. 2 (1868).
Range. Brazin, Amazons ; CAYENNE.
One or two only from Sangre Grande in the interior of
the Island.
160. OENOMAUS ORTYGNUS.
Papilio ortygnus, Cram., Pap. Ex., 111, t. 243, B. (1782).
Range. HONDURAS ; BRaAzIL, Amazon region.
Fairly common round Port of Spain.
161. PSEUDOLYCHZNA MARSYAS.
Papilio marsyas, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 315 (1764).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; ARGENTINA.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 197
Sometimes found commonly, I believe, in January and
February. In Tobago it is reported as abundant.
The flight of this species is peculiar. Although the
insect is powerful-looking, it is very lazy on the wing, and
never flies for any length of time. It settles on anything,
not infrequently the ground, from which it is often difficult
to dislodge it from amongst long grass.
162. CYCNUS PHALEROS.
Papilio phaleros, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, p. 796, n. 272
GUiGT):
Range. NICARAGUA ; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Two specimens in B. M. (J. H. Hart, H. Caracciolo).
ARAWACUS, n. gen.
Palpismall porrect. The third joint just visible from above. Fore-
wing (in male) with a large dull black band of smoothly compressed
scales lying beyond the lower corner of cell and except for a few
isolated scales not lying at all within the cell. Veins 6, 7 from
upper angle of cell and vein 8 from quite near the end of cell. Vein
3 from very near the lower angle of cell. Hind-wing greatly
produced at anal angle and the inner margin greatly angled just
before reaching the tip. At vein 2 is a slender tail given off
laterally. No other tails nor rudimentary tails present. Vein 3
from close to lower angle of cell; 5 equi-distant from 4 and 6.
Upper arm of cell slightly depressed beyond middle curving out
again where vein 7 arises. Female rather larger than male.
Type Papilio linus, Sulz.
163. ARawacus Linus. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 5—50.)
Papilio linus, Sulz., Gesch. Ins., t. 19, f. 10, 11 (1776).
Range. VENEZUELA; GUIANA; AMAZONS.
Quite common. In flight this species much resembles
P. marsyas, but is more jerky. It nearly always settles on
a low bush, but does not in my experience ever settle on
the ground.
164. PANTHIADES PELION.
Papilio pelion, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 6, E. F. (1775).
Range. Brazit, Amazon region.
Not rare near Port of Spain.
198 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
165. ATLIDES POLYBE.
Papilio polybe, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 787, n. 218
(1767).
Range. BRAZIL.
A single specimen from St. Ann’s Valley. Crowfoot did
not record this fine species, and it is probably rare.
166. MITHRAS HEMON.
Papilio hemon, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 2, D. E. (1775).
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
A very common species in gardens, scrub, or even dense
forest.
REKOA, n. gen.
Palpi very small and short. Fore-wing long. Costa very slightly
arched except at base. At apex the outer margin forms a right
angle with costa but slopes away from vein 5 to tornus, Vein 3
from close to end of cell and vein 7 from close to upper angle of
cell, Hind-wing much produced at vein 2 and eurved gradually
away to base. Vein 8 greatly arched immediately after leaving base
and approximating to 7 at outer margin. Discocellular almost
straight and only slightly oblique. Vein 7 from near upper angle
of cell. Given off from the outer side of the wing extension at vein
2 is a long slender tail. No other tail nor rudimentary tail present.
Type Papilio meton, Cram.
This genus is close to Arawacus.
167. REKOA METON.
Papilio meton, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 201, D.E.
(1782).
Range. Mexico; GUIANA; BRAZIL.
An uncommon species. I met with a single specimen
at Tabaquite in June 1898, flying at the edge of the forest
in an open bushy place.
MACUSIA, n. gen.
Palpi with the 8rd joint very small and invisible when viewed
from above. Fore-wing with a smooth patch of slaty-blue sensory
hairs on the basal portion of the costa and beyond is a larger patch
of more raised black hairs. Vein 1b almost quite straight. The
lower arm of the cell quite straight, vein 2 radiating greatly from
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 199
3; vein 5 nearer 6 than 4. Hind-wing with veins 3, 4 on a short
stalk ; vein 5 slightly nearer 4 than 6 ; vein 7 from a long way before
end of cell ; vein 8 very greatly arched and receding greatly from 7.
Anal angle much rounded.
Type Thecla satyrotides.
168. MACUSIA SATYROIDES.
Thecla satyroides, Hew., Desc. Lye, p. 11, n. 26
(1868).
Range. BRAZIL.
Frequent in St. Ann’s Valley and probably elsewhere.
PAIWARRIA, n. gen.
Palpi slender, the second joint long with smooth appressed scales ;
third joint very pointed and slightly scaled pointing down-
wards. The median tibie with a pair of short spurs. Antenne
rather long and slender, the club long and almost of equal thickness
throughout. Fore-wing with the costa very greatly arched, the outer
margin very straight ; inner margin also almost straight and forming
a right angle with outer margin. Discoidal band almost circular.
Hind-wing with the anal angle considerably extended and with
slender tails at the extremities of nervures 2, 3 and 4, the first at
nervure 2 the longest of the three and the one at nervure 4 very
short ; nervure 8 receding greatly immediately beyond base and
approaching 7 near margin ; 6 and 7 from a long way before end of
cell.
Type Papilio venulius, Cr.
169, PAIWARRIA VENULIUS.
Papilio venulius, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 243, G.
(1782).
Range. SURINAM; CAYENNE; BOLIVIA.
I found a single poor specimen in the St. Ann’s Valley
in June 1898 flying with Macusia satyroides.
170. CHALYBS ROMULUS.
Papilio romulus, Fab., Ent. Syst., ui, 1, p. 316, n. 195
(C793):
Fapilio janias, Cram., Pap. Ex., ili, t. 213, D.E.
(1782).
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL.
200 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
A single poor specimen in June 1898 in Cascade
Valley (W. J. Kaye).
171. EVENUS REGALIS.
Papilio regalis, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 72, E. F. (1779).
Range. TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA.
This splendid insect is apparently not rare, as I have
seen several specimens in various small collections. Port
of Spain and Sangre Grande.
172. EVENUS NOBILIS.
Theela nobilis, H.-8., Ex. Schmett., p. 55, f. 56 (1853) ?
Range. TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA.
Scarcer than the preceding. I have a specimen from
the Maraval Valley.
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily PZERIN AZ.
173. DISMORPHIA AMPHIONE.
Papilio amphione, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 232, E. F.
(1782).
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL.
I have included this species on the strength of Crow-
foot’s record, but must confess to being sceptical, as with
the particular group of Dismorphias it is so easy to
mistake the species, particularly in the 2. The Brazilian
2 amphione is very like Trinidad 2 broomex. It is clear
Crowfoot considered he had two species, as he gives
amphione and another which he merely gives (?). The
species with a query was probably what Butler named
broomex in 1899. If amphione really occurs and there
is no error in determination it must be exceedingly rare.
174. DISMORPHIA BROOME.
Dismorphia broomex, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 11, p. 391
(1899).
Range. VENEZUELA.
The characteristic yellow colouring is present in this
species particularly on the under-side, and save for the
opposite coast of Venezuela (to which the species has
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 201
probably spread) the particular form probably does not
occur elsewhere. The mainland form which occurs at
Caracas and elsewhere, but which has evidently not
received a name, is this same species over again without
the special yellow insular coloration, in fact is the general
mainland type of which broomex is the insular form.
There is some confusion in the types of these species.
Butler's 2? type of broomew came from Venezuela; this
is not the 2 of broomew true as found in Trinidad, but is
rather the 2? of the mainland form. The 2 of broomex
has therefore never been described, so for future reference
I append a description.
The species is evidently very uncertain in its appear-
ance, as I have failed to meet with it myself in its
known haunts, neither has any collector been able to
secure it for me. There are 2 $ types in British Museum ;
3 22 and 1f in the Hope Department of the Oxford
Museum, and a @ in my own collection presented by Pro-
fessor Poulton and which came from the same source as
those at Oxford.
DISMORPHIA BROOME &.
Fore-wing with the ground-colour very deep brown; on the costa
extending from base to three-fourths the length of cell is an orange
streak which is terminated by an oblong brown blotch beyond which
again is broad yellow to just beyond the cell. Within the cell a
long wedge-shaped mark of the ground-colour commences as a point
close to base of wing and widens out gradually to just below the
blotch on costa; beyond this wedge mark and the end of cell the
colouring is a mixture of orange and yellow. Discoidal mark large
and conspicuous of the ground-colour and triangular. Below the
discoidal mark the wedge mark is continued downwards to near
tornus; inside the wedge-shaped mark is a broad deep orange streak
from base to near tornus where it shades off into yellow. A narrow
brown band of equal width from base running along the entire inner
margin and edged for three-fourths of its length with orange. From
costa embracing the discoidal mark runs a broad yellow band termin-
ating short of outer margin and a second subapical yellow band
composed of three unequal yellow blotches. Hind-wing with the
central area from base to outer margin deep orange bordered with
the same dark brown ground-colour as fore-wing. Inner margin
and portion of outer margin light brown.
Exp. 76 mm.
202 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
175. EUREMA NISE.
Papilio nise, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 20, K. L. (1775).
Range. COLOMBIA; VENEZUELA; GUIANA; BRAZIL.
Abundant by the roadsides. The yellow of the fore-
wing fades to the normal colour of the hind-wing after a
time. é
[EUREMA MARGINELLA.
Terias marginella, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon., v, p. 97,
n. 53 (1861).
This is merely a form (dry season ?) of albula with the
margins to the hind-wing bordered with black. ]
176. EUREMA ALBULA.
Papilio albula, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 27, E. (1775).
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; CENTRAL
AMERICA.
Frequently found in abundance in damp situations.
In the Maracas Valley in late June 1901 I found the
species particularly abundant.
177. EUREMA AGAVE.
Papilio agave, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 20, H. I. (1775).
Range. COLOMBIA; BotrviA; Brazin, Amazons.
There is but the record of a single specimen, one taken
at Verdant Vale (S. Kaye) in 1896, probably about
December. The species is however likely to be over-
looked.
178. EUREMA LUCINA.
Terias lucina, Poey, Mem. Cuba, t. 18, f. 8-10
(1851).
Range. CuBaA ; HONDURAS.
179. EUREMA ELATHEA. |
Papilio elathea, Cram., Pap. Ex., ui, t. 99, C. D.
(1779).
Range. CUBA; JAMAICA; PANAMA.
As these two species are described, unquestionably both
occur in Trinidad, but are they distinct species? Both
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 2038
occur together in Cuba also, which suggests that the two
may be one. The marginal band to the hind-wing in
elathea appears to be fairly constant, and the black borders
of the @ are apparently always more heavy. The dry
season form of elathea may be the same as the dry season
form of /weina.
180. KUREMA PALMYRA,
Terias palmyra, Poey, Mem. Cuba, t. 24, f. 4-6
(1851).
Range. VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA ; CUBA.
181. EUREMA LEUCE.
Terias leuce, Boisd., Sp. Gén., i, p. 659, n. 10 (1836).
Range. BRAZIL; BoLiviA; PARAGUAY; W. INDIEs.
182. SPHANOGONA GRATIOSA.
Terias gratiosa, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 9, f. 5
(1847).
Range. VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA; PANAMA.
Never abundant, but pretty general. The flight of a
Sphenogona is much more rapid than a Hurema, and
many specimens escape capture.
183. GLUTOPHRISSA DRUSILLA.
Papilio drusilia, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 207, C. thas ics
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL, Rio ree
Evidently local. Half-a-dozen specimens were received
in a single consignment, but none had been taken before,
nor have any further specimens come to hand.
184. GLUTOPHRISSA ILAIRE.
Pieris waive, Godt., Enc. Méth, ix, p. 142, n. 83
(1819).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA.
Not common.
185. DAPTONOURA POLYHYMNIA.
Pieris polyhymnia, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii, p. 170,
n, 152 (1865).
Range. VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA.
204 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Not common.
Butler’s species arti has no logical standing and must
be sunk under polyhymnia. His types f and ¢ are
described from Trinidad specimens, but it is impossible
to differentiate the 2 from 2 polyhymnia, and the
agrees with Felder’s description, but there is no f specimen
in the British Museum for comparison. It is highly
probable that some of Butler’s characters are characters
brought about by the age of the specimens with which
he was comparing the Trinidad fresh examples.
186. KRICOGONIA LYSIDE.
Colias lyside, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 98, n. 30
(1819).
Rhodocera terissa, Luc., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 429.
Range. JAMAICA; CuBA; HaytT1; CENTRAL AMERICA.
The occurrence of this species in Trinidad is remarkable
and suggests accidental introduction or migration. The
single specimen, a 2, came to me in a batch of papered
insects, and there is no doubt about the insect having
occurred.
A note concerning this species may here be not out
of place. The ¢ sex was described by Lucas and the
@ sex was described independently by Godart. My
correspondent, Mr. C. B. Taylor, in Kingston, Jamaica,
has often bred this species, and has proved frequently that
terissa is only the $ of lyside.
ITABALLIA, n. gen.
Fore-wing very strongly arched from base to costa ; the tip almost
rounded. Outer margin evenly curved to tornus which is blunt.
Inner margin slightly upcurved near middle. Discoidal cell scarcely
longer than half the length of wing. Hind-wing with costa well
curved, the apex quite rounded ; outer margin boldly curved. Dis-
coidal cell not more than half the length of wing, the discocellular
very slightly oblique with nervure 4. Head large. Palpi very
slender porrect, the 2nd joint only slightly clothed with hair. Legs
very slender. Antenne with a long gradually thickened tip.
Type Pieris pandosia, Hew.
187. ITABALLIA PANDOSIA,
Pieris pandosia, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, t. 2, f. 14 (1853).
Range. VENEZUELA.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 205
The record rests on the capture of a single specimen
made by myself some time in May or June 1898.
188. PIERIS MONUSTE.
Papilio monuste, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 237 (1764).
Range. GUIANA.
Very common and generally distributed.
189. CALLIDRYAS PHILEA.
Papilio philea, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 764, n. 104
(L767):
Range. BRAZIL; GUIANA; NICARAGUA; COLOMBIA.
Not abundant. Always found near streams.
190. CALLIDRYAS SENNOE.
Papilio sennoe, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 764, n. 103
CLIGT):
Papilio eubule, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, p. 764, n. 102
(1767).
Range. SOUTHERN STATES to ARGENTINA with WEST
INDIES.
191. PH@BIS ARGANTE.
Papilio argante, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 470, n. 116
(1775).
Range. NICARAGUA; GUIANA, Roraima; BRAZIL, Rio.
Not at all common apparently.
PHQ@BIS HERSILIA.
Papilio hersilia, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 173, C. D.
1779).
Phurbis es Cram., Pap., Uix., 11,.t. 99, B. F. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL.
(?) Error of determination. The name appears in
Crowfoot’s list.
192. APHRISSA STATIRA.
Papilio statira, Cram., Pap. Ex., u, t. 120, C.D.
GLUES):
Range. GUIANA; BRAZIL; PERU; ECUADOR; COLOMBIA ;
PaNAMA; St. Lucta.
Locally very common, but not general,
206 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Family PAPILIONID/L.
193. PAPILIO POLYDAMAS.
Papilio polydamas, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 192 (1764).
Range. MExi1co to ARGENTINA.
Not very common. Flies in the sunshine. The true
polydamas occurs and not the general West Indian form
polycrates.
194, PAPILIO ZEUXIS.
Papilio zeuxis, Luc., Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 190.
Range. VENEZUELA.
Larva on orange.
The many closely allied species of this group have
rendered the identification of this species extremely
difficult. Mr. F. W. Urich has bred me a series from a
batch of eggs showing considerable variation in the green
patch of the fore-wing of the male. Some of these would
be called alyattes, Feld., which has a greater lustre on the
hind-wing and which has a smaller green patch on fore-
wing. Alyattes 9 9 are however very different from zeuxis
99. There can scarcely be a doubt that, as set forth by
Kirby in his Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (pp. 525,
526), many of these species are only varieties or local
forms of vertuwmnus, Cramer, while some of these in them-
selves vary considerably.
195. PAPILIO CYMOCLES.
Papilio cymocles, Doubl., Ann. Mag. N. H., xiv, p. 416
(1844).
Range. Unknown. The species was described from
Trinidad.
This is probably only a form of zeuais, but ecymocles
having priority zewxis would have to be sunk.
196. PAPILIO GARGASUS.
Papilio gargasus, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett., p 87,
n. 909 (1816). :
Range. BRAZIL, Amazons.
Very abundant in many parts of the Island, particularly
frequenting bamboo clumps.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 207
197. PAPILIO POMPEIUS.
Papilio pompeius, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii, p. 5, n. 37
(1787).
ange. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Var. anchisiades, Esp.
Mr. F. W. Urich has bred from the same batch of eggs
anchisiades, Esp., and theramenes, Feld. I have retained
Fabricius’ name pompeius for this species, as the different
forms are not even constant to locality.
The species is fairly abundant in similar situations as
the last.
198. PAPILIO ANDROGEOS.
Papilio androgeos, Cr., Pap. Ex.,i, t. 16, C. D. (1775) 9.
Papilio polycaon, Cr., Pap. Ex., i, t. 203, A. B.
(L782) ¢.
Range. BRAZIL; WEST INDIES.
Not common. The ? (androgeos) is almost in the same
proportions as the $ and not specially rare, as is found
to be so often the case elsewhere.
199. PAPILIO THOAS.
Papilio thoas, Linn., Mant. Plant., p. 536 (1771).
Range. SOUTHERN STATES; MExico to SoutH BRAZIL.
Apparently not common.
Family HESPERIID.
Subfamily PYRRHOPYGINA. |
200. PyRRHOPYGE CHARYBDIS, Doubl. and Hew., Gen.
DLL. t. 78,4. 2) (1852).
Range. COLOMBIA; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
The commonest species of the genus. Of frequent
occurrence round Port of Spain.
201. PYRRHOPYGE PHIDIAS.
Papilio phidias, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 334 (1764).
Range. BraziL; BoLiviA; CoLOMBIA.
The species is given in Crowfoot’s list. I have not
been able to trace a specimen.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE) 14
208 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Subfamily HESPERIIN Al.
202. ACOLASTUS AMYNTAS.
Papilio amyntas, Fab., Syst. Ent, p. 533, n. 304
(1775).
Range. WEST INDIES; VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Apparently not so common in Trinidad as in some of
the other West Indian Islands.
203. KUDAMUS PROTEUS.
Papilio proteus, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 383 (1764).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
An abundant species.
204. EUDAMUS DORANTES.
Papilio dorantes, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex., t.
39, f. 9 (1790).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; Honpuras; W. INDIES.
205. EUDAMUS CATILLUS.
Papilio catillus, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 260, F. G.
(1782).
Range. VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA; BRAZIL.
Very common.
206. EUDAMUS SIMPLICIUS.
Papilio simplicius, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex.,, t.
39, f. 6, O. HE. (1790).
Range. CENTRAL AMERICA ; BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
Very common.
207. EUDAMUS EURYCLES.
LTesperia curycles, Latr., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 730, n. 5
(1823). :
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL; Mexico; HONDURAS.
208. EUDAMUS PROTILLUS.
Hudamus protillus, Herr.-Sch., Prod. Syst. Lep., p. 63,
n. 19 (1869).
Range. BRAZIL.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 209
209. EUDAMUS BRACHIUS.
Goniurus brachiws, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., f. 609,
610 (1832).
Hudamus doryssus, Swains., Zool. Ill., Ins. 11, t. 48, f. 2
(1833).
Range. BRAZIL; NICARAGUA; ECUADOR.
Not common. Occurs generally singly.
210. EUDAMUS AMISUS.
Eudamus amisus, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 5, n. 5 (1867).
Range. HAtrtt.
Recorded by Crowfoot. Correct determination (?).
211. EUDAMUS UNDULATUS.
Hudamus undulatus, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 4, n. 4
(1867).
Range. TROPICAL SouTH AMERICA,
Recorded by Crowfoot.
212. GONIURUS CLUS.
Papilio celus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 343, C. D. (1782).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
Two specimens in the National Collection taken by
W. E. Broadway. A single specimen from St. Ann’s
Valley (W. J. Kaye).
213. DYSENIUS SPURIUS.
Dysenius spurius, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), x,
p. 46 (1880).
Range. BRAZIL.
Two specimens in the National Collection (W. Z£.
Broadway), one from St. Ann’s Valley (W. J. Kaye).
214. SPATHILEPIA CLONIUS.
Papilio clonius, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 80,C. D. (1779),
Range. VENEZUELA; NICARAGUA; BRAZIL,
Common. Difficult to procure in good condition.
210 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
215. EPARGYREUS EXADEUS.
Papilio exadeus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 260, C. (1782).
fiange. BRAZIL; GUATEMALA; VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA.
A common species.
216. PROTEIDES EVADNES.
Papilio evadnes, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 343, G. H.
(1782).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
217. PROTEIDES AGITA.
Hesperia xegita, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., Ser. iii, vol. 1,
p. 486, n. 1 (1866).
Range. BRAZIL, Para.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
218. TELEGONUS APASTUS.
Papilio apastus, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. iii, D. E. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL; PANAMA; BRITISH GUIANA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
219. TELEGONUS GRENADENSIS.
Telegonus grenadensis, Schaus, Pr. U.S. N. Mus., xxiv,
p. 427 (1902).
Range. GRENADA.
A single specimen.
220. TELEGONUS ANAPHUS.
Papilio anaphus, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 178, F. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA ; MEXICO.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
221. TELEGONUS ALARDUS.
Papilio alardus, Stoll, Supp. Cram. Pap. Ex., t. 39,
vig. (1790).
Range. VENEZUELA ; COLOMBIA ; BRAZIL.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 211
222. THYMELE FULGERATOR.
Papilio fulgerator, Walch, Naturf., vii, p. 115, t. 1,
f. 2, a, 6 (1775).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA; HONDURAS.
One specimen in National Collection and another in my
own collection. Apparently uncommon.
223. NASCUS PHOCUS.
Papilio phocus, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 162, F. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL; PARAGUAY; HONDURAS.
I met with a single specimen in the Maraval Valley in
July 1898.
224. BUNGALOTIS MIDAS.
Papilio midas, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 63, G. (1779).
Range. VENEZUELA ; BRAZIL; HONDURAS.
225. CECROPTERUS ZAREX.
Cecrops zarex, Hiibn., Zutr, Ex. Schmett., pp. 183, 184
(1818).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
226. CECROPTERUS NEIS.
Cecrops neis, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., pp. 619, 620
(1832).
Range. BRAZIL; VENEZUELA.
227. CECROPTERUS ITYLUS.
Autochthon itylus, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., pp. 249,
250 (1823).
Range. GUIANA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
228. CECROPTERUS BIPUNCTATUS.
Papilio bipunctatus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1. 5, p. 2560,
n. 900 (1781—1791).
Range. TRopicaAL SOUTH AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
212 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
229. CACINA CALANUS.
Cxcina calanus, Godm. and Saly., Biol. Centr. Am.,
Rhop., ii, p. 343, t. 81, f. 10.
Range. Mexico to PANAMA.
A single specimen received from Mr, F. W. Urich.
230. THORYBES BATHYLLUS.
Papilio bathyllus, Smith, Abb. Lep. Ins. Georg., i,
t. 22 (1797).
Range. CENTRAL and SouTH AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
231. PHANUS VITREUS.
Papilio vitreus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 865, D. (1782)
Range. HoNnDURAS; BRAZIL; GUIANA; PANAMA.
A fairly common species and variable.
232. PHANUS EBUSUS.
Papilio ebusus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 300, C. D.
(1782).
Range. SURINAM.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
233. CoGIA CALCHAS.
Eudamus calchas, H.-8., Prodr. Syst. Lep., ii, p. 68,
n. 19 (1869).
Range. BRAZIL; HONDURAS.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
234. XENOPHANES TRYXUS.
Papilio tryxus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 334, G. H.
(1782).
Range. VENEZUELA ; BRAzIL; ECUADOR; COLOMBIA.
A fairly common insect.
235. PYTHONIDES LUGUBRIS.
Leucochitonea lugubris, Feld., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien., 1869, p. 476, n. 32.
Range. VENEZUELA; NICARAGUA.
A single specimen taken in June 1898 in the Botanical
Gardens (W. J. Kaye).
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 213
236. PYTHONIDES CERIALIS.
Papilio cerialis, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 392, N. O,
(1782).
Range. VENEZUELA; Braziu; NICARAGUA.
Very common on dry grassy banks.
237. ACHLYODES TERRENS.
Achlyodes terrens, W. Schaus, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
XXlv, p. 433 (1902).
Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.
Is probably mistaken for the previous species on the
wing.
238. SOSTRATA SCINTILLANS.
Leucochitonea scintillans, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr,
(5), vi, p. 200, n. 40 (1877),
Range. NICARAGUA ; GUIANA.
From the range of this species it may possibly be
indigenous as recorded by Crowfoot, but as the previous
species is so alike on the upper-side some confusion may
have arisen.
239. SOSTRATA LEUCORRHOA.
Sostrata leucorrhoa, Godm, and Salvy., Biol. Centr.
AM. i, p. 397.
Range. PANAMA; CoLomBiA; TaBoGa I.; VENEZUELA.
Presumably the species from Trinidad is Jewcorrhoa,
but the white anal patch on the under-side of the hind-
wings is more yellowish than white.
240. ANTIGONUS NEARCHUS.
Hesperia nearchus, Latr., Humb. Bonp. Obs. Zool., 11,
p. 135, t. 43, f. 3, 4 (1811—1823).
Range. HONDURAS; VENEZUELA; PANAMA.
Common in St. Ann’s Valley (W. J. Kaye); Port of
Spain (W. HL. Broadway).
241. ANTIGONUS EROSUS.
Urbanus vetus erosus, Hiibn., Samm. Ex. Schmett.
(1806—1816).
214 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Range. BraziL; NICARAGUA; VENEZUELA.
Frequently met with at St. Ann’s Valley, Maraval and
Verdant Vale in June 1901 (W. J. Kaye).
242. EUDAMIDAS OZEMA.
Achlyodes ozema, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 515.
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL.
A single specimen taken by W. E. Broadway presumably
in the neighbourhood of Port of Spain. A second speci-
men has recently been taken at Tunapuna.
243. MYLON PULCHERIUS.
Leucochitonea pulcherius, Feld., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien., 1869, p. 477, n. 35.
Range. MEXIco; GUATEMALA; PANAMA; VENEZUELA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
244, CAMPTOPLEURA THRASYBULUS.
Papilio thrasybulus, Fab., Ent. Syst., ui. 1, p. 346,
nm. 315.
Range. BRAZIL; NICARAGUA; VENEZUELA; B. GUIANA,
Roraima.
245. DIPHORIDAS PHALANOIDES.
Urbanus vetus phalenoides, Hiibn., Samm, Ex. Schmett.
(1806—1816).
Range. MEXtco to BRAZIL.
Not rare in the Botanical Gardens.
246. GORGYTHION PYRALINA.
FHelias pyralina, Moesch., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.,
XxXvi, p. 343, t. 4, f. 31 (1876).
Range. HONDURAS; VENEZUELA; B, GUIANA.
Probably as common as on the mainland if carefully
searched for.
247, HESPERIA SYRICHTUS.
Papilio surichtus, Fab., Syst. Ent. p. 534, n. 394
(1775).
Range. WEST INDIES; CENTRAL AMERICA; VENEZUELA;
BRAZIL.
The commonest ‘skipper,’
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 215
248. HESPERIA RURALIS.
Syrichtus ruralis, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1852,
p. dll.
Range. CALIFORNIA.
Crowfoot has given this species, but from its range it
looks as if some mistake had arisen in the identification.
249. HELIOPETES ARSALTE.
Papilio arsalte, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 245 (1764).
Range. AMAZONS ; VENEZUELA; HONDURAS.
Frequent, but not abundant.
250. STAPHYLUS ASCALAPHUS.
Helius ascalaphus, Stgr., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.,
xxv, p. 116; n.d! (876):
Range. VENEZUELA; NICARAGUA; PANAMA.
June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
251. STAPHYLUS SINEPUNCTIS, n. sp.
Fore-wing without any apical spots, brown with the markings
black-brown. Across the centre of the wing is a broad V-shaped
mark the basal half of which is the broadest and the marginal half
is duplicated for half its length from costa, the double bands uniting
at near vein 3; beyond the V is a sinuated dark line on a paler
ground-colour reaching down to about vein 4 and then merging into
the outward half of the V-mark. Tornus with a large round patch
of a somewhat dull golden colour but very inconspicuous. Hind-
wing with a broad dark central fascia much curved and followed by
a lighter edging. Under-side of fore-wing almost uncolorous shining
very dark brown slightly lighter at tornus. Under-side of hind-
wing with a large dull fawn-coloured patch at anal angle extending
over about half the wing area.
Exp, 28 mm.
Taken at end of June 1901 at St. Ann’s Valley (W. J.
Kaye).
252. STAPHYLUS AUROCAPILLA.
Staphylus auwrocapilla, Staud., Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien., xxv.
Range. MEXIco to BUENOS AYRES.
Probably taken in the Botanical Gardens (Lady Broome).
216 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
253. ANASTRUS SIMPLICIOR.
Pellicia simplicior, Mosch., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.,
xxvi, p. 342, t. 4, f. 27 (1876).
Range. JAMAICA; St. DoMINGO; SURINAM.
One specimen in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
Subfamily PAMPHILIN 4.
254. VEHILIUS STICTOMENES.
Staphylus stictomenes, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877,
p. 158.
Range. VENEZUELA; BrAziIL, Amazons.
One specimen in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye). Doubtless
a common species.
255. VEHILIUS SUBPLANUS, 0. sp.
Fore-wing very dark brown with a dull yellowish spot between
veins 3 and 4 midway between end of cell and outer margin and a
similar spot lying rather nearer to the cell between veins 2, 3.
Hind-wing as fore-wing but without markings. The costa almost
black. On the under-side of fore-wing the two yellow spots show
out conspicuously and towards the margin the veins are slightly
indicated. Under-side of hind-wing paler than fore-wing with
scarcely a trace of pale scaling on the veins.
Exp. 26 mm.
In June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
256. COBALUS VIRBIUS.
Papilio virbius, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 143, G. (1779).
Range. BRAZIL.
25%. COBALUS CANNA,
Cobalus canne, Herr.-Sch., Prodr. Syst. Lep., iii, p. 83
(1869).
Range. Mexico to ARGENTINA.
One specimen in July 1898.
The specimen may be a distinct species, as it has three
subapical hyaline spots, but as Godman in the ‘ Biologia
Cent. Amer.” says that cannz is very variable, it is quite
likely that this is only a form of that species. .
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 21%
258. COBALOPSIS EDDA.
Cobalopsis edda, Mab., Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg.,
XEKV) p: clxx (1691):
Range. Mexico to GUIANA.
A single specimen only in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
259. PHANIS JUSTINIANUS.
Hesperia justinianus, Latr., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 760.
Thracides aletes, Hiib., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., ff. '731, 732
(1832).
Range. BRAZIL; HonpurRAS; MExiIco; NICARAGUA.
A single specimen in July 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
260. PHANIS ALMODA.
Hesperia almoda, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., Ser. iii, vol.
il, p. 499, n. 36 (1866).
Range. AMAZONS.
A single specimen taken with the previous species
(W. J. Kaye). These two species may prove to be one
variable one. More material is necessary or life histories
are wanted to decide.
261. ARTINES ATIZIES.
Artines atizies, Godm., Biol. Centr. Am., Rhop., ii, p.
608, t. 108, ff. 49, 50.
Range. PANAMA; VENEZUELA; GUIANA; BRAZIL.
Two specimens in St. Ann’s Valley in July 1898 (W. //.
Kaye). The species is very conspicuous on the wing and
flies in damp, dark places.
262. MOERIS STRIGA.
Talides striga, Geyer in Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., iv,
p. 32, ff. 739, 740.
Range. MEX1co to ARGENTINA.
Two ¢¢ and 19 in June 1901 (W. J. Kaye). Easily
recognized by the well-marked under-side.
218 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
263. METRON CHRYSOGASTRA.
Pamphila chrysogastra, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe., p. 506
(1870).
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL; AMAZONS.
A single specimen near the Botanical Gardens in June
1901 (W. J. Kaye).
264. THARGELLA FULIGINOSA.
Thargella fuliginosa, Godm., Bio!. Centr. Am., Rhop.,
li, p. 564, t. 100, figs. 24, 25 2.
Range. NICARAGUA; COLOMBIA; BRITISH GUIANA;
AMAZONS.
Two specimens in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
265. MEGISTIAS TELATA.
Cobalus telata, H.-S., Prodr. Syst. Lep. 11, p. 81
(1869), T. C. 1, ff. 13, 14, 15.
Range. MEXx1co; VENEZUELA; GUIANA.
Two specimens from the Maraval Valley (C. W. Hila-
combe).
266. MEGISTIAS EPIBERUS.
Pamphila epiberus, Mab., Le Nat., 1889, p. 134, f. 2.
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL.
Given by Godman and Salvin as a Trinidad species.
267. VORATES DECORA.
Cobalus decora, H.-S., Prodr. Syst. Lep., 11, p. 81
(1869).
Range. MEXICO; COLOMBIA.
A single specimen taken in May 1898 at Tabaquite
(W. J. Kaye).
268. METHIONOPSIS MODESTUS.
Methionopsis modestus, Godm., Biol, Centr. Am., Rhop.,
ii, p. 599, t. 103, ff. 14, 15; 16.
Range. Mexico to BraziL; Tapoca I.
A common species on the mainland, and probably so in
Trinidad,
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 219
269. HYLEPHILA PHYLEUS.
Papilio phyleus, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent., i, t. 13, f. 4, 5
(yar) s
Range. SOUTHERN UNITED STATES to Braziu; WEST
INDIES.
Abundant.
270. THYMELICUS VIBEX.
Thymelicus vibex, Hiib., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., ff. 685, 686
(1832).
Range. SOUTHERN UNITED STATES to PARAGUAY;
West INDIES.
I have taken more specimens of this than the last, and
probably both are equally common.
271. THYMELICUS ATHENION.
Talides athenion, Hiibn., Samm. Ex. Schmett. (1816-
1841).
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL.
A single specimen in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
272. PADRAONA EPICTETUS.
Papilio epictetus, Fab., Knut. Syst., 1, 1, p. 330, n, 252
(1793).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
273. CALPODES ETHLIUS.
Papilio ethlius, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 392, A. B.
(1782).
Range. SOUTHERN UNITED STATES to ARGENTINA ;
West INDIES.
A common species. Very fond of flying about Canna
blooms.
274, VACERRA LITANA.
Hesperia litana, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc. (3), ii, p. 494
(1866).
Range. MEXIco to BRAZIL.
A single specimen in July 1901 (W. J. Kaye).
220 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
275. NIGONIADES XANTHAPHES.
Niconiades xanthaphes, Hiibv., Samm. Ex. Schmett.
(1816—1841),.
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL.
A single specimen in June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).
276. NICONIADES GESTA.
Thanaos gesta, Herr.-Sch., Corresp. Blatt. Regens.,
xvi, p. 142 (1863).
Range. CUBA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
277. NICONIADES CSO.
Niconiades ceso, Mabille, Compte Rend. Soc. Ent.
Belg., xxxv, p. 1xxxviil.
Range. MExiIco to BRAZIL.
278. ZENIS MINOS.
Hesperia minos, Latr., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 756, n. 7
(1823). ,
Range. MEXICO to BRAZIL.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
279. CARYSTUS ARTONA.
Hesperia artona, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 27 (1868).
Range. NICARAGUA; GUIANA; BRAzIL, Amazons, Rio.
A single specimen from Tunapuna (Guppy).
280. VETTIUS PHYLLUS.
Papilio phyllus, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. 176, B. C.
(1779).
Range. PANAMA to BRAZIL.
Fairly frequent.
281. TALIDES SERGESTUS.
Papilio sergestus, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 74, C. (1779).
Range. MExiIco to BRAZIL.
A single specimen from Tunapuna (Guppy).
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. 221
282. CARYSTOIDES BASOCHESII.
Hesperia basochesii, Latr., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 747.
Range. HONDURAS to BRAZIL.
A single specimen in the St. Ann’s Valley in early July
1901 (W. J. Kaye).
283. ORSES CYNISCA.
Hesperia cynisea, Swains., Zool. Ill, ii, 1, t. 40
(1820, 1821).
Range. Mexico to BRAZIL.
A single specimen secured by F. W. Urich.
284, PERICHARES CORYDON.
Papilio corydon, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 533, n. 885 (1775).
Descriptions of Ovum, Larva and Pupa by E. 8. Panton,
Journ. Inst. Jamaica, i1, pp. 438, 439 (1897).
Range. TROPICAL AMERICA with West INDIEs.
I have never seen this species in anything approaching
the numbers as found in Jamaica. As the larva feeds on
sugar-cane, it is probable that in the vicinity of the sugar
estates it would be found plentifully.
285. PERICHARES HERONI, 0. sp.
Fore-wing rich deep chocolate-brown ; the apex narrowly white.
Beyond the end of cell a small yellow dot. Within the cell lying
close but quite free from the discocellulars is a yellow spot contracted
in the centre and divided by a fine brown line along the fold.
Immediately below this mark is a wedge-shaped yellow spot lying
between nervures 3, 4 and a still larger wedge-shaped yellow spot
lies between nervures 2, 3 with its upper edge touching the discoidal
cell. Under-side of fore-wing with the costa and apical half of wing
purplish, the remainder black with the yellow stigmata showing
through. Hind-wing purplish suffused with brownish. Two small
yellow dots between nervures 3, 4 and 4,5 respectively. Under-side
of abdomen yellow.
Exp. 48 min.
Taken by Lady Broome.
286. PERICHARES LOTUS.
Telegonus lotus, But)., Trans, Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 495.
222 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of the
Range. Mexico to Ecuapor and VENEZUELA.
A fg anda. The species is no doubt mistaken for
Perichares corydon in the male sex. The is entirely
different and is well figured in Biol. Centr. Am.
287. THRACIDES PHIDON.
Papilio phidon, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 245, F. G.
(1782). :
Range. PANAMA to AMAZON REGION.
288. THRACIDES ANTONINUS.
Hesperia antoninus, Latr., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 746, n. 47
(1823).
Range. TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA.
Recorded by Crowfoot.
289. THRACIDES LONGIROSTRIS.
Papilio longirostris, Sepp, Surin, Vlind., i, t. 27 (1848).
Range. MEXiIco to BRAZIL.
A single specimen from Tunapuna.
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
abaris, 189
Achlyodes, 213
Acolastus, 208
Actinote, 167
actoris, 183
Adelpha, 176
wgita, 210
f&ria, 164
agacles, 172
Aganisthos, 177
Agave, 202
Ageronia, 174
agna, 164
agyrtus, 190
alalia, 167
alardus, 210
albata, 192
albula, 202
aletes, 217
aliphera, 169
almoda, 217
amalthea, 171
amisus, 209
amphinome, 174
amphione, 200
amyntas, 208
Anza, 178
anaphus, 210
Anartia, 171
Anastrus, 216
androgeos, 207
andromeda, 182
andromiea, 165
anteerice, 183
anteas, 167
Anteros, 186
Antigonus, 213
antimache, 177
antiochus, 168
antoninus, 222
apastus, 210
Aphrissa, 205
Arawacus, 197
archippus, 161
arethusa, 175
argante, 205
argiva, 191
argyrodines, 185
aristus, 187
arncea, 181
arsalte, 215
artemisia, 172
Artines, 217
artona, 220
ascalaphus, 215
atergatis, 162
athenion, 219
atizies, 217
Atlides, 198
aurelia, 172
aurimnia, 186
aurocapilla, 215
avius, 185
azan, 188
basochesii, 221
bathyllus, 212
beon, 192
biblis, 175
bipunctatus, 211
Bithys, 195
brachius, 209
brixiola, 181
broomex, 201
Bungalotis, 211
eachrus, 188
Ceecina, 212
cxeso, 220
calanus, 212
calchas, 212
Caligo, 165
Callicista, 194
Callicopis, 194
Callicore, 173
Callidryas, 205
Callipsyche, 191
Calpodes, 219
ealus, 194
calyce, 188
Camptopleura,
214
cana, 175
canne, 216
Carystoides, 221
Carystus, 220
cassie, 165
cassius, 190
Catagramma, 173
eatillus, 208
Catonephile, 171
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad.
Cecropterus, 211
celmis, 180
celmus, 192
cephus, 180
Ceratinia, 164
ceres, 162
cerialis, 213
Chalybs, 199
Charis, 185
charybdis, 207
Chilades, 190
chiron, 175
Chlosyne, 170
chorinzus, 184
chrysogastra, 218
cippus, 183
cipris, 205
claudina, 170
cleopatra, 181
clonius, 209
Cobalopsis, 217
Cobalus, 216
coccineata, 185
codomannus, 173
ccelus, 209
Cogia, 212
Colenis, 169
corydon, 221
Cremna, 183
Cricosoma, 184
crolus, 192
Cyenus, 197
eymocles, 206
cynisca, 221
Cystineura, 175
cytherea, 176
Danais, 162
Daptonoura, 203
darius, 166
decora, 218
demodice, 177
demonassa, 195
demophon, 177
Didonis, 175
dindymus, 195
Dione, 170
Diorrhina, 184
Diphoridas, 214
diree, 174
Dismorphia, 200
dorantes, 208
doris, 180
doryssus, 209
dracontis, 179
drusilla, 203
dumenilii, 191
Dynamine, 172
Dynastor, 166
Dysenius, 208
ebusus, 212
echion, 191
echo, 181
edda, 217
egea, 172
elathea, 202
elegans, 182
Emesis, 186
Epargyreus, 210
epiberus, 218
epictetus, 219
erato, 168
eresimus, 162
ergina, 192
erichto, 180
erosus, 213
Eryphanis, 166
ethilla, 167
ethlius, 219
eubule, 205
eucharila, 183
Euchenais, 187
euclea, 164
Eudamidas, 214
Eudamus, 208
eudocia, 190
EKueides, 169
Euptychia, 179
Eurema, 202
euryades, 167
Eurybia, 183
eurycles, 208
eurylochus, 165
evadnes, 210
Evenus, 200
exadeus, 210
fabricii, 165
fastidiosa, 186
fatima, 186
ferentina, 174
feronia, 174
foliorum, 189
formosus, 186
fulgerator, 211
fuliginosa, 218
furor, 186
gargasus, 206
genoveva, 171
gesta, 220
Glutophrissa, 202
Goniurus, 209
Gorgythion, 214
gratiosa, 203
grenadensis, 210
guppyi, 187
gyas, 186
Gynecia, 174
Hematera, 173
halimede, 183
hanno, 190
Heliconius, 167
Helicopis, 182
Heliopetes, 215
helle, 179
hemon, 198
hermes, 180
heroni, 221
hersilia, 205
hesione, 179
Hesperia, 214
hesperitis, 195
hyalinus, 179
hydara, 167
Hylephila, 219
Hymenitis, 164
Hypanartia, 171
Hypolimnas, 176
jarbus, 184
Iaspis, 196
ilaire, 203
ilioneus, 165
iphicla, 176
irenea, 188
isabelle, 169
Isapis, 190
isidora, 178
Itaballia, 204
Ithomia, 164
itylus, 211
janias, 199
jatrophe, 171
julia, 169
junia, 180
juno, 170
justinianus, 217
Kricogonia, 204
lagusa, 164
lamis, 188
laothée, 172
Lasaia, 187
lethe, 171
leuce, 203
leucodesma, 170
leucorrhoa, 213
libye, 181
linus, 197
liriope, 170
litana, 219
longirostris, 222
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II.
lotus, 221
lucianus, 184
lucina, 202
lucinda, 186
lugubris, 212
Lycorea, 162
Lymnas, 184
lyside, 204
lysippus, 187
Macusia, 199
mantus, 189
marginella, 202
marsyas, 196
marthesia, 178
Mechanitis, 163
Megaleura, 175
megara, 163
Megistias, 218
Melinza, 163
melpomene, 168
menander, 187
meris, 187
Mesene, 185
Mesosemia, 183
Methion, 183
Methionopsis, 218
meton, 198
Metron, 218
midas, 211
minos, 220
misippus, 176
Mithras, 198
modestus, 218
Moeris, 217
molpe, 188
monuste, 205
Morpho, 166
mulucha, 194
mylitta, 172
Mylon, 214
Nascus, 211
nearchus, 213
neis, 211
Niconiades, 220
nise, 164, 202
nobilis, 200
numilia, 171
Nymphidium, 188
ocalea, 164
ochraceus, 178
ocirrhoe, 179
ocypete, 179
odius, 177
Oenomaus, 196
Opsiphanes, 165
Orses, 221
(JUNE) 15
224
ortygnus, 196
ozema, 214
Padraona, 219
Paiwarria, 199
palegon, 194
palmyra, 203
pandosia, 204
Panthiades, 197
Papilio, 206
parvinotus, 195
peleides, 166
peleus, 176
pelion, 197
pellucida, 164
penelea, 182
penelope, 179
perdistincta, 194
periander, 184
Perichares, 221
Peridromia, 174
Perophthalma,
183
pherusa, 169
phalenoides, 214
phaleros, 197
Phanis, 217
Phanus, 212
phareus, 185
phidias, 207
phidile, 178
phidon, 222
philea, 205
phocus, 211
Pheebis, 205
Phyciodes, 170
phyleus, 219
phyllus, 220
Pierella, 179
Pieris, 205
plesaure, 177
polybe, 198
polycaon, 207
polydamas, 206
polyhymnia, 203
Polyniphes, 191
polyxena, 166
pompeius, 207
Prepona, 177
Proteides, 210
proteus, 208
protillus, 208
Protogonius, 178
pseudocrispus, 184
pseudolycena, 196
Pteronymia, 164
pulcherius, 214
pyralina, 214
pyramus, 173
Pyrrhogyra, 175
Pyrrhopyge, 207
Pythonides, 212
regalis, 200
Rekoa, 198
renata, 179
ricini, 168
Riodina, 187
romulus, 199
ruralis, 215
sagaris, 185
saltus, 165
sarota, 186
satyroides, 199
saundersii, 170
scintillans, 213
sennoe, 205
sergestus, 220
Siderone, 178
Siderus, 195
simplicior, 216
simplicius, 208
sinepunctis, 215
Sostrata, 213
sosybius, 180
Spathilepia, 209
Sphenogona, 203
spurius, 209
stagira, 192
Staphylus, 215
statira, 205
steneles, 176
stictomenes, 216
striga, 217
subplanus, 216
synargis, 189
syntarucoides, 190
syrichtus, 214
tachypetis, 163
talayra, 194
Talides, 220
Taygetis, 181
telata, 218
Telegonus, 210
Temenis, 172
temesa, 196
tenera, 183
tephreus, 192
terissa, 204
terrens, 213
Thargella, 218
Tharops, 187
Theope, 189
theseus, 172
Thisbe, 188
Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Catalogue of Lepidoptera.
thius, 191
thoas, 207
thootes, 189
Thorybes, 212
Thracides, 222
thrasybulus, 214
Thymele, 211
Thymelicus, 219
tipha, 175
Tithoria, 163
Tmolus, 191
tryxus, 212
undulatus, 209
unilinea, 192
Vacerra, 219
vanille, 170
Vehilius, 216
venulius, 199
veritabilis, 163
Vettius, 220
vibex, 219
Victorina, 176
viculata, 168
virbius, 216
virgilia, 181
vitreus, 212
Vorates, 218
xanthaphes, 220
xarifa, 184
Xenophanes, 212
Zaretes, 178 ~
zarex, 211
Zenis, 220
Zeonia, 184
zeuxis, 206
—
bo
bo
Or
So
APPENDIX.
Notes on the habits and early stages of some Trinidad
Butterflies, By J. Guppy.
Tithorea megara, Godt. (=T. flavescens, Kirby). (PI.
XVIII, figs. 3—30.)
Ovum. Conical, flattened at top, faintly tinted yellow with
numerous cell-like depressions, which are better defined at the
upper end, to about a third of the height down.
Larva. Head shining jet black. Abdomen black and white as
shown in figure. Frequently the larva is almost black but rarely
one is lilac tinted and less opaque looking. Arising from the second
segment are two long soft flexible processes which, when the larva
is alarmed, are twitched nervously.
Habits. The larva is day feeding and is easily noticed on its food-
plant (Echites sp.), a low creeper which is very abundant and hardy.
The larva, which is sluggish, is to be found all the year round in
Tunapuna. The imago lays her eggs singly on the under-side of
a leaf generally about mid-day or early afternoon.
Lycorea ceres, Cram. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 4, 4a.)
Ovwm. Much like that of Tithorea flavescens only larger. It is
placed on the under-side of a leaf of cocoa or a plant that resembles
a rubber plant. The egg hatches in about five days.
Larva. Black and white as shown in figures. Head shining black.
From the fourth segment to the anal segment the white hook-like
marks become yellow in the mature larva.* As in 7’. flavescens there
are two horn-like processes on the second segment. In habits the
larva is sluggish and feeds by day.
Heterosats ocalea.
Ovum. Pearly white ribbed longitudinally. Resembles Tithorea
megara, but is shorter and of larger circumference.
Laid singly on under-side of a leaf usually near a stream and
about two feet from the ground. Oval period five days.
_ * Presumably Mr. Guppy has not given a figure of the larva in
its last skin, unless by “mature” he means the final change of
colour undergone previous to pupation.—W. J. K.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART II. (JUNE)
226 Mr. J. Guppy’s Notes on the habits and
Larva. Semi-transparent like Mechanitis veritabilis when newly
hatched, changing later to a shining transparent bottle-green with
a greenish-white head. When mature sometimes more or less
translucent greenish, paler or clearer but without any definite
markings save a dorsal stripe caused by the food showing through
the skin.
When at rest the larva invariably assumes a coiled-up attitude
with the head bent round to touch the body. Feeding takes place
from the under-side of the leaf and the larva is sluggish. The
period from hatching to pupating is about nine days.*
Protogonius ochraceus, Butl. (Pl. XVII, figs. 3, 3a.)
The egg is laid on the under-side of a leaf singly, and
T noticed the female depositing at 9.30 A.M. near a stream.
It is smooth, shining, and translucent, and is faintly
tinted green. The micropyle is situated in a basin-like
depression at the top.
Caligo saltus, Kaye. (Pl. XVII, figs. 1—1I/)
The larva of Caligo ilioneus (I. c. saltus, n. sp.), feeds on
banana. The larva is shown in all its stages except after
the 8rd month.
Opsiphanes cassiv, Linn. (Pl. XVII, figs. 2—20.)
The larva is shown after Ist and 2nd month and when
full grown. The full-fed larva is sometimes rather
greener than shown.{
Theope eudocia, Hew. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 1, 1a.)
Larva, Head small, prominent, black and shining with a whitish
inverted V-mark. Abdomen light green with a yellowish tinge,
1st segment with two remarkable bunches of club-shaped black and
* It is unfortunate that Mr. Guppy is unable to say definitely
whether nine days was the actual larval existence of this species.
If that were true the complete metamorphoses would only take
probably three weeks or less. It is quite possible for an Ithomiine
to do this, as Mr. F. W. Urich has frequently told me that
Mechanitis veritabilis goes through all its stages in a month. The
Tthomiine are doubtless amongst the most rapid breeders of the
Lepidoptera, and hence to a great extent their prodigious numbers.—
Wrdoks:
+ Mr. Guppy made a sketch of the larva at this stage and repro-
duction was not possible.
t No food-plant is given. It is probably banana.—W. J. K.
early stages of some Trinidad Butterflies. 227
brown protuberances projecting forward with a few small inter-
mediate brown ones. From these rise some fine whitish hairs. A
fringe of similar hairs surrounds the body of the larva. <A very
peculiar and remarkable feature is the anal segment, which has
a sort of bony whitish scale flat and shining and divided by a black
line ; immediately in front of this are two brown wart-like humps
lighter in the centre.
Habits. The larva feeds from the inside of a rolled cocoa leaf ;
the young and tender leaves being chosen, The larva is myme-
cophilous and lives surrounded by ants within the rolled-up leaf.
The ants evidently protect the larva and use it as an ant-cow is
used. The wart-like portions on the anal segment are tickled and
an exudation ensues which the ants are eager to obtain. When I
removed a larva the ants made a great fuss. They smell very
strongly of formic acid and are very active and build paper nests
among the leaves. They frequently run over the larva, which does
not take any apparent notice of the proceeding.
Pupa. Attached by the tail with a girth round the centre as in
the Theclid species.
Theope foliorum, Bates. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2.)
Larva. Very similar to Theope eudocia and lives on the same
plant under the same conditions.
Nymphidium molpe.
Larva. Head small and hairy. Abdomen flat slug-shaped very
similar in shape and habits to the two preceding Theope species.
A pair of horn-like protuberances take the place of the club-like
ones in the foregoing. Before pupating the body turns brownish.
The anal segment is similar to the Theope larve and there are
large ants that attend and milk the larve. These ants are solitary,
are armed with a powerful pair of jaws, and when I went to remove
them from the backs of the larvee, they snapped violently at the
piece of wood I was holding. A pair of larve are generally found
on each plant and are to be obtained chiefly on the low-growing
Cassia plants, chiefly through the dry season, though some are to
be found at all times.
Pupa. Very much like a piece of wood.
Mechanitis veritabilis, Buti.
Ovum. Pure white with about thirteen longitudinal ridges, spindle-
shaped. The micropyle appearing as a small flattened area at the
apex. The eggs are laid regularly in batches, but each egg is quite
228 Mr. J. Guppy’s Notes on some Trinidad Butterflies.
detached. From twelve to twenty-five are laid at a time on the
upper-side of a leaf.
Habits of larva. The larvee are gregarious and are sluggish. Under
domestication they are very easy to rear.
Arawacus linus, Sulz. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 5—50.)
Ovum. Laid singly on stem of plant near the top.
Larva. Head small, retractile. Abdomen green covered with
fine downy hair and with a series of large tufts down the back.
Habits. The larva is very sluggish and usually eats holes from
the upper-side of a leaf of cocoa. The butterfly nearly always
breeds in a shady place near a stream, and can never be induced
to fly far, seeming to be much attached to its favourite haunt.
Mithras hemon, Cram.
Larva. Pink or whitish-pink and very much the same colour as
the very young shoots of the cocoa on which it feeds. The shoots
that spring around the stem or trunk of the cocoa are those usually
selected.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
Fic. 1. Caligo saltus, ovum.
la.” » larva just hatched.
as» Sse cf », after lst moult.
ile. 90 5 on 5 op
Ws “ys be, + as » 2nd moult.
le. 5 3 i 5 4th moult.
Wy ees ‘ », full fed.
2. Opsiphanes cassizx, larva after 1st moult.
Qa. " 3 Be », 2nd moult.
2b. 55 95 4) dull fed:
3. Protogonius ochraceus, ovum.
3a. 5 ‘3 » ‘Side view.
Jeives, Le
10.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII,
Theope eudocia, larva full fed.
5 5 » much enlarged,
ms » head of larva.
growth at side of head of larva.
_ Fe the growth enlarged.
Theope foliorwm, larva full fed.
Tithorea megara, larva after 1st moult.
3 3 larva full fed, lateral view.
+ - 5 » dorsal view.
Lycorea ceres, larva after 1st moult.
oi » full fed.
Arawacus linus, larva full fed.
” ” pupa.
” » empty pupa case.
Helicopis elegans, n. sp.
Hematera pyramus, var. rubra, nov,
Tmolus perdistincta, n. sp.
Emesis guppyt, 1. sp.
Cricosoma coccineata, 1. sp.
a,
« 231 9
XI. On some new or imperfectly-known forms of South-
African Butterflies. By ROLAND TRIMEN, M.A.,
E.R.S., ete.
[Read February 3rd, 1904. ]
PLATES XIX AND XX.
For the welcome opportunity of describing and figuring
the few forms included in this paper, I am indebted toa my
friend and correspondent for many years, Mr. H. L. Langley
Feltham, F.E.S., of Johannesburg, Transvaal, from whom
I received all of them except Lycwna lerothodi, a new
species from Basutoland in the collection of the British
Museum. The most notable of the butterflies here dealt
with are a new species of Zeritis, discovered by Mr.
Feltham in a tract so comparatively well worked as the
Cape Peninsula, and the melanic aberration of Colias
electra, taken in the same district by Mr. A. Duncan.
I desire to express my acknowledgments to the guardians
of the National Collection for permission to describe and
figure Lycena lerothodi and two of the specimens of Zeritis
thysbe, var.. presented by Mr. Feltham in 1900; and I
am glad to add that, in accordance with Mr. Feltham’s
wishes, specimens of the new Zeritis and of several other
species will be placed in the British Museum, to which
Mr. Duncan will also present the unique melanic Colias
electra.
Family NYMPHALIDZ.
Subfamily ACRAIN 2.
Genus ACRAA.
ACRHA RAHIRA, Boisd. (Plate XIX, figs. 1, la, 10.)
d. Acrva rahira, Boisd., Faune Ent. de Madag., etc., p. 33,
pl. 5, ff. 4, 5 (1838).
a, 9. Acrva rahira, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1, p. 103
(1862); and S.-Afr. Butt., i, p. 166, n. 50 (1887).
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART IL. (JUNE)
232 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
g, 2. Acrva rahira, Mabille,in Grandid. Hist. Nat., etc.,
Madag., Leép;. 1, p. 110; and i, pleat, Shel Way
(1885-87).
Aberration (?).—Trim., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 73,
footnote.
I have received from Mr. Feltham two remarkable
Aberrations of the ¢ of this species, both taken at
Johannesburg, Transvaal.
The first, taken by Mr. Feltham on 16th April, 1893,
has nearly all the black spots on both upper and under
surfaces greatly enlarged and elongated, especially in the
hind-wings, where those of the discal series are wedge-
shaped, and occupying nearly the whole area of the usual
unmarked band of whitish-yellow beyond the series in
normal specimens, while the usual black streak externally
bounding the band is wanting. This example closely
resembles the 2 captured on the Shashani River, Matabele-
land, by Mr. F. C. Selous in the year 1882, which I briefly
described (/.c.) in 1891, but has the spots of the discal
series narrower, more acuminate externally, and more
separated, and those of the right fore-wing obsolescent.
The second Aberration, captured by Mr. A. Ross on
4th April, 1898, presents exactly the opposite tendency,
vid.: the failure of the black macular markings. All the
spots are wanting on both surfaces, except (in the fore-wing)
the terminal disco-cellular spot, a minute spot in about the
middle of the discoidal cell, and two dots representing the
2nd and 8rd spots of the normal discal series; and Gn the
hind-wing) two very small terminal disco-cellular spots, and
indistinct traces of two basal spots—more defined on the
under-side. It is noticeable in this example on the upper-
side that the strong fuscous hind-marginal nervular cloud-
ing is not diminished, but on the contrary rather more
developed than usual. On the under-side of the hind-
wing the reddish inter-nervular clouding is wanting
before middle and much reduced beyond middle, and
there is no trace of the transverse black streak beyond
middle.
Lor purposes of comparison, and in view of the fact that
no good figure of the f A. rahira appears to have been
published, I give an illustration of the normal aspect of
that sex from a specimen taken by myself near Grahams-
town, Cape Colony.
known forms of South African Butterflies. 2338
Family LYCANID.
Genus ZERITIS.
Zeritis Felthami, n. sp. (Plate XIX, figs. 2, 2a.)
Exp. al. (¢) 10$—133 lin. ; (2 ) 125—133 lin.
Nearly allied to Z, zewxo (Linn.) and Z. chrysaor (Trim.). @.
Sub-metallic reddish-orange, with a common discal series of black spots ;
fore-wing with a moderately-broad hind-marginal black border, con-
taining externally a series of more or less developed spots of the ground-
colour; hind-wing with an almost hind-marginal series of completely-
sepurated black spots. Fore-wing: a rather large elongate-sub-
quadrate terminal disco-cellular black spot ; in 8 out of 15 specimens,
amuch smaller black spot, variable in size and shape, just below
second subcostal nervule ; sometimes (in 5 specimens) a small
black spot, variable in size and distinctness, before middle, below
and near origin of first median nervule; spots of discal series
five, somewhat rounded, of moderate size, the upper three con-
tiguous and forming a short curved irregular sub-apical narrow bar,
and the fourth and fifth separate, placed obliquely (the fifth beyond
the fourth) above and below second median nervule respectively ; in
five examples also an inferior smaller sixth discal spot, very variable
in size and distinctness, situated before the fifth spot and below first
median nervule ; base very narrowly blackish except for a slight
extension on inner-margin ; hind-marginal black border wider apic-
ally, where it emits inwardly a black costal streak (more or less
mixed with the orange ground-colour) touching first spot of discal
series and sometimes the small spot preceding it; the border very
rarely quite reaching posterior angle, becoming obsolete, or attenu-
ated to a point, above submedian nervure, its inner edge rather
irregular and usually emitting inwardly very short linear nervular
streaks ; the spots of the ground-colour in external series are seven,
close to hind-margin, inter-nervular, thin, variable in develop-
ment (first and second sometimes indistinct), being occasionally so
enlarged as to form a sub-macular streak crossed only by black
nervular lines,—the last spot incompletely separated from orange
ground-colour. Hind-wing: base more widely blackish than in
fore-wing ; blackish suffusion prolonged somewhat widely along
inner-margin to considerably beyond middle, where it narrows to a
point ; a terminal disco-cellular linear or sub-linear black streak,
very variable in development—wanting in four examples; seven
spots (very variable in size, and the 5th and ‘7th frequently
and the Ist sometimes wanting) in discal series, of which the
upper four form a nearly straight row between costa and third
234 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
median nervule, and the 5th and 7th are a little nearer base than the
4th and 6th ; seven spots in series very close to hind-margin,—of
which the Ist and 2nd (and sometimes the 3rd) are much larger than
the others (rarely almost touching each other), and the 6th very
small or wanting altogether, while the 7th at anal angle is rather
large, elongate, and always well-marked ; a very fine linear black
hind-marginal edging. Cilia in both wings uniform dark- or
brownish-grey. UNDER-SIDE.—Hind-wing and apical-hind-marginal
border of fore-wing dull isabelline-grey, with a more or less decided
ferruginous tinge ;—the hind-wing markings inconspicuous, being
slightly paler than the grownd-colour but with thin dull-grey centres
and linear edges of a more decided and darker ferruginous. Fore-
wing: ground-colour not glistening and very much paler than on
upper-side, especially along inner-margin ; terminal disco-cellular
spot and spots of discal series (always six) disposed as on upper-side ;
spot below Ist median nervule before middle always present and well-
marked but.variable in shape ; the following additional spots, vid. :—
in discoidal cell a very small one near base, and a larger one midway
between it and terminal spot ; a minute second spot immediately
above terminal spot ; and a submarginal series of six small spots (of
which the lower three are blackish, but the others very faint and
obsolescent); at base a rather large blackish mark between median
and submedian nervures ; the three cellular and two minute costal
spots, and the upper three spots of discal series, all more or less con-
spicuously centred with metallic steely scales. Hind-wing: the
following sub-ocellate markings with dull-grey centres and greyish-
ferruginous edges, vid. :—a sub-basal curved series of four, of which
the uppermost is largest and sub-reniform, and the others about
equal in size and circular, the second being in discoidal cell ; a large
reniform one at extremity of cell; a rather regular series of eight
good-sized contiguous spots, of which the first is broadly lunate and
the others elongate-ovate, the 5th being the smallest (between 2nd
and Ist median nervules) and lying about half out of line before the
rest ; and a hind-marginal series of eight imperfect more coalescent
similar markings, with deeper ferruginous edges.
(Described from 15 examples.)
2. Slightly paler than ¢ ; black spots larger and more constant
both in number and size—especially those of the discal and hind-
marginal series in hind-wing ; basal blackish not so dark but much
more extended—especially in hind-wing where it is rather wide on
costa, fills discoidal cell, and coalesces with inner-marginal blackish
below cell. Fore-wing : hind-marginal black border wider, with its
known forms of South African Butterflies. 235
external series of orange elongate marks forming an almost continu-
ous streak broken only by the crossing dark nervules. UNDER-SIDE.
—Asin 6.
(Described from 4 examples.)
From Z. zewxo (Linn.), this interesting species is dis-
tinguished by its rather redder and less metallic upper-
side, with the hind-marginal border considerably narrower
and in the fore-wing bearing an external series of marks
of the ground-colour; and also by its much paler and
ferruginous-tinged under-side, with the markings of the
hind-wing larger and sub-ocellate (especially the discal
series, which is composed of contiguous spots); the out-
line of the wings, moreover, presents a more decided sub-
apical prominence in the fore-wing and a much more acute
anal-angular projection in the hind-wing. In these parti-
culars of outline Z. Helihami agrees very closely with Z.
chrysaor, Trim., but differs in its very much less metallic
upper-side, with the hind-marginal border considerably
broader in the fore-wing and externally marked with
orange ; and also in the under-side, where (although the
ferruginous-tinged isabelline colour is the same) the large
sub-ocellate more or less contiguous markings are altogether
unlike the minute widely separated and more irregularly
disposed spots borne by Chrysaor. It is worthy of note
that the variable hind-marginal series of orange marks
along the outer edge of the black border of the fore-wing
is a near approximation to the corresponding lunulate
orange edging so characteristic of Z. thysbe (L.), Z. Osbecki,
Auriv., and Z, palmus, Cram., in the next group of the
genus.
Mr, Feltham, after whom I have the pleasure of naming
this butterfly, has sent me full notes of his experiences
respecting it, and I give here a summary of them. ‘The
first example was taken on 13th April, 1900, on the sand
dunes just beyond the mouth of the Muizenberg Vlei in the
Cape Peninsula, and on the 27th October following four
others were captured among the sand-hills near Retreat
Station on the railway between Wynberg and Muizenberg.
Subsequent captures in the same locality were as follows,
vid. :—in 1900, five on the 10th November, three on the
22nd November, two on 15th December; in 1901, two on
8th February; and in 1902, one on Ist December. Visits
to Retreat on 21st December, 1900, and on 2nd and 12th
236 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
January, and 2nd March, 1901, yielded no examples. The
habits of the butterfly were more like those of Z. thysbe than
those of Z. zewxo (which keeps almost exclusively: about a
shrubby Senecio); its flight being extremely rapid and
difficult to follow, while it settled on various bushes but
never on the ground.
Mr. Feltham on first meeting with this Zeritis was
inclined to think it might be a seasonal form of Z. zewxo, or
a “Flats” variety of Z. chrysaor, but further acquaintance
rightly convinced him of its distinctness, alike in char-
acters and habits, from both those allied species; and
he is to be congratulated on detecting a new form pre-
senting affinities of so much interest in so well-known
and comparatively well-worked a district as the Cape
Peninsula. It is clear that Z. Felthami is no casual
visitor but a settled resident; and I should feel more
surprise than I do at its having escaped my many years’
researches in its habitat, but for the facts that in the district
concerned many insects and plants are confined to ex-
tremely limited areas, and that they are often most
remarkably intermittent in their appearance or flowering
respectively.*
ZERITIS THYSBE (Linn.). (Plate XIX, figs. 3, 3a.)
Papilio thysbe, Linn., Mus. Lud. UL. Reg., p, 330, n. 148
(1764).
Zeritis thysbe, “ Variety or Sport,” 2g, Trim., Rbop. Afr.
Aust., ii, p. 344 (1866); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Lond., 1868, p. 228, pl. xvii, f. 5; “Aberration, 2,”
Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 182 (1887).
Zeritis thysbe, “ Distinct dark variety,” ¢ and 2, Feltham,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. xx1.
For many years only three examples, all ¢ 3, were known
to me of the very beautiful variation of Z. ¢hysbe in which
* Mr. Feltham was so fortunate as to make a second addition to the
limited number of butterflies inhabiting the Cape Peninsula, taking
in 1900, at the same locality, a number of examples of a small
Hesperide, Kedestes niveostriga (Trim.), previously known in the
Cape Colony only from the far-distant north-eastern district about
Dordrecht. A specimen received from the captor is dated “ Muizen-
berg Vlei, 1st December, 1902,” and it agrees closely with the variety
prevalent at Dordrecht and in Basutoland, which is smaller than the
Kaffrarian and Natalian type-form and has the sub-vitreous spots of
the fore-wing much reduced in size and sometimes obsolete,
known forms of South African Butterflies. 237
the brilliant silvery-blue gloss from the base outward
is greatly extended, so as to reduce the orange ground-
colour in the hind-wing to a more or less imperfect hind-
marginal macular border, and (in conjunction with a very
broad blackening of the apical area) wholly obliterating it
in the fore-wing. These three examples were taken at
long intervals; the first as far back as the year 1815 at
Genadendal, Cape Colony, by William Burchell, the second
and third not till 1865 and 1868 respectively, but both on
Table Mountain. I never met with a similar example
during my own long collecting experience in South
Africa, although (as noted fully in my “ South-African
Butterflies,’ vol. 11) I had found considerable variation
in the direction of the examples in question, and had
received from Kaffraria specimens in which the silvery-
blue suffusion was not very much less extended.* I was
thus naturally led to regard the three specimens above
mentioned as individual extreme aberrations of a variable
species; but Mr. Feltham’s discovery during the summer
of 1899-1900 of a considerable number of this brilliant
variation in a very restricted area on the summit of the
Muizenberg mountain in the Cape Peninsula—see his
most interesting account in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Nov.
7th, 1900, pp. xix—xxi—has put an entirely different aspect
on the case. Mr. Feltham took at various dates from 22nd
October to 4th March, 44 7 Zand 11 22; he describes
considerable variation among the ¢ ¢—especially as regards
the spots of orange which sometimes occur in the broad
black apical and hind-marginal space in the fore-wing, and
the extent of the orange hind-marginal border in the
hind-wing—and notes that the 2 ? were “distinguishable
from those of typical Zhysbe by their smaller size, broader
black hind-marginal band and larger spots above.” I fully
agree with his conclusion that the facts he mentions “seem
to justify us in regarding this mountain form as a distinct
dark variety rather than an accidental sport.”
The two ~ Zand a 2 exhibited at the Entomological
Society at the Meeting mentioned were presented by Mr.
Feltham to the British Museum, and I am permitted to
give the accompanying figures of the 2 and of the $ which
exhibit some remains of the typical orange ground-colour
* Three similar but larger g g were taken by Mr. C. N. Barker
near Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, in the year 1895, and were pre-
sented to me with the rest of his fine collection in 1898,
238 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
in the form of two short series of spots crossing the sub-
apical black area.
ZERITIS MOLOMO, Trim. (Plate XIX, figs. 4, 4a.)
Zeritis molomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 878,
pl. vi, £9 (2); and S.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 205 (1887).
There are two corrections to be made in my published
accounts of this butterfly. In the first place the dubious
“ f,” noted in the first account and described in the second,
proved, on comparison with subsequent accessions, to be
actually an unusually small ¢; this error, however, fortun-
ately extended to the description of the upper-side
only, there being scarcely any difference in the scars as
regards the under-side. In the second place—also on the
study of fuller material—I now consider that the “ Variety
A” described (op. cit. p. 206) should not be considered asa
form of Z. molomo, but as a variation of the allied Z.
damarensis, Trim. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 90, n.
76, pl. ix, f. 17 (¢)). I therefore give here a new descrip-
tion of Z. molomo, chiefly from a series of eight examples of
each sex collected at Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Mr.
Feltham ; and below a description of the variation of Z.
damarensis previously treated as “ Variety A” of Z. molomo,
from examples taken in northern and north-eastern Cape
Colony by Mr. Feltham, the late Colonel Bowker, Mr.
R. M. Lightfoot, and myself.
ZLeritis molomo, Trim.
Exp. al. (g) 138—-15 lin. ; (9) 18—17 lin.
3. Orange-yellow, with a very broad costal-apical and broad hind-
marginal fuscous border in fore-wing, and a moderately-broad costal-
apical fuscous patch and narrow hind-marginal fuscous edging in
hind-wing. Fore-wing : fuscous border beginning abruptly on costa
a good deal before middle, rapidly widening over all apical area,
and crossed, about midway between extremity of cell and apex,
by a transverse series of three more or less indistinct spots of the
ground-colour lying between subcostal nervure and third median
nervule ; hind-marginal border of about even breadth from 38rd
median nervule to posterior angle, but rather irregular on its in-
terior edge where there are usually slight nervular projections ;
orange-yellow paler on costal margin from base to beginning
of fuscous border. Hind-wing: costal-apical fuscous patch com-
mencing only a little before apex, confluent with hind-marginal
known forms of South African Butterflies. 239
narrow fuscous edging as far as radial nervule, but thence separate,
suddenly narrowing, and becoming macular and indistinct to its
termination below first median nervule. Cilia broad, ochrey-yellow-
ish at origin and whitish externally, with rather wide fuscous inter-
ruptions on nervules. UNDER-SIDE.—Hind-wing and costal, apical,
and hind-marginal border of fore-wing pale creamy-brownish ; hind-
wing with 4 transverse series of moderate-sized dull-silvery fuscous-
edged spots, and clouded over basal and inner-marginal urea, and
between third and fowrth series of spots, with purplish-brown. Fore-
wing: the following silvery-white-centred black spots, vid. :—three
disco-cellular (one terminal), one below middle cellular spot (some-
times indistinct), six or seven in an irregular discal transverse
series, and six or seven (more faintly marked with silvery-white)
in a regular submarginal series; close to hind-margin a regular
series of seven minute black spots very slightly edged with
orange; inner-marginal border dull creamy, without marking.
Hind-wing: a sub-basal series of three spots, the middle one in
discoidal cell; a pre-median series of three, the middle one
in cell; an elongate double terminal disco-cellular spot; two
discal irregular and not parallel series, rather close together and
almost meeting mesially, of nine spots each; immediately beyond
these follows a submarginal whitish suffusion; a hind-marginal series
of eight minute black spots, fainter than those in fore-wing.
@. Similar to ¢, paler in basal areas, especially on costa of fore-
wing ; three orange-yellow spots of transverse sub-apical series in
fore-wing much enlarged and conspicuous, forming a short curved
submacular narrow stripe united to orange-yellow field on 3rd
median nervule, and except for a very narrow junction on costa
dividing broad costal from apical part of fuscous border. Hind-
wing: fuscous markings less developed, the costal-apical patch
being confluent with thin hind-marginal edging as far as 2nd sub-
costal nervule, and the edging itself below that nervule being broken
up into five small completely-separated inter-nervular spots. UNDER-
sipE.—As in ¢, but usually rather paler anda little more yellowish
in tint.
The position of this species in the Zhyra-group of Ze7itis,
its resemblance on the upper-side to Z. aranda, Wallgrn.,
but its nearer alliance to Z. taikosama, Wallgrn., and Z.
orthrus, Trim., as indicated by the under-side markings,
were noted in “South-African Butterflies,” 11, p. 206. The
few examples then known to me were from Kaffraria,
Basutoland, the Orange Free State, and Transvaal; but I
have since received—besides those from Johannesburg
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE) 16
240 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
above mentioned—two ticketed Kimberley in the collection
of Mr. C. N. Barker, and a good series taken at Dordrecht
in N.E. Cape Colony by Mr. Francis Graham. The latter
examples were noted by Mr. Graham as occurring almost
exclusively on “ kopjes” and elevated spots, and with quite
the habits and flight of the allied species. During three
years’ observation, the insect was found to be really numer-
ous only in the month of October, but occasional specimens
were noticed during the later summer months. Mr.
Feltham’s examples were also taken in October (1901 and
1902) in a hollow on the Witwatersrand hills lying along
the north side of Johannesburg; and he writes that the
insect in that locality was apparently restricted to a very
limited area—possibly that of some special food-plant—and
in its short and zigzag flight close to the ground and
frequent settling on the bare earth or on stones quite
resembled its congeners Z. aranda and Z. almeida, Feld,
ZERITIS DAMARENSIS, Trim. (Plate XIX, figs. 5, 5a, 50.)
Zeritis damarensis, 'Trim., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p.
90) mov G.plax t 17d).
VARIETY.—Zeritis molomo, Trim., “ Variety A (f and 2),”
8.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 206 (1887).
In my description of this butterfly in 1891 (.c.) I had
only three examples of the {before me and no 2. The
main features distinguishing it from Z. molomo, Trim., were
noted as (Ist) much larger size; (2nd) paler and more
restricted orange-yellow of upper-side, the basal areas being
widely-obscured with ochreous-fuscous; and (on under-side)
(3rd) a whitish suffusion on costa of fore-wing, and over
base and upper median area of hind-wing; (4th) sub-
metallic spots of hind-wing whiter but not so bright ; and
(5th) the outer discal series of spots in hind-wing more
remote from the inner one and more regular. To those
features characteristic of the under-side of the hind-wing
should be added the absence of the purplish-brown clouding
in the basal and inner-marginal areas and between the two
discal series of spots, so conspicuous in Z. molomo ; as well
as the absence of the first spot in the pre-median series ;
while as regards the upper-side of the hind-wing, there is
a remarkable difference in the shape and position of the
costal-apical fuscous patch, which is prolonged not inferiorly
and submarginally as in Molomo, but towards centre of
wing, ending abruptly just at extremity of discoidal cell.
known forms of South African Butterflies. 241
Variety.— ¢. Differs fromtype-form inthe greatreduction or almost
entire suppression of the ochreous-fuscous clouding over basal areas,
especially as regards hind-wing. Unprr-stpr.—Whitish suffusion
above costal nervure of fore-wing, and over base and upper median
area of hind-wing much fainter.
2. Basal areas free from clouding, and but slightly paler orange-
yellow than rest of grownd-colour ; costal-apical patch smaller, not
eatending base-wurd ; sometimes ill-defined or even obsolescent ; inner
edge of hind-marginal border more or less strongly dentated or
pierced by rays of the ground-colour (rarely extending to hind-
margin itself), Hind-wing: costal-apical patch very variable, often
much reduced, and sometimes obsolescent.
In this form the 3%, though variable in size, varies but
very little in the dark costal and hind-marginal borders ;
but the 2, on the contrary, presents very slight variation
in size, while the dark markings range from development
scarcely less than in the ¢ to all but entire suppression.
The extreme in this direction is reached by two @ ? taken
at Kimberley by Mr. Feltham, in 1887 and 1891 respect-
ively, where the dark markings are represented solely by
a series of small inter-nervular spots (party obsolete in
hind-wings), and in the fore-wing by a very limited cluster
of fuscous scales just before apex, and by another just
above and before posterior angle. Examples almost as
devoid of dark markings as these are a 2 from Kimberley
in the collection of Mr. H. Grose Smith, and another taken
at Springbokfontein, Namaqualand, by Mr. R. M. Light-
foot, in October 1890.
The distribution of this Zeritis seems to be mainly in the
dry upland regions of South Africa. The type-form was
taken by Mr. A. W. Eriksson in North-Eastern Damara-
land (Omaramba-Oamatako), while the slight variety here
noted has been met with in northern Cape Colony from
west to east, vid.: by myself at Komaggas, Namaqualand,
in 1878, and by Mr. R. M. Lightfoot in seven different
localities in Namaqualand during 1890; by the late Col.
Bowker, myself, and Mr. Feltham on the Vaal River and
at Kimberley, at different dates; Pella, on the Orange
River, in 1894 by Mr. G. Alston ; and between Somerset,
East and Murraysburg, also by the late Col. Bowker. At
the same time the receipt of a 2? taken by the late Mrs.
Monteiro at Delagoa Bay shows that the species in
suitable localities extends to the coast-line.
242. Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
In flight and ground-loving habits there does not seem
to be any noticeable difference between this Zeritis and its
immediate congeners. It has probably two broods in the
year, as my own and Mr. Lightfoot’s specimens were
captured in the months of August, September, and October,
but Mr. Alston’sin Apriland May. The typical examples
from Damaraland were taken by Mr. Eriksson in January.
Genus LYCANA.
LYCHNA LEROTHODI, n. sp. (Plate XIX, fig. 6.)
Exp, al. (3g ) 15—154 lin. ; (2) 153—164 lin.
Allied to ZL. letsea, Trim., and LZ. methymna, Trim.
3. Very dark brown, but with a decided bronzy gloss; without
marking, except (in fore-wing) a very faint transverse terminal disco-
cellular fuscous line ; cilia grey generally, but white at and for a
little below apex in both wings. UnprEr-stpr.—Yellowish-brown ;
common to both wings—a terminal disco-cellular sub-reniform dark-
brownish whitish-ringed spot; an irregular discal series of rather
small dark whitish-ringed spots ; a submarginal series of dark spots
inwardly bounded by white marks (which are strongly lunulate in
hind-wing) ; a waved interrupted white line (indistinct in fore-wing)
parallel and close to hind-margin; and cilia basally white but
terminally brown throughout. Fore-wing : basi-inner-marginal area
paler and greyer than general surface ; discal series of spots curved
inwardly from 38rd to 1st median nervules, but the lowest (6th)
spot situated nearer to hind-margin than the 5th. Hind-wing:
all markings stronger and better defined than in fore-wing ; a sub-
basal transverse row of three very distinct round black white-ringed
spots ; two quite similar spots stand respectively first and last of the
discal series (quite as in L. methymna), but the other (6) spots of the
series are brown and form a curve similar to that shown in fore-wing
(without any tendency to become confluent as in Methymna).
?. Like the ¢, but with the brown of the upper-side not so dark,
and the terminal disco-cellular mark in fore-wing less indistinct.
This Lycena differs from LZ. letsea—a native of the same
territory—in its larger size, much darker upper-side, want
of anal-angular yellow lunules in the hind-wing, and
(on the under-side) much deeper yellow ground-colour,
fainter and more curved discal series of spots in the fore-
wing, and conspicuous development of the inner sub-
marginal series of white lunular markings, In the two
known forms of South African Butterflies. 243
characters last mentioned LZ. lerothodi shows some resem-
blance to LZ. methymna (some specimens of which are also
almost as dark on the upper-side), but is widely separated
by its unvaried (except at apices) cilia, and the yellow tinge
of the under-side with its much more constricted discal
markings.
Described from 3 f f and 3 2 9,* in the British Museum
(Natural History), received from Mr. R. Crawshay, in a
collection of butterflies made by him in Basutoland in
the years 1901-2. From Mr. Crawshay’s detailed labels
attached to the specimens, I find that these six examples
of LZ. lerothodi were all taken on the Machacha, the highest
mountain in the Maluti range, a f anda 9 having been
secured at each of the following elevations, vid: 9,000,
9500, and 10,000 feet, on the 29th, 30th, and 31st
January, 1902, respectively.
Family PAPILIONID.
Subfamily PIERIN_A.
Genus COLIAS.
CoLiAS ELECTRA (Linn.). (Plate XX, figs. 7—7d.)
Papilio electra, Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. xii), p. 764, n. 101
CExG7):
¢,¢%- Papilio hyale, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, pl. eccli, ff.
EF (2, G, H [9], (1782).
2 Var. Papilio paleno, Cram., op. cit., pl. cccxl, ff. A, B
(1781).
$,9,2 Var. Colias electra, God., Enc. Meth., ix, p. 102, n.
39 (1819).
Of this abundant South-African form, variable in the
male and exceedingly variable in the female, I wish to
record a singularly pale Aberration of the ¢ from Natal, and
a highly remarkable melanic one of the 2 from Cape
Colony.
ABERRATION.— ¢. Ground-colour of upper-side (and also that of
under-side of fore-wing) very pale dull yellowish-creanvy, with a greyish-
tinge in hind-wing ; central spot in hind-wing very dull pale orange-
yellow. On under-side the hind-wing and the costal and _ hind-
_* Two of these examples have lost the fore-legs, but from the
features presented by the abdomen and wings, there can be little if
any doubt that they are 2 9.
244 Mr. R. Trimen on some new or imperfectly-
marginal borders of the fore-wing very pale greenish with a tinge
only of yellow.
This example furnishes a striking contrast to the normal
deep orange-yellow ¢ E/ectra—the more so as it wants the
pink or violaceous-pink surface-lustre—and recalls to some
extent the appearance of the pale dimorphic form of the 9.
The markings on both surfaces are normal.
Mr. C. N. Barker took this specimen at Malvern, near
Durban, Natal, and most liberally presented it to me with
the rest of his South-African Lepidoptera in 1898.*
ABERRATION.— 9. Ground-colour of wpper-side (as well as that of
under-side of fore-wing) replaced by dull fuscous, which exhibits,
however, the normal violaceous surface-lustre ; the darker borders
and disco-cellular terminal spots obscurely indicated, On under-side
the hind-wing and a more limited than usual apical area in the fore-
wing are of a very dingy olivaceous-greenish ; central silvery mark-
ing in hind-wing rather small but conspicuous ; other spots obsolete
or obsolescent. In size this ? is only 1} in. across the expanded
fore-wings,—over 4 lin. below the average.
Mr. R. M. Lightfoot, of the South-African Museum, wrote
to me in February 1902 about an extraordinary “ bluish-
black” Colias taken near Cape Town, by Mr. A. Duncan ;
and this is the example here described, which has been
forwarded to me by the captor through Mr. Feltham. The
last-named correspondent informs me that Mr. Duncan
took it at Groote Schuur, on the slopes of the Devil’s Peak
above Rondebosch in August 1901, and that he had heard
of the capture there by another gentleman of a second
similar example at about the same time.
To afford a clear appreciation of the nature of these two
Aberrations, I give figures of C. electra ( f and both forms
of 2) from Natalian specimens collected at Malvern near
Durban by Mr. C. N. Barker, which are good average
representatives of the species, except that the second (pale)
form of ? is larger than usual, expanding 3}in. Hitherto
Electra has remained unfigured, except by the rough
delineations of Cramer published 120 years ago; and the
illustrations now given will render much plainer the char-
acters in which the butterfly agrees with or differs from its
* In 1894 I was shown at Cape Town a somewhat similar ¢ said
to have been recently taken in the suburb of Rondebosch. The
specimen was much rubbed on the upper-side, but retained sufficient
scales to show that it had been of a singular pallid tint resembling
that of the second form of 9.
known forms of South African Butterflies. 245
near allies, C. edusa, Fab., and C. fieldit, Ménétr. The ex-
tent to which Electra ranges northward from South Africa
is still very imperfectly known; but Hdusa from the north
certainly extends as far southward as Lake Nyassa, and
all the Tropical-African specimens I have seen do not
differ from Kuropean examples except in the deeper
more orange-yellow tint of the males; while those I
have recently received from Kisumu, British Hast-African
Protectorate, were also quite devoid of the distinctive marks
of Electra, vid.: the pink-violaceous gloss (much stronger
in the 2), and the heavy basal fuscous suffusion in the &.
In reference to the melanic Aberration above described,
I may remark that the only other Colias I have seen which
exhibits any marked tendency to melanism is a f C. hyale
(L.) in the British Museum. In this example, which is
ticketed ‘‘ Vesubie Valley, Nice (2,000 ft.),” both fore-wings
are for the greater part rather thinly suffused with fuscous
—the portions not suffused being the base, costal border
to beyond middle, and inner-marginal border almost to
posterior angle—the suffusion being denser at extremity
of discoidal cell; the yellow spots on the hind-marginal
border are faint and ill-defined. On the under-side the
fuscous suffusion in the fore-wings is much more limited,
prevailing only about extremity of cell anda little beyond,
but there is at the same time a very sparse sprinkling of
fuscous scales generally; and in the hind-wings there is
a rather wide median suffusion of ferruginous-red. It is of
interest to find that, according to Staudinger (Cat. Lep.
Palezarct., 1901, p. 17), the aberration of C. hyale from
Sarepta named xnigrofasciata by Grumm-Grshimailo is not
unlike the Nice example here described, his note of it being
“al. ant, vitta nigra discordalt.”
Family HESPERIIDA.
Subfamily PAMPHILIN A,
Genus KEDESTES.
KEDESTES TUCUSA (Trim.). (Plate XX, figs. 8, Sa.)
Pyrgus tucusa, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 359 ;
and §.-Afr. Butt., mi, p. 297 (1889).
Kedestes tucusa, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1893,
ps 96.
246 Mr. R. Trimen on some South African Butterflies,
This species, whose intermediate position between K.
mohozutza (Wallengr.) and XK. chaca (Trim.) is fully defined
by me Joc. cit.,is only known to me as occurring in the
upper districts of Natal and in Transvaal. The examples
from those countries (received from Mr. J. M. Hutchinson
and Mr. H. Barber respectively) were unaccompanied by
any notes of the habits of the butterfly; and Iam very
glad therefore to be able to supply this deficiency from the
interesting data now given by Mr. Feltham, who has sent
me from Johannesburg a 2 taken on 18th February, 1894,
and two f Zand a? taken on the 15th and 19th March,
1903. He writes :— This species is a slow flyer and easily
caught, either on the wing or at rest on the long stalks of
the Tambookie grass, among which, on the two occasions I
have found it, it flew. Like Chaca, it sits with closed
wings, as far as my observation goes. Both stations where
I found it were on the slopes of the Witwatersrand hills.
It seems to be very local, being confined to limited areas
of grass, like so many other butterflies, while the veldt for
a long distance round appears to be equally suitable. No
doubt food-plant or some other condition not noticed affects
this habit.”
In the smaller of the two ¢ f forwarded by Mr. Feltham,
the under-side varies in wanting, except for the very
faintest tinge, the ordinary pale-fulvous colouring of the
hind-wings.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Brees Aa rahira, Boisd., ¢. (Grahamstown, Cape Colony.)
age 231.
la. . Aberration, ¢. (Johannesburg, Transvaal.) Page 232.
1b. . Aberration, ¢. (Johannesburg, Transvaal.) Page 232.
2,2a. Zeritis Felthami, n. sp, g¢ and 9. (Retreat, Cape
Peninsula.) Page 233.
3, 3a. Zeritis thysbe (Linn.), Variety, ¢ and 2. (Muizenberg,
Cape Peninsula.) Page 236.
4,4a. Zeritis molomo, Trim., ¢ and 9. (Johannesburg,
Transvaal.) Page 238.
5, 5a. Zeritis damarensis, Trim., Variety, ¢andQ. (Kimberley ;
and Ookiep, Namaqualand ; respectively.) Page 240.
5b, . Aberration, 9. (Kimberley.) Page 241.
6. . Lycena lerothodi, n. sp.. ¢. (Machacha, Basutoland.)
Page 242.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX,
Fic.7, 7a, 7b. Colias electra (Linn.), ¢, 2, and pale dimorphic ?.
(Malvern, Natal.) Page 243.
7c. . . Pale Aberration, ¢. (Malvern, Natal.) Page 243.
7d. . . Melanic Aberration, 9. (Cape Town.) Page 244.
8, 8a. . Kedestes tucusa (Trim.), g and 9. (Johannesburg
Transvaal.) Page 245,
XII. A Revision of the Sub-family Pelidnotine of the
Coleopterous family Rutelidee, with descriptions of
. new genera and species. By the late FREDERICK
Bates. Communicated by GILBERT J. ARROW,
F.E.S.
[Read March 2nd, 1904.]
Ir has been a sad satisfaction to me to prepare for publica-
tion this last fruit of the devoted labours of one of the
most exact and conscientious of British entomologists.
Although compressed into a very small compass, this
Revision of a difficult group of beetles represents many
months of constant and strenuous investigation, continued
to within a very few days of my friend’s death. It was
the author’s intention to somewhat extend the dimensions
of the paper, but although, when conscious that it was not
in his power to fulfil his purpose, he committed it to me
to deal with at my entire discretion, I have thought it
best to make only such additions as were absolutely
necessary to fit it for publication. With the exception
therefore of a very few additions to, and consequent slight
modifications of, the synoptic tables, necessary to render
them complete, and the description of one new genus pro-
posed by Mr. Bates for a species of my own, I have confined
myself to a purely editorial function.
The types of the new forms described in the paper are
now in the British Museum Collection, with the exception
of three unique specimens in the Royal Museum at
Brussels. GILBERT J. ARROW.
THE great accumulation of new forms, in every family of
the Coleoptera, since the publication of Lacordaire’s great
work, the ‘‘Génera des Coldéopteres,” has had the natural
result of necessitating a revision of the classification and
composition of the groups, as given in that work.
In the following paper I have endeavoured, to the
best of my means and ability, to accomplish this for the
sub-family Pelidnotiny. The leading character given by
Lacordaire to distinguish his “Pelidnotides” from his “ Rutel-
ides vraies” is:—the thorax entirely margined at the base,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE)
250 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
As second to this in value he gives the relatively smaller
and wider scutellum, usually more or less rounded behind.
On the other side he separates it from his “ Aveodides” by
the clypeus being confounded with the front. Singularly
enough he has included the genera /eterosternus and
Macropoides in his “ Pelidnotides,” notwithstanding the fact
that both these genera have the clypeus distinctly separ-
ated from the front by a well-marked suture. These,
together with the genus Parisolea (unknown to Lacordaire),
were erected into a new sub-family—the Heterosternine—
by H. W. Bates in the “Biologia Cent. Amer., Lamelli-
cernia,’ p. 286, on account of the clypeus, which differs
from that of the “ Rutelides vraies” in being well separated
from the front, and of the “ Aveodides” in being quite
differently formed. Dr. Ohaus has confirmed this arrange-
ment in his “Revision der Heterosterniden,’ and has
enriched it by his new genus Homovosternus. This and
Feterosternus have the base of the thorax fully margined
in the 9, the margin sometimes effaced at the middle—in
front of the scutellum—in the f: in the genera Parisolea
and Macropoides the base of the thorax is completely
immarginate. It is much more difficult to find characters
that will enable one at once to distinguish the “ Peladno-
tides” from those “ Rutelides vraies” having the tarsal
5
claws all entire, for there is no single character sufficiently
constant to enable us to do this: nevertheless we shall
not go far wrong if we attend to the following characters
in combination. In the “ Rutelides vraies” the scutellum
is larger, and longer than wide *; the base of the thorax
is always immarginate, and more or less parabolically
emarginate from the median lobe to the hind angles, the
median lobe being arcuately emarginate, or truncate, in
front of the scutellum: and the mesosternal process is
massive and frequently elongated.
In the Pelidnotine the scutellum is generally rather
* The only exceptions known to me are the species cwrulea Perty,
and lauta Burm. of Burmeister’s genus Chalcentis ; in which the
scutellum—although quite disproportionately large—is very distinctly
wider than long, with the apex either pointed or narrowly rounded.
As Lacordaire has pointed out, these two species are generically
distinct from the third species—victima Burm.—included by Bur-
meister in the genus. As this latter species forms the first division
of the genus, it must, I presume, take the generic title of Chalcentis :
in which case I propose the generic title of Microrutela for the other
two,
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 251
small, very rarely a little longer than wide,* or pointed at
apex : the base of the thorax is well and entirely margined +
in the great majority; moderately bisinuate, with the
median lobe more or less broadly rounded behind (Pelidnota
quadripunctata being the only exception known to me):
and the mesosternal process (where present) is sometimes
very small, never very large.
Having, as I hope, cleared the way to a better under-
standing of the position and limits of this sub-family, I
will now offer one or two remarks as to its composition.
Perhaps the most remarkable and exceptional members
are the two new genera having a feathery (not membranous
as in the Anomalinz) fringe to the outer borders of the
elytra; nevertheless—exceptional as this character is—in
every other respect they are clearly true members of the
sub-family. Another very exceptional form is the Pelid-
nota quadripunctata (already alluded to), which points to
a close relationship with the genus Rutela.
A peculiarity in the form of the hind tibiz in the % of
certain Pelidnote has led me to elevate them to generic
rank.
The genus Pelidnota consists of a rather large number
of species, with characters so involved as to make the
endeavour to bring them into anything like systeiatic
order, whilst at the same time preserving, as far as
possible, the grouping of those species having a common
facies, a difficult one: I have nevertheless attempted it—
in a tabular form—and give it for what it is worth; it
may, perhaps, serve for a time.
I must here make my most emphatic and grateful
acknowledgments to my good friend Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow
(of the Natural History department of the British Museum),
to whom I am indebted for great and always cheerfully
rendered assistance, without which it would have been
impossible for me to have completed this task.
Chiswick.
* In some species of Plusiotis, and in some individuals of
Chrysina erubescens.
+ Totally immarginate in three known species of Pelidnota ; and
ly (at the middle) immarginate in some species of Plusiotis, and
others.
252 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
Table of the genera of Pelidnotine.
A.(dg) Inner spur to hind tibize very
slender, elongate and hooked at the
apex: abdomen concave down the
middie; ./ <6 #55 bere eae
A.A. (¢) Inner spur to hind tibia never
very slender, elongate or hooked at
the apex : abdomen not concave down
the middle.
B. Elytra without a feathery fringe at
outer border.
C. Outer claws all entire.
D. Prosternal process developed.
E. (¢) Hind legs not much elon-
gated or conspicuously differ-
ing from those of 9.
F. Mandibles deeply excised out-
wardly, appearing as if bi-
dentate.
G.(¢) Hind tibize simple,
gradually widening from
the base Sic o- AaaMe ne
G.G. (¢) Hind tibize having the
inner basal edge arcuately
emarginate . Ale
F.F. Mandibles entire, or only
feebly sinuated at outer
edge Sy Oe ase Sa eee
E.E. (¢) Hind legs strongly de-
veloped and differing from
thoseof 9.
a. Mandibles entire at outer edge.
a.(¢) Hind tibia not pro-
longed: hind tarsus much
shorter than tibia and its
outer claw simple and slender
B. (¢) Hind tibia prolonged and
acuminate at apex: hind tarsus
much longer than tibia and
its outer claw broadly toothed
at inner margin se
a.a. Mandibles notched at outer
edge.
Odontognathus, Lap.
Pelidnota, MacLeay.
Mecopelidnota, n. gen.
Plusiotis, Burm.
Chrysina, Kirby.
Chrysophora, Serv.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 253
6. (¢) Hind tibie strongly
compressed.
c.(g) Hind tibize toothed
at upper margin: hind
tarsi very long :
c.c.(g) Hind tibia not
toothed at upper mar-
gin: hind tarsi less
elon pahew sa) as 155 aP ones
b.b. (¢) Hind tibia very stout,
but not strongly com-
pressed .
D.D. Prosternal process wanting
C.C. Outer claws all widely cleft .
B.B. Elytra with a feathery fringe to outer
border.
a. Pro- and meso-sternal processes
well-developed
a.a. Mesosternal process wanting
Chalcoplethis, Burm.
Epichalcoplethis, n. gen.
Aglycoptera, Sharp.
Homonyx, Gueér.
Lasiocala, Blanch.
Hoplopelidnota, n. gen.
Xenopelidnotu, n. gen.
Table of the species of the Genus PELIDNOT A. +
A. Base of thorax not margined, the
median lobe truncated in front of the
scutellum Be dpe fee ae Fee
A.A. Base of thorax margined (except in
lucida and ewpritarsis), the median
lobe always rounded behind,
B. Pygidium with a distinct rounded
depression, or strongly impressed
line at extreme apex, which is
strongest in the ? .
B.B. Pygidium without depression, or
impressed line, at extreme apex. t
C. Clypeus with the front margin more
or less strongly excised at the
middle in both ¢ and 9, the
excision always narrower and
deeper, and the clypeus more
narrowed and recurved, in the ?.
quadripunctata, n. sp.
rostrata, Burm.
(viridana, Blanch.)
+ The names of all species unknown to me have a prefixed *.
t With a single exception only—in the ? of P. bivittata, Swed.
The late Mr. I. Bates’s Revision
a.(d) Hind tibiz and tarsi very
rarely much incrassated, the
hind outer claw simple and
slender.
b. (2) Sutural angle of elytra not
prolonged.
c. Elytra with a short grey
scale-like hair arising from
each puncture . .
c.c. Elytra without short dealle:
like hairs.
d. Pygidium entirely —and
more or less thickly—
clothed with decumbent
hairs.
sp. 1. Elytra irregularly punc-
tured and rugose
sp. 2. Elytra with regular rows
of deep punctures,
which are here and
there elongated, or
confluent . 3
sp. 3. Elytra strongly and regu-
larly striated; the
intervals closely punc-
tured, and irregularly
transversely rugulose .
Elytra very lightly stri-
ated, the striae some-
what regularly and
finely punctured ; the
intervals very finely
punctured and _ here
and there transversely
rugulose
sp. 4. :
sp. 5. Elytra prceatunle ind
very finely seriate-
punctate : t! e intervals
unequal and delicately
punctulate
sp. 6. Entirely dark metallic-
green; elytra nearly
granulata, Gory.
rugulosa, Burm.
aciculata, Q. sp.
Kirschi, n. sp.
var.? tenuistriata, m.
*rubriventris, Blanch.
’
dubia, n. sp.
a
of the Sub-family Pelidnoting.
smooth ; hind legs
thickened in the ¢
d.d, Pygidium scantily clothed with
short decumbent hairs at the
sides and bas? only; the apex
always smooth and shining in
the g; in the 2 the pygidium
is entirely—and closely—trans-
versely aciculate (acutipennis),
or aciculate-rugulose (glaber-
rima); the apex being smooth
and shining in the remaining
species,
e. Sutural apex of elytra acutely
produced : bronzed-green, me-
tallic, elytra nearly smooth
e.e. Sutural apex of elytra simple.
a, Unicolorous.
sp. 1. Bronzed-green, metallic,
showing castaneous in
some lights ; thorax
nearly smooth .
sp. 2. Very bright metallic
green, reflecting cas-
taneous; thorax with
a few very distinct
punciures: - 255 2,
sp. 3. Testaceous, with metallic
green lustre .
a.a. Not unicolorous.
B. Thorax with pale lateral
margins.
sp. 1, Shining purplish-casta-
neous ; elytra smooth,
sp. 2. Shining dark purplish,
nearly smooth ; the ¢
with obscure darker
markings ; the 9 varie-
gated with pale yellow
guttee oe ee
sp. 8. Smooth, pale yellow,
shining, with a dark
metallic green band
bo
On
Or
Belti, Sharp.
acutipennis, 0. sp.
glaberrima, Blanch.
cupripes, Perty.
*testaceovirens,
[ Blanch.
purpurea, Burm.
axanthospila, Germ.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PaRT Il, (JUNE) 17
256
The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
across both elytra
(typically)
sp. 4. Brilliant golden testa-
ceous, with an oblique
green stripe down each
elytron ; finely irregu-
larly seriate-punctate .
sp. 5, Elytra with distinct lines
of punctures, mostly
effaced at the base and
apex; brilliant pale
luteous, with dark spots,
etc., on the thorax, and
dusky patches on the
elytra: these latter
sometimes absent .
sp. 6. Elytra very distinctly
8.8. Thorax
seriate - punctate, the
intervals irregular and
some of them sub-
costiform : metallic
dark green, with ir-
regular pale yellow
stripes, usually inter-
rupted behind the
middle . .
without pale lateral
margins, elytra deeply striate,
brick-red : thorax blue-black .
b.b. (9) Sutural angle of elytra tri-
angularly prolonged; elytra
strongly costate a:
a.a.(¢) Hind tibize and tarsi very
strongly
incrassated ; the hind
outer claws widened, and sinuate
—or broadly toothed—along the
lower edge.
f. ($) Hind trochanters not pro-
longed behind. Elytra nearly
smooth,
shining —_castaneous-
green ; a testaceous dorsal band
—broad and irregular at base—
and a marginal, uniting with the
dorsal at the apex
pulchella, Kirby.
vittipennis, n. sp.
gracilis, Gory.
litwrella, Kirby.
rufipennis, Wat.
nitescens, Vigors.
tibialis, Burm.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 257
tf. (3) Hind trochanters prolonged
behind forming a large lobiform
process! = 20 4 9s 4) ss" .) 8 “‘bunttata, Swed.
(vitticollis, Burm.)
C.C. Front margin of clypeus entire, or
emarginate, in the ¢@: always
entire in the 9.
g. (3d) Hind legs never strongly in-
crassated ; the hind outer claw
simple and slender.
h. Thorax not margined at the base. lucida, Burm.—cupri-
tarsis, H. W. Bates.
h.h. Thorax margined at the base.
i. Sutural apex of elytra acutely
produced, or distinctly
spinose. F
j.(¢) Pygidium entirely and
closely aciculate-rugose, the
apical part sometimes also
punctate; rather thinly
clothed with short decum-
bent hairs (except in :
pinetulata). . . . . . notata, Blanch.—chiri-
quina, n. sp.—punctulata, H. W. Bates.
j.j- (3) Pygidium with the apical
part polished, smooth, or
with scattered punctures,
without short decumbent
hairs: frequently vertical
behind ~ {| . 2 3 % 3 virescens Burm.—stri-
gosa, Cast.—prolixa, Sharp.—Lucx, Lee.—
*lugubris, Lec.—costaricensis, H. W. Bates.—
punctata, Linn.—?*polita, Lat.
ii, Sutural apex of elytra simple.
k.( 3 2) Pygidium entirely
and closely aciculate-rugose
and covered with short
grey decumbent hairs. (¢.
Clypeus sinuate, or feebly
emarginate, in front) . . . wnicolor, Drury.—
*bonariensis, Burm.
f In the division 7 the clypeus (with individual exceptions in
punctulata) has the front margin entire in the ¢.
258 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
kk. (& 2) Pygidium without short
decumbent hairs, frequently tu-
mid, setose at sides and apex ;
usually smoother and more or
less punctate at the apex in ¢.
1. (¢) Pygidium bicolorous, the
sides dark (usually green), the
middle (rarely the apex only)
pale, tarsi pale.
m. (¢) Front of clypeus entire,
narrowly rounded, or
pointed, and more or less
reflexed, or recurved ; the
side margins distinctly
sinuate T Jie paraquayensis, 1. sp.—
Championi,n.sp.—fulva, Blanch.—aneilla, n. sp.
—pallidipennis, n, sp.
mm. (¢) Front of clypeus
either sinuate or dis-
tinctly emarginate, the
side margins scarcely
sinuate{ . . . . . « *levissema, Burm.—
frucida, n. sp.—cayennensis, N. sp.
To this division belong probably all those bewildering forms,
prasina, Burm. ; xruginosa, L.; glawea, Oliv.; alliacea, Germ. ;
herbacea, Bl. ; luridipes, Bl.; chlorana, Er. It is impossible at
the present time to distinguish these by the quite inadequate
descriptions.
Ll. (¢) Pygidium unicolorous: tarsi
black or dark metallic.
a. Thorax of normal form, with-
out median groove.
B. Testaceous. chalcothorax, Perty.—sordida, Germ.
B.B. Metallic green . . . . cyanipes, Kirby.
+ In the ¢ the last abdominal segment is polished and nearly
glabrous, with the sides—and often the hind margin—testaceous ; in
the ? it is duller, paler, roughly, and entirely, sculptured, con-
colorous with the pygidium ; altogether in strong contrast to the
other—smoother and much darker—segments.
t+ In some cases the front of the clypeus of the ¢ is so feebly
sinuate as to be almost entire, but it is generally broader and less
reflexed. The last abdominal segment is usually testaceous at the
sides in the ¢; in the 2 it is very rarely paler than the other
segments, but is much more strongly and closely sculptured.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 259
a.a. Thorax very short, sulcate
down the middle, side margin
uniformly curved .
g.g. (d) Hind legs strongly incrassated ;
the hind outer claw widened and
sinuate—or broadly toothed—at
the lower edge.
n. (¢) Clypeus entire in front, the
margins all lightly reflexed :
elytra not ridged along the base.
sp. 1. (¢) Clypeus narrowly
rounded in front
(parabolic) ;_ thorax
with a large rugged
fovea at each side
which extends to the
anterior border +
sp. 2. (¢) Clypeus broadly
—and _ subsinuately
—rounded in front :
thorax with a small
round fovea at each
side .
sp. 3.
SDaa et wR
n.n.(¢) Clypeus emarginate in
front, all the margins
strongly recurved: elytra
ridged along the base.
(¢) Pilosity of pygidium short,
sparse, grey, and decum-
bent : of the 9 coarser, and
forming a tuft at the apex.
(3g) Pilosity of pygidium long,
coarse, and of a rusty-red
colour: of the @ dense,
silky, and of a pale golden
Colom sn A ee
Chevrolati, Sol.
sumptuosa, Vigors.
cyanitarsis, Gory.
* Langsdorfi, Mann.
*emerita, Ol.
ignita, Oliv.
var. chameleon,
[ Herbst.
I know not where to place the following species :—
*fuscoened, Blanch.—*metallica, Cast.—*Osculati, Guer.—*syba-
rita, Harold (swmptiuosa, Cast.).
} A like fovea is found in P, nitescens.
260 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
I am indebted to Mr. G. J. Arrow for the following
information :—
Pelidnota venezuelensis, G. and H. (versicolor, Lat.), is the same as
Rutela tricolor, Guer., a true Rutela, and Latreille’s name must
supersede that under which it is catalogued.
P. tricolor, Nonfr., is a var. of P. swmptuosa, Vigors.
P. bimaciulata, Cast., is Hoplognathus maculatus, Gory.
P. versicolor, Bilb., is of doubtful position ; but, in all probability,
will not come under Pelidnota.
Pelidnota quadripunctata, n. sp.
9. Testaceous-yellow, moderately shining; head and _ thorax
slightly darker: clypeus rather strongly narrowed to the front,
which is lightly notched in the middle, all the margins black and
reflexed : head and thorax moderately punctured ; the latter widest
behind the middle, its base immarginate, the median lobe narrow,
truncate in front of the scutellum, rather strongly emarginate at each
side the lobe: a dusky mark at each side near the margin, at about
the middle: scutellum wider than long, the sides bordered with
dark green : elytra extremely delicately shagreened, minutely and
sparsely punctulate; widest—and a little angulate—before the
middle; from this point to the apex—and also by the suture—the
margin is of a dark purplish-brown ; a dark spot at the shoulder, and
a dark oblique spot near the apex; pygidium dark bronzy-green,
rather finely and closely aciculate-rugulose, thinly setose at sides
and apex, which is rounded: under-side and legs bronzed-green :
front haunches, and the antenne, dark castaneous ; sides of breasts and
of abdomen rather thinly pilose: metasternum and sides of abdomen
rather coarsely rugose-punctate ; last abdominal segment somewhat
strongly transversely rugose: mandibles strongly notched out-
wardly ; mesosternal process rather long and robust.
Long. 22 mm. Lat. 6 mm.
Hab. CAYENNE.
A single 9 of this very distinct species is in the Royal
Museum at Brussels.
Remarkable in the present genus by the form and
immarginate condition of the base of the thorax, the
truncated median basal lobe, etc., showing affinities in
the direction of the genus Rutela. The transverse, and
smaller, scutellum, however, distinctly points it out as a
Pelidnota.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 261
P. aciculata, n. sp.
?. Elongate, narrow, pointed both in front and behind: head
and thorax bronzy-brown, feebly shining ; clypeus elongate, moder-
ately narrowed to the front, the apex rounded, slightly notched at
the middle and recurved, rather strongly and closely rugose-punctate :
thorax strongly but not very closely punctured on the middle ;
more closely and rugosely at the sides: widest at about the middle,
front angles prominent and acute, the hind sub-obtuse ; base very
broadly lobed, strongly margined, scarcely as wide as base of elytra :
scutellum wider than long, coppery-brown, with bright green
margins, sparsely punctulate : elytra ridged along the base, a little
widened to behind the middle, testaceous-brown, moderately shining,
the sutural apex sub-spinose, each elytron with 9 regular rows of deep
punctures, which are frequently elongated, or confluent, and are of a
lustrous greenish colour at the bottom ; there are besides 2 or 3 short
irregular converging rows near the shoulder, between the 5th and 6th
rows, and another short basal one between the 1st and 2nd rows, by
the suture : pygidium greenish, thinly clothed with short decumbent
hairs ; closely, and rather strongly, aciculate-rugose, without set at
sides and apex, this latter narrowly rounded: under-side very
sparsely pilose, and, with the legs beneath, shining bronzy-green ;
legs above coppery-green: tarsi bright purplish-coppery : 5th and 6th
abdominal segments elongate, closely transversely rugose ; prosternal
process large, the mesosternal long. moderately robust, rounded at
apex.
Long. 22mm. Lat. 10 mm.
Hab. CAYENNE.
A single 2, also in the collection of the Royal Museum
of Brussels, bearing a label of Candéze with the name here
adopted.
P. Kirschi, n. sp.
Oblong-ovoid, a little depressed, bronzed-brown, moderately
shining: head, thorax and scutellum distinctly tinged with green
or coppery.
6. Head lightly depressed, moderately punctured: clypeus
rather strongly—but not angularly—emarginate in front, the angles
rounded, and—together with the side margins—moderately reflexed,
closely but finely and scarcely rugosely punctured: thorax widest
at about the middle, median basal lobe broad ; densely, and a
little rugosely, punctured at the sides, much more lightly on the
middle, which shows traces of a smooth median line: scutellum
with the sides curvilineate, lightly punctulate: elytra a little
262 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
widened behind the middle, each with 9 entire strongly impressed
strie, which are here and there punctured ; intervals very distinctly,
but moderately, punctured, and here and there transversely rugose ;
coarsely rugose behind the shoulders: pygidium concolorous with
the elytra, very delicately and closely rugulose, evenly and entirely
clothed with short decumbent hairs, with the usual longer sets at
sides and apex ; gradually declivous to the apex, which is rounded :
under-side shining bronzed-green, sides of breasts and of abdomen
thickly clothed with long yellowish hairs, nearly smooth in the
middle ; last abdominal segment short, smooth on the middle;
legs dark blue ; tarsi cyaneous ; antenna dark blue.
Q. Form more elliptic: clypeus longer, more deeply and
subangulately notched, and more reflexed in front; the elytra
less tinged with green, the intervals more strongly punctured and
rugose, the sutural apex acute; the pygidium longer and more
gradually declivous ; the last abdominal segment long and entirely
aciculate-rugulose.
Long. ¢. 9. 25-265 mm. Lat. max. 13-13°75 mm.
Hab. COLOMBIA.
I have received this species from numerous sources,
all with the name adopted. It appears to be rather
common.
Var. (?) tenwistriata.
2. Differs from P. Kirschi in having the upper surface decidedly
more coppery and more shining, sides of clypeus green, the rest
of the head bright coppery : the puncturation—especially of the
elytra—finer ; the striz very faintly marked, and distinctly evenly
and finely punctured : clypeus with the notch in the front margin
less deep, not at all angulate, and less reflexed in front: the femora
tinged with green on the under-side; the tibize more chalybeate,
the tarsi chalybeate-green ; the under-side more coppery, the last
abdominal segment less strongly sculptured, with the sides nearly
smooth.
Long. 27°5 mm. Lat. 13°5 mm,
flab, VENEZUELA (St. Ines).
A single 2 only: further specimens will be needed to
determine its rank more positively.
P. dubia, n. sp.
Oblong, a little depressed ; shining pale golden-testaceous, more
or less tinged with green.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 263
¢. Clypeus strongly notched in front, the angles rounded and
reflexed ; strongly and rather densely rugose-punctate: head coppery-
green, with the usual depression, moderately and not closely punctured:
thorax widest—and subangulate—at the middle, median basal lobe
broad ; very finely and sparsely punctured on the disc, more strongly
and closely at the sides: scutellum a little wider than long, feebly
punctulate : elytra but little widened from the base, very faintly
seriate-punctate, the intervals irregular, very delicately and not
closely punctulate ; the post-humeral rugosities not strong: pygidium
entirely clothed with rather long greyish hairs, and entirely aciculate-
rugulose, gradually declivous behind, the apex rounded ; under-side
and legs shining coppery-green, tarsi brilliant coppery-green : sides
of breast and abdomen clothed—but not thickly—with long hairs :
4th and 5th abdominal segments delicately—but not at all closely
—aciculate, the last segment short and smooth ; antenne testaceous,
the club a little infuscate.
Q?. Clypeus a little more—and sinuately—narrowed anteriorly,
a little more deeply notched and more strongly reflexed in front ;
thorax more strongly punctured, the sides a little sinuate behind
the middle: elytra more distinctly seriate-punctate ; abdomen not
at all coppery, the segments—especially 4-6, more strongly and
closely aciculate-rugose.
Long. 195—22 mm. Lat. 9°75—11°75 mm,
Hab, CoLomBiA (Caucathal).
Some examples are more uniformly testaceous, with
but very slight green reflections.
It is possible this may be the P. testaceovirens, Blanch.,
but the author of that species gives the length as 23—24
mm. and the pygidium as “dense striolata” without any
mention as to its being pilose or not.
P. acutipennis, n. sp.
2. Oblong-ovoid, dark metallic bronzed-green, with slight purplish
reflections : clypeus sinuately narrowed to the front, which is lightly
notched in the middle, and strongly reflexed, closely and finely
punctured : head sparsely and finely punctured, the angular depression
well marked : thorax finely and thinly punctured on all its surface,
with several shallow fovee near the sides, side margins reflexed ;
widest at about the middle, thence a little sinuately narrowed to the
base ; median basal lobe very distinct : scutellum minutely punctu-
late: elytra moderately convex, but little widened behind, the
sutural apex acutely produced ; ridged along the base, humeral callus
rather strong, with a well-marked depression on the inner side ; very
264 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
minutely and distantly punctulate, with traces of seriate punctures :
pygidium shining, gradually declivous, delicately and entirely,
transversely and closely, aciculate-rugulose, witha few sete at the sides
and a tuft at the apex, which is rather narrowly rounded : metaster-
num coppery-green and clothed with long shaggy hairs ; abdomen
shining bronzed -green, coppery along the hind margin of the
segments, closely and very finely aciculate-rugulose and scantily
pilose at the sides, smooth on the middle, the last segment closely
and entirely aciculate-rugulose : legs bright purplish-coppery, tarsi
bronzed-green : antennze fusco-testaceous.
Long. 23 mm. Lat. 11 mm.
Hab. VENEZUELA (Merida).
P. vittipennis, n. sp.
¢. Oblong-ovoid, brilliant golden. testaceous, with strong bright
green reflections, especially on head and thorax: clypeus strongly,
but not angulately, notched and strongly reflexed in front, closely
punctured: head finely and thinly punctured, rather strongly
depressed: thorax widest—and rounded—at the middle, basal lobe
broad ; very sparsely and finely punctate, with a few larger punctures
and several faint fovexr at the sides: scutellum not wider than long,
minutely punctulate : elytra widened behind, excessively minutely
and not at all closely, punctulate, with here and there a few more
distinct and seriate punctures: a broad oblique vitta extending from
the shoulder to near the apex, and a shorter narrower one apically,
by the suture; these vittee, when viewed obliquely, are of a shining
green colour: pygidium very delicately and closely aciculate-rugulose,
except the apex which is smooth and testaceous ; a few short scattered
decumbent hairs at the sides and along the base; less gradually
declivous than in any of the preceding species, with the apex broadly
rounded : under-side and legs shining green, a little brassy on the
abdomen ; sides of breast and of abdomen thinly pilose, closely and
finely punctured; the last ventral segment transversely aciculate-
rugulose along the base ; tarsi cyaneous with the claws greenish ;
antenne green, the club a little infuscate.
. Sides of the clypeus sinuately—and more strongly—narrowed to
the front, which is more deeply notched, and more reflexed ; elytra
more parallel, distinctly but confusedly punctured down to the
suture, seriately punctured at the sides: pygidium less convex and
more naked: last ventral segment more strongly and entirely
sculptured.
Long. 6. 24mm. 9. 21:5-24mm.,
Lat. ¢@.12mm. 9. 10-1125 mm.
Hab. Brazit (Jatahy, Province of Goyas).
of the Sub-family Pelidnotineg. 265
P. chiriquina, un. sp.
¢. Elongate, subelliptic, rather depressed, testaceous with green
reflections : clypeus rounded and entire in front, margins lightly
reflexed,densely and finely punctulate, and reticulately rugulose, with
strong green reflections : head moderately punctured, more coarsely
and a little rugosely at the sides: thorax widest just behind the
middle, hind angles obtuse, front angles rather prominent and acute,
median basal lobe narrow, finely and not at all closely punctured
on the disc, with smaller punctures between ; at the sides very
delicately closely and reticulately rugulose-punctulate ; front and
hind borders vivid green: scutellum a little wider than long,
testaceous-green, faintly punctulate: elytra a little paler and less
shining than the thorax, somewhat abruptly declivous behind, basal
border not ridged, widest at about the middle, suture green, the
apex toothed ; the entire ground surface very delicately shagreened,
very sparsely and minutely punctulate, with a few irregular faintly
impressed, and vaguely punctured, striz ; and here and there trans-
versely rugulose: pygidium green, rather convex, subvertical ;
delicately aciculate-rugulose-punctulate, the apex a little smoother,
and rounded ; thinly but entirely clothed with short decumbent
hairs, with the usual sete at sides and apex: under-side, and the
legs beneath, shining green; legs above purplish-castaneous with
green reflections ; tarsi bluish-castaneous : metasternum, and sides
of abdomen (broadly), rather thinly pilose ; dise of abdomen smooth,
the last segment feebly punctured at the sides.
Q. Larger, broader, more expanded behind, than in the ¢ : head
dull coppery-green, and more coarsely sculptured: clypeus longer,
narrower and more recurved in front ; the side margins scarcely
reflexed : thorax with coppery and green reflections, the rest as in
the ¢ : elytra with the impressed lines, ete., still more vague :
pygidium without short decumbent hairs, closely and entirely
granulose-rugose, not convex, gradually declivous, with the apex
narrowly rounded: abdomen with a row of setose punctures across
the segments, the last segment transversely aciculate-rugulose at the
sides and along the base.
Long ¢. 26mm. 9. 305mm. Lat. ¢. 14mm. 9. 165mm.
Hab. PANAMA (Chiriqui).
I have received this species from the Continent, under
the name I have adopted. In the $ specimen the elytra
are acute but somewhat retracted at the sutural apex,
which, however, I regard as an individwal character only,
as in P. costaricensis and punctata there are individuals—
266 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
both ¢ and 9—as above described or normal, with the
apex simple, acute, or spinose.
P. paraquayensis, 0. sp.
¢. Ovoid, convex, chestnut-brown, moderately shining ; clypeus
strongly and sinuately narrowed to the front, which is rounded,
entire and recurved; closely rugose punctate; head not closely
punctured, the triangular depression well marked: thorax evenly
rounded at the sides, widest at the middle, distinctly but not very
closely punctured over the entire surface, a submarginal dark-
greenish spot at each side, the front and hind borders reflecting
green, median basal lobe well marked : scutellum wider than long,
sparsely punctulate, the margins reflecting green: elytra expanded
behind, the sutural apex simple or acute ; finely, very irregularly,
and not at all closely, punctured, and here and there rugulose; there
are also-—especially down the disc—a few vaguely impressed lines,
which are irregularly punctured ; post-humeral rugosities very faint;
a dark spot at the shoulder, and another (always faint, and sometimes
wanting) near the side, a little behind the middle: pygidium with
the sides dark green, the middle testaceous ; convex and rapidly de-
clivotis, very delicately aciculate-rugulose on the disc, more strongly at
the sides, the apex smoother and thinly punctate ; apex subtruncate :
under-side shining, greenish: mestasternum entirely punctured,
densely so at the sides, which are also pilose: abdomen smooth and
metallic down the middle, the last segment smooth, and testaceous at
each side: legs shining castaneous, the femora little tinged with
green : mandibles very strongly excised outwardly and projecting
beyond the clypeus: prosternal process rather small, the mesosternal
short, strongly compressed, subvertical in front.
@. Form more broadly ovoid, less convex, and less shining :
clypeus but little differing from that of ¢: thorax less convex, less
rounded at the sides, widest behind the middle, the puncturation
stronger ; front and hind borders—and borders of scutellum—not
reflecting green: elytra much more distinctly punctate-striate, the
dorsal intervals subcostate : pygidium not convex, gradually sloping
to the apex, which is narrowly rounded, entirely testaceous-brown,
entirely and closely aciculate-rugulose ; abdomen dark bronzed-green
with purplish reflections (especially at the hind border of the
segments), duller than in the ¢, and distinctly punctured ; the last
segment of the same colour and sculpture as the pygidium.
Long. $. 215-22 mm. ¢.23mm. Lat. ¢.12mm. 9.13 mm.
Hab. PARAGUAY.
I have frequently received this species, with the name I
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 267
have adopted; but I believe it has not hitherto been
described. It forms one of a small group of species (the
fulva group) from Paraguay, Argentina, etc. having a
common facies, the clypeus short and narrowly rounded
and entire in front in both ¢ and 9, and the last ventral
segment in strong contrast to the others, in colour and
sculpture.
P. Champion, n. sp.
dg. Very near to the preceding, but larger, less convex, more
oblong, paler, and usually more polished (as if varnished) ; head
more finely punctured ; clypeus a little broader in front, with the
sides more sinuate, less coarsely but more densely rugose-punctate :
sides of thorax less regularly rounded, widest about the middle,
thence sinuately narrowed to the base ; the front and hind margins—
and margins of scutellum—not at all green; a distinct dark brown
submarginal spot at each side of thorax: elytra still more finely
punctured, but the dorsal punctured striae more apparent ; on each
elytron a somewhat vague—sometimes interrupted—slightly oblique
dusky stripe, extending from the shoulder to two-thirds the length
of the elytron: pygidium rounded behind: abdomen brilliant dark
castaneous without tinge of green, nearly smooth: metasternum
entirely punctured, and coarsely but not thickly pilose at the sides :
antenne and legs testaceous, the femora not tinged with green.
?. Much larger and more oblong than P. paraguayensis 2 ; the
elypeus more prolonged, with the apex more broadly rounded, much
more recurved, and the sides more sinuate: sides of thorax not
sinuate behind the middle; a submarginal dark spot, and a small
round fovea near its inner side: the elytra much less distinctly
punctate-striate, with scarcely a trace of costa or transverse wrinkling:
pygidium much more finely aciculate-rugulose, smoother and punc-
tate towards the apex: mesosternal process short, but not so
strongly compressed and less vertical in front.
Long. 6.24 mm. 9.26mm. Lat. ¢. 13mm. ¢?. 14:5 mm.
Hab. ARGENTINA (Tucuman).
I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to my
old friend, Mr. G. C. Champion.
P. ancilla, n. sp.
g- Oblong, convex ; head, thorax and seutellum shining reddish-
testaceous ; elytra testaceous-yellow, a little less shining than the
head and thorax : clypeus short, rounded, entire and reflexed in front,
268 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
side margins sinuate and lightly reflexed ; closely but finely rugose-
punctate : head thinly punctate, the depression well marked : thorax
widest behind the middle, rather thickly punctured on the disc, more
closely and coarsely but not rugosely at the sides ; median basal
lobe distinct: scutellum not wider than long, sparsely punctulate,
narrowly margined with green: elytra but little widened behind,
each elytron with 9 rows of very distinct punctures set in lightly
impressed strive, and 2 shorter, 1 between the Ist and 2nd rows,
and another between the 5th and 6th rows; the dorsal intervals
convex: pygidium dark purplish-brown at the sides, testaceous on
the middle (distinctly defined), finely—especially on disc and at
apex—aciculate-rugulose-punctate, convex and rapidly declivous,
the apex rounded : under-side dark purplish-brown, almost metallic
on the abdomen, the segments green along their upper border, very
finely and sparsely punctulate down the middle; the last segment
testaceous at the sides and along the hind border: metasternum
closely punctured and finely pilose: legs and antennz testaceous,
with the club of the latter dusky.
Long. 19 mm. Lat. 10°5 mm.
Hab. Brazit (Jatahy, Province of Goyas).
P. pallidipennis, n. sp.
¢. Oblong-ovoid, depressed, moderately shining ; pale testaceous-
yellow, the head, thorax and scutellum a little darker, and showing
faint greenish reflections : clypeus closely rugose-punctate, strongly
and bisinuately narrowed to the front, which is narrowly rounded,
entire and strongly recurved : head very lightly depressed, finely
and not closely punctured: thorax finely punctured on the dise,
the interspaces very minutely punctulate; widest at the middle,
median basal lobe well marked, a shallow submarginal fovea at each
side: scutellum slightly tinged with green, punctulate : elytra with
the ground surface excessively minutely punctulate-rugulose, with
larger—but still very small—puncetures scattered over the surface,
together with five irregular feebly impressed strize down the dise,
and here and there transversely rugulose ; in and between the striz
and extending to the suture—but not reaching the apex—are irregular
rows of small pale spots each with a minute black point in the
centre: pygidium green at base and sides, testaceous apically (ill-
defined), very finely aciculate-rugulose, with a few rather large
punctures at the extreme apex, not abruptly declivous, the apex
broadly subsinuately rounded: under-side shining green ; sides of
breasts and of abdomen (the latter scantily) pilose ; abdominal
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 269
segments very thinly punctured in the middle, the last delicately
aciculate-rugulose, testaceous at sides and along the hind border :
legs—including tarsi—testaceous, the femora with green reflections ;
antenne dusky.
Long. 255 mm. Lat. 14°5 mm,
Hab. BRAZIL.
P. fracida, n. sp.
g. Ovoid, somewhat depressed, shining, dark testaceous-brown :
clypeus greenish in front, rounded and with a slight sinus in the
middle, margins lightly reflexed; closely and very finely aciculate-
rugulose-punctate ; head purplish-brown behind, moderately punc-
tured: thorax widest just behind. the middle, moderately—and_ no-
where densely—punctured, the interspaces more closely—-and very
minutely—rugulose-punctulate ; two or more shallow fovee at, or near
to, the sides; median basal lobe narrow, its basal margin and a
corresponding portion of the anterior margin green: scutellum
bordered with green, sparsely and minutely punctulate: elytra
almost smooth, the entire ground-surface excessively delicately
punctulate-rugnlose, with larger—but still minute—punctures scat-
tered over the surface, but disappearing before the apex, also a few
faintly impressed stria, and irregular rows (also disappearing before
the apex) of round pale spots with a minute black point in their
centre : pygidium moderately convex, rapidly declivous, closely and
entirely aciculate-rugulose, dark bronzed-green at the sides, greenish-
testaceous on the middle (well-defined) : under-side shining bronzed-
green with slight coppery reflections ; sides of metasternum thinly
pilose ; abdomen with segments 2-5 finely aciculately-rugulose at
the sides, sparsely punctured on the middle, the last entirely rugnlose-
punctate, with the sides narrowly testaceous : legs shining purplish-
brown with green reflections ; tarsi purplish-brown.
Long. 23°55 mm. Lat. 13 mm.
Hab. Brazit (Amazons).
P. cayennensis, ni. sp.
g. Ovoid, somewhat depressed, shining pale testaceous, with the
margins of the clypeus, front and hind margins of thorax, scutellum
and suture of elytra, green : clypeus trapezoidal, distinctly and widely
emarginate and lightly reflexed in front; finely, and a little ru-
gosely, punctured : head faintly depressed, finely punctured : thorax
sub-parabolically curved at the sides, widest a little behind the middle,
moderately—and nowhere thickly—punctured, the interspaces as
in P. fracida; one or more shallow fovee at, or near, the sides ; median
270 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
basal lobe narrow : scutellum wider than long, smooth: elytra with
irregular, faintly-impressed, striae, which are irregularly—and more
or less vaguety—punctate ; there are also two rows of minute, but
distinct, black points near the suture, two others (abbreviated behind)
on the disc, with others—irregularly placed-—between the rows ; the
two dorsal intervals a little dusky : pygidium more or less convex
and declivous, delicately aciculate-rugulose, the sides and base green,
the apex testaceous (not well-defined) : under-side shining greenish-
castaneous ; sides of metasternum and of abdomen rather thinly
pilose ; middle of abdomen metallic, almost smooth, the last segment
very finely rugulose-punctulate, the sides and hind border testaceous :
legs and antenna testaceous.
@. Form more robust and convex, less shining : clypeus longer,
with the front subtruncate (angles rounded) and more reflexed, and
the sides sinuate: thorax, head behind, and scutellum, with distinct
green reflections: elytra more expanded behind: pygidium less
abruptly declivous, entirely dark green, more coarsely sculptured ;
under-side greener, the 5th abdominal segment well punctured in
the middle, the last unicolorous, closely and entirely aciculate-
rugulose : legs darker, and more tinged with green.
Long. ¢. 23°25-25.5 mm.; 9. 25.5mm. Lat. ¢.13mm.; 9.
14 mm.
Hab. GUIANA and VENEZUELA (Manoa).
There are individual differences in colour and brightness
of head, thorax, and under-side.
Received from various sources with this name.
Mecopelidnota, n. gen.
¢. Clypeus semicircular, all the margins well and evenly reflexed,
front margin entire: mandibles deeply notched externally: eyes
large: base of thorax distinctly margined, narrower than base of
elytra, the median lobe broad; scutellum wider than long, sides
curvilineate : elytra rather abruptly declivous behind, the apical
callus large and prominent: pygidium rapidly declivous, convex at
apex : hind legs not elongated, their tibia abruptly widened inter-
nally behind the base, setose on inner face: intermediate tibize
similarly formed but the emargination smaller: hind tibial spurs
long and very acute, especially the inner one: hind tarsi rather
slender, the claw joint not incrassated nor toothed beneath, the outer
claw widened and sinuated along the lower edge, the extremity very
acute ; front outer claw long and moderately stout, its extremity
entire and acute: prosternal process small and narrow; meso-
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 271
sternal very short, much compressed, and vertical in front : 5th ventral
segment long ; metasternum flat. 9. Unknowr.
The peculiar form of the hind tibiz will readily dis-
tinguish this from any form of Pelidnota.
M. Arrow, n. sp.
¢. Elongate, moderately convex, above entirely dark bronzed-
green, shining : head—especially the clypeus—closely and coarsely
rugose-punctate, the vertex sparsely punctured; thorax widest at
the middle, thence a little sinuately narrowed to the hind angles,
which are not acute nor outwardly directed ; front angles prominent
and acute; side margins reflexed; the surface broken—especially
near the sides—by shallow depressions ; moderately closely punctured
on the disc, much more closely at the sides, the punctures rather
large: scutellum punctured : elytra very gradually widened to beyond
the middle, distinctly transversely ridged at the base, rather strongly
rugose-punctate, the punctures becoming seriate near the sides ;
humeral and apical calli smooth: pygidium finely and closely
aciculate-rugulose, the extreme apex smooth, thinly clothed with fine
decumbent hairs, and sparsely setose at sides and apex: under-side
and legs metallic-green ; tarsi shining black : metasternum entirely,
and abdomen at the sides, pilose: the latter smooth and shining down
the middle, the last segment glabrous : antenne brown.
Long. 25 mm. Lat. 12°5 mm.
Hab. Ecuapor (Guayaquil).
[This genus is constituted for the above species and
Pelidnota cylindrica, Waterh., the only known forms
exhibiting the peculiar excision of the posterior tibize at
the base, with which character is associated an exception-
ally narrow cylindrical form. As each is known only by
a single male specimen, the generic diagnosis may not
be adequate for distinguishing the female, in which the
tibia may be expected to be of the normal type. The
differences between Mecopelidnota Arrowi and cylindrica
are very slight, and until additional specimens can be
compared their value must remain rather uncertain. The
type of the new form however is considerably smaller
than that of M. cylindrica, which was brought from
Guatemala, the head especially being relatively less broad.
The clypeus is distinctly less transverse and the mandibles
are more strongly bilobed. The thorax, on the contrary,
is rather more transverse and its sides are more strongly
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (JUNE) 18
272 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
angulated in the middle. The sculpture is everywhere
stronger and closer, especially upon the pygidium, which is
also more thickly hairy. The legs are less stout, a differ-
ence which is particularly noticeable in the hind femora.
Whether this is merely the accompaniment of a reduction
in size further specimens must be left to determine. G. J. A.]
Plusiotis cupreomarginata, n. sp.
Size, form, colour, etc. of P. resplendens, Bouc., with which it has
hitherto been confounded : it differs in having the mandibles either
entire, or feebly sinuate, at the outer edge, and less produced in front:
the clypeus convex, broader in front, the margins all strongly reflexed ;
the head depressed above: the sutural apex of the elytra not acutely
produced, the outer margins of the elytra brilliant coppery: the
mesosternal process shorter: the under-side of a brilliant silvery-
green, sometimes with coppery reflections in the @ : the legs shining
coppery, the tarsi tinged with green. Pygidium in the ¢ almost
smooth, compressed at the sides, setose at sides and apex, rapidly
declivous and rounded behind: in the @ it is aciculate-rugose at
the sides,* gradually declivous, the apex more narrowly rounded :
the last abdominal segment smooth in both sexes.
Long. g. 21 mm.; 9. 23mm. Lat. ¢. 105mm.; ¢. 12 mm.
Hab. Costa Rica (Carilla).
Chrysina Beckeri, H. W. Bates, cannot possibly remain
in the genus Chrysina, seeing that the hind legs in the f
differ in nowise from those of the 2 except in being a
trifle stouter, with their tibiz emarginate at the basal
edge, and that the metasternum is not at all bulged in
this sex. It should, in my opinion, be closely associated
with Plusiotis laniventris, Sturm., and P. Woodi, Horn.
Epichalcoplethis, n. gen.
[This new genus was designed by Mr. Bates for Pelidnota
velutipes, Arrow, a species forming a connecting link
between Pelidnota and Chalcoplethis. From both of these
genera it differs chiefly by the form of the hind legs of
the male, of which the tibize are broad and compressed,
with their upper margins not notched or indented, as in
Pelidnota, or irregularly produced, as in Chalcoplethis, but
* Subject to individual variation in both species.
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 273
gently and uniformly curved. There is a rather thick
clothing of erect golden hair upon the inside of the tibia,
the hairs being longer and more extensive than those
similarly occurring in Chalcoplethis. The tarsi are slender,
and are slightly shorter but not thicker in the female.
The hind tarsus of the male has the claw-joint long and
very strongly curved and the outer claw is widened and
distinctly sinuated at its inner edge.
The clypeus of the male is rather more excised at the
tip than m Chalcoplethis and the pygidium is uniformly
rugose and clothed with hairs only at the base.
Epichalcoplethis velutipes was described from a male
specimen, but there are now examples of both sexes in the
British Museum. The female differs from the male in
having the hind tibiz simple and only sparingly furnished
with hairs on their mner side and in the subacute clypeus.
The colour of the species varies from bright green to
bronze. The type was brought from Grenada in the West
India Islands, but other specimens are from Trinidad, and
Dr. Ohaus informs me that it also occurs on the South
American mainland. He has suggested that this insect
may perhaps be the Pelidnota metallica, Cast., one of the
species placed by Mr. Bates among the unrecognizable
forms. ‘This is certainly not improbable, but the descrip-
tion is so fragmentary that without an examination of the
type there can be no sufficient reason even for treating it
as a member of the genus Lpichalcoplethis—G. J. A.]
Lasiocala Ohausi, vn. sp.
¢. Broad, subquadrate ; head, thorax, and scutellum, brilliant
violaceous, with or without greenish reflections : elytra reddish-vio-
laceous, less brilliant than the thorax: head small, sparsely and
finely punctured : clypeus without hairs, short and broad, subtruncate
in front with the angles rounded, moderately punctured, all the
margins feebly reflexed: thorax ample, sides strongly rounded;
front angles not prominent, hind angles broadly rounded ; three
fovex near the hind angles, the two outer connected by an impressed
line ; very finely—and not closely—punctured ; between the punc-
tures—especially at the sides—the surface is minutely rugulose-
punctulate ; base rather strongly bisinuate ; the median lobe well
marked ; scutellum as long as wide, impressed down the middle,
entirely and distinctly-—but not thickly —punctured ; elytra broadest
behind the middle, very delicately punctulate-rugulose, with a few
274 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision
faintly impressed lines; sutural apex acute or not: pygidium viola-
ceous with green reflections, entirely densely and finely rugulose-
punctulate, with a few large punctures at the extreme apex ; a few
setz at the sides and apex, the latter narrowly rounded : under-side
and legs violaceous, tinged with green: breasts clothed—but not
thickly—with long pale yellowish hairs: abdomen naked, all the
segments rugose-punctate, most delicately so on the middle ; the 5th
segment but little longer than the 4th : antenna—except the basal
joint—fuscous brown.
Long. 19-21°5 mm. Lat. (max.) 12-14 mm.
Hab. CoLoMBIA (Sta. Martha).
Three specimens (all f #) of this species are contained in
my own and the British Museum collections.
It is abundantly distinct from Z. fulvohirta, Blanch., by
the naked clypeus, differently formed and _ sculptured
thorax, smoother elytra, the abdominal segments (especially
the 5th) shorter and more strongly sculptured, ete.
I have great pleasure in dedicating this fine species to
Dr. Fr. Ohaus, our greatest living authority on the
Rutelidx.
Hoplopelidnota, n. gen.
¢. Clypeus broadly rounded and entire in front: mandibles
somewhat produced anteriorly, the outer margins entire : thorax
strongly margined at the base: outer borders of elytra with
a feathery fringe: labrum horizontal, broadly and deeply
emarginate at the middle of the front: mentum flattened, or
concave, anteriorly, convex behind, front border not emarginate :
pro- and mesosternal processes well developed: front outer claws
moderately stout, elongate ; middle and hind claw-joints with a
tooth on the under-side near the base. @. Unknown.
This is a Pelidnota with the mandibles entire at outer
edge, and the elytral border with a feathery fringe. This
last character is most exceptional in the sub-family, but is
shared by the new genus succeeding.
H, Candezet, n. sp.
¢. Regularly ovoid, shining, dark bronzed-green: clypeus with
the margins scarcely reflexed, closely and rugosely punctured ; head
rather strongly punctured, except on the vertex: sides of thorax
rounded from behind the middle, front angles a little prominent,
subacute, the hind obtuse ; base strongly margined, distinctly lobed
of the Sub-family Pelidnotine. 275
at the middle ; strongly punctured, still more closely and rugosely
at the sides: scutellum wider than long, punctured : elytra moderately
convex, with vague impressed longitudinal lines and fine scattered
punctures, which are larger and subseriate near the suture, coarsely
transversely foveate-rugose : sutural apex acute ; the apical callus
produced into a short acute spine: pygidium entirely clothed with
grey decumbent hairs and a few setz at sides and apex, closely
and finely muricate-rugulose, the apex narrowly rounded : breasts
and sides of abdomen rather thickly clothed with long grey hairs ;
last abdominal segment feebly punctate on the middle, the apex bi-
sinuate ; the 5th segment long.
Long. 20mm. Lat, 11 mm.
Hab, CAYENNE.
A single f example in the Royal Museum at Brussels,
bearing a label of Candeze, inscribed “ Pelidnota armata.”
In colour, form, and general aspect, exactly like Pelidnota
granulata.
Xenopelidnota, n. gen.
¢. Head small, antenne 10-jointed : clypeus rather short, s' rongly
sinuately narrowed to the front, which is narrowly rounded, entire
and recurved ; mandibles narrow, projecting, entire at outer edge:
sides of thorax well rounded behind the middle, the hind angles
broadly rounded ; strongly margined at the base, the median lobe
distinct, and rounded behind : scutellum transverse: elytra ridged
along the base, the outer margin with a feathery fringe ; sutural
apex simple: a small prosternal—but no mesosternal—process :
pygidium nearly vertical, densely, entirely, very finely, and intri-
cately, rugulose ; sparsely setose at sides and apex, the apex rather
broadly rounded: breasts pilose, the hairs fine and silky: 5th
abdominal segment long : legs moderately robust, but little differing
from the 9, the claw-joints strongly toothed near the base: claws as
in Pelidnota.
Q. A little larger and of a more regularly ovoid form than the g:
clypeus larger, but less sinuate at the sides, and less pointed in front :
mandibles broader : sides of thorax less rounded behind the middle,
the hind angles less broadly rounded : side margins of the elytra a
little explanate from the base to about one-third their length:
pygidium more declivous, more delicately rugulose, and less thinly
setose at the sides and apex : front (especially) and middle tarsi long
and very slender ; the tooth at base of the claw-joints very small,
obsolete in the anterior ones,
276 The late Mr. F. Bates’s Revision of Pelidnotine.
For this genus it may also be said that it is a Pelidnota
with the mandibles entire at the outer edge, the elytra
with a feathery fringe and the mesosternal process nil:
to which may be added the remarkably slender front tarsi
in the 9.
Type, anomala (Plusiotis), Burm,
XIII. Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions
of several Genera, and descriptions of New Genera
and Species. By Matcotm Bure, B.A, F.LS.,
E.Z.S., FES.
[Read February 3rd, 1904. ]
THE examination of the fine collection of Dermatoptera
in the National Museum of Paris has involved the descrip-
tion of a large number of new species and some new
genera; I have taken the opportunity of revising a few
genera that were in need of revision, and of describing a
number of new forms in my own and other collections.
I acknowledge my indebtedness to Sir George Hampson
and to Mr. W. F. Kirby for their permission to avail myself
of the material in the British Museum, and to describe a
few species from that collection.
REVISION OF THE GENUS DIPLATYS, SERV.
The examination of a number of specimens of this
genus has shown me clearly that several species have
hitherto been confounded together, and that the old
characters are useless. I have accordingly made a study
of the entire genus and drawn up the following synoptical
table of the species, based almost entirely on new char-
acters. For the discrimination of the species of Diplatys
especially, it must be borne in mind that details of colour
are worse than useless, and more often misguiding than
helpful, though the general system of coloration is
valuable, if employed with care.
Doubtless when a larger collection is brought together,
this revision will be superseded, though I have been able
to examine the types of nearly all the species, but as the
characters which I have adopted, namely, the form of the
occiput and of the pronotum, group the species according
to their geographical distribution, I hope that the new
arrangement will be an improvement upon the old.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART Il. (JUNE)
278 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
TABLE OF THE SPECIES.
1. Occiput margine postico carinato-
reflexo; (suturis indistinctis ; seg-
mentum ultimum tumidum ; prono-
tum postice rotundatum et quam
antice angustius, haud longius quam
latius ; corpus pubescens; species
americane),
Dew OlOrewitrOe tie EWR eS
2.2. Colore rufo, nigro-variegato . .
1.1. Occiput margine posticohaud reflexo,
2. Occiput convexum, nec depressum,
nec deplanatum, medio nec cari-
natum nec suleatum . . . . ;
2.2. Occiput postice plus minus de-
pressum vel deplanatum, cari-
nulatum vel sulcatum.
3. Pronotum longius quam latius.
4. Species americana; frons
supra labrum tri-impressa ;
(suturis carinisque distinctis ;
pronotum antice et postice
guetta) V8 oe oe Oe
4.4. Species africane et asiaticze ;
frons haud_tri-impressa.
5. Occiput inter oculos late et
valde elevatum ; parte de-
pressa angusta, transversa,
media suleata . . . . .
5.5, Occiput inter oculos haud
vel vix elevatum ; parte
postica depressa magna.
6. Occiput margine postico
bicarinulatum . . . .
6.6. Occiput margine pos-
tico suleulatum.
7. Statura robustiori ; mi-
nus pubescens; pro-
notum lateribus paral-
lelis, ovale; forcipis
bracchia basi valida et
dilatata et deplanata,
1. severa, Borin.
2. jansoni, Kirby.
3. xthiops, sp. 0.
4. occidentalis, sp. n.
5. conradti, sp. n.
6. viator, sp. n.
The Dermatoptera.
tum attenuata, sensim
INCU Veron ns ot rao) hs
7.7. Statura eraciliori ;
valde pubescens ; pro-
notum lateribus rectis,
postice convergentibus,
postice quam antice
angustius ; forcipis
bracchia recta, subeon-
tigua, basi hand valde
dilatata, sensim atten-
uata et acuminata ..
3.3. Pronotum latius quam longius
vel eque latum ac longuin.
4, Pronotum lateribus parallelis,
antice et postice aque latum.
5. Color ruber, rufus vel rufo-
testaceus.
6. Statura (9°5-10
i103) Me eae aoe aie
6.6. Staturamajore(12mm. )
5.5. Color fuscus, vel rufo-fuscus
(Statura majore).
6. Abdomen segmento ultimo
angulis exterioribus rect-
angulis; forceps intus
denticulatus. =<. ..
6.6. Abdomen segmento ulti-
mo angulis exteriori-
bus rotundatis; forceps
minore
intusinermis .. .
4.4, Pronotum antice quam postice
latius.
5. Color niger, rufe-variegatus .
5.5. Color fuscus, necnon albo-
variegatus.
6. Pronotum lateribus rectis,
postice convergentibus ;
forceps sensim attenuatus.
(Color fuscus, albo-varie-
SAMS). ys
6.6. Pronotum lateribus con-
vexis ; forceps basi vali-
dus, tum attenuatus.
. . .
279
7. macrocephala, Beauv
8. raffrayi, Borm,
9. gersteckeri, Dohrn.
(= longisetosa, Westw.)
Ja. id. var. calidasa.
10. rufescens, Kirby.
11. stva, sp. n.
12. ridleyi, Kirby.
13. nigriceps, Kirby.
280 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
7. Pronotum sutura dis-
tincta ; elytra nitentia;
albo-variegatus . . . 14. croix, sp. n.
7.7. Pronotum sutura nul-
la; elytra haud nit-
entia; color fuscus . 15. greeni, sp. n.
Diplatys severa, Borm., and D. jansoni, Kirb.
This group is easy to distinguish by the form of the
occiput; the two species are very different in appearance,
D. severa being of a general dull-black colour, whereas
D. jansoni is blue-black, with brick-red feet and forceps
and pronotum, and sometimes the elytra also are varied
with red.
Diplatys xthiops, sp. n.
Parva, gracilis, atra, nitida ; occiput valde convexum, globosum,
leve, suturis carinisque haud vel vix perspicuis ; pronotum antice
et postice aque latum, sed margine antico medio in collem triangu-
larem productum ; corpus vix pubescens ; pedes nigri, tarsis palli-
dioribus ; abdomen gracile, segmento ultimo tumido ; forcipis
bracchia deplanata, recta, conica, inermia, ¢.
Long, corporis <> . .. 6ib:mm:. 1g:
3) HOLCUpISa ee. OID 5,
Hab, 2 (1 f in my collection.)
This species is chiefly characterized by the form of
the head.
Diplatys occidentalis, sp. n.
Statura minore; colore rufo-testaceo; antenne (? +) 8 seg-
mentate, segmento 1 nigro, 2 nigro, minimo, 3 and 4 rotun-
datus, testaceis, 5 longiori, fuseo, 6-8 elongatis, cylindricis, fuscis.
Caput fuscum, medio rufo-maculatum, postice rufo-marginatum ;
occiput postice depressum ; caput postice angustatum ; oculi nigri ;
pronotum ovale, longius quam latius; frons supra labrum tri-
impressa; pronotum ovale, fulvo-testaceum ; scutellum fulvum ;
elytra rufo-fulva, macula magna basali fusca, vittaque fusca exteriori,
ornata ; ale fulve, externe fusco vitatte. Pedes pallido-testacei,
femoribus apice infuscatis. Abdomen rufum, lateribus infuscatis ;
segmentum ultimum magnum, haud valde tumidum, fuscum, medio
sulcatum, margine postico medio deplanato ; forceps simplex, rectus,
conicus, paullo deplanatus, @.
The Dermatoptera. 281
Leng: comports):. 2. = 4, mma d).*
hey EORCUDIS!, «75 ver = —
Hab. West INDIES, Granada, Balthasar, 250 feet, 20
v, 95, No. 206, “Came to light.” (1 2 in B. M.)
The coloration and habitat distinguish this species; it
does not agree in form with the South American species
D. jansoni and D. severa, but im appearance more nearly
resembles D. gersteckert.
Diplatys conradti, sp. n.
Caput nigrum ; occiput inter oculos valde elevatum, latum, tumi-
dum ; parte depressa postica angusta, transversa ; antenne rufee ;
pronotum rufum, ovatum, lateribus rotundatis, antice et postice
eque latum, sublongius quam latius ; elytra et al ampla, fusco-
violacea ; pedes rufo-testacei ; abdomen fusco-violaceum, pilis longis
obsitum ; segmentum ultimum abdominis paullo tumidum, ceteris
vix latius ; forcipis bracchia rufa, conica, recta, inermia, ¢.
Long. corporis . . . 95mm. ¢.
op Corcipisy =, a) O56. 4,
Hab. Norta Cameroons, Joh.-Albrechtshohe. (1 ,
Mus. Paris.)
This species is undoubtedly confused in collections with
D. raffrayt and perhaps with D. macrocephala. The form
of the occiput distinguishes it from both.
Diplatys viator, sp. n.
Gracilis, niger, vel fusco-violaceus ; occiput inter oculos elevatum,
et globosum, postice deplanatum et bicarinulatum ; pronotum antice
quam postice latius, lateribus rectis, convergentibus. Elytra et alee
violaceo-nigra. Abdomen gracile; forcipis bracchia gracilia, recta. ?.
Long. corporis . . . 12mm, 9.
jf dorcepis 5 3 POE
Hab. MADAGASCAR, Ankazoabo, 1 9 (#. Bastard, 1902,
Mus. Paris) ; FERNANDO Po (LZ. Conradt, 1901, Mus. Paris).
The specimen from Fernando Po, which appears to be a
male, is broken, and the apex of the abdomen and the
forceps are missing, which is unfortunate, as the remainder
of the insect is in better condition than the female from
Madagascar; I am convinced, however, that the two
specimens are one and the same species; they are likely
to be confused with D. raffrayi, but differ in the form of
the occiput.
* The body of the type is unfortunately broken, and so the exact
measurement cannot be taken.
282 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
Diplatys macrocephala, Pal. Beauy., and D. raffrayi, Borm.
These two species are invariably confused in collections,
and I doubt whether de Bormans himself accurately
appreciated the difference between them ; at all events, in
his monograph in Tierreich he attempted to discriminate
between them by their colours alone, an entirely deceptive
method, that is bound to make confusion worse confounded.
The colouring of the two species is the same and varies
in the same manner. The ditticulty is complicated by the
apparent dimorphism of the males. The typical male
of both species has the last abdominal segment large
and tumid, and the forceps stout, strongly flattened, and
dilated near the base, and then suddenly attenuated, and
incurved ; in a male in my collection (ex. coll. de Bormans)
from Stanley Pool, Congo, the forceps recall those of typical
Forficula ; the other, and perhaps commoner form, resembles
the female, and these are to be mistaken for hermaphrodites.
In the synoptical table I have endeavoured to set forth
the distinctions as they appear to me.
Diplatys gersteckert, Dohrn.
Much doubt has existed as to the relations between
Nannopygia gersteckeri and Diplatys longisetosa; de
Bormans actually retained Dohrn’s genus, but it coincides
without any doubt with Serville’s earlier erection.
At the time of Mr. Green’s paper on JD. longisetosa (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 381) I was unfamiliar with Dohrn’s
species, and so described Mr. Green’s insect under West-
wood’s name (lI. c, p. 388), but in a later paper (The
Earwigs of Ceylon, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc., 1901,
November, p. 75) I have united the two species. I will
again quote a letter from Dr. Kuhlgatz of the Berlin
Museum, who kindly examined Dohrn’s type for me: “ D.
longisetosa is very closely allied to this species (i.e. JV. ger-
steckert), but not actually identical with it. MNannopygia
gerstxckert is entirely bronze-coloured with black eyes ; in
Diplatys longisetosa the head is black ; the forceps increase
a little more in thickness from the apex to the base than
in Nannopygia gersteckeri; the elytra of the latter are uni-
form in colour and broader than in DP. longisetosa,in which the
two posterior thirds of the elytra have a long blackish
shadowy streak (at least in the two specimens in the
The Dermatoptera. 283
Berlin Museum). Both furms belong to one and the same
genus. In structure they scarcely differ at all.”
In spite of this de Bormans attempted to keep the two
genera distinct. But an examination of a number of
specimens shows that the two species run into each other.
Dr. Kuhlgatz describes the head as black in D. longisetosa,
but it is not so in many specimens, as for instance the one
figured by Mr. Green (op. cit. Pl. xviii, fig. 5).
Hitherto this species has only been recorded from
Ceylon and Burmah, but in the Paris collection I find two
females from Dardjiling which are so much larger and
stouter in build that I first regarded them as a distinct
species. But as I can find no structural distinction, I am
compelled to regard them as a local race or variety of
D. yerstxckeri for which I propose the name var., calidasa.
Their dimensions are
Long. corporis . . . 12-1225 mm. ¢.
3) toreipise: 5 sg) Va25 35
Diplatys rufescens, Kirb,
In spite of its name, this species falls nearer to the
fuscous species than to the red D. gerstwckert. It is most
closely allied to D. siva n., but differs as noted in the table
of species.
Diplatys siva, sp. n.
Statura majore ; colore fusco. Caput fuscum vel fusco-rufum,
planum, postice subangustatum, suturis obsoletis; oculi prominuli,
nigri ; antenne 15-segmentate, 1 valido, lato, 2 minimo, 3 and 4
quam 2 duplo longioribus, 5 and 6 etiam longioribus, ceteris
gracilibus, cylindricis, elongatis ; pronotum capite paullo angustius,
fuseo-brunneum, necnon costis lateralibus deplanatis pallidioribus,
prozona elevata, medio suleulo longitudinali impressa ; metazona
deplanata, postice rotundata, paullo supra elytra producta ; scutel-
lum minimum: elytra valde explicata, ampla, lata, tota fusco-
brunnea; ale valde explicate, squamis fusco-brunneis. Pedes
graciles, longi, fusco, compressi; segmentum primum tarsorum
ceteris unitis longius. Abdomen gracile, elongatum, fusco-rufum,
tuberculis lateralibus distinctis; segmentum ultimum ¢ vix vel
haud deplanatum nec tumidum, globosum, haud attenuatum ;
abdomen @ breve, alarum apices vix superans, apice attenuatum.
Foreipus bracchia; ¢ pallida, recta, inermia, subcontigua, vix
deplanata, apicibus ipsis incurvis ; 2 fortiora, subdepressa, breviora,
contigua, conica, fusciora. Corpus sparsim pallide pubescens.
ae.
984 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
) ?
Long. corporis... . 153mm. . . % 1O-fl6 mm.
Fy) SHOLCIpIS’ 4) Se Dae! roan Peel
Hab, Inpta, Dardjiling (Harmand, 2854-90, Mus. Paris,
22,39).
This new species resembles D. greeni in appearance, but
is larger. Its position is shown in the synoptical table of
species; it approaches D. rufescens, Kirb., in structure.
Its chief distinction from the latter is the shape of the
last abdominal segment of the male, in which the exterior
apical angles are rounded, whereas in D. rufescens they
are rectangular. The forceps is entirely without mternal
denticulation.
Diplatys ridleyt, Kirby.
This is a red and fuscous species that may be confused
with D. raffrayi, which it replaces in Asia. In addition to
the characters attributed to it in the table, the median
and transverse sutures of the head are distinct; the space
behind the eyes is elevated and keeled. The occiput is
not excavated posteriorly, but only slightly sulculated ;
the legs are normally ringed with black, but I possess a
specimen from Mentawei in which the feet are entirely
testaceous.
Diplatys nigriceps, Kirby.
This is the white-marked species described by Mr.
Kirby from Hong Kong; it is distinct from the Cingalese
species described by me under this name (Tr. Ent. Soc.,
1898, pl. 889), which requires a new name (Vv. greent, n.
post.).
Diplatys crow, sp. n.
Statura minore ; colore fusco ; corpus pilis longis obsitum ; occiput
convexum, carinis sulculisque vix perspicuis ; pronotum aque longum
ac latum, antice quam postice paullo latius, lateribus convexis,
margine postico toto rotundato, Caput et segmentum primum anten-
narum nigra; antenne fusco-testacee. Pronotum prozona ele-
vata fusca, metazona depressa albida. Elytra et alee ample, nitentia ;
scutellum pallidum. Pedes testacei, femoribus tibiisque nigro-
annulatis. Abdomen eeneo-nitens ; forceps conicus, simplex, rufo-
fuscus. 2.
Long. corporis . . . 9mm. @.
PP ORCHMIS © 0%. Ta LY
The Dermatoptera. 285
Hab. MALACCA PENINSULA, 2 22 (Errington de la Croix
et P. Chapé, 1899, in Mus. Paris).
This species approaches D. nigriceps in colour, but it
is nearer to D. greent in structure; it may be easily
confused with the former.
Diplatys greent, sp. n.
Color fuscus, elytris alisque fusco-rufescentibus. Pronotum latius
quam longius, antice quam postice latius, lateribus convexis. Abdo-
men fusco-rufum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale nigrum, magnum,
quadratum, angulis exterioribus apicalibus angulatis, haud
rotundatis ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi vix contigua, valida, ad
mediam partem longitudinis subito attenuata, incurva, ¢. 2 simpla,
recta, conica. ¢ 9.
ok
Long. corporis . . . 85-10 mm.
5 (1ORCIpIS. “« . . I=1'o “5,
Hab. CEYLON, Punduluoya (Green; in B. M. and in
my coll.).
Diplatys nigriceps. Burr (nec Kirby nec Bormans). Tr.
Ent. Soc. London, 1898, p. 389, Pl. xviii, figs. 1-8,
Pl. xix, figs. 6-S and 15. Burr, Journ. Bombay
N. H. Soe., 1901, p. 75, Pl. A, figs. 1-3.
This is the species whose post-embryonic development
was investigated by Mr. Green, together with that of D.
gerstxckert. It is undoubtedly distinct from the D. nigriceps
of Kirby, from Hong Kong, with which it is confused in
collections.
CHALLIA, nov. gen.
Corpus apterum ; antennz graciles, segmento 1 magno, longo,
2 brevi, haud longiori quam latiori, 3 longiori, 4 and 5 subbrevi-
oribus, ceteris sensim elongatis (segmenta 16 restant) ; caput depla-
natum ; occiput postice medio sulculatum et utrinque bicarinatum ;
pronotum quam caput wque latum, subquadratum; mesonotum
pronoto latius, humeris carinato-deflexis ; metanotum breve, latum,
transversum ; pedes longi, graciles, femoribus carinulatis, plus
minus compressis ; abdomen pubescens, g medio constrictum, 9
cylindricum, segmentis omnibus punctulatis; segmentum ulti-
mum dorsale magnum punctulatum, medio, apud g profunde,
apud 9 minus, sulcatum, margine postico tuberculis 5 globosis,
quorum 3 minora, 2 majora, instructo; forcipis bracchia basi
286 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
subcontigua; ¢ sat valida, depressa, ante medium carina interna
in dentem obtusum sursum spectantem elevata; dehine magis
depressa, subsinuata, aream angustam ellipticam includentia, ante
apicem iterum parallela, margine interno denticulata, apice ipso
valde incurva, decussata: 9? recta, parallela, cylindrica, gracilia,
prope basin margine interno minute crenulata, paullo ante apicem
denticulatis, nonnullis acutis armata, apice ipso tantum incurva,
decussata.
This remarkable genus is very closely allied to, and
perhaps even identical with, Anataélia, Bolivar, from the
Canaries, which, until now, has been regarded as an isolated
aberrant form. But for some years I have had a solitary
female in my collection from Korea, which I was unable to
describe without the male. It approaches Pygidicrana
somewhat superficially, but the form of the antennz and
thoracic plates distinguishes it at once from the Pygidi-
cranidx, as well as from the Karschiellide of Verhoeff.
Challia fletchert, sp. n.
Fusco-rufescens ; pedes testacei, fusco-lineati ; dorsum testaceum,
fusco-variegatum, vel totum-fuscum ; forcipis bracchia basi testacea,
tum fusca. 4 9.
3 %
Long. corporis . . . 16mm. . . . 1451-16 mm.
ani MOLGCUDISN jo 7s << 4-0" 45. oot Ga ee Oe
Hab, Cutna, Wei-hai-wei, Len-kung-tan, ix, 98, 1
(T. B. Fletcher, 11 my coll.); Da-laen-suen, 1 ~¢ (WJ. uJ.
Walker, 93-52, B. M.); ieee 12 id. | Walicer:
93-52, B. M.); Tamaon Id (J. J. Walker, 2 2 9, 92- 196).
(The first two also bear the numbers 100344 and 10344
respectively, and the last two bear the numbers 7519.)
NOTE ON THE GENUS BORMANSIA, VERHOEFF.
This remarkable genus was erected and characterized by
Verhoeff (Uber Dermapteren, Zool. Anzeig. Nr., 665, 1902),
and has hitherto remained only known by this description.
But I found a fragmentary male in the Paris collection,
and six fragments from Kilimandjaro, from which I have
been able to piece together two or three fairly complete
specimens, of B. impressicollis, so that I can describe
the male, as Verhoetf only knew the female. The two
species (B. africana is the other) are closely allied, it
The Dermatoptera. 287
appears, but B. africana is much more hairy than
B. wmpressicollis.
The male of B. impressicollis has the last abdominal
segment very large and round, and smooth, armed at
each corner of the posterior margin with a kind of long
and blunt tongue-shaped tooth; the forceps are very
stout and powerful, the branches strongly thickened and
dilated at the base; the inner margin is strongly denti-
culated, and the left branch is mcurved more strongly
than the right, as in Anisolabis maritima; each branch
is armed, near the base, on the upper margin, with a
strong, sharp, vertical tooth. The antennz are charac-
teristic of Verhoefl’s family Karschiellide, to which
this genus is assigned; in B. wpressicollis the first seg-
ment is very large and dilated, the second very small,
the third a little shorter than the first; the nine follow-
ing segments are dark, very small, globose ; there appear
to be at least twenty-five segments, of which the last
nine or ten are more slender and conical; the basal half
of the antennz are noticeably thick and strong. In the
British Museum there is a single male of a third species,
from the Transvaal, which will be described elsewhere.
It is to be noted that according to Verhoeff, the nymphs
of Bormansia africana have segmented cerci, as in Diplatys ;
the cerci have fifteen or sixteen segments, of which the
basal one forms the forceps of the imago.
TOMOPYGLA, nov. gen.
Antennz segmentis 23 vel plus instruct; elytra perfecte expli-
cata ; ale deficientes ; scutellum triangulare vel vix perspicuum ;
ane longi, graciles, femoribus haud inerassatis, quam tibize
longioribus; segmentum ultimum abdominale magnum, latum,
quadratum ; pygidium semilunare, verticale ; forcipis bracchia ¢
sat valida, basi remota, incurva, paullo ante apicem attingentia,
recta, contigua, intus dentata, apice decussata.
Typus generis: Cylindrogaster abnornis, Borm.
This genus was originally erected in manuscript by my
friend M. de Bormans, for the remarkable earwig described
by him in 1883 as a very distinct form of Cylindrogaster ;
in his monograph (Tierreich, Forf., p. 23, 1900) he ranges
it in Pygidicrana. The collection of the Paris Museum
contains a fragment, only the anterior half of the body,
but this is so characteristic that I hardly hesitate to
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE) 19
288 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
describe it as new, and range it here, though the form of
the abdomen and forceps is not known.
TABLE OF SPECIES,
1. Innitidus ; scutellum magnum, prono-
tum zquans; elytra brevia, nigro-
brunnea ; femora anulata . . . . 1. abnormis, Borm.
1.1. Nitidus; scutellum haud_ perspi-
cuum; elytra longiora, eneo-nitentia;
femora unicoloria. . . . . - » 2%. simensis, sp. 1.
Tomopygia sinensis, sp. Nn.
Rufo-brunnea ; caput pallidum, tumidum, oculis fulvis; an-
tenne segmento 1 magno, conico, obtuso, 2 minimo, 3 longiori,
4, 5, 6 minimis, ceteris sensim longioribus; (segmenta 22 restant).
Pronotum quadratum, quam caput eque latum, antice rectan-
gulum, postice rotundatum, lateribus parallelis ; prozona elevata,
metazona depressa; lateribus paullo reflexis, pellucidis, rufo-
brunneum, linea impressa pallidiori ornatum. Scutellum haud
vel vix distinguendum. Elytra ampla, longiora quam latiora,
minutissime punctulata, rufo-brunnea, eneo-nitentia, margine api-
cali rotundata, ab humeris apicem versus carina elevata instructa;
ale desunt. Pedes unicolores, flavi, longes, graciles, femoribus haud
incrassatis, quam tibiz longioribus, vix crassioribus ; tarsorum seg-
mentum primum ceteris unitis longius, subtus valde pubescens ;
ungues pulvillo nullo. Abdominis cylindricum, rufo-brunneum,
tubereulis Jateralibus nullis; segmenta 7 prima minutissime.
margine postico fortius, punctulatis. Segmentum ultimum.. . ?
Forceps’. . .2f Sexusaes i t
Long. corporis . . . 2mm.
3. elytrerumi jh) = 730 ;;
go: ROMADOSia a ee aur2 0 5,
Hab. Cuina, Pekin, mountains (4. David, 941-72,
Mus. Paris).
Although the apex of the abdomen, together with the
forceps, is missing, I do not hesitate to describe this as a
new species. It is very distinct from 7. abnormis (Java),
the only other known species of the genus.
TABLE OF SPECIES OF FORCIPULA, BOLIVAR.
1. Forceps intus inermis. . . . . . . 1. walkeri, Kirby.
1.1. Forceps intus dentatus.
2. Abdominis segmenta 3 basalia lateri-
bus crista spinulosa ornata. . . . 2. americana, Borm.
The Dermatoptera. 289
2.2. Abdominis segmenta nonnulla spi-
nosa, haud cristata.
3. Segmenta 2-5 abdominis utrinque
spinis binisarmata. . . . 38. decolyi, Borm.
3.3. Segmenta nonnulla abdominis ik
teribus utrinque spinis singulis
armata.
4, Forceps ¢ sensim incurva,
haud constrictus.
5. Segmentum 6 inerme ; species
africane.
6. Segmenta 2-4 spinosa. For-
cipis bracchia bidentata . 4. congo, Burr.
6.6. Segmenta 2-5 spinosa. For-
cipis bracchia unidentata. 5. guriazzi, Borelli.
5.5. Segmenta 2-6 spinosa ; species
americana . . . 6. quelchi, sp. n.
4.4. Forceps primum cores, le:
inde constrictus.
5. Segmenta 2—4 spinosa.
6. Elytra aleque rugulosa. . 7. tarsata, Westwood.
6.6. Elytra aleque levia . . 8. trispinosa, Dohrn.
5.5. Segmenta 2—5 spinosa.
6. Pedes unicolores. . . . 9. pugnax, Kirby.
6.6. Pedes testacei, et infuscati. 10. qwadrispinosa, Dohrn.
Forcipula quelcha, sp. n.
Statura majore; nigra ; pronotum quadratum; elytra et ale
rugulosa ; abdomen segmentis 4, 5, 6 spinis parvis obtusis rectis
armatis; segmentum ultimum dorsale lavius, medio impressum ;
forcipis bracchia triquetra, valde elongata, sensim incurva, haud
constricta, margine interno medio dente forti acuto armata. d.
)
Long. corporis . . . 23°7 mm.
He LORCEDIS® |. <9 27 DSB .,
Hab. BritisH GUIANA (1 f, Quelch, 89-127, in B. M.).
This is the second known American species of the
genus ; it differs entirely from /. americana in the colour
of the elytra and in having spines, but not a spined crest,
on the sides of the basal abdominal segments. It more
nearly approaches F. quadrispinosa, Dohrn, but differs in
the not constricted forceps, the smaller abdominal spines,
and in its habitat.
290 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
Lalidurodes nitidus, sp. n.
Ater, nitidus, levis ; caput convexum ; antenne segmentis 14 ;
segmentis 8-11 et 14 nigris, ceteris pallidis, 2 minimo, 3 longo, 4
and 5 brevia, rotundata, ceteris elongatis. Pronotum quadratum,
antice quam postice paullo angustius, margine antico subrotundato.
Elytra ampla, apice truncata; ale prominentes; pedes breves ;
femora valde incrassata ; tibize apice pallidee ; tarsi pallidi, segmento
primo cetera 2 unita longitudine aquanti, 2° minimo, haud lobato.
Abdomen cylindricuin, segmento tertio tuberculo laterali magno
instructo; segmentum ultimum angustum, declivum. Pygidium
haud perspicuum. Forcipis bracchia paullo remota, recta, triquetra,
valida, conica, apicem versus sensim attenuata atque incurva, apice
decussata, inermia. @
Long. corporis . . . 19°2 mm.
Fy RLORCUDISE mer ae. DS 3,
Hab. MADAGASCAR, “Région du_ sud-est, Vallée
d’Ambolo, Forét de Fitana.” (Ch. Alluaud, 1901, 1 ,
Mus. Paris.)
This specimen appears to be a true Labidwrodes, but
has fewer segments in the antenne than the typical
species; otherwise it agrees with the generic characters.
It is very considerably smaller than the only other known
species, Z. robustus, Borm., from New Guinea.
Carcinophora waddyt, sp. Nn.
Parva, fusca ; caput convexum, atrum, nitidum ; antenne 13
segmentis, typicee, fuscze, segmentis 1-3 pallidis ; pronotum quadra-
tum, nigrum, lateribus pallidis ; elytra perfecta, pronoto longiora,
fusco-testacea ; ale deficientes ; pedes pallidi, femoribus tibiisque
fusco-annulatis ; abdomen fusco-testaceum, tuberculis lateralibus
haud perspicuis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale angustatum, margine
postico medio impresso; forcipis bracchia contigua, conica, sat
gracilia, sensim incurva, attenuata, apice decussata rufo-testacea.
Ses
Long. corporis . . . 74mm.
PREHOTCIMIS: 2. ot) stella ae
Hab. MARTINIQUE (1 3, Waddy, No. 14, Mus. Paris).
Differs from C. robusta, Scudd., by its much smaller size
and slenderer build; from C. boliviana, Borm., by the
elytra, which are half as long again as the pronotum,
The Dermatoptera. 201
Anisolabis gaudens, sp. n.
¢. A. letx, Gerst., vicina ; statura minori, robusta; atra, nitida,
glabra: caput rufum, clypeo oculisque nigris; occiput margine postico
macula indistineta fusca ornatum ; antennarum segmenta 15 restant,
1 longo, rufo, 2 minimo, 3 longo, rufescenti, 4 and 5 longiori-
bus, nigris, ceteris elongatis, nigris. Pronotum oblongo-quadratum,
suleulo medio per meso- et metanota producto instructum ; pro-,
meso- et metanota atro-nitentia; elytrorum vestigia nulla; pedes
breves, robusti, rufi, femoribus apice tibiisque basi late nigro-
annulati ; tarsis ferrugineis, subtus pilosis : abdomen venterque tota
atro-nitentia, minutissime vel vix punctulata ; venter subtus pallido-
pilosus ; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, latum, leve, haud
suleatuin ; forcipis braechia robusta, conica, subrecta, inermia,
subcontigua, triquetria, rufo-nigra. @ ignota.
Long. corporis . . . 17 mm.
LGROUDISI NL cree 8h) CO tgs
Hab, INDIA, Bhoutan, Pedong, 1 f (KR. Oberthur,
1897 ; Mus. Paris).
This species approaches A. Jw/a, Gerst., and A. dubronyi,
Kirb. The antenne are unicolorous, the forceps simple,
the head red, but it differs in the darker colour, stouter
build, shorter feet, which are broadly banded with dark
brown, and the shorter and thicker forceps. The black
pronotum distinguishes it from A. rufescens, Kirb.*
Anisolubis albovittata, sp. n.
Nigra, pronoto postice albo-limbato : statura minore: caput valde
convexum, globosum, suturis haud perspicuis, oculis minimis: an-
tenn testace, unicolores: pronotum postice quam antice latius,
prozona globoso-elevata ; metazona, preesertim angulis posticis, de-
planata, alba: elytra nulla : femora valde inerassata, nigra, genubus
pallidioribus ; tibize tarsique fus-o-testacei: abdomen nitidum, leve ;
segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, lewve, haud tuberculatum :
forcipis bracchia valida, subeontigua, recta, conica, inermia. ¢.
* I take this opportunity of correcting an error in another paper
of mine. In the Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), xi, 1903, p. 272, in dis-
tinguishing the two species, A. leta and A. dubronyi, I have
inadvertently transposed their localities. A. leta is of course the
West African species, and A. dubronyi is from Tenasserim.
292 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
3
Long. corporis . . . 6 mm.
yy) soreipis” 2 OB n
Hab, MADAGASCAR, “ Région du sud-est, Vallée du Fan-
jahira, Isaka (forét),’ 1 3, Dec. 1901. (Ch. Alluaud,
Dec. 1901, Mus. Paris.)
A curious little species, with some superficial resem-
blance to an ant; it is characterized by the globular head,
with obsolete sutures, and the elevated prozona of the
pronotum, and depressed and white metazona.
Lrachylabis malgacha, sp. n.
Nigra, sericeo-nitida, pilis brevissimis fulvo-auratis tota tomentosa.
Caput nigrum, oculis haud prominulis; frons inter antennas media
bi-impressa ; antenne 15 segmentatz, nigrescentes, apicem versus
pallidiores ; segmento 1 longo, apice incrassato, 2 minimo angusto,
3 parvo, quam secundo duplo longiri, 4 quam 3 breviori, 5
quam 3 tam longo, ceteris gradatim longioribus et angustioribus.
Pronotum oblongo-quadratum, capite sesquilongius, margine antico
capite haud latius, lateribus paullo divergentibus, margine postico
subrecto, quam margo anticus paullo latiori, angulis rotundatis ;
couvexum medio transverse impressum, lateribus ipsis deplanatis et
paullo reflexis. Mesonotum margine antico quam pronotum eque
latum, margine postico recto, subangustiori, lateribus carina sub-
arcuata distincta instructum. Metanotum mesonoto paullo iatius,
margine antico recto, lateribus rectis, carinis nullis ; margine postico
profunde rotundato-emarginato, Pedes longi, graciles, praesertim
postici ; femoribus tibiisque nigrescentibus, genubus paullo palli-
dioribus ; tarsi graciles, elongati, fulvo-pubescentes, toti testacei,
segmento primo ceteris unitis vix longiori, 2 elongato, quam tertium
vix breviori. Abdomen convexum, medio paullo dilatatum ; plicis
lateralibus segmenti secundi haud, segmenti tertii maxime dis-
tinctis ; abdomen apicem versus attenuatum, segmento ultimo an-
gusto, declive. Forcipis bracchia basi subcontigua, basi inerassata,
recta, dehine gracilia, ¢ valde, @ sensim, incurva, apicem versus
graciliora, apicibus ipsis acutissimis, decussatis. ¢ 2.
3 ? (after de Bormans).
Long. corporis . . . 11mm. 12 mm.
RaPtoOracis: &,.' 4 o.) 0 bese iy Ss
PPIGECUDIN. 70-3. eens PETES 95
sy LEMOL. ORE. "ose va
3) SP ULDESPORte cot. TS
The Dermatoptera. 293
Hab. MADAGASCAR, “ centre de l’ile” (de Bormans MS.,
2 2 in Coll. Dohrn, and Coll. Brunner, No. 1530); Dreco
SuAREZ, 1 ¢ (Ch. Allwaud, Mus. Paris).
Among the unpublished notes in manuscript of my late
friend M. de Bormans, I find the description of the female
with a drawing; the two specimens which were his types
are both females, and he did not know the male, of which
I find a single specimen in the Paris collection ; there
seems to be little difference between the sexes; the
branches of the forceps are more strongly curved in the
male. In his notes, de Bormans writes, “ Cette espéce est
trés voisine de Br. nigra, Scudder ; elle ne s’en distingué
que par sa taille, le prothorax plus long, la forme du
penultieme segment ventral, la teimte nullement verditre.
Mais cest surtout la différence extréme dhabitat qui
m’empéche de la confondre avec cette espece.’ The
Paris specimen is carded, and so the ventral surface
cannot be examined ; the following is from the description
of de Bormans :—
“Penultitme segment ventral en are d’éllipse transversal ; non
seulement il recouvre completement le dernier segment ventral,
mais il le déborde en arritre d’une longueur égale a celle du dernier
segment dorsal.”
“ Dessous de l’abdomen de couleur un peu plus pale que le dessus;
de méme consistance.”
“Le bord posterieur de chaque segment du thorax et de labdo-
men, en dessus et en dessous, est hérissé de poils horizontaux, courts,
fins, peu serrés et pales.”
“Tout le corps de Vinsecte, en dessus et en dessous, est moiré et
recouvert d’un duvet couché, fauve-doré, et visible seulement 4 l’aide
dune forte loupe.”
NOTE ON THE GONOLABID.
Verhoeff’s family Gonolubide is characterized by the
form of the prosternum, which is strongly narrowed
posteriorly, so that the first pair of legs have their in-
sertion very close together. In G. peringueyi, Borm., the
anterior coxte are almost contiguous, but in the type of
G. kirbyi, Burr, this narrowing is far less marked, though
in this species the characteristic apical dilation of the
abdomen is very pronounced. <A G. javana, Borm., 2 in
my possession has also the normal parallel prosternum,
but a @ of G. silvestrii, Borelli, has this plate much more
294 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
narrowed. G. inca, Burr, has the insertion of the anterior
cox by no means contiguous, though the prosternum is
somewhat narrowed.
This narrowing of the prosternum appears to accom-
pany the apically dilated abdomen, for we find it in
Chelidura aptera, Charp., Ch. dilatata, Lafr., although
not so pronounced, and the coxe are far from contiguous.
In the remarkable genus and _ species, Gonolabina
kuhlgatzi, Verh., this narrowing is very marked, but yet
the abdomen is not strongly dilated; it is broadest in
the middle, though not very noticeably so.
In characterizing the Gonolalidx, Verhoeff says, “ Pygi-
dium mit der 10. Dorsalplatte des Abdomens vollig
verwachsen” (in which character they approach the
Apachyide).
In Gonolabis itself there is no pygidium; Verhoeft’s
characterization is not clearly expressed, for he mentions
the form of the pygidium in his characterization of the
family, though in the typical genus Gonolabis, in his own
words, the pygidium is “steil abfallend”; he is also in-
correct in saying, “Zange des f symmetrisch”; in G.
kirbyi, Burr, the forceps are asymmetrical, as in Anisolabis
maritima.
Gonolabina is a very curious genus, though Verhoeff
fails to separate it readily from Gonolabis. It is in fact
very distinct. The last segment of the abdomen of the
¢ is very curious in form, being strongly depressed
between the forceps, forming an edge at the conjunction
of the dorsal and ventral plates, and this part is strongly
pubescent; the edge itself is furnished with two small
tubercles, which apparently represent the pygidium. In
the 2 the pygidium takes the form of a blunt cone,
and only in this sex is there a faint transverse line
which indicates the point of fusion of the pygidium with
the segment.
Verhoeff makes no references to the antenne ; except
that they have 19 segments; the Ist segment is very
large, the 2nd extremely small; the 3rd nearly as long as
the Ist, the 4th hardly longer than the 2nd, the 5th a
shade longer, the 6th slightly longer than broad, and
onwards they gradually increase in length; I count 20
segments.
The head is black, and the mouth parts brown; the
antenne dark-brown, and the eyes prominent and white,
The Dermatoptera. 295
The body itself is bald, except the last abdominal segment
of the male, which is covered with thick yellowish
pubescence. The tibize and tarsi are pubescent and the
temora have a few bristles; the second tarsal segment is
not quite cylindrical, but slightly broadened and flattened,
which may perhaps indicate a _ transition towards
Chelidura.
Spongiphora geayt, sp. va.
Fusco-testacea. Caput supra. margine postico pone oculos
utrinque impresso-signatum: antennae segmento 1 maximo, 2
minimo, 3 longiori, 4 breviori, dehine sensim longioribus (seg-
menta 8 restant). Pronotum quadratum, antice rectangulum, postice
rotundatum, prozona tumido-elevata, metazona deplanata, sulculo
medio ante marginem posticum obsoleta instructa. Elytra ampla,
fusco-testacea, macula humerali magna flava ornata; ale ample,
medio flavo-maculate. Metasternum punctis impressis duobus in-
structum, margine postico truncato. Mesosternum «que longum ac
latum. Segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, oblongum, leve,
inerme. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ valde productum, prope basin
lateribus parallelis, deinde sensim convergentibus, prope apicem
iterum parallelis vel paullo divergentibus, apice ipso triangulari.
Segmentum penultimum ventrale magnum, rotundatum, quadratum,
margine postico medio paullo rotundato-excisum ; segmentum ulti-
mum parvum, extus penultimum, a latere visum, latum, brevissi-
mum. Pygidium breve, transversum, tumidum, marginibus in
laminam angustam circumcurrentem deplanatis, apice truncato,
angulis lateralibus acutis. Forcipis bracchia valida, parallela, recta,
margine interno usque ad apicem denticulata, margine interno ad
tertiam partem longitudinis dente parvo acuto armata ; apice tantum
attenuata, acuta, haud vel vix incurva. ¢.
Long. corporis . . . 11 mm.
fe forcipis. ..@) +. “2'8) .,,
Hab. DaRiEN. (f. Geay, 33-96, 1 2, Mus. Paris.)
A very distinct species, characterized by the form of the
subgenital lamina and of the pygidium and forceps.
Spongiphora assiniensis, Borm.
De Bormans only knew the female of this species, of
which I think I have found the male, from Fernando Po,
in the Paris collection. The following are the characters
of the male :—
296 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
Abdomen latum; segmentis 2 et 3 tuberculis lateralibus in-
structis; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, latum, lreve, supra
insertionem forcipis utrinque tuberculo obtuso instructum ; pygidium
breve, latum, transversum, margine postico in tubercula valida acuta
producto ; forcipis bracchia basi remota, sat valida, depressa, leevia,
brevia, incurva, margine interno medio deutibus parvis acutis duobus
armata, apice attingentia. .
Long. corporis . . . 7mm.
5 elorapiss 4 ce dal
Hab. West Arrica, Assini (de Bormans); Fernando
Po,(@. Conradt, 1901, 24.39... Mus, Paris):
In the short forceps, this species approaches S. parvi-
collis and S. sumaiis, but differs in the larger and broader
pronotum; the form of the pygidium and forceps dis-
tinguish it easily from its other congeners.
Labia ochropus, Stal.
The Paris collection contains a Labia from Mayotte
(Alluaud, 4-96), which I refer to this species; the specimen
is so small, the wings cover the somewhat telescoped
abdomen so completely, and the specimen is gummed to
a card, that it is impossible to distinguish the sex, but
from the shortness of the abdomen I imagine it to be
a female. De Bormans (Tierreich, Forf., 1900, p. 70)
credits the species with 11 segments to the antenne, but
this specimen has at least 13; the first is long and big,
and the second, which is exceedingly small, is black; the
third is a little longer, but the fourth is smaller than the
third, and the remainder gradually increase in length
towards the apex; segments 3-9 are yellowish, and the
four apical segments black; the head is dull black, the
pronotum is rather large, square, dark - brown like the
elytra; the wing scales are yellow, with a narrow brownish
spot on the suture; the feet and forceps are yellow and
the abdomen black; the tibiz have a small narrow dark-
brown band; the pygidium is small, transverse, with two
little sharp points; the branches of the forceps are remote
at the base, simple, unarmed, regularly incurved, the points
not crossed.
Stal records the species from Caffraria, and M. Henri
Gadeau de Kerville possesses a female from German East
Africa. It is probably widely distributed.
The Dermatoptera. 297
Labia allwaudi, sp. n.
L. mucronate, Stal, vicina. Statura majori ; colore fusco-brunneo,
nitenti, pallido-vittato vel -annulato; caput nigrum; antennze 12-
segmentata, segmentis 4 basalibus testaceis, 5-8 nigris, 9-10 albis,
11-12 nigris ; pronotum quadratum, margine postico quam margine
antico paullo latius, angulis rotundatis, medio nigrum, utrinque
late pallido-vittatum. Elytra longa, apice recte truncata, nigra,
media late pallido-vittata ; alee valde prominentes, fuscee, externe
late pallido-marginate ; femora nigra, apice pallido-annulata ; tibie
tarsique testacei; abdomen nigrum, fulvo-nitens, plicis lateralibus
distinctis: pygidium, ¢ prominens, oblongo-quadratum, margine
postico profunde exciso, 2 haud perspicua: foreipis bracchia fusco-
brunnea, basi pallido-annulata; ¢ basi remota, valida, recta, tri-
quetra, prope basin margine interno dente parvo aramata, dehine
inermia, sensim convergentia; ? recta, contigua, inermia; segmentum
ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, prope marginem posticum medio
impressum, haud tuberculatum. ¢ 9.
ltone.. corporis)... : 6 mm; 7-85 mm
Sy) OLCIPIS, 2. aut. (8G 15-2
Hab. MADAGASCAR, “ Région du sud-est, Fort Dauphin,
de Janvier 1901, ” 3) tt (Ch. Alluaud, Mus. Paris);
Nossi-Bt, 1 $ (H. Pierron, 1885, Mus. Paris) ; Di£G0,
SUAREZ, 1 At OD (Ch. Alluaud, i iv—96, Mus. Paris).
Allied to Z. mucronata, but differs in the form of the
pygidium and forceps of the male.
I am very pleased to dedicate it to that indefatigable
collector, M. Charles Alluaud.
Labia triangulata, sp. n.
L. pygidiate vicina. Statura magna, colore rufo-brunneo, capite
pronoto elytris fuscioribus ; corpus totum pilis raris longis instructum.
Caput nigrum, vel nigro-fuscum ; antennze 12-segmentatze, 1 maximo,
2 minimo, 3 elongato, ceteris longis, validis, fuscze, segmentis 5
apicalibus pallidioribus. Pronotum fusco-testaceum, quadratum,
postice quam antice vix angustius, angulis rotundatis, in parte
anteriori paullo tumidum, postice deplanatum, suleulo medio im-
presso. Elytra brevia, nigro-testacea, minute punctulata. Ali
abbreviate, haud perspicue. Pedes toti testacei. Abdomen longum,
eylindricum, fulvo-rufum, postice leviter infuscatum ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale ¢ ? leve, margine postico medio leviter impresso,
haud tuberculato. Pygidium, ¢ prominens, dilatatum, transversum,
298 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
utrinque atque apice in dentem productum, dente apicali obtusangulo,
lateribusque acutis; Q haud perspicuum. Forcipis bracchia ¢
basi remota, valida, recta, margine interno medio dente forti armata,
elongata, apicem versus acuminata, leviter incurva; @ basi sub-
contigua, validiora, inermia, recta, conica. ¢ .
Long. corporis . . . 7-7'5 mm. 6°25 mm.
1. ROLCIPIS: fp 2 ach) aloe, 125 45
Hab, DiEGO SUAREZ (Allwaud, 4-96, Mus. Paris).
This species is allied to LZ. videns and L. pygidiata, but
differs in the distribution of colours, absence of wings, by
the shape of the pygidium, which has the form of a trans-
verse plate, produced posteriorly into a blunt point, while
the lateral edges are angular, so that the organ assumes
the shape of the 3-pointed lobe, whereas LZ. pygidiata has
4 points. In the larva the pygidium is straight, conical
and pointed.
Labia imnsularis, sp. n.
L. ameene vicina. Colore fusco, pallido-variegato. Caput nigrum ;
antenne 13-segmentate, segmentis 1-5, 10, 11 pallida, 6-9, 12,
13 nigra. Pronotum nigrum, lateribus anguste fulvo-marginatis.
Elytra magna, nigra, vitta magna lata flava media ornata. Ale
(sepe abbreviate) flava, macula fusca ornate. Femora fusca, genubus
pallidis ; tibize pallid, medio fusco-annulate ; tarsi toti pallidi.
Abdomen nigrum, vel rufo-nigrum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; seg-
mentum dorsale angustum, supra insertionem forcipis utrinque
tuberculatum. Pygidium xgre distinguendum, ¢ breve, conicum.
Forcipis bracchia: ¢ basi remota, rufa vel flava, margine interno
prope basin dente parvo acuto armata, subrecta, sensim incurva,
apice attingentia; 2 sepe colore fusciori, rufo, subcontigua, breviora,
valida, conica, apice decussata. ¢ 9.
Long. corporis . . . 5-7:°25 mm. 6°75-7 mm
ee PEORCIpIS:! i: ' 2 J eels Bie 1-125 _,,
Hab. MADAGASCAR, “ Région du sud-est, pays Androy,
Tmanombo,” ix, 1901 (Ch. Allwaud, Mus. Paris); DIEGO
SUAREZ (Ch. Allwaud, iv-96, Mus. Paris).
Allied to Z. amena, Stal, but differs in colour, and the
shape of the pygidium and forceps; very variable in colour,
but the females appears to be, as a rule, darker than the
males. Of the two forms, the males are most numerous
of the wingless, and the females of the winged forms. The
The Dermatoptera. 299
specimens from Imanombo are four winged males, and three
larvee ; from Diego Suarez, one winged male and six females,
and of the wingless form, eight males and one female.
Labia forceps, sp. n.
Caput convexum, pone oculos per suturam in duas regiones tumido-
elevatas divisum: antenne 12 segmentis, fusco-testacew, segmentis
2 apicalibus albis: pronotum magnum, quadratum: elytra brevia,
fusco-testacea, ad humeros pallidiora, minutissime punctulata ; ale
long, minutissime punctulate, fusco-testacea : pedes fusco-testacei :
abdomen latum, rufo-testaceum, tuberculis lateralibus indistinctis :
segmentum ultimum dorsale transversum, leve; pygidium rectum,
lateribus parallelis, apice truncatum et medio tuberculo parvo in-
structum ; forcipis bracchia basi remota, valida, depressa, recta,
parallela, margine interno prope apicem dente acuto et forti armata,
cum apicibus valde incurvis aream circularem includenti. ¢.
hong. corporis) . -. .\ ‘6°o mim.
ae OLCIPIS) see 2
Hab. MADAGASCAR, “ Région du sud-est, Vallée d’Ambolo,
Col de Sakavalana, 1 ¢, Jan. 1901” (Ch. Alluwaud, Mus.
Paris).
Nearest perhaps to LZ. ridens, Borm., but characterized
by the form of the forceps.
Lahia paradoxa, sp. n.
Fusco-castanea, laevis, valde nitens ; corpus pilosum ; caput fusco-
rufum, supra nigrescens, oculis parvis, nigris; (antenne . . .?) ;
pronotum quam caput esque latum, breve, transversum, lateribus
rectis, angulis ipsis rotundatis, fusco-castaneum, angulis anticis pal-
lescentibus. Elytra lata, fusco-castanea, apice fulvescentia: ale
prominentes, fusco-castanez : pedes breves, validi, testacei : abdomen
basi angustum, dehine dilatatum, paullo ante apicem latitudo maxima ;
segmentis 2 and 3 tuberculis lateralibus parvis instructis ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale magnum, breve, transversum, medio impressum,
margine postico declivi, supra insertionem forcipis paullo tuber-
culatum ; segmentum penultimum ventrale magnum, rotundatum,
segmentum ultimum totum obtegens : pygidium transversum, breve,
bituberculatum : forcipis bracchia + basi remota, basi ipso margine
interno supra spina acuta armata, paullo incurva, ac deorsum decurva,
subtus prope basin in parte angulata paullo excavata; subtus in
medio longitudinis dente forti intus ac deorsum spectanti armata,
tum horizontalia, incurva, inermia, apice attingentia.
300 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
Long. corporis . . . 73mm.
a POTCEpIS <1. Seas,
Hab, Ecuapor, Mirador, Santa Inez, 4101 ft, 3,iv. 1 2.
(Type in my collection.)
‘This is an aberrant form, which I have ranged in Labia
on account of its cylindrical second tarsal segment; the
form of the forceps is curious, and rather recalls that of
some Anechura or Chelidura.
Platylabia gestroi, Bormans.
The Paris collection contains a female from Diego
Suarez (Alluaud, 4-96), that I consider to be of this
species; 1t is recorded from Fly River, New Guinea, and
only the male has been described, the so-called female
of Dubrony (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv, 1879, p. 372)
being the nymph.
If this is the true female, it hardly differs from the
male; the pygidium has the same shape, but the branches
of the forceps are simpler, not being dilated nor depressed
on the inner margiv. The colour is very dark, but the
members of this genus and the allied genera Sparatta and
Chetospania often darken after death.
REVISION OF THE GENUS CHATOSPANIA, KARSCH.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Pygidium 4 haud _perspicuum.
(Statura minore ; alee abbreviate ;
species borneensis) . . . . . . IL. parvula, Burr.
1.1. Pygidium ¢ prominens.
2. Pygidium ¢ 4-tuberculatum vel
4-spinosum.
3. Pygidium @ 4-tuberculatum ;
caput, elytra, ale, abdomen
nigra; pronotum, pedes, seg-
mentum dorsale, forceps fulva. 2. semifulva, Borm.
3.3. Pygidium ¢ in stellam 4-spi-
nosam preductum. Corpus uni-
color fusco-testaceum. . . . 3. stella, Burr.
2.2. Pygidium ¢@ nec tuberculatum
nec spinosum,
The Dermatoptera. 301
3. Antenne unicolores. Forceps
d margine interno dentibus
3 parvis armatus. (Pygidium
6 2 parvum, quadratum,
apice truncatum ; corpus uni-
color fusco-testaceum) . . . 4. jwppiter, Burr.
3.3. Antenne segmentis nonnullis
pallidis. Forceps ¢ margine
interno unidentatus.
4. Pygidium ¢ conicum, acutum ;
? quadratum, postice leviter
emarginatum. (Unicolor
nigra, tarsis pallidis). . . 5. volcana, sp. n.
4.4, Pygidium ¢ oblongum vel
quadratum. Color partim
niger, partim rufo-testaceus.
5. Pygidium ¢ oblongum,
apice excisum. Species
orientalis .. . . ~ . 6. fex, Borm,
5.5. Pygidium ¢ parvum, quad-
ratum, integrum. Species
madagasse. . . . . . 7. inornata, Karsch.
Chetospania volcana, sp. n.
Atra, segmentis ultimis antennarum tarsisque pallidis. Antenne
11-segmentatee, atree, segmentis 2 ultimis pallidis; Pronotum quad-
ratum, postice truncatum, antice subangustatum, capite haud angustius.
Elytra minutissime punctulata, atra, postice oblique truncata ; alee
atree, valde prominentes. Pedes atri, tarsis pallidis. Abdomen
mninutissime punctulatum, atrum, lateribus sparsim pilosis; seg-
mentum ultimum dorsale atrum, simplex, quadratum, medio sub-
impressum. Pygidium: ¢ parvum, conicum, acutum; Q quad-
ratum, prominulum, margine postico leviter emarginatum. Forcipis
bracchia g¢ @ basi distantia, valida, subrecta, depressa, apice in-
curva, nigra vel nigro-rufa, margina interno medio utroque sexu
laminato-depresso, in ¢ in dentem validum producto. ¢ 9°.
) e
Long. corporis 75 mm. 9 mm.
mee tOrCipia’ 9.) "2 -. VS", ., Ds
Hab. Dizco Suarez, iv, 96 (Allwaud, 138 Sf, 12 99,
Mus. Paris).
Easy to distinguish by its plain black colour and the
302 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
form of the pygidium and forceps. It is the only species
yet known in which the pygidium is shaped like a blunt
cone.
Sparatta W-signata, sp. n.
Caput, pronotum, elytra, ale atra; abdomen, pedes, forceps rufa ;
antenne? 15-segmentate; pronotum antice angustatum, prozona
elevata, metazona deplanata, sulculo medio instructum, utrinque
indistinete impressum: elytra atque alz aterrima, nitida. Pedes
rufi, femoribus incrassatis, tibiisque gracillimis. Abdomen rufum
nitidum, basi paullo constrictum; segmentum ultimum dorsale
magnum, quadratum, leve, medio sulculo indistincto W-formato
impressum, marginibus sulculis in carinulas indistinctas elevatis.
Pygidium vix perspicuum, transverso-ovale. Forcipis bracchia basi
remota, paullo incrassata et divergentia, triquetra, margine inferiori
interno crenulato, tum gracilia, parallela, medio dente acuto armata,
deinde margine interno deplanato ac dilatato, inf dentem acutum
producto, in tertia parte apicali imermia, incurva, apice acuta,
attingentia vel decussata. ¢.
d
Long. corporis . . . 9°25-10°5 mm.
» torcipis =. . so-4 eS
Hab. Mexico (Lucas), 2 $f (Mus. Paris); one has the
left branch of the forceps simple and only partially
developed.
Mecomera weissi, sp. .
Caput, elytra, ale atra: corpus, forceps, pedes rufa: antennz
15 segmentis; segmento 3 brevissimo, 4 and 5 brevibus, ceteris
elongatus ; segmentis 1-6, 18, 14 rufis, 7-12, 15 nigris: pronotum
paullo longius quam latius, margine antico convexo, postico rotun-
dato: elytra ampla, lata; alee prominentes: pedes unicolores: tarsi
segmento primo brevi: abdomen rufum, lateribus nigro-variegatis,
segmentis 2 and 3 tuberculo laterali distincto instructis : segmentum
ultimum dorsale magnum, quadratum, margine postico medio tri-
sulculato, angulis exterioribus acutis: pygidium breve, transversum,
quadratum : forcipis bracchia basi remota, depressa, elongata, sub-
recta, sensim incurva, denticulis 2 parvis armatis. ¢.
Long. corporis . . . 116mm.
PP LORCLPIS \ 05 a. ow: Sued aimee
Hab. TONKIN, CENTRAL, “environs de Tuyen - Quan,
vii-ix,” 1 $ (A. Weiss, 1901, Mus. Paris),
The Dermatoptera. 303
This species is quite different from the American JZ.
brunnea, Serv., and from the Sumatran JM. modiglianii,
Borm.; in appearance it rather resembles a Sparatta, but
is distinguished by the generic characters.
REVISION OF THE GENUS OPISTHOCOSMTA, DOHRN.
A number of new forms have been described since the
publication of de Bormans’ monograph, and so I have
drawn up a new table of the species.
The species are as variable as in most genera of the
Dermatoptera; it is common to find, in a series of one
species from the same locality, specimens with spotted
elytra and others with unspotted elytra; these varieties,
which do not deserve the rank of sub-species, or a separate
name, I have placed twice in the table.
I cannot admit Verhoeff’s genus Cosmiella, which is
only based upon the absence of wings, a notoriously un-
stable and valueless character; at the best, it can only be
accepted as a sub-genus.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1, Ale abbreviatee (Cosmiella, Verh.)
2. Forceps ¢ supra dente magno
armatus . . . fut. .codirebus), Burr:
2.2. Forceps supra gente onl.
3. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
? hand vel vix impressum nec
tuberculatum ; forcipis bracchia
&. bask contigua’ . fh... 2. neolobophoroides, Burr.
3.3. Segmentum ultimum aoceale 3
Fae impressum et sub-
tuberculatum ; forcipis ¢ brac-
chia basi haud contigua, paullo
remota.
4, Colore nigro.
5. Pronotum abdomenque ni-
Wem, 5 9 6 « « 6 o Gh @hiorie, \todeny
5.5. Pronotum abdomenque
haud nitentia . . . . 4. aptera, Verhoeff.
4.4, Colore brunneo, fusco-varie-
gato, cupite rubro, (Forceps
@ mermis); . - . oO: Micheli, sp. n.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904, —PART Il. (JUNE) 20
304 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
1.1. Alee perfecte explicate.
2. Statura minore (6-7 mm.) . . . 6. minuscwla, Borm.
2.2. Statura majore (10 mm. vel magis)
3. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi con-
tigua.
4. Elytra maculata vel vittata.
5. Elytra vittata.
6. Elytra fusco - brunnea,
medio anguste rufo-vit-
tata ; species madagassa 7. hova, Borm.
6.6. Elytra rufa, margine in-
teriori nigro - vittata ;
species orientalis . . 8. armata, Haan.
5.5. Elytra maculata.
6. Elytrorum macula
magna, ovalis ; alee rufo-
flavee, apice nigro-macu-
late...) 2 eee Oahiumeralisy Karh:
6.6. Elytrorum macula mi-
nima ; ale apice pallido-
punctate.
7. Antenne unicolores ;
forcipis bracchia ¢
basi divergentia, dente
superno basali armata 10, beccarii, Borm.
7.7. Antenne pallido-an-
nulatee ; forcipis brac-
chia ¢ basi parallela,
contigua, dente su-
perno armata . . . 11. forcipata, Haan.
4.4, Elytra unicoloria.
5. Color niger.
6. Forcipis bracchia ¢ per
primam dimidiam longi-
tudinis recta, parallela,
subcontigua . . . . 12. erroris, sp. n.
6.6. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi
leviter divergentia, haud
parallela.
7. Forceps ¢ inermis . 13. burri, Borm.
7.7. Forceps ¢ dentatus.
8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
dente uno medio
forti armata. . . 14, vicina, sp. n,
The Dermatoptera.
8.8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
dentibus duobus
armata.
9. Antenne pallido-
annulate ; seg-
mentum ultimum
dorsale haud cari-
natum .
9.9, Antenne unicol-
ores, Segmentum
ultimum dorsale
supra carinatum.
5.5. Color brunneus.
6. Antennz unicolores.
7. Foreipis bracchia ¢
basi ipso parallela,
intus dentibus 2 arm-
ata; statura, minore,
ce
. 15, lugens, Borm.
16. nevilli, sp. n.
305
gracili. . . . . . 17. ceylonica, Motsch.
7.7. Forcipis bracchia ¢
basi ipso divergentia,
dente interno uno
minimo vel nullo;
stature majore, robu-
stiori .
6.6. Antenne annulate.
7. Abdomen _lateribus
tuberculatis.
8. Abdominissegmenta
6 and 7 in dentes
obtusos, 8 indentem
acutum producta
8.8. Abdominis segmenta
6-8 in tubercula
obtusa producta;
(fore. bracchia ¢
supra dente forti
obtuso armata) .
7.7. Abdomen lateribus in-
ermibus.
8. Forceps margine in-
terno ¢g inermis,
bracchiis subparal-
AGlig hy “eters
18. insignis, Haan.
. 19. dux, Borm.
. 18. insignis, Haan.
20, tenella, Haan,
306 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
8.8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
margine interno
dente uno acuto
armata, apicem ver-
sus aream ovalem
includentia .
3.3. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota,
haud contigua.
4, Elytra maculata vel vittata.
5. Elytra brunnea, flavo-ma-
culata iets
5.5. Elytra nigra, indistincte
extus fusco-rufo-vittata
4.4. Elytra unicoloria.
5, Forcipis bracchia g tum
divergentia, tum converg-
entia, tum sursum, tum
deorsum curvata.
6. Forcipis bracchia ¢
deorsum ac sursum cur-
vata, dentibus fortibus
armata.
7. Abdominis segmenta
lateribus 2-5 tuber-
Culatin oie SEG
7.7. Abdominis — lateribus
segmentis 2 and 3
tuberculatis.
6.6. Forcipis bracchia ¢ hori-
zontalia, primum diverg-
entia, deinde converg-
entia.
7. Colore metallico, atro,
nitido; elytra aleeque
atra es ee
7.7. Colore haud nitido,
brunneo; alis macu-
latis ae
5.5. Forcipis bracchia ¢ sub-
parallela, vel subsinuata.
6. Forcipis bracchia ¢ dente
unico armata.
7. Foreipis dente hori-
zontali margine in-
. 21. forcipata, Haan.
. 22. centurio, Haan.
. 23. oannes, Burr.
24, cervipyga, Kirb.
. 25. longipes, Haan.
. 26. birvoi, Burr.
. 27. simplex, Borm.
The Dermatoptera. 307
terno, acuto, (An-
tenn apice pallido-
annulate) . . . . 28. brahma, sp. n.
7.7. Forcipis dente verti-
cali.
8, Species orientales.
9. Color fuscus, alis
flavis, capite
rubro . . . . 29. annandalei, sp. n.
9.9. Color niger. . . 30. shelfordi, sp. n.
8.8. Species americana ;
color unicolor, brun-
meus . . . . . ol. americana, Borm.
6.6. Forcipis bracchia ¢
dentibus duobus armata.
7. Species americana.
Forcipis bracchia ¢
aream basalem includ-
entia, apicem versus
contigua . . . 81. amazonensis, Borm.
7.7. Species orientales.
Forcipis bracchia ¢
apice non contigua.
8. Forcipis bracchia ?
gracilia,dente primo
acuto . . . . . 380. femora, sp. n.
8.8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
robustiora, dente
primo obtuso, verti-
cali.
9. Forcipis dente se-
cundo ante
medium, sito,
margine interno
denticulato . . 31. komarowi, Sem.
9.9. Forcipis dente se-
cundopaulloante
apicem sito, mar-
gine interno in-
tegro . . . . 21. cannes, Burr.
Opisthocosmia micheli, sp. n.
Statura minori; caput rubrum ; antenne ...? (restant seg-
menta unicoloria fusca 10) ; pronotum latum ; capite vix angustius,
308 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
quadratum, fuscum, lateribus pallidioribus. Elytra fulvo-fusca, in-
distincte utrinque nigro-marginata, brevia, apice truncata; ale
abbreviate ; pedes unicolores, fusco-testacei, graciles; abdomen
nigrum, sensim dilatatum, sed apice angustatum, segmentis laterali-
bus, g¢ 2-4, 9% 3-4 tuberculis pliciformibus instructis, quorum
posticum maximum ; abdomen nigrum, haud nitens ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale ¢ parvum, angustatum, haud tuberculatum, medio
impressum, @ declive, angustius, medio profunde triangulariter im-
pressum ; segmentum ultimum ventrale ¢ angustum, transversum,
? ovale; pygidium ¢ haud perspicuum, 9 minimum, conicum :
forcipis bracchia, ¢ basi subcontigua, valida, inermia, subrecta,
apice flexuoso-incurva, decussata; @ brevia, simplicia, recta.
S49:
) =
Long. corporis . . . 75mm. 10 mm.
yy). LORCIDIS Ve fg.) Cer 9 ia, 2:25) 5;
Hab. ABYSSINIA, 1 2,1 2 (Mission de Bonchamps, Ch.
Michel and M. Potter, Mus. Paris).
Allied to O. hora, Borm., but differs in its stouter build
and darker colour. From 0. aptera, which I only know
from Verhoeff’s description, it differs in its paler colour,
reddish head, and unarmed forceps.
Opisthocosmia erroris, sp. 0.
Statura majore. Niger. Antenne (?) 13 segmentate, apicem
versus pallido-annulate. Pronotum capite angustius, medio nigrum,
paullo elevatum, marginibus lateralibus rufescentibus, reflexis, mar-
gine antico recto, postico rotundato, Elytra haud nitida, atra, lata ;
ale nigra, basi atque apice rufo-punctate. Pedes graciles, longi,
rufo-nigri. Abdomen nigrum, vix dilatatum, segmentis lateralibus
3-4 ¢,4 2 (ut videtur) tuberculis instructum ; segmentum ulti-
mum dorsale declive, angustum, margine postico recto, g supra
insertionem forcipis utrinque tuberculo obtuso instructum; ?
declive, angustius, vix tuberculatum ; segmentum penultimum ven-
trale rotundatum, Forcipis bracchia; @ nigra, rufescentia, basi
contigua, parallela, inermia, rectissima usque secundam tertiam
partem longitudinis ; tum dente acuto forti superno armata, subito
ovale-curvata, aream ovalem includentia ; apice paullo incrassata,
dente margine interno valida armata, tum iterum recta, contigua,
attenuata, apice ipso mucronibus decussatis; Q recta, gracilia,
simplicia. ¢ @.
The Dermatoptera. 309
re) ?
Long. corporis . . . 11:5 mm. 11-14 mm.
tay LOREUDINS WP uecaty wade '5 5 5:25-6°9 ,,
Hab. SARAWAK, Penrissen, v, 1899 (Shelford, type in my
collection); Manacca PENINSULA (Errington de la Crow
and P. Chapé, 1899; Mus. Paris).
Opisthocosmia lugens, Burr, 1900. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7),
vi, p. 101 (nec de Bormans).
I first confused this species with O. /wgens, Borm., but
have since been able to examine the type of the latter ; it
is a distinct species, characterized chiefly by the form of
the 2g forceps. The Paris specimen has unfortunately
lost the forceps, but the rest of the body agrees with
O. erroris.
Opisthocosmia vicina, sp. N.
Tota nigra, nitida ; O. lugenti vicina; ab ea differt elytra nitidio-
ribus, abdomine nitido sed haud zno-nitenti ; forcipis bracchiis ¢
dente unico, minus forti, armatis. ¢ @.
Long. corporis ... . 9mm. 9°5 mm.
RP SLORCIDIA: 92...” ome, ity 5 5
Hab. Sarawak, Matang, iv, vi, 1900. 1 3g, 3 $9;
Penrissen, iv, 1899. 1 2 (Shelford).
Closely allied to O. lwgens, Borm., but differs in the
points indicated in the description.
Opisthocosmia nevilli, sp. n.
Statura majore ; nigerrima, nitidissima (? variat colore rufo-
nigro, minus nitido); corpus gracile, elongatum, glabrum. An-
tenne 12-segmentate, nigre vel brunnee. Caput tumidum, nigrum,
eneo-nitens, oculis parvis atris. Pronotum atrum, cneo-nitens,
leve, antice tumidum, postice deplanatum, margine antico subrecto,
postico deplanato. Elytra rufo-nigra, leevia, haud nitida, postice
truncata; ale atre, leves, nitide, apice suture pallido-punctate.
Pedes rufo-nigre, geniculis fuscioribus. Abdomen nigerrimum
(? nigro-rufum), lete eneo-nitens, minute punctulatum, elonga-
tum, medio dilatatum, apicem versus attenuatum ; plicis lateralibus
valde distinctis ; segmenta 4-6 etiam lateribus tuberculis pliciformi-
bus instructa. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ transversum, utrin-
que carinis 2, ab apice basin versus oblique ductis, instructum,
valde declive, medio inter carinas lateralibus superiortbus protunde
310 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
impressum ; margine postico subrotundato, medio bituberculato,
angulis externis acutis; @ valde declive, attenuatum, margine
postico subbituberculato, simplex. Pygidium haud perspicuum, ab
infero visum, parvum, obtusum ¢ @. Forcipis bracchia: ¢
longissima, gracilia, basi subcontigua, usque ad tertiam partem
apicalem sensim divergentia, deinde ovato-incurva, apicibus decus-
satis, margine interno basi ipso crenulato ; tertia parte basali margine
interno supra derite forte laminato sursum spectanti armata, tertia
parte apicali margine interno dente valido acuto armata; ? basi
subcontigua, subrecta, paullo divergentia, apicem versus incurva,
apicibus decussatis, margine intero plus minus crenulata. ¢ 2.
) :
Long. corporis . . . 11%5-15°5 mm. 10-12°5 mm.
3, MOLCIDIS, “cease. Vee -1IDs 5 67 an
Hab. InptA (Dohrn Coll.). Inp1A, Bhoutan, Maria-
Basti (Mgr. Durell, R. Oberthur, 1898. 3 ff, 5 99. Mus.
Paris).
This fine species was described in manuscript some
years ago by de Bormans; his type was a male, then
unique, in the Dohrn Collection, of which the feet and
antenne were missing.
It is a very distinct species, chiefly remarkable from
the colour and form of the forceps; in colour and
general appearance it resembles superficially Anechura
metallica, Dohrn, and, in fact, the females of the two
species might be confused, but in the latter the elytra
are finely granulated, while they are smooth in 0.
nevillr.
The female is lighter in colour than the male, and
smaller; the colour tends rather to dark-reddish. De
Bormans’ specimens were somewhat larger than those in
the Paris collection. In his notes he gives the following
dimensions: length of body, 14 mm.; of the forceps,
13°75 mm.
Opisthocosmia brahma, sp. n.
Gracilis ; brunnea, capite pedibusque pallidis. Antenne 12-
segmentatze, fuscee, segmentis 10 and 11 albis ; caput rufo-testaceum,
oculis nigris. Pronotum quadratum, capite haud angustius, mar-
gine antico recto, postico subrotundato, colore nigrum, lateribus
pallido-marginatum. Elytra unicoloria fusco-brunnea ; ale valde
prominentes, fusco-brunneex, apice suture pallido-maculate. Pedes
testacei. Abdomen gracile, apicem versus attenuatum, nigro-
The Dermatoptera. 311
brunneum, nitidum, tuberculis lateralibus valde distinctis ; seg-
mentis 8 and 9 attenuatis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale attenuatum,
margine postico subrecto, supra insertionem forcipis obtuse bi-
tuberculato, angulis externis acuto-productis, Pygidium haud
perspicuum. Forcipis bracchia basi remota, nigra, subrecta,
gracilia, elongata, horizontalia, nec sursum nec deorsum curvata,
apicem versus incurva, apicibus ipsis valde decussatis, margine
interno medio paullo deplanata et dilatata, dente forte acuto
armata. 4. 2 ignota.
3
Long. corporis . . . 11-12 m.m.
a, fORGIpIS 2.= = B'O-6 _,,
Hab. INDIA BOREALIS, Dardjilmg (Harmand, 2854-
90), and Bhoutan, Maria-Basti (Coll. Mgr. Durell, £.
Oberthur, 1898. 242. Mus. Paris).
This is not closely allied to any known species ; it falls
nearest, perhaps, to O. nevilli, Borm. Its distinguishing
points are the coloration, the horizontal forceps, with no
upper teeth, and only one tooth on the inner margin.
Opisthocosmia annandalet, sp. 0.
Statura majore. Caput rubrum ; antenne 11-segmentate, fusce,
segmente 9 albido; pronotum quadratum, postice rotundatum,
nitidum, nigro-badium, marginibus Iuteis; elytra badia, apice
emarginata ; alw prominentes, citrine, margine interno atro-
marginate, apice macula atra ornata ; pedes citrini, genubus atris ;
abdomen cylindricum, punctulatum, badium, inerme ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale angustum, quadratum, margine postico utrinque
tuberculatum ; pygidium breve, bilobum, lobis obtusis ; forcipis
bracchia ¢ gracilia, basi remota subsinuata, nigra, mucronibus
valde decussatis, medio supra dente valido conico armata. ¢. 9?
ignota.
Long. corporis . . . 13 mm.
By LOTCUDIS? fg 5 TDD GS
Head clear reddish-brown, shining, sutures indistinct, eyes small,
black ; antennz with 11 segments, dark brown, except the 9th
which is white. Palpi testaceous, darker at the apex. Pronotum
almost as broad as the head, straight on the anterior border, the
posterior border rounded ; shining blackish-brown, the margins
clear transparent luteous. Elytra considerably broader than the
pronotum at the shoulders, smooth, dull brown, short, the posterior
margins sinuate. Wings prominent, clear yellow, with the inner
ole Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
margin bordered with black, and a black spot at the apex. Feet
slender, clear yellow, the knees black. Abdomen cylindrical, finely
punctulated, lateral tubercles very distinct ; on each segment, at the
side, there is a smooth non-punctulate patch, resembling obsolete
tubercles; colour blackish-brown ; last segment slightly narrower
than the preceding, square, the hinder border straight, with a small
tubercle above the insertion of the forceps on each side ; the outer
angles distinct. Pygidium small, obtuse, bifid at the extremity.
Forceps ¢ with the branches slender, remote at the base, cylindrical,
nearly straight, subsinuate, black, the apices strongly incurved and
strongly crossing ; just before the middle on each branch above
there is a strong sharp tooth, pointing upwards and backwards ; seen
from the side the forceps are subsinuate.
Hab. SIAMESE MatAy Provinces, Nawnchik, Bukit
Bear, April 30th, 1899. “From long grass.” 1 g.
This is a very handsome species, and I am very pleased
to dedicate it to my friend, Mr. Annandale.
It is allied possibly to O. dua, Borm., but differs in
colour and in the form of the forceps. Its very distinct
colour distinguishes it at a glance from any known form.
The specimen is carded, and so it is impossible to
examine the under-surface.
Opisthocosmia shelfordi, sp. 0.
Nigra, nitida ; antenne nigre, haud annulate; pronotum capite
eque latum, antice rectum, postice rotundatum, nigrum, lateribus
pallido-marginatum ; abdomen nitidum, tuberculis lateralibus dis-
tinctis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale parvum, declive, medio im-
pressum, supra insertionem forcipis utrinque tuberculatum ; apud
9, inerme ; pygidium haud perspicuum ; forcipis bracchia, ¢ basi
remota, gracilia, recta, horizontalia, sensim incurva, medio margine
interno supra dente acuto, intus ac sursum spectanti, armata, apice
decussata ; ¢, inermia, gracilia, incurva. ¢ @.
ce) ?
Long. corporis . . . 73-9 mm. 8 mm.
» foreipis, 3 x, . 4o=ee: AD,
Hab. Sarawak, Kuching, i, iii, v, ix, 1900-3
(Shelford). 4 f,1 .
Alhed to O. americana.
Opisthocosmva temora, sp. 0.
Nigra, nitida. Antenne ... (5 segmenta restant) fuscee. Caput
fuscum, suturis valde perspicuis. Pronotum capite angustius,
The Dermatoptera. 318
quadratum, margine antico recto, postico subrotundato, angulis ro-
tundatis. Elytra brunnea, unicoloria, postice oblique truncata.
Alz brunnez, extus indistincte pallido-vittate. Pedes testacei,
hirsuti. Abdomen nigrum, nitidum, parallelum, apicem versus
paullo dilatatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale abdomine angus-
tius, quadratum, declive, nigrum, nitidum, leve, margine postico
recto, supra insertionem forcipis subtuberculato, extus angulato.
Pygidium vix perspicuum, parvum, breve, obtusum. Forcipis
bracchia valde pubescentia, nigra subrecta, paullo flexuosa, basi
remota et paullo divergentia, paullo ante medium sensim conver-
gentia, deinde recta, apicibus incurvis, attingentibus, margine in-
terno dentibus acutis duobus oblique sursum spectantibus, altero
paullo ante, altero paullo pone medium, armata. ¢. @ ignota,
Long. corporis . . . 97mm.
5) aorcipis’ . = =. 6 As
Hab. INDIA BOREALIS, Dardjiling, 1 f (Harmand,
2854-90. Mus. Paris).
Not closely allied to any described species ; it is nearest,
perhaps, to O. dwgens, Borm.
Anechura schlagintweiti, sp. n.
Robusta, glabra, nitida, nigerrima. Antenne 11-segmentatee,
typice, segmento 2 parvo, 3 longiori, 4 quam 3 breviori, dehinc
elongatis ; fusco-brunnez vel nigre ; caput totum Jeve, nigrum,
nitidum, suturis vix perspicuis. Pronotum totum leve, nigrum,
oblongum, latius quam longius, quam caput weque latum, margine
antico recto, postico subrotundato, angulis omnibus rotundatis,
lateribus reflexis, angulis anticis margine antico in carinas parvas
breviter productis. Elytra levia, nigra, postice truncata; ale
valde prominentes, leaves, nigre. Pedes nigri, valde compressi,
tarsis brunneis, pallido-pubescentibus. Abdomen depressum, latum,
tuberculis lateralibus valde distinctis, leve, nigrum; ¢ valde de-
pressum, apice dilatatum, breve ; @ minus depressum, longius, in
tertia parte apicali dilatatum; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
abdomine angustius, breve, transversum, nitidum, leve, nigrum,
margine postico recto, medio irregulariter tumido, angulis externis
supra paullo impresso; 9 angustum, simplex, attenuatum. Pygi-
dium vix perspicuum, brevissimum, obtusum. Forcipis bracchia :
gd robusta, brevia, depressa, basi parum distantia, basi margine
interno dente valido et crasso armata, basi depressa et paullo dila-
tata, deinde divergentia, transverso-ovato valde incurva, apicibus
314 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
haud attengentibus, inermia; @ simplicia, recta, subcontigua,
inermia, apicibus incurvis, attingentibus vel decussatis. ¢ @.
3 fe
Long. corporis . . . 10-11°5 mm. 12-14 mm.
Lat.pronoti 2) ./')7-\Sraeeb=2 80
Lat. max. abdominis . 4°7 “A 4 4
ong. forcipis’ |: 273 a 35 és
Lat. max. forcipis . . 4 a il
Hab. Tipet, Lahol, 1 ¢ (Coll. Dohrn, Borm. in MS.,
captured by the brothers Schlagintweit). INDIA BOREALIS,
Dardjiling, 4 23, 2 99. (Harmand, 2854-90. Mus.
Paris).
This species is described under this name in the manu-
script notes of M. de Bormans, from a single male in the
Dohrn collection; the Paris collection containing four
males and two (hitherto unknown) females, I have re-
described it. It is a very distinct species, most nearly
resembling A. hermes, Burr, from Sarawak; it is
characterized by the uniform black colour, strongly
depressed but robust body, the shape of the forceps,
which are unarmed, except for the stout but blunt tooth
at the base on the inner margin and by the depressed
and dilated abdomen of the tale’ which is very short,
and very broad at the apex; the last three or four
segments are pushed into each other in a telescopic
fashion.
One male is remarkably deformed, only the left branch
of the forceps being developed; this is perfect, but the
right branch is represented only by a blunt tubercle ; it
may have been broken off in the larval stage, and not
reformed; had this right branch been but slightly more
developed, and so been straight and simple, the insect
would have had the appearance of a hermaphrodite, and I
am strongly of opinion that the so-called cases of herma-
phroditism or gynandromorphism occurring not un-
commonly in the Forficularia, are due to arrested
development of one branch, for, in all examples that I
have examined, the abdomen has clearly shown the typical
nine segments of the male. It is by no means an un-
common phenomenon in the insects of this order to
have the forceps poorly developed, and this may occur
from a variety of causes in both, or only in a single
branch.
The Dermatoptera. 315
ODONTOPSALIS, nov, gen.
Anechure et Apterygide vicinum genus. Corpus robustum ; an-
tennz 12-segmentate, 1 magno, valido, apice incrassato, 2 minimo,
3 longo, 4 quam tertium vix brevius, ceteris elongatis ; pronotum
magnum, transverso-quadratum, capite haud angustius. Elytra
aleeque perfecte explicata. Pedes validi, segmento secundo tarso-
rum valde dilatato. Abdomen robustum, plus minus depressum,
apud ¢ apicem versus dilatatum, 2 medio dilatatum, apice attenua-
tum ; segmentis 2 and 3 tuberculis lateralibus distinctis instructis ;
segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ breve, latum, margine postico tuber-
culatum ; apud @ declive, attenuatum ; segmentum penultimum
ventrale transversum, margine postico rotundato, segmentum ulti-
mum obtegens, apud ? longius, rotundatum. Pygidium ¢ brevis-
sime, haud productum, valde obtusum, apud 9 breve, quadratum,
apice truncatum, vel conicum. Forcipis bracchia ¢ valida basi
remota, triquetra, sensim incurva, apicibus haud attingentibus, prope
basin dente valido armata.
Ab Anechwra differt : pedibus brevibus, robustis; antenna-
rum segmento 4 longiori.
Ab Apterygida ,, : statura valde robustiori, abdomine
dilatato.
A Chelidura ,, : elytris alisque perfecte explicatis.
A Forficula 55 : forcipis bracchiis ¢ nec dilatatis
nec deplanatis.
Typus generis: Odontopsalis harmandt, Burr, sp. n.
This genus caused me some hesitation. The three
males which I have described as O. harmandi have the
appearance of a winged Cheliduwra; another form, which
I have described under the name 0. lewisi, scarcely differs
from O. harmandi, but yet more nearly approaches the
typical species of Apterygida. Of the latter species, I
have long possessed one which I regarded as A. japonica,
Borm.; later, I acquired a male and two females, labelled
by de Bormans himself, “A. japonica, Borm.” As a matter
of fact, the forceps are entirely different from those of the
true A. japonica; the latter species could be placed in
Apterygida with justification, but still it is impossible to
separate it from O. harmandi, which certainly requires
the erection of a new genus; the females of the two new
species are almost identical.
316 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Foreipis bracchia ¢ dente valido
obtuso deorsum ac introrsum spec-
tanti, haud bifido, armata. (Abdo-
men subparallelum, vix dilatatum). 1. japonica, Borm.
1.1. Forcipis bracchia ¢ dente valido
apice bifido, sursum ac introrsum
spectanti, armata.
2. Abdomen ¢ breve, depressum posti-
ce valde dilatatum; segmentum
ultimum dorsale margine postico
fortiter tuberculatum ; pedes bre-
WIOTES 3) pte Myeliis Pt ey &. ee hermeandicsp aa
2.2. Abdomen ¢ longius, minus depres-
sum ac dilatatum, apice paullo
angustatum; segmentum ultimum
dorsale ¢ margine postico leviter
tuberculatum. Pedes longiores . 3. lewisi, sp. n.
Odontopsalis harmandt, sp. n.
Corpus robustum, depressum ; colore fusco-castaneo ; antenne
brunnez ; pronotum transversum, latius quam longius, quam caput
zeque latum, margine antico recto, lateribus parallelis, margine
postico rotundato, angulis rotundatis, medio paullo elevatum, sulculo
medio impresso, lateribus paullo reflexis, Elytra lata, levia, apice
truncata ; alz sordide flava, vel flavo-brunnex, apice infuscate,
Pedes breves, incrassati, castanei. Abdomen depressum, apud ¢
usque ad apicem sensim dilatatum, apud 2 minus depressum, sub-
dilatatum, apice attenuatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale breve,
truncatum, leve, medio impresso, margine ipso postico medio
reflexo, ita tuberculum obtusum triangulare formanti, supra in-
sertionem forcipis utrinque tuberculo valido magno mammeformi
instructum ; Q parvum, declive, haud vel vix tuberculatum. Pygi-
dum ¢ haud prominens, brevissime, obtusissimum ; ? breve, quad-
ratum. Forcipis bracchia: ¢ robusta, basi triquetra, brevia, sensim
incurva, margine superiori dente robusto valido sursum atque intror-
sum spectanti, apice bifido, acute bimucronato, amata, apicibus haud
attingentibus. ¢ (? 2).
Long. corporis . . . . 925-9°75 mm.
Latit. minim. abdom.. . 2°5-3 3
» max. x - + 3875-4 ih
Long: forcipis—... .. . + 25-25 a;
The Dermatoptera. 317
Hab. JAPAN, CENTRAL. 3 23,1 2 (J. Harmand, 1900.
Mus. Paris).
This species has the appearance of a Chelidura or Gono-
lalis, quite different from Apterygida. The stout build,
strong toothed forceps and general form lead me to separate
it even from that heterogeneous group.
Odontopsalis lewist, sp .n.
Nigra, vel fusco-castanea, alis flavescentibus, nigro-maculatis.
O. harmandi vicina ; ab eo differt, statura majore, minus depresso,
colore fusciori, abdomine minus dilatato ac deplanato, segmento
ultimo dorsali ¢ tuberculis minimis instructo, forcipe graciliori,
longiori, dentibus minus validis, pedibus longioribus, gracilioribus,
oe.
3 e
Long. corporis . . . 14mm. 12°%5-13°75 mm.
Latit. minim. abdom. . 2°5 ,, —
5) lax: a aE oes —
Long forcipis: i. 9; 2. 4 -,, 2°5-3 ms
Hab. JAPAN, Yeso (1 2,1 9, Bonnet, 1886, now in my
collection); Hako, on trees, 12 v. ’81, 1 2 (G. Lewis, ex
Coll. de Bormans, now in my collection); “Japon,” 1 ,
1 2 (my collection); “JAPON CENTRAL,” 2 29 (J. Har-
mand, 1900; Mus. Paris). (Type in my collection.)
The three specimens in my possession which came from
de Bormans’ collection were determined by that author as
Apterygida japonica, Borm., but the forceps are totally
ditferent from those of the true A. japonica, as described
and figured by de Bormans, and in the Paris collection
there is a male which corresponds exactly with de Bormans’
description.
The females of these two new species are extremely
alike; the ¢ and 3 929 in the Paris collection are very
dark in colour, but the male and female in my collection,
from the same locality, rather approach O. harmandi im
colour—that is to say, are much paler It is possible that
these two species are not really distinct, but that it is a
single species, in which the male is dimorphic.
Apterygida bonchampsi, sp. n.
A. erythrocephala, Oliv., valde affinis, Caput, antenne, pronotum,
elytra, alee, pedes flava ; abdomen forcepsque rubra, Antenne tote
318 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
flav, segmento 2 minimo, 3, 4 ceteris que longioribus, 13-seg-
mentatz ; pronotum longius quam latius, capite paullo angustius,
postice quam antice paullo latius, margine antico recto, postico sub-
rotundato, medio paullo elevatum, flavum, lateribus pellucidis.
Elytra longa, flava, sutura anguste fusco-vittata ; ale flavee; pedes
toti pallidi, flavi, Abdomen rufum, cylindricum, tuberculis laterali-
bus distinctis, nigro-circumdatis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
transversum, margine postico supra insertionem forcipis subtubercu-
latum, apud @ postice leviter angustius, vix tuberculatum. Pygi-
dium, ¢ transversum, quadratum, simplex, margine postico recto,
? conicum, apice truncatum. Forcipis bracchia: ¢ basi remota,
egracilia, margine, interno basi dente depresso acuto armata, dehine
minute crenulato, pone medium dente parvo interno armata, sub-
flexuosa, apicibus attingentibus; @ longa, subrecta, levissime
flexuosa, basi margine interno subdentata, dehinc inermia, simplicia.
oe
3 ?
Long. corporis . . . 12-12°5 mm. 105-12 mm.
35 torcipis = . . “4-455 - 4 is
Hab. Apysstnta, 4 $2, 2 99 (Mission de Bonchamps,
Ch. Michel et M. Potter, 1899 ; Mus. Paris).
This fine species is closely allied to A. erythrocephala ;
it differs in its paler colour, the fore part of the body
being entirely clear yellow, except a narrow sutural band
down the elytra, which is a little darker; in the form of
the forceps, which have the inner margin crenulated and
armed with a tooth at the second third of their length ;
the branches are also less regularly curved, but gently
sinuate ; in the female, the branches are longer than in
A. erythrocephala, less straight and armed near the base
on the inner margin with a small blunt tooth.
Apterygida vishnu, sp. 0.
Corpus elongatum, gracile. Color rufo-brunneus. Antenne 10-
segmentate, nigra, unicolores, sparsim pallido-pubescentes ; seg-
mento 2 minimo, a 3 vix diviso, 3 longo, 4 quam 3 paullo brevius,
ceteris elongatis. Caput fusco-rufum, leve, nitidum. Pronotum
capite vix angustius, quadratum, margine antico recto, postico subro-
tundato, leve, nigrum, nitidum, lateribus et postice pallido-margina-
tum. Elytra levia, rufo-brunnea, Ale longe, fusce, extus rufo-
vittate, apice suture pallido-punctate. Pedes fusci, tarsis
pallidioribus. Abdomen gracile, apicem versus attenuatum, minut-
issime punctulatum, fusco-rufum vel nigrum, tuberculis lateralibus
The Dermatoptera. 319
valde perspicuis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale rufo-nigrum, trans-
versum, margine postico subrecto, medio impressum, supra inser-
tionem forcipis obtuse subtuberculatum, angulis externis posticis
rectis. Pygidium vix vel haud perspicuum, breve, obtusum,
Forcipis bracchia: 4 basi remota, gracilia, valde elongata, subrecta,
apicem versus ovato-incurva, apicibus ipsis attingentibus vel
decussatis, paullo ante medium margine interno dente valido acuto,
nonnihil sursum oblique spectanti, armata. ¢. Q ignota.
3
Long. corporis . . . 85-10 mm.
sy LOFCIPIS; “2... «1 5-8 -
Hab. INDIA BOREALIS, Dardjiling (Harmand, 2854-
90; 4 ¢¢; Mus. Paris).
Allied to A.sansibarica, Karsch., and A. mackinderi, Burr,
falling into the group with long slender forceps, unspotted
elytra, unicolorous antennz, simple pygidium, unarmed
last dorsal segment, and fully-developed wings.
Porficula mikado, sp. n.
Statura robusta ; colore rufo-castaneo, elytris alisyue pallidoribus,
Caput fusco-rufum, suturis haud perspicuis ; antennz brunnee, 12-
segmentate, segmento 2 minimo, 4 quam tertium paullo breviori.
Pronotum latum, capite vix angustius, fusco-rufum, pallido-
marginatum, margine antico recto, angulis haud rotundatis, mar-
gine postico angulisque posticis rotundatis, prozona tumida, interdum
utrinque tuberculo minimo indistincto instructa, metazona deplanata,
lateribus reflexis, Elytra unicoloria fusca vel fusco-testacea ; ale
fusco-testaceee. Pedes longi, fusci vel fusco-testacei. Abdomen
fusco-castaneum, nitens, pone medium paullo dilatatum, plicis
lateralibus distinctis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ transversum,
latum, breve, medio impresso, suleulo obsoleto instructum, margine
ipso postico medio triangulariter reflexo, utrinque supra insertionem
forcipis obtuse-tuberculato ; sezmentum penultimum ventrale trans-
verso ovale, ultimum totum obtegens. Pygidium ¢ breve, quad-
ratum, prominens, angulis posticis tuberculo minimo obsoleto
instructis. Forcipis bracchia ¢ depressa, elongata, basi ipso dila-
tata ac deplanata, hac parte dilatata dente interno obtuso termi-
nata ; dehine bracchia recta, inermia, simplicia, deplanata, apicibus
ipsis incurvis, haud decussatis. ¢. 2 ignota,
Long. corporis . 11 mm.
po xorcipis, .~\. Ga ats,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE) 21
q
gz
3.
320 Mr. M. Burr’s Observations on
Hab, JAPAN, CENTRAL; 7 ff and a fragment (J. Har-
mandi, 1900).
This species presents the same dimorphism that is
common in many earwigs, that is, there are two forms,
macrolabia and microlabia, It is a very distinct species,
distinguished by the unspotted elytra, compressed body,
square pygidium, and the form of the forceps. It is,
perhaps, in intermediate form between F, lurida or F
auricularia and F. smyrnensis.
Forficula planicollis, Kirb.
Statura minore ; colore castaneo, vel fusco-testaceo, nigro-variegato,
Caput atrum, vel rufo-fusco-castaneum ; antenne testacez, 12-seg-
mentate. Pronotum capite haud vel vix angustius, latius quam
longius, margine antico recto, postico rotundato, lateribus parallelis,
colore toto nigro, lateribus plerumque pallido-marginatis ; prozona
paullo tumida, suleulo medio vix perspicuo instructa ; fatentie ipsis
paullo reflexis ; metazona plana. Elytra alaque ampla, levia, uni-
coloria testacea. Pedes testacei, vel rufo-testacei. Abdomen fusco-
castaneum, nitidum, minutissime punctulatum, tuberculis lateralibus
distinctis nigro-circumdatis ; apud ¢ plus minus deplanatum,
depressum, usque ad secundam tertiam longitudinis dilatatum,
dehinc angustatum, apud 2 minus vel vix dilatatum: seg-
mentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angustum, breve, utrinque supra inser-
tionem forcipis obtuse tuberculato, apud @ brevissime, angustum,
tuberculis obsoletis. Pygidium haud perspicuum. Forcipis brac-
chia: ¢ inermia, dep!anata, tantum per quartam partem longitudinis
dilatata ac contigua, hac parte margine interno minute denticulata,
superne leviter tumida; dehine divergentia, tum convergentia,
aream ovalem includentia, haud decussata; 92 subcontigua rectis-
sima, apice leviter decussata. ¢ 9.
Variat: colore toto rufo-nigro, pedibus rufescentibus, forcipis
bracchiis pone partem dilatatum fortius divergentibus, tum fortius
incurvis, aream rotundatam includentibus. ¢.
) :
Long. corporis . . . 7-9 mm. --
ihat.max.abdom. : 349225 |, —
Hone. forcipis 4: <7 e2geel oan 2mm.
Hab. “Nord vDES INDES ORIENTALES, Dardjiling,”
2 ff,1 2; “ Montagnes, 1886” (J. Harmand, 1 9, 2854,
1890; Mus. Paris).
These specimens agree with Kirby’s type, which is in
The Dermatoptera. a2l
very bad condition, and a female. The $f has been
hitherto unknown.
Forficula ambigua, sp. n.
F. planicolli vicina ; ab ea differt: (1) colore pallidiori, haud
nigro-variegato, capite fusco-rufo, pronoto rufo, lateribus pellucidis,
(2) pronoti marginibus deplanatis nec reflexis, (3) abdomine cylind-
rico, haud vel vix dilatato, minus depresso, (4) forcipis braechiis ¢
basi ipso tantum dilatato, dehine subrectis haud vel vix divergentibus,
leviter incurvis. 4 Q.
?
Long. corporis . . . 95 mm. 825-9 mm.
Lat, max. abdom. . . 2 + —
Long: forcipis: . . .° 275-3, 2 =
Hab. DARDJILING; 2 ff, 3 22 (J. Harmand, 2854,
1890. 191. Montagnes, 1886).
One of the males of this species affords a transition
from the preceding species, in having the colour of F.
planicollis and the form of F. ambigua. The two forms
are so closely allied that the females alone can be dis-
tinguished only by their colour. #. ambigua approaches
nearly to Apterygida.
Porficula mogul, sp. n.
Statura majore, robusta. Caput nigrum, occipite rubro: anten-
ne... ? Pronotum quadratum, haud latius quam longius, margine
antico recto, postico rotundato, colore fusco-castaneo, lateribus de-
planatis, pellucidis ; prozona leviter tumida, medio carinula brevis-
sima vix perspicua, bifurcata, metazona media carinula obsoleta,
instructis. Elytra brevia, apice truncata, sublevia, rufo-fusco-
testacea ; ale eodem colore, apice nonnihil infuscate. Pedes validi,
rufo-testacei. Abdomen rufo-nigrum, tuberculis lateralibus dis-
tinctis, segmentis totis minutissime punctulatis ; seementum ultimum
dorsale ¢ transversum, leve, haud punctulatum, obtuse tubercula-
tum utrinque supra insertionem forcipis, apud 2 angustum, tuber-
culis obtusioribus ; segmentum penultimum ventrale rotundatum,
segmentum ultimum fere totum obtegens. Pygidium ¢ breve, trun-
catum, ? haud perspicuum, Forcipis bracchia rufa, apice infuscata,
tota punctulata, valida, robusta, deplanata; ¢, basi dilatata ac
deplanata, per tertiam partem longitudinis, hac parte margine in-
terno fortiter denticulata, dehinc attenuata, recta, apicem versus
sensim incurva, ¢ subrecta, contigua, haud dilatata, apice decussata.
3 &.
322 Mr. M. Barr's Observations on The Dermatoptera.
3 ?
Long. corporis . . . 16mm, —
a, HOLCIPIS .) Se PD , 4 mm.
Hab. DarDsILInG; 1 2, 1 2 (J. Harmand, No. 2854,
1890).
This species resembles F. rwficollis from Spain, but
the head is not entirely black, the pronotum is square
not cblong, the wings are well developed, the elytra
unspotted.
Forficula beelzebub, Burr.
I described this insect as a Chelisoches in the Annales de la
Soc. Entom. de Belgique, Tome xliv, p. 51 (1900), from a
single specimen; in colour and appearance it resembles
Chelisoches morio, which led me to range it in that genus,
but in the Paris collection I have been able to examine
a more complete series, and so have been able to see
more clearly the form of the second tarsal segment ;
there is no doubt that it is a true Forficula. The male
appears to be dimorphic in the form of the forceps; the
form which I described as typical corresponds to the
varieties macrolabia, forcipata, etc. of our European For-
ficule, but there are some specimens with much shorter
forceps in the Paris collection, which are, perhaps, the
typical form; from my description, the following words
- must be suppressed, “bracchio sinistro (forcipis) quam
deatro plus incurvo”; I was misled by the condition of
the single male which was the type, and the series in
the Paris collection shows that both branches of the
forceps are equally curved.
It is easy to recognize by its black colour, with no
lighter markings.
Cg28,.)
XIV. Further Notes on Hydroptilide belonging to the
Luropean Fauna, with descriptions of new species.
By Kennet J. Morton, F.E.S.
[Read March 2nd, 1904. ]
PEATE XX E,
Since the publication of my former notes in the Trans-
actions of this Society (1893, pp. 75-82), a great advance
has been made in our knowledge of these minute insect
forms, not only with respect to the insects themselves but
also with regard to their life histories. With the latter
side of the subject I do not propose to deal here at all,
but would refer to the exhaustive list of publications given
in Ulmer’s Memoir “Uber die Metamorphosen der Tri-
chopteren” (Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Natur-
wissenschaften, heraus: vom Naturwissenschaftlichen
Verein, Hamburg, Bd. xviii).
The object of my notes, in addition to the primary one
of giving descriptions of two new species, is to call attention
to the species which have been described since my former
paper, and also to give further details which have since
been ascertained regarding the geographical distribution
of some of the species. For material beyond the results
of my own collecting, I am indebted to Professor Klapalek,
Dr. Fr. Ris, and especially to Herr A. J. Silfvenius of
Helsingfors, from whom I received a most extensive
collection of Hydroptilide for examination.
Agraylea multipunctata, Curt.
Seen in great quantity from several Finnish localities.
I have taken it in Norway.
A. cognatella, Mc.
This is a critical species. One example taken by myself
in Norway, I have referred to this species, but in the large
collection sent from Finland by Herr A. J. Silfvenius,
including material both dry and in alcohol, there was none
that I could separate satisfactorily from A. multipunctata.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (JUNE)
324 Mr. K. J. Morton’s Further Notes on
A. pallidula, McL.
In the above-mentioned collection from Finland, there
was a single 2 which I determined as pallidula with some
hesitation. Recently, however, Herr Silfvenius has sent
nymphs in which the f appendages are fully mature, and
these confirm, beyond all question, the existence of this
interesting species In Finland.
Allotrichia pallicornis, Eaton.
In addition to the localities recorded by McLachlan,
Klapalek adds Bohemia and Bosnia. It has also been
taken by Eaton in Algeria. In our own Islands it swarms
on the river Clyde at Uddingston near Glasgow.
Hydroptila sparsa, Curt.
The examples from Portugal referred here by McLachlan
with some doubt prove to be a good new species. #.
sparsa 18, however, quite likely to prove a native of the
Iberian peninsula, as it is found at Pavia in Italy (Rs)
and in Algeria (Haton).
HZ. campanulata, Mort.
A near ally of HZ. sparsa taken by Eaton in Algeria, and
described by me in E. M. M., 2nd Ser., vol. vii, p. 103.
Hydroptila cintrana, n. sp.
The pubescence of the fore-wings is brownish (no doubt black
when fresh) with white markings, of which the principal are two
oblique bands somewhat interrupted ; there is also a noticeable dark
apical spot margined internally with white.
The outer margin of the dorsal plate of the ¢ is slightly upturned ;
in the dry insect the plate becomes retracted going towards the base,
the large side flaps of the plate falling inwards towards the chitinous
lines which seem to form the supporting framework of the plate
when this is viewed from above: the conformation of the angles of
the outer margin and of the apex of the flaps from the vertical view
gives the impression of acute points in the preparation from which
the figures are made, but this is probably exaggerated. The distal
portion of the inferior appendages is slender ; these appendages are
divergent, slightly hooked at the apex which is piceous; there is
also a piceous wart before the middle of the appendage.
Hydroptilide belonging to the European Fauna. 325
Hab, CINTRA, PORTUGAL, 26th and 27th April (Zaton).
This species is closely allied no doubt to H. sparsa, but
it may be distinguished at once by the entire margin of
the dorsal plate, which in H. sparsa is very distinctly
notched. The warts on the middle of the inferior append-
ages appear to be absent in the latter insect. The sub-
apical process of the penis is also more pronounced and
more spirally twisted than in HZ, sparsa.
Hydroptila tigurina, Ris (Mitt. Schweiz. entom. Gesell-
schaft, Bd. ix, p. 133).
This species described by Ris from Ziirich, has been
taken by King at Ambleside in the English Lake District.
HT, rheni, Ris (Mitt. Schweiz. entom. Gesellschaft, Bd. ix,
p. 241).
From the Rhine between Rheinau and Ellikon; not
yet known from any other locality.
Hf, sylvestris, Morton (E. M. M., 2nd Ser., vol. ix, p. 107).
Remains unknown except from the original locality in
Scotland.
H. serrata, Morton (K. M. M., 2nd Ser., vol. ix, p. 108).
Is known only from Algeria.
Hf, maclachlani, Kap.
In addition to the localities recorded by Klapalek and
myself, is found in Switzerland (Valais, Paw/; Liestal,
fis); Basses Alpes (Digne, Morton), and Algeria (Eaton).
HT. insubrica, Ris (Mitt. Schweiz. entom. Gesellschaft, Bd.
x1, p. 16, 1903).
Recently described by Ris from examples taken by him
at Mendrisio in the Canton Ticino.
Lthytrichia lamellaris, Katon.
Occurs in Finland (Sa/fvenius).
Microptila minutissima, Ris (Mitt. Schweiz. entom. Gesell-
schaft, Bd. ix, p. 417).
A particularly interesting little form described from
examples from Ziirichberg near Ziirich.
326 Mr. K. J. Morton’s Further Notes on
Stactobia fuscicornis, Schn,.
More detailed figures of the { appendages are given by
Ris in Mitt. der Schweiz. entom. Gesell., Bd. ix, p. 418.
S. eatonianella, MeL.
Klapalek (Bull. internatl. de Académie des Sciences
de Bohéme, 1900) describes and figures the preparatory
stages of this species. He also figures the apex of the ¢
abdomen, but the penis is not exserted, and I am unable
to say how the structure as a whole compares with that of
the other two species.
S. atra, Hagen.
I am indebted to Mr. McLachlan for the opportunity of
examining abundant material (dry and in alcohol) of this
species collected by Mr. Eaton.
In some of these examples the parts are strongly
exserted, and I was enabled to obtain a much more satis-
factory knowledge of the structure than formerly. My
earlier figures were taken from an example in which
the parts were retracted, with the result that Ris quite
naturally concluded that these parts showed only a remote
similarity to those of S. fuscicornis. The figure now given
will on the contrary, I think, serve to emphasize the con-
nection between the two, and will also help to explain the
homologies of the individual parts.
Orthotrichia augustella, MeL.
“Appears to be less common, in Northern Europe at
least, than the following. Its distribution is, however,
imperfectly known, I have seen it from Algeria (Haton).
O. tetensii, Kolbe.
This species has been more fully elucidated by Klapalek.
T have taken it in Scotland, and amongst a large number
of examples of Orthotrichia seen from Finland, it was the
only species of the genus represented.
Oxyethira ecornuta, Mort.
Numerous examples have been seen from Finland
(Sulfvenius).
Hydroptilide belonging to the European Fauna. 327
O. faleata, Mort.
Probably widespread. Recorded from Switzerland by
Dr. Ris, and taken by Mr. Eaton in Algeria. I have just
seen a f from Tangiers, Morocco (Lord Walsingham), in
Mr. McLachlan’s collection,
O. frici, Klap.
Taken in Norway by Eaton and myself. I have also
seen a f taken by King at Rothiemurchus, Inverness-
shire.
O. tristella, Klap. (E. M. M., 2nd Ser., vol. vi, p. 168).
Described by Klapélek from Bohemia; it has since been
taken in two localities in Scotland (Wigtownshire and
Perthshire),
Oxyethira mirabilis, n. sp.
In the ¢ the last dorsal segment has the margin rounded with a
small, rather deep notch in the middle. The sides of the last segment
are semi-circularly produced forming opposing valves (within which
are placed the appendages), giving the whole segment an elongated
appearance. The ventral plate has the whole outer margin occupied
by a deep V-shaped excision ; the plate becomes slightly broader
towards the base. Above this plate is a large, prominent cover
convex beneath and slightly turned downwards ; on either side of
the ventral plate is a slender aristate appendage. The penis has the
apex much swollen for a considerable space, the expansion being
greatest at the tip; it is accompanied by a pair of acute sheaths.
Ventral tooth small and acute.
Hab. Locu EIGHEACH, RANNOCH, PERTHSHIRE (Lorton).
A single specimen was taken, and as this was made in’ vo
a microscopical preparation before I could satisfy myselt
with regard to its structure, I am unable to give any
details as to its general appearance. The genitalia are
very different from those of any other known Ozxyethira,
and the species probably forms an addition to the already
numerous groups of which this extensive genus consists.
The locality which produced this interesting species is
an expansion of the river Gaur in the Moor of Rannoch.
It was taken along with a few 0. sagittifera, Ris (also new
to the British fauna), and 0. costalis was also present. I
was unable to revisit the locality, and my wife, who went
there twice subsequently, failed to find either of the desired
species, but took O. tristella, Klapalek.
328 Mr. K. J. Morton’s Further Notes on Hydroptilide.
O. simplex, Ris (Mitt. Schweiz. entom. Gesell., Bd. ix
p. 420).
Described from Switzerland, occurs in different parts
of Scotland about springs, sometimes where there is no
surface water in summer, the moisture being all absorbed
by sphagnum or moss.
O. distinctella, McL.
Taken in Norway (Morton), Thanks to Silfvenius, I
have seen abundant material of this species from Finland,
and I am enabled to give a better figure of the dorsal
processes (called by me superior appendages).
O. sagittifera, Ris.
Was described (op. cit., p. 421) from a unique specimen
taken at the Hausersee, near Ossingen. A single f from
Finland was subsequently seen by me and referred with
a little hesitation to this species, but all doubt was removed
by the capture of 3 2 and a few ¢ at Rannoch, Perthshire,
in the past summer. Silfvenius has also been successful
in again finding the species, and I have now, through him,
examined a great number of specimens. For the sake of
comparison, I give a figure of the dorsal process. I may
add that in a preparation made from a Finnish example
there are four teeth on this process instead of three, the
additional tooth being large and conspicuous.
O. felina, Ris (op. cit., pp. 422-8).
Described from a single # reared from material from the
Katzensee. This is the only European species of the genus
which I have not personally examined.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
1. Apex of abdomen of Hydroptila cintrana from above.
2 95 5 3 ‘ beneath.
3 ” ” ” ” side.
4, 3 » Stactobia atra from beneath.
5. 5 Oxyethira mirabilis from beneath.
6. Last seme segment of Oxyethira mirabilis.
. Dorsal process of Oxyethira distinctella.
8, - oa “s sagittifera,
aI
JUNE 157TH, 1904.
( 329 )
XV. Notes on Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides,
with Descriptions of New Species. By ARTHUR M.
Lea, F.ES.
[Read March 2nd, 1904. ]
Puates XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV anp XXVI.
THERE are in Australia few subfamilies of COLEOPTERA
in which so many genera have been proposed on such
slight grounds as in the Cryptocephalides. As a matter of
fact any one desiring to work at Australian COLEOPTERA,
of almost any family, would do well to note that the
genera have not the stability of the older characterized
European ones; and that, before describing new species,
it is often necessary to examine the descriptions of all
the species referred to a subfamily. Nor is this always
sufficient, for even many of the subfamilies (especially in
the RKhynchophora) are in very unsatisfactory condition.
Dr. Baly,* in proposing several new genera and trying to
re-establish several others (regarded by some entomologists
as of sectional importance only), remarks on the loss of
time involved in wading through a mass of descriptions
that would be saved were the genera split up into smaller
ones. But it is not sufficient that the genera should be
split up into smaller ones only, but that if this is done
the genera should be founded on such characters as will
enable future workers to identify them without much
chance of misconception; and this is far from being the
case with the Australian Cryptocephalides. Saunders and
Baly regarded the antenne and prothoracic margins as the
main distinguishing features, whilst Suffrian and Chapuis
relied mainly on the prosternum; in consequence we have
many species which it is possible to refer to any of several
genera, whilst many closely allied species would be widely
separated no matter whether reliance was placed chiefly
on Chapuis or on Baly. The characters of genera must
indeed be regarded as very artificial when the male and
female have been referred to different genera, even some-
times by the same author. So far as the Australian
2 OT) Bris.) 1877, part ly p.:2:
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART Il. (SEPT,) 22
330 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
species of the subfamily are concerned, I believe there
would be fewer synonyms and less mistakes made, if most
of them were regarded as belonging to one comprehensive
genus.
After sorting out Diandichus, Schizosternus,* Cyphodera,
Brachycaulus and Lachnabothra there remains a mass of
species referred to Cryptocephalus, Loxoplewrus, Cadmus
and various other genera or subgenera.t Certainly some
of these appear to cluster in groups, and the characteristic
species of these groups can be readily distinguished from
characteristic species of other groups; but there are so
many intermediate species that it seems to me no natural
system can be devised for sorting the species into stable
genera. In the new species I have briefly noted the
characters of each species that are supposed to be its dis-
tinguishing generic features, and have purposely refrained
from proposing fresh generic names, placing the more
aberrant species at the end of Cryptocephalus.
Dr. Chapuis after describing Cadmus cariosus says :—
“Tl se rapproche du Cadmus subsulcatus, Suffr. (Ochrosopsis
rufescens, Saund.) que nous avons du placer dans le genre
Cadmus en égard & son prosternum dont la base est plus
ou moins arrondie. La distinction entre les deux formes
est facile.” He himself however refers to Cadmus a species
C. quadrivittatust im which the intercoxal process is rather
deeply emarginate, although in general appearance it is a
normal Cadmus; in Cadmus luctuosus, Chp., this part is
again decidedly emarginate, although not so deeply as in
quadrivittatus.
Loxopleurus is supposed to be distinguished by the
intercoxal process of prosternum being drawn out into a
blunt triangular tip. The majority of the species stand-
ing in the catalogue under Loxoplewrus were described by
Chapuis, but on examining ZL. genialis, Chp., I find that
it is decidedly bilobed; in L. chalceus, Chp., it appears
at first sight to be widely truncate, but on close examina-
tion it can be seen to be feebly bilobed, although the lobes
are occasionally more or less obscured by the clothing.
* The deeply emarginate prosternum is the only really valid
feature of this genus, and this is but an exaggeration of the bilobed
apex of Cri yptocephalus.
+ In this paper I am not dealing with Ditropidus Elaphodes and
the genera closely allied to them.
t "This species is so distinct that I cannot be mistaken in my
identification,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 331
The synonymy is very intricate owing to the great
variation in many species, both sexually and individually,
and to the trivial distinctions which have been considered
sufficient to separate the genera and subgenera. For-
tunately Mr. George Masters, to whom I am especially
indebted, and from whom either directly or indirectly a
large proportion of the previously described species were
obtained, including many by Chapuis, has for many years
carefully preserved specimens obtained i copula, and of
these I have had access to all those in his own and the
Macleay Museum collections (now amalgamated). I have
also myself for about fifteen years paid particular attention
to specimens obtained im copula.
I have probably had before me a much larger collection,
both of species and specimens, of Australian Cryptocephalides
than any previous entomologist ; even with this advantage
I have not considered it advisable to attempt to apportion
the previously described species into genera, preferring to
refer to them by the genus in which they were originally
placed,* as I do not believe that stable genera can be de-
fined and maintained. To refer them all to Cryptocephalus
(as with few exceptions I think they should be) would
necessitate a number of names being changed through
having been twice used.
The Australian genera and subgenera here dealt with
are :—Aporocera, Brachycaulus, Cadmus, Chariderma, Chloro-
plisma, Cryptocephalus, Cyphodera, Diandichus, Dicenopsis,
Huphyma, Idiocephala, Lachnabothra, Loxoplewrus, Mito-
cera, Ochrosopsis, Odontoderes, Onchosoma, Paracadmus,
Paracephala, Prasonotus, Prionopleura, Rhoimbosternus and
Schizosternus. I have not only checked the descriptions
of all the species + referred to these genera, but of all
other species of the subfamily recorded from Australia
and Tasmania.
In general, so far as the new species are concerned,
where the hinder apex of the intercoxal process of pro-
sternum is feebly or moderately bilobed, I have referred
the species to Cryptocephalus ; where it is semicircularly
* Except in the case of Lachnabothra braccata, Klug, originally
referred to Chlamys with a query, and Cryptocephalus crassicornis,
Chp., again formally described, but now referred to Schizosternus.
+ I have not seen the description of Oryptocephalus laevicollis,
Gebler, and its variety arennensis, Weise; nor have I seen the
description of axillaris, Sturm, given in Masters’ Catalogue as a
synonym of elegans, Saund.
332 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
or triangularly excised to Schizosternus; where subtri-
angularly produced in the middle to Loxoplewrus; and
where rounded or truncate to Cadmus. I have not
invariably, however, carried this out, as it would in a
number of instances separate very closely allied species ;
I have, however, given my reasons under such species for
not following these general rules.
Besides the species here noted or described I have
critically examined more than fifty others, which for
various reasons (but principally on account of their being
represented by damaged or unique specimens) I have
considered inadvisable to describe.
It will be seen by the accompanying table that many
apparently congeneric species are widely separated, and
others apparently belonging to different genera are brought
together ; showing how totally unreliable are many of the
characters relied upon for distinguishing genera; for in
the table itself I have purposely used the features relied
on for separating the genera; and as a rule I have only
used colours to distinguish closely allied species, and
not often then, preferring to rely on constant structural
characters.
Very useful distinguishing features are to be found in
the abdomen in both sexes of many species; and with few
exceptions the abdomen has been entirely neglected. The
shape of the scutellum is often exceedingly useful in dis-
tinguishing closely allied species. The female as a rule
is larger and wider, with the eyes smaller and more
distant and the head less coarsely punctured; conse-
quently when describing the sexual differences I have
seldom considered it necessary to mention these. The
antenne are nearly always shorter in the female than
in the male, although not always thinner. I have con-
sidered it necessary in almost every case to describe the
hinder apex of prosternum, and the second, third and
fifth joints of antennz.
Most of the specimens described from the Macleay
Museum collection were taken by Mr. Masters, but in
that institution the collector’s name is seldom attached
to the locality label. I have considered it necessary to
mention in whose collection I have seen species or varie-
ties of which I do not myself possess specimens, as this
may be of assistance to future workers. When not other-
wise stated the types of the new species remain in my
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 333
own collection. Although many of the varietal forms here
described are very distinct, I have not attached varietal
names to any of them.
The following references have been omitted from
Masters’ Catalogue of Australian Coleoptera :—
IDIOCEPHALA ROEI var. ATRIPENNIS, Saund., T. E. 8.
(1845), p. 143.
Hab. Not given.
CRYPTOCKPHALUS EXIMIUS, Chp., A. S. E. Belg. (1875),
p- Xclil.
fab. BRISBANE.
C. CONJUGATUS, Chp. /.c., p. xevi.
Hab. Porr DENISON.
C. MERCATOR, Suff., Linn. Ent. (1859), p. 99.
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
C. pipymus, Fab., Ent. Syst. II, 57, p. 22. Syst. El. II,
43, p. 11; Suff., Linn. Ent. (1859), p. 149.
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
LOXOPLEURUS NIGROLINEATUS, Chp., A. S. E. Belg.
(1876), p. xl.
Hab. Pine MounrtvaAIn.
In the catalogue also there should have appeared two
species bearing the name Prasonotus morbillosus as
follows :—
P. MORBILLOSUS, Baly, T. E. 8. (1877), p. 35.
P. MoRBILLOSUS, Chp., Journ. Mus. Godeffr. xiv, p. 75;
Lac., Atl. Plate 115, fig. 5.
The only references I have seen since the date of the
catalogue are by the Rev. Thos. Blackburn, as follows :-—
P. L. S. N.S.W. (1888), pp. 1473-1474; T. R..S. 8.A.
(1890), pp. 185-187; (1891), p. 139; (1893), p. 140;
P. L. 8. N.S.W. (1898), pp. 205-207.
334 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
TABULATION OF THE SPECIES
DESCRIBED.
A. Prothorax with a large tuber-
cular crest along middle .
A.A. Prothorax with an elongated
tubercle or ridge (sometimes
but slightly elevated) on
each side of middle. Elytra
tuberculate or costate, some-
times both.
b. Black . ores io eae 3
b.b. Purplish-red with yellowish
BFIAUTICUD Gis: “Why tre ee oe ae
b.b.b. More or less brown or fer-
rugineous.
c. Prothorax with three dark
velvety rounded spots
c.c. Prothorax without these spots.
d, Elytral coste sharply de-
fined Beet ee
d.d. Elytral costze not sharply de-
fined.
e. Size, very large
e.e. Size, very small :
A.A.A, Prothorax bituberculate in
male, nontuberculate in fe-
male. Femora stout in male.
Antennz very long in male,
usually about twice as long
as in female.
b. Basal joint of anterior tarsi of
male abnormal .
b.b. Basal joint normal.
». Prothorax with two subacute
tubercles in male :
c.c. Prothorax with obtuse tuber-
cles in male,
. Elytral tubercles narrow and
concolorous with derm
d.d. Elytral tubercles rather wide
and much darker than derm
A.A.A.A. Prothorax nontuberculate.
fo
a
HERE NOTED OR
Cy. chlamydiformis,Germ.
Br. aterrimus, 0. sp.
Br. mamillatus, n. sp.
Br. ferrugineus, Fairm.
On. klugii, Snd.
Ca. colossus, Chp.
Br. posticalis, n. sp.
La, saundersi, Baly.
La. waterhousei, Baly.
La. braccata, Klug.
La, wilsoni, Baly.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 335
B. Scutellum very narrow. Ab-
dominal fovea of female
unusually large.
c. Prothorax red in female, black
MHMale ee re ye os anoles. Chip:
c.c. Prothorax black in both sexes Di. foveiventris, n. sp.
B.B. Scutellum minute.
c. Prothorax entirely dark, apex
of abdomen red . . . . Pr. ruficandis, Baly.
c.c. Prothorax red (at most clouded
with black), abdomen entirely
dark . . . ... . « Pr. submetaliicus, Suff.
B.B.B. Scutellum transverse or not
much longer than wide, or
if moderately long then ab-
dominal fovea of female
below normal size.
C. Hinder apex of intercoxal
process of prosternum deeply
incised or semicircularly
emarginate.*
d. Fifth joint of antenne much
wider than tenth . . . . Ch. pulchella, Baly.
d.d. Fifth joint much narrower
than tenth.
e. Prothorax deeply constricted
on each side in front so
that the anterior angles
project strongly outwards.
Jf. Prothorax and elytra (except
at junction of same) of
uniform colour. . . . . Se. delicatulus, n. sp.
Jf. Prothorax and elytra varie-
gated.
g. Elytra with longitudinal mark-
ings EEO) AR hye
g.g. Elytra more or less distinetly
fasciate.
Sc. trilineatus, n. sp.
oo pupicconialis Jilwm, Chp., referred to Paracephala by Baly,
is included here, as the emargination although not deep might fairly
be called semicircular ; Cr. cariniventris, nu. sp., should perhaps have
also been referred to this section ; it is, however, obviously so very
close to Or. larinus, n. sp. (in which the apex is feebly bilobed), that
I thought it best not to separate them.
336 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
h. Upper surface black with ob-
scure reddish markings . . Sc. albogularis, Chp.
h.h. Upper surface red with black
markings.
i. Metasternum and legs black . Sc. coccineus, Chp.
ii, Metasternum and greater part
oflegspale .... . . Or. filum, Chp.
e.e. Prothorax not so eaneneted)
J. Elytra with numerous irregular
MArKIOGS .) .) 2s . . Se. marmoratus, n. sp.
ff. Elytral markings soareel . . Of. crassicornis, Chp.
C.C. Hinder apex of intercoxal pro-
cess of prosternum bilobed.*
D. Fifth joint of antenne mueh
wider than tenth.
e. Elytra except the outer
margins, entirely dark . . Ap. bicolor, Snd.?
e.e. Elytra dark only at apex . . Ap. apicalis, Snd.
D.D. Fifth joint of antenne much
narrower than tenth or at
most just perceptibly wider.
E. Serrations of joints of antenne
of male reversed after the
seventh.
f. Elytra with transverse fasciee . Cr. bihamatus, Chp.
ff. Elytra non-fasciate . . . Cr. distortus, n. sp.
E.E. Serrations of joints of aiieance
nowhere reversed.
F. Prothoracic marginscrenulate. f
* In a number of cases it is very difficult to tell without
examining it from all directions as to whether it is feebly bilobed
or truncate, especially when it is at all depressed. In Cr. terminalis,
Chp., Hu. flaviventris, Snd., Ap. apicalis, Snd., and Ap. bicolor,
Snd., it is very indistinctly bilobed. I have placed Ca. quadrivittatus,
Chp., here although it might fairly have been placed with those
having the apex semicircularly emarginate. In Cr. distortus, nm sp.,
the apex is wide and at a glance appears to be truncate, it is, however,
very feebly incurved, so I have ineluded it in this section,
f In these species the upper surface is opaque (in Ca. nothus, n. sp.,
however, the elytra are slightly shining), the scutellum is more or
less distinctly carinate, and the fifth joint of antenne is longer than
the fourth or sixth. Cu. luctuosus, Chp., is included here, although
the crenulations are by no means sharply defined ; in Pr. cognattar,
Snd., the crenulations are sometimes very distinct, at other times
the margins appear to be almost unbroken.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 337
g. Eleventh joint (or part of it) of
antenne darker than tenth,
at least in male.
h. Elytra with sharply defined
black markings, at least in
male.
i. Apex of elytra entirely dark
inmale “) 2%. 2. . . . .ca:.luctuosus, Chp:
ii. Apex of elytra not entirely
dark in male ... . . Ca. quadrivittatus, Chp.
hh. Elytra without distinct mark-
POS ee ee oh oe. hen eG OLAS, Mees:
g.g. Eleventh joint of antennz no
darker than tenth.
h, At least the five terminal joints
of antenne darkin male. . Pr. bifasciata, Snd.
hh. Antenne (except sometimes
for parts of the basal joints)
entirely pallid.
i. Scutellum acutely costate . . Ca.
ia. Seutellum rather feebly ridged Pr.
F.F, Prothoracic margins entire. >
G. Upper surface of uniform
colour and brightly me-
tallic.t
h. Elytra with distinct longitudi-
nal ridges, antenne (except
first and eleventh joints)
Petey Pie ee ee ty te
h.h. Elytra without distinct ridges,
antenne dark.
i. Elytra densely and irregularly
punctate, the punctures fre-
—
rugicollis, Gray.*
cognata, Snd.
~
Cr. metallicus, n. sp.
* The species usually regarded as Cr. rubiginosus, Boi.
+ In a few species they could not strictly speaking be called
entire, but at most there are but:two feeble notches; the upper
surface in most of the species is highly polished, but in a few it is
subopaque.
+ Although the upper surface is more or less uniform there are
sometimes various metallic shades of colour, but in none of the
specimens is the upper surface diluted with red. Or. scabrosus,
Oliv., and allied species (which are black or blue with a metallic
gloss) are excluded, and somewhat doubtfully. Cr. Jacksoni, Guer.
is included.
338
1.1.
jd:
jd:
LI.
Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
quently transversely con-
joined . 3
Elytra less era all Be:
yond the middle more or
less regularly punctate.
. Body cylindrical, seventh to
tenth joints of antenne in
male strongly produced
internally .
Body not cylindrical, seu
to tenth joints of antenne
in male feebly produced on
each side .
. Upper surface not Thoth os
uniform colour and metallic.
. Eleventh joint of antenne in
male, wider than tenth
. Eleventh joint no wider than
tenth, if as wide.
. Prothorax densely and finely
pubescent.
. Elytra smooth and densely
and finely pubescent .
Elytra irregularly costate and
rather sparsely and _ irre-
gularly pubescent .
Upper surface entirely or
almost glabrous.
. Seutellum not much narrower
at apex than at base.*
. Abdomen in male with the
fourth segment visible only
at sides, the fifth unusually
large and with a large median
excavation.
. Intercoxal process of meso-
sternum feebly transverse, its
apex quadrisinuate.
Q
. viridinitens, Chp.
Cr.
=
convexicollis, n. sp.
Cr. jackson, Guer.
=
Cr.
clavicornis, Chp.
=
Cr.
_—
comosus, N. Sp.
Cr.
incoctus, N. sp.
~
Or. cariniventris, 1. sp.
* Or. parentheticus, Suff., Cr. acieulatus, Chp., and Id. catoxantha,
Snd., are included here, as the apex is more than half the width of
the base, although the sides rather strongly diminish in width from
base to apex.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 339
I.l. This process strongly trans-
verse, its apex arcuate . . Or. pecilodermus, Chp.
k.k. Abdomen in male with the
fourth segment continuous
across middle.
. Fifth segment of male strongly
and almost semicircularly
excised in middle of apex. Cr. sobrinus, n. sp.
ll. This segment at most slightly
incurved from sides.
m. Prothorax densely and coarsely
punctate.*
n. Eleventh joint of antennz in-
serted in middle of tenth . Or. clypealis, n. sp.
nn. Eleventh joint inserted towards
side of tenth.
o. Scutellum as long as wide. . Or.
o.o. Scutellum rather strongly
transverse. . . . . . . Cp. tenebricosus, n. sp.
m.m. Prothorax not both densely and
coarsely punctate.
n. Prothoracic punctures elongate
or substrigose . . . . . Or. aciculatus, Chp.
n.n. Prothoracic punctures rounded.
o. Second joint of antenne less
than one-third the length of
third.
p- Scutellum as long as wide. . Oc. erosus, Snd.
p-p. Scutellum strongly transverse.
q- Under-surface entirely pallid. Cr. stenocerus, n. sp.
q-q- Under-surface black in parts . Cr. larinus, n. sp.
o.o. Second joint about half the
length of third.
p. Fifth joint at least one-half
longer than fourth.
q. Scutellum very strongly trans-
Verse, 05 4) se « .Orarubieundus. nm: Sp;
qq. Scutellum feebly transverse . Oc. eruditus, Baly.
p-p. Fifth joint not much (certainly
~S
=
conspiciendus, Ni. sp.
* In the three species included here the punctures are decidedly
above the usual size, and are so dense that there is no space without
them.
340
m.
m.™m,
LL.
LLL.
mM.
m.™M.
nN.
Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
less than one-half) longer
than fourth.
. Prothorax immaculate
q-4-
Prothorax with three longi-
tudinal vittee.
. Scutellum more or less tri-
*
angular.
. Third and fifth joints of an-
tennz equal or subequal,
and both distinctly longer
than fourth. +
. Antenne thin and almost equal
in width throughout.
Fifth joint much longer than
fourth . Soe |
Fifth joint not much longer
than fourth . :
Antenne much stouter than
usual : ee dr
Antenne with the sixth to
ninth joints comparatively
wide.
Apex of scutellum rather nar-
row, but distinctly truncate.
Apex of seutellum obtusely
rounded,
Lateral margins of prothorax
very narrow. .. .
. Margins comparatively wide.
. Elytra more or less green (or
blue)
. Elytra not at all green
. Third, fourth and fifth joints
of antennze subequal.
. Abdomen dark in both sexes .
Id. catoxantha, Snad.
Or. parentheticus, Suff.
Mi. viridipennis, Snd.
Cr. confinis, n. sp.
Cr.
~
antennalis, Chp.
Cr.
varivpennis, N. sp.
=
Cr.
=
castus, Suff.
2
, iridipennis, Chp.
. purpureotinctus, 0, Sp.
Q
Lo. genialis, Chp.
* Somewhat doubtfully Cr. conjugatus, Chp., is included here as
the apex is about half the width of the base, but the scutellum is
very short, with the sides very rapidly diminishing to the apex.
+ In Cr. confinis, n. sp., the third and fifth are equal in length
and longer than the fourth, although not by much, so that the species
might fairly have been placed in the group having the third, fourth
and fifth joints subequal.
{ The fifth, however, is slightly longer than the fourth, although
not very distinctly so.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 341
ll. Abdomen dark in male only . Cr. blandus, n. sp.
K.K.K. Third joint but little, if at all,
longer than fourth, and dis-
tinctly shorter than fifth.*
L. Elytra more or less rough.
m. Elytra with scar-like tubercles
deross middle <5. 6. . .. Cr:
mm. Elytra without — scar - like
tubercles across middle.
n. Elytra with wide, smooth costi-
form elevations on apical
scabiosus, 1. sp.
~
half,
o. Prothorax black or blackish . Cr. quadratipennis, n. sp.
o.o. Prothorax pallid . . . . . Cr. compositus, n. sp.
nn. Elytra roughly — punctate
throughout . . .. . . Or. scabrosus, Oliv
L.L. Elytra smooth.
M. Base of scutellum entire.
n. Prothorax and elytra entirely
dark. “J 5% 5s = 4). -Loschalceus, Chip:
n.n. Prothorax more or less red.
o. Prothorax with dark mark-
ings other than at base.
p- Elytra pallid at apex only. . Cr. Lilliputanus, n. sp.
p-p- Elytra pallid, with dark
markings . Cr. melanopus, n. sp.
0.0. Prothorax with dark markings
at base only.
p- Head densely strigose along
middle, as elsewhere.
q. Second joint of antennze almost
aslongasthird. . . . . Cr. pallens, n. sp.
q-q. Second joint not half as long
asi third’ 56. *. Cr. argentatus, Chp.
p-p- Head not strigose along middle.
q- Head densely strigose close to
sides of and behind eyes. . Or.
q-q- Head not strigose at sides of
eyes.
mediocris, n. Sp.
=
* In several species the third joint is slightly shorter than the
fourth. Although Cr. clarus, n. sp., Cr. appendiculatus, n. sp., and
Id. nigripennis, Baly, are placed here, they might fairly have been
placed in the section haying the third, fourth, and fifth joints of
antennz subequal.
342 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
r. Scutellum obtusely rounded at
apex. . . . + Or. dichrous, Chp.
rr. Scutellum tr nncate at apex . Cr. conjugatus, Chp.
M.M. Base of scutellum more or less
distinctly notched.*
N. Prothorax and elytra entirely
dark.
o. Flanks of metasternum and of
base of abdomen with dense
golden pubescence. . . Cr. aurifer, 2. sp.
o.o. Under-surface without eaten
pubescence: ==); Lo. leviusculus, n. sp.
N.N. Prothorax more or less palte
O. Basal segments of abdomen
with appendages in male . Cr. appendiculatus, n. sp.
0.0. Basal segments normal.
P. Prothorax with sharply-defined
markings.
q. Markings longitudinal . . . Cr. ewmolpus, Chp.
q-q. Markings transverse . . . . Or. speciosus, Boi.
P.P. Prothorax without distinct
markings. +
q. Elytra pallid and immaculate.
y. Upper-surface sanguineousred. Or. hematodes, Boi.
vr. Upper-surface testaceous . . Cr. terminalis, Chp. (in
q.q. Elytra pallid, but with darker [part.)
markings,
y. Dark markings apical . . . Cr. terminalis, Chp. (in
[part.)
y.7. Dark markings not apical . . Cr. gracilior, Chp.
q.q.q. Elytra dark, with pallid mark-
ings.
y. Markings lateral . . . . . Id. pulchella, Snd. (in
v.r. Markings median. [part.)
s. Subhumeral lobes much above
normal sizef. . . . . . Id. flaviventris, Snd.
* Or. terminalis, Chp., is included here as the scutellum is really
feebly notched, although from some directions it appears to be entire.
rT ‘In Cr. cyanipennis, Snd., and Jd. pulchella, Snd., the prothorax
in some specimens is stained i in places with piceous, but there are no
sharply-defined markings.
+ It might have been considered that this character was worthy
of “being used for a more important division, but there are so many
intermediate sizes that I have had to discard it as untrustworthy,
and even now use it with hesitation.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 343
s.s. Subhumeral lobes of normal
size.
t. Head densely strigose at sides
OUOVCS a) A Lmeye as <5. a Ope
t.t. Head punctate only. . . . Or.
q-9-¢-q. Elytra entirely dark.
r. Entire space between eyes
densely punctate and strigose Cr.
rr. Head punctate only . . . . Cr.
yr. Head densely strigose at sides
of eyes.
s. Prothoracic margins above
normal width.
t. Head entirely pallid. . . . Id.
tt. Head dark at base . . . . OF
Width a Bene ee pee ene
C.C.C, Hinder apex of intercoxal pro-
cess of prosternum rounded,
or truncate, or more or less
feebly produced in middle. +
D. Fifth joint of antenne much
wider than tenth.
e. Elytra without coste . . . G
, : I
s.s. Prothoracic margins of normal
Id
D.D. Fifthjoint of antenne narrower
than tenth, or at most just
perceptibly wider.
E. Tenthjoint ofantenne strongly
transverse in both sexes. . Ca.
=
E.E. Tenth joint of antennz at most
feebly transverse in female,
never in male.
F. Prothoracic margins crenu-
late.t
clarus, n. sp.
chrysomelinus, Chp.
[(in part.)
vicarius, 1. sp.
chrysomelinus, Chyp.
[(in part.)
nigripennis, Baly.
. clarus, D. sp. (in part.)
d. pulchella, Snd. (in
[part.)
. cyanipennis, Snd.
. ceelestis, N. sp.
ee. Elytra strongly costate. . . Cr
costipennis, Ti. sp.
histrionycus, Chp.
* These two species although bracketed together, are sufficiently
distinct ; see elsewhere for distinguishing features.
ft In Cr. tricolor, Fab., Cr. consors, Boi., and Lo, contigwus, n. sp.,
the hinder apex is produced, rounded on the sides and truncate across
middle ; they would probably all have been referred to Loxoplewrus
by Chapuis.
t In some specimens of Id. Tasmanica, Snd., and Pr. eruwdita,
Blackb., the margins are very distinctly crenulate, in others they
appear to be almost entire,
344
heh.
m.
m.M,
Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
. Scutellum shining and im-
punctate.
. Prothorax pallid
. Prothorax black.
. Elytra maculate :
pullyita striped: yo ges sere. ae
. Scutellum coarsely punctate,
at least on basal half.
. Elytra smooth, without ele-
vated interstices.
i. Tenth joint of antenne in
female slightly longer than
wide
ii. Tenth joint in female slightly
transverse . o Mop Sage
Elytra rough, the interstices
more or less distinctly
elevated.*
. Second joint of antennz# more
than half the length of
third
i. Second joint much less than
half the length of third.
. Apex of elytra much paler
than dise .
. Apex not paler than dise.+
. Prothorax with a more or less
distinct dark U .
:. Prothorax without a dark U.
. Fifth joint of antennee just per-
ceptibly longer than sixth
. Fifth jomt very distinctly
longer than sixth.
Elytra with four distinct trans-
verse pallid fascize inter-
rupted at suture :
Elytra without four pallid
fascia
Or. serenus, 1. sp.
Ca. litigiosus, Boh.
Ca. australis, Boi.
~<
Ca. excrementarius, Suff.
a
Ca. trispilus, Chp.
vf
l. tasmanica, Snd.
S
Ca. purpurascens, Chp.
Py. erudita, Blackb.
Ca. strigillatus, Chp.
Ca. quadrifasciatus, n. sp.
Ca. crucicollis, Boi.
* In Pr. erudita, Blackb., the interstices although not elevated
more or less throughout, as in most of the other species, are very
distinctly elevated posteriorly.
+ In these species the apex is usually paler than other parts of the
elytra, but there are always parts of the dise equally pallid,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 545
F.F. Prothoracic margins entire.*
G. Elytra pubescent . . . . . Oa. pacificus, Suff.
G.G. Elytra glabrous.
H. Scutellum fully twice as long
gy Wider Fy ie we . . Lo, absonus, n. sp.
H.H. Scutellum not twice as lone as
wide.
I. Second joint of antenne about
as long’as third’ 3). . :: Cr. pauperculus, Germ.
LI. Second joint distinctly shor is
than third.
J. Third joint of antenne shorter
than fourth.t
k. Front of prosternum strongly
raised and bent over back-
Wards! 25 e.g) ia) O
k.k. Front of prosternum at ioe
moderately elevated.
S
1. apicirufus, 1. sp.
> Prothoras blacks 272: Lo. gravatus, Chp.
1.1. Prothorax pallid with a nie
Verse dascia) *. «, 2) a0 = . Cri T-vividis; n. sp.
1.1.1. Prothorax pallid, except at
extreme base.
m. Elytra entirely black . . . Lo. mitificus, n. sp.
m.m. Elytra pallid, with sutural and
lateral markings . . Lo. fuscitarsis, n. sp.
mmm. Elytra pallid without iateral
markings, and the suture at
most feebly infuscate. . . LZ
J.J. Third joint of antenne longer
than fourth.
K. Third joint of antennz longer
than fifth.
0. acentetus, D. sp.
* In Cr. rufoterminalis, n. sp., Cr. distortus, n. sp., and in several
other species to a less noticeable extent the prothoracic margins are
suddenly constricted close to the apex so that the anterior angles
project strongly outwards as in some species of Schizosternus, but the
margins otherwise are entire. Ca. str atioticus, Chp., is referred here,
as Chapuis describes the margin as “integro” ; on close examination,
however, of the specimen before me the margin is seen to be very
feebly sinuous in places, but this would be overlooked except on a
very close examination and from most directions. In most of the
species the margins are feebly incurved in one or two places.
+ In all of these species also the scutellum is either entire or just
perceptibly notched.
TRANS. ENT..SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 238
346 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
l. Terminal joints suddenly
diminishing in size . . . Or. rufoterninalis, n. sp.
l.l. Terminal joints not suddenly
diminishing in size.
m. Elytra and appendages black . Lo. polluax, n. sp.
m.m. Elytra and appendages mostly
reddish; << & . « « Ca. T-riger,n. sp.
K.K. Third joint of andeate at most
as long as fifth and usually
shorter.
L. Second joint of antenna much
less than half the length of
third.*
m. Scutellum entire. . . . Ca. aurantiacus, Chp.
mm. Scutellum notched at base. a
n. Antenne distinctly longer than
the body in both sexes.
o. Elytra fasciate. . . . . . Eh. sulphwripennis, Baly.
0.0, Elytra non-fasciate.
p. Punctures of upper - surface
deeply stained . . . . Oc. vermicularis, Snd.
p.p. Punctures of upper-surface me
at all or very feebly stained. Rh. antennatus, Baly.
nn. Antenne in female at most
just passing apex of body.
o. Elytra with small and rather
‘
distant punctures§ . . . Cr. basizonis, n. sp.
0.0. Elytra more or less coarsely
punctate.
p. Legs black.
q. Prothorax black, the margins
whitish, . ... 2.) Gece Jo Amlbtined, Cond:
qq. Prothorax reddish. . . . . Cr. jocosus, Chp.
* In Ca. sc satie Chp., Ca. ornatus, Chp., Oc. apicalis, Snd., and
Oc. rufescens, Snd., the second joint is decidedly less than half the
length of the third, being about one-third ; in Ca. calomeloides,
n. sp., Lo. semicostatus, Chp., and Cr. Bynoei, Snd., it is rather more
than one-third, but decidedly less than half; in the others it is often
but one-fourth or even less,
+ In Ca. sculptilis, Chp., the scutellum is just perceptibly notched
in some specimens and never very distinctly.
t I have included Rh. sulphuripennis, Baly, here, as Baly says
‘‘antenne longer than the body in both sexes”; in my unique
specimen both antennw are broken.
§ To the naked eye the elytra appear to be impunctate,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 347
p-p. Legs more or less red.
q. Elytra with strongly elevated
alternate interstices . . . Lio. semicostatus, Chp.
q-q. Elytra with more or less regu-
larly elevated interstices or
punctate only.
r, Scutellum coarsely punctate at
pide, <5 7. cr uo, s) WOckaprealis: Sud:
nr. Scutellum at most with a few
small punctures,
s. Scutellum strongly transverse.
t. Elytra fasciate.
wu. Elytra with a complete basal
fascia . . . . . . . . Or. ornatipennis, n. sp.
w.u. Elytra without a basal fascia . Ca. ornatus, Chp.
t.t. Elytra non-fasciate.
u. Prothorax coarsely and very
densely punctate*. . . . (a, stratioticus, Chp.
u.u. Prothorax moderately densely
punctate. . . . . . . Ca, sculptilis, Chp.
s.s. Scutellum feebly, or not at all
transverse,
f. Elytra with two black sharply-
defined fasciet. . . . . Id. bynoei, Snd.
t.t. Elytra not at all or obscurely
fasciate.
uw, Prothorax with very dense
punctures, in places con-
fluent.
v. Prothorax and elytra with more
or less distinct blackish
MATRIMGS 5 oF ME.
vv. Prothorax and elytra without
blackish markings. . . . Oc. rufescens, Snd.
u.u. Prothorax with rather dense but
clearly-defined punctures.
v. Pygidium distinctly carinate . Ca. calomeloides, n. sp.
a, scutatus, Chp.
* In Ca, stratioticus, Chp., the punctures are so close together that
the surface is rendered opaque ; in Ca. scwlptilis, Chp., the surface is
shining and the larger punctures are distinctly separated, with the
interspaces finely punctate.
+ This species, however, has a variety without the fascie, but with
two distinct postmedian spots.
348
WwW.
qe
q-4-
p-p.P-
p-p-p-P-«
q:
q-q-
P-P.P.p-p-
q:
4-4:
Mr. A. M. Lea’s Wotes
. Pygidium not at all, or very
indistinctly carinate.*
Size comparatively small (5
mm. or less).
. Size comparatively large (63
mm.)
. Second joint sent ‘half he
length of third. +
. Scutellum coarsely punctate
. Scutellum at most with a few
small punctures.
. Scutellum entire.
. Prothorax metallic green
. Prothorax entirely black.
. Elytra entirely black. ;
. Elytra black with whitish sub-
humeral lobes
. Prothorax not entirely pada
. Elytra blackish,
the apex
pallid
. Elytra blackish, the sides only
pallid.
Prothorax black (except at
sides) in female ‘
Prothorax reddish in female .
Elytra bright metallic green
with pallid margins . :
Elytra with pallid longitudinal
discal markings.
Pale lateral margins not con-
tinuous
Pale margins
around apex.
Elytra at most with aca aml
sutural markings.
Upper surface shining
Upper surface opaque
continuous
Oc.
Ca.
L
S
Lo.
Lo.
Lo.
on
». subfasciatus, Snd.
australis, Snd.
perlatus, 1. sp.
. pallidipes, n. sp.
. atramentarius, Chp.
. auriculatus, Suff,
. erythrotis, Chp.
. Microscopicus, TN. Sp.
Lo.
marginipennis, N. sp.
lateriflavus, 1. sp.
imeonstans, N. sp.
castigatus, 1. sp.
Id. subbrunnea, Snd.
Lo.
immaturus, TD. sp.
* In Oc. australis, Snd., the base is feebly, the apex not at all
carinate ;
in Oc. subfasciatus, Snd., there is often an obscure im-
punctate ‘line (not at all or scarcely visibly elevated) that from some
directions appears like a feeble carina.
+ It is frequent more than half the length of the third, rarely it is
not quite half.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides.
NIN.
. Scutellum strongly transverse,
Scutellum notched at base.*
its apex truncate.
. Elytra pallid
. Elytra green or blue . :
. Elytra reddish with two black
conjoined fasciz
. Scutellum as long as wile or
longer, if transverse then
more or less triangular,
. Prothorax and elytra entirely
black
. Prothorax and elytns te Roth
black.
. Scutellum much longer than
wide
. Scutellum at most ee per-
ceptibly longer than wide.
. Upper-surface not at all red.
. Elytra densely punctate, the
punctures frequently con-
fluent .
s. Elytra moderately “anaes
the punctures seldom con-
fluent ;
. Prothorax or cee more or
less red.
. Elytra not at all red.t
. Elytra bright metallic green
OLebINelee
t.t. Elytra deep, pure iiack,
uw. Prothorax almost entirely
black
u.u. Prothorax red.
v. Four front femora black
v.v. Four front femora reddish .
. Elytra, if black, with a purp-
lish-bluish or greenish gloss.
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
Id.
Lo.
=)
Ch.
=>
Lo.
349
rutilans, n. sp.
consors, Boi.
comptus, N. sp.
atra, Snd.
obtusus, Chp,
viridis, Snd.
subvirens, Chp.
, tricolor, Fab.
. dolens, n. sp.
. castor, . sp.
. conjugatus, Chp.
* In Lo. subvirens, Chp., and Lo. gravatus, Chp., the scutellum
is just perceptibly notched ;
in Lo. piceitarsis, Chp., the notch is
occasionally fairly distinct, but it is usually traceable with difficulty.
+ In the male of Lo. piceitarsis, Chp., however, the apex is some-
times feebly diluted with red.
350
U.
We.
Vv.
V.V.
U.
WW.
Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Head densely, coarsely and
regularly punctate.
Head differently sculptured.*
Intercoxal process of pro-
sternum with a_ distinct
(although short) median
process. Sm aR Pe
Intercoxal process obtusely
rounded.
Prothorax reddish in both
sexes
. Prothorax pinch or ue
in male
. Elytra more or less sek,
. Middle of apex of prothorax
black +.
. Middle of extreme apex of pro-
thorax not black.
. Elytra without dark markings
or only at base and suture.
. Prothorax fasciate.
. Prothorax non-fasciate . :
. Elytra with dark markings
other than at base and suture.
. Markings transverse .
. Markings longitudinal.
. Prothorax without discal mark-
ings.
Prothorax with dice dni
ings.
Lo. mixtus, n. sp. ¢.
Lo. disconiger, n. sp. g.
Lo. piceitarsis, Chp.
Lo. lugubris, n. sp.
Lo. disconiger, n. sp. 9.
Ca. fasciaticollis, n. sp.
Lo. mixtus, n. sp. 2.
Cr. minuscalus, 1. sp.
Lo, virgatus, n. sp.
Lo. contigwus, 1. sp.
LACHNABOTHRA BRACCATA, Klug.
Lachnabothra Hope, Saund.
var. Lachnabothra Breweri, Baly.
Dr. Baly says of this insect (described as a Chlamys with
a query by Klug): “I have not been able satisfactorily to
identify Dr. Klug’s insect ; it is, however, very closely allied
to L. waterhousei, and may possibly prove to be the same
* In these species the head has sometimes fairly large punctures,
but then the interspaces are densely punctate or strigose.
+ The black portion extends to the extreme apex.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 351
insect.” . Klug describes the prothoracic tubercles as
“parum elevatis,” whilst in Waterhousei they are as de-
scribed by Baly himself “validum subconicum.” In the
figure by Klug the tarsi are drawn of normal appearance.
The species to my thinking is undoubtedly LZ. hopei, of
which the male was unknown to Saunders. L. breweri
appears to be only a slight variety of this species.
LACHNABOTHRA SAUNDERSI, Baly.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 178, 180, 181.)
The exact locality of his specimens was unknown to
Baly. I have specimens agreeing with his description
from Sydney, Wollongong and Queanbeyan (N. 8. Wales).
Two males from Tasmania have the base of the elytra and
the greater portion of the prothorax stained with black.
LACHNABOTHRA WATERHOUSEI, Baly.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Forest Reefs.
LACHNABOTHRA WILSONI, Baly.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA,
PRASONOTUS SUBMETALLICUS, Suff,
Prasonotus morbillosus, Baly.
7 morbillosus, Chop.
A chapwist, Blackb.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 106.)
I believe that morbillosus, Baly, and morbillosus, Chp.,
both belong to this species. I have taken a considerable
number of specimens in Western Australia, all on Xan-
thorrhex. ‘The specimens which I refer to the species
vary to aremarkable degree in the sculpture of prothorax
and elytra ; on some small specimens the prothorax 1s punc-
tate only, except for a few strigosities at the outer base ;
in others the strigosities extend round the sides and front,
whilst in some large specimens the sculpture agrees ex-
actly with Baly’s descriptions of those of morbillosus. .On
the small specimens the elytra are regularly seriate-punc-
tate, or regularly striate-punctate, except close to the
shoulders: in the larger ones the punctures are not only
much larger, but very much more irregular, but close to
the suture apex and outer margins (except close to the
352 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
shoulders) they are in almost regular rows, the interspaces
between the rows at the places named being almost regu-
larly convex (in the small specimens the elytra are striate
only at the apex).
I have not seen the variety described by Baly as having
the head and prothorax black, but a rather common
variety in Western Australia has a large black cloud on
the disc of the prothorax and nearer the base than apex.
The elytra vary from deep blue to deep green.
Suffrian’s and Chapuis’ specimens were from W. Austra-
lia, Baly’s from N.S. Wales and W. Australia. If I am
correct (as I think I am) in referring both Baly’s and
Chapuis’ species to swhmetallicus there will be no necessity
for the name Chapuisi proposed by Blackburn * for mor-
billosus, Chop.
PRASONOTUS RUFICANDIS, Baly.
Hab. N.S. WALES.
CADMUS RUGICOLLIS, Gray.
(Plate XXII, figs. 1, 2.
I have seen many specimens agreeing with Saunders’
description of this species, which appears in the catalogue
as a synonym of ruwbiginosus, Boi, ; as to which species are
really rubiginosus, Boi, and gigas, Oliv., probably only an
examination of the types (if such are still extant) could
determine. The description and figure of rugicollis as
given in Cuvier’s “ Animal Kingdom ” (vol. 15, p. 146, and
plate 67, fig. 5) are quite useless.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Wide Bay; N.S. WaLEs: Hunter
River; SYDNEY; VicrorRIA: Gippsland; S. AUSTRALIA.
Mr. A. Simson has two males from Queensland, which
I hesitate to regard as representing more than a variety of
this species ; they are considerably narrower than Tas-
manian specimens, and the elytral markings are somewhat
different ; but as I have seen forms from N. 8. Wales in-
termediate in width I have not thought it advisable to
describe them as new.
CADMUS LITIGIOSUS, Boh.
The size of the spots on this species vary to a certain
extent, and a specimen in the Macleay Museum has the
two hind spots conjoined.
* T.R.S.S. A., 1891, p. 139.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 353
Hab. N. S. Wates: Monaro, Queanbeyan, Jenolan ;
VicTORIA : Gisborne.
CADMUS AUSTRALIS, Boi.
Hab. TASMANIA (widely distributed),
CADMUS EXCREMENTARIUS, Suff.
(Plate XXII, fig. 3.)
Hab. N.S. WALES; 8S. AusTRALIA; W. AUSTRALIA.
CADMUS PACIFICUS, Suff.
The specimen described by Suffrian was a typical female,
and of which I have seen numerous specimens. I have a
female which is dark red except that the head, terminal
joint of antennz, two transverse spots on prothorax (sepa-
rated at the median line), base of prothorax, scutellum
and elytra, and a small spot on each shoulder, are black,
the metasternum is infuscate. Another female has in
addition the two terminal joints of tarsi, the whole of
the scutellum and several obscure patches on elytra, black ;
this specimen agrees passably well with Chapuis’ de-
scription of the female of stvigillatus, but probably his
female was different. One female before me is entirely
black, except for its pubescence and some obscure antennal
joints.
The male is always smaller than the female (34-44 as
against 43-6 mm.) and the antennz are considerably
longer (noticeably passing the apex of the body). The
normal male is black except for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th,
part of the 5th and the lower portion of the Ist joints of
antennz and the connection between femora and coxe;
the apex of the elytra has usually an indistinct reddish
spot or margin, never so distinct or wide as in the female
and occasionally quite absent. A form of the male occurs
in which only the upper surface of the 1st and the apical
three-fourths of the 11th joints of antennz are black.
One male before me has the upper portion of the 1st and
the whole of the 11th joints black on both sides; the
left antenna has the 6th and 7th joints dark, whilst
the right has the apex of the 5th and the whole of the
following joints dark.
Suffrian says the prothorax of this species has serrated
margins. I have never seen a specimen in which the
354 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on °
margins are truly serrated, although owing to the clothing
they frequently appear to be so.
The species is very common on young Eucalyptus foliage,
and I have taken many pairs in copula.
Hab. TASMANIA : Hobart, Huon River, Frankford, Ulver-
stone, Sheffield, Mt. Wellington; N. 8S. Wates: Mt.
Victoria, Sydney, Goulburn.
CADMUS PURPURASCENS, Chp.
A female from Ropes Creek in the Macleay Museum
agrees exactly with Chapuis’ description and figure of this
species ; a male in my own collection from Jenolan, which
I believe to be conspecific, has the base of the head, the
space between the antennz and a line connecting with
the base black, the head elsewhere being flavous; the
antennz are entirely black except the lower parts of the
four basal joints; the prothorax is piceous-brown with
obscure darker spaces and with the lateral and anterior
margins flavous; the scutellum is black, the elytra are as
in the female except that the shoulders, two small and
obscure submedian spots (the outer one almost exactly
in the middle of the length, the inner somewhat nearer
apex) and the extreme margins are black ; the femora and
tibiz are black variegated with flavous, the tarsi are
entirely black.
Chapuis does not mention the length of the antennz ;
in the male before me they considerably pass the apex of
the body, in the female they just extend to the apex.
CADMUS STRATIOTICUS, Chp.
There is a specimen of this species in the Macleay
Museum, but it is without a locality label.
CADMUS SCULPTILIS, Chp.
A very pretty species the type of which was described
as having a brown scutellum ; in seven specimens before
me only two have it brown (a male and a female), in the
others it is of a deep black ; the elytral punctures are also
described as brown, in two male specimens they are deep
black ; in one male the entire legs are pallid, There is
in all seven a black spot on each shoulder, but the spots
are sometimes very small. The smallest male measures
43, the largest female 7 mm.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 355
Hab. QUEENSLAND; N.S. WALES; Victoria; SOUTH
AUSTRALIA.
CapMus scutTatus, Chp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 107.)
This species, of which only the female was known to
Chapuis, is very variable and is fairly common about the
Swan River; I have but one specimen (a female), however,
which agrees exactly with Chapuis’ description. In the
other specimens the scutellum is entirely black, or black
with the apex reddish.
In the ordinary female a line down the face, a median
prothoracic line (both rarely absent) and occasionally an
indistinct spot on each side are black ; on the elytra the
humeral calli are always darker thau their surroundings,
and there are often more or less distinct traces of two
dark fascize (one subbasal, the other median) ; the basal
joint of antenne is usually black above, the apical joint is
usually infuscate or black, sometimes the two apical joints
are black ; occasionally the entire antenne are pallid.
The ordinary male has the two apical joints of the
antennz and most of the basal, the vertex and a line
down the face, a prothoracic cross, the humeral calli and
traces of two fasciz (as in the female) and the greater
part of the metasternum black (one female under ex-
amination agrees in all respects with such markings).
The prothoracic cross is much as in the ordinary form of
erucicollis, but more sharply defined ; from cruecicollis, how-
ever, the species may be distinguished by the very different
elytral sculpture.
CADMUS HISTRIONICUS, Chp.
(Plate XXII, fig. 4.)
The exact locality of his specimen (a female) was
unknown to Chapuis; the species was subsequently re-
ferred by Baly to Prionoplewra.
I have a pair taken in copula at Geraldton (Champion
Bay) in which the male agrees with Chapuis’ description ;
two females from Birchip (Victoria) and one from South
Australia also agree with the description; the Geraldton
female, however, differs in having only the two terminal
joints black.
The black markings of the under-surface and the
elytral spots are subject to considerable variation, but the
356 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
species, on account of its antenne, is one of the most
distinct in the subfamily.
CapMus LucTuosus, Chp.
Paracadmus lucifugus, Baly.
Cadmus maculicollis, Chyp.
(Plates XXII, XXIV, figs. 5, 6, 7, 108, 109, 110.)
T concur with the Rev. T. Blackburn (T. B.S. S. A.
1890, p. 185) in regarding Paracadmus lucifugus as a
synonym of this species. A specimen before me has the
extreme base of the front femora pallid beneath as well as
the four hind ones; in three males one has a dark streak
on the 2nd and 8rd ventral segments (as in ducifugus), one
has a streak on the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd and one on the 2nd,
3rd and 4th; in one the pale markings on the prothorax
are as described by Blackburn, in another the discal mark-
ings are entirely absent, whilst in another they are repre-
sented by two small feeble spots.
The female of this species has been described under the
name of maculicollis by Chapuis, and I have both the
typical form and variety described by him.
For the mating of these very dissimilar sexes I am
indebted to Mr. Masters, who has taken specimens in
copula,
Hab. N. S. WAtES: Mounts Kosciusko and Victoria,
Sydney, Bombala, Cooma and Jenolan.
CADMUS ORNATUS, Chp.
(Plate XXII, figs. 8, 9.)
Three specimens from Ipswich, Moreton Bay and
Brisbane agree with Chapuis’ description of this species,
another from Ipswich differs in having the greater
portion of the prothorax clouded with black and the fascia
reduced to a rather narrow spot on the middle of each
elytron.
Two females (in the Macleay Museum) from Rock-
hampton appear to represent a very distinct variety,
having the head, anterior and lateral margins of prothorax,
the raised portions at base of elytra, a rather wide median
fascia and the apex pale flavous.
Two males (also in the Macleay Museum) from Ipswich
have the elytra reddish-brown throughout except for a
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 357
very narrow black basal edging; the vertex and a line
down the face are brown, and there is a large inverted
infuscate triangle on the prothorax; the prothoracic
margins, however, are flavous, as in all the other
specimens.
All these specimens agree so well in their structural
details that I have no option but to regard them as
varieties of one species although the colour differ-
ences (especially of the last described specimens) are so
pronounced.
CADMUS QUADRIVITTATUS, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXIV, figs. 10, 111.)
Only the male was known to Chapuis. The female
differs in being larger (7$ mm.) with shorter and almost
uniformly coloured antennz, markings on both head and
prothorax of a dingy brown instead of black and dark
markings quite absent on the elytra under-surface and
legs; in both sexes of the specimens before me the two
median prothoracic markings are conjoined at the base.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
CADMUS STRIGILLATUS, Chp.
A female from Canterbury (N. S. Wales) differs from
the male (of which I have Victorian specimens before
me) in having only the basal markings of elytra (“ callo
humeralr, fascia submedia obliqua”) distinct, the apical
spots being scarcely traceable. Chapuis describes the pro-
thorax of the female as “ brunneo, macula transversa no-
tato.” In my female the prothorax is black with the
anterior and lateral margins obscurely pallid ; its antenne,
however, are as in the type female.
CADMUS TRISPILUS, Chp.
(Plate XXII, fig. 11.)
This species is very closely allied to excrementarius, Suff.,
differing principally in length and width of antenne.
One specimen before me has a large space at the base of
the elytra black and also a broad irregular sutural stripe
to beyond the middle of the same colour.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Wide Bay, Rockhamp-
ton; N.S. WALES: Inverell.
358 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CADMUS AURANTIACUS, Chp.
(Plate XXIV, figs. 112, 113, 114, 115.)
I have three specimens from Jenolan (where the species
appears to be common) which agree with the description
of this species except in having the vertex and between
the eyes black. The size and density of the prothoracic
punctures vary greatly in the species; the elytra vary in
colour from dark brownish-red to almost flavous.
Var. A.—Prothoracie markings reduced to five small disconnected
spots. :
Var. B.—Metasternum, abdomen (except intercoxal process), scu-
tellum, part of Ist and the 6th-11th antennal joints, apex of femora
and of tibia and the tarsi black ; prothoracic Y broken up into
three (two large and one rather small) disconnected spots.
Var. C.—Metasternum, abdomen (except intercoxal process), scu-
tellum, antenne (except the 2nd, 4th and part of the Ist joints),
apical half of femora and of tibize and the Ist and 3rd tarsal joints,
black.
All the specimens I have seen are females; the male is
probably very ditferent in appearance and possibly already
bears another name.
CapMUS COoLossus, Chp.
Referred by Chapuis to Cadmus, by Baly to brachycaulus,
to which it really belongs. The male of this species appears
to be very rare; judging by the only specimen I have seen
it differs from the female in being smaller (7 mm.) and
darker and with the antenne longer and thinner; the
elytra also are considerably, rougher.
Hab, QUEENSLAND : Brisbane, Dawson River, Wide Bay,
Port Denison; N.S. WALES: Condobolin.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS (CADMUS) PAUPERCULUS, Germ.
(Plate XXII, figs. 12, 13, 14.)
This is a very variable species and rather common about,
Sydney. The male is fairly constant in size, but varies
from the form described by Germar to one in which the
prothorax is almost entirely pale with the elytral markings
consisting of a dark basal patch and four (teebly connected
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 359
or not) post-median spots; in all the paler varieties the
pygidium and apical segment of abdomen are pallid; a
male before me has the prothorax, abdomen and pygidium
black, but the elytra as in the type. A common variety
of the male is entirely piceous black with the legs and
antenne in parts paler; rarely the whole insect is dark.
The female rarely resembles the type in colour and
varies from 2 (vix) to 24 mm.; the normal form is pallid
except for the head, terminal joints of antenne, scutellum,
and the base of both prothorax and elytra, and usually
(but not always) a small post-median spot on each elytron.
In a female in the Macleay Museum the prothorax is
clouded in front (except at the extreme apex); the scutellum
and a rather wide space at base of elytra, the suture and
four post-median spots are dark.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS TRICOLOR, Fab.
(Plate XXV, fig. 156.)
I have before me the sexes (four males and three females)
of a species which I believe to be ¢ricolor. Fabricius’
description is brief enough, but he describes the abdomen as
“albidum.” Commenting on the species Suffrian remarks :
—“T do not know this species, the one which I consider
closest to the description is viridipenmis, Saund.” It appears
to me that viridipennis, Saund. (perlongus, Chp.), cannot
possibly be ¢vicolor, which is described as “ parvus,” whilst
viridipennis is a large species; its abdominal clothing is
certainly whitish, but it is sparse and indistinct. It is also
very unlikely that Fabricius would have described as a
variety of ¢ricolor a species which has been referred to
consors, had tricolor been at all like viridipennis.* The
species I believe to be ¢ricolor is small and has the abdomen
very pale flavous (in two females it might fairly be called
dingy white), its prothoracic margins are rather wide, the
scutellum is flat, impunctate, triangular (but truncate at
tip) and notched at base; the tarsi are blackish. The
male is smaller than the female (male 2?, female 34 mm.)
and has longer antennz : in two males the elytra are blue,
in the other male, and in all the females they are coppery-
green.
* And if the type is a male it could not possibly be viridipennis.
360 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
The species is allied to consors but is smaller, the pro-
thorax immaculate and with wider margins, the under-
surface and legs (except tarsi) pallid, and the scutellum
longer and with the basal notch more distinct. In consors
and its varieties the punctures on the head (although some-
what variable individually) are simple; in ¢ricolor they
are very dense (especially on the black portion), more or
less confluent and with the interstices strigose.
Hab. TASMANIA: Huon River (on young Eucalyptus
leaves).
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SCABROSUS, Oliv.
Idiocephala rugosa, Saund.
var. Idiocephala similis, Saund.
var. Cryptocephalus rugifrons, Chp.
var. A eximius, Chp.
Re-described by Saunders as Jdiocephala rugosa, as noted
in Masters’ catalogue ; Saunders regarded the red apex of
elytra and golden pubescence of under-surface as sufficient
to distinguish it from his simzlis, but I can only regard
them as forms of one species. I have before me a female
in which there is the typical red patch of scabrosus, whilst a
male (taken i cop. with it by Mr. Masters) has the red -
patch just traceable, being very small in extent and much
darker than usual. In a pair of similis before me the
pubescence of the under-surface is golden in the female
and silvery in the male. A male specimen of simlis has a
distinct greenish gloss on the whole of the upper surface.
Stmilis appears to be the typical form, and scabrosus the
variety. In both the sculpture of prothorax and elytra
varies considerably ; they are fairly common in N. 8.
Wales.
Rugifrons, Chp., from S. Australia and eximius, Chp.
(omitted from the catalogue), I can only regard as very
slight local varieties.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS JACKSONI, Guer.
Originally described from Sydney, but a common species
in early summer in N.S. Wales, Victoria, S. Australia and
Tasmania ; the sexes are alike in colour. A variety, fairly
common in Tasmania, is of a deep purple colour, but
occasionally the purple is confined to the elytra,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 361
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SALEBROSUS, Guer.
As this species is compared with Cadmus rugicollis, it is
probably allied to that species; * but the description is too
imperfect to render its identification at all certain.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS HAMATODES, Boi.
var. Cryptocephalus carnifex, Suft.
Re-described by Saunders (to whom only the female was
known) as a Dicenopsis. In the ordinary female of this
species the under-surface is dark red stained in places with
piceous; in the ordinary male the whole of the under-sur-
face, except the flanks of the prosternum, is black ; in both
sexes the tibize (except at base and apex) are blood-red, in
the female the femora are usually red stained in places with
black, in the male the femora (except the base of the
anterior pair) are usually deep black. In the female the
pygidium is red, in the male it is sometimes red and some-
times black; the head is red in the female and more or
less black in the male.
C. carnifex, Sutt., differs in having the under-surface and
legs in both sexes entirely black (with or without a bluish
gloss) and the punctures of both prothorax and elytra very
much smaller and sparser. I believe, however, that it
should be regarded as a(very distinct) variety of hematodes,
although it is smooth whilst hwmatodes is rough; the
antenne of both forms are identical (those of the
male being unusually long and those of the female un-
usually short) and the punctures are similar in character
(although very much coarser in hematodes, but very vari-
able amongst individuals), being, on the elytra, crowded at
the base, subgeminate in arrangement about the middle
and seriate posteriorly; in carnifex the elytra are feebly or
not at all striate posteriorly, in hwmatodes they are feebly
or moderately strongly striate posteriorly; the posthumeral
lobes and the scutellum (frequently useful distinguishing
features) are identical in both.
I have only seen specimens of hematodes from Tasmania
and of carnifex from the mainland—S. Australia ; Victoria
—Benalla, Mangalore and Korumburra; N. 8. Wales—
Forest Reefs, Bombala, Sydney and Queanbeyan.
* Quite possibly it is a variety of it, as the distinguishing features
relied on related to colour only.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 24
362 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CRUCICOLLIS, Boi.
Cadmus crucicollis (Boi.), Suffr.
Prionopleura crucicolle (Boi.), Saund.
var. Prionopleura hope, Saund.
m t creek-nigra, Saund.
ke e Jlavocincta, Saund.
Cadmus cinnamomeus, Suftr.
Re: cs amplicollis, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXIV, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 116, 117,
118, 119.)
This is probably the most widely distributed and at the
same time the most variable species in the subfamily. I
have specimens from all the Australian States. Not only
are the colours and markings very variable, but the sculp-
ture of the elytra is much less acute in some specimens
(especially in the varieties about favocinctus) than in
others; the prothorax also seems to overhang the head
more in flavocinctus and amplicollis than in the more
typical forms.
On Mt. Kosciusko and in Tasmania a variety occurs which
is entirely black except that parts of the coxe and some of
the antennal joints are obscurely diluted with red. In
specimens having the ordinary markings the black terminal
joints of the antennz vary in number from one to seven.
A small male from Brisbane agrees exactly with
Chapuis’ description of amplicollis (a variety close to flavo-
cinctus); a female received with it has the prothoracic
cross reduced to a longitudinal and two transverse dis-
connected vitte.
Of cinnamomeus Blackburn says (T. R. S.S. A., 1890, p.
136): “I have never seen a specimen quite agreeing with
Suttrian’s type, which should have no markings at all on
the prothorax.” I have a pair taken near Sydney 7n cop.,
of which the female has the prothorax entirely without
markings and agreeing with Suffrian’s description of
cinnamomeus, and the male with the markings ascribed by
Saunders to flavocinctus.
I have not considered it necessary to give any fresh
varietal names, although the black specimens from Mt.
Kosciusko and Tasmania are much more distinct from the
typical form than any of the already named varieties.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 363
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONSORS, Boi.
Cryptocephalus tricolor, Fab. var.
var. Idiocephala roei, Saund.
a e atripennis, Saund,
s 7 elegans, Saund.
Loxopleurus plagicollis, Chp.
(Plate XXV, figs. 136, 137, 157.)
In this species and its varieties the dark parts of the
head and prothorax vary considerably in extent independ-
ently of sex, and specimens from Tasmania as a rule are
larger and darker and the markings greater in extent than
on those from N. 8. Wales.
The form described by Boisduval was without the yellow
elytral margins and appears to be rare; Blackburn
(T. R. 8. 8. A., 1891, p. 139) records it from N.S. Wales.
Cryptocephalus tricolor, Fab. var. Suffrian (Linn. Ent.,
1859, p. 101) says the supposed variety of tricolor described
by Fabricius belongs to consor's.
Idiocephala roct, Saund. This is the common form,
having, as described by Saunders, the yellow margins not
continuous to the apex of elytra, the scutellum black and
the femora black except at base. It was described origin-
ally as from the Swan River and Van Diemen’s Land, and
is fairly common in N. 8. Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
I. atripennis, Saund. A variety having the elytra black
and 3rd and 4th joints of antennze brownish; it is appar-
ently avery rare variety and is unknown to me; no locality
for it is given by Saunders.
I. elegans, Saund. Described as having the scutellum
and femora pale and the external markings of elytra
almost continuous to apex. In a pair taken 7m cop. near
Sydney the male has the scutellum black and the female
pale but with dusky margins.
Loxopleurus plagicollis, Chp. This appears to be a
synonym only of the variety elegans.
A variety, hitherto undescribed, of which I have a speci-
men from Sydney, has the scutellum and femora pale, the
lateral markings of elytra very narrow towards but con-
joined at apex, and the prothoracic blotch reduced to a
narrow brownish streak; the 3rd and 4th joints of its
antennz are paler than the others.
364 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Another variety from N.S. Wales differs from variety
voct only by having the base and apex of femora pallid.
Still another variety from N.S. Wales has the scutellum
black, femora pallid and pale elytral margin conjoined at
apex, with the three basal joints diluted with red.
Dr. Baly refers the species to his genus Huphyma.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SPECIOSUS, Boi.
(Plates XXII, XXV, figs. 21, 138.)
A common species and one of the very few Australian
members of the genus in which the markings do not appear
to vary.
Hab. N. S. Waves: Tamworth; QUEENSLAND: Bris-
bane, Somerset, Townsville, Moreton Bay.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CASTUS, Suff.
(Plate XXII, figs. 22, 23.)
This is a fairly common species with slightly variable
markings,
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA; S, AUSTRALIA.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS PARENTHETICUS, Suff.
(Plates XXII, XXIV, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27, 120, 121.)
This is a very variable species. The prothoracic mark-
ings consist of three longitudinal black bands of very
variable size and occasionally conjoined. The dark parts
of the elytra may cover the greater part of their surface or
a small portion only. In some Brisbane specimens the
dark elytral markings consist of a narrow semicircular
basal edging commencing on the shoulders and conjoined
behind scutellum, a narrow sutural edging and a rather
small oblong spot near the apex of each elytron ; ina speci-
men from Rockhampton the colour is as in these except
that the apical spot is wanting, in others from Brisbane the
apical spot is semi-connected with the suture by a series of
small spots. The under-surface and appendages appear to
be constant in coloration.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA ; VicToRIA; N.S. WALES: Sydney,
Goulburn, Forest Reefs, Windsor, Ropes Creek, Hay;
QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Rockhampton, Ipswich.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 365
CRYPTOCEPHALUS VIRIDINITENS, Chp.
A beautiful species in colour resembling jacksoni * but
in sculpture approaching scabrosus ; the narrow but distinct
carina on the pygidium should alone render it distinct.
A male specimen (kindly presented to me by Mr. H. J.
Carter) has the prothorax and elytra of a beautiful golden-
purple, the base of the head and scutellum coppery or
coppery-green, the head in front, pygidium and the lower
surface green, the legs blue with purplish reflections and
the antennez black with, in places, a bluish gloss. In size
it is smaller than the female with the eyes closer together
and the antenne longer than the body (in the female the
antennz barely extend to the pygidium).
Hab. N. 8. Wates: Sydney, Blue Mountains ;
Vicrorta: Warragul.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS EUMOLPUS, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXV, figs. 28, 29, 145.)
I have seen typical specimens of this species from
Mackay, Port Denison and Somerset. A variety from
Somerset differs in having the prothoracic marking
reduced to a narrow streak, the scutellum and elytra very
narrowly bordered with black, and the only spot on each
elytron the humeral one and this is deep black, without the
least bluish or purplish gloss.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CLAVICORNIS, Chp.
(Plate XXVI, figs. 183, 184.)
Mr. Masters has given me under this name a pair of in-
sects from the Clarence River which differ from Chapuis’
description in having the head rather coarsely punctate
and the tibise of the male entirely black. I believe, how-
ever, that they are correctly named, as the antenne are
peculiar and exactly as described.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS BIHAMATUS, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXV, XXVI, figs. 30, 139, 140, 141, 142,
158, 185, 186.)
An unmistakable species, at_ least as regards the male.
A remarkable character of the male, not mentioned by
* In several collections I have seen specimens of jacksoni bearing
the name viridinitens.
366 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Chapuis, is that the serrations of the antenne are reversed
after the 7th joint.
The male has usually on the prothorax a large sub-
triangular black median patch (the narrow end touching
the base); in the female the patch is sometimes widest in
the middle and broad at the base, the part in front being
reduced to a point, or frequently it appears as a narrow
streak. The dark fasciz on the elytra are deep black and
sharply defined in the male; in the female they are much
less sharply defined and are occasionally absent. In two
females under examination the abdomen and legs (except
the penultimate joint of all the tarsi) are entirely pallid.
Hab. Victoria; N. S. WALES: Jenolan, Tamworth,
Whitton, Ropes Creek, Yass, Armidale, Blue Mts. ; QUEENS-
LAND: Brisbane, Port Denison.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS PQCILODERMIS, Chp.
A pretty and somewhat variable species. A female from
Somerset, measuring 8 mm., has the metasternum slightly
infuscate and the punctures surrounding the scutellum
stained with black instead of brown. The prothorax,
elytra and scutellum are narrowly edged with black or
dark brown (a character not mentioned by Chapuis).
Specimens in the Macleay Museum from N. W.
Australia are smaller ( f 54, 2 64 mm.) and paler than
those from Queensland, and the punctures on both
prothorax and elytra are smaller.
Two males before me have the fifth abdominal segment
unusually large, and with a wide and not very shallow
excavation occupying the greater portion of its surface,
this excavation is of a totally different character to the
apical fovea of the female, and is not bordered with hairs.
Seen from above the excavated segment appears to be the
fourth, but the fourth is visible only from the sides, each
side of it appearing as an isosceles triangle.
A female measuring 8 mm. from Port Darwin (in the
Macleay Museum) I hesitate to regard as more than a
variety of this species; it differs, however, from a female
from Port Denison (the original locality) in having the
vertex infuscate and with larger and in places confluent
punctures, the prothoracic punctures larger and not stained,
the elytral punctures larger and more deeply stained,
the stains more confluent and the pallid spaces more longi-
tudinal and maze-like in appearance, not, as in the type,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 367
“elytris subbifasciatis, punctis pone basin et pone medium
congestis,” the scutellum notch is also larger. It would be
unsafe, however, to describe it as a new species without
seeing more specimens.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS TERMINALIS, Chp.
? Cryptocephalus facialis, Chp.
(Plate XXII, fig. 31.)
The type specimen of this species (undoubtedly a
female) had a large apical black patch. I have seen three
such females, but four others have the elytra (except at the
extreme base) entirely pallid; five males (one marked as
having been taken im cop. with a Gayndah female having
the dark apical patch) have the elytra also of uniform
colour. It is doubtful therefore as to whether the form of
the female having the black apical patch should be re-
garded as typical or varietal, but the typical male at least
appears to be without the apical patch. Specimens vary
considerably in the size of their punctures.
The male differs from the female in being smaller and
with longer and thinner antenne. It seems to me quite
possible that the male was described by Chapuis under the
name of facialis; he says, however, that the antennz of
that species have only the basal joint red and that the
tarsi have the two apical joints infuscate, whilst in all the
males of terminalis before me the two basal joints of
antennze (and usually part of the third) are pallid and all
the tarsal joints are dark.
This species is perilously close to C. conjugatus (not
Loxopleurus conjugatus, Chp.), but even if it is to be regarded
as a variety of that species it can be readily distinguished
by its pallid under-surface and legs (except tarsi).
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Port Denison, Mackay;
N. W. AUSTRALIA.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ANTENNALIS, Chp.
Dr. Chapuis says of this species “capite rugulosa, postice
subtuberculate.” There are two specimens from Wide Bay
(the original locality) in the Macleay Museum which I
refer, without hesitation, to this species, but I cannot re-
gard the base of the head as subtuberculate, the base is
rather more convex than is usual in the genus, but the
368 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
outline of the convexity is uniform. The head is densely
and finely longitudinally strigose with rather numerous
punctures at the sides.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONJUGATUS, Chp.
Specimens from N. W. Australia in the Macleay
Museum agree in colour, size, etc. with some from Port
Denison (the original locality), but differin having the
punctures of the upper surface (and especially of the
elytra) finer.
Two specimens from Somerset have the punctures
(especially of the elytra) noticeably coarser than the Port
Denison ones, whilst one of them has the femora and four
basal joints of antennze (instead of five) pallid.
This species (probably on account of there being a
Loxopleurus conjugatus) was omitted from the catalogue.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS GRACILIOR, Chp.
(Plate XXII, fig. 32.)
Of this species Chapuis says, “elytvis . . . basi late...
nigro-cyaneis.” 1 have seen numerous specimens from
Queensland (Somerset, Townsville, Mackay, Duaringa and
Port Denison), which probably belong to it and in which
the basal marking is advanced along the suture and
shoulders, the dark part of the head has a bluish gloss
(Chapuis simply says “nigra”), and the abdomen varies
from flavous to wholly black. Chapuis describes the pro-
thorax as having an abbreviated black line; such a line
appears to be usually present, but it is occasionally absent,
whilst in one specimen under examination there are three
feeble lines to be seen.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CHRYSOMELINUS, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXV, figs. 33, 159.)
The male (unknown to Chapuis) differs from the female
in being smaller, with less parallel and smaller elytra and
antennz longer than the body, those of the female being
noticeably shorter. I have a specimen from Somerset and
have seen others from Townsville.
A variety from Somerset has on each elytron a fairly
large oblique flavous spot before the middle and conjoined
at suture, the shape and position being much the same as
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 369
in flaviventris but rather smaller; the other parts of the
elytra are metallic, varying from green and blue to various
shades of gold and purple.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Port Denison, Endeavour River,
Cairns; N. W. AUSTRALIA.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS Jocosus, Chp.
Loxopleurus postremus, Chop.
Rhombosternus pretiosus, Baly.
(Plate XXII, figs. 34, 35.)
The female of this species, of which I have taken many
pairs 77 cop., was described by Chapuis in 1875 as coming
from Victoria, the male was subsequently described (also as
from Victoria) by him as Loxopleurus postremus. In 1877
Baly described the female as Rhombosternus pretiosus. In
both sexes the head varies from entirely red to half red
and half black.
Hab. N. 8. WatEs: Armidale, Forest Reefs, Quean-
beyan, Blue Mts., Jenolan; Victoria: Gisborne.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS IRIDIPENNIS, Chp.
var. Idiocephala chapucsi, Baly.
(Plate XXII, figs. 36, 37.)
The Rev. T. Blackburn (in T. R. 8. S. A., 1893, p. 140,
by aslip of the pen speaking of the species as iridiventris)
calls attention to the fact that Baly’s L. chapuisi is a
variety of this species.
Tn the female, and occasionally in the male, the elytra
are frequently purple instead of green, and even when
green the outer parts are usually purplish.
The pale portion of the elytra sometimes covers most of
the surface, but in the female usually about half; it is often
more or less triangular in outline and sometimes forms a
short broad \/, in only one specimen (a male from Mackay)
have I seen the two colours sharply defined, as they usually
run more or less into each other, and in the males the pale
portion is often scarcely traceable.
Hab. N. S. Wares: Tweed, Richmond and Clarence
Rivers, Kiama; QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Cairns, Mackay,
370 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ACICULATUS, Chp.
(Plates XXII, XXV, figs. 38, 39, 143, 144.)
There are three specimens in the Macleay Museum from
South Australia (two of them labelled “ Interior of 8S. A.”)
that belong to this species ; in one of them the scutellum
is blackish-brown, in the others deep black; in the two
specimens from the interior the greater portion of the
elytra is dark, the basal fascia occupies more than one-
third of the surface, and the apical spots are very large,
and each appears to be surrounded by a pallid ring; in one
specimen the head is entirely red.
Another specimen in the Macleay Museum (from N. W.
Australia) differs from the description in being larger
(5 mm.), in having the prothoracic spot small, longitudinal
and irregular, and the scutellum with a rather large pallid
spot.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS FILUM, Chp.
(Plate XXII, fig. 40.)
Only the female was known to Chapuis; the male
differs in being smaller, with longer antennz (exactly
reaching to the apex of the body) and (in the only
specimen before me) the second fascia occupying the whole
of the apical two-fifths of elytra; in two females before
me this fascia appears to be composed of two large
conjoined spots, narrowed towards suture, and leaving a
fairly large apical patch of the ground colour; in the male
also the abdomen is rather dingy instead of being (as in
the female) a clear lemon-yellow. Baly referred the species
to his genus Paracephala (=NSchizosternus); the hinder
apex of the prosternum, however, is much less deeply
excised than in his P. pectoralis (= S. albogularis), although
it might fairly perhaps be regarded as semicircularly
emarginate : it is, moreover, so closely applied to the
mesosternum that it can only be separated with difficulty.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ARGENTATUS, Chp.
(Plate XXII, figs. 41, 42.
Idiocephala bella, Baly.
This is a variable species of which I have taken several
pairs in cop. The elytral markings of the male are
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 371
occasionally exactly as in the ordinary female described by
Chapuis, but usually the apical third is black, the black
portion converging obliquely from each side to the suture.
The description of diocephala bella, Baly, appears to
have been drawn up from a normal female of this species.
A variety (of which there are four specimens before me,
one of which was taken in cop. with a male as described
by Chapuis) of the female occurs in which the elytra are
occasionally entirely black; these females look very much
like the specimens I believe to be Loxoplewrus conjugatus,
except that they are larger, but they may be at once
distinguished by the sculpture of the head.
Hab. N. S. Wares: Sydney, Gunning, Tamworth,
Galston, Forest Reefs, Queanbeyan, Jenolan; S. AUSTRALIA;
QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Wide Bay, Mackay.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS DICHROUS, Chp.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47.)
This is a very variable species, closely allied to argentatus,
and with many of its varieties resembling varieties of that
species to a remarkable degree; dichrows, however, has
a longer prothorax, slightly shorter scutellum, stouter
antenne, and head with simple or almost simple punctures ;
whilst in argentatus the upper half of the head is densely
and finely strigose (“ longitudinaliter aciculata ”).
I have only seen two specimens (one from Port Denison,
the other from N. W. Australia) agreeing exactly with
Chapuis’ description of the colours of this species; usually
the sides and apex of elytra are narrowly margined with
dull red, the head (except for the eyes) is usually entirely
pallid; usually the five, but sometimes six, basal joints of
antenne are pallid, whilst in two specimens parts of the
7th and 8th are also pallid; the tarsi are sometimes
entirely pallid, although the 3rd joint is usually darker
than the others; the abdomen and metasternum are
occasionally infuscate. It is in the elytra, however, that
the greatest variation occurs. The following forms are
before me.
Elytra entirely greenish-blue (as in the type).
Elytra greenish-blue, narrowly margined with dull red (this
appears to be the more normal form).
The same, except that there is an obscure subbasal fascia in the
form of a broad V (the V variable in size).
ove Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
The same, except that the fascia is interrupted towards the suture.
Elytra pallid, the base and a large subapical spot on each greenish-
blue. This is a common form; frequently the basal marking is
obscurely advanced for a short distance along the suture, sometimes
it is absent except at the extreme base, the subapical spots never
touch the margin, but occasionally the suture, they are often rounded,
but sometimes triangular.
Elytra pallid, the base a subapical spot on each, and an intermediate
spot on suture greenish-blue.
Elytra pallid except at extreme base, and a slight subapical
infuscate patch.
Elytra pallid except at extreme base, and two small transversely
conjoined subapical spots.
Elytra pallid except at extreme base,
In the pallid varieties the scutellum (except at its
extreme base) is nearly always pallid.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Port Denison; N.W. AUSTRALIA ;
S. AUSTRALIA.
IDIOCEPHALA CATOXANTHA, Saund.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 48.)
The Rev. T. Blackburn describes as a possible variety of
catoxantha, a species from the Northern Territory, of which
there are three specimens from N. W. Australia in the
Macleay Museum, varying from 1? to 3} lines (Blackburn’s
specimens varied from 2 to 32 lines); at the same time he
says he believes the species to be truly catoxzantha, and this
is probably the case. Saunders describes the scutellum as
“pitchy-brown,” Blackburn does not notice it in his
description. In the three specimens mentioned above the
scutellum is concolorous with the prothorax except for a
narrow blackish basal border.
IDIOCEPHALA TASMANICA, Saund.
var. Loxopleurus crassicostatus, Chp.
2 Loxopleurus impressicollis, Boh.
In Masters’ catalogue referred to Loxopleurus. A
specimen from the Sydney Museum (without locality)
agrees exactly with the description; in others from New
South Wales and Tasmania there is a narrow stripe along
the median line of the prothorax, commencing at the apex
and not quite extending to the base; on a Tasmanian
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 373
specimen the pale elytral markings are not confined to the
base and apex, but are irregularly distributed over the disc
as well.
A specimen from Tambourine (Queensland) in Mr.
Ilhdge’s collection differs in having the outer parts (but
not the extreme margins) of both prothorax and elytra
darker (instead of paler) than the general colour, but I can
only regard it as a variety.
Loxopleurus crassicostatus appears to have been founded
upon a variety of this species having the pectus black; I
have one specimen from Sydney in which the greater part
of the metasternum is black, but in five others it is of
a reddish-brown, but very distinctly darker than the
abdomen.
The cost of the elytra in this species are much more
pronounced in some specimens than in others both as
regards their colour and size.
It seems to me quite probable that Lozoplewrus impressi-
collis, Boh. (re-described by Suffrian) may be referable to
this species.
IDIOCEPHALA SUBBRUNNEA, Saund.
Mr. Saunders described the scutellum and ‘“‘ mesosternal
region” as black; in two specimens from Kiama before
me the metasternum but not the mesosternum is black ;
in one the scutellum is almost entirely black, but in the
other it is black only at the base.
This species is given in Masters’ catalogue as a synonym
of Darwini, but I do not know on what authority; I have
seen no specimen agreeing with the description of Darwin.
IDIOCEPHALA BYNOEI, Saund.
Cryptocephalus convexicollis, Chp.
(Plates XXIII, XXV, XXVI, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52, 160, 187.)
This is a fairly common species on young Eucalyptus
foliage in the coastal districts of Western Australia. In
the female the antenne are slightly shorter than the body,
in the male they are distinctly longer, the scutellum has a
large basal fovea; the shape of the postmedian fascia
varies very considerably, but never appears to reach the
margins; it is sometimes broken up into spots; in one
female the basal joint of the antennez is obscure red; in a
male the second, third, and fourth, and the lower part of
374 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
the first are red ; in this specimen also the elytral punctures
are larger and sparser than in other males under examina-
tion. I have a pair taken im copula in which the elytral
punctures are very different inter se.
Two specimens before me from the Swan River at first
sight appear to be very distinct from Bynoei, but I am
satisfied they are varieties only ; in one of them the elytral
punctures are as in the ordinary female, but the black
markings of the upper surface (including the head) consist
of a narrow edging common to the prothorax, scutellum,
and elytra, but on the latter continued to form a humeral
spot (elevated and tuberculiform as in all other specimens
of the species), and two disconnected postmedian spots
placed as in Cadmus eaxcrementarius, Sutf.; the antenne
are black, but with the three basal joints more or less
obscurely diluted with red ; the apex of the tibize and the
tarsi are black; the metasternum is very slightly infuscate ;
the other specimen agrees in its markings with this one
except that the postmedian spots are slightly larger, and
that all the appendages are pallid; its punctures, however,
are very much coarser (much coarser than on any other
specimen I have seen) both on the prothorax and elytra ; *
in both these specimens the shape and proportions of the
antennz joints, the scutellum rounded behind with an
unusually large basal fovea, are as in ordinary specimens.
At first sight it would appear almost absurd to associate
this specimen with typical ones of Bynoei, but I am
convinced that it can only be regarded as a variety of that
species.
The species has been re-described by Chapuis under
the name of Cryptocephalus convexicollis, from quite
ordinary specimens. Chapuis records it from Brisbane,
Rockhampton, and Swan River ; I have only seen specimens
from Western Australia.
IDIOCEPHALA CYANIPENNIS, Saund.
var. Cryptocephalus condensatus, Suff.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 161, 188.)
Mr. Saunders described this species (giving the locality
as “ New Holland”) as having “ under-side of body pale
ochreous yellow” ; subsequently Chapuis described it as a
Cryptocephalus, and as having “ metasterno vix infuscato.”
* These might quite fairly even be called foveate-punctate.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 375
In Masters’ catalogue condensatus of Suffrian is given as
a synonym. Chapuis describes condensatus as a distinct
species, but in this I think he was wrong, although it
differs in a number of particulars from the form described
by Saunders. The form truly representative of the species,
however, is that described by Suffrian and Chapuis in
which the metasternum and abdomen (except at the sides
and the intercoxal process) is black or blackish; in this
form there is frequently a blackish transverse patch on the
prothorax, in some very distinct, in others just traceable.
The antenne are either entirely black (with or without a
metallic gloss) or with the five basal joints more or less
red, both in the typical form and the variety.
The elytra are usually deep blue or violet, but sometimes
greenish, and there are many intermediate shades.
In three specimens from northern N. 8. Wales and
Queensland having the dark under-surface of condensatus
the head (except tor the eyes) is entirely pallid.
In the catalogue there appear two species bearing the
name cyanipennis (Nos. 6468 and 6469). Chapuis, how-
ever, simply re-described Saunders’ species with Saunders’
name attached, so that there is really no preoccupied
name.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Bundaberg; N. S.
WALES: Tweed River, Sydney, Lane Cove, National
Park; Victoria: Melbourne.
There is a specimen from 8. Australia in the Macleay
Museum which I think is probably a variety of this species;
it is, however, very large (6 mm.), with the elytra metallic
green becoming coppery at the base and the prothorax
with a large transverse median black blotch. It is, how-
ever, so close to many of the forms of condensatus that
(having only one specimen to judge from) I cannot regard
it as distinct.
IDIOCEPHALA PULCHELLA, Saund.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 162, 189.)
This species is very closely allied to cyanipennis, and the
under-surface varies in the same way; the elytra vary from
the form described by Saunders (“rich shining green, with
a broad rufous brown lateral marginal band produced
inwards just below the shoulders ”) to entirely purple ; in
two specimens before me the elytra are metallic green with
376 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
coppery reflections. The sides near the shoulders are
usually diluted with red; the scutellum is usually pallid
except at the base, but in five specimens it is entirely
dark. The five basal joints of antennz are more or less
red; I have never seen them entirely dark as they
frequently are in cyanipennis,
The species may be distinguished from cyanipennis and
its varieties by its elytral punctures (not mentioned by
Saunders) being much smaller, those on the head more
numerous and more or less confluent or strigose, the
scutellum more elevated and rounded posteriorly, and the
sixth, seventh and eighth joints of antenne of different
shape (in cyanipennis they are connected in the middle, in
pulchella more towards one side).
The male was unknown to Saunders, it differs from the
female in being smaller and narrower, with longer and
thinner antenne, prothorax more deeply impressed, elytra
with larger punctures, and the eyes larger and closer
together.
Two males before me have the elytra metallic green
shading off to purple at the apex and sides, the scutellum
black and the greater part of the prothorax black (with a
metallic tinge) in one and infuscate in parts in the other.
Hab. N. S. Wares: Sydney, Kurrajong, Jenolan,
Mount Wilson.
IDIOCEPHALA ATRA, Saund.
Loxopleurus nigritus, Chp.
The sex of his specimen was not mentioned by Saunders ;
a female was subsequently described by Chapuis under the
name of Loxoplewrus nigritus. The specimens of both
entomologists were from Tasmania, where the species is
fairly common. I have specimens also from Sydney and
Mt. Victoria (N.S. Wales).
The sexes are alike in colour; the male, however, is
smaller than the female, with longer antenne, and the
space separating the eyes considerably less.
Two specimens (sexes) from §S. Australia have the
punctures (especially on the prothorax) considerably larger
(although perhaps not more numerous) than in the normal
form, but as there appear to be no other differences (even
in colour) I can only regard them as representing a variety.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 377
IDIOCEPHALA ALBILINEA, Saund.
Idiocephala marginicollis, Saund.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 53.)
As noted in Masters’ catalogue, Saunders described the
male as marginicollis, The species is fairly common in
early summer.
Hab. TASMANIA; VICTORIA: Gisborne; N.S. WALES:
Goulburn; S. AUSTRALIA: Port Lincoln,
IDIOCEPHALA FLAVIVENTRIS, Saund.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 54, 55.)
Referred by Baly to Huphyma. The species occurs near
Sydney, but appears to be rare; in all the specimens I
have seen there is a wide subtriangular black patch in the
middle of the metasternum.
IDIOCEPHALA NIGRIPENNIS, Baly.
I have seen three specimens which I refer to this species ;
in only one of them, however, are the elytra black, and
even then with a bluish gloss; in the other two the elytra
are decidedly bluish ; the scutellum in one is black, in the
others it is somewhat reddish. The species appears to be
distinct by its entirely red head, prothorax with wide and
pallid (almost transparent) margins, the surface sparsely
punctate, and the elytra with coarse punctures in distinct
series.
OCHROSOPSIS VERMICULARIS, Saund.
I have several species under examination which agree
fairly well with the specific description of this insect. The
specimens which I refer to the species, however, have the
scutellum very slightly longer than wide, the base slightly
wider than the apex, slightly notched, and narrowly
bordered with black, and with the sides slightly incurved.
In Saunders’ diagnosis of the genus Ochrosopsis the
scutellum is described as “subquadrate,” but in the
description of vermicularis its shape is not mentioned. All
the closely allied species here noted or described, however,
except the above described ones, have the scutellum
decidedly transverse.
Two of these specimens are from New South Wales
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 25
378 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
(Forest Reefs and the Blue Mountains); Saunders’
specimen was from “ New Holland”; in both (females) the
antenne are slightly longer than the body (Saunders says
of vermicularis that they are “as long as the body”), and
the elytral punctures are frequently dark brown instead of
black. The specimen from Forest Reefs was compared
and agrees with a specimen in the Macleay Museum bear-
ing the name vermicularis, but on what authority it was so
named I do not know.
A male specimen from Tasmania (Mt. Wellington)
appears to be the male of the species, it has the meta-
sternum in places clouded with black (probably an
individual or local variation). It differs from the above
noted females in being longer and narrower, with much
stouter antennze, and which are just as long as the body;
its head is densely punctate only (in the females the head
is strigose as well), and its legs are stouter, the punctures
of the upper surface are more crowded together, and are
invariably black.
OCHROSOPSIS SUBFASCIATUS, Saund.
var. Ochrosopsis melanocephalus, Saund.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 163, 190.)
This is a common species and a variable one both
sexually and individually; moreover, specimens which
have been for some time in spirits frequently have a
different appearance to those which have been killed with
the fumes of chloroform or other non-fluid-killing agents.
The specimen described by Saunders appears to have
been a female, the male differs m bemg smaller and
frequently with the vertex and a line down the face black,
the brown portions of the elytra are as a rule greater in
extent in the females than in the males. Tasmanian
specimens are usually darker than those from the main-
land, and their elytra might often be called reddish-brown
with three pallid irregular fascize (one basal, one median,
and one apical). On the prothorax of the male (and very
rarely also on the female) there are often two dark
longitudinal stripes. The scutellum is subcordate with a
rather large basal notch.
A male specimen from Hobart, which I can only regard
as a variety of subfasciatus, agrees exactly with Saunders’
description of melanocephalus ; this specimen agrees exactly
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 379
in structure with the ordinary males of swhfasciatus, but is
the only one I have seen having the scutellum and parts
of the metasternum and legs black.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA; VICTORIA: Gisborne; N.S. WALES :
Jenolan, Mts. Victoria and Wilson; TASMANIA: Hobart,
Ulverstone, Strahan.
OCHROSOPSIS RUFESCENS, Saund.
The scutellum in this species varies from flavous to
black. Saunders appears to have seen only the female,
the male differs in being considerably smaller and with
longer antennze. The head varies slightly in its depth of
colour, and there is occasionally an infuscate line down the
middle; the extent of the pallid space at the apex of the
elytra varies in extent.
Hab. TASMANIA; S. AUSTRALIA.
OCHROSOPSIS APICALIS, Saund.
Specimens from Tasmania (the original locality) which
I refer to this species differ from rwfescens slightly in colour,
but more particularly in having the sculpture of the
prothorax and elytra much more irregular, the elytra with
an irregular but very distinct lateral carina, and the
scutellum, except at apex, quite coarsely punctate; in
rufescens the scutellum is also punctate but the punctures
are at the sides and much less numerous and _ profound.
The prothorax also is decidedly smaller than in rufescens
and the clothing of the under-surface is longer and more
silvery, that on the abdomen of rufescens being very short.
From Glen Innes (N. 8. Wales) I have numerous
specimens which agree in all structural details with the
above noted Tasmanian ones, but the colour of the upper-
surface is paler and the shades of colour more diffused and
less strongly contrasted, the metasternum and part of the
abdomen is black in the males and piceous or infuscate
only in the females ; in these specimens* the apical third
of the eleventh joint is blackish. ‘These specimens are
probably typical, the ones above and below noted probably
being varieties.
From Tasmania I have three males and one female (the
latter taken in copula with one of the males) which appear
* As in all others which I have seen, although it is sometimes very
indistinct.
380 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
to constitute a distinct variety; in all of them the meta-
sternum and abdomen (except the two apical segments and
apices of the others) are black; in the males there is a
small blackish blotch in the middle of the prothorax (in
two of them this blotch has a greenish, in the other a
bluish gloss); all three have an infuscate streak along the
face, and in one the vertex is black. In one of the males
the dark parts of the elytra are confined to the punctures,
in the others only the apex is pallid (except for dark
punctures); in the female all the punctures are dark and
there is an irregular transverse space towards the apex
where the colour is darker than elsewhere.
OCHROSOPSIS EROSUS, Saund.
From New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South
Australia there is a species which in several museums
bears the name of evosus, and really appears to be that
species although the legs and a widely triangular patch on
the metasternum are black ; ‘in all other particulars, how-
ever, it agrees with the description. It should perhaps
bear a varietal name. The species was described originally
as from the Swan River.
OCHROSOPSIS AUSTRALIS, Saund.
A specimen from the Swan River appears to be referable
to this species; the vertex of its head, however, is black,
whilst that of australis is described as ochraceous yellow.
A similar specimen from South Australia isin the Macleay
Museum.
OCHROSOPSIS ERUDITUS, Baly.
(Plates XXIII, XXYV, figs. 56, 164.)
Dr. Baly’s specimen had broken antennz ; in both sexes
the antennz are as described by him, but in the female
the sixth and seventh joints are wider than in the male ;
in both the eighth and ninth are also compressed, but to a
less noticeable extent, the tenth is slightly compressed and
the eleventh is almost cylindrical except at the tip; the
antennze of the male are considerably longer than those of
the female. In two specimens before me the prothorax
has a small black median spot—rounded in one (a female),
produced in the form of a wedge towards the base in the
other (a male); on the latter the metasternal episterna
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 381
and flanks of mesosternum are black, in the other only
parts of the former are black; whilst in a female having
the prothorax immaculate these parts are but slightly
clouded.
A variety from South Australia in the Macleay Museum
has the elytra entirely purplish-violet, with the prothoracic
spot small and irregular.
RHOMBOSTERNUS ANTENNATUS, Baly.
Dr. Baly describes the colour of this species as “ picco-
fulvus”; possibly his specimen was old and dirty. I have
before me three specimens, which appear to be referable
to his species, in which the colour is a rather pale testa-
ceous-yellow, with the abdomen and ocular emarginations
pale flavous. The male differs from the female in being
smaller, narrower, and with the scutellum narrower, the
antenne are not much longer (in both sexes they consider-
ably pass the apex of the body) but are darker outwardly.
The prothoracic punctures are subject to considerable
variation. Baly says the basal lobe of the prothorax is
biemarginate; this is not really the case although it
appears to be so owing to the large basal notch of the
scutellum dividing its base into two large lobes, so that as
it slightly overhangs the prothorax, the base of the latter
appears to be biemarginate.
Hab. KING GEORGE’S SOUND.
RHOMBOSTERNUS SULPHURIPENNIS, Baly.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 57.)
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA.
PRIONOPLEURA BIFASCIATA, Saund.
I have specimens from Sydney and the Blue Mountains
which agree with the description and figure of this species.
In the figure the male is shown as having pallid antennz
but it is not so described ; the normal female has pallid
antenne and legs with femora either black or infuscate,
its prothoracic and elytral markings are much less sharply
defined than in the male but of the same type.
From Jenolan I have a specimen which differs from the
normal form in having the under-surface (except for small
and obscure lateral spots), the antennz (the first to fifth
382 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
joints more or less diluted with red) and the legs, black ;
its head is mostly black, its prothorax is darker than usual
but with normal markings, and its elytra have the two
fascize represented by obscure spots and still more obscure
stains.
In Masters’ catalogue the species appears both as being
distinct (6407) and as a synonym of gigas (6417). Suffrian
describes as gigas, Oliv., a species appearing in the catalogue
under rubiginosus, Boi. (6431). Unfortunately I have not
Olivier’s original description of gigas for comparison.
PRIONOPLEURA COGNATA, Saund.
The colour of this species is variable to a certain extent ;
the black markings of the elytra (never sharply defined) are
occasionally absent ; in the males the legs are frequently
almost entirely black, whilst in the females they are often
entirely red.
Hab. TASMANIA: Huon River, Hobart, Mt. Wellington,
Launceston ; N.S. WALES: Sydney, Blue Mountains.
PRIONOPLEURA ERUDITA, Blackb.
(Plates XXIII, XXIV, figs. 58, 122, 123.)
The maculate femora render this species unusually
distinct. The male (unknown to Blackburn) differs in
being smaller with the dark markings covering a greater
portion of the upper-surface ; the antenne are longer and
some (in the only male I have seen both antennx are
broken) of the joints are darker.
Hab, 8. AUSTRALIA.
Three specimens from Brisbane appear to represent a
variety of this species, in all of them the prothoracic U is
very indistinct although traceable, and the elytral markings
instead of being sharply defined are feeble piceous blotches
only in two and entirely absent in the other; in all three
the two terminal joints of the antennz (instead of the
terminal one only) are dark. The sculpture and femora,
however, are as given for erudita.
APOROCERA APICALIS, Saund.
I have the sexes of this species from N. W. Australia ; *
* There are specimens in the Macleay Museum from King’s
Sound (N. W. Australia); Wide Bay, Port Denison and Mackay
(Queensland).
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 383
the male is smaller and narrower, with the antennz con-
siderably stouter than in the female, and slightly longer
than the body (those of the female being shorter); it has
the under-surface in many places diluted with red, that of
the female being black, as in the type. The specimens
(probably females) described by Blackburn* from the
Northern Territory seem to be typical, except for very
slight ditferences in colour.
APOROCERA BICOLOR, Saund.
There is a specimen from Port Darwin, in the Macleay
Museum, which is possibly a variety of this species; it
differs from Saunders’ description in having the scutellum
(except at base) pallid, the elytra blackish-brown with a
slight greenish gloss and with (except at apex) narrow
pallid margins, the greater portion of the abdomen is black,
the legs are pallid except the tarsi and apices of tibiz. In
this specimen the scutellum (not mentioned by Saunders)
is triangular, rather strongly notched at base, and with a
small but distinct puncture close to apex.
BRACHYCAULUS FERRUGINEUS, Fairm.
var. Onchosoma ewingi, Saund.
dorsalis, Saund.
tasmanica, Saund.,
JSoveicollis, Saund.
i" = rufescens, Saund.
» Cadmus verrucosus, Chp.
This is a widely distributed and in many respects a very
variable species. The specimens before me vary in length
from 5 to 6 mm. in the males, and from 5} to 74 mm.
in the females.
The most conspicuous feature of the species is the
presence of three velvety black (or brown) spots on the
prothorax, one median and two lateral (the latter usually
invisible from above); these spots are often surrounded by
pale rings, frequently the median one is not at all sharply
defined, and it is occasionally of a dull brown and distri-
buted over the tuberosities as well, so that (as a velvety
black spot) it may fairly be said to be absent; the lateral
spots, however, are always distinct and are usually very
sharply defined, they are usually about half the size of the
* P.L.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1474.
” bP)
”? >)
»” >)
384 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
median spot ; the latter is usually oblong-elliptic. There is
always a narrow black margin at the base of the elytra and
scutellum. The head varies from entirely black to entirely
reddish-brown, but is usually black, with a few indistinct
reddish-brown spots in the male, and reddish-brown with a
few more or less blackish spots in the female. In the
male there is usually a dark (sometimes quite black) stripe
on each side of the middle of the prothorax, the dark por-
tions being frequently confined to the two large tuberosities.
The intercoxal process of the abdomen is always paler than
the surrounding surface, and there is usually a transverse
black patch behind it. The tuberosities on the elytra vary
considerably in number and elevation, and are usually
more clearly defined in the males, the largest one on each
is always granulate and close to the base.
The antennz of the male if drawn back over prothorax
would pass the scutellum, those of the female if so drawn
back would scarcely reach the base of the median velvety
spot. In the male also the prothoracic tuberosities are
usually more pronounced and with a greater space between
them than in the female.
Usually Tasmanian specimens are darker than those
from the mainland; those from Mt. Kosciusko, however, are
as dark as Tasmanian ones. On the elytra of specimens
from Tasmania and Mt. Kosciusko there is frequently in
both sexes an oblique slightly curved pale stripe. In the
elytra, however, there are frequently no distinct markings
to be seen, the surface being obscurely mottled ; in many,
however, there is a somewhat obscure pale triangular
patch on each elytron, the triangles approaching each
other at the suture slightly beyond the middle; usually a
triangular space, at the sides of and behind the scutellum,
is darker than the rest of the elytra.
A specimen from N. W. Australia is paler than usual
and with the median prothoracic marking reduced in size
and subtriangular in shape.
Of the six species of Onchosoma described by Saunders
Tam confident that Lwingi, dorsalis, Tasmanica, foveicollis
and rufescens should be regarded either as varieties or pure
synonyms of ferrugineus; Klugit is distinct; Cadmus ver-
rucosus, Chp., appears also to be only a variety of this
species, I have seen specimens of it from Mackay.
Hab. QUEENSLAND; N. S. WALES; Victoria; TAs-
MANIA ; 8S. AUSTRALIA ; W. AUSTRALIA ; N. W. AUSTRALIA.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 385
ONCHOSOMA KLUGII, Saund.
Four female specimens before me (there are others in
the Macleay Museum) probably belong to this species. In
all of them the prothoracic tubercles are large, gently
rounded in front and almost vertical behind, the elytral
costae (Saunders says: “Klytra . . . withirregular strongly
elevated longitudinal nervures”) are as follows :—one just
behind scutellum commencing with a tubercle and termin-
ated at basal third, a sinuous one commencing at base
and continuous to near apex, one between this and shoulder
commencing about basal fourth and ending at apical
third, and one just below shoulder, this at a short dis-
tance from the base bifureates, the outer arm extending
almost to apex, the inner not quite so far, but immediately
behind it (in some specimens feebly conjoined with it) is a
rather large tubercle with a spur extending between the
two arms; the shoulders are also tuberculate. All the
tubercles, including those on prothorax, are granulate in
appearance ; the elytral costze are slightly variable and on
one specimen are all conjoined, on another the arms of the
outer costa become joined together in the middle so as to
enclose an elliptic space. The elytral colours are in very
irregular bands and become obscured with age. Saunders
describes the ground colour as yellow-brown; this is the
case with three of the specimens before me, but on a recently
captured one the ground colour is of a clear lemon-yellow.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Tambourine, Wide Bay; N. 8.
Wates: Blue Mountains, National Park, Sydney.
CHARIDERMA PULCHELLA, Baly.
(Plates XXITI, XXIV, XXVI, figs. 59, 124, 191.)
I have two specimens (sexes) from Brisbane (there are
others in the Macleay Museum from Ropes Creek and
Clarence River) which differ from Baly’s description in
having four elytral spots (the second pair beyond the middle
and close to suture). The male differs from the female in
being smaller (3} lines instead of 44) with longer an-
tennz, the middle joints of which are rather more inflated
than in the female, and with almost the whole of the ninth
joint black instead of only the apex; the lower surface and
pygidium have a bluish gloss in both specimens (in the
type these parts are described as “nigris”). As in all
386 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
particulars of sculpture mentioned by Baly and in all its
colours (some of them very unusual) except the differences
noted, these specimens agree with the description, I have
not ventured to describe them as new.
DIANDICHUS ANALIS, Chp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 165.)
I am confident that I know this species, although it has
never been formally described. The generic description,
however, is ample, and this with the brief notes at its foot
and the coloured figure have enabled me to identify the
species on eight specimens from South Australia. The two
specimens known to Chapuis were females ; in addition to
the few colour details mentioned by him the following may
be noted:—The head is black except the parts in front of
antennze (in two females, however, the head except for
parts of the mandibles is entirely black just as in the
males), the antennz, scutellum, four hind-legs and front
tarsi are black, the front femora and tibize are obscure
red in places stained with piceous. The abdominal fovea
is unusually large, occupying almost half the total width
and touching the third segment. The resemblance to some
small Malacoderms (e.g. Hypattalus australis, Fairm., and
H. abdominalis, Er.) is rather striking.
The male differs in being smaller, with longer antenne,
the head (except for parts of the mandibles) and the pro-
thorax black, and with the parts of the abdomen that are
flavous in the female, dull piceous-red.
CYPHODERA CHLAMYDIFORMIS, Germ.
Hab. N. 8. Wars: Sydney; Victror1a: Diamond
Creek.
SCHIZOSTERNUS COCCINEUS, Chp.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 60, 61.)
There are two specimens in the Macleay Museum from
Port Denison which I refer to this species. They are
marked as having been taken in cop.; the female agrees in
colour with the original description, but the male is with-
out the subapical spots. The male is smaller and narrower
than the female, with the antennz extending almost to
apex of elytra, those of the female being distinctly shorter.
Its head is densely and rather coarsely punctate, with the
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 387
punctures towards the sides and more or less confluent,
and with the eyes much closer together than in the female ;
on the head of the latter there is a rather wide lightly
punctate longitudinal shining space.
SCHIZOSTERNUS ALBOGULARIS, Chp.
Paracephala pectoralis, Baly.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 62, 63.)
Specimens from Ipswich (Queensland) before me agree
very well with Chapuis’ description of albogularis (described
in June 1876), they also agree with Baly’s description of
Paracephala pectoralis (described in August 1877). The
interrupted median fascia is of variable width, appearing
sometimes as a rather small spot on each side, and in
others extending almost to the suture.
CHLOROPLISMA VIRIDIS, Saund.
Loxopleurus metallicus, Chp.
var. Loxopleurus corruscus, Chp.
is Fi chalybeus, Chp.
This species is variable to a great extent, but has many
quite constant varieties; I have it from Forest Reefs,
Armidale, Sydney, and Jenolan, in N.S. Wales, and from
many localities in Tasmania.
In the males there is usually a shining impunctate
longitudinal space towards the base of the prothorax, this
space being more pronounced in some than in others; in
the female, although sometimes fairly distinct, it is fre-
quently not traceable. In many specimens (independently
of sex) there is near the sides of the elytra a moderately
distinct epipleural fold, but in many others it is scarcely or
not at all traceable. The colour of the tibiz: and tarsi
(especially of the front legs) is very subject to variation.
The common form of the male is of a bright metallic
green, and was described and figured by Saunders as
Chloroplisma viridis; the common form of the female is
coppery, and was described by Chapuis as Lowoplewrus
metallicus. Very often the green male has the prothorax
with a more or less coppery gloss, this gloss often being
extended to the shoulders.
A very beautiful variety in which the prothorax is of
fiery copper and the elytra rather deeply margined with
388 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
purple has been described by Chapuis as Z. corruscus; it
appears to be very rare, I have seen but one specimen of
it, from Forest Reefs.
A rather common variety of the male has the head and
prothorax of a fiery (often reddish) copper, with the elytra
purple or purplish-blue ; its corresponding female is purple
or purplish-blue, often with a greenish gloss; such a female
has been described by Chapuis as Z. chalybeus.
A moderately common variety of the female has the
head and prothorax deep blue and the elytra purple.
Another variety of the female is entirely purple except
for a blue space towards the base of the elytra.
MITOCERA VIRIDIPENNIS, Saund.
Cryptocephalus perlongus, Chop.
(Plates XXIII, XXV, figs. 64, 65, 166.)
Only the male was known to Saunders, who described
it as coming from the Swan River, this locality possibly
being erroneous ; the species may occasionally be taken on
the leaves of young Eucalypti in summer; it is fairly
common in Tasmania and the mountainous parts of N.S.
Wales and Victoria. Baly referred it to Ochrosopsis, calling
attention to the fact that it had been re-described by
Chapuis, to whom both sexes were known, as Cryptocephalus
perlongus. Ina male from 'Tarago (N. 8. Wales) there is
a pallid elliptic spot on each elytron, about the middle,
close to the suture and slightly oblique in position; there
are also two somewhat similar specimens in the Tasmanian
Museum, on one of them the spots are about half, on the
other about twice the size of those on the Tarago specimen ;
Mr. H. H. D. Griffith has a specimen from Gisborne
(Victoria) in which the pallid marking extends over most
of the surface: specimens of both sexes have occasionally
a purplish gloss on the elytra, and I have seen a female
_ with entirely purple elytra.
LOXOPLEURUS AURICULATUS, Suff.
A small coarsely sculptured species very distinct op
account of the yellowish subhumeral lobes.
Hab, S. AUSTRALIA.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 389
LOXOPLEURUS GRAVATUS, Chp.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 66.)
Both sexes of this species were known to Chapuis, but
the male described by him and coloured as the female may
not be the normal form, I have seen but one specimen of
it. The ordinary male (of which eight specimens are before
me) has the basal half (sometimes slightly more and some-
times slightly less) of the elytra reddish-yellow, the two
colours being sharply defined; occasionally the suture is
narrowly edged with black. In the female the second and
third and sometimes parts of the other joints of the
antenne are pallid, as well as the lower surface of the
first.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane; N. 8. Wates: Lane
Cove, Sydney, Galston, National Park.
LOXOPLEURUS OBTUSUS, Chp.
This is a common species about the Swan River, and of
which only the male was known to Chapuis. The pro-
thorax of the male is usually plain black, but occasionally
with a bluish gloss; in one specimen under examination
the tibiz are dusky red, but they are usually black. The
female differs in being slightly larger, the antenne shorter,
the prothorax red, with a very narrow basal margin of
black and occasionally a feeble blackish cloud in the
middle of the base; the elytra are usually deep blue,
sometimes violet-blue, and occasionally dark bluish-green.
LOXOPLEURUS SEMICOSTATUS, Chp.
This species is slightly variable in colour. The scu-
tellum is either entirely black or (as in the type) black at
the base only. The dark sutural marking sometimes
extends to the middle and sometimes is scarcely perceptible
even at the base.
The male (unknown to Chapuis) differs in being much
smaller (25-3 mm.), the antennz longer (in the female
they are shorter) than the body and more or less infuscate,
the third and the apex of the first and second tarsal
joints are also dark, and the under-surface is black, with
the exception of the anterior angles of the prosternum and
the apical segments of abdomen.
in general appearance it resembles some of the varieties
390 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
of Ochrosopsis apicalis, Saund., but can be readily distin-
guished from that species by the distinct elytral costz,
each of which has numerous close transverse impressions.
Hab. N. 8. WALES: Blue Mountains, Sydney.
LOXOPLEURUS SUBVIRENS, Chp.
Four specimens from Tasmania and two from Victoria
before me may belong to this species, in all of them the
upper-surface is of a dark metallic green with a more or
less coppery gloss on the prothorax ; the under-surface is
black with green or blue or coppery reflections. The
female differs from the male in being larger, with shorter
antenne and less parallel-sided elytra. As Chapuis says,
however, “ scutello magno convexo,” I am somewhat doubt-
ful, as the scutellum (although raised behind in the normal
way) is rather flat and by no means above the usual size.
LOXOPLEURUS ATRAMENTARIUS, Chp.
Dr. Chapuis describes the colour of the legs of this
species as “nigris obscure rufescentibus.” I have numerous
specimens before me which I refer to the species ; in a pair
taken in cop. by Mr. Masters the female has the anterior legs
and posterior tarsi red, the rest of the legs being black; the
male has the legs entirely red, except that the hind femora
and the tarsi are infuscate. Usually in both sexes the legs
are black with the exception of the anterior pair which are
often more or less infuscate ; in some specimens, however,
all the legs are more or less red. The prothoracic punc-
tures vary considerably in size and are usually larger in
the male than in the female.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton, Wide Bay, Port
Denison, Brisbane; N. 8S. WALES: Sydney, Canterbury,
Bargo, Hunter River, Kiama; 8S. AUSTRALIA; W.
AUSTRALIA : Mt. Barker.
LOXOPLEURUS ERYTHROTIS, Chp.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 67.)
From the Swan River I have three males of this species,
which is remarkable for its very stout legs (a character not
mentioned by Chapuis). The pallid space at the apex of
the elytra varies considerably in extent; in one of my
specimens also the four hind femora are quite black, and
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 391
there is an obscure brownish streak connecting the dark
space in front with the base of the prothorax. The female
is probably very different in appearance to the male.
LOXOPLEURUS CHALCEUS, Chp.
In the male the legs (in all the numerous specimens I
have from Tamworth*) are entirely pallid, in the female
the hind, the four hind, or occasionally the whole of the
femora are clouded with piceous.
LOXOPLEURUS L&VIUSCULUS, Chp.
A specimen from Jenolan may belong to this species
(the exact locality of his specimen was unknown to
Chapuis), but is larger (4 mm.) than the type, and the
third and fourth and lower surface of the first and second
joints of the antennz are obscurely reddish, whilst in the
type the antennz are said to have “articulis 5 primis
Juscis.”
LOXOPLEURUS CONJUGATUS, Chp.
A specimen from Tamworth before me probably belongs
to this species, but differs from the description in having
the hind femora clouded with black; this, however, is a
common variation in the subfamily.
LOXOPLEURUS PICEITARSIS, Chp.
Only the female was known to Chapuis; the male differs
in being smaller, with longer antenne, the lower half of
the head and the front margin of prothorax reddish (black
in the female), the outer and apical margins of the elytra
are also usually indistinctly diluted with red; the elytra
also have a greenish gloss, whilst in the female the gloss
is usually violet, although occasionally dark bluish-green.
The prothoracic punctures are smaller and less numerous in
the male than in the female.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Kiama, Hunter River, Sydney.
A specimen from ‘Tasmania apparently belonging to this
species has only the two terminal joints of the tarsi slightly
infuscate.
LOXOPLEURUS GENIALIS, Chp.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Port Denison.
* Chapuis records the species from “ Australie.”
392 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONFINIS, Nn. sp.
Q. Head, antenne, scutellum, metasternum, middle of base of
first abdominal segment and legs, black; elytra metallic blue ;
elsewhere red.
Head densely and coarsely punctate, especially at sides, an
impunctate (or feebly punctate) line down middle. Antenne thin,
slightly shorter than body, second joint less than half the length of
third, third and fifth very slightly longer than fourth, the others
eradually-decreasing in length. Prothorax more than twice as wide
as long ; with rather large irregularly distributed punctures ; oblique
impressions rathér deep and wide ; margins narrow. Scutellwm
almost equilaterally triangular; impunctate; base rather deeply
notched. Elytra with subhumeral lobes of moderate size; basal
two thirds with large punctures and with transverse rugulosities,
apical third with much smaller punctures subseriately arranged.
Apex of prosternwm obtusely bilobed. Fourth segment of abdomen
curved at apex but not interrupted by fovea; the latter with feeble
lateral extensions.
Length 45 mm.
Hab, N.S. Wass: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd).
A second specimen differs in having the lower half of
the face, the whole of the under-surface, and the coxe
and trochanters reddish.
The species differs from Cr. cyanipennis, Saund., and its
varieties in having the prothorax with much denser
punctures, the antennze much thinner and the elytral
punctures different. This and the four following species
belong to one of the most difficult sections of the genus.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS MEDIOCRIS, 0. Sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 167.)
2. Briefly oblong. Black, head (base excepted), antenne (fifth
and sixth joints infuscate, the seventh to eleventh blackish) ; pro-
thorax (extreme base black), under-surface and legs (tarsi more or
less infuscate) reddish. Pygidium and parts of under-surface with
short sparse golden pubescence.
Head with rather small scattered punctures, but densely strigose
at sides of and behind eyes. Antennz thin, not extending to
apex, second joint about half the length of third, third slightly
shorter than fifth. Prothorax rather more than twice as wide as
long; with rather large irregularly distributed punctures ; oblique
impressions rather shallow ; margins narrow. Scutellwm transverse,
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 393
subtriangular, apex less than half the width of base, base entire.
Elytra with large subhumeral lobes; with deep and fairly large
clearly defined punctures, subgeminate in arrangement and becoming
smaller posteriorly ; with traces of feeble alternate elevations. Apex
of prosternum wide and feebly bilobed. Fourth segment of abdomen
very narrow in middle but not interrupted by fovea; the latter
almost without lateral extensions.
Length 3? mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Endeavour River (Macleay Museum),
Mackay (C. French).
The three specimens before me are uniformly coloured
and without bluish gloss on the elytra.
The species differs from the dark variety of C7.
argentatus, Chp., in being larger and with the abdomen
pallid; from Jd. nigripennis, Baily, it differs in its pro-
thoracic margins being less than half the width that they
are in that species, and the antennze much thinner; from
vicarius, 0. sp., it differs in its shorter and thinner antenne,
narrower prothoracic margins and smaller punctures.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS APPENDICULATUS, 0. Sp.
¢. Head (front excepted), antennw, extreme base of prothorax,
scutellum, metasternum and parts of legs black ; elytra deep metallic
bluish-green, elsewhere red.
Head densely punctate, strigose at sides of and behind eyes.
Antenne thin, passing apex of body, second joint less than half the
length of third, third slightly shorter than fifth, fifth and eleventh
subequal. Prothorax about three times as wide as long; with
comparatively small and rather sparsely distributed punctures,
larger and denser at sides than elsewhere; oblique impressions
rather deep; margins narrow. Scutellwm triangular, apex narrow
but truncate, base rather deeply notched. Elytra with fairly large
subhumeral lobes ; densely and coarsely punctate, with transverse
rugulosities, punctures subseriately arranged and sparser but not
much smaller on apical third. Apex of prosternwm very wide and
feebly bilobed. Two basal segments of abdomen with an oblique
ridge commencing on each side of the intercoxal process, diverging
hindwards and terminating at the apex of the second segment in a
skinny flap, fourth segment not traceable across middle, fifth with a
wide shallow impression.
Length 4} mm.
2. Differs in having thinner antenne, not extending to apex,
prothorax more transverse; subhumeral lobes rather smaller ;
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 26
394 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
and the abdomen with simple basal segments, the fourth fairly wide
in middle and not interrupted by fovea; the latter with distinct lateral
extensions.
Length 53 mm.
Hab. N. 8S. Waues: Lane Cove, Clifton (Macleay
Museum).
In the male the coxe, hind femora and base and lower
parts of the four front femora are reddish; in the female
the legs are much the same except that the hind femora
are infuscate towards apex. The abdomen is paler than
elsewhere and the upper lip is infuscate.
Although belonging to one of the most difficult sections
of the genus the highly remarkable abdominal appendages
of the male cause this species to be one of the most
distinct in the subfamily.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS VICARIUS, N. sp.
g. Basal half of head, antenne and scutellum black; elytra
metallic blue or purple ; tarsi and apex of tibie infuscate ; elsewhere
reddish.
Head densely strigose and punctate, on apical half punctate only,
the punctures rather large and sparse. Antenne not very thin,
longer than body, second joint about half the length of third, third
distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax with deep but sparse and
not very large punctures, smaller and sparser on disc than
elsewhere; margins rather wide; oblique impressions feeble.
Scutellum subtriangular, longer than wide, convex along middle,
apex truncate, base moderately notched. Elytra with punctures
much as in the preceding species but the subhumeral lobes larger.
Pygidiwm densely and rather coarsely punctate. Apex of prosternum
wide and feebly bilobed. Abdomen with second, third, and fourth
segments strongly curved and very narrow in middle.
Length 4 mm.
Q. Differs in having antenne just extending to apex of body and
the abdomen with straight sutures to the second and third segments,
the fourth distinct in middle and very feebly encroached upon by
fovea ; the latter with feeble lateral extensions.
Length 5 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Port Denison, Gayndah (types in
Macleay Museum).
The entire space between the eyes is densely punctate
and strigose.
The coarse punctures on head and elytra and shape of
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 395
elytra distinguish this species from Jd. pulchella, Saund.,
the scutellum of different shape from Cr. dichrous, Chp.,
the pallid legs and very coarse punctures with wide
prothoracic margins from Jd. cyanipennis, Saund. From
Id. nigripennis, Baly (which also has wide prothoracic
margins), it differs in its considerably longer and thinner
antennz and coarser punctures, with the scutellum longer,
more decidedly triangular and very distinctly notched.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS BLANDUS, n. sp.
g. Black ; elytra deep metallic blue or green; prothorax (a large
blackish blotch in front and extreme base excepted), coxe and tibie
(apex excepted) reddish. Pygidium with rather dense silvery
pubescence.
Head with moderately large punctures, strigose close to sides of
and behind eyes, vertex feebly impressed. Antenne rather stout,
not extending to apex of body, second joint more than half the
length of third, third, fourth and fifth subequal, the fifth slightly the
longest. Prothorax with large irregularly scattered punctures ; disc
gibbous; oblique impressions rather deep; margins narrow. Scutellum
triangular, apex very narrow, base entire. Hlytra with rather small
subhumeral lobes ; densely and coarsely punctate; with feeble
transverse rugulosities, punctures becoming smaller and seriate in
arrangement posteriorly. Apex of prostermum wide and very
obtusely bilobed. Abdomen with the fourth segment just traceable
across middle.
Length 2? mm.
2. Differs in having the front of the head and the entire abdomen
reddish ; the prothoracic blotch is also smaller, less sharply defined,
and on one specimen appears as an indistinct transverse spot on
each side. The head has smaller and sparser punctures, antenne
shorter, somewhat thinner. Prothorax more transverse and less
gibbous and the subhumeral lobes smaller. Abdomen with fourth
segment not visible in middle ; apical fovea larger than usual and
without lateral extensions.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: Swan River, Pinjarrah, Darling
Ranges (A. I. Lea).
I have put this in the section having the hinder apex of
prosternum bilobed, although the lobes are anything but
distinct ; in fact from some directions the apex appears to
be entire.
Differs from the female of Lox. obtusws, Chp., in having
396 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
considerably stouter antennz, elytral punctures different
and female with red abdomen; from Jd. cyanipennis,
Saund., in its much smaller size, different elytral punctures
and in the antennz and scutellum; from confinis, n. sp., in
being smaller, in having shorter and stouter antenne,
with the second joint more (instead of less) than half the
length of third, and the fourth abdominal segment just
traceable (instead of distinct) across middle.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS QUADRATIPENNIS, 0. sp.
¢. Dark blackish-brown. Pygidium and under-surface with
rather dense silvery pubescence.
Head moderately densely and not very coarsely punctate, strigose
at sides of and behind eyes. Antennee long and thin, considerably
passing body, second joint less than half the length of third, third
distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax not twice as wide as long ;
with large very irregularly distributed punctures, smaller and
sparser on disc than elsewhere ; apex much narrower than base ;
margins very narrow ; front strongly gibbous ; oblique impressions
fairly deep. Scutellwm subtriangular, apex rather narrow, base
rather feebly notched. lytra short, subquadrate, subhumeral lobes
rather small, surface uneven; with rather large punctures very
regular on posterior half. Apex of prosternwm wide and very
obtusely bilobed. Abdomen with third and fourth segments
strongly curved and scarcely traceable in middle.
Length 4} mm.
9. Differs in being more of a chocolate-brown, the head with
smaller punctures, antennez slightly shorter than the body and the
elytra rather less uneven ; abdomen with the third and fourth
segments not visible across middle, the third at sides as wide as
fourth but disappearing much before it; fovea with lateral
extensions continuous almost to sides.
Length 55 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Tambourine (R. Ji/idge).
A very distinct species having longer antennze and
shorter elytra than usual, and with the female abdomen
of a most unusual type. In the type male there is an
indistinct small pallid spot on each elytron about one-
third from the base and slightly nearer the suture than
the side; these spots are absent on the females. Another
male (in Mr. Illidge’s collection) has the entire elytra,
pygidium and abdomen of a testaceous red. In one of
the females the tarsi are paler than the tibiz, in the other
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 397
they are just as dark. The elytra have almost regular
interstices posteriorly, but the third and fifth become
united at the apical fourth and towards the apex unite
with the seventh, towards the base the interstices become
very irregular. On all the specimens before me there are
traces of a feeble median prothoracic line.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS COMPOSITUS, n. sp.
gd. Testaceous ; outer half of antenne and flanks of metasternum
infuscate. Pygidium and under-surface with moderately dense
silvery pubescence,
Head densely and moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures
more or less confluent at sides of and behind eyes. Antenne long
and thin, passing body, second joint not quite half the length of
third, third shorter than fifth. Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as
long ; densely and coarsely punctate, the punctures sparser towards
middle of base than elsewhere; front gibbous and feebly longi-
tudinally impressed ; margins very narrow; oblique impressions
rather feeble. Scwtellum subtriangular, apex truncate and fairly
wide, base rather feebly notched. lytra short, subquadrate,
subhumeral lobes rather small, surface uneven; with moderately
large seriate punctures. Apex of prosternwm very wide and feebly
bilobed. Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly curved.
Length 44 mm.
?. Ditfers in having the head rather less coarsely sculptured,
with the antenne scarcely (if at all) passing the body; abdomen
with the third and fourth segments very narrow in middle ; fovea
with scarcely visible lateral extensions.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah (types in Macleay
Museum).
The elytra have more or less regular and convex
interstices posteriorly, the third and fifth become united
at apical fourth and close to apex curve round to unite
with the seventh and ninth, towards the base the
interstices and punctures become very irregular, with
small transverse rugulosities.
In build somewhat resembling the preceding species,
but, apart from size and colour, with the antennz shorter,
the prothorax much more coarsely punctate, the scutellum
wider at apex and the elytra still more uneven.
398 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS AURIFER, 0. sp.
9. Deep metallic blue; under-surface and appendages black.
Flanks of metasternum and of basal segment of abdomen with dense
golden pubescence, the other segments with tufts of silvery
pubescence at sides; rest of wunder-surface and pygidium with
scattered silvery pubescence, but on the latter forming a distinct
median line.
Head rather feebly punctate and shining along middle, and with
a feeble median impression ; densely punctate and strigose at sides
of and behind eyes, Antennze passing hind coxe, second joint about
half the length of third, third shorter than fifth, sixth-eleventh
flattened. Prothorax at apex and sides with moderately dense and
coarse punctures, elsewhere (especially on disc) with smaller and
sparser punctures ; oblique impressions feeble; margins narrow.
Scutellum triangular, apex obtusely rounded, base moderately
notched. Elytra subquadrate, subhumeral lobes of medium sik ;
punctures moderately large, posteriorly becoming much smaller and
more regular ; towards base with transverse rugulosities. Apex of
prosternum very wide and feebly bilobed. Abdomen with third and
fourth segments not traceable across middle, fifth rather suddenly
depressed ; fovea more hairy than usual and without distinct lateral
extensions.
Length 45 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney (type in Macleay Museum).
A deep blue species having beautiful golden pubescence
on parts of the under-surface. It somewhat vaguely
approaches the scabrosus type, although the upper-surface
is very smooth compared with that species and all its
varieties.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS PURPUREOTINCTUS, 0a. Sp.
¢. Reddish-testaceous ; flanks of prothorax and the abdomen
paler ; antenne, scutellum, tarsi and apex of tibize black.
Head densely punctate and strigose. Antenne not very thin,
passing body, second joint half the length of third, third and fifth
subequal in length and both distinctly longer than fourth, the others
comparatively wide. Prothorax more than twice as wide as long,
densely and moderately coarsely punctate, with traces of a feeble
median elevation on basal half, oblique impressions rather feeble,
margins wide. Scwtellwm triangular, apex obtusely rounded, base
with a small but acute notch. Elytra suboblong, subhumeral lobes
rather small ; densely and coarsely punctate, with feeble transverse
rugosities towards base, towards apex punctures more regular and
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 399
sparser although not much smaller. Apex of prosternwm wide and
scarcely visibly bilobed. Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly
curved, the fourth not traceable across middle.
Length 4 mm.
Q. Differs in having antenne shorter than the body and
abdomen with the fourth segment not at all and the third just
traceable across middle ; fovea with very shallow lateral extensions.
Length 53 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND (A. Simson); N.S. WALES: Kurra-
jong (G. Masters), Richmond River (A. M. Lea).
In some specimens there is a faint infuscate streak on
the head; the claws are reddish tipped with black. From
some directions the punctures of the upper-surface have a
greenish or purplish sheen.
I thought at one time that this was possibly a variety
of Id. pulchella, Saund., but, apart from colour, the
punctures are very much coarser and the antenne of
female and scutellar notch are different; in build,
however, it somewhat resembles that species.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CLARUS, N. Sp.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 68.)
2. Testaceous-red; abdomen and prothoracic margins almost
flavous, basal half of head and the elytra metallic green ; scutellum
infuscate at sides; antenne (four basal joints excepted), tarsi and
apex of tibia infuscate.
Head densely punctate, strigose at base and at sides of eyes, with
rather small punctures elsewhere ; median line distinctly impressed.
Antenne just passing hind coxe, second joint more than half the
length of third, third scarcely if at all longer than fourth, and
slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax with rather small regularly
distributed punctures, rather larger at sides than elsewhere ; oblique
impression rather feeble ; margins wide. Scutellum transverse, apex
about half the width of base, sides curved, base very feebly notched.
Elytra oblong, subhumeral lobes rather small, densely and coarsely
punctate, with transverse rugulosities, punctures becoming smaller
and regular posteriorly. Pygidiwm very indistinctly ridged along
middle. Apex of prosternwm wide and feebly bilobed. Abdomen
with straight sutures to the third segment, fourth distinct in middle
but encroached upon by fovea ; the latter with distinct and almost
continuous lateral extensions,
Length 6} mm.
400 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Hab. N. W. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
In the type a small spot at the apex of each elytron is
pallid, in a second specimen these spots are present and
there is as well a very distinct pallid transverse triangle
(common to both) with its base about one-fourth from the
base and its apex just beyond the middle. The elytral
punctures are nowhere small though smaller posteriorly.
Differs from Cr. eruditus, Baly, in having the head
strigose at sides, and the prothoracic margins much wider ;
the scutellum is also of different shape and the base is
much more feebly notched. From Cr. wridipennis, Chp., it
differs in its shorter and thinner antennz and the elytra
differently punctured and with smaller subhumeral lobes.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS MELANOPUS, 0. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 125.)
2. Almost flavous ; head (mouth parts in places obscure reddish),
antenne, extreme base and three spots on prothorax, scutellum,
metasternum, middle of base of abdomen (intercoxal process
excepted), and legs (coxee excepted) black ; elytra with two metallic
green fascia. Head, pygidium, and under-surface with rather long
whitish pubescence.
Head densely punctate, the punctures partially concealed by
clothing. Antennze rather short, second joint about half the length
of third, third slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax scarcely twice
as wide as long; with moderately dense and comparatively small
punctures, smaller on dise (which is gibbous in front) than else-
where; oblique impressions feeble; margins narrow. Scutellwm
subtriangular, longer than wide, apex truncate, base entire. Hlytra
suboblong, subhumeral lobes small; densely but not coarsely
punctate, punctures becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement
posteriorly. Apex of prosternwn wide and feebly bilobed. Ab-
domen with the fourth segment largely encroached upon by fovea ;
the latter with feeble lateral extensions.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. N. W. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
The elytral fascize do not touch the sides, the basal one
is advanced along the suture and on the shoulders, so that
its apical edges are concave; the second fascia is at about
the apical third and narrows towards the suture. In
colour to a certain extent it resembles some of the varieties of
Cr. parentheticus, Suftr., but the punctures both of prothorax
and elytra are very different to those of that species.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 401
CRYPTOCEPHALUS VARIIPENNIS, 0. sp.
(Plate XXYV, fig. 146.)
¢. Elongate-oblong. Reddish-testaceous ; pygidium and abdo-
men flavous ; antenne, a rather wide and continuous vitta on pro-
thorax, scutellum and a subtriangular space behind it, the shoulders,
a spot at apical third (rather close to suture), tarsi and apex of tibie
black.
Head densely and coarsely punctate, punctures more or less con-
fluent at base and sides of eyes ; with a distinct median impression.
Antenne rather thin, second joint less than half the length of third,
fifth subequal, sixth-ninth wider (the others missing). Prothorax
with rather large irregularly distributed punctures, sparser and
smaller on disc than elsewhere ; oblique impressions very indistinct ;
margins narrow. Scutellwm subtriangular, longer than wide, apex
rather narrow but truncate, base deeply notched. Hlytra elongate-
oblong, subhumeral lobes small ; basal third with rather large but
not very dense punctures and with transverse rugulosities,. elsewhere
the punctures are smaller and regular and posteriorly separated
by distinct convex interstices. Apex of prosternwm wide, rather
strongly bilobed and with large punctures.
Length 4 mm.
9. Differs in having somewhat smaller punctures, the antennze
shorter and prothorax rather more transverse ; the third abdominal
segment is larger than usual, the fourth distinct across middle but
considerably encroached upon by fovea, the latter large and deep
without lateral extensions.
Length 6} mm.
Hab. S. AusTRALIA; W. AusTRALIA: King George’s
Sound (Macleay Museum), Swan River (A. MZ. Lea).
In two females before me the antenne are perfect and
pass the third coxz for a slight distance ; judging by the
joints that are left in the male, I do not think its antennze
would pass the apex of the body. A male from King
George’s Sound, in the Macleay Museum, differs in having
all the elytral markings conjoined and the basal half of
the head black, the sixth-eighth joints of its antennz are
also diluted with red; a female from 8. Australia has a
small spot at the base of the head, and the suture from
the base to beyond the middle (where it joims with the
sub-apical spots) black, but the humeral spots are isolated ;
its antennz have also the sixth—eighth joints paler than
the others,
402. . Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
The description of Cr. eger, Chp., reads suspiciously
close to this species, but, as in the three specimens before
me, the antenne are black (in one specimen although all
the jomts are not black it is not only the apical one
“fusco”). In all three the scutellum and a wide space on
the elytra behind it are black, and the scutellum is strongly
attenuated behind, and could not be called “guadrato,”
although not fairly triangular, and Chapuis having at least
two specimens, it is very improbable that both were so
different to what appears to be the normal markings of
this species; he also says, “ metasterno nigro.”
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CLYPEALIS, n. sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 147.)
¢. Briefly oblong-ovate. Of a peculiar testaceous-red ; sides of
prothorax, middle of pro- and mesosternum and the abdomen
flavous; head (mouth parts excepted), antennz fourth-sixth
and parts of second and seventh joints excepted, a longitudinal vitta
on prothorax, scutellum (apex excepted), tarsi and apex of tibie
black. Black portions of under-surface with silvery pubescence.
Head densely and coarsely punctate throughout, the punctures
just as coarse on the clypeus as at the base. Antenne rather stout,
not extending to apex of body, second joint subglobular, slightly
more than half the length of third, third distinctly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax densely coarsely deeply and regularly punctate ; oblique
impressions scarcely traceable ; margins rather narrow. Scutellwm
transverse, punctate; apex not much narrower than base, base with
a rather large notch. Hlytra subquadrate, subhumeral lobes not
very large; densely punctate, the punctures at base scarcely larger
than on base of prothorax, but (on account of transverse rugulosities)
less sharply defined, posteriorly becoming smaller and subseriate in
arrangement. Apex of prosternwm wide and feebly bilobed.
Abdomen with the first segment unusually short, the fourth just
traceable across middle.
Length 4 mm.
Hab, W. AusTRALIA: Swan River (A. MV. Lea).
A very distinct species. The dark markings of the
upper-surface have a greenish gloss, the patch on the
elytra commences at the base, is rapidly narrowed to
the basal third, then rather suddenly widened, and then
abruptly terminated at about the apical third. Towards
the apex of the intercoxal process of the prosternum there
is an appearance as of a curved and irregular suture, and
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 403
which (as the apex itself is closely applied to the meso-
sternum) at first sight appears to be the true apex.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS RUBICUNDUS, 0. sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 168.)
¢. Oblong-elliptic. Testaceous; junction of prothorax with
secutellum and elytra and the tarsi black, outer half of antenne,
suture and metasternum more or less infuscate.
Hlead with rather large but not very dense punctures, median im-
pression very feeble or absent. Antenne as long as body, second joint
half the length of third, third considerably shorter than fifth. Pro-
thorax regularly convex, with fairly dense, moderately large and
regularly distributed punctures ; oblique impressions scarcely trace-
able; margins narrow. Scutelluwm very widely transverse, apex not
much narrower than base, base strongly notched. Hlytra rather
long, subhumeral lobes feeble ; densely but not very coarsely punc-
tate, and with transverse rugulosities, punctures posteriorly becoming
smaller and subgeminate in arrangement and close to apex with
feebly convex interstices. Apex of prosternwm moderately wide and
just perceptibly bilobed.
Length 44 mm.
Q. Differs in having shorter and thinner antenne ; fourth ab-
dominal segment distinct across middle but encroached upon by
fovea ; the latter large and deep with very shallow lateral extensions.
Length 6} mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
In the two females before me the legs are uniformly
pallid and the metasternum is very slightly infuscate.
The colour of the upper-surface is somewhat like that of
Cr. conjugatus, Chp., and the male of Cr. terminalis, Chp.,
but the prothorax is more convex and regular, the elytra
longer with smaller subhumeral lobes and the antennze
and punctures different.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS RUTILANS, N. sp.
?. Testaceous; junction of prothorax with seutellum and elytra
and the metasternum black ; outer half of antennz and apices of
tarsal joints and of tibiz more or less infuscate.
Head densely but not very coarsely punctate, the interstices finely
punctate ; median impression feeble. Antenne passing hind coxe,
second joint rather more than half the length of third, third and
fifth subequal and not much longer than fourth. Prothorasx, elytra
404 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
and abdomen as in the preceding species, except that the punctures
are smaller, and on the elytra are geminate in arrangement almost to
the base. Scutellwm transverse, apex half the width of base, base
very feebly notched. Apex of prosternwm rounded and entire.
Length 3? mm.
Hab. 8. AusSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
I have referred this species to Cryptocephalus, although
the apex of the prosternum is produced and rounded, as
it is undoubtedly very close to the preceding species (in
which the apex is feebly bilobed). In fact, in general
appearance (except as to its much smaller size and in the
shape of the scutellum) it can scarcely be distinguished
from that species.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS LARINUS, n. Sp.
Q. Rather wide, elliptic-oblong. Testaceous; junction of pro-
thorax with scutellum and elytra, metasternum and tips of claws
black, punctures of upper surface deeply stained—those of the elytra
with brown, those of the prothorax with black.
Head rather densely and moderately coarsely punctate, the
punctures more or less confluent and substrigose at base ; with a
distinct median feebly punctate impression. Antenne passing body,
second joint one-third the length of third, third very little longer
than fourth and distinctly shorter than fifth, eleventh scarcely if
at all longer than tenth. Prothorax rather more than twice as wide as
long ; with moderately dense and rather small irregularly distributed
punctures and with minute scattered punctures; oblique impres-
sions scarcely traceable ; margins very narrow and entire. Scutellwm
strongly transverse, not much wider at base than at apex, base
notched. Hlytra with small subhumeral lobes, densely and
moderately coarsely punctate, punctures posteriorly becoming
smaller and regular with feebly convex interstices, basal half with
transverse rugulosities. Apex of prosternwm wide and very feebly
bilobed. Abdomen with fourth segment distinct in middle; fovea
with feeble lateral extensions.
Length 63—8 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane; N.S. WaLes: Hunter
River (Macleay Museum), Inverell (/. H. Rose), Armidale
(A. M. Lea).
In one specimen the whole of the metasternum is black,
in another it is black except in middle, in two others the
abdominal segments are more or less stained with black.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 405
In two specimens the antennz are uniformly coloured, in
two others the apical half is more or less infuscate.
Differs from Och. vermicularis, Saund., in being of differ-
ent shape, the scutellum very decidedly transverse and the
metasternum black ; from Cr. pecilodermus, Chp., it differs
in being wider, with narrower prothoracic margins, wider
subhumeral lobes and different punctures.
In this and the three following species (and all of which
belong to a difficult section of the genus) the punctures,
owing to their stains, appear to be much bigger than they
really are.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CARINIVENTRIS, n. Sp.
¢d. Pale testaceous, almost flavous ; junction of prothorax with
scutellum and elytra dark brown ; punctures of upper surface deeply
stained, those on prothorax and base of elytra darker (almost black)
than elsewhere ; flanks of metasternum infuscate.
Head densely and coarsely punctate, punctures more or less con-
fluent. Antenne longer than the body, second joint less than half
the length of third, third shorter than fifth, eleventh slightly longer
than tenth. Prothorax, scutellwm and elytra much as in the pre-
ceding species, except that the prothorax is somewhat wider, with
slightly wider margins and denser punctures and the oblique impres-
sions more distinct. Apex of prosternuwm moderately wide and
strongly bilobed; of mesosternum quadrisinuate. Abdomen with
the third segment just traceable across middle, the fourth appearing
as a triangular wedge on each side, the fifth large, of irregular shape,
with a large and not very shallow apical impression, bounded at
sides and apex by a cariniform ridge.
Length 53 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (Gco. Compere).
The apex of the prosternum from some directions appears
to be just as deeply excised as in Schizosternus, but this
appearance is due solely to a longitudinal impression
which terminates at the middle of the apex; the abdomen
is also peculiar.
The shape of the apex of the prosternum will at once
distinguish this from the preceding species ; in the male of
Cr. pecilodermus, Chp., the third abdominal segment is not
traceable across the middle and the apical impression is
wider, shallower and with a much less elevated ridge
on each side.
406 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS STENOCERUS, 0. sp.
¢d. Pale reddish-testaceous, elytra flavous ; extreme base of head,
junction of prothorax with scutellum and elytra, suture and shoulders
black ; elytral punctures deeply stained with black ; antenne feebly,
the tarsi and apex of tibiae moderately infuscate.
Head densely and moderately coarsely punctate, punctures more
or less confluent towards base ; with a distinct median line. Antenne
long and thin considerably passing apex of body, second joint sub-
globular, less than one-third the length of third, third distinctly
shorter than fifth, eleventh slightly shorter than tenth. Prothorax
more than twice as wide as long, regularly convex ; with compara-
tively small and not dense punctures, and with minute scattered
punctures ; oblique impressions very feeble ; margins very narrow
and entire. Scutellwm strongly transverse, apex not much narrower
than base, base almost entire. Elytra with small subhumeral lobes ;
with rather small and not very dense punctures, becoming smaller
and seriate in arrangement posteriorly, basal portion almost without
transverse rugulosities. Apex of prosternwm wide and just perceptibly
bilobed. Abdomen with intermediate segments strongly incurved
to but continuous across middle, fifth large, with a fairly wide,
shallow, simple depression.
Length 5 mm,
?. Differs in having the elytral punctures stained with chocolate
brown, the antenne just passing apex of body, abdomen with almost
straight sutures to the second and third segments and the fourth
traceable across middle ; fovea with shallow lateral extensions.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton (types in Macleay
Museum).
In both specimens there is a narrow infuscate facial
streak, but it 1s scarcely traceable in the female; on the
prothorax of the female the punctures are moderately
stained, whilst in the male but very few of them are even
slightly stained. The punctures of the elytra being much
darker than those of the prothorax (instead of vice versd)
should readily distinguish this species from its close allies.
Seen from behind the elytra appear to be supplied with
regular black lines.
Can be readily distinguished from Cr. pecilodermus,
Chp., and the preceding species, by the abdomen of the
male having the fourth segment distinct (although narrow)
across the middle and the fifth with the depression much
smaller and narrower; the antenne also are different.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 407
From /arinus, n. sp., the female differs in being smaller,
with the fourth abdominal segment smaller, the shoulders
black and the under-surface entirely pallid. From Cadmus
sculptilis, Chp. (which is certainly congeneric), it differs in
its legs and the apical impression of the male; in that
species the impression is fairly large transverse and
very highly polished.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SOBRINUS, n. sp.
¢. Testaceous ; junction of prothorax with scutellum and elytra,
a narrow facial streak and punctures of upper surface more or less
stained with brown ; the punctures at base of elytra and on pro-
thorax darker than elsewhere.
Head rather densely and coarsely punctate, the punctures more
or less confluent posteriorly ; median line feebly impressed. An-
tenne thin, second joint about one-third the length of third, third
shorter than fifth. Prothorax regularly convex, with almost
regularly distributed and moderately large punctures, smaller on
dise and base than elsewhere, and with rather numerous minute
scattered punctures ; oblique impressions feeble; margins narrow.
Scutellum transverse, apex not much narrower than base, base feebly
notched. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral lobes feeble ; with round,
moderately large, more or less regular punctures, becoming smaller
and subseriate in arrangement posteriorly. Apex of prosternum
very wide and very feebly bilobed. Intermediate segments of
abdomen strongly incurved to but continuous across middle, fifth
large, middle of apex deeply and almost semicircularly excised.
Length 5 mm.
2. Differs in being larger, second and third segments of abdomen
rather large and with straight sutures, fourth just traceable across
middle ; fovea without lateral extensions.
Length 63 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND (types in Aug. Simson’s collection).
The scutellum in the male is impunctate but in the
female is impressed with a few scattered punctures. The
antenne in both specimens are broken, but in the male
eight joints remain and these are uniformly pallid.
The decidedly emarginate apical segment of abdomen in
the male readily distinguishes this from Cr. pacilodermus,
Chp., Cad. sculptilis, Chp., and from any of the preceding
species.
408 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS PALLENS, 0. sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 169.)
d. Of arather dingy flavous; prothorax (the sides more or less
diluted) pale reddish-testaceous ; basal half of head, antenn (four
basal joints excepted), seutellum and junction of prothorax and
elytra black ; suture and shoulders, sides of metasternum and the
tarsi infuscate.
Head densely and rather finely punctate, base strigose. Antenne
moderately thin, shorter than the body, second joint almost as long
as third, third and fourth subequal and distinctly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax not twice as wide as long, strongly convex, oblique
impressions indistinct but fairly deep ; densely and coarsely punctate,
punctures smaller on disc than elsewhere. Scwtellwm triangular,
base entire. Hlytra diminishing in width from base to apex, sub-
humeral lobes rather large ; densely moderately coarsely and sub-
seriately punctate, the punctures becoming smaller and more
regular posteriorly. Apex of prosternwm very wide and feebly
bilobed. Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly incurved to
but continuous across middle.
Length 24 mm.
Q. Differs in having the antenne shorter and thinner, the elytra
with smaller punctures (especially posteriorly) and almost as wide
at apex as at base ; intermediate segments of abdomen moderately
large, the fourth just traceable across middle, fovea larger than usual
and without lateral extensions.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
In some female specimens the third joint only of the
four front tarsi is infuscate, whilst the flanks of the meta-
sternum appear to be always less dark in the female than
in the male ; the dark portion of the head has occasionally
a slight greenish gloss.
The species is unusually small for Cryptocephalus, looking
more at home in Lowxoplewrus, but the bilobed apex of
prosternum forbid its being placed in that genus. In
appearance it is much like a small specimen of Or. conjugatus,
Chp. From the description of Lox. verticalis, Chp., it
differs in its dark scutellum (with its base entire) and
metasternum.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides., 409
CRYPTOCEPHALUS LILLIPUTANUS, Ni. Sp.
(Plates XXIIT, XXIV, figs. 69, 126, 127.)
g. Deep metallic green with a slight coppery gloss ; prothoracic
margins, a rather large spot at the apex of each elytron, legs (the
two apical joints of tarsi infuscate) and the second and fourth joints
of antenne reddish-testaceous.
Head very densely but not very coarsely punctate, punctures as
large on clypeus as elsewhere, and at base and sides of eyes more
or less confluent ; with a transverse and a longitudinal impression.
Antenne rather thin, shorter than the body, second joint more than
half the length of third, third shorter than fifth. Prothorax less
than twice as wide as long, strongly convex ; densely coarsely and
regularly punctate; oblique impressions rather deep; margins
narrow. Scutellwm triangular, apex obtusely rounded, base entire.
Elytra diminishing in width from base to apex, subhumeral lobes
small, densely and moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures
somewhat smaller but scarcely subseriately arranged posteriorly,
towards base feebly transversely rugulose. Apex of prosternwm
wide and just perceptibly bilobed. Intermediate segments of abdomen
strongly incurved to but continuous across middle.
Length 24 mm.
Q. Differs in having the prothorax red, but with a complete
transverse median fascia and a complete longitudinal vitta, the latter
narrow on its apical and wide on its basal portion ; the antenne
are shorter and the elytra are almost as wide at apex as at base ;
second and third abdominal segments with almost straight sutures,
fourth rather large at sides but scarcely traceable across middle ;
fovea larger than usual, without lateral extensions.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Huon River (A. JZ. Lea).
Of five specimens before me four are females, of these
three have the prothoracic markings as described, in the
other the prothorax is coloured exactly as in the male; on
this and another female the front tibiz have a blackish
streak on their outer apex; the first and fifth joints of
antenne are dark in some specimens and pale in others.
This is another very small species which would look
more at home in Lowoplewrws but has the apex of the pro-
sternum feebly bilobed. The prothoracic fascia with spurs,
the apical segments of abdomen not pale flavous, and the
colour of tarsi should distinguish it from Lox. stwrmi,
Chp.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II]. (SEPT.) 27
410 Mr, A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS TEN EBRICOSUS, Nl. Sp.
?. Rather feebly shining. Blackish-brown ; head (basal fourth
excepted), antennze (upper surface of first joint excepted), margins
of elytra (the apex rather more widely than the sides), pygidium
and legs (middle of femora and apex of tibie excepted) of a more
or less obscure testaceous-red.
Head densely and coarsely punctate throughout, with a very
feeble median impression. Antenne rather thin, just passing hind
coxe, second joint more than half the length of third, third very
little longer than fourth and slightly shorter than fifth, eleventh
inserted towards side of tenth. Prothorax more than twice as wide
as long ; densely and coarsely punctate throughout ; oblique im-
pressions rather feeble, margins very narrow and entire. Scutellwm
rather strongly transverse, base entire and not much wider than
apex ; a few punctures towards base. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral
lobes rather small ; coarsely and not very densely punctate ; apical
half with distinct costiform interstices. Pygidiwm with an indistinct
median ridge. Under-swrface densely and moderately coarsely
punctate. Apex of prosternum wide and feebly bilobed. Abdomen
with the fourth segment fairly large but in middle encroached upon
by fovea, the latter wide, without lateral extensions.
Length 43 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Ipswich (types in Macleay
Museum).
A dingy species with the apex of the prosternum feebly
bilobed but which would look more at home in Cadmus.
I was inclined at first to regard it as an extreme variety of
Cad. ornatus, Chp. (which in build it much resembles), but
apart from the prosternum and colour it differs in having
the prothoracic margins decidedly narrower and the elytra
more rugose.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS DISTORTUS, 0. sp.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 148, 192.)
¢. Elongate-oblong, feebly shining. Almost (parts of the under-
surface quite) flavous ; a triangle at base and parts of the front half
of head, antenne (base of second—fourth joints excepted), a triangle
on prothorax (its base almost touching the apex of that segment)
and extreme base, all the margins (including suture) of elytra very
narrowly, scutellum, metasternum in parts, and legs (coxze and base
of tibize excepted) black.
Head densely and coarsely punctate ; with a transverse and a
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 411
longitudinal impression, Antenne long, passing apex of body,
second joint less than one-third the length of third, third and fifth
subequal and distinctly longer than fourth, fifth suddenly thickened
at apex, seventh—-tenth wide, the serrations of the joints reversed
after the seventh, eighth largest of all, tenth obtusely curved at
apex, eleventh strongly incurved at apex. Prothorax with large
punctures of irregular size and irregularly distributed ; oblique
impressions feeble ; margins narrow; each side at apex suddenly
and rather deeply constricted so that the anterior angles project out-
wards. Scutellwm transverse ; with scattered punctures ; base entire
and not much wider than apex. Hlytra elongate-oblong, sub-
humeral lobes very small; with fairly large punctures becoming
seriate in arrangement and with irregularly convex interstices
apically, elsewhere with transverse rugulosities. Pygidiwm very
indistinctly ridged. Apex of prosternwm wide and almost truncate.
Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly incurved to middle,
across which the fourth is just traceable, fifth of irregular shape
with a deep transverse impression bounded by a ridge on each side ;
first with a transverse, tuberculiform, slightly bent elevation.
Length 5 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (Macleay Museum),
The pygidium and parts of the abdomen are more or
less deeply stained with brown. The transverse rugulosi-
ties extend much closer to the apex than usual, about the
middle each extends almost across the entire width of the
elytron.
This and the following species are allied to Cr, biha-
matus, Chp., all three having very remarkable antennz
and abdomen in the males, The abdomen is very peculiar,
the transverse tubercle of the first segment appears like a
short, suddenly elevated, sloping carina ; the apical impres-
sion (which i is partially obscured at the base by long hairs
belonging to the intermediate segments) is as large as the
fovea in. many females. In the male of rufoterminalis,
n. sp., the tubercle is subacute, the fourth segment appears
on each side as a triangular wedge and the impression on
the fifth is large and subtriangular, In the male of biha-
matus, the tuberele on the first segment is longitudinal and
very distinctly bilobed at apex, the fourth segment appears
as a wedge on each side (narrower than in the following
species) and the apical impression is of a very irregular
triangular shape. These three species form a very natural
and highly interesting group.
412 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS RUFOTERMINALIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXIII, XXVI, figs, 70, 193.)
¢. Elongate-oblong, moderately shining. Black ; all the margins
of prothorax, a rather wide antemedian fascia on elytra and portion
of pygidium and under-surface flavous; part of head, antenne
(eighth joint black and part of first seventh and ninth infuscate) and
legs (upper portion of femora and third and part of fourth tarsal
joints black) red ; apex of elytra orange-red.
Head densely and coarsely punctate; with a narrow median
impression. Antennze longer than the body, second joint one-fifth
the length of third, third slightly longer than fifth and much longer
than fourth, fifth widened at apex, seventh—tenth wide and sub-
triangular, eighth widest, eleventh feebly curved. Prothorax more
than twice as wide aslong ; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures
more or less round and very few confluent, margins narrow, anterior
angles projecting outwards; oblique impressions not traceable.
Scutellum transverse ; feebly punctate ; base entire and but little
wider than apex. Hlytra of the same shape and sculpture as the
preceding species, except that the transverse rugulosities are rather
less regular, Apex of prosternwm wide and feebly bilobed. Abdo-
men with a transverse rounded tubercle in middle of first segment,
fourth appearing on each side asa triangular wedge, fifth with a
triangular impression of which the apex is directed forwards,
Length 6 (vix) mm.
Hab. N.S. Wates: Uralla (W. W. Froggatt), Yass
(Macleay Museum).
The specimen (damaged) from Yass has the entire tarsi
and the apex of the tibize black. The dark portion of the
under-surfaces varies in the two specimens before me, but
in both the flanks of the metasternum are black and the
intercoxal process of prosternum flavous. Both have some
indistinct flavous patches about the base of the elytra.
The abdominal impression although not very deep has
almost perpendicular walls.
In colour of body this species agrees fairly well with
Chapuis’ description of Cr. bihamatus, but I have certainly
correctly identified that species which has the antennze
almost entirely black and with the two terminal joints
“arcuatis, interius acute hamatis,’ whilst in the present
species the antenne are almost entirely pallid and with the
tenth joint not at all and the eleventh but feebly curved.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 418
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONSPICIENDUS, nD. Sp.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 71, 72.)
¢. Elongate-oblong, moderately shining. Black; a transverse
submedian spot on each elytron and base and apex of intercoxal
process of prosternum flavous ; coxze and second—fourth joints of
antenne reddish. Pygidium and _ under-surface with silvery
pubescence.
Head densely and coarsely punctate ; eyes much closer together
than usual. Antenne long and thin considerably passing apex of
body, second joint about one-third the length of third, third con-
siderably longer than fourth and shorter than fifth. Prothorax not
twice as wide as long, very coarsely and densely punctate, the
punctures more or less confluent ; margins very narrow but entire,
anterior angles projecting outwards but invisible from above ; oblique
impressions not traceable. Scutellam subquadrate, apex but little
narrower than base, with a large nasal notch. Hlytra elongate-
oblong, subhumeral lobes small ; with very large (almost foveate)
punctures, not much larger at base than elsewhere; with very
irregular interstices (much interrupted by punctures) traceable (or at
least the alternate ones) almost to base. Apex of prosternuwm wide
and feebly bilobed. Abdomen with fourth segment just traceable
across middle, fifth large.
Length 47 mm.
2. Fourth abdominal segment rather large, middle depressed and
encroached upon by fovea ; the latter with narrow and (owing to
clothing) indistinct lateral extensions.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. N. S. Wawes (Macleay Museum), Jindabyne
(Bauerlin), Sydney (W. W. Froggatt and A. MW. Lea).
In two males before me the elytral spots are large ont-
wardly and curved inwards to suture, along which each
runs for a short distance, so that combined they form a
very feeble V. In another male the spots are smaller and
more distant from the suture; in a female they are also
rather small and distant from the suture, in this specimen
also the apex of the elytra is reddish. In the three males
the prothorax has a slight greenish gloss.
In appearance the species somewhat approaches Cad.
luctuosus, Chp., and Cad. quadrifasciatus, n. sp., but (apart
from markings and apex of prosternum) punctures of both
prothorax and elytra very different.
414 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CRYPTOCEPHALUS METALLICUS, n. sp.
¢. Metallic coppery purple ; antenne red, the first joint black.*
Head densely and coarsely punctate ; with a very feeble median
impression. Antenne thin, second joint less than one-third the
length of third, third and fifth subequal and longer than fourth,
fifth slightly curved. Prothorax not twice as wide as long, very
densely and coarsely punctate, the punctures all more or less con-
fluent, margins very narrow and scarcely visibly crenulate, oblique
impressions fairly large but indistinct. Scutellwm subquadrate,
densely punctate, apex not much narrower than base, base very
deeply notched. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral lobes small ; coarsely
and very densely punctate ; apical half acutely costate. Pygidiwm
very densely punctate, with a distinct median ridge. Apex of
prosternum very wide, depressed, very feebly bilobed.
Length 43 mm.
2. Fourth segment of abdomen fairly large ; its middle distinctly
encroached upon by fovea; the latter with shallow lateral extensions.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. §S. AuvsTRALiIA: Victoria (types in Macleay
Museum).
A very distinct species, in build and sculpture somewhat
resembling Cad. ornatus, Chp. Pallid antennze are most
unusual for metallic species.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS BASIZONIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXIII, XXV, figs. 73, 170.)
?. Pale reddish-testaceous, abdomen and pygidium flavous ;
scutellum (its tip reddish), a wide basal fascia and a large subapical
spot on each elytron black ; parts of metasternum, apex of femora
and of tibize and the tarsi infuscate.
Head with rather small punctures, base strigose, with a distinct
median impression. Antenne thin, almost as long as the body,
second joint one-third the length of third, third shorter than fifth.
Prothorax not twice as wide as long ; impunctate except for a few
small punctures at sides ; oblique impressions smooth and rather
wide ; margins very narrow, sides dilated towards base and project-
ing outwards in front. Scwtellum triangular, apex rounded and
* In the unique male the three terminal joints of the antenne
are missing, but from those left I imagine they slightly pass the
body ; in the female they are slightly shorter than the body and
most of the apical joint is black.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 415
projecting, considerably above elytra, base deeply notched. El ytra
widest near apex, subhumeral lobes small ; with sparse minute
punctures in almost regular series, but disappearing towards apex.
Pygidium with a narrow and feeble median ridge. Apex of proster-
num wide, feebly rounded and entire. Abdomen with the fourth
segment large and feebly encroached upon by fovea ; the latter with
very shallow lateral extensions.
Length 85 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
In general appearance a perfectly typical species of
Cryptocephalus, although the apex of prosternum is not
bilobed. Of the two specimens before me one has the
antennz entirely black, except for the second and base of
the third and fourth joints, in the other only the apical and
the upper portion of the basal joint is black. The pale
portions of the elytra are paler than the prothorax. The
punctures (except on the head) are sparser and smaller
than in any other species with which I am acquainted.
YRYPTOCEPHALUS COMPTUS, Nn. sp.
(Plates XXIII, XXV, figs. 74, 75, 149.)
¢. Testaceous-red ; apical half of antennz, extreme base of
prothorax, pygidium and metasternum infuscate ; scutellum, tarsi
and apex of tibiew black; elytra with two black fascize not quite
touching the sides, the first basal, the second and widest subapical,
the two connected along suture.
Head with moderately large and not very dense punctures, base
rather feebly strigose ; with a median impression varying from deep
and distinct to very faint. Amntennz rather thin, distinctly shorter
than the body, second joint rather more than half the length of
third, third distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax regularly
convex, with fairly large but rather sparse and unevenly distributed
punctures, oblique impressions feeble, margins rather narrow.
Scutellam transverse, base notched and not much wider than apex.
Llytra elongate-oblong, subhumeral lobes feeble, with rather large
and dense punctures, becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement
with feebly convex interstices posteriorly. Apex of prosternuwm
obtusely rounded and entire. Abdomen with the fourth segment
just traceable across middle.
Length 4 mm.
?. Differs in having the antenne shorter and thinner and the
416 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
punctures smaller ; the fourth abdominal segment is narrow across
middle ; fovea almost without traces of lateral extensions.
Length 55—6} mm.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
The scutellum varies from entirely (extreme base
excepted) red to entirely black, the elytral markings have
a greenish or bluish gloss. In the only male before me
the base of the head and an frregular median prothoracic
vitta are black, in one female these parts are also dark, but
in six others both head and prothorax are of uniform
colour. In several of the females only the third tarsal
joint is black. .
I have referred this and the following species to Crypto-
cephalus, although the apex of the prosternum is not
bilobed, as they are typical-looking species of that genus.
In build they much resemble rubicundus, n. sp. The
markings of the present species are somewhat as in Jd.
bynoeci, Saund., but the punctures, antenne, scutellar
notch, etc, are different and the body is rather more
elongate. One specimen is marked as irom the Western
Interior of S. Australia.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS MINUSCULUS, Ni. Sp.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 76, 77, 78, 79, 80.)
¢. Testaceous-red ; base of head, scutellum and metasternum
black ; elytra black with red markings, or red with black markings ;
apical portions of antenne, abdomen (except at apex), tarsi, posterior
femora and apex of tibize infuscate.
Length 3 (2 32) mm.
Much the build of the preceding species but the sexes always
smaller, the punctures smaller and (especially on elytra) more
numerous, the subhumeral lobes larger, the scutellum less transverse
with the base considerably wider than the apex.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
This is a decidedly variable species. The head is
entirely red in the female and sometimes in the male also,
sometimes but two or three joints of the antenne, at
others all beyond the fourth are infuscate, sometimes all
the femora are red whilst in others the hind or the four
hind are infuscate, the scutellum is usually red but occa-
sionally black, in some specimens the abdomen is entirely
red. In some specimens the elytral markings (except that
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 417
the greenish gloss is absent) much resemble those on the
preceding species ; the following are some of them—
A Shoulders and a large subapical spot on each side black.
B The same but in addition with a triangular black space about
the scutellum,
C Resembling B but with the basal markings united.
D Resembling C but with the apical spots united.
H Resembling C but with the basal and apical markings united
along the sides.
F Elytra black, the apex, sides and a submedian spot (of variable
size) on each, red.
G Resembling F' but with the sides dark.
H Elytra entirely dark except for a small submedian spot (closer to
suture than side) on each.
In eight specimens the prothorax is immaculate, in five others
there is a short longitudinal vitta of variable size and shape.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS T-VIRIDIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXIII, XXV, XXVI, figs. 81, 150, 151, 194.)
g. Flavous or pale reddish-testaceous ; head, a wide prothoracic
fascia (having a median projection both in front and behind),
scutellum, pygidium and under-surface black with a greenish gloss ;
elytra with the base, suture, shoulders and a longitudinal vitta on
each side (feebly connected with shoulders or not) metallic green ;
antennz (basal joints excepted) and tarsi infuscate. Pygidium and
under-surface with silvery pubescence.
Head very densely and finely strigose, with small scattered
punctures. Antenne rather stout, just passing hind coxe, second
joint very little shorter than third, third slightly shorter than fourth,
fourth slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax with moderately dense
but irregularly distributed punctures, fairly large at sides but small
on disc, oblique impressions feeble, margins very narrow. Sevtellwm
transverse, subtriangular, apex truncate, base notched. Hlytra with
small subhumeral lobes, densely (and in some specimens) coarsely
punctate, punctures becoming smaller and subgeminate in arrange-
ment posteriorly, with (in some specimens) feebly convex interstices.
Apex of prosternwm wide and almost truncate. Abdomen with the
intermediate segments strongly incurved, the fourth not traceable
across middle, fifth large.
Length 43 mm.
418 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Q. Has the prothorax more transverse ; the abdominal fovea
large and deep and without lateral extensions.
Length 54 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES (Macleay Museum).
I have referred this species to Cryptocephalus although
the apex of the prosternum is not bilobed, as it would be
absurd to refer it to any genus other than that to which
Cr. parentheticus, Suff., belongs ; at first sight indeed it
appears to be but a variety of that species, but the
antennz, prothoracic punctures and apex of prosternum
are somewhat different. The colour (except for slight
variations on the prothorax and sides of elytra) appears to
be constant in the five specimens before me; the legs are
pallid whilst in parentheticus they are invariably black.
The green parts of the elytra (leaving the lateral vittz out)
somewhat resemble the letter T, the sutural marking
being very narrow at apex, slightly widening out to middle
and then rapidly increasing in width to the shoulders.
The size and density of the punctures are subject to con-
siderable variation and are usually smaller in the female
than in the male. The comparative lengths of the second
—fourth joints of antennz are rather unusual. In the
female as well as in the male the fourth abdominal segment
is not traceable across the middle.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SERENUS, 0. sp.
?. Almost (abdomen quite) flavous ; suture dark metallic bluish-
green, the green extended round scutellum (the extreme base of
which is almost dark) and at base very narrowly continued almost
to the sides ; upper surface of first and the three terminal joints of
antennee infuscate ; tips of claws black.
Head with dense but rather small punctures, with a wide indistinct
median impression. Antenne just passing hind coxee, second joint
half the length of third, third slightly longer than fifth and distinctly
longer than fourth. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long ; with
moderately dense and fairly large punctures (larger at sides than
elsewhere) and with numerous minute scattered punctures ; oblique
impressions irregular and indistinct; margins finely crenulate.
Scutellum feebly transverse, base entire and very little wider than
apex. Elytra oblong, subhumeral lobes feeble ; not very densely or
coarsely punctate, the punctures denser and larger below shoulders
than elsewhere, subgeminate about middle and seriate, with feebly
convex interstices, posteriorly ; with minute scattered punctures.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 419
Apex of prosternuwm very wide and obtusely rounded. Abdomen
with the fourth segment just traceable across middle ; fovea with
scarcely traceable lateral extensions.
Length 55 mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Geraldton (A. MZ. Lea).
A pallid species but rendered distinct by the dark green
and fairly wide sutural marking. I have seen but one
specimen.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SCABIOSUS, n. sp.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 82.)
¢. Oblong, moderately shining, subtuberculate. Of a rather
dark red, antennz and tarsi paler; junction of prothorax with
scutellum and elytra and apex of scutellum blackish ; elytra with a
submedian flavous fascia.
Head densely and coarsely punctate and with a distinct median
impression, Antenne thin, not extending to hind coxe, second joint
more than half the length of third, third distinctly longer than
fourth, fourth and fifth subequal. Prothorax densely and coarsely
punctate, punctures very irregular ; oblique impressions feeble,
margins very narrow. Scutellwm transverse ; feebly punctate ; base
deeply notched and less than twice the width of apex. Elytra
oblong, subhumeral lobes small ; rather coarsely and very irregularly
punctate; with scar-like elevations—largest across middle and
towards base and apex more or less following the lines of inter-
stices. Apex of prosternuwm very wide and distinctly bilobed.
Abdomen with the fourth segment just traceable across middle ;
fovea without lateral extensions.
Length 5} mm.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
A peculiar and roughly sculptured species totally differ-
ent to any other known to me. The flavous fascia on the
elytra is very irregular and is confined to the elevated
portions.
There are two females before me; a male, which I
believe to belong to the species, is deep black (the head,
autennze and parts of the legs piceous-brown), with a
very distinct but irregular pale elytral fascia, interrupted
at suture, and on each side enclosing two small irregular
dark circular spaces; from the fascia there are no pro-
longations either backwards or forwards, but on both the
females there are such. This male is also of smaller size
(33 mm.), with coarser punctures, prothorax more gibbous
420 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
and less transverse, scutellum larger and scar-like eleva-
tions on middle of elytra more pronounced. Its abdomen
is most remarkable, in that the second, third and fourth
segments are not at all visible across the middle, so that
there the first actually appears to impinge on the fifth ;
the latter is large, flattened in the middle and with a
rather indistinct transverse impression.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS INCOCTUS, n. sp.
¢. Briefly oblong-ovate, moderately shining, pubescent, rough.
Head (front excepted), prothorax (extreme apex and sides excepted)
and extreme base of elytra and of scutellum black ; elytra almost
scarlet ; pygidium and under-surface reddish-testaceons, appendages
paler ; metasternum and apical joint of antennze infuscate. Moder-
ately densely (the elytra sparsely) clothed with short golden
pubescence.
Head densely and coarsely punctate ; with a rather deep median
impression, Antenne thin, longer than the body, second joint about
one-third the length of third, third slightly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax not much more than once and one half as wide as
long, disc obsoletely bitubereulate, oblique impressions wide but
indistinct, margins narrow and feebly crenulate ; coarsely and very
densely punctate, the punctures partially concealed by clothing.
Scutellum longer than wide ; densely punctate ; apex about half the
width of base, base notched, acutely ridged along middle. Hlytra
subquadrate, feebly diminishing in width from base to apex, sub-
humeral lobes large; densely and coarsely punctate, with convex
interstices somewhat irregular posteriorly but very irregular towards
base. Under-swrface densely and moderately coarsely punctate.
Apex of prosternum wide and very distinctly bilobed. Intermediate
segments of abdomen strongly incurved to and narrow across middle,
fifth large with a large and not very shallow median impression.
Length 5} mm.
?. Differs in being of a rather dingy red, the elytra somewhat
paler than the prothorax, but with the junction of these blackish,
the apical joint no darker than the others, or dark only on its apical
half and the metasternum is no darker than the abdomen. It is
larger, with smaller punctures, eyes much more distant, antenne
just passing hind coxee, prothorax without feeble tubercles, and elytra
fully as wide at apex as at base. Intermediate segments of abdomen
large and almost straight, the fourth slightly wider than the third ;
fovea without lateral extensions,
Length 64 mm.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 421
Hab, QUEENSLAND : Mackay (C. French).
A short broad species at first sight apparently belonging
to Lachnabothra, and possibly really an aberrant member
of that genus; but I have placed it here amongst other
aberrant species as being less likely to cause confusion.
There are four females before me, in one of which the elytra
are almost as brightly coloured as in the unique male.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS COMOSUS, n. sp.
¢. Elliptic-oblong, opaque. Black ; elytra (extreme base and
shoulders excepted) pale testaceous; basal joints of antennz ob-
securely diluted with red. Densely and uniformly clothed with
short pubescence — golden on the upper, silvery on the lower
surface.
Head and prothorax with rather small but very dense and regular
punctures. Antenne long and thin, passing apex of body, second
joint about one-third the length of third, third distinctly shorter
than fifth. Prothorax with the oblique impressions indistinct but
fairly deep, margins narrow. Scwtellwm as long as wide ; densely
punctate ; ridged along middle, base not very much wider than apex,
and with a rather large notch. Elytra oblong, subhumeral lobes
small ; with regular series of punctures from base to apex ; interstices
wide, feebly convex, and densely and finely punctate. Pygidiwm
strongly bilobed at apex. Apex of prosternwm very wide and
truncate, but in middle with a scarcely perceptible notch. Abdomen
with second and third segments large, fourth very decidedly trisinuate
at apex ; fovea without lateral extensions,
Length 64 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Tambourine (type in R&R. [/lidge’s
collection).
A very distinct species having pallid and densely pu-
bescent elytra, strongly bilobed pygidium and the fourth
abdominal segment trisinuate. Its only previously de-
scribed hairy congener from Australia is Cr. hispidus, Chp.
(unknown to me), which has blackish-blue elytra and
pallid abdomen and pygidium.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONVEXICOLLI S, n. sp.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 195.)
¢. Elongate elliptic-oblong, highly polished. Of a fiery metallic
copper colour, suture and under-surface with a greenish gloss,
antenne black.
422 Mr, A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Head with moderately large sparse punctures, but densely strigose
at base ; middle feebly impressed. Antenne stout, just passing hind
coxie, second joint more than half the length of third, third and fifth
subequal, seventh—tenth rather wide. Prothorac less than twice as
wide as long, strongly and regularly convex, oblique impressions
almost absent ; margins very narrow; sides with dense and moder-
ately large punctures, becoming smaller and sparser on dise ; minute
punctures scattered about. Scutellwm slightly transverse ; sparsely
punctate ; base not much wider than apex and with a large notch,
Elytra with small subhumeral lobes, coarsely punctate behind
shoulders, apical half with small punctures in regular series, towards
base becoming larger and subgeminate in arrangement. Pygidiwm
with a very feeble median ridge, Apex of prosternwm wide and
just perceptibly bilobed, Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly
incurved to and narrow across middle, fifth large and feebly trans-
versely depressed,
Length 44 mm.
9. Differs in being slightly larger with smaller punctures and
antenne shorter and thinner; fourth abdominal segment just
traceable across middle ; fovea without lateral extensions.
Length 5 mm.
Hab, N.S. WAks: Berrima (types in Macleay Museum),
Bungendore, Queanbeyan (A. M. Lea).
An aberrant species with an outline suggestive of
Prasonotus, but the scutellum of normal size and the
intercostal process of prosternum of different shape to that
of P. submetallicus, Suftr., and ruficaudis, Baly. I have
seen but one male, but there are four females before me;
of these two are coloured as the male, the third is deep
metallic blue with purplish reflections, and the fourth is
metallic green, with in places, and from some directions,
coppery reflections.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ORNATIPENNIS, n. Sp.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 88, 84.)
¢@. Bluish-black ; front of head, extreme apex and sides of
prothorax and parts of four (or of a less number) basal joints of
antennz dull red; under-surface (metasternum infuscate) and legs
(tarsi and apex of tibia blackish) paler; elytra with the base (but
not the extreme base) and four postmedian and two subapical spots
flavous.
Head densely and regularly punctate except that at base the
punctures become subconfluent; median impression feeble. Antenne
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 423
moderately stout, just about the length of body, second joint less
than half the length of third, third slightly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax more than twice as wide as long; with dense, round,
regular punctures of fairly large size, but sparser on dise (where a
few smaller punctures are scattered about) than elsewhere ; oblique
impressions fairly deep, but interrupted in middle, margins not very
narrow. Secutelluwm transverse ; sparsely punctate ; apex wide, base
deeply notched. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral lobes small; with
large dense punctures (very sparse on the pallid portions), becoming
sparser, smaller (but still rather large), and seriate in arrangement
posteriorly. Apex of prosteriwmn wide rounded and entire. Inter-
mediate segments of abdomen rather strongly incurved to middle.
Length 54 mm.
2. Differs in having the upper surface of a purplish-red (except
that the junction of the prothorax with the seutellum and elytra is
black), and the legs (tips of the claws excepted) entirely pale ; the
elytral markings are, however, the same. It is larger and wider,
punctures smaller, antennz thinner, and just passing hind coxee, and
both the prothorax and scutellum more transverse, Abdomen with
second and third segments large and with almost straight sutures,
fourth encroached upon by fovea ; the latter with very shallow
lateral extensions. Length 74 mm.
Hab, N. QUEENSLAND: (2. Zilidge), Endeavour River,
Thursday Island (Macleay Museum).
An aberrant species and, like the last, with an outline
suggestive of Prasonotus. It appears to be an abundant
species in North Queensland, The four postmedian spots
(which appear as parts of a fascia) are sometimes united to
form but two. One peculiarity of the species is the fact
that the punctures are very sparse (on some specimens
they are altogether absent) on the pallid portions of the
elytra; those that do occur there are more or less
infuscate,
CRYPTOCEPHALUS CQELESTIS, n. sp.
(Plate XX VI, fig. 196.)
9. Deep metallic blue with purplish reflections ; under-surface
(flanks of prosternum and two apical segments metallic blue), coxee
and base of femora reddish.
Head densely punctate, strigose at base and sides of eyes. Antennie
very wide, slightly shorter than the body, second joint transverse,
about one-third the length of third, third slightly shorter and nar-
rower than fourth, fifth much the widest and longest, sixth—tenth
424 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
transverse, sixth about half the length of fifth, the others gradually
decreasing in length, eleventh obpyriform. Prothorax much wider
at base than at apex ; oblique impressions deep and narrow ; with
rather large irregular punctures and with transverse rugulosities,
punctures denser at sides than elsewhere ; margins narrow. Scu-
tellum triangular, longer than wide, base notched. Hlytra briefly
oblong, subhumeral lobes not very small ; densely but not very
coarsely punctate, and feebly transversely rugulose, posteriorly
punctures becoming smaller and irregularly geminate in arrange-
ment almost to the apex. Pygidiwm with rather larger punctures
than usual. Apex of prosternwm very wide, feebly rounded and
entire. Abdomen with the fourth segment small and moderately
incurved to middle, fifth comparatively small ; fovea with irregular
extensions.
Length 43 mm.
Hab. Victoria: Gisborne (type in H. H. D. Griffith's
collection).
A very beautiful and decidedly aberrant species.
Of the species of the subfamily described as having
antennze very wide in the middle, Chariderma pulchella,
Baly, has the prothorax and elytra maculate and the pro-
sternum much as in Schizosternus; Aporocera apicalis,
Saund., and bicolor, Saund., have the prothorax pallid and
the elytra long with large punctures in regular series.
Ap.chalybea,Saund. (unknown to me), is described as having
the prothorax pitchy-black margined with ochraceous, the
legs differently sculptured and the elytral sculpture dif-
ferent. The following species has also antennz very wide
in the middle, but its sculpture and colour are very different
and the intercostal process is strongly ridged along the
middle.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS COSTIPENNIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXV, XXVI, figs. 171, 197.)
9. Moderately shining. Black ; muzzle, coxe and extreme base
of tibize dull red ; prothorax and elytra testaceous, the former with
the sides in front and a median line (not quite continuous to apex),
the latter with the basal third of the sides and the suture, black.
Head opaque and densely and coarsely punctate. Antennz wide,
just passing hind coxw, second joint less than half the length of
third, third—fifth very wide, the third slightly the widest, the fifth
slightly the longest, sixth—tenth regularly diminishing in length
and width, eleventh slightly longer and narrower than tenth, apex
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 425
triangularly pointed. Prothorax more than twice as wide as long ;
coarsely and very densely punctate ; margins narrow and entire.
Scutellum moderately convex, coarsely punctate, base feebly notched
and not much wider than apex. Hlytra elongate, subhumeral lobes
very small ; with very dense, round, moderately large, regularly dis-
tributed punctures ; each elytron with four very distinct and strongly
elevated cost, of which the outer (commencing just below the
shoulder) is the largest and becomes united to the sutural one close
to apex, the second from the suture commences closer to the base and
is larger than the third, but terminates before it. Pygidiwm densely
and rather coarsely punctate. Under-surface with dense punctures,
many of those on abdomen transverse. Prosternum very decidedly
ridged along middle, apex rounded and entire. Abdomen with
larger segments (except the fifth which is smaller) than usual; fovea
without lateral extensions.
Length 74 mm.
Hab. N.S. Wass: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd).
The dark sutural marking is very narrow at the base
and gradually becomes wider (although it is nowhere very
wide) towards apex, on the apex itself being slightly ex-
tended. In addition to the four distinct costz on each
elytra, there are traces of others both towards base and
apex. The intercoxal process of prosternum very dis-
tinctly produced and rounded at the hinder apex and
strongly ridged along middle, with the shape of the an-
tenne, decidedly distinguish this from the normal species
of Cryptocephalus.
DIANDICHUS FOVEIVENTRIS, n. sp.
¢. Oblong-obovate, moderately shining. Head, prothorax, scu-
tellum, antennz (the basal joints obscurely diluted with testaceous),
tarsi, hind femora, part of middle femora and the apices of tibize
(the hind more than the front), black ; rest of appendages and the
gular regions testaceous; elytra deep bluish-green.
Upper-surface very densely and finely punctate throughout, pro-
thorax with moderately large and rather dense punctures, smaller on
disc than elsewhere ; elytra with rather dense punctures on basal
third, becoming smaller, sparser, and subseriate in arrangement
posteriorly. Head with or without a feeble median impression ; a
small fovea on each side of the clypeus. Antenne slightly longer
than the body, second joint more than half the length of third.
Prothorax about twice as wide as long, a rather shallow oblique
impression on each side. Scutellwm very long and thin ; impunctate.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (SEPT.) 28
426 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Elytra at base very little wider than prothorax, each widely rounded
at apex. Abdomen with the fourth segment not traceable across
middle, the fifth semicircular in front.
Length 2} mm.
?. Differs in being larger, with the antennz somewhat shorter
than the body and the basal joint of all the tarsi narrower. The
apical fovea is very large, occupying more than one-third the width
of the segment and is without lateral extensions; the abdomen
(except the middle of the two basal segments) and the pygidium are
flavous, and the middle legs entirely black ; the elytra are more
dilated towards the apex than in the male.
Length 23-3 mm.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: Geraldton (A. JZ. Lea).
In some females the elytra are more bluish (occasionally
with a slight purplish gloss) than green. The prothorax
black in both sexes easily distinguishes this species from
analis, Chp. (the only previously described species) ; the
punctures of the upper-surface are also different and the
antenne are thinner in both sexes.
SCHIZOSTERNUS DELICATULUS, 0. Sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 176.)
?. Of a clear pale red; antenne (second joint sometimes ex-
cepted), tarsi, tips of tibize and of mandibles and extreme base of
seutellum and elytra black or blackish.
Head moderately densely and rather coarsely punctate, punc-
tures sparser along middle than elsewhere ; vertex with a median
impression. Antenne extending to hind coxa, second joint more
than half the length of third. Prothorax not twice as wide as long,
sides near apex suddenly and deeply constricted so that the anterior
angles project outwards; with sparse and moderately large punctures
irregularly distributed ; oblique impressions very feeble. Scwtellwm
quadrate ; impunctate ; gently convex, base deeply notched. Hlytra
with rather small subhumeral lobes ; moderately strongly punctate,
the punctures in regular series almost from the base, becoming
smaller posteriorly. Apex of prosternwm semicircularly excised, the
projecting points rather blunt. Fourth segment of abdomen just
perceptible across middle, apical fovea large and deep, without lateral
extensions.
Length 45 mm.
¢. Unknown.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Gayndah, Rockhampton (Macleay
Museum).
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 427
In build much the same as S. coccineus, Chp., but (apart
from colour) readily distinguished by its shorter and more
quadrate scutellum, with the basal notch deeper; the
punctures on the head are also very different. In the
three specimens before me the punctures on the prothorax
vary considerably in number, on one specimen being very
sparse, on another fairly numerous, but they appear to be
always sparser on the disc than elsewhere.
SCHIZOSTERNUS TRILINEATUS, Nl. Sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 85.)
?. Head (base black) and prothorax testaceous, elytra (extreme
base and three stripes black) and legs (tarsi and apices of tibize black)
somewhat paler, intercoxal process and abdomen flavous ; antenne
black ; metasternum blackish, in parts testaceous.
Head densely and coarsely punctate. Antenne thin, second joint
less than half the length of third. Prothorax not once and one-half
as wide as long ; sides near apex suddenly and deeply constricted so
that the anterior angles project outwards ; with moderately large
irregularly distributed punctures ; disc somewhat gibbous ; oblique
impressions feeble. Scutellwm subquadrate. Hlytra rather long and
parallel-sided, subhumeral lobes small ; rather densely and coarsely
punctate, the punctures becoming subseriate in arrangement
posteriorly. Pygidiwm densely and rather finely punctate, and with
a feeble median ridge. Apex of prosternwm triangularly excised.
Fourth segment of abdomen hidden in middle ; apical fovea large,
deep, and without lateral extensions.
Length 4 mm.
Hab, N.S. WALES (type in Macleay Museum).
The three dark elytral stripes are parallel-sided, but at
the apex they become conjoined, the sutural is narrower
than the lateral ones; the subhumeral lobes are coloured
as the disc. In the type the two terminal joints of the
antennz are missing.
SCHIZOSTERNUS MARMORATUS, 2. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXV, figs. 86, 128, 172.)
?. Flavous ; under-surface and legs obscurely mottled with brown;
antennz testaceous ; head with the vertex and a median line brown;
prothorax and elytra with chocolate-brown or purplish markings;
base of scutellum and of elytra narrowly black. Flanks of abdomen
and of metasternum and the pygidium rather densely pubescent.
428 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Head moderately densely but not very coarsely punctate ; with a
deep median impression. Antenne passing hind cox, second joint
less than half the length of third. Prothorax about twice as wide as
long, sides strongly narrowed in front, but not suddenly constricted,
with moderately large and not very dense punctures, the interspaces
with sparse minute punctures ; oblique impressions almost absent.
Scutellum quadrate, the base scarcely visibly notched. Hlytra with
rather small subhumeral lobes ; with large punctures irregularly
distributed and smaller on hind than on front half. Pygidiwm feebly
carinate. Apex of prosternwm triangularly excised, the projecting
points acute. Fourth segment of abdomen hidden across middle ;
apical fovea large and deep, with shallow lateral extensions.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
This is one of the finest species in the subfamily.
On the prothorax the markings are somewhat as in Cadmus
aurantiacus, Chp., and on the type are seven in number ;
on the elytra all the punctures are stained with the stains
often conjoined in irregularly curved lines, there are three
principal masses on each elytron—two sub-basal (one scu-
tellar, the other humeral with the shoulder itself stained
although not punctate) and one subapical; these masses
are different on each elytron.
SCHIZOSTERNUS CRASSICORNIS, Chp.
(Plates XXIV, XXV, figs. 87, 88, 129, 130, 131, 173.)
¢. Of arather pale testaceous ; vertex and a short median line
on head, a rather wide median line and an elongate spot between it
and sides on prothorax, scutellum, suture and extreme base of elytra
(as also of prothorax), black ; under-surface and legs black in places,
part of basal and part of apical joints of antennz black.
Head rather densely and coarsely punctate, vertex longitudinally
impressed. Antenne stout, almost extending to apex of body,
second joint transverse, less than half the length of third, fourth
almost as long as fifth, seventh—eleventh gradually decreasing in
length and thickness. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, sides
strongly lessened in front but not suddenly constricted ; densely and
coarsely punctate, especially on the sides, Scutellwm subquadrate,
smooth and flat ; with a few small punctures ; apex feebly rounded,
base gently emarginate. Elytra widest near base, with very feeble
subhumeral lobes ; with moderately large punctures, more or less
regular in arrangement towards the base, and regular with convex
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 429
interstices posteriorly. Apex of prosternwm rather widely triangu-
larly excised.
Length 5 mm,
Q. Differs in being larger with the antennze much shorter and
thinner and the second joint not at all transverse; the head
is smoother with smaller punctures and the median line less
deeply impressed ; the fourth segment of the abdomen is hidden
across the middle ; apical fovea large and deep, with feeble lateral
extensions.
Length 6-7 mm.
Hab, W. AusTRALIA: Geraldton, Vasse (A. M. Lea).
The colour of the under-surface and legs (independently
of sex) varies greatly, in some specimens these parts are
almost entirely testaceous, in others they are almost
entirely deep black ; in one specimen the antennz (except
for parts of the second, third and fourth joints) are entirely
black, in this specimen also (a ¢ ) the dark facial line is
connected with the antenne so as to appear something like
a Y, its prothorax is blackish, with the sides and several
obscure discal spots testaceous, the sutural marking instead
of being narrow and confined to the suture itself gradually
widens out so that near the apex (but not at the apex itself)
it covers about four interstices on each. In several speci-
mens the middle of the scutellum is pallid. The middle
~ of the apex of the prothorax is sometimes black. The dark
median line of the prothorax varies considerably in width,
the spot on each side is sometimes distinct and fairly large,
sometimes small and obscure, and occasionally absent. The
elytral punctures frequently have a watery appearance so
that (to the naked eye) they appear much larger than they
really are. The elytral punctures are not alike in any two
of the six specimens before me, on two of them only they
are very decidedly geminate in arrangement, on one speci-
men they are much sparser and larger at the base than
in the others. From each shoulder almost to the apex
there is a distinct lateral ridge, but this is invisible from
above.
I drew up the description of this species as new, but
subsequently came to the conclusion that it was really
Cryptocephalus crassicornis, Chp., of which an unique
male only (and without exact locality) was known to
Chapuis.
430 Mr. A. M, Lea’s Notes on
LOXOPLEURUS LATERIFLAVUS, n. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 89.)
¢. Head (basal half black with a greenish gloss), prothorax (the
sides paler), legs (tarsi black, apex of tibize blackish) and metasternum
pale flavous-red; rest of under-surface flavous; scutellum and
antenne black ; elytra bright metallic green with wide flavous
margins.
Head densely and moderately coarsely punctate ; very feebly
longitudinally impressed, Antennz about as long as the body,
second joint half the length of third, third slightly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax more than twice as wide as long; densely and coarsely
punctate ; towards base with traces of a feeble median carina ;
oblique impressions rather deep; margins wide. Scutellwm trian-
gular, base entire. Hlytra oblong, sides almost perfectly parallel,
subhumeral lobes small ; densely and moderately coarsely punctate,
punctures somewhat smaller but not at all seriate in arrangement
posteriorly. Apex of prosternwm rounded and slightly produced
in middle. Abdomen with fourth segment just traceable across
middle.
Length 2? mm.
?. Differs in having the two apical joints of tarsi infuscate only,
with the basal joints and the apex of tibize but little darker than the
rest of the legs, and the two basal joints of antenne obscurely
reddish below. Antennz thinner and shorter than the body.
Abdomen with fourth segment not traceable across middle ; fovea
large.
Length 33 mm.
Hab, W. AusTRALIA: (Macleay Museum) Swan River,
Karridale (A. M. Lea),
A very beautiful species somewhat resembling C7.
tricolor, Fab., and consors, Boi., but the wide and continuous
pallid elytral margins will readily distinguish it from
either, it has also much coarser punctures than either.
Tricolor (which is almost its exact size) has unicolorous
elytra ; consors (which is considerably larger but has the
elytral margins partly pallid) has the prothorax maculate.
In the present species the pallid margins are continuous
and of almost equal width throughout, except that at the
base and suture they are slightly narrower.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 431
LOXOPLEURUS PALLIDIPES, n. sp.
@. Of arather dark metallic green ; under-surface black with a
greenish gloss, appendages and mouth parts reddish-testaceous, apical
joint of antenne infuscate.
Head densely punctate and strigose at base and sides of eyes,
shining and feebly punctate elsewhere. Antenne thin, scarcely pass-
ing hind coxe, second joint half the length of third, third slightly
shorter than fifth. Prothorax with sides densely and moderately
coarsely punctate, elsewhere with rather small punctures; oblique
impressions distinct and rather deep; margins extremely narrow.
Scutellum triangular, base entire. Elytra oblong, subhumeral lobes
rather large; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures subgeminate in
arrangement about middle, posteriorly becoming seriate with regu-
larly convex interstices. Under-surface densely punctate. Apex of
prosternum subtriangular. Fovea large slightly encroaching on
fourth segment.
Length 34 mm.
Hab. W. AustTRALIA: Geraldton, Swan River (4. JZ.
Lea).
In one of the two specimens before me the hind femora
are blackish. The reflexed margins of the prothorax are
so extremely narrow that it is only from certain directions
that they can be seen.
In build and colour this species somewhat resembles the
one I have doubtfully identified as Lox. subvirens, Chp., but
is at once to be distinguished from it by its pallid legs.
LOXOPLEURUS LUGUBRIS, n. sp.
(Plate XXV, fig. 132.)
¢. Black, with or without a greenish gloss; sides of prothorax
narrowly obscure red, the red sometimes occupying a fairly large
space at the posterior angles ; elytra dark metallic green (or blue) ;
legs testaceous, tarsi and apex of tibize black or infuscate ; antennie
blackish, a varying number of the basal joints more or less red.
Head densely but not very coarsely punctate, strigose at base and
sides of eyes. Antennz as long as body, second joint half the length
of third, third slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax scarcely twice
as wide as long, rather strongly gibbous in front; coarsely and very
densely punctate ; oblique impressions rather deep ; margins very
narrow. Scutellwm triangular, base scarcely visibly notched. Hlytra
briefly oblong, subhumeral lobes very small; densely and rather
coarsely punctate throughout, but punctures rather sparser and with
432 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
feeble traces of a linear arrangement posteriorly. Under-surface
densely punctate, Apex of prosternum subtriangular. Inter-
mediate segments of abdomen strongly incurved to and narrow
across middle.
Length 24-24 mm.
' Hab. N.S. Waves: Kiama (Macleay Museum), Sydney,
Forest Reefs (A. IZ. Lea).
In one specimen the prothorax has only the extreme
sides dull red, in others the red occupies a much greater
space, and it usually covers a fairly large space at the
posterior angles. Sometimes more, at others less than half
of the tibiz are infuscate,in some specimens these are
entirely pallid, occasionally the femora are stained with
piceous.
Appears to be close to Lox. gibbus, Chp., but that species
was described from a female, and the only females I have
seen (see below) are much larger (I have seen no male even
as small as 2 mm.) and the colour is usually very different.
The colours of the legs, however, and especially of the
femora, are liable to variation in both sexes. I certainly
think this species is not gibbus, although, had the specimen
described by Chapuis been a male, I should have had little
doubt in so considering it. Low. obtusus, Chp., which is
allied to this species, has the prothorax entirely dark in the
male.
Although there are numerous males of this species before
me | am by no means certain that I know the female; I
have, however, numerous females (also from Forest Reefs
and Sydney) which J have always considered as belonging
to the species. They differ in being larger (8-34 mm.)
and somewhat stouter, the prothorax of a rather dingy red
(the apex usually clouded with black, but in some speci-
mens the black considerably extended over the disc, and in
one leaving only a rather narrow margin on each side red—
much as in the males); the elytra are uniformly dark
metallic green (except that, in one specimen only, the base
has a purplish gloss) ; the antenne are considerably shorter
than the body, the third and fourth abdominal segments
ae very narrow across the middle and the fovea is fairly
arge.
These females are close to Low. picettarsis, Chp., but have
coarser punctures, lower part of head always black and body
decidedly shorter, apex of tibize as well as tarsi dark, and
prothorax often partly dark, ete.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, 433
LOXOPLEURUS MIXTUS, 0. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 90.)
¢. Black with a coppery gloss; prothorax and muzzle red, tibic
and parts of the basal joints of antennze obscure red.
Head densely coarsely and regularly punctate. Antenne slightly
shorter than the body, second joint half the length of third, third
slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax more than twice as wide as
long ; with rather large but somewhat irregularly distributed punc-
tures ; oblique impressions feeble ; margins narrow. Scutellum
triangular, base feebly notched. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral lobes
very small, densely but not coarsely punctate, punctures posteriorly
becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement, about the middle
subgeminate. Apex of prosternwm obtusely produced.
Length 3 (vix) mm.
2. Differs in being entirely pallid except at the junction of pro-
thorax, elytra and scutellum, and for a dark greenish stain about the
scutellum. It is much larger, antenne thinner and shorter and the
elytral punctures sparser and smaller. Abdomen with the fourth
segment narrow across middle; fovea large and comparatively
shallow.
Length 3-4 mm.
Hab. W. AusTRAtia: King George’s Sound (types in
Macleay Museum), Karridale, Vasse,Swan River, Geraldton
(A. M. Lea).
The two specimens described were mated as male and
female by Mr. Masters, and were probably taken in cop. by
him. The female has the abdomen no paler than the
metasternum, but this may be due to its age, as in six speci-
mens taken recently it is flavous. ‘Two specimens before
me have the middle of the sterna black, in one of these the
scutellum is entirely black, in the other the base of the head
is black with a greenish gloss; in another specimen the
middle of the pro- and mesosternum are black, whilst the
dark space about the scutellum is triangular and produced
almost to the middle. The apical half of the antenne in
the female is usually dark. I have seen but one other male,
and which agrees closely with the type.
In appearance the male (except that it is smaller and
has shorter antennz) resembles the male of castor, n. sp.,
pollux, n. sp., and to a less extent of Lox. piceitarsis, Chp.
The female much resembles the following species and the
female of Id. subbrunnea, Saund., and Cr, serenus, n. sp.
434 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
The female agrees very well with Chapuis’ description of
Lox. eneolus, but as he described the sexes of that species
as similar in colour and size, and asin this species the male
is very different to the female in size and has the elytra
entirely dark, I cannot but think it a different species ;
more especially when the thousands of miles separating
the locality of eneolus (Pine Mountain in Queensland) and
the coastal districts of Western Australia are taken into
consideration.
LOXOPLEURUS ACENTETUS, 0. sp.
¢. Reddish-testaceous ; base of head, scutellum, junction of pro-
thorax and elytra, metasternum and eight terminal joints of antennze
black or blackish.
Head densely punctate and strigose, with a distinct median im-
pression. Antenne about as long as body, second joint half the
length of third, third slightly shorter than fourth and distinctly
shorter than fifth. Prothorax densely and coarsely punctate, punc-
tures rather sparser on disc than elsewhere ; oblique impressions
large and continuous across base ; margins narrow. Scutellwm trans-
verse, subtriangular base feebly notched. Elytra oblong, subhumeral
lobes small, moderately densely and rather coarsely punctate, punc-
tures becoming subseriate in arrangement posteriorly ; with traces
of feeble longitudinal elevations. Apex of prosternwm obtusely
rounded. Intermediate segments of abdomen strongly incurved to
and very narrow across middle.
Length 3} mm.
?. Has the antenne thinner and just passing hind coxe ; fourth
abdominal segment not traceable across middle and fovea larger than
usual.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. 'TASMANIA: Huon River (on young leaves of
Hucalyptus, A. M. Lea).
In the female the colour is usually the same as in the
male, but occasionally the base of the head and the fourth
joint of antennz are diluted with red, whilst the fourth
joint is dark above.
In appearance rather close to Id. subbrunea, Saund., of
which I only know the female, but the female larger, more
coarsely punctate, elytra longer, antenne stouter and
darker and the tibize and tarsi considerably stouter. Loz.
verticalis, Chp. (described from a female and without exact
locality), is stated to have the scutellum semi-elliptic and
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 435
flavous and the elytral punctures infuscate, whilst the
whole of its under-surface is apparently flavous.
LOXOPLEURUS CASTOR, n. sp.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 198.)
¢g. Black, with or without a slight bluish gloss ; prothorax red ;
muzzle, second—fourth joints of antenne and base of tibiae of a more
or less obscure red.
Head densely punctate and strigose, median impression fairly dis-
tinct. Antenne distinctly shorter than the body, second joint half
the length of third, third shorter than fifth. Prothorax moderately
densely and coarsely punctate ; disc with smaller and sparser punc-
tures than elsewhere ; oblique impressions deep but short ; margins
narrow. Scutellwm triangular, base distinctly notched. Elytra
oblong, subhumeral lobes small; densely and coarsely punctate,
punctures posteriorly becoming subseriate in arrangement, with
irregularly convex interstices. Apex of prosternwm obtusely
rounded.
Length 3} mm.
?. Antenne just passing hind coxe ; abdomen with fourth seg-
ment just traceable across middle and slightly encroached upon by
fovea.
Length 45 mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA; W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River
(Macleay Museum).
In appearance, except that the apex of the elytra is
not red, similar to the male of Cr. yocosus, Chp.
LOXOPLEURUS POLLUX, n. sp.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 199.)
dg. 9. In appearance very close to the preceding except that the
antenne are thinner, those of the ¢ distinctly longer than the body,
and in the ? extend fully to the apex of the second abdominal seg-
ment with the second joint less than half the length of third and
third distinctly longer (instead of shorter) than fifth ; the punctures
of both head and elytra are denser, and the head is not distinctly
strigose. Colours are as in the preceding except that the antenne
are entirely dark and the coxe reddish,
Length ¢ 3}; 9 43 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Karoola (A. Simson), Frankford, Huon
River, Mt. Wellington (4. M. Lea); N.S. Watzes: Mt.
Victoria (Lea).
436 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
It may be considered that this species should have been
treated as a variety of the preceding, but in addition to
the differences in the antennz, which alone would warrant
its separation, the apex of the prosternum is very slightly
but perceptibly bilobed, a feature which, if the artificial
characters of Lozvopleurus were strictly adhered to, would
even remove the two species from generic association.
LOXOPLEURUS MITIFICUS, n. sp.
¢. Head, prothorax, legs (the tarsi and apex of tibize infuscate)
and five basal joints of antenne pale reddish-testaceous ; elsewhere
black.
Head with small and not very dense punctures. Antenne slightly
shorter than body, second joint more than half the length of third,
third slightly shorter than fourth and distinctly shorter than fifth.
Prothorax very smooth ; with small and sparse punctures except at
sides ; oblique impressions rather wide and deep ; margins moder-
ately wide. Scutellum triangular, base entire. Hlytra oblong, sub-
humeral lobes small; densely and moderately coarsely punctate,
punctures becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement posteriorly.
Apex of prosternwm widely subtriangular. Abdomen with third
and fourth segments strongly incurved to and very narrow across
middle.
Length 3 mm.
?. Differs in having the femora stained with piceous, antennze
shorter and thinner; and punctures, especially on apical half of
elytra, smaller and sparser. Fourth abdominal segment not traceable
across middle ; fovea large.
Length 34 mm.
Hab, N. S. Wares: Newcastle (types in Macleay
Museum), Gosford (A. JZ. Lea).
The female with very pale head and prothorax and
smooth prothorax and elytra will distinguish this from the
two preceding species and from Low. conjugatus, Chp., and
piceitarsis, Chp. In the only male I have seen the base of
the head is somewhat infuscate and the punctures are
considerably larger; it is, however, much smaller than the
males of the above-mentioned species.
LOXOPLEURUS DOLENS, 0. sp.
3. Black ; lower half of face, corners of pronotum and apex and
middle of prosternum flavous ; legs blackish, in places obscure
brown.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 437
Head with sparse and moderately large punctures ; feebly strigose
at. base and sides of eyes. Antenne somewhat shorter than body,
second joint rather more than half the length of third, third and fifth
subequal. Prothorax densely and coarsely punctate, punctures
smaller and sparser on dise than elsewhere ; oblique impressions
moderate ; margins very narrow. Scutellwm triangular, base feebly
notched. Hlytra rather briefly oblong, subhumeral lobes not very
small ; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures becoming subseriate
in arrangement, with irregularly convex interstices posteriorly.
Pygidiwm densely and rather coarsely punctate and with a fairly
distinct median carina. Apex of prosternum widely subtriangular.
Abdomen with the third and fourth segments strongly incurved to
and just traceable across middle, fifth with a very distinct and fairly
deep median impression,
Length 2} mm.
Q. Differs in having the legs, except the cox, entirely black and
only the anterior angles of the pronotum flavous ; the antenne are
shorter and thinner and the punctures sparser and smaller. Ab-
domen with fourth segment not traceable across middle ; fovea large,
slightly encroaching on third segment.
Length 2? mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River (4. MW. Lea).
From the sides the apical impression of the abdomen in
the male appears to be margined by small tubercles, a
character which alone should distinguish it from the allied
species. In the only female I have seen the fourth seg-
ment appears to be very slightly sinuous, but this may be
accidental.
The female (except that it is not entirely dark above)
is not unlike a small specimen of Lox. atramentarius, Chp.,
but the scutellum is smaller and the punctures are differ-
ent. The male of Lox. obtusus, Chp., has coarser punctures,
longer scutellum and the body witha bluish gloss.
LOXOPLEURUS MICROSCOPICUS, n. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 91.)
¢. Black ; sides of prothorax and of elytra, muzzle, middle and
front of prosternum, intercoxal process and apex of abdomen flavous ;
legs testaceous, tarsi infuscate ; four basal joints of antenne
testaceous, the rest infuscate.
Head with large but rather sparse punctures. Antenne shorter
than the body, second joint more than half the length of third, third
438 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
slightly shorter than fifth. Prothorax densely and coarsely punc-
tate ; oblique impressions rather feeble ; margins narrow. Scutellum
subtriangular, base entire. Hlytra with small subhumeral lobes ;
densely and coarsely punctate, punctures somewhat smaller and
sparser but with scarcely a trace of linear arrangement posteriorly.
Apex of prosternum widely subtriangular. Third and fourth seg-
ments of abdomen strongly incurved to and narrow across middle,
fifth flattened in middle.
Length 15 mm.
?. Differs in having less of the sides flavous, the antenn# shorter
and punctures rather smaller, Abdominal fovea very large, strongly
encroaching on fourth segment (which, however, is traceable across
middle) and very slightly on third.
Length 2 mm.
_ Hab. W. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
In the male the flavous portion of the upper-surface
appears as a rather wide stripe extending from the front
of the prothorax to the suture at apex of elytra; in
the female this stripe is much narrower and darker,
and on the elytra terminates just beyond the middle,
although there is an obscure spot on each side of apex.
In appearance resembling the preceding species but con-
siderably smaller, the pale lateral markings of much
greater extent and with the abdomen different.
LOXOPLEURUS MARGINIPENNIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXV, figs. 92, 133.)
dg. Black ; lower half of head, sides of prothorax, subhumeral
lobes, abdomen and legs reddish.
Head with rather large but not very dense punctures. Antenne
somewhat shorter than body, second joint more than half the length
of third, third and fifth subequal. Prothoraz more than twice as
wide as long; with moderately dense, regular and fairly large
(smaller on disc than elsewhere) punctures ; oblique impressions
rather wide and distinct ; margins narrow. Scutellwm triangular,
base entire. Hlytra with rather large subhumeral lobes, sides feebly
but distinctly incurved to middle ; densely and coarsely punctate,
punctures somewhat smaller but not at all seriate in arrangement
posteriorly, Apex of prosternwm widely subtriangular. Fifth ab-
dominal segment semicircularly excised in middle.
Length 2 mm.
?. Differs in having the head and prothorax (except at the extreme
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 439
base of each), the sides of elytra to beyond the middle and the whole
of the under-surface red.
Length 23? mm.
Hab. N.S. WaAuEs: Mosman’s Bay (W. W. Froggatt),
Sydney (4. M. Lea).
A very distinct species not very close to any other known
to me, and with the sexes differently coloured. The male
in colour somewhat resembles some of the varieties of
lugubris, n. sp., but is narrower in shape and with different
sculpture. The dark elytra with pallid subhumeral lobes
will distinguish the female from the females of other
species having the prothorax red. In the male the red
portion of the prothorax is about twice as wide at base as
at apex. In both sexes the carina on the subhumeral lobes
is paler than elsewhere and the antennz are entirely
black.
LOXOPLEURUS CASTIGATUS, 0D. sp.
(Plate XXIV, figs. 93, 94.)
¢. Basal half of head, the antennz and the scutellum black ;
elytra black with two flavous stripes, the outer one continued across
apex almost to suture, the inner terminated at one-fourth from apex ;
prothorax (except at extreme base), under-surface (the metasternum
infuscate or not) and legs (tarsi and apex of tibiz black) red.
Head with moderately small and not very dense punctures.
Antenne shorter than body, second joint more than half the length
of third, third and fifth subequal. Prothorax very densely and
moderately coarsely punctate ; transverse impressions distinct but
scarcely perceptibly oblique ; margins not very narrow. Scwtellam
transversely triangular, base entire. Hlytra rather elongate-oblong,
sides almost perfectly parallel, subhumeral lobes small ; densely and
moderately coarsely punctate, with traces of a linear arrangement
almost to base but nowhere distinct ; with traces of feeble longitu-
dinal elevations. Apex of prosternwm widely rounded. Fourth
segment of abdomen just traceable across middle.
Length 2 (vix) mm.
?. Differs in having the head red except at extreme base and
a greater portion of the elytra flavous; the punctures smaller
(especially on head) and antennae just passing hind coxe ; fourth
segment of abdomen appearing as an elongate wedge on each side,
fovea comparatively small.
Length 2? mm.
Hab, N.S. WALES: Sydney (types in Macleay Museum).
440 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
A prettily- marked little species. The prothoracic
margins and abdomen are paler than the disc of the pro-
thorax, and are probably flavous in fresh specimens. In
the female the elytra might be described as flavous with
an oblong black patch, terminated (except for a narrow
sutural extension) at apical fourth, the shoulders black,
and a black elongate spot near apex, these evidently being
relics of the black stripe separating the two flavous ones
of the male.
LOXOPLEURUS INCONSTANS, n. sp.
(Plate XXIV, figs. 95, 96, 97.)
?. Black ; lower half of head, prothorax (a median stripe not
continuous to base and the extreme base black), four (or two) elytral
spots, base of femora (the front femora entirely) and of tibia red ;
margins of subhumeral lobes, intercoxal process, sides and apex of
abdomen flavous.
Head with rather sparse and small punctures. Antenne not
much shorter than the body, second joint about half the length of
third, third distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax with rather
large, comparatively sparse and irregularly distributed punctures ;
oblique impressions rather deep and continuous across middle ;
margins narrow. Scutellwm triangular, base entire. Elytra slightly
dilated posteriorly ; subhumeral lobes moderately large ; base with
moderately large and fairly dense punctures, apical two-thirds with
small punctures in almost regular series. Apex of prosternwm
widely subtriangular. Fovea rather shallow, slightly encroaching
on fourth segment and which is just traceable across middle.
Length 34 mm.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
A somewhat variable species of which I only know the
female. In one specimen there are two rather small red
spots on each elytron, the first (on the third and fourth
interstices) about one-third from base, the second (on
second—fourth interstices) about one-third from apex ;
on the other specimen the basal spot is absent, and the
apical one is very small and confined to the second inter-
stice. The base of the tibiz in both specimens is very
obscure and the second—fourth joints of antennz are
very obscurely diluted with red.
There are two other females before me (from Tamworth
and Hunter River in N.S. Wales) which with doubt I
refer to this species; they differ in having the under-surface
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 441
and legs (except that the tarsi are infuscate) entirely pale,
the pale elytral margin continuous almost to apex, and the
discal spots appearing as interrupted longitudinal vittze ;
in the Hunter River specimen the punctures are also
larger although of the same kind.
LOXOPLEURUS VIRGATUS, nh. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 98.)
9. Flavous, prothorax darker ; basal half of head, extreme base
of prothorax, scutellum, base suture and sides of elytra, meta-
sternum and seven terminal joints of antenne black; basal joint
infuscate.
Head densely and rather coarsely punctate and feebly strigose.
Antenne thin, passing hind coxe for a short distance, second joint
rather more than half the length of third, third and fifth subequal.
Prothorax about thrice as wide as long ; densely and coarsely punc-
tate, punctures smaller (but not sparser) on disc than elsewhere ;
oblique impressions fairly deep; margins narrow. Scutellwm
triangular, indistinctly notched. Hlytra oblong, subhumeral lobes
rather large ; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures becoming
subseriate in arrangement and somewhat smaller posteriorly, with
traces of feeble longitudinal elevations. Apex of prosternwm widely
rounded, Fourth abdominal segment traceable across middle only
from behind ; fovea rather shallow.
Length 25 mm.
Hab. N.S. Watzs: Rylestone (W. W. Froggatt), Forest
Reefs (A. I. Lea).
The elytra might have been described as “black, with
two rather wide and irregular flavous vitte continuous to
apex but not to base.”
In appearance somewhat resembling the preceding
species, but, apart from colour differences, with the head
strigose and much more coarsely and densely punctate.
It appears also to be close to Lox. pectoralis, Chp., but that
species is described as having the prothorax fulvous in
middle, elytra with the lateral vitta terminated before the
apex and the interstices punctate.
LOXOPLEURUS FUSCITARSIS, n. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXVI, figs. 99, 200.)
4. Black, lower half of head, prothorax (extreme base excepted),
legs (tarsi and apex of tibie infuscate) and parts or the whole of
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 29
442 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
the four basal joints of antenne red ; elytra (base, suture, and sides
black) flavous.
Head densely but not coarsely punctate, base strigose. Antenne
thin, slightly longer than body, second joint more than half the
length of third, third distinctly shorter than fourth and much
shorter than fifth. Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as long;
moderately densely and rather coarsely punctate ; front gibbous ;
oblique impressions fairly deep; margins narrow. Scutellwm
triangular, base entire. Hlytra briefly oblong, subhumeral lobes
large ; densely but not very coarsely punctate, punctures almost
regular in arrangement throughout but seriate only close to apex.
Apex of prosternum widely rounded. Third and fourth segments
of abdomen strongly incurved to and narrow across middle.
Length 35 mm.
Q. Stouter, antenne distinctly shorter than body and punctures
rather smaller. Fovea moderately large, distinctly encroaching
upon fourth segment, which is not traceable across exact middle.
Length 44 mm.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: (Macleay Museum) Swan River,
Pinjarrah (A. J. Lea).
The dark sutural marking is dilated from aibont the
middle to the apical fourth and then suddenly contracted.
The colour (there are seven specimens before me), except
for slight variation in the widths of the elytral markings,
appears to be constant and is alike in both sexes.
In appearance somewhat resembling the preceding species
but larger, the scutellum of different shape and the third
and fifth joints of antenne differently proportioned.
LOXOPLEURUS CONTIGUUS, n. sp.
(Plate XXV, figs. 134, 135.)
¢. Black with a metallic-green gloss ; mandibles (tips excepted),
sides of prothorax (at base the reddish portion advanced more than
half-way to the middle), legs (tarsi infuscate) and apex of abdomen
reddish ; elytra (except at base sides and suture which are black)
almost flavous.
Head very densely punctate and strigose. Antenne as long as
body, second joint half the length of third, third distinctly shorter
than fifth. Prothorax densely and coarsely punctate ; oblique im-
pressions feeble ; margins rather narrow. Scwtellwm triangular, base
distinctly notched, lytra rather briefly oblong, subhumeral lobes
small; punctures as in the preceding species. Apex of prosternwm
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 448
very wide and feebly triangularly produced in middle. Fourth
segment of abdomen strongly incurved to and very narrow across
middle.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River, Darling Ranges
(A. M. Lea).
The sutural marking appears as an elongate triangle
just touching the apex, the dark lateral markings do not
extend quite so far. A second specimen differs in having
the apical third of head, the apex base and sides of pro-
thorax and the entire abdomen reddish ; its elytral mark-
ings consist of a triangular patch (no longer than wide)
about scutellum and the shoulders greenish-black, and an
infuscate blotch on the sides about the middle.
In appearance resembling the preceding species to a
certain extent but antenne shorter, scutellum distinctly
notched, prothorax partly dark and elytral markings of
different shape. From wirgatus, n. sp., to which it appears
to be closer, it differs in its more distinctly notched
scutellum, partly dark prothorax, rather denser punctures
and smaller subhumeral lobes.
LOXOPLEURUS ABSONUS, D. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXVI, figs. 100, 101, 201.)
¢. Suboblong, subopaque. Chocolate-brown, pygidium, apex
of abdomen, base of antenne and legs (tarsi excepted or not)
paler.
Head with small but moderately dense punctures, Antenne
thin, the length of body, second joint almost as long as third, third
and fourth subequal and distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax
not twice as wide as long; with dense and clearly cut but small
punctures ; regularly and rather strongly convex ; oblique impres-
sions absent; margins narrow. Scutellwm fully twice as long as
wide, base entire and not much wider than apex. lytra briefly
oblong, subhumeral lobes small ; densely and rather finely punctate,
punctures becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement posteriorly.
Apex of prosternwm widely rounded. Abdomen with the second
segment very narrow and the third and fourth just traceable across
middle.
Length 24 mm.
@. Differs in being entirely of a dingy flavous or testaceous—
except at the junction of the prothorax with the elytra and scutellum,
the metasternum, a subapical elytral fascia and the outer half of
44.4 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
antenne. It is stouter, antenne shorter than body and puncttires
(except on elytra where they are larger) smaller. Abdominal
segments with straighter sutures, the fourth feebly encroached
upon by fovea, the latter shallower than usual.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. N. 8. Wares: Kiama, Manly, Sydney (Macleay
Museum), Galston (A. IZ. Lea).
A very distinct species from many points of view. The
narrow scutellum is suggestive of Diandichus, but the
shape of the body ‘is ditterent and the abdominal fovea
is under instead of above the usual size.
In three males before me the elytra are immaculate,
but in two others there is a small pallid spot on each
close to the suture about the middle, and in one of these
the outer portions of the subhumeral lobes are pallid; this
specimen also has the base and sides of the prothorax
paler than the disc and its head is pallid. On the type
female the elytral fascia is very distinct and is of a
bright chocolate-brown colour, with a vague stain extend-
ing towards the apex; in two other females the fascia is
traceable with difficulty. In addition to the punctures
described the whole of the upper surface is very densely
and minutely punctate, in consequence of which it becomes
subopaque ; but on the elytra of the female these punctures
are usually very indistinct.
LOXOPLEURUS IMMATURUS, nh. sp.
Q@. Subopaque. Flavous; head, antenne (basal joint diluted
with red), junction of prothorax and elytra, scutellum and meta-
sternum black; shoulders and suture of elytra, base of first abdominal
segment and the tarsi infuscate.
Head densely and finely and very densely and extremely minutely
punctate ; without traces of a median impression. Antenne just pass-
ing hind coxe, second joint more than half the length of third, third
shorter than fifth. Prothorax densely but not very coarsely punc-
tate ; oblique impressions indistinct, margins narrow. Scutellum
subtriangular, base entire. Hlytra slightly dilated posteriorly,
subhumeral lobes small; densely but not coarsely punctate, with
traces of feeble longitudinal elevations, which posteriorly cause the
punctures to appear in feeble series. Apex of prosternwm not
very widely triangular. Fovea decidedly encroaching upon fourth
segment (which except from behind is not traceable across middle)
and slightly on third.
Length 3 mm.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 445
Hab. W. AusSTRALIA: Swan River, Pinjarrah (4. IZ
Lea).
K pallid subopaque species not very close to any other
known to me. The tarsi are sometimes almost black,
the basal joints, however, are usually not so dark as the
apical. In one specimen the hind femora are infuscate.
The elytra, abdomen, pygidium and sides of prothorax are
usually paler than elsewhere.
LOXOPLEURUS DISCONIGER, n. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXV, figs. 102, 152, 174.)
¢. Short, moderately shining. Black ; sides and base of prothorax
widely reddish ; legs black or piceous, the coxz paler.
Head densely and finely and very densely and extremely minutely
punctate. Antenne slightly shorter than body, second joint dis-
tinctly more than half the length of third, third very little longer
than fourth and distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax densely
and moderately coarsely punctate; disc rather strongly gibbous;
oblique impressions very short ; margins narrow. Scutellwm elongate-
triangular, base notched. Hlytra almost quadrate, subhumeral lobes
moderately large ; densely and moderately coarsely punctate through-
out, but punctures posteriorly becoming somewhat smaller and
subseriate in arrangement with irregularly elevated interstices. Apex
of prosternwm very wide, triangularly prolonged in middle. Third
and fourth abdominal segments strongly incurved to with the fourth
just traceable across middle.
Length 2 mm.
2. Differs in having a wide pallid fascia just before the middle
of the elytra and interrupted at suture, and a large apical spot on
each quite close to the suture. Antenne shorter and thinner and
punctures smaller. Fovea large, decidedly encroaching upon fourth
segment and which, as in the male, is just traceable across the
middle.
Length 25 mm.
Hab. N. S. Wates: Sydney (2. J. Carter and
A, M. Lea); 8S. Ausrrauia (Macleay Museum).
A small widely distributed and very aberrant species
with the sexes greatly differmg in size and markings,
and the markings of both sexes variable to a certain
extent. The dark part of the prothorax appears some-
times almost as a semicircle (the convex side hindward),
sometimes as transversely suboblong; in both sexes it
extends to the extreme apex and is connected with the
446 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
base by an infuscate streak (sometimes very dark, at
others just perceptible). The median elytral fascia in
some specimens is scarcely interrupted at the suture and
its shape and size are slightly variable, the subapical spots
are also variable in size. In the female the dark por-
tions instead of being deep black are occasionally dark
chocolate- brown.
A male from W. Australia (in the Macleay Museum)
has elytral markings much as in the female, except that
the median fascia is more obscure and the apical spots
considerably larger, its legs (tarsi excepted) and the apical
half of abdomen are also obscure testaceous.
BRACHYCAULUS POSTICALIS, n. sp.
¢. Oblong, tuberculate, pubescent, opaque. Testaceous (the
appendages slightly paler than the body); the tips of mandibles
and of claws and the junction of prothorax with scutellum and elytra
darker. Rather densely clothed with short golden pubescence,
somewhat sparser on elytra and abdomen than elsewhere.
Upper-surface densely and finely punctate, the punctures on elytra
larger than elsewhere. Head with a feeble median impressed line.
Antenne slightly longer than the body, the third joint but slightly
longer than second. Prothorax fully twice as wide as long, disc
gibbous and with two obtuse protuberances, sides serrated, base and
apex obtusely produced in middle. Scutellwm subtriangular, base
notched, apex truncate; elevated and subcarinate along middle.
Elytra suboblong, the interstices alternately irregularly subtuber-
culate, the third with a rather large tubercle at summit of posterior
declivity. Claw joint long and free.
Length 2% mm.
Q. Differs in being larger, with antennze (the joints of which
are shorter in proportion) shorter than the body. The apical fovea
is large and without lateral connections.
Length 3? mm.
Hab. N.S. WaAuEs: Glen Innes, Gosford (4. Jf, Lea).
The elytra are very irregularly elevated in places, but
there is always a large tubercle on each at the summit
of the posterior declivity; in the males the hollows (on
the elytra) are sometimes supplied with dark velvety
spots. In one male the sternal regions are almost black.
From Klugii, Saund., and all the varieties of ferrugineus,
Fairm., it differs in its much smaller size and very different
antenne, claws, tubercles and clothing; it is of almost the
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 447
same comparative width as Klugi. In some respects it
approaches the description of Cadmus lacertinus, Chp.
(which is probably a Brachycaulus), but Chapuis describes
the head of that species as flavo-pilose and makes no
mention of clothing elsewhere, he also says, “ Capite medio
Joveolato, Pronoto tuberculis inequalibus witidisasperato.”
BRACHYCAULUS MAMILLATUS, 0. Sp.
?. Oblong, opaque, glabrous, Of a rather dark sanguineous red,
elytra abdomen and legs somewhat paler, antenne and tarsi still
paler ; margins of prothorax, scutellum (base and apex narrowly
black) and base of elytra flavous.
Body and legs densely, rather coarsely and regularly punctate
throughout. Antenne short, just passing scutellum, seventh—tenth
joints transverse, Prothorax about twice as wide as long, sides and
base finely serrate ; disc with two large, obtuse, rounded, granulate
tubercles. Scutellwm slightly longer than the width at base, base
searcely visibly notched, sides incurved, apex truncate and about
half the width of base. Hlytra with feebly elevated alternate
interstices, and each with a large transverse granulate tubercle at
summit of posterior declivity. Apical fovea large, encroaching on
the fourth segment, and with shallow lateral extensions. Claw
joint wide and deeply buried, the claws almost resting on the third
joint.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Tambourine (type in R&. Jllidge’s
collection).
A beautiful species very distinct from any previously
described. The colour of the prothorax and sterna is
somewhat like dried blood; the flavous marking at base
of elytra shows a tendency to extend itself along the
interstices, there is also a feeble flavous line connecting
the apical tubercles. The punctures are not of the
ordinary round clearly-cut type, but each appears as if
margined by minute granules, they are just as dense at
the apex as at the base of the elytra, and are nowhere
serlate in arrangement.
BRACHYCAULUS ATERRIMUS, nD. sp.
(Plate XXV, figs. 175, 177, 179.)
?. Suboblong, roughly sculptured, subopaque, glabrous. Entirely
deep-black.
448 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
Head flattened ; with dense, large, round, shallow punctures, on
the middle of the vertex sparser, and (although not larger) more
distinct. Antennze very short, scarcely longer than the width of
the head. Prothorax much less than twice as wide as long, disc
strongly gibbous and with a rather narrow ridge on each side of
the middle, at the sides of these a feeble ridge, between these and
sides a small obtuse tubercle; sides serrate ; irregularly punctate
but with large and almost regular punctures margining the base
apex and sides; base strongly produced backwards; anterior angles
strongly rounded and much below the level of base. Scutellwm
strongly transverse, flat, level with suture, apex much wider than
base, sides incurved to base. Elytra suboblong, strongly convex,
shoulders strongly produced, subhumeral lobes deep, suture finely
serrate; disc very irregularly elevated and with large foveate
punctures much interrupted by the elevations. Pygidiwm with
large punctures irregularly distributed and with a continuous dis-
tinct, narrow median carina, Under-swrface and legs with punctures
much as on head. Intercoxal process of prosternum funnel-shaped,
the top of the funnel acting as a chin-piece ; process of mesosternum
deeply notched in front. Abdomen large, the first segment large
at sides small in middle, second, third and fourth narrow and semi-
circular, fifth large, with a wide and rather shallow fovea having
wide lateral extensions. Tarsi very short and wide, the claws almost
resting on the third joint.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cleveland Bay (type in Macleay
Museum).
The elytra are very roughly sculptured, seen from above
the sides appear to be incurved, there is a large granulate
tubercle on each in the middle of the base, each also has
a narrow very irregular strongly elevated ridge (with
numerous offshoots) running obliquely from the shoulder
to beyond the middle, whence it curves outwards. Owing
to its extensions the apical fovea at first glance appears
as if widely transverse. In the type only one antenna
is perfect and at present is resting in a prosternal groove
(much as in many Hlateridz), and as the specimen is not
my own I have not cared to risk breaking it to examine
and figure the joints. The prothorax produced at the
middle of the base with the strongly elevated disc are
reminiscent of certain plant bugs of the family Membracide.
The shape of the scutellum and many other unusual
features combine to render this the most distinct Australian
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 449
species of the subfamily ; and I have no doubt but that
in the hands of some others it would have been considered
as the type of a new genus.
CapMuUS T-NIGER, n. sp.
2. Elongate-oblong, moderately shining. Reddish-testaceous,
basal half of head and two oblique lines in front, extreme base of
prothorax, scutellum (except in middle), base and suture of elytra,
pygidium, greater portion of under-surface and femora (except at
base and apex), black—with or without a greenish gloss; tarsi,
apex of tibiz and antennz (except the second—fifth joints) more
or less infuscate, margins of prothorax pallid. Pygidium and under-
surface with silvery pubescence.
Head densely and coarsely punctate, punctures frequently longi-
tudinally confluent. Antenne long, thin, and passing apex of
body, second joint less than one-third the length’ of third, third
distinctly longer than fifth, sixth—tenth gradually decreasing in
length. Prothorax not twice as wide as long; coarsely punctate,
the punctures rougher at sides than on disc ; margins rather wide,
ineurved at middle, oblique impressions fairly deep but indistinct.
Scutellum subtriangular, apex truncate, base rather deeply notched ;
impunctate. Hlytra oblong, narrowest near base, shoulders thickened
and smooth, subhumeral lobes rather small; densely and coarsely
punctate, punctures seriate in arrangement, with convex interstices
posteriorly ; basal half transversely rugose. Pygidiwm densely and
rather finely punctate. Under-siwrface rather densely transversely
strigose. Prosternum obtusely rounded at hind apex, and feebly
ridged along middle. Fourth segment of abdomen continuous but
encroached upon by fovea, this large deep and rather more densely
clothed than usual], and with scarcely traceable lateral extensions.
Length 73-9 mm.
Hab. N. S. Wates: Mt. Kosciusko (W. £. Raymond
and &. Helms).
The dark part of the elytra resembles the letter T,
from the base the dark marking is continued on to the
humeral callosities, in one specimen stopping there, in
a second continued (except for a break in its middle)
to beyond the middle (but not touching the sides).
A rather small female specimen, which I can only regard
as a variety, differs in having the punctures much coarser,
with the antennz stouter and shorter than the body.
Its head (except for an obscure space behind each eye),
the sides and apex of prothorax, the scutellum, the outer .
450 Mr, A. M. Lea’s Notes on
margins of elytra to beyond the middle, and the under-
surface are black; whilst the legs (except for the two
terminal joints which are almost black) are entirely
reddish; the five basal joints of the antennz are also
pale.
CADMUS CALOMELOIDES, n. sp.
d. Oblong, moderately shining. Of a rather dingy (but the
under-surface clear) flavous ; extreme base of prothorax, elytra and
scutellum reddish-brown, punctures more or less stained with
brown.
Head densely and rather coarsely punctate, vertex feebly im-
pressed. Antennze passing apex of body, second joint less than half
the length of third. Prothorax not twice as wide as long; rather
densely and coarsely punctate ; sides almost regularly decreasing in
width from base to apex ; margins rather narrow and entire ; oblique
impressions feeble. Scatellawm feebly transverse, apex truncate, sides
incurved, base deeply notched; impunctate. Hlytra with feeble
subhumeral lobes ; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures sub-
seriate in arrangement posteriorly, Pygidiwm distinctly carinate ;
densely and moderately coarsely punctate. Prosternum flattened
along middle, feebly emarginate, hinder apex obtusely rounded.
Fifth segment of abdomen large, apex bilobed.
Length 4 mm.
. Differs in being larger, with antennz at most just passing apex
of body, the punctures smaller, not so deeply stained, and on the
elytra decidedly geminate in arrangement. Fourth segment of
abdomen just traceable across middle, apical fovea large, with
distinct lateral extensions.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Vicrorta (National Museum); 8. AUSTRALIA ;
N.S. WALES: Gunning (Macleay Museum).
In general appearance much resembling the genus
Calomela. The stainsin the 2 do not extend beyond the
punctures, but in the # they frequently do so, especially
on the elytra.
This species agrees to a certain extent with the descrip-
tion of Rhombosternus cicatricosus, Chp.; but Chapuis says
of that species, “ Hlytris foveolatis . . . inequalibus, rotun-
datis vel subquadratis ;” whilst in this species the punc-
tures, though coarse, are by no means of unusual size, and
are in many places geminate in arrangement.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 451
CADMUS QUADRIFASCIATUS, 2. sp.
(Plates XXIV, XXV, figs. 103, 104, 153.)
¢. Elongate-oblong, subopaque. Black; apex and sides of
prothorax (except the extreme margins), four incomplete elytral
fascize, front sides of prosternum, apex and intercoxal process of
abdomen, and basal half of tibize flavous ; second—fifth joints of
antennze reddish.
Upper-surface (including scutellum) densely and coarsely punctate,
the punctures more or less angular. Head feebly longitudinally
impressed ; eyes larger and closer together than usual. Antenne
considerably longer than the body, second joint less than one-third
the length of third, fifth distinctly longer than sixth. Prothorax
about once and one-half as wide as long; oblique impressions
feeble; margins rather narrow and crenulate. Scutellwm suboblong,
base indistinctly notched, apex truncate, ridged along middle.
Elytra oblong, subhumeral lobes small, interstices acutely elevated,
the alternate ones irregular across middle. Intereoxal process of
prosternum wide, front thin and entire, hind apex very obtusely
rounded.
Length 4? mm.
Hab, N. 8. WaAtEs: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd).
The elytral fascize should perhaps be regarded as trans-
verse spots, they are almost equidistant from each other,
the three first distant about two interstices from the
suture, the fourth on the apex itself and just perceptibly in-
terrupted at suture and terminated almost on the margin ;
the second extends over the greatest, whilst the first
extends over the shortest space; the outlines of all are
very irregular although sharply defined.
In appearance somewhat resembling Cadmus luctwosus,
Chp., but (apart from colour markings) of smaller size,
elytra much more acutely costate, the prothoracic punctures
rougher and the abdominal segments much less curved.
It is also evidently allied to Paracadmus maculatus, Blackb.,
but besides the numerous differences in colour, some of
the elytral carinze are distinct from base to apex, whilst
in maculatus the elytra are described as “ postice subcostatis.”
There are two female specimens before me (both from
Victoria) which with some doubt I refer to this species ;
they differ in having the prothorax pallid except for a
wide transverse marking (much as in many of the varieties
of crucicollis), the elytral fascize wider and larger, with the
452 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
two basal ones conjoined, and (in one of the specimens)
appearing as an irregular figure 2 on each elytron, that on
the left being reversed. The fourth abdominal segment is
emarginate in middle and the apical fovea large, without
lateral extensions.
CADMUS FASCIATICOLLIS, n. sp.
(Plate XXV, figs. 154, 155.)
2. Oblong-obovate, moderately shining. Reddish-testaceous ;
base of head, a narrow transverse fascia on prothorax (angularly
dilated both ways in middle), extreme base of prothorax and elytra,
the suture very narrowly, scutellum and under-surface (except
prosternum—there is, however, a small black spot on each side in
front and an obscure dark space between the base of the front coxe,
and apex of abdomen), black with a greenish gloss; sides of pro-
thorax paler than elsewhere.
Head densely and coarsely punctate ; with a moderately deep
median impression. Antenne just passing hind coxe, second joint
about half the length of third. Prothorax fully twice as wide as
long; densely and rather coarsely punctate, oblique impressions
rather feeble; margins entire and moderately wide. Scutellwm
subquadrate, base distinctly notched ; with a few small punctures.
Eilytra with small subhumeral lobes ; densely and rather coarsely
punctate, punctures becoming smaller and seriate in arrangement
with convex interstices posteriorly; base transversely rugulose.
Apex of prosternwm very obtusely produced in middle. Fourth
segment of abdomen just traceable (not at all from above) across
middle ; apical fovea without lateral extensions.
Length 65 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Summit of Mt. Wellington (A. JL. Lea).
A very distinct species. The prothoracic fascia is like
that of some of the varieties of crucicollis, but the two
species have little else in common.
A second female (from Waratah in Mr. Aug. Simson’s
collection) differs in having the fascia much larger, with
the hind projection from its middle touching the base;
the elytra with a greater portion of the base dark, the
dark part advanced along the suture and near (but not
on) the sides to about the middle, but, especially posteriorly,
somewhat of the nature of a stain, the metasternum is
also black. In this specimen also the scutellum is
impunctate.
Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 458
CADMUS APICIRUFUS, n. sp.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 105.)
¢. Oblong, shining. Head (base blackish), prothorax (the sides
paler), an inner spot at the apex of each elytron and the cox
reddish ; middle of pro- and meso- and flanks of metasternum,
abdomen (the second—fifth segments infuscate in middle), pygidium
(a small infuseate spot on each side) and subhumeral lobes pale
flavous ; elsewhere black or blackish.
Head densely and coarsely punctate. Antenne rather stout, not
extending to apex, second joint slightly shorter than third or fourth,
sixth distinctly longer than first, seventh—tenth gradually decreasing
in length. Prothoraz about once and one-half as wide as long ;
disc gibbous ; margins entire and rather narrow ; densely punctate,
the punctures rather coarse at sides; oblique impressions feeble.
Scutellum subquadrate, base indistinctly notched and feebly punctate.
Elytra suboblong, widest across shoulders (which are thickened and
impunctate), subhumeral lobes large ; densely and coarsely punctate,
the punctures almost as dense and large at apex as at base. Pygidiwm
densely and rather coarsely punctate. Under-surface irregularly
punctate, the punctures larger and sparser on metasternum and
intercoxal process of prosternum than elsewhere, the latter in front
produced backwards like a lip, the hind apex very obtusely rounded.
Apex of abdominal segments (except the first) semicircular, the fifth
encroached upon by the pygidium.
Length 3? mm.
Q. Differs in being larger, with shorter antenne, and of which
the first joint is distinctly the longest; eyes smaller and more dis-
tant, its head (except for the antenne, which are deep black in both
sexes) is entirely red, the scutellum is red, the abdomen with more of
the middle infuscate and the two small spots on the pygidium scarcely
traceable. Fourth segment of abdomen just traceable across middle,
apical fovea with feeble lateral extensions.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
A remarkably distinct species apart from its peculiar
coloration. There is a striking departure in the shape
of the intercoxal process of the prosternum in that the
front portion is strongly raised and projects backwards
so as to overhang like a lip; a character that by some
entomologists would probably be regarded as of generic
importance,
454 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Notes on
CADMUS PERLATUS, 0. sp.
2. Short, subelliptic, rough, feebly shining. Obscure testaceous
or testaceous-brown ; middle of sterna and of basal segment of
abdomen blackish.
Upper-surface (including scutellum), densely and moderately
coarsely punctate, punctures coarser on prothorax and smaller at
apex of elytra than elsewhere. Head feebly longitudinally im-
pressed, Antenne extending to second abdominal segment, second
joint more than half the length of third, fourth scarcely if at
all shorter than fifth. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long,
surface uneven; margins narrow and entire ; oblique impressions
very indistinct. Scutellum transverse, apex less than half the width
of base, obtusely ridged along middle. Hlytra short, subhumeral
lobes feeble, sides rounded and regularly diminishing from base to
apex, surface uneven and with traces of feeble longitudinal eleva-
tions, Pygidiwm almost or quite covered by elytra. Apex of
prosternum obtusely rounded. Fourth segment of abdomen semi-
circularly emarginate and not traceable across middle ; apical fovea
unusually large, without lateral extensions,
Length 4 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney (H. J. Carter and Macleay
Museum).
An unusually wide species with the outline more
rounded than usual; the upper-surface has a mottled
appearance, principally owing to the punctures being
darker than the general surface.
A larger specimen (54 mm. and also from Sydney) has
the upper-surface not at all mottled, but the under-surface
more irregularly stained with brown and the femora also
stained. Ata glance it appears to be distinct, but I can
find no structural characters warranting its separation.
CADMUS NOTHUS, 2. sp.
d¢. Oblong-elliptic, subopaque. Testaceous-red, a narrow streak
on face terminated between front of eyes, a longitudinal curved spot
towards each side of prothorax and nearer base than apex and
extreme base of prothorax, elytra and scutellum black, terminal
joint of antennz and portion of flanks of metasternum infuscate ;
elytra (but the punctures the colour of prothorax), sides of prothorax,
pygidium, abdomen and portions of sterna flavous.
Head, prothorax and scutellum rather coarsely and very densely
punctate, the elytra with larger punctures, but round and clearly
Australian ant Tasmanian Cryptocephalides. 455
defined, and with irregular traces (even towards the base) of a linear
arrangement. Head with a feeble median impression. Antenne
passing apex of body, moderately stout, second joint about one-third
the length of third. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, oblique
impressions very feeble, margins rather wide and feebly crenulated.
Scutellum ridged along middle, apex truncate and not much narrower
than base, sides incurved. LHlytra narrowest just beyond shoulders,
subhumeral lobes feeble. Intercoxal process of prosternwm bilobed,
both in front and behind. Three basal segments of abdomen straight
at apex, fifth feebly depressed in middle.
Length 55 mm.
2. Differs in being larger, the eyes smaller and more widely
separated ; the antennz thinner and shorter than the body and the
elytra with smaller punctures, having even less traces of a linear
arrangement. The antennz are of uniform colour and no parts
(except the junction of the prothorax with the scutellum and the
elytra) are black. Fourth segment of abdomen distinct across
middle and very feebly encroached upon by the fovea, the latter
with feeble lateral extensions,
Length 74 mm.
Hab. W. AustTRALia: Karridale (4A. iM. Lea).
The elytra have a mottled appearance owing to the
punctures being darker than the general surtace, the
darker portions also appear to be in feeble lines. Although
the hind apex of the prosternum is bilobed I have referred
this species to Cadmus, as it is evidently closely allied
to Cadmus scutatus, Chp. (in which the apex is rounded).
At first sight indeed it appears to belong to scutatus, but
the two species are readily distinguished by the shape
and punctures of the scutellum.
Above are described seven species of Cadmus, and it
will be noticed that the prosternum is not exactly the
same in any two of them, although in all (except the last)
it is more or less rounded at the hind apex. In fact
apicirufus and perlatus are about as dissimilar species
as almost any other two (leaving out the tuberculate
species) in the subfamily. ‘To found genera principally
on variations of the prosternum (as done by Suffrian and
Chapuis), or of the antennz (as by Saunders and Baly),
or whether the prothorax has entire or crenulated
margins, would necessitate almost as many genera as
there are species; at least so far as the Australian species
are concerned.
456
F1G.
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXII.
Elytron of—
Up
a Cadmus litigiosus, Boh.
excrementarius, Suffr,
histr¥onicus, Chp.
luctwosus, Chp.
ornatus, Chp.
VaR,
9
quadrivittatus, Chp.
trispilus, Chp.
pauperculus, Chyp.
Cryptocephalus crucicollis, Boi.
speciosus, Boi.
castus, Suffr.
parentheticus, Suffr.
eumolpus, Chp.
5} yy) Was
bihamatus, Chp.
terminalis, Chp.
gracilior, Chp.
chrysomelinus, Chp., var.
jocosus, Chp.
Explanation of Plates. 457
36.
ue) Cryptocephalus iridipennis, Chp., var.
38. si aciculatus, Chp.
39. a4 3 Hy var.
40. Ai Silum, Chp.
41.
492. Ss argentatus, Chp.
PuaTE XXIII.
Elytron of—
FIG.
43.)
44.
45. } Cryptocephalus dichrous, Chp.
‘| *
47.
48, Idiocephala catowuntha, Saund.
2a
a Fe bynoei, Saund.
=|
53. e albilinea, Saund.
54.
55. 5 Jlaviventris, Saund.
56. Ochrosopsis eruditus, Baly.
57. Rhombosternus sulphuripennis, Baly.
58. Prionoplewra erudita, Blackb.
39. Chariderma piulchella, Baly, var.
GOA aise
61 \ Schizosternus coccineus, Chp.
2.
: is \ a albogularis, Chp.
64. : Me :
65 \ Mitocera viridipennis, Saund.
66. Loxopleurus gravatus, Chp., var.
67. 3 erythrotis, Chp.
68. Cryptocephalus clarus, n. sp.
69. dp lilliputanus, n. sp.
70. + rufoterminalis, n. sp.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II]. (SEPT.) 30
458
Explanation of Plates.
(fl6
72 \ Cryptocephalus conspiciendus, n. sp
73. »
75. “i
basizonis, 1. sp.
comptus, Ni. sp.
minusculus, N. sp.
T-viridis, n. sp.
scabiosus, 1. Sp.
ornatipeniis, 1, sp.
FIG,
PLATE XXL:
Elytron of—
85. Schizosternus trilineatus, n. sp.
86. hs
ee:
marmoratus, N. Sp.
erassicornis, Chp.
89. Loxopleurus lateriflavius, n. sp.
x”
105. is
mixtus, 1. sp.
microscopicus, N. Sp.
marginipennis, N. sp.
castigatus, Nn. sp.
inconstans, N. sp.
virgatus, 1. sp.
Ffuscitarsis, n. sp.
absonus, N. sp.
” ” var.
disconiger, n. sp.
iach Cadmus quadrifasciatus, n. sp.
apicirufus, D. sp.
Explanation of Plates. 459
Prothorax of—
106, Prasonotus submetallicus, Suffr., var.
107. Cadmus scutatus, Chp.
108.
| » luctwosus, Chp.
110.
alate » quadrivittatus, Chp.
112.
113.
114, §:
115.
116.
117, SES,
118. Cryptocephalus crucicollis, Boi.
WANs).
120.
i 5 porentheticus, Suffr.
aurantiacus, Chp.
93, sat Prionoplewra erudita, Blackb.
124. Chariderma pulchella, Baly, var.
125. Cryptocephalus melanopus, n. sp.
126. rAY
127. 5 lilliputanus, n. sp.
128. Schizosternus marmoratus, n. sp.
129. : :
130. Pe crassicornis, Chp.
PLATE XXY.
Prothorax of—
FIG.
131. Schizosternus crassicornis, Chp.
132. Loxoplewrus lugubris, n. sp.
133. 7 morginipennis, n. sp.
134. ;
135 a contiguus, n. sp.
Prothoracic markings of—
ie a] Cryptocephalus consors, Boi,
138. I speciosus, Boi.
460 Explanation of Plates.
139.
140. :
14] Cryptocephalus bihamatus, Chp.
142.
143.
144 } 55 aciculatus, Chp.
145. 55 ewmolpus, Chp.
146. A vartipeniis, N. sp.
147. - clypealis, n. sp.
148. BA distortus, n. sp.
149. a comptius, N. sp.
150.
151 \ 95 T-viridis, n. sp.
152. Loxopleurus disconiger, n. sp,
153. Cadmus quadrifasciatus, n. sp.
“al
155 fasciaticollis, n. sp.
”»
Scutellum of-—
156. Cryptocephalus tricolor, Fab.
IBY 53 consors, Boi.
158. 5 bihamatus, Chp.
1/59) 3 chrysomelinus, Chp.
160. Idiocephala bynoei, Saund.
161. a cyanipennis, Saund,
162. Pr pulchella, Saund.
163. Ochrosopsis subfasciatus, Saund.
164. ~s eruditus, Baly.
165. Diandichus analis, Chp.
166. Mitocera viridipennis, Saund.
167. Cryptocephalus mediocris, n. sp.
168. a rubicundus, n. sp.
169. a pallens, n. sp.
70. - basizonis, Nn. sp.
IAI % costipennis, N. sp.
172. Schizosternus marmoratus, n. sp.
173. i) crassicornis, Chp.,
174. Loxoplewrus disconiger, n. sp.
175. Brachycaulus aterrimus, n. sp.
Intercoxal process of —
176. Schizosternus delicatulus, n. sp.
177. Brachycawus aterrimus, n. sp.
Explanation of Plates, 46]
Tarsus of—
178. Lachnabothra swundersi, Baly.
179. Brachycaulus aterrimus, n. sp.
PLATE XXVI.
Antenna of—
FIG.
180.\ Lachnabothra saundersi, Baly.
181.5
182. Cadmus histrionicus, Chp.
183.
184 \ Cryptocephalus clavicornis, Chp.
185.
186 _ bihamatus, Chp.
187. Idiocephala bynoei, Saund.
188. “5 cyanipennis, Saund.
189. 5 pulchella, Saund.
190. Ochrosopsis subfasciatus, Saund.
191. Chariderma pulchella, Baly.
192. Oryptocephalus distortus, n. sp.
193. . rufoterminalis, n. sp.
194. “ T-viridis, n. sp.
195. . convexicollis, . sp.
196. 53 ceelestis, N. sp.
Mele on costipennis, N. sp.
198. Loxopleurus castor, n. sp.
IIS). a pollux, n. sp.
200. a fuscitarsis, n. sp.
201. FD absonus, 1. sp.
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XVI. New Species of South American Erycinide. By
Percy I. Latay, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[Read April 20th, 1904. ]
PLATE XXVII.
ON the appearance of Mr. Godman’s paper on Lrycinide,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, Part IV, I decided to work
out the hitherto unnamed species in Mr. Herbert J.
Adams’ collection, the result being the discovery of the
ten new species here described and figured. The Peruvian
species were all taken by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson.
Eurygona subargentea, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 1.)
¢. Upper-side.—Fore-wing blackish-brown, paler at apex ; hind-
wing blackish-brown, paler along costa.
Under-side.—Fore-wing silvery white crossed by two brown lines,
one beyond cell, the other near outer margin; the ground colour
beyond the inner line darker than basal half, the outer line inwardly
edged with a row of silvery white spots ; hind-wing silvery white
crossed by a brown line beyond cell, this line acutely angled below
lower median nervule, two waved submarginal brown lines, outer
margin darker as in fore-wing.
Expanse 46 mm.
Hab. Bocota, Columbia, 1 &.
This fine species appears to have no near ally in its
genus.
Mesosemia elegans, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 2.)
gd. Upper-side.—Fore-wing black crossed by a curved white
band beyond cell, this band widely edged inwardly with pale blue,
which colour extends into cell encircling a black spot, this spot
contains three white points one in centre and two beyond, the outer
edge of white band narrowly pale blue; hind-wing black crossed
by a similar band to fore-wing but the blue area much more
restricted, and three black lines, broken in middle, traversing inner
blue area.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.)
464 Mr. P. I. Lathy on
Under-side.—Fore-wing with basal half brown, a yellowish
ringed black spot containing white points as above at end of cell,
and a dark patch below it, three dark lines before spot and three
beyond, white band and outer margin as above but without blue ;
hind-wing with basal half brown crossed by nine dark lines, the
centre one being broken into spots, white band and outer margin
as above but without blues..
Expanse 40 mm.
Hab. La MERCED, Peru, 2500 ft., 1 2.
This species has as its nearest ally MZ. jeziela, Butl., but
it may be easily distinguished by the absence of white
on the outer margin of the hind-wing above. In Mr.
Grose-Smith’s collection is a specimen from Ecuador
which probably belongs to the species here described, it
differs in the reduction of the blue and white bands. I
think, however, that there is no doubt that specimens
will eventually be procured that will connect the two
forms.
Erycina latifasciata, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII, fig. 3.)
d. Upper-side.—Fore-wing black crossed at centre by a wide
slightly-curved scarlet band; hind-wing black, a narrow scarlet
band beyond centre extending from costa two-thirds of distance
across wing, a few blue scales at end of this band, a faint red spot
on inner margin, three pale centred metallic blue spots at base of
tail, a dark blue streak in tail ; cilia white in interspaces particularly
at anal angle.
Under-side.—Fore-wing metallic blue changing to green in certain
lights ; base, costa, apex, nervules and an oblique band from costa
to anal angle black, inner margin blackish-brown with a scarlet
patch just before anal angle ; hind-wing shining blue changing to
green in certain lights; base, nervules, outer margin and a band
just beyond centre black, a scarlet spot at anal angle and a white
spot below it.
Expanse 54 mm.
Hab. San Remon, Peru, 3000 ft., 2 ¢ S (type); La
MERCED, Peru, 4 g 2.
Closely allied to #. huascar, Saund., from which it may
be distinguished by the much wider and more curved
scarlet band of the fore-wing above, and the shorter
scarlet band of the hind-wing.
New Species of South American Erycinide. 465
Ithomiola rubrolineata, sp. nov.
Tthomiola celtilla, var., Hew., Ex. Butt. v. Erycimde,
f. 3, 1876.
This species may easily be separated from typical
celtilla, Hew., by the submarginal reddish lines above,
and by the subapical white band of fore-wing, neither
being hyaline nor broken by black nervules. Mr. Adams
has a female from Rio Colorado, Peru, 2500 ft.
Themone trivittata, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 4.)
¢. Upper-side.—Fore-wing yellow, orange-brown at base and
along inner margin ; apical third, costa, and outer margin black ;
three black fasciz, one in end of cell, one between middle and lower
median nervules, and the other below lower median nervule, the
latter being more than twice the size of the others; hind-wing
orange-brown, a wide black fascia extending from near base to
beyond end of cell, a deeply indented wide marginal black border
containing a row of yellowish spots.
Under-side as above but slightly paler.
Expanse 40 mm.
Hab. LA MERCED, Peru, 2500 ft., 1 ¢.
May be separated from 7’. pais, Hiibn., by the three
black fasciae of the fore-wing, 7. pais having a transverse
black band; there is a specimen in Mr. Godman’s
collection from the Rio Napo.
Chamalimnas albivitta, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII, fig. 5.)
&. Upper-side.—Fore-wing orange with wide black apex, costa
and outer margin black, a fine black line extending from base along
median nervure and lower median nervule to outer margin, a wider
black line along sub-median nervure ; hind-wing black with faint
traces of a whitish fascia below cell.
Under-side.—Fore-wing as above but black line along median
nervure only extending as far as origin of lower median nervule ;
hind-wing black with a long, narrow, white fascia extending from
base to near outer margin.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Espirito SANTO, Brazil, 2 % 2.
Appears to be nearest to (@. similis, Schaus., but may
be distinguished by much greater extent of orange area
of fore-wing. The second specimen differs slightly from
466 My. P. I. Lathy on
the one here described in having an orange fascia to the
hind-wing above, and the black line on median nervure
of fore-wing above not extending beyond origin of lower
median nervure.
Caria fulvimargo, sp.nov. (Plate XXVII, fig. 6.)
3. Upper-side.—Fore-wing brown, a basal patch of metallic
green scales, and an inverted triangular patch of similar scales on
costa, a transverse obscure dark line between these patches, the
triangular patch outwardly bordered with a dark line, two parallel
sub-marginal lines, the inner one silvery and the outer black and
somewhat broken up, a dull red spot at apex ; hind-wing brown
with metallic green scaling along inner margin, a black bar closing
cell and a discal black line beyond, outer margin fulvous except
at apex and anal angle, this fulvous margin contains a row of minute
black spots and is inwardly edged with metallic green.
Under-side.—Fore-wing brown, a dull red patch within cell
surrounded by dark brown, three silvery spots one just beyond
edge of red patch, one at apex, and the other nearer apical than
basal spot, a transverse irregular blackish line beyond middle, an
obscure dark line beyond this and traces of ochreous on the outer
margin ; hind-wing brown, three obscure dark spots on costa, a spot
within and a bar closing cell, an irregular line beyond ; outer margin
ochreous except at apex, and containing minute black spots towards
anal angle,
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. LA MERCED, Peru, 2500 ft., 3 2.
Nearest C. marsyas, Godm., but is paler, has the
metallic scaling reduced and the fulvous border to hind-
wing.
Symmachia peruviana, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 7.)
gd. Upper-side—Both wings dark brown, crossed by several
irregular faint dark lines ; fore-wing with an obscure dark patch
about middle of costa.
Under-side.—Fore-wing orange-brown, basal two-thirds of costa
brown, inner margin widely brown; the following black bars ;
three within and one closing cell ; four between median and sub-
median nervures, an irregular discal row, and faint indications of
two rows beyond this; hind-wing dark brown slightly reddish
towards base, crossed by several rows of black bars which become
obscure towards outer margin.
Expanse 31 mm.
New Species of South American Erycinide. 467
Hab. LA MeErcep, Peru, 2500 ft., 2 ¢ f (type); Rio
CoLorapbo, Peru, 2500 ft., 1 2.
May be separated from S. progne, Godm., by the dark
brown ground colour of the hind-wings below.
Lemonias pulchra, sp. nov. (Plate XXVII, fig. 8.)
dg. Upper-side.—Fore-wing greyish-blue, lower part of base
brown, three black bars within cell, and three immediately below
them, a sub-marginal black line widening at costa, outer margin
black; hind-wing greyish blue, basal third brown, three black
spots within cell and a curved irregular black line beyond, outer
margin narrowly black ; cilia white in interspaces of both wings.
Under-side.—Fore-wing dull bluish-grey, black markings as above,
with an additional row of sub-marginal black spots; hind-wing
dull bluish-grey with the following black markings; two spots
at base, three beyond, and bar at end of cell, and three irregular
rows of which the outer two are rather obscure,
Expanse 31 mm.
Hab. Rio Cotorapo, Peru, 2500 ft., 1 2.
Allied to Z. thara, Hew., but has less brown and wants
sub-marginal black spots on hindwing above.
Nymphidium completa, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 9.)
Q. Upper-side.—Fore-wing dark brown crossed by a wide curved
white band, three dark spots within and two below cell, all encircled
with whitish, similar spots on outer margin, one between upper
and middle median nervule, and two between lower median nervule
and submedian nervure ; hind-wing dark brown crossed by band
as in fore-wing, a complete row of whitish encircled dark spots on
outer margin.
Under-side.—-Both wings as above but the base greyish, and the
sub-marginal black spots more distinct.
Expanse 52 mm.
Hab. LA MERCED, Peru, 2500 ft., 2 2 9.
Nearest to WV. azan, D. and H., from which it may be
distinguished by the white band of fore-wing extending
right up to costa.
Theope fasciata, sp. nov. (Plate XX VII, fig. 10.)
dg. Upper-side.—Fore-wing purplish-blue, costaand outer margin
black, an irregular black band from middle of costa to anal angle ;
hind-wing bright blue, narrowly black on costa and outer margin.
468 Mr. P.I. Lathy on New Species of Erycinide.
Under-side.—Both wings uniform dove colour; hind-wing with
three sub-marginal black spots near anal angle, these spots inwardly
pointed with white.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. it A
Allied to 7. virgilius, Fabr.; but the median black
band of fore-wing above at once serves to distinguish it
from this species. It will be seen from the figure that
the specimen has lost part of its antenne.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
Fic. 1. Ewrygona subargentea, sp. nov.
2. Mesosemia elegans, Sais
3. Hrycina latifasciata, airs:
4. Themone trivittata, Se
5. Chamelimnas albivitta ,, ,,
6. Caria fulvimargo, ne:
7. Symmachia peruviana, 4, 55
8. Lemonias pulchra, ep
9, Nymphidiwm completa, 4, 5,
10. Theope fasciata, ki
( 469 )
XVII. A Classification of the Australian Lymantriade.
By Dr. A. JEFFERIS TurRNER, M.D., F.E.S.
[Read May 4th, 1904.]
THE Lymantriade are a group of interest as being the
lowest family of the Noctwid series, which includes also the
Syntomide, Arctiade, and Noctwide (of which I regard the
Agaristine as a subfamily). They appear to have real
relationship to the Hupterotidx, the lowest family of the
Notodontid series, comprising the Geometride, Cymatopho-
ridx, Notodontidxe, Sphingide, Saturniade, and Bombycide,
the two series being readily distinguished by the point of
origin of vein 5 of the fore-wings. In Australia the family
is very well represented, and a classification of the Austra-
lian species should be of more than local interest. Col.
Swinhoe’s recent revision of the Old-World species in the
British Museum collection, while useful as regards species,
leaves the genera still in need of revision.
I have enlarged the extent of the family as usually
understood by the inclusion under the subfamily name
of Asotine of the group usually known as Hypside or
Aganaide, 'These are undoubtedly a natural group, but
in all important structural characters they agree so closely
with the Lymantriade as hitherto known, that I con-
sider that they are best treated as a subfamily. The
differences are no more than are present in the sub-
families of the Noctwide, Geometride, and Pyralidxe as
these families are understood in Sir George Hampson’s
classification. There seems to me a tendency at present
to create too many families among the bombycine moths.
No doubt such division is practicable owing to the wide-
spread extinction of intermediate forms among these
archaic groups; but it appears to me more philosophical to
group these together as subfamilies, wherever the indica-
tions of affinity appear sufficiently clear to justify such a
course. The remainder of the family I have divided into
two subfamilies, the Lymantriane and the Antheline
(type Anthela, Wlk.), the latter being distinguished by
the very peculiar structure of the areole of the fore-wings,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART II. (SEPT.)
470 Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
and usually also by the wide separation of vein 8 of the
hind-wings from the cell.
As this revision is limited to those species that I have
been able to examine structurally, many species and
possibly some genera are unavoidably omitted.
It will be noted that I have found no use for the follow-
ing generic names—TZeia, Wlk., Urocoma, Wlk., Darala,
Wlk., Colussa, Wlk., Chionophasma, Butl., Leptocneria,
Butl. Col. Swinhoe is, however, wrong in sinking the
last named under Anthela; it belongs to a different section
of the family, and I have regarded it as a synomym of
Lymantria. Teara, Wlk., is now restricted to a single
species, which belongs to the Hupterotide. Asota, Hb.
(Verz., p. 164), has priority over the better known Hypsa,
Hb. (Verz., p. 172).
Family LYMANTRIAD.
Fore-wings with vein le absent; 5 approximated at base to 4;
7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10 connected by a bar or stalked with 9. Hind-
wings with frenulum present; vein lc absent; 8 usually connected
or anastomosing with cell before middle.
A. Tongue present ; thorax smooth. . . . . . Asotine.
AA. Tongue absent ; thorax densely rough-haired.
B, Fore-wings with areole moderate or absent ;
veins 8, 9 stalked from areole . . . . Lymantriane.
BB. Fore-wings with areole very long, reach-
ing to near apex; veins 8, 9 arising
separately from areole . . . . . . Antheline.
Subfamily ASOTIN.
Tongue well-developed. Thorax and coxe smooth or slightly
hairy. Fore-wings with areole present ; veins 8 and 9 arising by a
common stalk from areole. Hind-wings with vein 8 approximated
to cell, and usually connected or anastomosing with it.
Mr. Meyrick (Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 758) has
described the Australian species, and to his monograph I
have little to add. I agree, however, with Sir George
Hampson in referring Lhodogastria, Hb. (= Amerila,
Wlk.), to the Arctiade. Digama, Moore, appears to me
correctly referable here, the cross-bar between vein 8 and
cell in the hind-wings having become obsolete as in many
species of Anthela.
the Australian Lymantriade. 471
More recently, Mr. K. Jordan has published an elaborate
paper on the Asota section of the group (Novit. Zool.,
1896, p. 59); and Col. Swinhoe has catalogued the species
of Nyctemera in the British Museum (Tr. Ent. Soc., 1903,
p- 53). From both these papers I have derived help.
A. Hind-wings with 8 anastomosing shortly with
cell near base.
B. Palpi porrect or obliquely ascending ;
second font short... ©. 3 3 2 ans
BB. Palpi up-turned ; second joint moder-
ately long and closely appressed to
TVONGS yc hig Fal Se Sayan aan acl ahs cok AT OUT:
AA, Hind-wings with 8 not anastomosing with
cell.
B. Hind-wings with 8 approximated to cell,
noficonnected, 42 6s 2) es) yo. Digama.
BB. Hind-wings with 8 approximated and
connected with cell.
C. Palpi with terminal joint less than
% second ; ¢ without costal reti-
TACULOy Sie Meek ot val omy 4 Agape:
CC, Palpi with terminal joint nearly as
long or longer than second; ¢
with costal retinaculum. . . . 5. Asota.
1. Nyctemera.
Genus 1. NYCTEMERA.
Nyctemera, Hb., Verz., p. 178; Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W.,
1886, p. 759.
Tam unable to follow Col. Swinhoe in rejecting this
name in favour of Deilemera, Hb., as his action rests upon
the assumption that the first-named species of a genus must
be necessarily the type. There is some variability in the
gf antenne and the length of the terminal joint of the
palpi in the Australian species, but I do not regard these
points of generic value in this instance. Veins 6 and 7
of the hind-wings may be connate or stalked in the same
species.
g antenne with long pectinations :—
amica, White; Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 760.
baulus, Bdv., Voy. Astrolabe Lep., p. 200.
= mundipicta, Wik., Journ. Lin. Soc., iii, p. 184;
Swin., Cat. Oxf. Mus., i, Pl. v., £ 14.
472 Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
= fasciata, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., vii, p. 1665.
= tertiana, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii, p. 15; Proc.
Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 761.
secundiana, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 280.
This differs from the preceding only in the hind-wings.
Both forms are taken together in Northern Queensland,
which suggests that they may be the same species; but in
Southern Queensland only the present form occurs.
crescens, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxi, p. 204; Meyr., Proc.
Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 761.
@ antenne with extremely short pectinations :—
separata, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat. xxxi, p. 204; Meyr.,
Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 762.
= xgrotum, Swin., Cat. Oxf. Mus., i, p. 145, Pl. v, f. 15.
= mackveana, Luc., Proc. Roy. Soc. Q., 1898, p. 60.
Genus 2. ARGINA.
Argina, Hb., Verz., p. 167; Hmps., Moths Ind., ii, p. 50.
cribraria, Clk.; Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886,
p. 763.
Genus 3. DIGAMA.
Digama, Moore, Lep. E. Ind. Co., p. 297; Meyr., Proce.
Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 772.
marmorea, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 363; Meyr.,
Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W.,1886, p. 772.
Genus 4. AGAPE.
Agape, Snel., Tijd. v. Ent. xxxi, p. 115 (1888); Jord.
Nov. Zool., 1896, p. 60.
chloropyga, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat. ui, p. 455; Feld.
Reise Nov., Pl. 106, f. 4; Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W.,
1886, p. 771.
Genus 5. ASOTA.
Asota, Hb., Verz., p. 164; Jord., Nov. Zool., 1896, p. 203.
basilissa, Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 767.
dama, Fab.; Meyr. Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 768.
plagiata, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., ii, p. 457; Meyr., Proce.
Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 768.
the Australian Lymantriade.
carice, Fab.; Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc.
pe (Ou:
dodamia, H.-Sch., Ausser. Schmet., f. 119.
473
N.S.W., 1886,
= nesophora, Meyr., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1886, p. 770.
Subfamily LVIANTRIAN 41,
Tongue obsolete. Thorax and coxe densely hairy. Fore-wings
with areole moderate or absent, veins 8 and 9 arising by a common
stalk from areole. Hind-wings with vein 8 approximated to cell, and
connected or anastomosing with it.
A. Fore-wings without areole.
B, Fore-wings with 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked (rarely 8
absent).
C. Fore-wings with 7 arising from 8 +9 before 10.
D. Hind-wings with 4 absent
DD. Hind-wings with 4 present.
E. Palpi short, porrect
ascending . :
EE. Palpi long, erect, eign reitine
CC. Fore-wings with 10arising from 8+ 9 before 7
BB. Fore-wings with 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 separate .
BBB. Fore-wings with 7 separate, 8, 9, 10 stalked
AA. Fore-wings with areole present.*
B. Hind-legs without middle spurs
BB. Hind-legs with middle spurs.
C. Fore-wings with 11 anastomosing with 12
CC. Fore-wings with 11 free.
D. Areole small, 10 connected with 8+9 well
before 7, or rarely 10 free .
DD. Areole moderate, 10 connected with 8 + 9
opposite 7.
E. Abdomen crested at base of dorsum .
EE. Abdomen not crested but densely
hairy at base of dorsum .
EEE, Abdomen neither crested nor
densely hairy at base of dorsum.
F. Fore-legs with tarsi densely hairy
FF. Fore-legs with tarsi not densely
hairy .
or Be
Porthesia.
Euproctis.
Heracula.
Lymantria.
Caragola.
Haplopseustis.
Orgyia.
Axiologa.
Tropoca.
Olene.
Dasychira.
Psalis.
Laeliu.
* Sometimes absent in Lropoca.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III,
(SEPT.) 31
47 4. Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
Genus PORTHESIA.
Porthesia, Stph.; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 484.
aliena, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 386.
melanosoma, Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ix, p. 87
(1882).
euthysana, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 175.
panabra, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. §.A., 1902, p. 176.
galactopis, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 176.
fimbriata, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 285;
Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 176.
lutea, Fab.; = chrysophila, W1k., Brit. Mus, Cat., xxxu,
p. 334; var. iobrota, Meyr., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1891,
. 194.
ates Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 385, may be a
synonym of virguncula, W1k., but is not the same as
panabra, 'Turn., which may be distinguished by the
elongate pale-ochreous scales on the dorsal margin of
fore-wings.
Genus EUPROCTIS.
Euproctis, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind., 1, p. 470.
leucomelas, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat. iv., p. 838.
chionitis, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 177.
lucifuga, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1892, p. 250. I
think this is a form of cervina, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1877, p. 345, if not of chrysophea, Wlk., Brit.
Mus. Cat., xxxu, p. 324.
scotochyta, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 178.
amphideta, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 177.
holocutha, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 178.
crocea, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxii, p. 355.
arrogans, Luc., Tr. Roy. Soc. Q., 1899, p. 140; Turn.,
Tr. Roy. Soc. 5.A,, 1902; p. 179) = meek, Drea,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xii, p. 222 (1903).
Col. Swinhoe regards this as synonymous with crocea,
which is represented only by Walker’s 2 type from Moreton
Bay, which has all the wings pale yellow. The present
species, which is from North Queensland and New Guinea,
differs in itseep reddish-ochreous colouring, as is noted
in Dr. Lucas’ description.
habrostola, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 179,= pura,
Swin., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 405.
the Australian Lymantriade. 475
edwardsit, Newm., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1856, p. 284, = togata,
Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 285.
baltolalis, Swin., Cat. Oxf. Mus., i, p. 215.
marginalis, Wik., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 845.
liumbalis, H.-Sch., Ausser. Schmet., f. 389.
niphobola, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 179.
ewryzona, Low., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 213. This
species is exceptional in having veins 3 and 4 of the
hind-wings stalked; but this is also met with in
other species as an occasional abnormality.
EUPROCTIS LEPTOTYPA, 0. sp.
[Aenrdrumos, lightly marked.]
6.23 mm., 2.32 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne snow-white.
Palpi in ¢ ochreous; in 9 white. Abdomen white; tuft in 9
ochreous. Legs white; anterior coxz in ¢ ochreous anteriorly.
Fore-wings snow-white ; dorsal cilia faintly tinged with ochreous-
fuscous in ? ; a narrow interrupted pale ochreous-fuscous fascia out-
wardly curved from § costa to dorsum, in 9 nearly obsolete ; cilia
snow-white. Hind-wings and celia snow-white. ‘
Type in Coll. Turner.
NorTH QUEENSLAND, Townsville, in July ; three speci-
mens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd, who bred them from
larve feeding on a variety of Acacia aulacocarpa.
EUPROCTIS ERICYDES, n. sp.
[€puxvdys, splendid.]
@.46mm. Head, thorax, and palpi bright ochreous. Antenne
fuscous, shaft towards base ochreous. Abdomen black ; tuft whitish-
ochreous, under-side mixed with ochreous. Legs ochreous. Fore-
wings black, with a clear yellow apical blotch ; cilia black, on apical
blotch yellow. Hind-wings bright orange ; basal third black ; cilia
orange. ;
Type in Coll. Turner.
NorTH QUEENSLAND, Geraldton (Johnstone River), in
May ; one specimen received from Mr. Horace Brown.
Genus HERACULA.
Heracula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 804; Hmps.,
Moths Ind., i, p. 458.
leonina, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1903, p. 17.
476 Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
Genus LYMANTRIA.
Lymantria, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 459.
turnert, Swin., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 484, = aurora,
Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 181° (grwoec.).
This species may be only a form of antennata, W1k.,
Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 881. The ¢ has aborted wings.
In the two following species the wings are developed
equally in both sexes.
binotata, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 386.
reducta, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 888. In this
species veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings are usually
but not invariably stalked.
Genus CARAGOLA.
Caragola, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 46; Hmps., Moths Ind., i,
p. 489. (Caviria, Sect. 11.)
clara, W\k., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxii, p. 343; Hmps., Moths
Ind., i, p. 490, = collucens, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W.,
1889, p. 1090.
Genus HAPLOPSEUSTIS.
Haplopseustis, Meyr., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 34, = Acnissa,
Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 180.
While doubt is permissible as to whether this genus
should be referred to the Noctwidx, as is done by Mr.
Meyrick, I am on the whole inclined to regard it as an
aberrant member of the Lymantriade.
erythrias, Meyr., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 34, = pyrrhias,
Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 180.
Genus ORGYIA.
Orgyia, Ochs.; Hamps., Moths Ind., i, p. 436.
anartoides, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 804, = pusilla,
Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ix, p. 88 (1882).
australis, W\k., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 787 (2), = postica,
WIk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 803; Hmps., Moths Ind.,
1, p. 436, = canifascia, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxii,
p. 325.
the Australian Lymantriade. 477
Genus AXIOLOGA, nov.
[aéidAoyos, worthy of remark. ]
Palpi moderate, hairy, porrect. Antenne well pectinated in ?.
Thorax and abdomen not crested ; base of abdomen densely hairy
above. Posterior tibize with two pairs of spurs. Fore-wings with 10
connected with 8 + 9 opposite 7 to form an areole ; 11 anastomosing
shortly with 12, Hind-wings with 5 approximated at base to 4, 6
and 7 short-stalked, 8 anastomosing with cell before middle.
Founded on the anastomosis of veins 11 and 12 of fore-
wings. As I have been able to examine only one specimen
the constancy of this point requires confirmation.
pura, Luc., Proc. Roy. Soc. Q., 1891, p. 75.
Genus [ROpoCA, nov.
[elpomdxos, woolly. ]
Palpi rather long (13), projecting well beyond frons, densely
hairy, Antenne in ¢ with very long pectinations, in 2 (not ex-
amined). Thorax and abdomen without crests ; abdomen densely
hairy. Pesterior tibiz with two pairs of spurs, Fore-wings
with veins 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 arising from cell, sometimes con-
nected with 8 + 9 well before 7 forming a very small areole.
Hind-wings with 3, 4, and 5 arising separately from close to angle of
cell, 6 and 7 short-stalked or connate, 8 connected with cell before
middle. Female with wings aborted.
In four male examples two have a small areole in both
fore-wings, and one in one fore-wing only; the fourth has
vein 10 free on both sides.
rotundata, W\k., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 851.
Genus OLENE.
Olene, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind. 1, p. 452. (Dasychira,
Section. )
mendosa, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 452. For
synonomy see Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1903, p. 17.
Genus DASYCHIRA.
Dasychira, Stph. ; Hmps., Moths Ind.,1, p. 447. (Section.)
horsfieldi, Saund. ; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 448.
478 Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
Genus PSALIS.
Psalis, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind., 1, p. 453. (Dasychira,
Section.)
securis, Hb.; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 453.
Genus LALIA.
Lelia, Stph.; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 440.
This and the three preceding genera are closely allied.
How far the points of distinction here given can be relied
on must be decided by examination of the extra-Australian
species.
obsoleta, Fab. = eremeva, Meyr., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A.,
1891, p. 193.
ostracina, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 181.
Subfamily ANTHELINA.
Tongue obsolete. Thorax and coxw densely rough-haired.
Fore-wing with areole very long, reaching to near apex ; 8 and 9
arising separately from areole. Hind-wings with 8 usually widely
separate from cell, sometimes connected with cell by a transverse
bar.
A. Hind-wings with 8 touching cell base, then
diverging. . i fee a) so UL edou:
AA, Hind-wings with 8 nae Paitin cell after base.
B, Hind-wings with 8 approximated to middle
of cell.
C. Fore-wings with areole simple . . . . 2. Pterolocera.
CC. Fore-wings with areole divided by a
vemlet: (css cue . 5. Chelepteryx.
BB. Hind-wings with 8 wwitlely distant fant
mid-cell.
C. Fore-wings with vein 5 from angle of
cell Se . 3. Nataxa.
CC. Fore-wings with vein 5 fren) Sl abet
angle of cell. 2-5 (6 yes ch.) se, A aaehele:
Genus 1. REDOA.
Redoa, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 826; Hmps., Moths
Ind., 1, p. 487. (Leucoma, Section ii.)
I have not been able to examine the structure of the
type (submarginata, Wlk.), but the following species has
the Australian Lymantriade. 479
not, I think, any close relationship to the genus Lewcoma,
Stph.
transiens, W1k., J. Linn. Soe., vi, p. 128.
Genus 2. PTEROLOCERA.
Pterolocera, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 883.
amplicornis, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 884.
Genus 3. NATAXA.
Nataxa, Wik., Brit. Mus. Cat., v, p. 1179.
Jlavescens, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., v, p. 1128. (%.)
= flavifascia, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., v, p.1179. (*.)
= rubida, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat.; xxxu1, p. 512. (¢.)
= ochrocephala, Feld., Reise Nov., Pl. 100, f. 2. (.)
Genus 4. ANTHELA.
Anthela, Wik., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 853.
A large genus extensively developed in Australia, but
not at present known from other regions. It will probably
be found in New Guinea, and perhaps from more remote
regions. Under this heading, I include Darala, W1k.,
and Colussa, Wlk. The presence, or absence of a cross-bar
between vein 8 of the hind-wings and the cell naturally
suggests itself as a character of generic value. But I find
that this point is variable in at least one species, and
further material may show that it is variable in others
also,
Vein 8 not connected with cell -—
TYPE ferruginosa, Wik., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 854.
y = parva, W|k., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 892.
», heliopa, Low., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 214.
» ocellata, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 887; H.-Sch.,
Ausser. Schmet., f. 506, 507.
», nicothoé, Bdv.
a = australasix, H.-Sch., Ausser. Schmet., f. 386.
x = adusta, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 897.
, repleta, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 896.
‘| = basigera, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxil, p. 372.
f = undulata, Feld., Reise Nov., Pl. 98, f. 11.
» neurospasta, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1902, p. 182.
480 Dr. A. J. Turner’s Classification of
Vein 8 connected by bar with cell or free :—
TYPE guenci, Newm., Tr. Ent. Soe. (ii), iii, p. 284.
Vein 8 connected by bar with cell :—
TYPE rubicunda, Swin., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, p. 419.
:, = phenicias, Turn., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1902, p. 182.
» pudica, Swin., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, p. 419.
» uniformis, Swin., Cat. Oxf. Mus,, i, p. 210.
, aspilota, Turn, Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A, 1902, p. 182.
This is very distinct from pudica, Swin.
» asciscens, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 288.
» magnifica, Luc., Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 286.
» acuta, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 889. A common
and very variable species of which Walker and
others have made many synonyms.
» excisa, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., iv, p. 889. The same
remark applies to this species, which ranges from
North Queensland to Tasmania. It is best dis-
tinguished from the preceding by the white-centred
discal dots of the fore-wings.
» consors, Wlk., Brit. Mus. Cat., xxxu, p. 369. Mis-
spelt censors, which is corrected, zbid., xxxv, p. 1917.
» canescens, W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat. iv, p.901. The West
Australian representative of the group to which
the three preceding species belong, and like them
very variable.
ANTHELA SYMPHONA, n. sp.
[ovp~devos, harmonious. |
?. 54mm. Head and palpi ochreous-brown, Antennz white.
Thorax grey, anteriorly tinged with ochreous-brown. Abdomen
pale grey, Legs grey, coxal hairs tinged with ochreous. Fore-wings
triangular, costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique;
dark grey becoming blackish towards base ; a broad whitish costal
streak from base to apex, crossed by three fuscous lines corresponding
to those across disc ; an outwardly curved whitish transverse line
at $; a more distinct white line from 3 costa, obtusely bent beneath
costa to mid-dorsum ; a parallel whitish line from % costa to 3
dorsum ; a series of faintly darker terminal spots ; cilia whitish.
Hind-wings with termen rounded; vein 8 free; pale grey ; with
faint whitish transverse lines at 4 and 3; cilia whitish. Under-
side grey with a postmedian curved dark fuscous transverse line,
the Australian Lymantriade. 481
and two blackish white-centred discal spots in each wing before
and at middle.
Type in Coll. Turner.
TASMANIA, Hobart; one specimen received from Mr.
A. M. Lea.
ANTHELA ACHROMATA, 0. sp.
[axpépdros, colourless.
gd. 34-40 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish-grey. Palpi
reddish-brown ; apices ochreous. Antenne whitish; pectinations
ochreous-fuscous, Legs whitish-grey, anteriorly reddish. Fore-wings
broadly triangular, costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen
rounded, slightly oblique; whitish-grey ; costal edge narrowly
reddish ; an outwardly curved fuscous antemedian line, sometimes
interrupted to form a series of dots, from 2 costa to 4 dorsum; a
similar postmedian line from 4 costa to 3 dorsum ; a well-marked
median discal fuscous dot; cilia concolorous. Hind-wings with
termen rounded ; vein 8 connected by a bar with cell ; colour and
markings as fore-wings, but antemedian line and discal dot not
developed. Under-side similar but antemedian line of fore-wings
absent.
Type in Coll. Turner.
NorTH QUEENSLAND, Thursday Island, Cairns, Herber-
ton; three specimens, of which two are in the Queensland
Museum.
Genus 5. CHELEPTERYX.
Chelepteryx, Gray, Tr. Ent. Soc., i, p. 122; Chalepteryax,
W1k., Brit. Mus. Cat. iv, p. 913.
collest, Gray, Tr. Ent. Soc., i, p. 122; Wlk., Brit. Mus.
Cat., iv, p. 914.
Jelderi, nom. nov.
= Darala chalepteryxz, Feld. (following Walker’s mis-
spelling), Reise Nov., Pl. 98, f. 10. As this species is
congeneric with the preceding, it becomes necessary to
change the specific name.
vo War .
oF D1
ee Lala an
ie pre br Ate a
5. 2 Br Na
Py rt y " 4h by ia Mal ms mi a
i wi f aay rT? 7. i Mites = 5 oes)
2A re “Tiers aay ce a el Z
oe list, ee bs hed ra ee = cae iG!
haat wena i PAs ti teks ie 4 Lseild, Abs
in ae he Paste teh ee ea | Me te
aC ds Do es] PVA anh Be We hs) Ae tet @ rts ey 7
“eu 1 ent = 1% i mies) ea
Keanu | bh egy Igy. eae
“ ma nie 4} keep tia v4 ;
Voi dé ‘ A hey ir ©
oe VA iW Prats AR ait ee
Bh a a,
8 }
|
nia lame a tn } ne
Poin DY Wis eee qaiys Ahjeed.e 2s
bi rary
ie OR th iyi pe
{ ; E , 1 ia (a yy
De Mia Ws ay
s ; me : ae |, vf }
. Bes As ee 1h: os Co e “veg
fi te ie Nusa ay af
: rr hs
ii Ri “y a ve rs t' Tt
( 483)
XVIII. Notes on Maternal Instinct in Rhynchota. By
FREDERICK P. Dopp. Communicated by
OLIVER JANSON, F.E.S.
[Read March 16th, 1904.]
PEATE XX y Tir.
Mr. KIRKALDY’s very interesting notes upon this subject,
in the ‘‘ Entomologist,” remind me that about the month
of June, 1901, I took a large oval, flat, and pale-green bug
upon one of our so-called “Bitter Barks” (Petalostigma
quadriloculare). Adhering to her abdomen underneath
were three or four young ones, certainly several days old ;
these dropped off several hours after, when placed in the
killing bottle. Subsequently I sent these specimens, with
some miscellaneous material, to Mr. W. W. Froggatt, sup-
plying him with the particulars mentioned ; but as he did
not even refer to the bugs when acknowledging the parcel,
T naturally assumed that my discovery was unimportant.
There were more of the insects upon the trees at the time,
but I was not interested in them then, and contented
myself with the single old one. I searched the trees care-
fully later, but the long-continued drought of 1901-2
appears to have caused the extinction of the species here.
However, I determined to keep a sharp look-out in the
hope of meeting with another affectionate bug, and ere
long I was rewarded by noticing a female of the large,
rather common, and widely-distributed species, Tectocoris
lineola, var. banks, Don., standing over a cluster of about
sixty eggs. I observed her closely for several days, and
then took her and the ova home. At the end of a fortnight
she abandoned the eggs, and flew about my room, but
none hatched; they had been interfered with before I
took them, some had disappeared and others seemed to
have been punctured. Meantime I had discovered a
patch of shrubs, in a locality which I rarely visited, where
these bugs were fairly plentiful, amongst them being
about fifteen females protecting their egg-clusters. Even-
tually, June 28th, 1903, I found one bug depositing, and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.)
484 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes on
watched her place several eggs against a number already
laid. I paid particular attention to this insect, visiting
her myself every second or third day, and sending a boy
to the spot when I did not go. The twenty-third day
was missed, but upon the twenty-fourth (July 22nd, 1903)
the little ones were out, and grouped a couple of inches
above the egg-shells, and the parent had moved a little
below; this is quite usual, as the young ones begin to
break through, the mother backs an inch or so away from
the egg mass and stays there for some hours (long after
the last egg has hatched), when she departs, leaving the
small bugs to take care of themselves. The young are
scarlet when they emerge, but within a couple of hours
they become banded with blue-black, in a few days they
have changed to almost wholly deep bluish-green, with
several small, dull reddish patches; there is then little
alteration in their colour until they are full grown.
The eggs number from about sixty to one hundred; they
are of a rich salmon colour when deposited,“ but in a few
days commence to assume a dull purplish tint. For some
days the larvee group in a mass when at rest, at times in a
slightly conical heap, and keep much together until well
grown.
Apparently the mothers never leave their eggs tem-
porarily, any that I have met with unprotected were quite
abandoned. At different times I had altogether about
twenty mother bugs, and they generally remained faithful
to their charges; when one did depart before the young
emerged it was doubtless owing to my presence; for they
were upon my table, and my coming and going, and various
movements, naturally would have the effect of disturbing
them. After leaving, a mother would not mount guard
again, no matter how gently I induced her to walk upon
the twig she had left.
It is absolutely certain that the “broody”’ bugs remain
foodless during the whole period of three weeks or more
of “sitting,” they occupy the same position always, and
various investigations have failed to reveal any punctures
in the twigs in front of them; moreover, there were
several mothers with eggs upon small trees close to the
food plants, two of which were hard-wooded eucalypts,
without tender shoots at the time; the sap of these, even
if it were tapped by the beaks of the insects, would
scarcely be to their taste. Two of the females which |
Maternal Instinct in Rhynchota. 485
brought home were upon tough eucalyptus twigs, these
and other twigs I allowed to become dry, but the mothers
stayed on and the eggs duly hatched. June and July are
our coldest months, but the bugs feed and move freely
about, and cannot be called sluggish; they are more
plentiful in the autumn and winter than during the
summer. I have not seen one since August, it is now
December. I shall endeavour to ascertain whether there
are summer broods, and, if so, the length of time the eggs
require to hatch out. Summer extends to the end of
March.
As already stated the position of the insect never alters
as she stands above the eggs—the forelegs are clasped
around the twig in front of them, the third pair holds it
just behind, and the middle pair clasps them about the
centre, so that they are effectually shielded above; they
are placed in rows all round the twig.
In approaching a sitting bug, or pushing any object
near her, from the side, she inclines her body towards the
threatening quarter, or exhibits much concern if the hands,
say, are held near, and moved about her; it is most
absurd to watch her determined efforts to shield the pre-
cious eggs; she sidles to the right or left, as the case may
be, to meet the supposed danger, but no menacing in front
or behind will induce her to move.
Though I have seen males in front of the sitting females,
and evidently causing them annoyance, it did not appear
that they ever attempted to interfere with the eggs,
though it is quite likely that they were intent upon
mischief. As I have frequently had ova of Hemiptera
produce ichneumons, it may be that the patient protection
afforded by these females is, in some measure, to keep
these insects away ; none of the eggs of this species which
I had were parasitised.
The insects are generally found upon soft-wooded or
Juicy-leaved plants, and they specially relish those belong-
ing to the Malvacez, the common cultivated “ Rosella ”’
being often attacked by them, so that they may become
a pest in gardens occasionally.
To illustrate these notes I have selected various mother
bugs and eggs in situ, empty egg-shells, larve emerging,
Just out, and out for two hours, also larve of various ages,
and several of the perfect insects, showing their extra-
ordinary variability of colour and markings.
Fie. 1.
10-14.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
Tectocoris lineola, var. banksi, Don., 2, ‘‘ brooding” over a
cluster of eggs.
, eggs and recently
emerged larvee.
, empty egg-shells,
and larvze two hours
old.
larve of various ages.
2, upper view of the
insect shown in fig. 1.
¢, showing the great
variability in colour.
(487 +)
XIX. A Note on Elymnias borneensis, Wallace. By
RoBErT W. C. SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.ZS.
With a Note by CoLONEL CHARLES T. BINGHAM,
E.ZS.
[Read March 2nd, 1904.]
THERE has been much confusion over this species, which
was first described from a female specimen by Dr. A. R.
Wallace in 1869 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 324); in 1887
Staudinger figured what he supposed to be the male (Exot.
Schmett., Pl. 86), but Fruhstorfer in 1899 (Berl. Ent.
Zeitschr., xliv, p. 57) rightly pointed out that Staudinger’s
figure is that of a female; however, he then goes on to
state that the true male is “ganz blau und gehort mit
mehida, Hew., und swmatrana, Wall., zusammen in eine
_ andere Gruppe und zwar in das sub-genus Bruasa, Moore.”
Now this is entirely wrong; the male alluded to by
Fruhstorfer is the £. bornecensis of Grose-Smith described
in 1892 (Ann. Mag. N. H., p. 428), the female of which
resembles the females of the other species of the sub-
genus Bruasa; none of them are Pierine mimics as is
Elymnias borneensis 2, Wall.
What then is the male of Wallace’s species? It is
the butterfly wrongly termed Hlymnias esaca, Westwood
(Borneo). The type of #. esaca, Westw., was originally
recorded as from the “East Indies,” and the locality
“ Assam” subsequently quoted in some works on Oriental
Lepidoptera appears to be quite erroneous; JL. esacoides,
de Nicév., from Perak and Sumatra is, judging from
specimens in the British Museum, identical with
LE. esaca, Westw., and L. godferyi, Dist., from the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra is, in all probability, the female of
the species. #. esaca, Westw., belongs to the sub-genus
Agrusia, Moore, and the other species of the sub-genus
are H. leontina, Fruhst., #. maheswara, Fruhst., HL. andersoni,
Moore, F. egialina, Feld., and £. borneensis, Wall. All the
males of this sub-genus are black on the upper-side with
a sub-marginal row of green maculz on both fore- and
hind-wings (in /, borneensis the macule on the hind-wing
are obsolescent); the under-side is cryptically coloured,
being dark fuscous mottled and freckled with lighter
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.)
488 Mr. R. W. C. Shelford’s Note on
markings; the females, so far as they are known, are
Pierine mimics. The males of some species are fairly
close mimics of such species of Euthalia (sub-genus
Cynitia, Moore) as cocytus, Fab., and lepidea, Butl., which
have the broad band on the hind-wings of a greenish
tinge; Hlymnias andersoni, Moore, from the Mergui Archi-
pelago, has the maculz on the upper-side of a bluish-green,
judging at any rate from Moore’s figure (Lepid. Ind., vol. ii,
Pl. 143, figs. 2 and 2a), and in general appearance the
insect approximates to Huthalia andersoni, Moore, from
the same locality, a species with a pale-blue band to the
hind-wing above. Hlymnias borneensis, Wall., f, is not at
all like any of the pale-blue banded Cynitias of Borneo, and
I do not consider it to be a mimetic form. In the males
of Elymnias borneensis and E. esaca there are two or three
red spots at the base of the hind-wing below; perhaps in
this sex these spots serve to increase the cryptic character
of the under-side of the wing (though it is difficult to see
how this can possibly be the case), but it is interesting to
note that in the females of these two species these basal
red spots play a most important part in increasing the
resemblance toa Pierine such as Delias pardemia, which is
similarly provided with red spots on the fore-wing below.
The males of Hlymnias anderson, EH. leontina, and EL.
maheswara are not provided with the basal red spots, but
the female of HZ. maheswara has quite a large basal red
area and is a good Pierine mimic; the females of the
other species are not known. It is impossible to state
definitely whether the red spots in the male are ancestral
characters that have been lost by £. andersoni, HL. mahes-
wara, etc., or whether they are characters newly acquired
by the males of £. esaca and £. borneensis, but since the
female maheswara is a much closer Pierine mimic than the
females of esaca and borneensis 1t is presumably a more
highly-evolved form ; so that the evidence, poor though it
is, points to the conclusions: (i) that the red spots in the
male are ancestral characters retained by the less highly-
specialised forms, lost in the more specialised forms ; (11)
that in the female these ancestral characters being of the
highest importance in producing a Pierine appearance are
more developed in the higher forms than in the lower ; or,
in other words, in the male sex the basal red spots tend to
disappear, in the female sex they tend to increase pari
passu with increased specialisation.
Elymnias borneensis, Wallace. 489
The following table shows what I believe to be the true
relationships between the different forms :—
Sub-genus AGRUSIA.
NAME oF SPECIES. ° DISTRIBUTION. REMARES.
Elymnias esaca, Westw. Sumatra and. 9 = H. godferyji, Dist.
(=H. esacoides,deN.). Malay Peninsula. Male with red spots.
Elymnias esaca ander- Mergui Archi- @ not known. ¢ a
soni, Moore. pelago. fair mimic of Hu-
thalia anderson,
Moore. Male with-
out red spots.
Elymnias esacaleontina, Nias. 2 not known. ¢
Fruhst. without red spots.
Elymnias esaca bor- Borneo. dé with red spots.
neensis, Wall.
Elymnias maheswara, Java (Mt. Gede). ¢ without red spots.
Fruhst. ? highly specialised.
Elymnias egialina, Feld. Philippines. d without red spots.
@ not known.
I may add that I have proposed (Journ. Roy. As. Soc.
Straits Br. No. 41, p. 104, 1904) the new name trepsi-
chroides for the EH. borneensis of Grose-Smith; the con-
fusion over these species was made greater when Mr.
Grose-Smith described the female of his Hlymnias konga
as the female of his &. borneensis. The true female of
LE. trepsichroides is described by me (l.c¢., p. 104).
Note on Mr. Shelford’s paper on Elymnias borneensis,
Wallace.
Mr. Shelford’s contention that ZH. esaca, Westw., is the
male of E. borneensis, Wall., is quite borne out by the
specimens of . esaca in the collection of the British
Museum.
Further comparing the type of /. esaca, which is a male
with the description and figure of H. esacoides, de Nicéville
(Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc., 1892, p. 323, Pl. H, fig. 2), there
can be no reasonable doubt that /. esacoides, de Nicéville =
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 32
490 Colonel C.'T. Bingham’s Note on Elymnias borneensis.
E. esaca, Westwood. Both have the red spots (unaccount-
ably omitted in Hewitson’s figure of 2. esaca, Ex. Butl. 1,
Melanitis, Pl. 1, fig. 5) on the under-side of the hind-wing
near the dorsal margin. These spots are perhaps a little
larger in de Nicéville’s figure than in the type specimen,
but that is all; for the rest marking for marking the two
are identical.
Again comparing’ Wallace’s description of £. borneensis,
the type of which was a female, with a female specimen
in the British Museum collection labelled £. godferyi,
which agrees with the figure in Distant’s Rhop. malayana,
it seems to me clear that LZ. godferyi, Distant, must also
be sunk as a synonym of Z. esaca, Westwood.
C. T. BINGHAM.
CH 409i
XX. On three collections of Rhopalocera from Fiyi, and one
from Samoa. By Gustavus A. WATERHOUSE,
BSc, BES e:s:
[Read June Ist, 1904. ]
HAVING received during the last year several collections of
butterflies from the South Sea Islands, to all of which
localities were attached, and to most of which dates
were added, I have thought it well to draw up a list, and at
the same time add a few notes of comparison with allied
Australian species.
In 1886, Mr. T. Steel, F.C.S., F.L.C., made a collection of
eight species at Nausori on the Rewa River, Viti Levu.
During December 1902, Mr. T. Guthrie, Ph.D., made a
collection consisting of ten species at Lautoka, Viti Levu.
During 1903 my brother, Mr. E. G. Waterhouse, B.A.,
visited Fiji and Samoa and brought back a large number
of specimens. The localities he visited in Fiji were Bua,
Vanua Levu (22nd May to 4th June), and Navaloa, Viti
Levu (9th to 11th June). In Samoa his dates were Apia
(16th to 18th June), Lufilufi (19th to 22nd June), and
Satapouala (4th July) on the island of Upolu; Satapaitea
(27th June to Ist July) and Salilalonga (2nd July) on the
island of Savaii.
Of previous papers on these islands we have those of
Herrich-Schaffer (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1869, pp. 65-80) and
Butler (P.Z.S. 1874, pp. 274-281, and 1875, pp. 619, 620;
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1884, pp. 343-348), while in 1892
Mr. H. H. Druce (P.Z.8., pp. 434-446) gave an account of
the Lycenide of the South Pacific.
I have followed the nomenclature used in my catalogue
of the Rhopalocera of Australia * in my comparisons with
Australian forms.
Anosia menippe, Hiibner.
Nausori, 2. Lautoka, 3 3%. Lufilufi, f. Satapaitea, ?.
I can detect no difference between Fijian and Samoan
specimens, nor do they differ from Australian specimens,
nor from figures of the North American insect.
* Memoirs of the N.S.W. Naturalists’ Club, No. 1, 1903.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART II. (SEPT.)
492 Mr. G. A. Waterhouse on three collections of
LIimnas petilia, Stoll.
Lautoka, f @.
These are identical with Eastern Australian specimens.
I have seen no previous record of this from Fiji.
Tivumala mellitula, Herrich-Schiiffer.
Lufilufi, 9 f,1 9. Satapaitea, 2 2%.
There is little to distinguish this species from the
Australian 7’. hamata, Macl., excepting its much smaller
size,
Nipara eschscholtzir, Felder.
Lautoka, ~. Bua, #. Navaloa, 2.
Calliplea forsteri, Felder.
Nausori, 2 2.
From the allied Australian C. tulliolus, Fabr., this form
differs by having the blue sheen of the fore-wing more
extensive, the row of white spots of the fore-wing both
above and below not so large, especially towards the
costa.
Deragena proserpina, Butler.
Nausori, ~. Navaloa,2 7. Bua, 2.
These specimens agree with Felder’s figure of ZL. herrichia,
which is given as a synonym by Butler and Moore.
Deragena schmeltzii, Herrich-Schaffer.
Satapaitea, 4 f. Lufilufi, f. Apia, 9.
I have some little doubt as to the correctness of this
determination.
Acrxa andromacha, Fabr.
Tiautoka, 9.
The single Fijian specimen only differs from Australian
specimens in having the submarginal row of pale spots in
the hind-wing larger, and the black spots on the disco-
cellulars of the hind-wing absent.
Rhopalocera from Fyi, and one from Samoa. 493
Atella bowdenia, M. R. Butler.
Satapaitea, J. Lufilufi, 3 f. Apia, ¢.
This sub-species of A. egista, Cram.,is much smaller, and
paler in colour both above and below than the Australian
form.
Junonia villida, Fabr.
Lautoka, $9. Bua, 2%. Lufilufi, f. Satapaitea, 2 f 9.
Satapouala, 7.
In the Australian form the yellowish-red rings of the
hind-wing are usually separated by a brown bar ; in Fijian
specimens, which are smaller, this bar is linear, and the
reddish colour is darker. Samoan specimens average about
half the size of Australian, are very much darker in colour,
and the encircling rings are joined to form continuous
bands in the hind-wing.
Hypolimnas bolina, Linn.
This species was received in considerable quantities from
all the localities visited, females greatly predominating.
The males showed no variation from the ordinary form
found in Australia, excepting in their somewhat smaller
size, On the other hand, no two females were alike amongst
about twenty specimens from Fiji; in colour some were
nearly white, others brown, and others a beautiful reddish
brown; the whitish band from the costa to the outer
margin of the fore-wing was as often absent as present ;
the central patch of the hind-wing was in one instance
blue, in others white or reddish, and in several cases
entirely absent. Considering that only one form of male
was obtained, I think it undesirable to admit even sub-
specific rank for any of the female forms found in Fiji, In
Samoa this species was also very plentiful, and much
smaller in size, and only varied in the amount of red on
the upper-side in the females.
Aois sesara, Hew.
Lautoka, $ ?. Nausori,?. Bua,??. Navaloa, 2.
At Bua this species was very plentiful.
494 Mr. G. A. Waterhouse on three collections of
Melanitis leda, Linn.
Nausori, 2 7,49. Satapaitea,2 7% 2. Lufilufi, 2. Sali-
lalonga, 3 3. Lautoka, 2.
All the specimens obtained were ocellated forms. I am
of opinion that J. leda is much better regarded as an
extremely variable species, than as a number of locally
distinct forms. Some of my Fijian specimens are identical
with Australian, of which I have examined considerably
over one hundred specimens without being able to detect
any character that is not subject to variation.
Zizera labradus, Godt.
Bua, ¢?. Navaloa, ¢ 9. Apia, ¢ ?. Lufilufi, $9. Sata-
paitea, # 9.
Very common. I have this species from the New
Hebrides and a great number of specimens from Eastern
Australia from localities ranging from Cape York to
Victoria, and find it variable as to size and coloration. I
have Australian specimens identical with Butler's figure
of Z. caduca,* and have no doubt that Druce was quite
correct in considering it as a synonym of this species. My
New Hebrides specimens are hardly different from some
Australian specimens.
Zizera alsulus, Herrich-Schiiffer.
Lufilufi, 3 3. Satapaitea, 4 7, 2 9.
I have already shown + that I consider that this is the
older name for Mathew’s Lycena lulu.
Nacaduba samoensis, H. H. Druce.
Satapaitea, 9.
JSamides woodfordi, Butler.
Bila oe.
Common. Unfortunately this species has not been
figured, but I have little doubt that my determination is
correct.
+P. Z..8., 1815.40. 016;
t+ Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1903, p. 212.
Rhopalocera from Fiji, and one from Samoa. 495
Jamides carissima, Butler.
Lufilufi, ¢ 9. Satapaitea, f 9.
Common.
Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius.
Bua, 4 ~ 9. Lufiluf, 2 $ 2 Satapaitea, 3 ¢ fF.
Lautoka, ?.
These specimens are much smaller than the Australian
form and have the ground colour somewhat whiter.
Catochrysops platissa, Herrich-Schiiffer.
Satapaitea,8 f,2 9. Lufilufi, 11 7%, 3 ¢.
Terias hecabe, Linn.
Nausori and Bua.
Common.
Padraona angustula, Herrich-Schaffer.
Nausori, 7. Bua, ¢.
XXI. On the Geometridx of Tropical Africa in the National
Collection. By COLONEL CHARLES SWINHOE,
M.A., F.LS., ete.
[Read June Ist, 1904. ]
Very little work has been done with the Geometride of
Tropical Africa. This paper is merely an attempt to lay a
foundation for future workers ; very much more material is
necessary than has been at my disposal, before any decision
can be come to as to the sub-division of the African genera ;
many of them are very abnormal; the Genus Zerina used
to stand in the family Vyctemeride (Deilemerinz) as also
did Aletis and Pitthea; the last-named is a true Boarmid
about which there can be no mistake; Terina and Aletis I
have put in the Orthostizine ; I submitted examples of the
latter to Mr. Meyrick and to Mr. Warren, and they both
agree that that is its right place; amongst the Sterrhidz
there are apparently several good sub-genera in the
Craspedia group, all of them so exactly resembling each
other in coloration and pattern as to be indistinguishable
from each other except by their anatomical characters ; in
one species of Pisoraca, the type of which is an African
insect, only the hind femora are clothed with curled hairs,
but in other species, though they are true Pisoraca in so
far as the spur of the hind-tibia is concerned, the hind-
tibia is also clothed on the inner side with a dense brush
of hairs, which almost conceals the single spur; many
African Larentiine have vein 5 of the hind-wings well
above the centre of the discocellulars,
I have added to this paper a list of species not in the
National Collection, and I have tried to include every
species published up to date, as it will be of very great
help to those that come after me; I have not included
any species confined to South Africa because Sir George
Hampson is working out the Heterocerous Fauna south of
the Zambesi.
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.)
498 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
Family BOARMIIN A.
Genus HypHENopnora, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 402 (1894).
HYPHENOPHORA PALUMBATA.
Hyphenophora palumbata, Warr., |. c.
1 2, Onitaba, River Niger. ;
The type, a male from the same locality, is in coll.
Rothschild.
HYPHENOPHORA CONSPERSATA.
Parewmelia conspersata, Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii,
p- 395 (1896).
1 3, Port Alice, W. Africa (type).
Very close to HZ. perlimbata, Guen.
HYPHENOPHORA AIMONIA, nov.
?. White with a grey centre; head, thorax, and wings dark grey
with a faint greenish tinge, striated with darker grey, more especially
in the basal half, which is paler than the outer part; it is limited
by a white distorted band, which runs from the middle of the
abdominal margin across the hind-wings where it thickens, and is
so continued a short way up the fore-wings where it is oblique, and
is continued in the form of small dots towards the apex before which
it is bent round ; there is a black dot at the end of each cell, a dark
suffusion on the outer side of the white band, and a dark macular
band across the disc of the hind-wings, even with the outer margin ;
under-side, body, legs, and wings pure white ; a black dot at the end
of each cell, no other markings.
Expanse of wings 2,°, inches.
Hab, KAMPALA, Uganda, Feb. 6, 1900 (1. B. Rattray).
HYPHENOPHORA PERLIMBATA.
Palyas perlimbata, Guen., Phal., i, p. 396 (1857).
ss 33 Walker, xxii, 618 (1861).
1 f, Sapele, Niger River. 2 2, Old Calabar. 1 3, Sierra
Leone.
Genus RHAmIDAVA, Walker, xxvi, 1568 (1862).
Traina, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soe. Glasg., 1 (11), p. 372
(1869).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 499
RHAMIDAVA FULVATA.
Phalena fulvata, Drury, Ins., iti, pl. 21, f. 4 (1773).
Rhamidava fulvata, Walker, xxvi, 1568.
5 4, 3 9, Sierra Leone.
RHAMIDAVA STRAMINEATA.
Traina stramineata, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1
(ii), p. 372, pl. 7, f. 12 (1869).
1 2, Congo (type). 2 ¢, Old Calabar.
RHAMIDAVA AMPLISSIMATA.
Acidalia (?) amplissimata, Walker, xxvi, 1614 (1862).
1 $ (type) without locality. 2 %, Old Calabar,
Genus MELINOEsSA, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser. Schm., p. 31
(1855).
Timana, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (ii),
p. 373 (1869).
Obrussa, Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 498 (1884).
MELINOESSA CRCESARIA.
Melinoessa crasaria, Herr.-Schaff., |. c., pl. 65, f. 370.
Rhamidava sodaliata, Walker, xxvi, 1568 (1862).
Timana costalis, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (ii),
p. 303; pl. 7, £13.
1 Z, Sierra Leone (type sodaliata), 1 J, Congo (type
costalis. )
Herrich-Schiffer erroneously described this insect as
from Sylhet; the genus does not occur in India.
MELINOESSA STELLATA.
ELumelia stellata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ui, p. 464
(1878).
Obrussa catenata, Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 498, f. 268 (1884).
2 4,1 9, Old Calabar, including the type. 2 f, 2 9,
Sapele, River Niger.
500 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Genus Neosreca, Warr., Nov. Zool., x, p. 276 (1903).
NEOSTEGA FLAVIGUTTATA.
Neostega flaviguttata, Warr., |. c.
3 f, 19, Sierra Leone. 1 ?, Old Calabar.
The type, a male from Oguta, Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus STEGANIA, Guen., Dup. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 270
(1884),
Fleterostegane, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 143 (1898).
Hydatocapnia, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 143 (1895).
STEGANIA PLENINOTATA.
fleterostegane pleninotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., viu, p. 15
(1901).
6 f, Sierra Leone.
The type, a female from Sierra Leone, is in coll.
Rothschild.
In Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 238, I sank Stegania to
Lomographa, Hiibner, by mistake. Mr. Warren has pointed
out to me that the true type of Lomographa is bimaculata,
Fabr. = taminata, Schift., from Europe, and as this species
is the type of Corycia, Dup., and Bapta, Steph., it will sink
them both,
STEGANIA MINUTISSIMA, nov.
@. Pale greyish-ochreous, both wings uniformly but sparsely
striated with darker ochreous ; a brown point at the end of each cell;
costal line of fore-wings ochreous-brown, and an ochreous-brown
submarginal band more or less interrupted in its middle on both
wings.
Expanse of wings ,°, inch.
Hab, ToneGa, Brit. E. Africa (Hollis).
STEGANIA FUMOSA.
Hydatocapnia fumosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 78 (1897).
2 2, Old Calabar.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll, Rothschild.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 501
STEGANIA RUBIDA, nov.
?. Orange-red; the ground-colour of the wings is yellow, thickly
irrorated and striated with orange-red very uniformly ; a white spot
with a black point at the end of each cell; indications of an inner
band of darker red on the fore-wings ; a medial fairly even band
across both wings, also a dentated outwardly curved discal band ; in
the fore-wings this band is joined to the hinder angle by a red mark ;
there is also a short subapical similar mark or band ; both wings
with marginal lunular marks ; under-side of a uniform pale red,
with the bands faintly indicated.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
Genus XENOSTEGA, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 301 (1899).
XENOSTEGA TINCTA.
Xenostega tincta, Warr., |. c., p. 302.
3 ¢, Sapele, River Niger.
The type, a female from Wavrri, is in coll. Rothschild.
XENOSTEGA SINNA, nov.
Q. Dull pale red, the ground-colour of the wings yellow thickly
irrorated with dull red; the centre of both wings least irrorated,
leaving the resemblance of a rather broad but indistinct transverse
band across the fore-wings and down the middle of the hind-wings,
the space beyond on both wings being darker than the rest of the
wings; marginal points red-brown, cilia yellow ; the under-side is
pale purplish-brown with a broad yellow band across both wings.
Expanse of wings ;°5 inch.
Hab. OLD CALABAR (Cronupton).
Allied to Y. tincta, Warren, looks somewhat like it
above, but is very dissimilar on the under-side.
XENOSTEGA TYANA, Nov.
9. Yellow; frons with some chestnut-coloured marks ; abdomen
with chestnut-brown bands; both wings with a broad dull chestnut-
brown medial band, occupying quite a third of the wing space,
limited on each side by a brown line, the line on the outer side
accompanied by yellow spots; an indistinct thick brownish line from
above the middle to the outer margin on both wings ; under-side
yellowish- white, nearly pure white ; some grey suffusion in the centre
502 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
of both wings, and a dark grey thin submarginal band, throwing a
thin band out towards the margin as on the wings above.
Expanse of wings 5 inch,
Hab. OLD CALABAR (Crompton).
Genus SCARDAMIA, Guen., Phal., i, p. 89 (1857).
ScARDAMIA MACULATA.
Scardamia maculata, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 240 (1897).
id ab. decolor, Warr., 1. c., ix, p. 519 (1902).
1 9, Munisu, Brit. E. Africa. 3 9, E. Quaso. ‘1 9, mile
478, Uganda Railway.
The type, a female from Dar-es-Salaam, German East
Africa, and the type of decolor, a male from the Escarp-
ment, Brit. E. Africa, are in coll. Rothschild.
A very variable insect; at first I thought there were
two or three distinct forms; the type is undoubtedly an
extreme aberration, and in this Museum there is one quite
yellow with whitish hind-wings.
Genus EURYTHECODES, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 117 (1897).
Trisyndeta, Warr., |. c., p. 260.
EURYTHECODES FLAVEDINARIA.
Heterolocha flavedinaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 106 (1857).
FHeterolocha xanthiaria, Guen., |. c., pl. 11, f. 1.
Metanema molliaria, Guen., |. ¢., p. 172.
Trisyndeta subspersa, Warr., |. c.
Euwrythecodes impunctata, Warr., |. c., v, p. 37 (1898).
1 Z, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway. 1 9, mile 478,
Uganda Railway. 1 3g, Kikuyu.
Guenée’s types came from Abyssinia, Warren’s from
Nandi and Uganda are in coll. Rothschild.
Genus PetrropAva, Walker, xxvi, 1656 (1862).
Pseuderythra, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1894,
p. 204.
PETRODAVA ALBOSIGNATA.
Petrodava albosignata, Walker, xxvi, 1656.
Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 529 (1902).
” ”
Tropical Africa in the National Collection.
Petrodava olivata, var. perfusca, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi,
p. 308.
1 f, without locality (type).
Warren’s type, also a male from Kaligire, Unyoro, is in
coll. Rothschild, and is identical with albosi gnata. I have
it in my own collection from Bipindi in the Cameroons.
PETRODAVA LUCICOLOR.
Hyperythra lucicolor, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi,
p. 417 (1875).
Tycoonia natalensis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 114, ¢
(1897).
Petrodava olivata, Warr., l.c., p. 253, f.
Petrodava latumargo, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 529, 2 (1902).
1 g, Eb Urru, Brit. E. Africa, 2 9, Nairobi Forest,
Kikuyu.
2 f, 1 2, Abyssinia.
Butler’s types are from S. Africa in this Museum.
Warren’s types from Dar-es-Salaam and the Upper Congo
are in coll Rothschild; they are all forms of one species,
and even the following, which has a distinctive look, I
describe and name with doubt.
PETRODAVA MARGINATA, nov.
3,@. Yellow, irrorated with red atoms; palpi red, white at the
end; head and abdomen diffused with orange-red ; transverse bands
on wings and cilia of that colour ; no inner band visible, indications of
a thin middle band, the discal band broad and continuous, its edges
darkest; under-side darker and brighter than above, markings
similar; a brown dot at the end of each cell.
Expanse of wings ¢ 14%, 2 14 inches.
a, 2, Abyssinia (Gerrard).
PETRODAVA ILLITURATA. :
Anthyperythra (2?) illiturata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 255
(1897).
5 g, 2 2, Abyssinia.
The type, a male from S.E. Africa, is in coll. Rothschild.
504 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Genus OsTEODES, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 177 (1857).
OSTEODES PROCIDATA.
Osteodes procidata, Guen., |. c.
Osteodes turbulentata, Guen., |. c.
Aspilates semispurcata, Walker, xxvi, 1679 (1862).
Aspilates exumbrata, Walker, xxvi, 1680.
lf, Lacan, Brit. HM. Africas Ta Eb Vira brit i.
Atciea, » Lit; & 2, .Mumisu, Brit, Ho Adnicay an aa,
Neugia, Brit. EK. Africa.
The types are from South Africa.
Genus LuxtariA, Walker, xx, 231 (1860).
LUXIARIA PUDENS, nov.
@. White irrorated with grey; in markings resembling a Lycauges
of the family Sterrhide; head and body covered with irrorations ;
fore-wings with the costa broadly grey ; a grey oblique thick line from
the centre of the hinder margin stopping before the apex; a brown
submarginal band, formed of sinuous lines close together, broad on
the hinder margin, attenuated upwards and ending in a point before
the apex, forming a complete triangle, edged on each side with a dark
line; the outer line angled on the veins; a similar line ciose to the
margin and a marginal line ; hind-wings with a medial thick line, a
discal, broad, uniform band composed of three sinuous bands, and
the two outer lines as on fore-wings; all the bands tinged with
chocolate-colour; apex of fore-wings with a white patch: on the
under-side there is an inner transverse (not oblique) thick line and
two discal sinuous thick lines forming the outer band.
Expanse of wings ;%5 inch.
Hab. SAPELE, River Niger (£7. W. Sampson).
Genus SEMIOTHISA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 298 (1818).
Macaria, Curt., Brit. Ent., vi, p. 132 (1823).
SEMIOTHISA LATARIA.
Macaria lataria, Walker, xxiii, 921 (1861).
1 g, 1 2, Kibanni, Brit. E. Africa. 1 ¢, Onitsha, River
Niger.
Walker’s type, a male, is from Natal.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 505
SEMIOTHISA AMANDATA.
Macaria amandata, Walker, xxiii, 922 (1861).
Macaria angolaria, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent. (2), vii, p. 81, pl. 6,
f, 12, 18 (1872).
1 9, Congo (type). 1 ¢, Rusisi Valley, 3500 feet (Z.
L. Grogan). 1 9, Yelwa Lake, Borgu, N.W. Nigeria.
Snellen’s figure of his type, a male from Lower Guinea,
in coll. Snellen, closely resembles Walker's type from the
Congo, both upper and under-side.
SEMIOTHISA SIENNATA.
Gonodela siennata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 95 (1900).
1 f, Old Calabar. 1 2, Pt. Lokko, Sierra Leone.
The type, a male from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA DENTILINEATA.
Tephrina dentilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 309 (1899).
1 9, Abyssinia.
The type, a male from Masindi, is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA SHERRATA, nov.
¢. Hind-wings shaped as in the Gonodela section of this genus,
the pattern of the wings is however more in the resemblance of a
Gubaria : head, body, and wings greyish-chocolate colour, collar-ring
white; fore-wings with a white apical patch and a white spot near
hinder angle ; both wings with a broad white middle band, edged
inwardly with darker chocolate-colour, the space inside the band pale
and striated with chocolate, the outer edge of the band bordered by
a darker sinuous line rounded inwards to the costa, and the band
somewhat contracted towards the abdominal margin of the hind-
wings ; on the outer side of the band there are some brown marks on
the fore-wings and on the hind-wings two medial square patches
with white outer edges; the outer border pale with striations and the
marginal line brown ; on the under-side the body and legs and basal
third of wings are yellow, followed by a chocolate band, a broad
middle band, and a chocolate discal band; the outer margin more
or less paler greyish-chocolate, leaving the apex of fore-wings and
most of the hind-wings white, all the white both above and below
more or less striated with chocolate-grey.
Expanse of wings 1,%, inches.
Hab. Conco (Marsden).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 933
506 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
SEMIOTHISA LARGIFICARIA.
Semiothisa largificaria, Mésch., Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., xv,
p. 95, f. 20:(1889).
dt ye. Zomba,
Moéschler’s type came from Accra.
SEMIOTHISA IMPAR.
Gonodela impar, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 107 (1897).
2 ¢, Ashanti. 2 ¢, Pt. Lokko, Sierra Leone. 1 ,
1 9, Aburi, Gold Coast. 1 9, Opobo.
The types, f @ from Warri, Niger C. P., are in coll.
Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA KILIMANJARENSIS.
Gonodela kilimanjarensis, Holland, Ent., xxv (Suppl.), p. 95
(1892).
Gonodela zombina, Butler, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 683.
3 f,1 9, Zomba, including the type of zombina. 1 &,
1 9, Nyassaland. 1 3g, Tanganyika. 1 §, Chinde to
Mandala, Brit. Central Africa.
The type from Kilimanjaro is in coll. Holland, the
description fits zombina very well.
SEMIOTHISA UNIFILATA.
Gonodela unifilata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 8307 (1899).
2 , Abyssinia.
The type, a male from Unyoro, is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA CRASSILEMBARIA.
Macaria crassilembaria, Mab., C.R.S. E. Belg., xxiii, p. 28
(1880).
Azata costiguttata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 58 (1899).
Azata triplaga, Warr., |.c., p. 59.
1 f, Quaso, Brit. E. Africa. 19, Madagascar (Mus. Paris).
Mabile’s type is from Madagascar ; Warren’s types, both
females, are from Mikindani, German E. Africa, both
marked Jan.—May 1897 (Reimer), and appear to me to
be absolutely identical with our Madagascar example.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 507
“SEMIOTHISA TRIRECURVATA.
Macaria trirecurvata, Saalm., Lep, Madag., p. 497, pl. 14,
f, 263 (1884).
Semiothisa confuscata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 308 (1899).
1 9, Yelwa Lake, Borgu, N. W. Nigeria. 1 9, Mada-
gascar (Mus. Paris).
The type of confuscata, a male from Warringo, Unyoro,
is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA CONTURBATA.
Gonodela conturbata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 251 (1898).
1 9, Accra, 2 4, Old Calabar.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA CARARIA, Nov.
¢. Pale ochreous-grey, irrorated with brown atoms; bands
purplish-brown ; fore-wings with inner, medial, and discal thin bands,
all more or less sinuous and all curving in abruptly on to the costa of
fore-wings; the two outer bands are continued on the hind-wings, the
outer band on the latter curving outwards in the form of the outer
margin ; on both wings the space outside the outer band is more or
less suffused with purplish-brown, and there are two branches on the
fore-wings connecting the band with the outer margin ; the under-side
is pure white irrorated with brown, with the bands prominent.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab. Muant, Brit. East Africa (C. 8. Betton).
SEMIOTHISA MACULOSA.
Gonodela maculosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 306 (1899),
2 9,Abyssinia. 1 2, Kilimanjaro. 2%, Mazingo, Brit.
EK. Africa. 1 3%, Ahoos, Brit. E. Africa. 1 2%, Aiwea, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 % Katesa, Uganda.
The type, a male from Fovira, Unyoro, is in coll.
Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA OBLIQUILINEATA.
Gonodela obliquilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 307 (1899).
1 f, 1 2, Kibanni Machakos to Neugia. 1 2, Abyssinia.
1 2, Muani, Brit. E. Africa.
The types from Muani are in coll. Rothschild.
508 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
SEMIOTHISA TATTARIA, nov.
¢. Ochreous-grey thickly irrorated and striated with chocolate-
brown; bands and markings of that colour ; fore-wings with a thin
band before the middle curving inwards close to and on to the costa ;
both wings with a similar medial band, running through the brown
lunule at the end of the cell of the fore-wings and inside the cell
spot of hind-wings; a broad paler band across the dise of both wings,
broken towards costa of fore-wings, where there is a blunt angular
patch before the apex ; this patch is lined with dark brown, as is also
the inner side of the band; the remainder of both wings is more or
less shaded with brown, and through this shading on the hind-wings
runs a whitish band, and there are present on both wings some small
brown patches ; outer margin with brown lunules; under-side whitish
with the bands paler.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. KirBeus, Nov. 6, Brit. E. Africa (Betton).
Allied to S. maculosa, Warr.
SEMIOTHISA INSTRUCTARIA, nov.
2. Ochreous-grey irrorated with chocolate-brown ; a brown dot at
the end of each cell; indications of a sinuous interior line on fore-
wings and of a medial line on both wings, fairly well indicated in
one example; a sinuous discal line from hinder margin to outer
margin below apex, inwardly curved, with some dark brown spots
outside it, and limiting a dark brown marginal space; marginal
lunules dark brown : under-side rather bright ochreous-yellow, with
cell dots, a discal brown band, and some slight brownish suffusion
beyond it in parts : one example which I make the type is yellower
and paler than the other.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
1 9, Kilimanjaro (type) (/ G@. Jackson). 1 9, Teita,
Brit. E. Africa.
SEMIOTHISA RECTISTRIARIA.
Acadra rectistriaria, Herr.-Schiff., Ausser. Schm., f. 197
(1854).
Macaria streniata, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 87 (1857).
Macaria monstraria, Walker, xxiii, 940 (1861).
Macaria postvittata, Walker, xxvi, 1646 (1862).
1 ff, Sierra Leone (type postvittata). 1 2, without
locality (type monstraria). 1 3, Fort Smith, Kikuyu, Brit.
E. Africa. 1 3, Forest of Tiveta.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 509
Herrich-Schiiffer’s type came from South Africa, and
Guenée’s from Abyssinia.
SEMIOTHISA RHABDOPHORA.
Gonodela rhabdophora, Holland, Entom., xxv (Suppl.), p. 95
(1892).
Tephrina johnstoni, Butler, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 683.
2 f, Zomba, including the type of johnstont.
The type of rhabdophora is m coll. Holland.
SEMIOTHISA MAJESTICA,
Semiothisa majestica, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 218 (1901).
Tf, Africa.
Warren’s type, a male from Angola, is in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA UVIDARIA, nov.
?. Dull ochreous irrorated and striated with brown atoms; a
brown mark at the end of each cell; a small brown patch on the
middle of the costa of fore-wings, from which an irregular and
sinuous brown line runs down through the cell spots and across both
wings to the middle of the abdominal margin; a broad purple-brown
discal band across both wings, limited inwardly by a darker line
which curves inward on to the costa of fore-wings, leaving a small
yellow spot on the costa; below the apex the band has a short branch
as broad as itself running on to the outer margin, leaving a large
yellow apical spot ; on the hind-wing at the apex the band thickens
outwards on to the outer margin ; under-side pure pale yellow with
the bands and lines well defined.
Expanse of wings 13; inches.
Hab. TonGa, Brit. E. Africa (Hollis).
SEMIOTHISA ARHOPARIA, nov.
¢. Pale ochreous chocolate-brown ; lines and bands darker brown ;
fore-wings with an interior sinuous line curved inwards on to costa
and hinder margin; both wings with a medial nearly straight band ;
a discal line angled on fore-wings before reaching costa towards
which it is bent inwards; this line is outwardly edged with yellowish,
and the outer part of the wings more or less suffused ; some brown
spots across the hind-wing just inside the line: under-side pale
ochreous with medial and discal brownish bands.
Expanse of wings 1;‘5 inches.
510 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridxe of
Hab. TANA RIVER, Brit. E. Africa (Crawshay).
Belongs to Warren’s section, Peridela, Nov. Zool., iv
p. 110; the antennz of the male being pectinated instead
of simply pubescent.
SEMIOTHISA BUTARIA, nov.
¢. Whitish, almost bone-colour, with a slight tinge of ochreous,
sparsely striated with brown, the bands and markings pale brown ;
fore-wings with some thicker striations along the costa; indications
of an inner band on one female; both wings with a medial nearly
straight band, rather dislocated on the fore-wings, thin and indistinct
on the hind-wings ; a blunt angulated mark on costa of fore-wings
before the apex, and a broad band from outer margin below the apex
to the hinder margin near the angle; on the hind-wings this band
is purely discal, thin and only faintly indicated; marginal lunules
brown ; under-side like the upper-side, the bands more indistinct.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
1 ¢, Kilimanjaro (type) (# J. Jackson). 1
Machakos to Neugia (Crawshay). 1 2¢, Central Africa
(Emin).
This also belong to the Section Peridela.
SEMIOTHISA CONTAMINATA.
Gubaria contaminata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 528 (1902).
1, Kikuyu, Neugia. 1 f, Tiveta Forest.
Warren's types, male and female, from the Escarpment,
Brit. E. Africa, are in coll. Rothschild.
SEMIOTHISA FULVISPARSA.
Acadra fulvisparsa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 104 (1897).
1 ¢, 1 &, Asaba, W. Africa.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus TEPHRINA, Dup., Cat. Lep. Kur., p. 246 (1844).
TEPHRINA DEERRARIA.
Tephrina deerraria, Walker, xxiii, 962 (1861).
Aspilates occupata, Walker, xxiv, 1071 (1862).
Aspilates spissata, Walker, xxiv, 1071.
Tephrina deerraria (2) ab. dissocia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv
p. 112 (1897).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 511
12, Abyssinia. 12, N’Gami Country. 2 ¢, Machakos,
Brit. E. Africa.
The types in the B.M., and in coll. Rothschild are
from S. Africa.
TEPHRINA DISPUTARIA.
Eubolia (?) disputaria, Guen., Phal., 11, p. 489 (1857).
DNastictis disputaria, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i,
p- 272 (1900).
I gy L 9), Kirbehs, Brit.) EK. Afmea.
Guenée’s type of this very widely-spread moth came
from Egypt; it is in the Museum from many parts of India,
and from Aden, and has many names.
TEPHRINA CATALAUNARIA.
Psamatodes catalawnaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 108 (1857).
Macaria falsaria, Walker, xxvi, 1649 (1862).
Panagra (2) cogitata, Walker, xxvi, 1661.
Aspilates procantharia, Walker, xxvi, 1679.
Macaria bolina, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 861.
2 g, Abyssinia. 2 ~,3 2, Yelwa Lake, Borgu, N. W.
Nigeria. 12%, Ngare Rougai Swamp, Brit. E. Africa. 1 f,
Neugia, It; Eb Urru.. 1 2) Kilimanjaro, 1: ¢,,\1.2.,
Nyassaland.
Guenée’s type came from Catalonia; Walker’s type of
falsaria from Ceylon, of cogitata and proxantharia from
S. Africa, and the types of bolina from Poona are all in this
Museum.
TEPHRINA CINERASCENS,
Acidalia cinerascens, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi,
p- 418 (1875).
Tephrina antennata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 399 (1897).
1 ¢, Machakos.
The type, a female, is from S. Africa. Warren’s type, a
male from Rustenburg, is in coll. Rothschild ; Warren also
records it from Dar-es-Salaam.
TEPHRINA PRESBITARIA, nov.
gd. Pale bone-colour, faintly tinged with ochreous, sparsely
irrorated with brown; bands and marks pale brown; fore-wings
with the inner band indicated by two or three spots; both wings
512 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
with a thin, straight :niddle band, a broader discal band, and the
outer portion beyond this of a slightly paler brown colour; marginal
line brown, more or less lunular ; under-side same as upper-side
but paler.
Expanse of wings 1‘; inches.
Hab. ATHI VALLEY, 4000 feet, Brit. E. Africa (Crawshay).
TEPHRINA EXOSPILATA.
Panagra exospilata, Walker, xxii, 987 (1861).
Tephrina ansorget, Warr., Nov. Zool., Vv, p. 253 (1898).
Walker’s type is in the B. M. from 8. Africa.
The type of ansorgei, a § from Uganda, is in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHRINA BRONGUSARIA.
Epione (?) brongusaria, Walker, xx, 123 (1860).
Tephrina incessaria, Walker, xxii, 962 (1862).
1 ¢, Rusisi, 3500 feet, Brit. E. Africa. The types in the
B. M. are from S. Africa.
This and the following belong to Warren’s Section
Tephrinopsis, Nov. Zool. 1, p. 412, having males with
simple antenne, not pectinated as in typical Tephrina.
TEPHRINA PARALLELARIA.
Aspilates parallelaria, Walker, xxvi, 1680 (1862).
Aspilates (2) exfusaria, Walker, xxvi, 1683.
Tephrina desiccata, Walker, xxxv, 1660 (1866).
Tephrinopsis congener, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 118 (1897).
1f$,2 9, Borgu, N. W. Nigeria. 3 ¢, Madagascar.
The types of parallelaria from Ceylon, exfusaria, More-
ton Bay, desiccata, Java, with many examples from India
and $. Africa, are in the B. M.; Warren’s type from the
Philippmes is in coll. Rothschild; a widely distributed
species ; very uniform in shape, pattern, and colour.
TEPHRINA OBSERVATA.
Tephrina observata, Walker, xxiii, 963 (1861).
1 g, Abyssinia.
The type is from S. Africa.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 518
TEPHRINA SEMICOLOR.
Tephrinopsis semicolor, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 311 (1899).
1 Z, Kikuyu, Neugia (&. C. Crawshay).
The types, male and female, from Mau, Uganda, are in
coll, Rothschild.
TEPHRINA MARMORATA.
Tephrinopsis marmorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 114
(1897).
Tephrinopsis marmorata, ab. pallida, Warr., |. c.
1¢, 1 2, Gwelil, Brit. E. Africa.
The types from 8. Africa are in coll. Rothschild. This
species has stood in collections as an aberration of bron-
gusaria, but this cannot be possible, the male having
serrated antenne with the teeth distinct and strong; it
will form a fresh Section to the Genus, along with the
following.
TEPHRINA OLINDARIA, nov.
gG. Pale ochreous-grey, irrorated with brown; bands and mark-
ings brown; fore-wing with a small black lunule at end of cell ; ante-
medial and medial erect thin bands rather close together, the former
bent inwards close to and on to the costa ; an angular mark on the
costa before apex; a thick band from the outer margin below the
apex to the hinder margin near the angle, the band gradually
curving inwards and suffused outwards ; the hind-wings are white,
and paler in colour; there is a minute black dot at the end of the
cell, and indications in some examples of a thin medial band; the
discal band narrow only on the abdominal half of the wing ;
marginal lunules brown, cilia ochreous, brownish towards apex of
fore-wings ; under-side ochreous with hardly any markings.
Expanse of wings 13 inches.
5 $,1 9, Machakos (Crawshay).
Genus Canina, Walker, xx, 217 (1860).
Ca@NINA DENTATARIA, nov.
?. Ochreous-grey, fore-wings irrorated with dark grey, bands and
markings brown ; two very oblique thin bands, ante- and post-medial,
the first acutely angled outwards below the costa, the other well
curved outwardly, its hinder end curving inwards on to the hinder
margin close to the origin of the first band ; some thick suffusion on the
costa near the base, two small hyaline patches below the middle, with
514 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
a dot below each, a small sub-apical spot; marginal line brown, cilia
with brown patches ; hind-wings tinged with red; some fine grey
striations ; a small hyaline patch in the middle of the wing with a
hyaline spot on its inner side ; under-side same as above, markings
more distinct.
Expanse of wings 1,5, inches.
1 9, Abyssinia (Gerrard),
CaNINA AURIVENA.
Cenina aurivena, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1898, p. 129.
Cenina cervina, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 63 (1899).
24, 29, Accra. 19, Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (type).
1g, Machakos, Brit. E. Africa (type). 1 9, Pt. Lokko,
Sierra Leone.
Warren’s type, a male from the Congo, is in coll.
Rothschild; this was reported in Zoological Record by
mistake as from Abyssinia; the Abyssinian examples
referred to by Warren, apparently from memory, are quite
distinct from this form.
Genus XENIMPIA, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 135 (1895).
XENIMPIA EROSA.
Xenimpia erosa, Warr., |. c.
19, Accra. The type, a female from the Congo, is in
coll. Rothschild.
Genus ProcypHa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 121 (1897), and
ix, p. 532 (1902).
Triprora, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 401.
Hlexeris, Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 498 (1884)
(przeocc).
PROCYPHA SILLARIA, nov.
¢. Antenne, palpi, frons, head, fore-part of the thorax and the fore-
wings blackish-brown; fore-wings with a blackish line from the costa
along the discoidal veinlet, then straight down to the hinder margin
two-thirds from the base; the straight part of this line is the inner
limit of a large reddish-ochreous patch at the angle, which contains
a white lunular submarginal line, which runs up the wing and on
its inner side has a reddish-ochreous streak which runs up from
the patch ; remainder of thorax, the abdomen, and the hind-wings
reddish-ochreous; the hind-wings are streaked with pale red-brown,
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 515
and there is a thin band of that colour across the dise of the wing;
under-side much as above, but the reddish-ochreous portions are
nearly white.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inches.
Accra (Carter).
PROCYPHA INFORMIS, nov.
dg. Antenne black, longer and more heavily pectinated than is
usual in this genus. Palpi, head, body, and wings brown; fore-wings
with two indistinct blackish transverse lines, very oblique, ante-
and post-medial, closer together on the hinder margin than on the
costa, where they are acutely bent inwards, and marked with two
black spots ; also a discal row of black dots; hind-wings rather darker
than the fore-wings and with a red tinge; indications of a central
line and a blackish spot at the end of the cell; under-side with the
ground-colour whitish, the wings irrorated with brown, markings as
above but much more pronounced.
Expanse of wings 1,°5 inches.
Old Calabar (Aliss Kingsley).
Genus ZAMARADA, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 11, p. 432 (1887).
ZAMARADA FLAVICOSTA.
Zamarada flavicosta, Waxr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 122 (1897).
1 g, 2 9, Sapele, River Niger. 1 ¢, Old Calabar. 1 9,
Freetown, Sierra Leone.
The types, male and female from Warri, are in coll.
Rothschild.
ZAMARADA NASUTA.
Zamarada nasuta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 122 (1897).
1 g, Matope, Nyassaland. 1 g,1 2, Old Calabar. 1 2,
Sierra Leone. 1 2, Gold Coast.
The type, a female from Lokoja, River Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild.
ZAMARADA PROTRUSA.
Zamarada protrusa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 123 (1897).
1 g, Aburi. 1 9, Lagos.
The type a female from Akassa, River Niger, is in coll,
Rothschild.
516 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
ZAMARADA VULPINA.
Zamarada vulpina, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 123 (1897).
1 g, Abutshi, S. Nigeria. 1 9, Sapele, River Niger.
1 2, Aburi, Gold Coast.
The type a male from Warri, River Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild.
ZAMARADA ILARIA, nov.
d. Antenne black, frons pale pinkish, palpi, head, and thorax in
front dark brown-pink, rest of thorax and abdomen pale brown-
pink; wings hyaline with a green tint, and with the borders and
markings pale brown-pink ; fore-wings with a large round spot at
the end of the cell, a costal line, rather thick, and broad outer
marginal borders to both wings, both excavated in a square form a
little below the middle; these borders are limited interiorly by a
brown line, have brown spear-shaped spots with pale borders just
inside them, and the cilia are deep, of a purer colour than the border,
marked with rather large dark-brown spots ; on the under-side the
borders are very indistinctly seen, but there is a large square white
apical patch on the fore-wings with a larger black square patch
attached.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. SIERRA LEONE (W, G. Clements).
ZAMARADA PULVEROSA.
Zamarada pulverosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 158 (1895).
2 g, 2 9, Machakos, Brit. E. Africa. 1 9, Tana River.
These specimens are much larger than the type form
from South Africa in coll. Rothschild and the numerous
examples in this Museum, but there is no other difference :
there is a typical example in this Museum from Northern
Etbari, Upper Egypt.
ZAMARADA RUFILIN EARIA, nov.
¢ 2. Antenne, palpi, head, body and outer borders of the wings
black, the rest of the wings hyaline with a greenish-ochreous tint;
both borders limited interiorly by a sinuous darker line, slightly
excavated on both wings below the middle; a bright crimson sinuous
line, dentated in parts, right through the centre of both bands, and
a thick orange line or band on the costa of fore-wings, black at the
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 517
base ; the under-side is like the upper-side, but the crimson line is
absent ; body and legs pale ochreous-grey.
Expanse of wings ¢ .°,, 9 1 inch.
Hab. DAR-ES-SALAAM, German East Africa (Fruhstorfer).
ZAMARADA IXIARIA, nov.
?. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and outer marginal band of the
wings dark chocolate-brown, rest of the wings hyaline with a green
tint, the hyaline part finely striated with pale ochreous-grey ; fore-
wings with a pale grey lunule at the end of the cell, and a pale
chocolate-brown costal line; the outer borders limited inwardly by
a sinuous blackish line, straight across on the fore-wings, curved
like the outer margin on the hind-wings, with a round but not
deep excavation below the middle; both borders have a blackish-
brown sinuous thin band running right through them, a little closer
to the inner margin than to the outer; under-side same as upper-
side; body and legs whitish.
Expanse of wings 1,3, inches.
Hab. Port Loxxo, Sierra Leone (Penny).
Allied to Z. reflecaria, Walker, but that species has the
band on both wings deeply excavated.
ZAMARADA REFLEXARIA.
Comibena reflexaria, Walker, xxvi, 1565 (1862).
Huchloris exarata, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 127, f. 8 (1874).
Zamarada latimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 261 (1897).
1 g, Sierra Leone (type). 1 9, without locality. 1 2,
Old Calabar. 1 3%, 1 9, Sapele, River Niger.
Warren’s type, a male from Upoto, Congo, is in coll.
Rothschild and so also is Felder’s type from Knysna.
ZAMARADA PHRONTISARIA, nov.
6, ¢. Antennz blackish-brown, palpi, frons, and body pinkish-
grey; the thorax with a dull greenish tinge; wings semi-hyaline,
the hyaline part evenly and thickly striated with very fine ochreous
striations; costal band of fore-wings, a spot at the end of each cell,
and the broad outer borders to both wings pale purplish-grey, lined
both on the outer margin and on the inner border with dark brown,
the latter being sinuous and roundly and deeply excavated a little
below the middle on both wings; the outer border is mottled with
white, and has a grey sinuous thin band running through the middle
518 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
of it; under-side like the upper-side but the mottlings and inner-
band of the outer borders absent; body and legs whitish.
Expanse of wings ,', inch.
1 ¢,1 93, Old Calabar (types) (Crompton). 1 f, Sapele,
River Niger (Sampson).
ZAMARADA PERLEPIDATA.
Comibena perlepidata, Walker, xxvi, 1565 (1862).
1 2, Sierra Leone (type). 1 2, Ogbomoso, Yorubaland.
Genus PSEUDOCROCINIS, nov.
Antennz bipectinated; palpi upturned, fairly well clothed, last
joint minute; hind tibiw dilated and with two pairs of spurs, tarsi
aborted, very short; fore-wings with the costa arched, apex produced
and blunt at the tip, outer margin oblique ; hind-wings with the outer
margin round ; fore-wings with vein 3 from before end of cell, 4 from
the end, 6 from upper end, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 stalked, 11 connected
with 12 ; hind-wings with 3 and 4 from end of cell, 6 from upper
end, 7 from before the end.
Type plana, Butler.
PSEUDOCROCINIS PLANA.
Crocinis plana, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 245
(1879).
1 g, 1 9, Madagascar (types).
PSEUDOCROCINIS OCHRACEA.
Crocinis ochracea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 245
(1879).
1 f, Madagascar (type).
The type of the genus Crocinis is a Drepanulid. This
species differs somewhat in structure from plana, vein 11
in fore-wings being from the cell instead of stalked, and
9 apparently absent.
Genus GEOLycEs, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 441 (1894).
Lyces, Walker, xx, 248 (1860) (przeocc.).
Autophylla, Warr., |. c., p. 451.
Miantochora, Warr., l.c., ii, p. 145 (1895); and in,
p- 401 (1896).
Tropwal Africa in the National Collection. 519
GEOLYCES ATTESARIA.
Lyces attesaria, Walker, xx, 249, 2.
Geolyces attesaria, Warr., |. ¢., 1, p. 441.
Autophylla pallida, Warr., |.c., p. 451, @.
1 g, Congo (type).
Warren’s type is in coll. Rothschild; it was at first
supposed to have come from South America, but the
locality label on it was incorrect, many examples having
since been received at Tring from South Africa.
The sexes differ considerably in outline.
GEOLYCES INAQUILINEA.
Miantochora inequilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 145
(1895) ; and iv, p. 401, note (1897).
Miantochora incolorata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 64.
2 Z, Sierra Leone.
The types, both males, are in coll. Rothschild; inequi-
linea was first said to have come from 8. America and
afterwards from 8. Africa; incolorata is from Warri, Niger
Coast Protectorate.
GEOLYCES RUFARIA, nov.
¢. Antenne brown, palpi brown above, ochreous beneath and
at the tips, frons ochreous, head, body, and wings of a uniform
ochreous-red colour; the ground-colour is really ochreous, but the
body and wings are much striated and irrorated with red-brown ;
there are indications of a central thin grey band across both wings,
also of an outer band, much as in inequilinea, Warr.; the under-side
is pale dull ochreous, very uniform in colour, with a few grey striations
and indications of the outer band of the fore-wings.
Expanse of wings 1,5, inches.
Hab. OLD CALABAR (Miss Kingsley).
Genus PstLocerEeA, Saalm., Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1880, p.
292.
ELupsamma, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 461 (1894).
Acanthoscelis, Warr., |. ¢., vill, p. 215 (1901)
(prseocc. ).
Xanthisthisa, Speiser, Berl. Ent. Zeit., xlvii, p. 140
(1903),
520 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
PSILOCEREA MODESTA.
Marcala (2?) modesta, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v,
p. 390 (1880).
Gynopteryxz siparvata, Saalm., Madag., p. 494, f. 277 @
(1884).
2 t, 1 9, Madagascar, including the type.
PSILOCEREA PIPERATA,
Crocinis piperata, Saalm., Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1880, p.
294 9.
Gynopteryx piperata, Saalm., Madag., p. 494 (1884).
1 9, Madagascar.
PSILOCEREA TUMIDA.
Psilocerea tumida, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 584 (1902).
2 2, mile 478, Uganda Railway, Brit. Hast Africa.
Warren’s type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
PSILOCEREA VESTITARIA, nov.
@. Grey with a slight pinkish tinge, uniform in coloration,
irrorated with blackish-brown; a black dot at the end of each cell;
a pale ochreous-brown indistinct interior band on the fore-wings,
outwardly curved ; a straight double line of the same colour from
the apex of the fore-wings (where there is some brown suffusion) to
the abdominal margin of hind-wings, a little below the middle, and
two black spots on the hind-wings below this double line a little
below the middle; outer margin of both wings slightly suffused with
pale ochreous-brown ; under-side slightly paler than the upper-side,
well irrorated, the markings almost obsolete.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab. MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
PSILOCEREA RACHICERA.
Panagra rachicera, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v, p. 391
(1880).
3 4,1 9, Madagascar, including the type.
PsILOCEREA UMBROSARIA, nov.
9°. Uniform pinkish-grey, with slight ochreous tint, covered with
greyish-brown striations ; a black dot at the end of each cell; abrown
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 521
line edged outwardly with whitish, across the disc of fore-wings,
inwardly curved, almost straight on the hind-wings where it is
nearly medial; an indistinct outwardly curved grey inner band on
the fore-wings; a broad space inside the discal line suffused with
brownish, and also some suffusion of the same colour near the apex
and outside the discal line ; under-side much paler with the outer
line distinct.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Hab. Mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
PSILOCEREA ANEARIA, nov.
¢. Pale brown with an ochreous tinge; plumes of antenne
brown, shaft ochreous with brown spots; frons and head ochreous,
body and wings uniformly coloured, sparsely irrorated with blackish-
brown atoms; a black dot at the end of each cell; indications of a
black interior line on fore-wings outwardly curved, most distinct
below the costa; a pale grey line, outwardly edged with whitish,
quite straight but very indistinct, picked out with white specks
with black points, running from the apex, near which 1s a black spot
on the costa, to the middle of the hinder margin ; hind-wings with
a medial thin band, blackish and not very distinct, with some
blackish marks below it and two black spots close together in the
disc below the middle ; under-side pinkish-white with the markings
plainly shown and mostly black.
Expanse of wings 1; inches.
Hab. MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
PsILOCEREA DYSONARIA, nov.
. Pale uniform grey with a pinkish tinge irrorated with chest-
nut-brown atoms; the markings also chestnut-brown; a double
straight band from apex of fore-wings, where there is a dark
suffused space, to the middle of the abdominal margin of hind-wings,
the interior space of the double band is whitish and there is a
whitish edging on the outer side of it; on the outer margin of both
wings there is some red-brown suffusion ; under-side as above but
paler.
Expanse of wings 175 inches.
Hab, MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
PSILOCEREA NIGROMACULATA.
Psilocerea nigromaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 98
(1897).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 34
p22 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
1 2, Madagascar.
The type, a male from Madagascar, is in coll. Rothschild.
PSILOCEREA TARSISPINA.
Acanthoscelis tarsispina, Warr., Nov. Zool., vin, p. 215
(1901).
4 2,1 9, mile 478, Uganda Railway. 1 2, E. Quaso,
Masai.
The type, a male, from Second Kedong, Brit. East Africa,
is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus MILOCERA, nov.
Antenne of male finely ciliated; palpi porrect, fairly well clothed,
short and blunt, third joint minute, almost hidden; hind tarsi with
two pairs of short spurs ; fore-wings with the costa well arched, apex
produced and somewhat falcate, outer margin concave below apex ;
hind-wings rounded ; fore-wings with vein 3 from before end, 4 from
end of cell, 6 from upper end, 7,8, 9 and 10 stalked, 11 free; a small
fovea crossing vein 1; hind-wings with vein 3 before end, 4 from
end of cell, 6 and 7 from upper end.
Type horaria, nov.
Allied to Psilocladia, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 40.
MILOCERA HORARIA, nov.
¢. Whitish suffused in parts with ochreous-brown, irrorated and
striated with brown ; in one example the whole of the fore-wings is
suffused with brown, but in the type specimen only the apical half
of the wings is suffused, the rest and the whole of the bind-wings
whitish ; interior line crossing fore-wings brown and bluntly dent-
ated ; a brown line from apex of fore-wings to middle of abdominal
margin of hind-wings, slightly sinuous; a large brown patch, round
on fore-wings and below the middle of the line, on the hind-wings
rather a dark suffusion; a streak below the line from the abdo-
minal margin; a black dot at the end of the cell on all the wings ;
under-side white with the markings dark and distinct.
Expanse of wings ;°; inch.
2 f, Madagascar (Cowan).
Genus Hypocurosis, Guen., Phal., u, p. 5386 (1857).
HYPOCHROSIS ATIONARIA, Nov.
¢. Pinkish-red ; fore-wings with indications of an interior trans-
verse erect line, a prominent medial erect dark red line, edged
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 523
inwardly with whitish, and indications of a line from hinder margin,
near the angle to near the apex and then abruptly angled and bent
inwards on to the costa near the apex ; costal line and cilia dark red ;
hind-wings pale red tinged with grey and unmarked ; under-side of
a uniform pale pinkish-red colour; some brown marks on costa of
fore-wings and a spot at end of cell of hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 14's inches.
MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
Genus H&MATORITHRA, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii,
p- 106 (1896).
HA&MATORITHRA RUBRIFASCIATA.
Hematorithra rubrifasciata, Butler, 1. ¢.
2 3, Nyassaland, including the type. 1 2, Mgana, Brit.
E. Africa.
Genus ENcoMA, nov.
?. Antenne bipectinate ; fore-wings with vein 5 from nearly the
upper end of the discocellular, 5 and 6 so close together as to appear
to be shortly stalked, 7 absent, 8, 9 and 10 stalked, 11 from the cell.
Type trisaria, nov.
ENCOMA IRISARIA, nov.
gd. Ochreous-white ; upper-side of palpi and branches of antenne
brown; fore-wings slightly darker and more yellow than the hind-
wings ; both wings with a brown middle straight band, a discal waved
band of brown spots, a blackish waved submarginal band, and black
marginal dots; a black dot at the end of each cell, and a black dot on
the hinder margin of fore-wings one-fourth from the base, with another
above it ; under-side same as above.
Expanse of wings ;5 inch.
2 2, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
Genus DicHromA, Duncan, Exotic Moths, Nat. Libr., xxvii,
p. 224 (1841).
Argyrophora, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 230 (1857).
DICHROMA TROFONIA.
Phalexna-geometra trofonia, Cram. Pap. Exot., iii, p. 92,
pl. 247, f. F (1782).
Dichroma histrionalis, Duncan, |.¢., p. 227, pl 30, f. 2.
Dichroma arcualis, Duncan, |. c., p. 228, pl. 30, £. 3.
Argyrophora monetata, Guen., 1. c.
524 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
1 g, Madagascar.
The generic name seems to have been suggested by
Westwood and described by Duncan.
Genus Copropreryx, Holland, Knt. News, 1893, p. 174.
CoOPTOPTERYX BRUNNEA,
Azelinopsis brunnea, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 115, ¢ (1897).
Newropolodes fulvata, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 19, 2 (1901).
1 g, Pt. Lokko, Sierra Leone. 1 ¢, Asaba, W. Africa.
The types, a male from Asaba and female from Sierra
Leone, are in coll. Rothschild; the hyaline lunule at the
end of the cell is of a very peculiarly twisted nature in the
hind-wings, and this is represented in both sexes, together
with all the colour markings, but the female has no hyaline
lunules visible on the fore-wings.
CoPTOPTERYX HOMOCHROA.
Coptopteryx homochroa, Holland, Ent. News, 1898, p. 175,
plage. 19:
1 ¢, Ogove River (Holland).
The type, a male, is also from the same locality, and is
in coll. Holland.
CoproPprERYX NIGRARIA, nov.
¢. Palpi, frons, head, and fore-part of thorax pinkish-red, rest of
the body and the wings above dark purplish-brown, striated evenly
with purple; the apex of fore-wing is not produced, the excavation
below the middle of the outer margin is deep and makes the upper
part look square-shaped ; there is a blackish suffused patch at the
excavation, a suffused shade on the lower middle of the wing, and on
the medial portion of the hind-wing; there are no other markings
visible ; the anal tip is pinkish-red, and on the under-side the legs,
body, and wings are of the same colour, pale and uniform in shade;
there isa large pink patch at apex of fore-wings, pinkish suffusion on
outer margin of hind-wings, and the whole of both wings is evenly
striated with brown.
Expanse of wings 1;’5 inches.
Hab. Port Loxko, Sierra Leone (Penny).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 525
Genus Hyatornis, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 445 (1894).
Dioptrochasma, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p. 378
(1895).
HYALORNIS DOCTA.
Focilla docta, Schaus and Clem., Sierra Leone, p. 39, pl. 3,
f, 15 (1898).
Hyalornis docta, Warr., |. ¢.
MNoptrochasma sphingata, Karsch, |. ¢., pl. 4, f. 10.
1 g, Sierra Leone (Clemens).
Karsch’s type came from the Cameroons.
Genus PLEGAPTERYX, Herr.-Schiff., Ausser. Schmett., p. 76
(1855).
Syndetodes, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 535 (1902).
PLEGAPTERYX ANOMALUS.
Plegapteryx anomalus, Herr.-Schiaiff., |. c., f. 462-463.
Plegapteryx partita, Holland, Ent. News, 1893, p. 173.
Syndetodes seqmentata, Warr., |. ec.
2 gf, Sapele, River Niger.
Holland’s type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland,
and Warren’s type from Ogrugu, River Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild ; it seems to be a widely-spread species, there
being two males in the National Collection from Natal.
PLEGAPTERYX FASCIATA.
Plegapteryx fasciata, Holland, Ent. News, 1893, p. 172,
pl 9.5...
1 f, Ogove River (Holland).
The type, a male from the same locality, is in coll.
Holland.
Genus HEMICOPSIS, nov.
¢@. Antenne bipectinated, stalk thick and strong towards base ;
hind tibie with two pairs of spurs, the inner ones long; pectus and
fore femora with rough hairs; palpi upturned, well clothed, last joint
minute ; body stout; fore-wings with the costa nearly straight, apex
acute, outer margin rounded; hind-wings with the outer margin at
first rounded, but it has two excisions between vein 3 and the anal
angle; fore-wings with vein 7 absent, 8, 9 and 10 stalked, 11 from the
526 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
cell anastomosing shortly with 12 ; hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 and
6 and 7 from the angles.
Type, purpuraria, nov.
HEMICOPSIS PURPURARIA, nov.
¢. Antennz red-brown; palpi brown above ochreous beneath ;
head and body dark purplish-brown, abdomen at the sides crimson;
wings paler brown and more purplish, with darker patches here and
there, and with abroad band, straight in itself but with sinuous sides,
from a little above the middle of the abdominal margin of hind-wings
to the costa of fore-wings before the apex; here it is angled to the
outer margin below the apex, leaving a pale space there, and then
runs right down the outer border, more or less represented on both
wings ; the under-side is crimson-red, irrorated in parts with purple
atoms; a blackish spot at the end of the cell on the hind-wings; a
blackish thin straight and even band from the middle of the abdo-
minal margin of hind-wings to the apex of fore-wings, the space
outside it on the fore-wings being purplish,
Expanse of wings 1,1; inches.
Hab. Tonaa, Brit. E. Africa (Hollis).
Genus EupactiaA, Walker, xx, 216 (1860).
EUPAGIA NIGERRIMA, nov.
¢. Antenne, head, body, and fore-wings deep black ; fore-wings
with a very fine discal line, whitish and with some white points,
and some very minute white points between it and the outer margin ;
hind-wings dull pale black, palest towards costa; a dull black rather
sinuous discal line; under-side of a pale sordid blackish-brown, with
the discal lines visible.
Expanse of wings 1,5, inches.
Hab. ABYSSINIA (Degen).
Genus Gonopontis, Hiibn., Verz., p. 287 (1818).
GONODONTIS AZELINARIA, nov.
Q. Palpi, head, thorax, and fore-wings dark fawn-colour irrorated
with brown; a thin brown outwardly much curved ante-medial
sinuous line; four black spots in the form of a square at the end
of the cell with a black dot close below them ; a discal brown sinuous
line, rather close to the margin, inwardly broadly suffused with
brownish fawn-colour, the suffusion in a lesser degree and paler out-
side the line ; hind-wings pale grey irrorated with pale brown atoms,
Tropical Africa in the National Collection, 527
a discal pale brown line, corresponding to that on the fore-wings,
and a brownish spot at the end of the cell; marginal line on both
wings brown; under-side very pale grey; a rather prominent brown
spot at the end of the cell in all the wings and the discal lines visible.
Expanse of wings 1,%, inches,
Hab, KILIMANJARO (F. J. Jackson).
GONODONTIS AXMONTARIA, nov.
36, ¢. Grey with a slight pinkish tinge; palpi black above; thorax
and fore-wings slightly darker than the abdomen and hind-wings;
wings irrorated with black atoms; fore-wings with indications of an
interior black line, curving slightly outwards, a thin black line a
little before the middle commencing with a black streak on the costa
and having on it two black points, a large black spot at the end of
the cell, a discal more distinct black line, both lines angled outwards
above the middle, a black spot on the costa near the apex ; hind-
wings with indications of a thin discal line; under-side paler; wings
with a large black spot at the end of each cell, the discal line on both
wings composed of black points.
Expanse of wings 1,7 inches.
4 $, 12, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
Genus Bisron, Leach, Edinb. Encyel., ix, p. 184 (1815).
BISTON CALARIA, nov.
¢. Wings grey with a pink tinge; antenna, palpi, head, and thorax
brown, abdomen grey; fore-wings with a brown ante-medial band,
rather broad, a discal recurved similar band, inwardly margined by
a dark line; hind-wings with a discal corresponding band; all the
wings uniform in colour, covered with brown irrorations, and with a
black dot at the end of each cell, and a marginal brownish indistinct
band ; under-side paler than upper-side, wings irrorated with brown,
the discal bands very thin, the cell spots as above.
Expanse of wings 1,75 inches,
Hab. EB Urru, Brit. E, Africa (Letton).
Genus Buzura, Walker, xxvi, 1531 (1862).
BUZURA ANALIPLAGA.
Buzura analiplaga, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 244 (1897
1 g, Sapele, River Niger.
The type, a male from Warri, Niger coast, is in coll
Rothschild.
SS
.
528 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
BuZURA ABRUPTARIA.
Boarmia abruptaria, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (11),
p. 37 (1869).
1 2, Congo (type). 1 g, Old Calabar.
Genus XYLOPTERYX, Guen., Phal., i, p. 215 (1857).
XYLOPTERYX PROTEARIA.
Xylopteryx protearia, Guen., l.c., pl. 4, f 8.
Scotosia lucidiscata, Walker, xxvi, 1724 (1862).
Scotopterix interposita, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 526 (1902).
2 f, 22, Masai, E. Quaso, Brit. E. Africa. 1 2, Nairowa,
Brit, E.s Africa. 1 2,. Eb. Unru;, Brit. Ho Airbase Ios,
Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa. 1 ¢, 2 92, mile 478, Uganda
Railway.
Walker’s type is from S. Africa in this Museum; Guenée’s
type also came from 8. Africa. Warren’s type from the
Escarpment is in coll. Rothschild.
In Nov. Zool., x, p. 275, Warren says his versicolor is the
same as protearia ; there is some mistake here, he was
probably writing from memory ; interposita is undoubtedly
the same; versicolor and its aberrations are so much larger,
they can hardly be put in the same form.
XYLOPTERYX ALBIMACULATA.
Scotopterix albimaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 525 (1902).
5f,1 2,mile 478, Uganda Railway, Brit. E. Africa.
1 2, mile 469, Ndimu, Uganda Railway, Brit. E. Africa.
1 2, 3 9, E. Quaso, Masai, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild ; it is an extreme form with the white spot at
apex and the other in the middle of outer margin very
white and prominent; in some examples these spots are
nearly obsolete, and in others there is a large whitish patch
in the middle of the wing.
XYLOPTERYX VERSICOLOR.
Scotopteriz versicolor, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 526 (1902),
and x, p. 275 (1908).
ab. albimedia, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 526.
ab. figurata, Warr., 1. c.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 529
2 9, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s types from the Escarpment are in coll. Roths-
child; a very variable insect.
XYLOPTERYX BRUNNEATA.
Xylopteryx brunneata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 523 (1902).
1 f, 1 9, Curepipe, Mauritius. 1 9, Madagascar.
The type, a female from Great Comoro, is in coll. Roths-
child ; it is very doubtfully distinct from serrataria, Walker;
the Mauritius examples are not typically of either form, but
the Madagascar female is identical with Warren’s type.
XYLOPTERYX CEPHALOTES.
Scodiona cephalotes, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (11),
p. 376, pl. 7, f. 14 (1869).
1 Z, Congo (type).
This is a very curious insect, and in its barred markings
beneath is unlike any other species in this Family; the
example is not in good condition and has lost its abdomen;
when more are obtained for examination a new genus will
probably be necessary for it, it certainly is not a Scodiona;
I put it into this genus tentatively.
Genus CATAsctA, Hiibner, Verz., p. 313 (1818).
CATASCIA CONFUSATA.
Catascia confusata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 523 (1902).
1 2, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
The type, a male from the Escarpment, is in coll
Rothschild.
Genus CipicenTrRA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 524 (1902).
(EDICENTRA ALBIPENNIS.
dicentra albipennis, Warr., |. c., p. 525.
1 Z, Nairobi, Brit. E. Africa.
The type, a male from the Escarpment, Brit. E. Africa, is
in coll. Rothschild; there is also an example in the B. M.
marked §S. Africa.
5380 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
(EDICENTRA GERYDARIA, nov.
d. White sparsely irrorated and striated with grey; antenne
black ; a black spot at the end of each cell, and on the fore-wings an
inner evenly outwardly curved thin grey band; both wings with a
sinuous discal brown line, marked with black in parts, some grey
marks near the outer margin, and a black streak at the anal angle of
the hind-wings ; body and wings below white, the band and mark-
ings blacker, broader and more pronounced, legs with black spots
and streaks.
Expanse of wings 1,8, inches.
Hab. ASHANTI (Bergman).
_ Allied to the preceding, differs much in the shape of the
inner band of the fore-wings.
Genus Ectropis, Hiibn., Verz., p. 299 (1818).
ECTROPIS OCELLATA.
Eetropis ocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 520 (1902).
1, mile 478, Uganda Railway, Brit. EK. Africa. 2 9,
Lagari, Brit. E. Africa.
The types from the Escarpment are in coll. Rothschild.
ECTROPIS SQUALIDA.
Ophthalmodes squalida, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ii,
p. 465 (1878).
19, Aburi. 1 2, Old Calabar (type).
ECTROPIS ZEBRINA.
facotis zebrina, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 56 (1899).
1 g, without locality. 1 9, Old Calabar. 1 9, Sapele,
River Niger.
The type, a male from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
This is probably a form of sgualida,
ECTROPIS NACARIA, nov.
@. Body and fore-wings olive-brown, frons and top of head
ochreous-white; fore-wings striated with whitish fine marks, and also
with dark olive-brown; two ochreous-whitish transverse bands, the
first before the middle, nearly upright, with sinuous sides and brown
centre, the other discal, elbowed outwards above the middle, and
containing a blackish sinuous line in its middle ; a dark brown large
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 531
spot just below the outer end of the elbow, and some paler brown spots
below it; a pale space connecting the brown spot with the margin ;
hind-wings pale olive-brown; a brown spot at the end of the cell, an
obscure discal whitish band with some brown marks in it, an obtuse
and much broader brown band between it and the outer margin,
which is sordid ochreous; both wings with black marginal lunules
and blackish patches on the sordid ochreous cilia; under-side
whitish irrorated with brown, a brown spot at the end of each cell
and a broad discal black band, connected with the outer margin
below the apex on the fore-wings.
Expanse of wings 1 ,‘; inches.
Hab, ASHANTI (Bergman).
Genus AscotTis, Hiibn., Verz., p. 313 (1818).
ASCOTIS SELENARIA. |
Geometra sclenaria, Schiff, Wien Verz., 101, 7 (1776).
Boarmia reciprocaria, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg.,
1 (11), p. 366 (1869).
Ascotis selenaria, var. fasciata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 92
(1897).
1 $, Congo (type reciprocaria). 1%, Eb Urru, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 9, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s type, a female from Grahamstown, is in coll.
Rothschild; it is a very curious variety with a broad
chocolate band across the disc of both wings; there is a
male from Natal in the B. M. similarly coloured, and so is
the female from the Uganda Railway above referred to.
Genus Boarmta, Treit., Schmett. Eur, v, ii, p- 433 (1825).
BoARMIA MARMORATA.
Chogada marmorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 247 (1897).
2 f, 1 9, Mauritius.
The type, a male from Mauritius, is in coll. Rothschild ;
it is one of numerous local forms of &. acaciaria, Boisd.,
but is a good form.
BOARMIA ACACTIARIA.
Boarmia acaciaria, Boisd., Faun. Ent. Madag., p. 116, pl.
16, f. 4 (1834).
Chogada betularia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 93 (1897).
582 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Chogada acaciaria, var. inusitata, Warr., l.c., v, p. 248
(1898).
ie. Old ‘Calabar: 1, Te) Kikuyu! Bit. Bie a tered
1 g, mile 478, Uganda Railway. 1 2, Eb Urru, Brit. E.
Africa.
Warren’s types, from §S: Africa and Wartri, are in coll.
Rothschild ; they are varieties of this very variable species;
there are many examples in the B. M. from §. Africa,
hardly any two of them alike; it is also doubtful whether
the next is a distinct form.
BOARMIA DEROGARIA.
Boarmia derogaria, Snellen, Tijd. v, Ent. (3), vii, p. 75,
pl. 6, f. 3 and 6 (1872).
Chogada subspurcata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 248 (1898).
1 2 Old Walabar:
Warren’s type, from S. Africa, is in coll. Rothschild ;
Snellen’s type, from Lower Guinea, is in coll. Snellen; it
is very doubtfully distinct from the common Eastern
species B. compactaria, Walker, xxvi, 1538.
BOARMIA DRIBRARIA, nov.
dé. Ochreous-white, tinged with pink, especially on the fore-wings;
some brown irrorations on the palpi, head, thorax and fore-wings ;
spots and markings blackish-brown ; fore-wings with five short
bands from the costa, like the commencement of transverse bands;
the first is basal, the last subapical, and they are all about equal
distances apart ; below the third there are two sinuous thick transverse
lines reaching the hinder margin; below the last two costal marks
are two patches with another on the margin in echelon; there are
some spots on the outer margin and patches on the white cilia; the
hind-wings are nearly white with a spot at the end of the cell, some
along abdominal margin, two rows of them before the outer margin,
and a row of discal dots ; the under-side is much as upper-side, but
the markings are more pronounced, and there is a white apical
patch on the fore-wings.
Expanse of wings 1% inches.
Hab. MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
Belongs to the glabraria group.
BOARMIA VICARIA.
Angerona (?) vicarva, Walker, xx, 243, 9 (1860).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 533
Angerona patulata, Walker, xxvi, 1500, ¢ (1862).
Gnophos conturbata, Walker, xxvi, 1751, .
1 9, W. Africa (type).
The other two types, both males, are from the Cape.
BoARMIA SUBLUTEA.
Emmelesia sublutea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 392
(1880).
1 f, 2 2, Madagascar, including the type.
BOARMIA UGANDARIA, nov.
¢- Antenne and palpi blackish-brown, tips of latter ochreous;
head, body, and wings with the ground-colour ochreous thickly
striated with olive-brown; a large brown spot at the end of each cell ;
the striations close on the basal half of both wings and on the outer
portions, leaving a paler space almost like a band in the middle;
fore-wings with a line of pale lunules near the outer margin, filled in
with blackish-brown spots ; hind-wings with a prominent submarginal
ochreous line very slightly sinuous in parts; both wings with a
marginal black lunular line, brown cilia with an ochreous line at
their base, and with ochreous spots ; under-side pale ochreous-grey ;
cell spots as above, the striations paler, the fore-wings with a broad
olive-brown discal band, touching the margin in parts, leaving
ochreous spaces at the apex and in the middle.
Expanse of wings 2,7; inches.
Hab, ENTEBBE, Uganda, July 1889 (Rattray).
Belongs to the Alcis group.
BOARMIA DIFFUSA.
Tephrosia diffusa, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (11),
p. 374 (1869).
Alcis smithi, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 519 (1902).
1 9, Congo (type).
Warren’s type, a male from Yakusu, Upper Congo, is in
coll. Rothschild.
BoARMIA ASSIMILIS.
Selidosema assimilis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 522 (1902).
. ab. separata, Warr., |. c.
1 g, 1 9, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway, Brit. E.
534 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Africa. 2 2, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway, Brit. E.
Africa (var. separata).
Warren’s types from the Escarpment are in coll.
Rothschild.
BoARMIA DIVISARIA.
Boarmia divisaria, Walker, xxi, 366 (1860), nec 489.
Boarmia separaria, Moesch., Abh. Senck. Ges., xv, p. 92, 2
(1889).
Alcis rufilimes, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 51 (1899).
1 2, Old Calabar.
The type, a female from Natal, is in this Museum, as
also a male and female from S. Africa. Warren’s types
from Warri are in coll. Rothschild.
Genus CARADRINOPSIS, nov.
gd. Antenne almost simple; palpi porrect, short and blunt, last
joint minute; abdomen slender, extending one-third beyond hind-
wings; hind tibia with two pairs of short spurs; wings narrow, fore-
wing elongated, veins 3 and 4 from end of cell, 6 from upper end,
7, 8 and 10 stalked, 9 absent, 11 from the cell, which is more than
half the length of the wing ; hind-wings with vein 2 from one-third,
3 from close before, 4 from end of cell, 6 and 7 from upper end.
Type C. obscuraria, nov.
CARADRINOPSIS OBSCURARIA, nov.
¢d. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and fore-wings greyish-fawn
colour, with an ochreous tinge and thickly irrorated with grey atoms ;
a brownish obscure spot at the end of the cell, and some similar
submarginal markings; hind-wings white with an obscure grey spot
at the end of the cell, no other markings ; under-side, body, legs and
wings white, a brownish spot at the end of each cell; fore-wings with
a subapical short grey band; hind-wings with a submarginal
brownish macular band, composed of three spots downwards from
the costa and one spot near anal angle.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab, Moant, Brit. E. Africa (Betton).
Like a little Noctuid of the genus Caradrina.
Genus Hemeropuia, Steph., Il. Brit. Ent. Haust,, iii, p.
189 (1829).
HEMEROPHILA OLGINARIA, nov.
g. Of a uniform ochreous-grey, tinged with pink; antenne and
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 585
palpi above brown ; abdomen with brownish segmental bands; wings
covered with grey irrorations ; fore-wings with two oblique black
lines, one from the hinder margin at one-third, towards end of cell,
where it is acutely bent inwards, then upwards, the other from the
middle to near the apex, where it is acutely bent inwards and then
upwards to the costa near the apex ; hind-wings with a discal line
nearly straight and indications of several brownish very obscure
parallel bands ; marginal line of both wings black ; cilia grey with a
pale base ; under-side uniformly pale grey, the discal lines prominent,
fore-wings with some brown suffusion near outer border and an
ochreous patch at apex.
Expanse of wings 1;°5 inches.
Hab. Natrouta, Brit. E. Africa (Betton).
HEMEROPHILA MAILARIA, nov.
gd. Uniformly grey, the ground-colour being white thickly
covered with very minute ochreous-grey irrorations; antenne and
upper side of palpi brown; fore-wings with two oblique sinuous
black lines, the first from the hinder margin at one-third towards
end of cell, the second from the middle running parallel with the
first but continued to near the apex; on the outer sides of each of
these lines and on the costa are shades of grey suffused bands; hind-
wings with an internal grey band corresponding with the outer line
of the fore-wings, a discal black line, and indications of a submarginal
grey band; a large brown spot at the end of each cell of both wings,
a brown marginal line, and whitish cilia; under-side whitish, a
brown spot at the end of each cell, no other markings.
Expanse of wings 13°) inches.
Hab. Coneo (Marsden).
Genus NorHaBRAXxas, Warr., Nov. Zool, iv, p. 88 (1897).
HameEopis, Butler, P. Z.S., 1895, p. 435.
NOTHABRAXAS RUDICORNIS.
Hameopis rudicornis, Butler, |. c., pl. 32, f. 13.
1 Z, Taru, Brit. E. Africa (type).
NOTHABRAXAS COMMACULATA.
Nothabraxas commaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 88
(1897).
1 2, Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa.
536 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
The type, a male from Mpwapwa, E. Africa, is in coll.
Rothschild; there is also a male from Rhodesia in the B. M.
NOTHABRAXAS ROSEOVITTATA.
Heterabraras roseovittata, Butler, P.Z. S., 1895, p. 741, pl.
43, f. 2,3.
1 ¢, West of Lake Nyassa (type).
1 9, Kampala, Uganda (type).
NOTHABRAXAS SIMPLEX.
Lhodophthitus (?) simplex, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 89 (1897).
Rhodopithitus (2) roseus, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 8304 (1899).
Warren’s type, a female which has lost nearly all its
colour, from Songive Valley, Lake Nyassa, and his type of
roseus, which is in fresh condition, a female from Mashona-
land, are both in coll. Rothschild; it is represented in this
Museum only from 8. Africa.
Genus RHODOPHTHITUS, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi,
p. 392 (1880).
RHODOPHTHITUS FORMOSUS.
Lhodophthitus formosus, Butler, |. c.
1 gf, Madagascar (type).
Genus NEGLA, Walker, xxiv, 1087 (1862).
Narthecusa, Walker, xxiv, 1140.
NEGLA TENUIORATA.
Narthecusa tenuiorata, Walker, xxiv, 1140.
Endropia nachtigalii, Dewitz, Verh. Leop-Carol. Akad.,
xlu, p. 83, pl. 2 f. 8-10 (1881).
2 2,2 9, Ashanti, including the types. 2 ¢, Gaboon.
Very variable.
NEGLA PERPLEXATA.
Negla perplexata, Walker, xxiv, 1087.
Endropia packardii, Dewitz, Verb. Leop.-Carol. Akad., xlu,
p. 64, pl.2, £5, 9,04 (last):
1 fg, Ashanti (type). 1 3, Onitsha, River Niger. 1 @,
Port Alice, W. Africa.
Very variable.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 537
Genus AMNEMOPSYCHE, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1869, p. 66.
Girpa, Walker, xxxi, 209 (1864) (praeocc.).
Hylemera, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), u1, p. 293
(1878).
Butler’s Genus Hylemera only differs from Amnemopsyche
in having the fore-wings shorter, the cell therefore being
comparatively longer; the venation is identical.
AMNEMOPSYCHE CHARMIONE,
Papilio charmione, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ui (1), p. 205 (1793).
Hylemera nummulifera, Warr. Nov. Zool., iv, p. 397
(1897).
1 9, Island of Johanna (type). 1 3,1 2, Isubu. 1 2,
Nassau, River Ogoway. 2 3, Abutshi, S. Nigeria.
Warren’s type, a male from Bopoto, Upper Congo, is in
coll. Rothschild.
AMNEMOPSYCHE CIRCUMDATA.
Girpa cireumdata, Walker, xxxi, 209 (1864).
1 f, 1 $, Congo (type). 1 ¢, Cameroons.
AMNEMOPSYCHE RENIFERA.
Hylemera renifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 897 (1897).
2 f, Sierra Leone.
The type, a male from Sierra Leone, is in coll. Rothschild.
AMNEMOPSYCHE TENUIS.
Hylemera tenuis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ii, p. 294
(1878).
1 g, Madagascar (type).
AMNEMOPSYCHE CANDIDA.
Hylemera candida, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., xix, p. 58 (1882).
1 f, Madagascar (type).
AMNEMOPSYCHE NIVEA.
Hylemera nivea, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., xix, p. 58 (1882).
1 f, Madagascar (type).
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART Il]. (SEPT.) 35
538 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
AMNEMOPSYCHE FRAGILIS.
Hylemera fragilis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 286
(1879).
3 3, Madagascar, including the type.
AMNEMOPSYCHE PUELLA.
Hylemera puelia, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 236
(1879).
1 ¢, Madagascar (type).
All these four names will probably fall into one some-
what variable species when we have more material to
work on.
Genus PROVOLA, nov.
Q. Antenne shortly pectinated ; fore-wing with the cell more
than half the length of the wing ; discocellulars vertical and short ;
vein 2 from the middle of the cell, 3 from five-sixths before the end,
4 from the end, 5 from just above 4, 7 and 8 stalked, 11 out of 12,
9 and 10 coincident and anastomosing with 11, 9 again anastomosing
with 8, thus forming a double areole ; hind-wing with vein 5 absent,
7 from just before the end of the cell.
Type P. (Aletis) postica, Walker.
PROVOLA POSTICA.
Aletis postica, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (11), p. 332,
pl. 5, f. 4 (1869).
2 2, Congo, including the type.
Superficially much resembling Aletis helcita, Clerck,
but that genus has vein 5 in the hind-wings present, and
has veins 7 and 8 connected by a bar near the base; the
neuration of this species is much more nearly akin to that
of the genus Pitthea and it is in every respect a true
Boarmid, except that the origin of vein 5 of the fore-wings
is close above that of vein 4, which is not usual in this
family.
Genus PitrHEa, Walker, 11, 463 (1854).
Turckheimeria, Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad.,
xlu, p. 81 (1881).
Hymenocharta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 84 (1897).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 539
PITTHEA PERSPICUA.
Bombyx perspicua, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 505 (1758).
Leucopsumis cryptochroma, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg.,
1 (11), p. 381,-pl. 5, f. 3 (1869).
1 2, 1 2, Congo (Walker’s types).
PITTHEA CONTINUA.
Pitthea continua, Walker, 11, 463 (1854).
Pitthea abbreviata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 47 (1899).
3 3, Lagos. 19, Sierra Leone. 1 3,1 9, Ashanti. 3 ,
2, Opobo, “log, 1 9) Old Calabar lf Congo. “LZ,
Gaboon. 1 2%, Cameroons.
Warren’s type, a male from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild;
the bands are narrower than usual, but there is no other
difference, and the Congo example is identical with it.
PITTHEA TRIFASCIATA.
Turckheimeria trifasciata, Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad.,
xlu, p. 82, pl. 3, f. 3 (1881).
Hymenocharta triplagiata, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 84
(1897).
1 9, Niger. 1 #, Mombasa. 1 ¢, Mgana, Brit. E. Africa.
fee Zanzibar. 1 a, Mashonaland.
Dewitz’ type came from Zanzibar ; the type of tv iplagiata,
from Dar-es-Salaam, German E. Africa, is in coll.
Rothschild.
PITTHEA FAMULA.
Bombyx famula, Drury, Il. Exot. Ent., 11, pl. 11, f. 3 (1778).
Nyctemera expandens, Walker, 11, 398 (1854).
Nyctemera decisa, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (ii),
p. 330, pl. 5, f. 2 (1869).
mee, U2, Old Calabar, 2 5) Sierra, Ikeone, 3 2, 12;
River Niger. 2 9, Angola, including the type of expandens.
1 f, Congo.
Family GEOMETRIN &.
Genus PSEUDOTERPNA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 284 (1818).
PSEUDOTERPNA RUGINARIA.
Hypochroma ruginaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 278 (1857).
Hypochroma commutata, Walker, xxi, 429 (1860).
540 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridxe of
Hypochroma communicans, Walker, xxi, 430.
Hypochroma perfectaria, Walker, xxi, 434.
Hypochroma nyctemerata, Walker, xxi, 444, xxvi,
1543.
Hypochroma grandidvert, Butler, Cist. Ent., 1, p. 394
(1879).
Pingasa decristata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 492
(1902).
1 Z, Sierra Leone (type commutata). 1 2, without
locality (type nyctemerata). 1 J, Madagascar (type
grandidiert).
Warren’s type, a male from St. Thomé, W. Africa, is in
coll. Rothschild; it is a small example, but I cannot
separate it. Guenée’s type came from N. India; the type
of perfectaria from India is in Mus. Oxon.; the type of
communicans is in the B. M. from Natal, and there are
many examples from India, Burma, the Andamans and
Singapore, which all certainly belong to one widely-spread
species.
PSEUDOTERPNA RHADAMARIA.
Hypochroma rhadamaria, Guen., Phal., 1, p. 277 (1857).
Hypochroma alterata, Walker, xxi, 428 (1860).
Pingasa interrupta, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 204 (1901).
1 f, Kilimanjaro.
Guenée’s type came from Madagascar; Walker's type
from Natal is in the B. M., and Warren’s type from Rau,
Nandi country, is in coll. Rothschild; I doubt whether it
is distinct from ruginaria ; it appears to me to be only a
form of it without any yellow on the under-side.
PSEUDOTERPNA ATTENUANS.
Hypochroma attenuans, Walker, xxi, 430 (1860).
1 2, Sierra Leone (type).
Genus XENocHROMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 497 (1902).
XENOCHROMA CANDIDATA.
Xenochroma candidata, Warr., l.c., p. 498.
1 9, Teita, E. Africa.
The type, a female from Kilwa, German E. Africa, is
in coll. Rothschild,
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 541
Genus MrmanpriA, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 88 (1895).
MIMANDRIA INSULARIS, nov.
3, 9. Of a uniform pale greyish-white, tinged with ochreous,
covered with minute grey irrorations; a grey lunular mark at the
end of each cell; fore-wings with two transverse outwardly curved
ochreous-grey lines, the former ante-medial and sinuous, the latter
discal, dentated and more rounded ; hind-wings with a similar discal
line, a row of greyish-ochreous spots outside this line on both wings,
and marginal lunules of the same colour; under-side paler and more
sordid grey, both wings with grey cell-spots, a crenulated discal thin
grey band and grey lunules in the outer margin.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 14%, 2 12%) inches.
5 $, 1 9, Madagascar (Cowan).
It is a curious fact that though Warren made this
species the type of his Genus he forgot to describe it.
Genus SyNCLysMus, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 242
(1879).
SYNCLYSMUS NIVEUS.
Synclysmus niveus, Butler, |. c.
2 $, Madagascar, including the type.
Genus EpIsoTHALMA, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 149 (1893).
EPISOTHALMA MARGINATA.
Lpisothalma marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 38 (1897).
1 Z, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Warren’s type, a male from the same locality, is in coll.
Rothschild.
EPISOTHALMA KABARIA, nov.
¢. Palpi, antenne, frons, and head brown-pink, body paler ; both
wings of a uniform dark grass-green ; costa of fore-wings brown-pink,
rather broadly at the base and narrowing towards apex ; a thin band
of the same colour on the outer margin of both wings, limited in-
wardly by a very sinuous brown line, inside the band being several
whitish spots, the largest at the apex of fore-wings; there are some
pale streaks in all these examples, but these are no doubt caused by
loss of colour, so often occurring in green moths; under-side uniform
542 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
pale pink, the costal line of both wings dark pink, the outer border
as above, but with the ground-colour pale black ; body and legs pink.
Expanse of wings 3 inch.
3 g, Sierra Leone (Clements).
Allied to £. marginata, Warr.
EPISOTHALMA SUBFUSCATA.
Lpisothalma subfuscata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 494 (1902).
1 ¢, Old Calabar. The type, a male from Oguta, Niger,
is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus AGATHIA, Guen., Phal., i, p. 380 (1857).
AGATHIA ELENARIA, nov.
d, ¢. Pale green, upper part of palpi, head, thorax, and basal
patch on both wings chocolate- brown; palpi white beneath ;
thorax with a green stripe on the front and at the sides; abdomen
pale brown, white at the sides and at the tip; a thin very zigzag
chocolate-brown transverse band on the fore-wings a little before
the middle ; a similar coloured thin discal band across both wings,
rather close to the margin, and joined to the margin at the middle on
the fore-wings and at the tail on the hind-wings, from which to the
anal angle the marginal space is entirely brown; there is also a
small brown spot at the apex of fore-wings. The female is
similar to the male, except that the discal band on both wings is
very broad, on the hind-wings occupying more than half the wing,
leaving only a small pale space on the outer margins ; the under-side
in both sexes is pure white with the discal band more or less as
above.
Expanse of wings 1,7; inches.
gf, Old Calabar (Crampton). 9, Sapele, River Niger
(Sampson).
AGATHIA MULTISCRIPTA.
Agathia multiscripta, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 233 (1898).
2 9, Cameroons.
The type, a female from Warri, Niger Coast, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus TANAoRHINUS, Butler, Ill. Het., B. M., iii, p. 38
(1879).
TANAORHINUS HUMIDARIA, nov.
$. Tips of palpi and plumes of the antenne blackish-brown,
Tropical Africa in the National Collection, 548
remainder of palpi, frons, and shafts of the antennw bright orange-
ochreous, top of head pure white ; body and wings of a uniform
dark ochreous-grey, striated with dull dark green, the striations
thickened in the middle, forming a broad transverse band across both
wings, with a corresponding band on the abdomen ; under-side paler,
with the band complete on fore-wings, and only on lower half of
hind-wings. This is the description of the type specimen, but the
species varies considerably ; two examples are tinged with red,
especially on the under-side; in others the medial band is more or
less obsolete , in one example there is no sign of it above or below.
Expanse of wings 14%; inches,
5 f, Madagascar (Cowan).
Genus EucHtoris, Hiibn., Verz., p. 283 (1818).
Pareuchloris, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 386 (1894).
Comostolopsis, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 494 (1902).
EUCHLORIS SIMPLEX.
Comostolopsis sumplea, Warr., |. c.
1 f, Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa. 1 $, Ndimu, mile 469,
Uganda Railway, Brit. E. Africa. |
The types from the Escarpment are in coll. Rothschild ; it
is very doubtfully distinct from Poreuchloris apicata, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., v, p. 14 = Phorodesma (?) fuscipuncta, Warr.,
l.c., vi, p. 291, both from South Africa, and stil/aria, Felder,
Reise, Nov., pl. 127, f. 17.
Genus SYNDROMODES, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 45 (1898).
SYNDROMODES PULCHRIFIMBRIA.
Syndromodes pulchrifimbria, Warr., l.c., ix, p. 496 (1902).
1 g, 2 9, Nairowa, Brit. E. Africa. 1 3, Ndimu, mile
469, Uganda Railway.
The type, a male from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
SYNDROMODES SABIATA.
Racheospila sabiata, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep., pl. 127, f. 36
(1874).
Syndromodes rubridentata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 213
(1897).
tea Brit. H Atmea>, 1, ¢ ; Accra.
544 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridxe of
Felder’s type a male from Natal, and Warren’s type a
female from Dar-es-Salaam, are both in coll. Rothschild.
Felder calls his a female, but his figure is that of a male.
SYNDROMODES CG@RULEA.
Mieroloxia (¢) cerulea, Warr., Nov. Zool. iii, p. 368 (1896).
Syndromodes coerulea, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 27 (1899).
1 ¢, Appan, Gold Coast.
The type, a male from Songive Valley, Lake Nyassa, is
in coll, Rothschild.
Genus THALASSODES, Guen., Phal., i, p. 359 (1857).
THALASSODES CONGRUA.
Geometra congrua, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1. (11),
p. 371 (1869).
Thalassodes nigripunctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 46, f
(1897).
a, s Warr., |. c., v, p. 237, 2 (1898).
1 g, Congo (type). 23,29, Old Calabar. 1 9, Lagos.
1 2, Sapele, River Niger.
Warren’s types from the Cameroons and Uganda are in
coll. Rothschild.
THALASSODES SALUTARIA, nov.
@. Antenne, palpi, frons, head, and abdomen white, thorax and
wings of a uniform bright green colour; costal line of fore-wings
brown-pink ; a black dot at the end of each cell; cilia white varie-
gated with green and brown-pink patches; under-side of wing pale
green ; body and legs whitish, no markings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
THALASSODES HADRATA.
Nemoria (?) hadrata, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep., pl. 127,
f, 27, § (1874).
1 2, Gold Coast.
The type from Knysna is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus Prasinocyma, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 44 (1897).
PRASINOCYMA PULCHRARIA, nov.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 545
¢, 2. Bright green, striated with white ; palpi and frons red-
pink; antenne pinkish-grey; abdomen whitish ; head, thorax,
and wings green, costal line of fore-wings red-pink, a black dot
at the end of each cell ; under-side, body and legs whitish, wings
pale green, outer margin with black dots.
Expanse of wings 1%; inches.
1 Z, Ngong, Machakos to Neugia (Crawshay) (type). 1 2,
Old Calabar (Crompton) (type). 2 ¢, Machakos.
PRASINOCYMA ASYLLARIA, nov.
Q@. Antenne, palpi, and frons pinkish-ochreous, abdomen
whitish ; head, thorax, and wings grass-green ; fore-wings with a
black spot at the end of the cell and the costal line ochreous, both
wings with the cilia white marked with green; under-side as above
but paler; body whitish, legs pinkish-ochreous.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
2 f, Madagascar (M/s. Kingdon).
The branches of the antenn are rather longer than in
the other species of this Genus.
PRASINOCYMA UNIPUNCTA.
Prasinocyma wnipuncta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 44 (1897).
1 2, Munisu, Brit. E. Africa. 1 2, Machakos, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 ¢, Gwelil, Brit. E. Africa, 1 $, Nairowa, Brit.
EK, Africa.
The type, a male from Natal, is in coll. Rothschild ; it
is smaller than the above, but otherwise not different.
Genus GEeLasMA, Warr., P. Z. 8., 1898, p. 352.
GELASMA COWANI.
Thalera cowani, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v, p. 390
(1880).
1 ¢, Madagascar (type).
GELASMA ZEBRA.
Nemoria zebrea, Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 495, pl. 14, f. 264
(1884),
1 f, Madagascar.
546 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
Genus THALERA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 285 (1818).
THALERA OBLONGATA.
Thalera oblongata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 17 (1898).
1 f, Sierra Leone.
The type, a female from Warri, Niger Coast, is in coll.
Rothschild.
THALERA (?) TURPISARIA, nov.
d. Palpi and frons dark brownish-black, antennw, head, thorax
and first two segments of the abdomen dull greenish-ochreous,
remaining segments dark brown; wings dull greenish-ochreous,
fore-wings slightly suffused with dull green in the interior parts; a
brown spot at the end of the cell, some brown dots on the costal
margin, and a brown thin discal band, erect from the hinder margin
near the angle to vein 6 ; hind-wings more thickly and darkly suf-
fused with green, the suffusion covering the whole of the upper por-
tion of the wings, and running to the abdominal margin in the form
of three bands; under-side strongly tinged with pink, with greenish-
brown suffusion on the lower portions of fore-wings and over nearly
all the hind-wings ; two middle transverse bands, both of which on
the fore-wings stop short of the costa; a brown spot at the end of
each cell.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. Sapele, River Niger (Sampson).
The insect has lost its hind-legs, therefore I cannot
properly place it ; it has bipectinate antenne like a Thalera
and veins 3 and 4 of the bind-wings are stalked, but there
is no excision between veins 3 and 4.
Genus XANTHODURA, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v, p.
384 (1880).
XANTHODURA TRUCIDATA.
Aanthodura trucidata, Butler, |. c., p. 385.
1 f, Madagascar (type).
Genus ANTHARMOSTES, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 21 (1899).
ANTHARMOSTES INTERALBICANS.
Antharnostes interalbicans, Warr., l.c., 1x, p. 493 (1902).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection, 547
1 Z, Ashanti.
The type, a male from the Upper Congo, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus HemItHEA, Dup., Lep. France, iv (2), p. 238 (1829).
HEMITHEA SAPOLIARIA, nov.
4, @. Palpi, frons, and head ochreous-brown, antenne and
abdomen whitish, thorax and wings green, striated with white ;
costa of fore-wings ochreous-grey ; a discal transverse whitish line
across both wings nearly straight and upright, but angled on the
hind-wings in conformity with the shape of the outer margin ; cilia
whitish ; under-side, wings paler, otherwise as above ; body and legs
ochreous-white.
Expanse of wings 1;'5 inches.
1 Z, Mombasa (J. D. McCay). 1 2, Old Calabar.
Though these sexes came from the East and West, there
can be no question as to their identity.
Genus AGRAPTOCHLORA, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 389 (1894).
AGRAPTOCHLORA SUBASPERSA.
Agraptochlora subaspersa, Warr., |. c., p. 390.
1 2, Usambara, E. Africa.
The type, a female from South Africa, is in coll.
Rothschild.
AGRAPTOCHLORA RUBRIPLAGA.
Agraptochlora rubriplaga, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 33 (1897).
1 9, Kui, Brit. E. Africa.
The type, a male from Natal, is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus Jopis, Hiibn., Verz., 285 (1818).
JODIS STIBOLEPIDA.
Comibeena stibolepida, Butler, Cist. Ent., 11, p. 394 (1879).
1 $, Madagascar (type).
JODIS GLACIALIS.
Thalassodes glacialis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 391
(1880).
cf pallidulata, Mab., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxii,
p. 21, (1880).
548 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridxe of
1 3, Madagascar (type).
Mabille’s type also came from Madagascar, the descrip-
tion fits glacialis very well.
Genus GONOCHLORA, nov.
Shaft of the antenne of the male laminate, with clavate teeth be-
neath, as in some of the Drepanulide ; fore-wings projecting squarely
between veins 3 and 4; hind-wings acutely angled at vein 4 and with
a minor angulation at vein 3; hind tibize with one pair of terminal
spurs ; palpi porrect, strong and thick ; a development of the genus
Jodis.
Type minutaria, nov.
GONOCHLORA MINUTARIA, nov.
6. Dull greenish-ochreous ; probably in freshly emerged specimens
the colour is grass-green ; a black dot at the end of each cell ; indica-
tions of a transverse sinuous discal line; costal line of fore-wings and
marginal line of both wings chestnut-red ; under-side white without
markings ; palpi, frons and head bright orange-ochreous.
Expanse of wings 75 inch.
2 ¢, Sierra Leone (Clements).
Genus NemoriA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 285 (1818).
NEMORIA ATTENUATA.
Nemoria (?) attenuata, Walker, xxvi, 1558, f (1862).
Jodis reductata, Walker, xxxv, 1606, 2 (1866).
4 f,29, Sierra Leone.
The type male from the Cape is in Mus. Oxon.,
the type female was in coll. d’Urban, but where that
collection now is, is not known ; there are several examples
of this species in the B. M. from 8. Africa, and examples
in the Tring Mus. from Sierra Leone and Angola.
NEMORIA APPROXIMANS.
Hemithea approximans, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 89 (1897).
Nemoria approximans, Warr., |. c., v, p. 285 (1898).
1 f, Sierra Leone.
The type, a male from Natal, is in coll. Rothschild.
NEMORIA MALESCRIPTA.
Hemithea malescripta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 40 (1897).
Nemoria malescripta, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 235 (1898).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 549
1 g, Tana River, Brit. E. Africa. 1 3, Msokani, Kitwi,
Berit. Ki. Atrica. 1 7)-1, 9, Teita, Brite Atrca. 2 23 9,
Sierra Leone.
The types from Natal are in coll. Rothschild.
NEMORIA AFFLICTARIA, nov.
¢. Dull greenish-ochreous, probably grass-green when freshly
emerged, basal half of antenne nearly white; wings with a pale
bordered grey lunule at the end of each cell; costal line of fore-
wings chocolate-brown ; a grey discal nearly straight line with pale
outer edging from abdominal margin of hind-wings to apex of fore-
wings; marginal line grey, cilia whitish; under-side white, no
markings.
Expanse of wings ,, inch.
2 @, Sierra Leone (Clements).
Genus Mixocera, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 206 (1901).
MIXOCERA ALBIMARGO.
Mixocera albimargo, Warr., |. ¢.
aoa. Accra,
The type, a male from Ogruga, River Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus KucrostTEs, Hiibn., Verz., p. 283 (1818).
EUCROSTES RUBRIDISCA.
Hucrostes rubridisca, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 38 (1897).
1 g, Tonga, Brit. E. Africa. 1 g, Old Calabar.
The type, a male from Dar-es-Salaam in German E.
Africa, is in coll. Rothschild.
EUCROSTES IMPUNCTATA.
Hucrostes impunctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 211, pl. 5, f.
15 (1897).
1 2, Sierra Leone.
The type, a male from Mombasa, is in coll. Rothschild;
there is also a male from Mashonaland in the B. M.
EUCROSTES BEATIFICATA.
Geometra beatificata, Walker, xxvi, 1554 (1862).
1 g, Sierra Leone (type).
550 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Genus PROBOLOSCELES, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p.368 (1896).
PROBOLOSCELES LEUCOSPILATA.
Geometra leucospilata, Walker, xxvi, 1554 (1862).
1 Z, Portuguese E. Africa. 1 9, Teita, E. Africa.
The type, a male in the B. M., is from Natal.
PROBOLOSCELES PUNCTARIA, nov.
¢. Shaft of antennz and palpi above chocolate-brown, palpi
below and frons pure white, plumes of antennz and collar ochreous-
grey, abdomen white, thorax and wings green, head green with a
white stripe on each side; costa of fore-wings white ; two transverse
lines in rows composed of a white dot on each vein, ante- and post-
medial ; a white dot ringed with chocolate-brown at the end of each
cell; marginal line chocolate-brown, interrupted by white dots on
each vein, cilia chocolate-brown ; under-side pale green, no dots; a
brown spot at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, a medial grey
transverse sinuous line on both wings ; body and legs white.
Expanse of wings ,°; inch.
4 f, Madagascar (Cowan).
Genus Ruomporista, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 44 (1897).
RHOMBORISTA PALLIATA. -
Rhomborista palliata, Warr., |. c., v, p. 16, ? (1898).
5 Warr., |. c., viii, p. 208 (1901).
Phomborista ustipennis, Warr., LC. MDa 2a Onc
1 9, Old Calabar.
The types from Warri are in coll. Rothschild.
Genus PHORODESMA, Boisd., Ind. Méth., p. 179 (1840).
PHORODESMA ALBOVIRIDATA.
Comibena alboviridata, Saalm., Ber. Senck., Ges., 1880, p.
292, 9.
Phorodesma alboviridata, Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 495, pl.
14, f. 271 (1884).
2 f, Accra.
There are examples in the Tring Museum from German
E. Africa and from Angola. The type from Madagascar
is in the Frankfort Mus.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 551
PHORODESMA TRIANGULARIA, Nov.
¢. Antenne, head, and body pale sordid ochreous-grey ; wings
grass-green, the borders sordid ochreous-grey ; the border is broad
along the costa of fore-wings and broader still on the outer margin
of both wings, leaving the green part on the two wings in the form
of a triangle. The outer edging of the green part is brown and is
slightly undulating, the marginal line of both wings is. also brown,
and there are indications of two brown bands within the marginal
band ; the under-side is whitish-ochreous ; on the fore-wings is a
subcostal brown streak, and on both wings a duplicate outer brown
band, rather close to the margin.
Expanse of wings 8; inch.
Madagascar (Cowan).
Genus VictoriA, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 46 (1897).
Archichlora, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 11 (1898).
Chloroteras, Warr., |. c., viii, p. 8 (1901).
VICTORIA VIRIDIMACULA.
Archichlora viridimacula, Warr., |. c., p. 12.
1 g, Old Calabar. 1 9, Pt. Lokko, Sierra Leone.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
The first two genera were erected on female types.
There is a printer’s error in the description of Victoria
“hind margin elbowed at vein 4”—it should be at 4
and 6.
VICTORIA PULVERIPLAGA.
Oospila pulveriplaga, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 14 (1898).
1 2, Old Calabar.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
VICTORIA MARGINATA.
Victoria marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 497 (1902).
1 2, Sapele, River Niger.
The type, a female from Oguta, Niger, is in coll.
Rothschild.
VICTORIA DEVOLUTA.
Comibena devoluta, Walker, xxii, 572 (1861).
Chloroteras devoluta, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 8 (1901).
552 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
1 2, Old Calabar.
The type from W. Africa is in the Mus. Oxon. ; the type
specimen is a male, not female as stated by Walker; it is
the type of the genus.
Genus CHLORODREPANA, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 22 (1899).
CHLORODREPANA ANGUSTIMARGO.
Chlorodrepana angustimargo, Warr., 1. c., viii, p. 7 (1901).
1 $, Sierra Leone.
The type, a female from the same locality, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus OMPHACODES, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 396 (1894).
OMPHACODES ANOMALA.
Omphacodes (?) anomala, Warr., |. ¢., ix., p. 495 (1902).
1 2, Machakos.
The type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
OMPHACODES DICHROMA.
Sterrha dichroma, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep., pl. 127, f. 20
(1874),
1 9, Kitwi, Kangonde, Brit. E. Africa (Crawshay).
The type, a male from Plettenburg Bay, is in coll.
Rothschild: Felder’s figure gives a white cell spot, which
this insect has rot got, but otherwise it is identical.
Family STERRHINA.
Genus LycauGEs, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 373
(1879).
LYCAUGES DAPHARIA, nov.
é, ¢. Antenne, palpi, head, body and fore-wings dark pinkish-
grey ; hind-wings whitish, pale pinkish-grey towards the outer
border; a black dot at the end of each cell; fore-wings with out-
wardly oblique and crenulate blackish lines, the first from the hinder
margin at one-third to the middle of the cell, the second from the
hinder margin at two-thirds to near the apex; the first is pale, the
second is dark and is the inner limit of a narrow grey band ; between
these two lines is an indistinct similar grey thin band, which in
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 553
some specimens runs to costa near apex ; there is also a submarginal
indistinct similar band and marginal black points ; hind-wings with
a blackish crenulate thin band across the disc; under-side whitish,
suffused with pinkish in parts, the cell dots and discal bands
prominent.
Expanse of wings ;°; inch.
4 f, 4 92, Machakos (Crawshay), including the types.
1 ¢, Kikuyu. 1 2, Gwelil. 1 $, Eb Urru. 1 9, Naitolia.
LYCAUGES SEVANDARIA, nov.
2. Pale ochreous-grey, sparsely irrorated with rather large
blackish-brown atoms ; a black dot at the end of each cell; fore-wings
with an indistinct outwardly curved grey inner line, both wings
with an oblique medial grey line, also a similar discal line, rather
close together, both running straight from the abdominal margin of
the hind-wings and almost meeting on the costa before the apex ;
another submarginal sinuous line and marginal black lunules ;
under-side whitish, with the markings as above, but indistinct.
Expanse of wings 5; inch.
Hab. EK. Quaso, Masai, Brit. E. Africa (Betton).
LYCAUGES ERINARIA, nov.
?. Frons and palpi at the tips blackish-brown ; head, body, and
wings whitish-grey, irrorated with blackish-brown atoms, collar
blackish-brown ; some marks of that colour on the thorax and on the
abdomen, forming segmental bands; indications of an outwardly
curved, grey, inner line on the fore-wings; both wings with a
greyish-brown, nearly straight central band from the abdominal
margin of the hind-wings to costa of fore-wings before the apex,
single on the hind-wings, double on the fore-wings, with a black
crenulate line running inside the double band ; the space between
this central band and the outer margin filled in with three indistinct,
sinuous grey bands ; marginal lunules blackish-brown; under-side
paler, markings as above.
Expanse of wings 3% inch.
Hab. Kikuyt, Machakos to Neugia (Crawshay).
LYCAUGES COMMARIA, nov.
?. Pale ochreous-grey ; frons brown, abdomen with brown bands;
fore-wings and lower portion of hind-wings irrorated with blackish-
brown atoms; a black dot at the end of each cell; fore-wings with a
blackish band from middle of hinder margin to costa near apex, a
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 36
554 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
submarginal grey sinuous line, a duplicate grey sinuous line between
them ; hind-wings with a thin crenulate grey short band from the
middle of the abdominal margin to the cell dot and three similar
short bands at even distances apart between this and the outer
margin ; the upper half of the wing white without irrorations or
markings ; under-side mostly pure white, markings as above.
Expanse of wings 3% inch.
2 2, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
Genus EmmMILtis, Hiibn., Verz., p. 309 (1818).
_ Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 28 (1902).
Craspedia, Hiibn., |. c., p. 312.
Trichoclada, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 208.
Runeca, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 252 (1888).
EMMILTIS INTERNATARIA.
Acidalia internataria, Walker, xxii, 746 (1861).
1 2, Congo (type). 1g, Teita, Brit. E. Africa. 1 9,
Muthambi, Brit. E. Africa.
EMMILTIS LACTARIA.
Acidalia lactaria, Walker, xxii, 744 (1861).
Acidalia intervulsata, Walker, xxii, 745.
Acidalia tectaria, Walker, xxxv, 1619 (1866).
2 J, 3 9, Sierra Leone, including both types. 1 3, Mas-
sowah. 1 g, Abyssinia. 4 f, 1 2, Old Calabar.
Tn vol. xxxv Walker renamed his lactaria.
EMMILTIS FUMOSARIA, nov.
d, 2. Palpi, frons, and head blackish-brown, space between the
antenne pure white; body and wings grey, with a slight pinkish-
ochreous tinge, abdomen with grey bands; wings covered with
minute brown irrorations ; a brown dot at the end of each cell; all
the bands and lines grey and oblique ; on the fore-wings there is an
inner straight line, on both wings a central band, from the middle of
the abdominal margin of hind-wings to the costa before apex of
fore-wings, where it is bent slightly round inwards; this band is
really a duplex line with the inner part filled in with grey; between
this and the outer margin there are two crenulate lines on the fore-
wings and three on the hind-wings ; submarginal grey points, and
marginal brown points, and marginal grey line ; under-side much as
above, but paler.
Expanse of wings 1 inch,
Tropical Africa in the National Collection, 555
2 g, Kikuyu, Nairobi Plains (type) (Crawshay). 2 ¢,
Eb Urru (Betton). 1 gf, Nairobi, Machakos (Betton).
12, Nairowa (Betton). 12, Ndabibi (Betton) (type).
The type 2 is in rather poor condition and _ has lost its
abdomen ; it is a little darker than the males, but is other-
wise not different.
EMMILTIS INSCRIPTATA.
Acidalia inscriptata, Walker, xxvi, 1605 (1862).
Craspedia nigrinotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 52 (1897).
3 ¢, Sierra Leone. 1 %, Old Calabar.
The type from §. Africa is in this Museum, Warren’s
types from Zomba are in coll. Rothschild.
EMMILTIS CONSENTANEA.
Acidalia consentanea, Walker, xxii, 745 (1861).
Acidalia derasata, Walker, xxvi, 1604 (1862).
6 ¢, Machakos, Brit. E. Africa. 1 ¢, Nairowa, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 g, Teita, Brit. E. Africa. 1 f, 1 2, Kikuyu, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 $, Appan, Gold Coast. 1 ¢, Old Calabar. 2 ¢, 19,
Sierra Leone.
The types from the Cape are in this Museum, as are
also several examples from Natal and Cape Colony.
EMMILTIS OSSICOLOR.
Craspedia ossicolor, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 218 (1897).
Craspedia (2) submarginata, Warr., |. c., v, p. 241 (1898).
1 g, Old Calabar. 5 2,1, Sierra Leone. 1 9, Sapele,
River Niger.
The type, a male from Sierra Leone, and the type
of submarginata, a female from Warri, are in coll.
Rothschild.
EMMILTIS FIBULATA.
Acidalia fibulata, Guen., Phal., i, p. 490, pl. 15, f. 5 (1857).
Craspedia fibulata, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., i, p, 432 (1895).
4 f, Eb Urru, Brit. E. Africa. 1 2, El Burgon, mile 478,
Uganda Railway.
There are two examples from 8. Africa in the B. M., it
is a common insect all over the Eastern world, and has
been described under many names.
556 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
EMMILTIS SINNARIA, nov.
gd, 2. Greyish-white, irrorated with grey atoms ; space between
the antenne pure white; abdomen with greyish-brown segmental
bands ; wings with the lines greyish-brown and undulating; fore-
wings with three transverse lines, the first inner, incomplete, followed
by a grey lunule at the end of the cell, the second medial, third
discal ; hind-wings with two, the first before the middle, the other
discal ; both wings with a marginal white line containing black
lunules; cilia with grey patches and white tips ; under-side whitish,
with cell spots and markings as above.
Expanse of wings ;% inch.
2 f, 1 2, Machakos (Crawshay).
EMMILTIS CADUCARIA, nov.
d¢d, 2. White with ochreous-grey bands and markings and a few
black irrorations ; upper-side of palpi and frons brown, head black ;
fore-wings with an indistinct stripe on the costal margin, and both
wings with indistinct transverse bands, medial and discal, rather
broad and undulating ; a similarly coloured very indistinct marginal
band ; a black dot at the end of each cell and marginal black points;
under-side whitish with the markings mostly obliterated.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
1 g, East Quaso (Betton) (type). 1 2, mile 478,
Uganda Railway (Betton) (type). 1 9, Hast Quaso (Betton).
EMMILTIS VITIOSARIA, nov.
3, ¢. Outer sides of palpi and frons blackish-brown, top of
head pure white with a brown band behind; body and wings dull
ochreous-white ; some dull ochreous suffused marks indicating ante-
medial, medial, and discal bands, but the indications are very faint ;
a black dot at the end of the cell of hind-wing, and black points in
the outer margin of both wings; under-side dull white without
markings ; fore-legs striped with black on the upper-sides.
Expanse of wings ¢ 133, 2 14% inches.
2 $, 1 9, E. Quaso, Masai (Betton).
EMMILTIS PEARARIA, nov.
¢- Palpi, frons, and head brown, space between the antennz
pure white; body and wings pale ochreous-grey, irrorated with very
minute grey atoms; inner transverse line of fore-wings not visible ;
both wings crossed by medial and discal grey thin bands, slightly
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 557
crenulated but straight and parallel on fore-wings, corresponding to
the shape of the outer margin on the hind-wings; between the outer
band and the margin there are indications of two other similar
bands ; a black dot at the end of each cell, and black dots on the
outer margin ; under-side paler, the two transverse bands distinct.
Expanse of wings 3% inch.
2 f, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
EMMILTIS ROEZARIA, nov.
Q. Frons and palpi chestnut-red, top of head white with a chestnut
band behind ; body and wings white ; costal line of fore-wings chest-
nut-red ; a speck at the end of each cell and indications of a middle
line, which is more apparent on the hind-wings; a dentated grey
discal line with black points across both wings, an indistinct sub-
marginal line and black marginal points; under-side of wings white ;
fore-wings with the costal line red, some red suffusion on the costal
space, discal line red, and marginal line of both wings red.
Expanse of wings 35; inch.
Madagascar (Wiis).
EMMILTIS OPICATA.
Phalena opicata, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 457 (1794).
Pigia infantularia, Guen., Phal., 11, p. 20 (1857).
Micronia vanaria, Walker, xxiii, 820 (1861).
1 f, Chinde to Mandala, Brit. Central Africa (de Jersey).
The type from East Indies is in the Banksian cabinet ;
Guenée’s type, a female, came from Ceylon. There are
many examples from Ceylon and S. India in the B, M.
which are indistinguishable from this Central African
specimen.
EMMILTIS DISSONANS,
Craspedia dissonans, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, 51 (1897).
1 9, Machakos, Brit. E. Africa. 1 9, Eb Urru, Brit. E.
Africa.
The types from Natal are in coll. Rothschild.
EMMILTIS BONAVENTURA.
Craspedia bonaventura, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 50 (1897).
1 g¢, Abyssinia.
The types from Natal are in coll. Rothschild.
558 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
EMMILTIS INTERNATA.
Acidalia internata, Guen., Phal., i, p. 506 (1857).
Acidalia strigulifera, Walker, xxii, 743 (1861).
Acidalia illiturata, Walker, xxvi, 1602 (1862), nec, p. 1755.
Craspedia fimbrilineata, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, 499 (1902).
1 ¢, Nyassaland.
Walker's types from Natal and Krysna are in this
Museum; Warren’s type, a male from the Escarpment, Brit.
E. Africa, is in coll. Rothschild; the species varies much
in size, but I cannot find any other character by which to
separate the different names.
EMMILTIS CASSIARIA, nov,
Q. Palpi, frons, and head black, frons with some white marks ;
body and wings dark grey with a pinkish tinge, smeared with sordid
grey and irrorated with brown atoms ; fore-wings with three brown
spots on the costa indicating the commencement of transverse
bands; all the bands and markings blackish-brown, the inner band
visible only on the fore-wings ; both wings with medial and discal
bands, the first with a red suffusion on its outer side, the other,
double in parts, pointed with black dots, and with a blackish square
patch above the middle on the fore-wings and on the hinder borders
of both wings; a black dot at the end of each cell; a brown marginal
band, marginal black spots, and black spots on the cilia; under-side
paler and more white, with the bands and markings more or less as
above and more prominent.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inches.
3 9, E. Quaso, Masai (Betton).
EMMILTIS (?) MINORATA.
Geometra minorata, Boisd., Faun. Madag., p. 115 (1834).
Acidalia mauritiata, Guen., Phal., i, p. 476 (1857).
1 #, Old Calabar.
_ The type came from the Mauritius; it is a widely-spread
msect; there are examples in the Tring Museum, from
several localities ; it is difficult to know where to put it,
as 1t 1s not a typical Emmiltis, having normal legs and a
pencil of hairs from the femoro-tibial joint, as long as the
tibia itself.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 559
Genus PrycHopopa, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., iii,
p-. 305 (1829).
PTYCHOPODA SUBMACULATA.
Ptychopoda submaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 243 (1898).
2,2 ¢, Sierra Leone.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
PTYCHOPODA MINIMARIA.
Ptychopoda minimaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., xi, p. 468
(1904).
2. I 2 Vana River; Brit. Hy Ainica:
The type, a male from Mombasa, is in coll. Rothschild.
PTYCHOPODA LALASARIA, nov.
gd. Grey ; the ground-colour is ochreous-white, but the greyish-
brown irrorations are so dense as to make it look grey ; lines brownish ;
the interior line faintly visible on the fore-wings, both wings with
two post-medial lines, rather close together, leaving a whitish space
between them; beyond the outer of these two lines is a thin undu-
lating line very close to it; a marginal line; a black dot at the end of
each cell; cilia white with small brown patches; under-side whitish ;
fore-wingsirrorated with brown atoms, hind-wings without irrorations,
the discal bands distinct.
Expanse of wings 5; inch.
Machakos (Crawshay).
PTYCHOPODA FYLLOIDARIA, nov.
¢, 2. Ochreous-fawn colour, irrorated with brown atoms ; costa
of fore-wings with two brown spots, indicating ante-medial and post-
medial lines ; a straight brown thick line from the middle of the
hinder margin to near the apex, being the inner edging of a broad
wedge-shaped band ; a broad submarginal pale band on both wings ;
a black dot at the end of each cell in the female, obsolete in the
male ; hind-wings pale ochreous-grey, with the lower part suffused
with brown ; under-side paler, a blackish streak in the cell of fore-
wings and a similar discal transverse band.
Expanse of wings 33; inch.
1 g, Nairowa (Betton) (type). 1 2, Machakos to
Neugia (Crawshay) (type). 1 2, Kibanni (Crawshay).
1 2, Athi Valley (Crawshay). 1 2, Kikuyu (Crawshay).
560 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
PTYCHOPODA MACROSTYLA.
Eois macrostyla, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 92 (1900).
3 f, Tonga, Brit. E. Africa. 2 ¢, Sierra Leone.
The type, a male from Ikutha, Brit. E. Africa, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus PHYLETIS, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 169 (1857).
PHYLETIS SILONARIA.
Phyletis silonaria, Guen., 1. ¢.
Phyletis sticticata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 10 (1901).
3 $, Machakos. 1 ¢, Kikuyu.
Guenée’s type, a male from Abyssinia (the type of the
Genus), is in the Paris Mus.; Warren’s type, a male from
Uganda, is in coll. Rothschild ; veins 6 and 7 of the hind-
wings are from the cell in this Genus and not on a stalk
as in Lhodostrophia.
Genus PERIXERA, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 209.
PERIXERA SUBLUNATA, nov.
6. Shaft of the antennz, the space between them, the frons, and
lower side of palpi white ; branches of the antennz blackish ; upper-
side of palpi chestnut-brown; body and wings pale pinkish-grey ;
both wings with a transverse discal row of black dots, the fourth and
seventh counting from the costa on both wings farther inside than
the others; a marginal row of black dots between the veins, a well-
shaped white lunule at the end of each cell; under-side pinkish-
white, dots as above, but no lunules.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inches.
Aburi (Carter),
Has apparently lost the tuft of hairs on the hind-legs,
but has only two terminal spurs.
Genus InpuNA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 55 (1897).
INDUNA EXIGUARIA.
Boarmia exiguaria, Walker, xxi, 868 (1860).
Induna rufisalsa, Warr., 1. ¢.
A eae 2, Machakos, Brit. E. Africa.
The type in the B. M. is a female without antennz from
South Africa ; there are also several examples of both sexes
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 561
from Zululand and Natal; Warren’s types from Natal are
in coll. Rothschild.
Genus CosyMB14A, Hiibn., Verz., p. 302 (1818).
Leucophthalmia, Hiibn., 1. ce.
Ephyra, Dup., Lep. France, iv, p. 102 (1829).
COSYMBIA RUFISTRIGATA,
Ephyra rujistrigata, Hmpsn., P. Z. §., 1896, p. 267, pl. 10,
1 BS
2 f, Teuta, E. Africa.
The types from Aden are in the B, M.
CoSYMBIA ANANDARIA, nov.
g¢. Ochreous-grey with a slight pinkish tinge; plumes of antenne
pale black; wingsirrorated and striated with brown ; fore-wings with
a duplex discal thin band from the hinder margin beyond the middle
meeting together at vein 6 and then as a single thin band to the apex ;
hind-wings with two indistinct and incomplete similar bands, before
and beyond the middle ; under-side coloured as above but with some
pink suffusions ; both wings crossed by a discal thin band.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
1 g, Machakos (Crawshay) (type). 1 2, Kilimanjaro.
COSYMBIA (?) TESTACEATA.
Ephyra testaceata, Walker, xxvi, 1575 (1862).
1 3, Congo (type).
The example is a mere fragment, with torn wings, without
antenne or abdomen, and I doubt if anything will ever be
identified from it.
Genus Pisoraca, Walker, xxiv, 1078 (1862).
PISORACA LEONARIA.
Ephyra (2) leonaria, Walker, xxii, 635 (1861).
Ephyra lutearia, Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad., xlui,
p. 84, pl. 3, f. 21 (1881).
1 g, Sierra Leone (type). 33,1 2, Old Calabar. 1 9,
Sapele, River Niger.
Not a typical Pisoraca, the inner medial spur being pre-
sent on the hind tibize of the male ; in every other respect it
corresponds to Hampson’s diagnosis of the genus Pisoraca.
562 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridxe of
Dewitz’s type, a female from Lagos, corresponds to the
female from Sapele.
Genus TraMINDA, Von Heyd., Ber. 8. G., 1880, pl. 14,
£262.
Traminda, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 100 (1895).
TRAMINDA NIGRIPUNCTA.
Traminda nigripuncta, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 225 (1897).
3 f, Abyssinia.
The type, a female from Liberia, is in coll. Rothschild.
TRAMINDA NEPTUNARIA.
Timandra neptunaria, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 3, pl. 18, f. 5
(1857).
Timandra viridaria, Walker, xxii, 800 (1861).
The type from Abyssinia is in the Paris Museum ;
Walker’s type and several other examples are in the B. M.;
I have it in my own collection from Dar-es-Salaam in
German E. Africa.
TRAMINDA VARIEGATA, nov.
¢, 9. Palpi and upper-side of fore-legs pink, all the legs in some
examples striped with pink ; body and wings varying in colour from
dull green to pinkish-grey; a black dot at the end of cell of fore-wings,
a white dot at the end of the cell of hind-wings, the former with a
white speck, the latter with a black one; a brown medial transverse
thin band, outwardly edged with whitish, from the middle of the
abdominal margin to the costa of fore-wings near the apex; both
wings also with a uniform transverse row of discal dots ; under-side
whitish much suffused with pink, without any markings.
Expanse of wings 1,'; inches.
at, 2, Machakos (Crawshay) (types). 1 2, Nairowa. 1 @,
Takaunga. 1 2, Tonga.
Genus CurysocraspeDA, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., in, p. 448
(1895).
CHRYSOCRASPEDA LATIFLAVARIA, nov.
Q@. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and wings dark pinkish-red, tip
of abdomen yellow ; outer borders of both wings broadly yellow, quite
one-third of the lower part of the fore-wings and throughout the
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 563
hind-wings, the red portion limited by a thick dark red line which
commences at costa of fore-wings near the apex, to near the middle
of the outer margin, then runs inward to the lower end of the cell
and downwards to hinder margin a little beyond the middle, then
continued on the hind-wings, being bent outwards at its middle ;
there are some yellow marks within the red, towards the apex ;
under-side as above but paler ; body and legs yellow.
Expanse of wings ;% inch.
Hab. Lixoma, Nyassaland (£. MW. de Jersey).
CHRYSOCRASPEDA ZEARIA, Nov.
Q. Antenne, frons, and palpi pale purplish-ochreous, also the
body and legs beneath ; head and body above dark red-brown, with
a strong tinge of pink ; fore-wings with the base half and the whole
of the hind-wings of the same colour; this colour on the fore-wings
is limited by an oblique orange edging which extends from the costa
near the middle to the hinder angle; the space beyond is yellow
suffused with orange, leaving a yellow oblique band next to the
orange edging, and a large sub-apical patch of the same colour as the
base of the wing ; hind-wing with a black lunule at the end of the
cell; cilia of both wings broad and yellow with an inside edging of
dark orange ; under-side of both wings uniformly pale greyish-pink,
with the yellow oblique band of the fore-wings, and yellow cilia
to both wings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
2 2, Madagascar (Cowan).
CHRYSOCRASPEDA DORICARIA, nov.
?. Antenne yellow, palpiand frons pink, head and body brownish-
ochreous ; wings yellow with many dark pinkish and brownish-
ochreous marks and small patches, most frequent along costal and
hinder marginal spaces, and also some forming discal and marginal
bands rather close together, and joined in the middle by a bar; a black
dot at the end of the cell ; hind-wings similarly marked but having
the inner portions more yellow ; two black dots at the end of the cell;
the discal and marginal bands more disjointed ; a large blackish-brown
patch on the middle of the abdominal margin, and a corresponding
patch on the middle of the abdomen ; under-side yellow with a few
pinkish-grey marks on the costal space of the fore-wings.
Expanse of wings ,°; inch.
2 2, Madagascar (Cowan).
564 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
CHRYSOCRASPEDA PLANARIA, nov.
Q. Antenne yellow; palpi, head, body, and: wings dull pale
purplish-chocolate colour, very uniform throughout ; hinder mar-
ginal line of fore-wings white ; cilia of both wings bright yellow
with white tips; a very small white dot with a black point at the
end of each cell, no other markings above or below; under-side paler,
cilia white.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab. MADAGASCAR (Cowan).
Genus Prosuepsis, Led., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, 1852,
Abh., p. 74 (1853).
PROBLEPSIS ASGRETTA.
Problepsis xgretta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep., pl. 128, f. 14
(1876). .
Argyris latonaria, var. Walker, xxii, 807 (1861).
Problepsis digammata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 59 (1897).
1 ¢, E. Quaso, Masai, Brit. E. Africa. 1 2, Mt. Molo,
mile 480, Uganda Railway.
Both types from 8. Africa are in coll. Rothschild, and
there are three examples from Natal in the B. M.
PROBLEPSIS VESTALIS.
Argyris vestalis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 419
(1875).
2 2, Eb Urru, Brit. E. Africa.
Butler’s type, a male from Natal, is in this Museum, as
also are several other examples from South Africa; this
insect has heretofore stood in collections as pythiaria,
Guen., the type of which came from Abyssinia, and is
very different.
PROBLEPSIS FLAVISTIGM A, Nov.
3. Palpi black above, antenne ochreous, head, body, and wings
white; a somewhat ear-shaped ocellus at the end of each cell, ringed
with raised silvery scales; on the fore-wing the upper half of the
ocellus is ringed with black, with only a few silvery scales on that
colour; a discal ochreous-grey transverse line on both wings; a
sub-marginal macular line, the spots on the hind-wings the most
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 565
prominent; under-side pure white without markings ; legs striped
with ochreous.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
1 ¢, Free Town, Sierra Leone (type) (Carter). 1 ¢,
Nairobi Forest, Brit. E. Africa (Crawshay).
Genus SoMATINA, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 10 (1857).
Nebessa, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasg., 1 (ii), p. 375
(1868).
SOMATINA CHALYBEATA.
Nebessa chalybeata, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soe. Glasg., 1 (11),
p. 376 (1869).
1 $, Congo (type). 1 4, Accra.
SOMATINA ACCRARIA, Nov.
2. Palpi brown above, frons white, top of head brown, space
between the antenne pure white; body and wings greyish-white, the
outer borders suffused with grey; both wings crossed by two rather
zigzag and dentated grey lines, post-medial and discal, rather close
together and not very distinct; marginal line brown, with elongate
indistinct lunules ; costal line of fore-wings ochreous ; under-side
pure white, without markings ; legs slightly ochreous.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inches.
Hab. Accra (Carter).
Family LARENTIIN &.
Genus PsEUDOSTERRHA, Warr., P. Z.S., 1888, p. 324.
Ethodometra, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 75.
PSEUDOSTERRHA INTERVENATA.
Lthodometra intervenata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 506 (1892).
1 f, 1 9, Kikuyu. 3 2, Machakos. 1 7, Munisu, Brit. E.
Africa. 1 g, Eb Urru, Brit. E. Africa. 1 3, 2 9, Abyssinia.
The types from the Escarpment are in coll. Rothschild ;
the Abyssinian examples are larger than the others, and
the bands duller in colour.
566 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
PSEUDOSTERRHA SACRARIA.
Phalena (Geometra) sacraria, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1. (2), 863,
220 (1759).
2 ¢, 2 9, Eb Urru, Brit. E. Africa. 1 9, Port Ugowe
(Hl. H. Johnston). 19, Munisu. 1 g, Kikuyu.
PSEUDOSTERRHA LUCIDARIA, nov.
g, @. Antenne of male with a black shaft and pale ochreous-
brown pectinations, of the female ochreous; palpi brown; head and
fore-wings yellow ; pectus, frons, collar, costa of fore-wings, cilia, cell
spot, a straight band from apex to vein la, above the middle of the
hinder margin, and then along the vein to near the base, bright
pink ; in the female these colours are dull and paler, and the wing
is more or less suffused with dull pale pink, leaving the veins and
hinder margin yellow; hind-wings and abdomen white, slightly
tinged with yellow ; under-side whitish, costa and cilia bright pink,
discal band brown.
Expanse of wings 14 inches.
1 ¢, 3 2, Machakos (Crawshay).
Genus PHILEREME, Hiibn., Verz., p. 331 (1818).
Scotosia, Steph., Hl. Brit. Ent. Haust., i, p. 259
(1829).
PHILEREME RUBRITINCTA.
Scotosia rubritincta, Hmpsn., Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, p. 38
(1899).
2 $, Munisu, Brit. E. Africa. 1 3, Eb Urru. 3 3,49,
Sokotra, including the type.
Genus PLEROcYMIA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 329 (1818).
PLEROCYMIA MONOSTICTA.
Ortholitha monosticta, Butler, P.Z.S., 1894, p. 592, pl. 37,
eae
Plerocymia nigrocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 236, pl. 5,
f 6 (1897).
4 ¢, Brit. E. Africa (Gregory), including the type. 2 2,
5 9, Kikuyu, Machakos to Neugia. 2 ?, Ngong, Machakos
to Neugia. 1 3, Eb Urru. 2 3g, Abyssinia.
_ Warren’s types from Nandi, Uganda Protectorate, are
in coll, Rothschild.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 567
PLEROCYMIA MEGALARIA.
Eubolia megalaria, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 489 (1857).
Eubolia atroclarata, Walker, xxvi, 1737 (1862).
Hubolia atrosigillata, Walker, xxvi, 1739.
1 g, Lagari, Brit. E. Africa. 1 g, Ndimu, mile 469,
Uganda Railway. 1 2, Machakos.
Walker’s types from South Africa are in this collection ;
Guenée’s type came from Caffraria.
PLEROCYMIA MULTILINEARIA, nov.
3, ¢. Antennx, palpi, frons, and head ochreous-brown, body
ochreous-grey ; fore-wings with the ground-colour white, crossed by
four straight bands composed of brown lines, the second band with
the inner line thick, the others with the outer band thick, the three
first bands with an interior indistinct line; marginal line brown,
cilia grey; hind-wings ochreous-grey, without markings: under-side
pinkish-white with some of the lines on the fore-wings visible, and
a discal outwardly bent pinkish-grey line across the hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. KB UrRv, Brit. E. Africa (Betton).
Allied to P. albiclausa, Warren, from Natal, Nov. Zool.,
iv, p. 236, but that insect has the fore-wings of a dark
fawn-colour, the first two bands obliterated, hind-wings
white, but the bands visible are somewhat similar.
PLEROCYMIA DULCIS.
Eubolia dulcis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 245
sig):
1 f, Madagascar (type).
Genus GONANTICLEA, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 3.
GONANTICLEA OBTUSA.
Gonanticlea obtusa, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 517 (1402).
2 $,2 9, Kukuyu, Brit. Hast Africa. 2 3, El Burgon,
mile 478, Uganda Railway. 1 g¢, Ndimu, mile 469,
Uganda Railway.
Warren’s types from the Escarpment are in coll. Roths-
child.
568 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
GONANTICLEA MERIDIONATA.
Cidaria meridionata, Walker, xxv, 1399 (1862).
1 2, Eb Urru,’ Brit. “EH; Afmiea: (2 eaves:
BE. Africa. 2 9, BE. Quaso, Masai, Brit. EB. Afmea. 1 25
Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway. 1 9, Kikuyu.
The type, a female from 8S. Africa, is in the National
Collection ; it is very faded and worn, and has lost its
abdomen, but the markings are distinguishable; the
insect is very variable, but the markings can be traced
through all the variations.
Genus CosmorHO#, Hiibn., Verz., p. 326 (1818).
COSMORHOE ARGYRIDIA.
Cataclysme argyridia, Butler, P. Z.S., 1894, p. 592, pl. 37,
i 10,
Hulype (2?) disparata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 234, pl. 5,
f, 12 (1897).
1g 1 2, Eb Urru, . Brith a, jAirica.) 9524.) bon i.
Africa, including the type. 1 3%, Ngong, Machakos to
Neugia. 1 ¢, 1 9, Kikuyu. 1 451-2) Ble Surcon, mule
478, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s types from Uganda are in coll. Rothschild.
Genus Monocuyrta, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 128 (1901).
MONOCHYRIA POSEATA.
Amebe poseata, Hiibn., Geyer Samml., Exot., Schmett., v,
p. 46, f. 999, 1000 (1815).
Larentia viridicinctata, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 288 (1857).
Cidaria penetrata, Walker, xxv, 1401 (1862).
Cidaria umbriferata, Walker, xxvi, 1732 (1862).
Cosmorhoێ submaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool.,ix, p. 515 (1902).
2 g, Lavi, Brit. E. Africa, 1 3, Machakos. 5 7, 3 2,
Kikuyu. 4 9, mile 498, Uganda Railway. 1 2, Nairowa.
Walker’s types are in this Museum from South Africa,
where the species seems to be quite common; Warren’s
type, a male from the Escarpment, is in col]. Rothschild.
This species is superficially not distinguishable from
Polystroma subspissata, Warr., Noy. Zool., iv, p. 2387, but
the latter can easily be separated by the male having a
tuft of black hair, on the fore-wing below, somewhat as in
the genus Photoscotosia.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 569
Genus Eprrruo#, Hiibn., Verz., p. 328 (1818).
EPIRRHOE PRASINARIA.
Epirrhoé prasinaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 13 (1901).
16 examples, mile 478, Uganda Railway. 1, Kikuyu.
4, E. Quaso, Masai. 1, Ndabibi.
The type, a female from Kilimanjaro, is in coll. Roths-
child.
EPIRRHOE HELIOPHARLIA, nov.
. Palpi and antennz blackish-brown, head and thorax pinkish-
brown, abdomen pinkish-grey, a pale band at the base, the remain-
ing segments with thin brown bands; fore-wings dark pinkish-grey
with three transverse, almost straight bands, sub-basal, ante-medial
and medial, each composed of four more or less crenulated dark
brown lines ; outside these are several more similar but less con-
spicuous lines, followed by sub-marginal pale lunules, the inner sides
of three of them below the apex suffused with black and another
small sub-apical patch close to them on the outer margin ; hind-wings
whitish with the commencement of numerous transverse crenulated
brown lines from the abdominal margin, which continue for about
one-third of the wing and then become obsolescent ; marginal line
of both wings brown, cilia pale pinkish, interlined with brown ;
under-side whitish with the transverse lines more or less visible
and complete on the hind-wings.
Expanse of wings 1,3, inches.
49, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
Genus OcuyriA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 334 (1818).
OcCHYRIA VIRIDATA.
Coremia viridata, Walker, xxv, 1310 (1865).
Melanippe colorata, var., Walker, xxvi, 1712 (1866).
1 f, mile 498, Uganda Railway. 3 ¢, Machakos.
The type from the Cape is in Mus. Oxon.; there are
also some examples in this Museum from Natal.
OCHYRIA THORENARIA, nov.
2. Frons white; palpi, antennz, head, thorax, and fore-wings
dark pinkish-grey ; the ground-colour of the fore-wings is really
white, with a dark grey (nearly brown), broad basal band, another
similar broad central band, bent outwardly on its inner side, dent-
ated on its outer side, with a large central dentation and a half
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART Ill. (SEPT.) 37
570 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
dentation on the costa and another on the hinder margin, both
bands edged with darker brown; two discal lines close together
and the outer margin brownish ; outer marginal line with white and
brown points ; hind-wings pale pinkish, a row of grey sub-marginal
spots ; under-side of fore-wings pale pinkish with the outer toothed
margin of the central band visible; hind-wings darker pinkish with
a very dark and prominent, outwardly bent pinkish discal band.
Expanse of wings ;’5 inch.
Hab. MADAGASCAR ( Wills).
Genus ASTHENOTRICHA, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 34 (1899).
ASTHENOTRICHA DENTATISSIMA.
Asthenotricha dentatissima, Warr., |. c.
Asthenotricha serraticornis, Warr., |.c., 1x, p. 505 (1902).
3 ¢, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway. 3 fg, 2 9, mile
478, Uganda Railway. 1 3, 2 2, Kikuyu, Roromo.
Warren’s types, a male from Mpwapwa, German East
Africa, and a male from the Escarpment, are in coll.
Rothschild.
ASTHENOTRICHA INUTILIS.
A sthenotricha inutilis, Warr., l.c., vil, p. 200 (1901).
1 f, Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa.
The type, a male from Nandi, is in coll. Rothschild.
ASTHENOTRICHA FLAVICOMA.
Asthenotricha flavicoma, Warr., Nov. Zool. vi, p. 296
(1899).
1 g, Lugari, Brit. E. Africa. 1 ¢, Kikuyu, Brit. E.
Africa, 3 9, El Burgon, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
1 2, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway.
Genus TEPHROCLYSTIA, Hiibn., Verz., p. 328 (1818).
Eupithecia, Curt., Brit. Ent., vi, p. 64 (1825).
TEPHROCLYSTIA DILUCIDA.
Tephroclystia dilucida, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 297 (1899).
1 g, E. Quaso, Masao.
The type, a female from Nandi Station, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 571
TEPHROCLYSTIA NIGRIBASIS.
Tephroclystia nigribasis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p.511 (1902).
‘ 4 var. carnea, Warr., |. ¢.
1 2, Athi-ya-Mawe, Brit. EK. Africa. 1 3, Kikuyu, Brit.
E. Africa. 1 9, Ndimu, mile 469, Uganda Railway. 1 &,
mile 478, Uganda Railway. 1 9, East Quaso, Masai.
Warren’s types from the Escarpment are in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHROCLYSTIA REGULOSA.
Tephroclystia requlosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 512 (1902).
2 2, Eb Urru, Brit. E, Africa.
The type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHROCLYSTIA ANGUINATA.
Tephroclystia anquinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 310 (1902).
1 f, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
The type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHROCLYSTIA FUMITACTA.
Tephroclystia fumitacta, Warr., Nov. Zool., x, p. 274 (1908).
3 $, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
TEPHROCLYSTIA ORBARIA, nov.
2. Grey, covered with minute brown irrorations; palpi, frons,
head, antenne, and body brown ; fore-wings with a basal _ brown
narrow band, then a broad brown ante-medial band, the two bands
separated by a narrow grey space; a short discal band from the costa,
a sub-marginal band, thick on the costa, narrowing hindwards; all
the bands limited by blackish lines, edged outwardly with whitish,
the sub-marginal whitish line more prominent than the others;
hind-wings grey, without markings ; marginal line of both wings
black ; cilia ochreous marked with brown ; under-side, uniform dull
pale grey; two indistinct ochreous square patches on costa of fore-
wings, beyond the middle, indications of medial and discal curved
thin grey bands on both wings.
Expanse of wings {5 inch.
2 9, Eb Urru (type) (Betton). 1 9, mile 478, Uganda
Railway (Betton).
572 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
TEPHROCLYSTIA MENDOSARIA, nov.
g. Wings long and narrow ; fore-wings with the outer margin nearly
two-thirds the length of the costa; apex rounded ; colour pinkish-
grey, irrorated with minute brown atoms; palpi, antenne, head,
body, and fore-wings dark pinkish-grey; costal line with some
minute brown marks ; a brown dot at the end of the cell; a brown
marginal line divided by the veins ; cilia pale grey with two brown
intérlines ; hind-wings pale grey, the commencement of some brown
bands at the abdominal margin ; marginal line and cilia as in fore-
wings; under-side pale grey, fore-wings with the cell dot and with
indications of a discal thin band ; hind-wings crossed by seven or
eight indistinct grey bands ; legs with brown stripes above.
Expanse of wings {5 inch.
2 g, Machakos (Crawshay).
TEPHROCLYSTIA PICTURATA.
Tephroclystia picturata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 511 (1902).
1 2, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
The type, a female from the Escarpment, is in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHROCLYSTIA VERMICULATA.
Tephroclystia vermiculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 12
(1901).
1 #, Kabauni, Brit. E. Africa. 1 ¢, Machakos.
The type, a female from Nakabimba, Toru, is in coll.
Rothschild.
TEPHROCLYSTIA PERCULSARIA, Nov.
2. Palpi, antenne, and frons dark brown, head, body, and fore-
wings dark pinkish-brown, covered with minute brown irrorations ;
some brown minute marks in the interior of the wing, especially
on the basal half of the median vein ; very indistinct indications of
numerous transverse grey bands on the outer third; a brown dot at
the end of the cell; marginal line brown; cilia of both wings brown,
interlined with pinkish-white ; hind-wings pale grey, the irrorations
thickest at the outer and abdominal margins, making them a little
darker than the rest of the wing; under-side grey, without any
definable markings.
Expanse of wings ;°; inch.
1 ?, East Quaso, Masai (Betton) (type). 2 9, Kikuyu
(Crawshay).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection, 578
TEPHROCLYSTIA LUGUBRIARIA, nov.
?. Antenne, palpi, and frons blackish, head, body, and wings
dark brown, more or less shining, covered with minute brown
irrorations ; fore-wings slightly darker than the hind-wings ; veins
dark brown, edged with faint whitish ; a black dot pointed with
white at the end of the cell ; a sub-marginal row of distinct white
dots ; hind-wings without markings ; cilia of both wings pinkish-
white with brown patches ; under-side of a uniform dark grey,
without any distinct markings.
Expanse of wings 7 inch.
Hab. Roromo, Kikuyu (Crawshay).
Genus CHLoroc tystis, Hiibn., Verz., p. 323 (1818).
CHLOROCLYSTIS MARMORATA.
Chloroclystis marmorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 38 (1889).
1 $1 @, Sierra Leone. 1 , River Niger, Sapele.
The type, a female from Warri, is in coll. Rothschild.
CHLOROCLYSTIS CONSOBRINA.
Calluga consobrina, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 11 (1901).
2 9, River Niger, Sapele.
The types from the Island of St. Thomé are in coll.
Rothschild,
CHLOROCLYSTIS PROTRUSATA.
Chloroclystis protrusata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1x, p. 507 (1902).
3 f, 29, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s types from the Escarpment, Brit. E. Africa,
are in coll. Rothschild.
CHLOROCLYSTIS SIERRARIA, nov.
¢, @. Grey with a pinkish-ochreous tinge ; fore-wings with four
transverse outwardly curved brown lines, sub-basal, ante-medial,
shaded outwardly with brown at the costa, medial and discal, the
medial line sinuous, the discal line rather near the outer margin ; a
spot inside the second line, another at the end of the cell; hind-wings
with three lines corresponding to all but the sub-basal line of the
fore-wings ; marginal border of both wings broadly brown, including
the outer line ; cilia pale with brown patches ; under-side pale grey,
with the three outer lines visible.
Expanse of wings $ inch,
1 2, 2 2, Sierra Leone (Clements) (types).
574 Colonel ©. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
Genus GyMmNoscELis, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), vii,
p. 656 (1867).
GYMNOSCELIS BIRIVULATA.
Gymnoscelis birivulata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1x, p. 509 (1902).
1 °, Ngong, Machakos to Neugia.
The type, a female from St. Thomé, is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus Sauris, Guen., Phal., 11, p. 8361 (1857).
Remodes, Guen., |. ¢., p. 362.
Holorista, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 397 (1894).
SAURIS SPECTABILIS.
Holorista (2) spectabilis, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 36, ¢ (1899).
1 ¢, El Burgon, mile 478, Uganda Railway.
Warren’s type, a male from Natal, is in coll. Rothschild.
Genus Evcestta, Hiibn., Verz., p. 322 (1818).
EUCESTIA NEDDARIA, nov.
?. Antenne and palpi brown, frons, head, and thorax pinkish-
grey, with some brown hairs, thorax with a wedge-shaped brown
mark in front ; abdomen brown, second and last segments pinkish-
grey; fore-wings with the costal space broadly brown, with some
transverse darker markings, the space limited in front by a white
apical streak ; a white transverse bent line above the white streak
one-fifth from apex ; outer marginal border brown, the rest of the
wing pinkish-grey, with a longitudinal oval brown spot, circled
with black and white, in the centre of the wing, and a similar mark
in the centre of the hinder margin, occupying the major portion of
the margin ; marginal line brown,: interrupted by the veins ; cilia
white with a grey interline, with brown spots upon them; hind-wings
brownish-grey, marginal line and cilia as in fore-wings ; under-side
pale brownish-grey ; a brown dot at the end of each cell; fore-wings
with a discal and hind-wings with a medial dentated line, and the
latter with a suffused grey discal band.
Expanse of wings 1.3, inches.
2 ?, mile 478, Uganda Railway (Betton).
Costal and sub-costal veins of hind-wings anastomosing
for about three-fourths the length of the cell.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 575
Genus Loprpiopreryx, Warr., Nov. Zool., ix, p. 518 (1902).
LOBIDIOPTERYX VENINOTATA.
Lolndiopteryx veninotata, Warr., |. ¢.
2 9, Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa.
Warren’s types from the Escarpment are in coll.
Rothschild.
Genus Trreropra, Guen., Phal., i, p. 352 (1857).
TRIMETOPIA A’THERARIA.
Trimetopia xtheraria, Guen., |. c., pl..5; 4. 9:
1 ¢, Usambara, K. Africa (Legros).
Guenée’s type from Abyssinia is in the Paris Museum.
Antennz pectinated in both sexes.
TRIMETOPIA C@RULEA.
Trimetopia cwerulea, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 22 (1898).
1 2, Kikuyu (Crawshay).
The type, a male from Lamu, Brit. E. Africa, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Family MONOCTENIINZ.
Genus AFRopHYLA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 83 (1895).
AFROPHYLA DICHORDATA.
Afrophyla dichordata, Warr., |. c.
14,12, Kilimanjaro.
Warren’s type, a female from Tiveta, is in coll.
Rothschild.
Family ORTHOSTIXIN A.
Genus RAMBARA, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii, p. 458 (1887).
RAMBARA PUELLA.
Zanclopteryx puella, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v, p. 391
(1880).
1 g, Madagascar (type).
RAMBARA SYLLARIA, nov.
g- Antennx, palpi, and frons dark brown, head, body, and wings
white; fore-wings with the costal line brownish-ochreous ; a discal
576 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
row of six or seven rather large spots, five of them in a row down-
wards, the two others near hinder margin a little beyond the
middle ; hind-wings with a dark brown spot at the end of the cell,
a discal row of brownish-ochreous spots, outwardly curved in its
centre ; both wings with a brown Iunular marginal line; wings
thinly clothed ; under-side pure white, without any markings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. SIERRA LEONE (Clements).
RAMBARA THEARIA, nov.
¢. Antenne and frons brown; palpi, head, body, and wings
white ; fore-wings with a large dark brown spot at the end of the
cell; macular bands pale brownish-ochreous, one ante-medial, out-
wardly curved, the other discal, bent inwards below the middle
and then straight down to the hinder margin a little beyond the
middle, the spots rather close together, the upper part of the band
rather close to the outer margin; hind-wings with a brownish-
ochreous spot at the end of the cell, and a discal macular band
corresponding to the discal band of the fore-wings; outer margin of
both wings with black dots; under-side pure white, a black dot at
the end of the cell of fore-wings.
Expanse of wings ,% inch.
2 f§, Cameroons (Prof. Sjostedt).
Genus BRACHYTRITA, nov.
Third joint of palpi obliquely upturned, short and
blunt ; fore-wing with cell less than half the length of the
wing; vein 6 from the end, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked from
just before end of cell, 11 anastomosing with 12; 10
anastomoses with 11 and then again with 8 and 9, forming
a double areole: shape of wings much as in the genus
Alex, Walker.
BRACHYTRITA CERVINARIA, nov.
g. Red fawn-colour, palpi with blackish-brown marks at the
tips, frons brown; head, body, and wings very uniform in colour; a
black spot at the end of the cell of fore-wings, a red-brown thin
band from near apex of fore-wings to the abdominal margin of hind-
wings before the middle; under-side paler and tinged with ochreous,
both wings crossed by a sinuous grey medial line.
Expanse of wings 1,°, inches.
Hab. Dar-es-Salaam (Lruhstorfer).
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 577
Genus Panacropsis, Warr., Nov. Zool., p. 370 (1894).
PANAGROPSIS BIOCELLARIA.
Panagra biocellaria, Walker, xxvi, 1666 (1866).
1 2, without locality (type). 4 %, 5 2, Sierra Leone.
1 9, Old Calabar.
Genus ConoLopata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 369 (1894).
CONOLOPHIA CONSCITARIA.
Panagra conscitaria, Walker, xxxiii, 986 (1861).
Panagra smilodontaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. (2), vil, p. 83,
ply, tb, 2 8702).
1 f, Congo (type). 1 ¢, Kilimanjaro.
Walker’s type is identical with Snellen’s figure; it
seems to be a widely-spread insect, there being also an
example in the B. M. from the Transvaal.
Genus TERINA, Walker, 11, 464 (1854).
TERINA LATIFASCIA.
Terina latifascia, Walker, 1, 464.
Terina niphanda, Druce, P. Z. 8., 1887, p. 671.
Bursada (?) puncticorpus, Warr., Nov. Zool., p. 240, pl. 5,
£18, 2 (1897),
4 2, Congo, including the type. 2 2%, Kiusembo.
Druce’s type from the Congo is in coll. Druce, and
Warren’s type from British Central Africa is in coll.
Rothschild.
The width of the black bands is very variable.
TERINA TENUIFASCIA.
Terina tenuifascia, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 412.
1 ¢, Ogave River (Holland).
The type from the same locality is in coll. Holland.
Genus Perovia, Walker, ii, 560 (1854).
Neurophana, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 167 (1857).
578 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
PETOVIA DICHROARIA.
Geometra dichroaria, Herr.-Schaff., Auss. Schmett., f. 189
(1854),
Petovia dichroaria, Walker, vii, 1685 (1856),
Neurophana dichroaria, Guen., |. c.
Petovia marginata, Walker, 11, 560, 2 only.
Neurophana incertaria, Guen., |. c., pl. 20, f. 10.
Neurophana amatonga, Vuil., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., ba, p. 194
(1892).
Vuillot’s type came from E. Africa; Herrich-Schiiffer
and Guenée’s types from S. Africa, and there are examples
in the B. M. from the same locality.
Genus PARAPTYCHODES, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 379 (1894).
PARAPTYCHODES TENUIS.
Aletis tenuis, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1878, p. 385.
Terina fulva, Hmpsn., Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), vi, p. 183
(1891).
2 2, Zanzibar, including the type. 1 9,°Wasin, E.
Africa (type fulva). 1 9, Subaki District, E. Africa.
Genus ALETIS, Hiibn., Verz., p. 179 (1818).
ALETIS HELCITA.
Papilio helcita, Clerck, Icones, pl. 39, f. 4 (1764).
Phalena fascelis, Linn., Mus. Ulr., 390, 25 (1764).
Phalena macularia, Fabr., Sp. Ins., 11, 246, 27 (1781).
Papilio fuscifasciatus, Goeze, Ent. Beitr., ii (1), p. 121
(1781).
Aletis druryi, Butler, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 386.
4 2, Mongo-ma-lobok. 1 ¢, 3 9, W. Africa. 6 @,
Old Calabar, 5 9, Isubu, 19 )Ashanw gy
Congo. 1 $,1 2, Accra. 1 9, Sierra Leone.
Fore-wings with veins 7, 8,9 and 10 stalked, 11 from
cell, less than half-way from the base, connected with 7 at
its base by an oblong bar, 7 also connected with 8 by a bar
one-third from its origin, forming a very large areole, 12
free from base to costa, one-third before apex ; antennz of
male with short pectinations.
ALETIS RUBRICAPUT, nov.
¢. Superficially resembling A. helcita, Clerck, but the antenne
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 579
are long and pubescent, not with short pectinations as in helcita, the
palpi (except for the black tip), pectus, and top of head are bright
crimson, frons black, whereas in helcita the frons, pectus, and palpi
are ochreous and the top of the head is black; the neuration is
similar.
Expanse of wings 4,°, inches.
Hab. GoLD Coast.
Venation as in Aletis.
Genus LEPTALeETis, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 379 (1894),
LEPTALETIS VARIABILIS.
Aletis variabilis, Butler, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 386.
2 9, Ambriz, including the type. 1 3, Angola.
Vein 11 of fore-wings from beyond the middle of the
cell, consequently the areole is much shorter than in
Aletis,
LEPTALETIS FORBESI.
Aletis forbesi, Druce, P. Z. 8., 1884, p. 227, pe eae st.
Aletis erici, Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 382, 2
(1896).
Cartaletis flewilimes, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 28 (1897).
2 §, Old Calabar. 1 9, Port Alice, W. Africa (Kirby’s
type).
The type from W. Africa is in coll. Druce. Warren’s
types, f, 2, are from Warri, Niger, in coll. Rothschild.
Genus CaRTALETIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 378 (1894).
CARTALETIS ETHELINDA.
Aletis ethelinda, Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 381
(1896).
Antennz more heavily pectinated than in Aletis or
Leptaletis,
Vein 10 of fore-wing anastomoses with 11, and then
with 8 and 9 forming a double areole.
1 g, 1 2, Parumbiro, E. Africa (types).
The pectinations of the antennze of the males are
longer than in those of the preceding species.
580 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
CARTALETIS MONTEIRONIS.
Aletis monteironis, Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag., xx, p. 156 (1883).
In coll. Swinhoe from Lorenzo Marquez. Many examples
in B. M. from 8. Africa.
Species described as such, that do not belong to the
African Geometride.
Crocinis fenestrata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 244
(1879), Madagascar, belongs to the Drepanulide.
Scotosia congoata, Walker, xxv, 1351.
= Calocalpe (Scotosia) affirmata, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 447, pl.
Ome.
A common South American moth: Walker’s type has no
register number on it, and therefore it is impossible to
trace from whence it came, but undoubtedly a wrong
locality label has got on the pin, and this moth must be
taken out of the African list.
NOT IN “Bake
BOARMIINA.
Stmopteryx (2) cervina, Warr., Nov. Zool. i, p. 457,
Madagascar.
Aischropteryx (2) ansorgei, Warr., 1. ¢., viii, p. 17, Fort
Beni.
Aischropteryx atomaria, Warr., |. ¢., p. 216, Nandi.
Lpigynopteryx abbreviata, Warr., |. c., p. 19, St. Emina,
Busiro.
Epigynopteryx tabitha, Warr., |. c., Uganda.
Kprgynopteryx commixta, Warr., |. c., p. 216, Nandi.
Lpigynopteryx brunnea, Warr., |. c., p. 63, Warri.
Plegapteryx (?) syntomia, Plotz, S. EK. Z., xli, p. 85 (1880),
W. Africa.
Plegapteryx (2) silacea, Plotz, 1. c., p. 86, W. Africa.
Xylopteryx (Cidaria) raphaelaria, Oberth., Ann. Mus.
Genov., xv, p. 180, pl. 1, f. 5 (1880), Abyssinia, from
its figure evidently a Xylopteryx close to versicolor,
Warr.
Aylopteryx (Odontopera) integraria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 166
(1857), Abyssinia.
Syngria hamularia, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. (2), vii, p. 79, pl.
6, f. 11 (1873), Lower Guinea.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 581
Scodiona scapularia, Snellen, |. c., p. 84, pl. 6, f. 4, Lower
Guinea.
Epione malefidaria, Mab. C. R. Ent. Belg., xxiii, p. 22
(1880), Madagascar.
Caberodes insularia, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Caberodes russulata, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897, p. 226,
Comoro Island.
Caberodes hemigrammata, Mab., 1. c., p. 227, Comoro Island.
Cabera vulgaria, Plotz, 8. E. Z., xli, p. 302 (1880), Came-
roons.
Stegania ruberata, Mab., |. c., 1900, p. 736, Madagascar.
Stegania luteorubens, Mab., |. c., p. 787, Madagascar.
Psamatodes arenularia, Mab., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxiii, p. 24
(1880), Madagascar.
Parasynegia rufigrisea, Warr., |. ¢., vii, p. 94, Old Calabar.
Eupagia albistriga, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 311, Madagascar.
Sphingomima heterodoxa, Warr., |. c., p. 312, Warri.
Paracrocota epionata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 258, Lower Niger.
Paracrocota perviata, Warr., |. c., p. 259, Sirabe, N. Betsilu.
Paracrocota semirufa, Warr., |. c., vill, p. 20, Fort Beni.
Aspilates chiarinit, Oberth., |. c., xviii, p. 739, pl. 9, f. 9,
Abyssinia.
Hyposidra gumppenbergt, Moesch., Abh. senck., Nat. Ges.,
xv, p. 96, f. 5 (1888), W. Africa.
Hypochrosis massagaria, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p. 359,
pl. 2, f. 10 (1895), Cameroons.
Omiza tortwosa, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 258, pl. 5, f. 24, Congo.
Crocinis atricostaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897, p.
229, Madagascar.
Heterolocha indiscretaria, Mab., |. c., p. 227, Madagascar.
Metrocampa ferruginaria, Mab., |. c., p. 231, Comoro Isld.
Conchylia smithii, Holland, in Smith and Donaldson’s
Through Unknown African Countries, App. D., p. 419,
f, 12 (1897), E. Africa.
Phorodesma hemistrigata, Mab., 1. c., 1900, p. 740, Mada-
gascar.
Orsonoba trivittata, Mab., |. c., p. 737, Madagascar.
Zamarada (Stegania) hyalinaria, Guen., |. c., p. 45, Abys-
sinia.
Zamarada (Stegania) secutaria, Guen., |. c., Abyssinia.
Zamarada (Stegania) indularia, Guen., |. ¢., p. 46, Abys-
sinia.
Zamarada auratisquama, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 122, Warri.
Zamarada undimarginata, Warr., |. c., p. 123, R. Niger.
582 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Zamarada ansorget, Warr., |. c., p. 261, Kiboko, Brit. E.
Africa.
Zamarada crystallophana, Mab., 1. ¢., p. 741, Madagascar.
Zamarada angustimargo, Warr., |. ¢., vili, p. 212, Angola.
Zamarada (?) confusa, Warr., |. c., Angola.
Zamarada flavicaput, Warr., |. c., Angola.
Zamarada ochrata, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 518, Escarpment.
Neuropolodes sphingata, Warr., |. ¢., u, p. 150, Calabar.
Aplochlora invisibilis, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 76, River Niger.
Peridela crassata, Warr., |. c., p. 110, Mpeta.
Peridela curvifascia, Warr., |. c., Mpeta.
Cophophlebia olivata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 116, Zomba.
Hurythecodes nigricola, Warr., |. c., p. 117, Warri.
EHurythecodes straminea, Warr., |. c., Warr.
Eurythecodes maculosata, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 216, Congo.
Hurythecodes Th)
ab. pallida, punctata ;Warr., |. c., x, p. 277, Escarpment.
and inane.)
Hyostomodes nubilata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 252, pl. 5, f. 11,
Innari, Brit. E. Africa.
Anonychia flexilinea, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 34, Lake Nyassa.
Procypha conformis, Warr., |. c., p. 89, Warri.
Choregia consocia, Warr., J. c., vi, p. 8300, Uganda.
Idiotephra curvivena, Warr., |. c., p. 61, River Niger.
Hyperythra miegii, Mab., Le Nat. i, p. 185 (1882),
Madagascar.
Petrodava olivata ab. insularis, Warr., |. c., Madagascar.
‘ ab. perfusca, Warr. |. ¢., p. 8308, Unyoro.
Pigiopsis convergens, Warr., |. ¢., p. 801, Uganda.
Xenostega fallax, Warr., |. ¢., p. 302, Unyoro.
Melinoessa pauper, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 210, Nandi.
Cacostegania australis, Warr., |. ¢., p. 211, Angola.
Acanthoscelis ansorget, abs. / :
subrufa and Gafiuse y Wate. lo, p. 215, Nandi.
Pigiopsis parallelaria, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 518, Escarpment.
Petelia pietilinea, Warr., |. c., p. 522, Escarpment.
Mesocoela obscura, Warr., |. ¢., p. 5381, Escarpment.
Dasymacaria ansorgei, Warr., |. c., vili, p. 18, Fort Beni.
Fidonia zerenaria, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., i, p. xcii
(1879), Madagascar.
Fidonia (?) eristataria, Plotz, 8. E. Z., xli, p. 3038, Victoria,
W. Africa.
Macaria cataleucaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897, p
229, Zanzibar.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 583
Macaria albogrisearia, Mab., |. c., 1900, p. 7386, Madagascar.
Semiothisa.ostentosaria, Moesch., Abh. senck. Nat. Ges., xv,
p. 93 (1888), W. Africa.
Semtothisa fuscataria, Moesch., |. ¢., p. 94, W. Africa.
Semrothisa parallacta, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 112, Zanzibar.
Semrothisa curvilincata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 309, Nandi.
Semiothisa fulvimargo, Warr., |. c., Unyoro.
Gonodela commixta, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 106, Warri.
Gonodela mundipennis, Warr., |. ¢., vill, p. 213, Angola.
Azata sororcula, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 105, Zomba.
Azata diffusata, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 528, Upper Congo.
Azata separata, Warr., |. c., p. 59, Mikindani.
Acadra affinis, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 527, Uganda.
Evarzia nana, Warr., |. c., v, p. 250, Warri.
Calletzra ansorgei, Warr., |. c., x, p. 275, Niger.
Iunaria teniata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 109, Warr.
Tephrina malesignaria, Mab., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxiii, p. 28
(1880), Madagascar.
Tephrina univirgaria, Mab., |. c., p. 24, Madagascar.
Tephrina inequivirgaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1890,
p. 49, W. Africa.
Tephrina subcurvaria, Mab., |. c., 1897, p. 228, W. Africa.
Tephrina monacmaria, Mab., |. ¢., p. 229, W. Africa.
Tephrina polyacmaria, Mab., |. ¢., p. 230, W. Africa.
Psilocerca turpis, Warr., 1. c., W. Africa.
Pseudaleis (2) pectinata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 97, Warri.
Alcis contortulinea, Warr., |. c., p. 245, Upoto.
» ab. simplex, Warr., |. c., v, p. 247, Congo.
Alcs simulatriz, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 305, Uganda.
Alcis argillacea, Warr., |. c., vu, p. 95, Congo Free State.
Alecis ansorget, Warr., |. ¢., vill, p. 15, Congo Free State.
Alcis remotata, Warr., |. c., p. 16, Nakabimba.
Chogada subcincta, Warr., |. ¢., vili, p. 16, St. Thomé.
Boarmia basilaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1890, p. 47,
W. Africa.
Boarnvia obstitaria, Mab., |. c., W. Africa.
Boarmia monogrammaria, Mab., |. c., p. 48, Zanzibar.
Boarmia atrilunaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxvii, p.
63 (1893), Mauritius.
Boarmia antelmaria, Mab., |. c., p. 64, Mauritius,
Boarmia subocularia, Mab., |. c., W. Africa.
Tephrinopsis assimilis, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 310, Unyoro.
Tephrinopsis sabulifera, Warr., |. c.. Unyoro.
Tephrinopsis lineata, Warr., |. c., vil, p. 214, Benguela.
584 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Tephrinopsis ochrictliata, Warr., |. c., Angola.
Tephrinopsis trinotata, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 530, Escarpment.
Chorodnodes rothi, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 105, Warri.
Geometra (!) diospyrata, Boisd., Faun, Ent. Madag., p. 115,
Madagascar.
Eubyja grisea, Warr., |. c., p. 91, Zomba.
Eubyja (2) expansa, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 48, Niger.
Darisa (?) dissimilis, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 247, pl. 5, f. 17 and
19, Mauritius.
Darisa ochrimacula, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 520, Escarpment.
Calicha brunnea, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 305, Unyoro.
Catascia rufiplaga, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 524, Escarpment.
Ectropis nigripunctata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 98, Warri.
Ectropis subaurata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 306, Mpeta.
Psilocerea fulva, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 532, Escarpment.
Psilocerea nigrocumulata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 533, Escarpment.
Hemerophila tetragraphicata, Saalm., Ber. senck. Ges.,
1880, p. 294, Nossi Bé.
Hemerophila mauritiaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,
xxxvul, p. 62 (1893), Mauritius.
Hemerophila aborta, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 247, Uganda.
Hemerophila obtusata
ab. regulata,
Gnophos liafaria, Plotz, 8. E. Z., xli, p. 303, W. Africa.
Tephrosia griscoalbata, Mab., 1. c., p. 63, Madagascar.
Lepiodes ocellata, Warr., |. c., p. 94, Mpeta.
Thysanopyga subalba, Warr., |. ¢., vii, p. 17, St. Thome.
Calamodes iignaria, Warr., |. ¢., x, p. 275, Angola.
Huomea unilineata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 124, Zomba.
Turckheimerva argentiplaga, Warr. |. c., p. 243, Stanley
Pool.
Turckheimeria rubriplaga, Warr., |. c., Sierra Leone.
Lreunetea fulgida, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 8303, Bopoto.
Pachypalpia subalbata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 98, Ikutha.
Bordeta longimacula, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 83, Dar-es-Salaam.
Mesomima albifrons, Warr., |. c., p. 85, French Congo.
Pitthea fractimacula, Warr., |. c., p. 242, Stanley Pool.
Hylemera flavibasis, Warr., |. c., p. 241, Cameroons.
Hylemera ansorger, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 8038, Uganda.
Hylemera discinota, Warr., |. c., Unyoro.
Negla (Nolera) melanthiata, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1891,
p- 127, Gaboon.
}Warr., l. c., ix, p. 521, Escarpment.
Tropwal Africa in the National Collection. 585
GEOMETRIN ZA.
Hypochroma abyssiniaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 277 (1857),
Abyssinia.
Hypochroma eugrapharia, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1879,
p. 3847, Madagascar.
Hypochroma batiaria, Plotz. 8. E. Z., xli, p. 302 (1880),
Victoria, W. Africa.
Hypochroma signifrontaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,
XXXvu, p. 65 (1893), Mayotte.
Agathia confuscata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 82, Sierra Leone.
Chloromma persimilis, Warr., |. c., p. 36, Warri.
Chlorostrota marginata, Warr., |. c., Warri.
Collesis mimica, Warr., |. c., p. 37, Mpeta.
Episothalma semigrisea, Warr., |. c., p. 38, Congo.
Lpisothalma excavata, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 234, Warri.
Hemithea vermiculata, Warr., lic.,.1¥5 ps Ak, Warr.
Hemithea dentata, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1900, p. 740,
Madagascar.
Hypocela subfulva, Warr., |. c., p. 44, Warri.
Neurotoca notata, Warr., |. c., p. 43, Mpwapwa.
Pareuchloris (?) salsa, Warr., |. c., Sierra Leone.
Pareuchloris (2) simplex, Warr., |. c.,1x, p. 496, Escarpment.
Euchloris ochrea, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 210, pl. 5, f. 21, Dar-es-
Salaam.
Gelasma fuscipuncta, Warr., |. c., v, p. 18, Madagascar.
Thalassodes sumiaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 8359, Senegal.
Thalassodes germinaria, Guen., |. c., p. 360, Abyssinia.
Thalassodes delicataria, Moesch., Abh., senck. Ges., xv, p. 93
(1888), Accra.
Thalassodes rufomarginata, Pag. Jahrb. Hamb. Aust., x, p.
252 (1893), E. Africa.
Thalassodes subreticulata, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1900,
p. 740, Madagascar.
Thalassodes albifimbria, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 216, Blantyre.
Thalassodes rubrimacula, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 292, Unyoro.
Thalassodes pupillata, Warr., l.c., ix, p. 496, Escarpment.
Thalassodes stictimargo, Warr., |.c., p. 497, Escarpment.
Thalassodes unicolor, Warr., |. c., Niger.
Thalassodes opaca, Warr., |.c., v, p. 17, Warri.
Enospila flavitenia, Warr., l.c., p. 13, Warri.
Enospila rubricorpus, Warr., |. c., v, p. 235, Warri.
Probolosceles (?) esmeralda, Warr., l.c., p. 15, Warri.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 38
586 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometride of
Syndromodes tenuis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 16, Warri.
Prasinocyma dohertyt, Warr., 1. ¢., x, p. 271, Escarpment.
Prasinocyma diaphana, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 291, Madagascar.
Victoria perornata, Warr., |. c., v, p. 237, Warri.
Victoria ansorgei, Warr., |. ¢., vill, p. 8, Nakabimba.
Chrysocraspeda rosina, Warr., l.c., p. 238, Nakabimba.
Chrysolene rubripennis, Warr., |. c., Congo.
Chrysolene sanguinolenta, Warr., 1. c., Warri.
Lathochlora inornata, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 91, Warri.
Chlorodrepana angustimargo, Warr., |. c., vii, p. 7, Sierra
Leone.
Chlorodrepana rothi, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 22, Warri.
Antharmostes (2) albisticta, Warr., |. ¢., vill, p. 205, Nandi.
Antharmostes mesoleuca, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 21, Warri.
ab. marginata, Warr., |. c., p. 290, Warri.
Euerostes albicornaria, Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1879,
p. clv, Nossi Be.
Eucrostes albistrigata, Pag., 1. c., E. Africa.
Eucrostes rufostellata, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1900, p. 740,
Madagascar.
Eucrostes rufocellata, Mab., 1. c., p. 741, Madagascar.
Eucrostes lilliputaria, Mab., 1. c., Madagascar.
Lucrostes innotata, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 205, Benguela.
Lucrostes rubristicta, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 23, and ix, p. 493,
Uganda.
= Comostola stillaria, Feld., Reise, Nov., pl. 127, f, 17.
Pycnodontia apicata, Warr., |. c., vill, p. 206, Mpwapwa.
Agraptochlora differens, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 493, Escarpment.
Comostolopsis cerulea, Warr., |. ¢., p. 494, Escarpment.
Comostolopsis (?) anomala, Warr., |. c., p. 495, Escarpment.
Paragathia albimarginata, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 495, Angola.
Hydata (2) dubia, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 24, Warri.
Leucoglyphica (2) fasciata, Warr., |. c., p. 25, Warri.
Acollesis wmbrata, Warr., |.c., p. 290, Unyoro.
Microloxia divergens, Warr., |. ¢., p. 291, Unyoro.
Phorodesma leucochloraria, Mab., C. R. Ent. Bel., xxxiui, p. 22,
Madagascar.
Phorodesma malachitica, Saalm., Ber. senck. Ges., 1880, p.
291, Nossi Bé.
Phyle (2?) banakaria, Plotz, 8. E. Z., xh, p. 302, Victoria,
W. Africa.
Gynopteryx rubedinaria, Moesch., 1. c., p. 46, W. Africa.
Nemoria chlorinaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897, p. 230,
Madagascar.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 587
Nemoria viridellaria, Mab., |. c., p. 231, Mauritius,
Nemoria xquaria, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Thalera ostracites, Karsch., Ent. Nachr., xxvi, p. 370,
Madagascar.
STERRHIN Z.
Pisoraca (?) inornata, Warr., |. c., v, p. 241, Warri.
Pisoraca inequalis, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 501, Barotse.
Cosymbia unocula, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 217, Dar-es-Salaam.
Inpomelia irregularis, Warr., |. c., v, p. 239, and vi, p. 295,
Warri.
Inpomelia striata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 220, Warri.
Induna curvimargo, Warr., |. c., vil, p. 92, Mpeta.
Induna albida, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 295, Usuga.
Lussoblemma viridifusa, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 500, Upper Congo.
Pylarge candidaria, Warr., l.c., p. 504, Escarpment.
Cacorista amputata, Warr., |.c., vi, p. 292, Unyoro.
Cacorista rufimixta, Warr., |. ¢., vii, p. 207, Ogrugu.
Mnesithetis delicata, Warr., |. c., p. 295, Masindi.
Lycauges concurrens, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 57, Mpeta.
Lycauges extremata, Warr., |. c., Akassa.
Lycauges fragilis, Warr., |. c., x, p. 272, Escarpment.
Chlorocraspedia improba, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 294, Unyoro.
Acidalia pulveraria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. (2), vii, p. 75,
pl. 6, f. 7, Lower Guinea.
Acidalia reconditaria, Suellen, |.c., p. 76, pl. 6, f. 8, Lower
Guinea.
Acidalia feculentaria, Mab., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxxiii, p. 23,
Madagascar.
Acidalia punctistriata, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Acidalia lophopterata, Guen., Phal., i, p. 470, Madagascar.
Acidalia rubrosignaria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1900,
p. 737, Madagascar.
Acidalia sparsipunctata, Mab., |. c., p. 738, Madagascar.
Acidalia agrammaria, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Acidalia cuspidata, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Acidalia limbolata, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Acidalia terrearia, Mab., |. c., p. 739, Madagascar.
Acidalia rufolutaria, Mab., 1. ¢., Madagascar.
Acidalia holobapharia, Mab., |. c., Madagascar.
Acidalia latifera, Walker, Proc. N. H. Soe. Glasg., i, p. 332
(type lost), Congo.
Craspedia levipennis, Watr., |. c., iv, p. 52, Cameroons,
588 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geometridx of
Craspedia sufficiens, Warr., |. c., Cameroons.
Craspedia subperlaria, Warr., |. c, p. 53 and v, p. 241
Warri.
Craspedia sagittilinea, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 219, Mombasa.
Craspedia wninotata, Warr., |. c., Sierra Leone.
Craspedia exquisita, Warr., |. c., pl. 5, f£ 10, Upper Shiré
River.
Craspedia flavissima, Warr., l.c., v, p. 239, Warri.
Craspedia hemaleata, Warr., |.c., p. 240, Warri.
Craspedia pyraliata, Warr., |. c., Warri.
Craspedia (2) submarginata, Warr., |. c., p. 241, Warri.
Craspedia transsecta, Warr., |. c., Warri.
Craspedia dissimulans, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 31, Warri.
Craspedia habilis, Warr., |. c., Warri.
Craspedia improba, Warr., |. ¢., p. 294, Unyoro.
Craspedia ochreofusa, Warr., |. c., Unyoro.
Craspedia tenera, Warr., |. c., Nandi.
Craspedia tricommata, Warr., |. c., Unyoro.
Craspepia planipennis, Warr., 1. c., vii, p. 91, Sierra Leone.
Craspedia rufinubes, Warr., |. c., Unyoro.
Craspedia impunctulata, Warr., |. c., vii, p. 9, Sierra Leone.
Craspedia ocellicincta, Warr., |. c., Athi-ya-Mawe.
Craspedia umbratilinea, Warr., 1. c., Kilimanjaro.
Craspedia crassipuncta, Warr., |. c., p. 207, Benguela.
Craspedia fuscobrunnea, Warr., |. c., Nandi.
Craspedia sincera, Warr., |. c., p. 208, Angola.
Craspedia agrapta, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 498, Escarpment.
Craspedia argentidisca, Warr., |. c., Escarpment.
Craspedia muscosaria, Warr., |. c., p. 499, Escarpment.
Craspedia natalica, ab. obliterata, Warr., |. ¢, p. 500,
Escarpment.
Craspedia naias, Warr., l.c., x, p. 272, Escarpment.
Lois roseocincta, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 82, Dar-es-Salaain.
Janarda flamingo, Warr., |. c., vill, p. 208, Angola.
Ptychopoda rufulata, Warr., |. c., p. 11, St. Thome.
Ptychopoda mundipennis, Warr., |. c., v, p. 21, Madagascar.
Ptychopoda subscutulata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 295, Masindi.
Ptychopoda inobtrusa, Warr., |. c., v, p. 243, Warri.
Ptychopoda auriflwa, Warr., |. c., ix, p. 502, Barotse.
Ptychopoda laciniata, Warr., |. c., Escarpment.
Ptychopoda lilliputaria, Warr., 1. c., Angola.
Ptychopoda nitescens, Warr., |. c., Escarpment.
eee enozonata, Warr., |. c., p. 503, Kilwa, Germ. E.
frica.
Tropical Africa in the National Collection. 589
Ptychopoda parallelaria, Warr., |. c., Escarpment.
Ptychopoda recurvinota, Warr., |. ¢., Escarpment.
Sterrha plectaria, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 176, pl. 8, f. 7,
Abyssinia.
Sterrha crescentifera, Warr., l.c., 1x, p, 504, Lialui.
Traminda glauca, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 64, Sierra Leone.
Traminda pallida, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 296, Kiboko.
Traminda subcarnea, Warr., 1. ¢., ix, p. 505, Upper Congo.
Ptochophyle hilaris, Warr., |. c., v, p. 242, Warri.
Argyris pythiaria, Guen., Phals iy py 84) pl 20,06,
Abyssinia,
Problepsis ochripicta, Warr., |. c., vill, p. 10, Sierra Leone.
Problepsis subviridata, Warr., |. c., Sierra Leone.
Antitrygodes dentilinea, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 47, Sierra Leone.
LARENTIIN &.
Scotosia syngrammata, Mab., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxxiil, p. 24,
Madagascar.
Larentia peremptata, Walker, xxiv, 1191 (type lost), Sierra
Leone.
Zerene tricoloraria, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1890, p. 50,
Zanzibar.
Epirrhoé latigrisea, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 72, Zomba.
{pirrhoé subrufaria, Warr., |. c., x, p. 278, Escarpment.
Leucoxena lactea, Warr., |. c., vii, p. 94, Ikutha.
Ochyria trientata, Warr., |. ¢., vili, p. 210, Nandi.
Ochyria ansorget, Warr., 2 c., vi, p. 299, Uganda.
Cosmorhoé annulifera, Warr. Ieee ixep. B15, Escarpment.
Dichroma alternata, Warr., |. ¢., vii, p. 209, ‘Angola.
Synthalia innocens, Warr., i} C., bs p- 506, Escarpment.
Anisobole transscissa, Warr., |. c., p. 514, Escarpment.
Ctenaulis albirupta, Warr., 1. c., p. 515, Escarpment.
Plerocymia arenaria, Warr., l.c., p. 518, Escarpment.
Ansorgia divergens, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 298, Uganda.
Perizoma cancellata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 300, Masindi.
Coremia melissaria, Guen., Phal., ii, p. 411, Central Africa.
Camptogramma distrigaria, Boisd., Faun. Ent. Madag., p.
115, Madagascar.
Xanthorhoé conchata, Warr., \.c., v, p. 29, Nandi.
Asthenotricha semidivisa, Warr., |. c., viii, p. 11, Uganda.
Asthenotricha ansorget, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 296, Nandi.
Chloroctenis similis, Warr., |. c., p. 42, Warri.
590 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Ceometride, etc.
Cidaria nanula, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1900, p. 737,
Madagascar.
Cidaria (Hubolia) cecchi, Oberth., Ann. Mus. Genov., xviii,
p. 739, pl. 9, f. 10 (1883), Abyssinia, closely allied to
Cidaria pudicata, Walker.
Chloroclystis grisea, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 227, Mombasa.
Chloroclystis oblongipennis, Warr.,|.c.,i1x,p. 507, Escarpment.
Eupithecia hemileucaria, Mab., C. R. Ent. Belg., xxxiii, p.
24, Madagascar.
Tephroclystia devestita, Warr., |.c., vi, p. 40, Uganda.
Tephroclystia atomaria, Warr., |. ¢., 1x, p. 510, Escarpment.
Tephroclystia celatisigna, Warr., |. c., Escarpment.
Tephroclystia immensa, Warr., |. c., p. 511, Escarpment.
Tephroelystia semiflavata, Warr., |. c., p. 512, Escarpment.
Tephroclystia bryophilaria, Warr., 1. c., x, p. 273, Escarpment.
Tephroelystia connexa, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 297, Unyoro.
Gnamptoloma muscosa, Warr., |. c., 1x, p. 508, Escarpment.
Mesocolpia subcomosa, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 12, St. Thome.
Gymnoscelis crassata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 208, St. Thome,
Gymnoscelis tenera, Warr., |. c., p. 209, Ogrugu.
Gymnoscelts acutipennis, Warr., l.c., ix, p. 508, Escarpment.
Gymnoscelis carneata, Warr., |. c., p. 509, Escarpment.
Gonanticlea carnifasciata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 299, Unyoro.
MONOCTENIIN &.
Nantheliodes uniformis, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 31, Zomba.
ORTHOSTIXIN i.
Mimatetis humilis, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 378, Gaboon.
Leptaletis pallula, Warr., |. ¢., p. 379, Sierra Leone.
Cust. 3
XXII. Hymenoptera Aculeata from Majorca (1901) and
Spain (1901-2). By Epwarp SAUNDERS,
E.R.S. With Introduction, Notes, and Appendix
by Prof. Epwarp B. Poutton, F.R.S.
[Read June 1st, 1904.]
I, Masorca (1901).
THE Majorcan Aculeates named and described by Mr.
Saunders in this memoir were collected by Mr. W.
Holland, of the Hope Department, Oxford, Mr. A. H.
Hamm, of the same Department, and myself. The
entire collection was made from June 26 to July 12,
1901, in the neighbourhood of Palma, Soller and Pollensa,
or in travelling between these places.
On returning home with many thousands of specimens
belonging to nearly all groups, including those obtained in
a week’s hard work on the mainland, the expenditure of
an immense amount of careful mechanical labour was
necessary before the work of determination could begin.
Interrupted by calls which could not be postponed, about
eighteen months elapsed before I was in a position to
submit the Aculeates to my kind friend, Mr. Edward
Saunders, F.R.S., who has rendered such memorable help
to the Hope Department on many occasions.
The Majorcan Aculeates numbered rather over 3680,
and of these about 2500 were in the first instance ex-
amined by Mr. Saunders. The remaining specimens,
which had been looked upon as duplicates of the com-
monest species, were subsequently studied by him, and a
few species of interest recovered from among them.
It will be seen in his memoir that Mr. Saunders recog-
nises five new species in this material :—Pompilus poultoni,
Mimesa palliditarsis, Halictus dubitabilis, H. holland, and
Ff, hamma.
It is unnecessary again to describe the features of this
beautiful island with its triple division into (1) level
highly-cultivated plains, (2) mountains chiefly developed
along the N.-W. coast, and (8) low marshy land on the
N.-E. bordering parts of the bays of Alcudia and Pollensa.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.)
592 Mr. E. Saunders on
After my first visit to Majorca in 1900 I gave some
account of the main characteristics which appeal to the
naturalist (Ent. Monthly Magazine, Sept. 1901, p. 205).
All three types of country were included in the route
taken in 1902, of which a brief account is given below.
June 26.—We landed at Palma in the morning after an
all-night passage from Barcelona. In the afternoon we
took the Porti Pi tram in order to visit the hill, on the
summit of which Bellver Castle stands at a height of
400 ft. “This was the most favourable locality ... met
with during the visit in 1900” (1c. p. 206), and here I
caught the fine new species of Nomada described by Mr.
Edward Saunders (lc. pp. 209, 210). In July the con-
ditions had greatly changed. The flowers were over and
withered on the exposed surface, and the locality was not
especially productive.
After collecting for a time, we descended the heath-
covered southern slope and made our way to the coast, a
little beyond Porto Pi, working the top and occasionally
the face of the low cliffs beside the coast road running
out of Palma in a §.-W. direction. Along this little
strip of coast there was every degree of slope, while a
considerable number of flowers were still to be found.
Although it was late in the afternoon insects were fairly
abundant and varied.
June 27.—The experience of the previous day induced
us to make further trial of the coast beyond the tram
terminus at Porto Pi. We explored the varied types of
collecting ground to be found along the cliffs as far as the
6th kilometre on the coast road. At Porto Pi itself, and
again at the furthest point, a little bay was found, with
favourable ground running down to sea-level. At the
6th kilometre we explored part of a valley which ran
inland from the bay. <A fine rounded, heath-clad hill
rising behind the cliffs was also traversed.
June 28.—Mr. Holland was ill and unable to walk. Mr.
Hamm and I collected for 13 kilometres along the
straight, level highway running S.-E. of Palma to Lluch-
mayor. We never wandered far from this glaring,
dusty road, occupying most of the time upon the wayside
flowers, where insects were abundant. Irrigation tanks,
fields of lucerne, and on one occasion an old garden were
also visited. The whole day’s work lay in the fertile and
highly-cultivated plain.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 5938
June 29.— During my visit in the previous year I had
made a special note of the Pass of Soller, 22 kilometres
from Palma, as likely to be a favourable locality. The
varied character of the ground, the numerous plants, the
high elevation above the Plain of Palma behind, and
the Valley of Soller in front, the descent on both sides,
the much higher ground readily accessible on either hand,
all pointed to the Pass as a place in which a naturalist
might well spend a few days.
We started to drive across the Plain of Palma towards
the foot of the Pass, without any certainty that we should
find a place to sleep in. When well out in the middle of
the Plain we stopped at a neglected field covered with
umbelliferous flowers and collected for an hour. I had
specially bargained at the Fonda Mallorca for a most
persuasive driver, who would do his best to induce the
proprietress of the little inn on the summit to allow us
to stay. He certainly acted up to his promise, and un-
deterred by repeated failure, plied every oratorical art for
a considerable part of the afternoon. Although several
times the hostess seemed to be upon the point of yielding
she was finally inexorable. At last, however, she sug-
gested that we should ask if we might stay at a neigh-
bouring house—Son Allegra—where Sefior Antonio Pascual
resided. Here we were kindly received, and here our collec-
tion attracted the most lively interest and inquiry. In dumb
show—for the Senor understood no English, and I only a
word or two of Mallorquin—lI was asked whether our cap-
tures were not intended to be stirred up in water and drunk
asa medicine! ‘The idea that insects were taken in order
to be eaten or used as medicine was also met with many
times 1n various parts of the island.
Towards the close of that afternoon we collected upon
the summit of the Pass and the eastern slope rising
from it.
June 30.—The whole of this day was occupied in work-
ing the summit and the slopes rising and descending
from it.
July 1—The steep southern slope leading from the
summit to the Plain of Palma was explored from top to
bottom, and a little work was done on the edge of the
Plain.
July 2.—This day was passed like June 30, at and near
the summit. I explored the high ground rising to the
594 Mr. Edward Saunders on
west and found it favourable. Beyond the gardens of the
few houses on this side of the Pass rose wooded slopes
thinly covered with trees of medium size; beyond these
cornfields were found bordered in certain parts by abun-
dant flowers. Higher still was the bare mountain side;
although even here the frugal islanders do not leave
Nature to herself, for they turn out those most destructive
of domestic mammals, goats and pigs.
July 3.—These western slopes rising high above the
Pass seemed so favourable that we all spent July 3 in
again exploring them.
July 4.—We left the Pass with regret. The view to
the south of the vast Plain of Palma was a striking and
beautiful contrast with that to the north,—the Valley of
Soller shut in by steep hillsides, with the magnificent out-
line of the Piug Mayor, the highest mountain in the island,
rising behind Soller itself in the centre of the picture.
The locality would probably be far more productive a
little earlier in the year. Should any entomologist think
of collecting there it will not be out of place to inform
him that the only food consists of eggs, bread, fruit, coffee,
and goats’ milk. The fowls are not to be recommended.
We walked down the northern slope into Soller in the
morning, collecting by the roadside. In the afternoon we
worked between Soller and its Port, 24 miles distant, taking
the majority of our captures from the flowers on the sides
of the dry river-bed near the little town.
July 5.—All the baggage which could be dispensed with
had been left in Palma, together with the captures made
before June 29. The collections accumulated since the
start for Soller Pass were loaded, with our very moderate
supply of luggage, on the back of one mule, for the journey
by mountain roads to Lluch and then Pollensa. As I
watched the mass of boxes and bundles swaying from side
to side and up and down, I was filled with needless fear
for the safety of the specimens. The motion, with all its
amplitude and rapidity, is so absolutely smooth and springy,
and so devoid of sudden jerks, that not a single insect was
displaced or in the slightest degree injured by the two days’
journey.
Our course lay up the steep Barranco, above which
some very fine upland collecting ground was traversed.
In one flowery valley Argynnis pandora was seen in
some numbers, It was only met with singly in other
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain, 595
localities in the island. At one point where a moun-
tain stream formed a deep pool in a narrow rocky gorge, a
species of Notonecta abounded in the water. Many an
interesting and favourable locality made us regret that it
was necessary to reach Lluch that night. We were kindly
received, according to the hospitable traditions of the old-
world monastic building, at the Colegio de Lluch.
July 6.—Before starting by the bridle-path for Pollensa
we worked for about an hour in the broad valley near
the building, and judging from this limited experience the
locality appeared to provide better all-round collecting
than any other place visited by us in the island.
When within a few miles of the ancient town a good
deal of work was done in some flowery fields beside a
stream. We arrived in time to visit Monte Sentuiri—a
steep isolated hill which I had explored in 1900.
July 7,—This day was occupied in a walk to and from
the Castillo del Rey. Many opportunities for good
collecting were found in favourable spots by the path
through the woods and here and there in the broad open :
valley beyond. Some of the mountain slopes near the
ruined castle were clothed in a long coarse grass, all the
more noticeable because of its scarcity in other places.
Hopes, not destined to be fulfilled, were raised of the
capture of Erebias.
July 8—The day was occupied in a visit to the Port of
Pollensa and in collecting on the low marshy ground, the
Little Albufera, which borders the bay. Odonata were
abundant by the irrigation ditches, and the flowers
yielded a good harvest of insects. Much work was done
in favourable spots by the side of the hot white road
between Pollensa and its Port.
July 9.—The results of the 8th were so favourable, and
the locality so different from any other we had visited, that
it was determined to spend the last day at Pollensa at the
Little Albufera, Much road-side collecting was done as on
the 8th.
July 10.—We took the diligence to La Puebla and the
train thence to Palma, arriving in time to spend the after-
noon at Bellver Castle and the cliffs beyond Porto Pi as
far as the 6th kilometre on the coast road, going over the
ground explored on June 27.
July 11.—Up to this date there had been nothing but
bright hot sun and cloudless skies. The change came on
596 Mr. Edward Saunders on
the morning of the 11th, with a terrific downpour, which
made us think that the weather had broken. In the
afternoon, however, the sun shone as brightly as before,
and we hastened to look for the insects which had been
driven into cover by the dry heat of the previous days.
We followed the route of the previous day, and Mr.
Holland collected a fine assortment of species of Blaps
under stones near Bellver Castle.
July 12.—On this, our last day in the island, we collected
from the tram terminus at Porto Pi to the 6th kilometre
on the coast road, returning in time to pack up and catch
the boat which makes the night journey to Barcelona.
Reviewing the whole visit, it must be admitted that the
weather was almost perfect, although a little more rain
would probably have been advantageous. On the other
hand, there can be no doubt that insects are far more
abundant in species earlier in the summer. My visit to
Majorca in the cold, cloudy and wet spring of 1900 was too
early for the best results, ending as it did on April 4. Our
visit in 1901 was too late. The withered remains of
flowers in every direction gave some indication of favour-
able conditions which had passed away for the year, and
although we searched for and found many of the Jate-bloom-
ing plants, it was obvious that these were very few as
compared with the species whose flowering time was over.
In spite of the poor weather the flowers were abundant and
varied in March 1900, and included showy species which
cover large areas, such as asphodel and various kinds of
cistus. In the 1901 visit the flowers were generally of far
less conspicuous kinds, and required to be sought for. I
believe that May and the second half of April would be
the best possible time for the entomologist in the Balearic
Islands.
Sweeping was generally of little use, because of the hard
prickly nature of the plants. Beating trees and shrubs in
the evening was tolerably productive of the smaller moths.
In conclusion, it is a great pleasure to speak of the
uniform kindness and hospitality of the people, and of their
intense interest in the mysteries of the naturalist. Almost
the whole population of the Port of Pollensa assembled to
see us eat our simple lunch and look at the contents of the
cyanide bottles; while at Pollensa an inquiry as to the
Mallorquin names of insects produced a scene of wild
excitement and dispute. Many an interesting and amus-
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 597
ing incident is recalled, and many a pleasant memory
revived, by this attempt to write a brief account of our
visit to Majorca.
Epwarp B. Pou.ron.
Oxford, July 9, 1904.
All the insects having been captured in 1901, it has not
been considered necessary to make further reference to the
year. The captors are indicated by their initials, EB. B. P.,
W. H., and A. H.
CAMPONOTUS SICHELI, Mayr.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 3 W. H.
CAMPONOTUS LATERALIS, Oliv., var.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 8 W. H.
LASIUS NIGER, L.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—f and
2 in copuld A. H.
Soller Pass, below S. zigzags: July 1.—8 2 W. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—13 3
A. H
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 2 winged A. H.
Little Albufera: July 8.—3 9. July 9—19 3
W. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9—2 9 W. H.
ACANTHOLEPIS FRAUENFELDII, Mayr.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 3 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—4 93 A. H. July 12.—
Ok. BP. to) A. ay
MONOMORIUM SALOMONIS, L.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—6 8 A. H.
Soller Pass, below 8. zigzags: July 1—1 6 A.H.
Upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1—1 9 A. H.
Soller to Port : July 4—1 8 E. B. P.
APHENOGASTER STRUCTOR, Latr. 9%.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft. : June 26.—1 9 W. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—109 E. B. P.,135 W.H.,
128 A. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—5 3
ACER
598 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—4 8
W.H
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 OW. H. June 30.—1 3
W. H.
APHENOGASTER BARBARA, L.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 3 W. H.
Little Albufera: Ju/y 8.—21 6 W. H.
APHANOGASTER TESTACEOPILOSA, Luc.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—6 9 A. H.
PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA, F.
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 2 KE. B. P.
Base of Monte Sentuiri: July 6.—3 9 W. H.
Pollensa: July 6.—2 ¢, 2 2, 90 9 A. H.
Little Albufera: July 9—1 2 W. H.
CREMASTOGASTER SORDIDULA, Nyl.
Little Albufera: July 9.—2 35 W. H.
CREMASTOGASTER SCUTELLARIS, Oliv.
Near Porto Pi: July 11—2 pairs in copuld, 6
winged 2 wingless @ E. B. P.; 5 pairs in
copula, 7 winged 2 W. H.; 2 pairs in copuld,
1 g, 15.2. wangless)) Ay Ee
Soller Pass, below 8. zigzags: July 1—1 9 A. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of zigzags: July 1—I1 9
A. Hi
Soller Pass : July 2.—23 5 A. H.
CREMASTOGASTER SCUTELLARIS, race LESTRYGON, Emery.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—8 3 W. H.,
59 A.H. July 11.—1 93 EK. B. P19 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 6 E. B. P., 1 8
W.H., 15 9 A, H. uly 10-606 EB) Py
19 W.H. July 12—135 W. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of zigzags: July 1.—1 %
aN: HA:
MUTILLA PARTITA, Klug.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—2 f A. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27—1 f¢ A. H. July 10.
17 EB Boye
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 599
MyYRrMOSA COGNATA, Cost.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 f E. B. P.
MYZINE TRIPUNCTATA, Rossi.
Little Albufera: July 8—1 ¢ W. H., 6 ¢ A. H.
July 9.—4 f A. H.
MyYZINE TRIPUNCTATA, var. NIGRIFRONS, Sm.
Near Porto Pi: June .27.—2'f Mm BYP, 1 ¢
A. H. July 12.—4 f HE. BP. 3 fg W. H.,
2¢A.H. Probably a variety of the preceding
with the clypeus black.
SCOLIA 4-PUNCTATA, F.
Abundant everywhere.
SCOLIA FLAVIFRONS, F.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26—1 ¢ E. B. P.,
Las Wai.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 2 A. H.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 f A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—3 f A. H.
Little Albutera: July 9.—1 9 A. H.
PomPitus (Planiceps) castor, Kohl.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 2 EK. B. P.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 f A. H.
PomPiLus (Pedinaspis) OPERCULATUS, Klug.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—3 2 HB. P.,
Wise, td Se AE eherla EO Ie a
EB, Eee 2 We EO aeoe @lanly A
45 OW Beh 2, 9 Wig Ele) 9s Neo ell
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2 ?
Heb. Poi? ASH.
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—1 9?
3 F
2 ¢
2.—
We, Ef.
Soller Pass: June 30.—2 Q.19E.B.P. July 2.
—1 92 W. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1—
ib Se Ae
Above Soller Pass: July 8.—1 92 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 @ A. H.
600 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—1 g, 2 9
E.. B. P. 5 2 Wie see ay
19H. B: P.AQ Ws Bes See
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11.—1 9? A. H.
PoMPILUS VIATICUS, L.
18 2,9 gf. Sune 28 to July 9.
[On July 3, above Soller Pass, a female of this species
was found carrying a brown spider of very large size as
compared with its captor. KE. B. P.]
POMPILUS CHALYBEATUS, Schiddte.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Little Albufera: July 8—2 2? E. B. P., 1 f A. H.
July 9.—1 $, 32 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
PoMPILUS UNGUICULARIS, Thoms., var. (2).
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—1 ¢
Avaet
Near Porto Pi: July 12—1 ¢ W. H.
PoMPILUS, sp. (?).
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 f W. H.
POMPILUS, sp. (2).
Near Porto Pi: July 10—1 9 W. H., 1 2 A. H.
July 12.—1 2 E. B. P.
POMPILUS EFFODIENS, Fert.
Castle Bellver, 250—400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 9 W. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 9 A. H.
POMPILUS RUFIPES, L.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 f E. B. P.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 ¢ W. H.
POMPILUS COCCINEIPES, EK. Saund.
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—1
A. H.
Described from Algerian specimens. I have not seen
it from any other localities.
POMPILUS POULTONI, sp. nov.
Niger, capite thoraceque aureopubescentibus, mandibularum
apicibus, abdomine toto, femoribus tibiisque posticis rufis ; pronoto
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 601
postice margine angulatim emarginato, late pallido, metatarsis
anticis 4 spinosis, unguiculis simplicibus.
Q. Black, apex of the mandibles, entire abdomen, posterior
femora and tibia except at their bases and apices red, pronotum
angularly emarginate at the base, the margin widely pale, wings
with three submarginal cells.
4 colour paler than in the 2, abdomen with the apex and under-
side of the basal segment and a spot on each side of the 2nd, apices
of all the femora, the intermediate tibiz and the anterior and
posterior tibiz on their under-sides testaceous, pronotum as in
the °.
?. Clypeus and the lower part of the face, especially at the sides
and also behind the eyes, densely clothed with pale golden hairs, a
similar pubescence covers the front of the pronotum, the pleura,
the coxe, the extreme base of the mesonotum, the sides of the
seutellum and post-scutellum, and the whole of the propodeum ;
vertex with a few erect hairs, pronotum at the base sharply emargin-
ate, its actual margin membranous, the pale band very narrowly and
deeply sinuate in the centre, wings dusky with a darker apical band,
3rd submarginal cell triangular, in the wing of one specimen with a
slight petiole ; propodeum widely channelled down the centre, its
surface very finely microscopically reticulate. Comb of anterior
metatarsus with 4 short spines, claws simple throughout, 4th and
5th joints of posterior tarsi subequal.
Long. 7°8 m.m.
The ¢ which I have associated with this ? is exactly
similar in the form of the prothoracic emargination and
pale band, but is much worn, so that most of the pubes-
cence has probably been lost; the 3rd submarginal cell of
the wings is trapezoidal; the inner posterior calcar is
four-fifths as long as the metatarsus; abdomen compressed
laterally, but unfortunately in the only specimen captured
the terminal segments are “telescoped” up, so that I
cannot get a good view of their shapes.
Long. 5-6 m.m.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 9? W.H. July 3.—1 2
A. H. Above Pass.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 2 W. H.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11.—1 2 E. B. P.
POMPILUS CINGULATUS, Rossi.
Near Porti Pi: June 27.—2 2 E. B. P. July 12.—
2 S39. bP; 2 2: Wi: is
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 39
602 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1
A. H.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2 W. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1—2 ¢
A. H
Above Soller Pass : July 3.—1 g W. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 W. H., 2 9 A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9.—1 ? E. B. P.
PoMPILUS APICALIS, V. de L.
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 2 W. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 A. H.
Base of Monte Sentuiri: July 6.—1 2 A. H.
POMPILUS NIGER, F.
Little Albufera: July 8—1 3,22 A. H. July
9,—2 f E. B. P.
POMPILUS APPROXIMATUS, Sm.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 A. H.
Little Albufera: July 9—1 ? A. H.
POMPILUS HOLOMELAS, Cost.
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—
29 A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 2 E. B. P.
SALIUS BISDECORATUS, Cost.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 2?
H..B.E.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—2 3,3
E. B. P., 3.3, 2 2 WaHS 2 CAE. July 9
24,72 K, Be Ps 2g 8 eWeek to eae
Little Albufera: July 8—1 f E. B.P.,1 ¢ A. H.
July 9—1 fg W. H.,1 2 A. H.
[The two pairs of yellow spots on the abdomen of the
female of this species produce with the general colouring
and shape a remarkable superficial resemblance to the
female of the excessively abundant Scolia quadripwnctata.
When at rest upon a flower the insects could only be dis-
tinguished by careful observation. The resemblance is
doubtless synaposematic, like that which obtains between
the South African Scolia alaris and the Diploptera. (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 527-529.) Mr. A. H. Hamm
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 603
first pointed out this interesting example of Miillerian
mimicry to me, and we both subsequently noticed it on
several occasions. E, B. P.]
SALIUS, sp. (2).
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 9? A. H.
SALIUS PUSILLUS, Schiddte.
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1.—
SAL He
SALIUS PROPINQUUS, Lep.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 ? E. B. P.
PSEUDAGENIA ALBIFRONS, Dhl.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 E. B. P.
Lluch: July 6.—1 ? A. H.
PSEUDAGENIA CARBONARIA, Scop.
Soller Pass: June 29—1 3 A.H. June 30,—1 fe
E. B: P:
Above Soller Pass: July 3—19 W.H,1 2 A. H.
Soller Pass: Ju/y 1.—1 9 E. B. P.
Upper half of S. zigzags: July 1—1 2 W. H.
CEROPALES MACULATUS, F.
Soller Pass: June 30.—2 2? W. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa : July 6.—1 9 W. H.
Little Albufera: July 8:—1 2 W. H. July 9,—
1D Ac
ASTATA BoopPs, Schr.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 f W. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1.—
12 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 ? E. B.P.,
Or AE
NOTOGONIA POMPILIFORMIS, Pz.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 9 A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 ? A. H.
July 9.—1 2 E. B. P.
TACHYSPHEX NITIDUS, Spin.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 9 E. B. P.
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—1 &
EB; B: FP.
604 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Little Albufera: July 8—1 9 A. H. July 9.—
igo A:
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—1 ? W. H.,
29 A. H. July 9—1 92 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 ? E. B. P.
Some of these specimens differ considerably from others
by the wide, smooth, almost impunctate space just above
the anterior margin of the clypeus. I sent one of these
to Prof. Kohl of Vienna, but he considers it merely as a
variety of this species.
TACHYSPHEX, sp. (?) nr. nitidus.
Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 @ A. H.
Puncturation of mesonotum finer and closer than in
nitidus.
TACHYSPHEX FILICORNIS, Kohl.
Near Porto Pi: July 10—1 ¢ W. H.,1 2 A. H.
July 12.—1 2 W. H
TRYPOXYLON ATTENUATUM, Sm.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 f A. H.
Pollensa Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 9 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 f E. B. P.
PSAMMOPHILA HIRSUTA, Scop.
32 $,129. June 26 to July 10.
PSAMMOPHILA TYDEI, Guill.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 f W. H. July 10.—
1ZA.H. July 12.—2 9H. B.P.,2g W.H.,
14 ool
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road : June 28.—1 9, 1
iH. B. Pi 2 oy Coe
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 2, 1 9 E. B. P.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 9? A. H
Little Albufera: July 8—1 f E. B. P., Le
W.H, 29 AH. July 9.—1 7,29 EB. FP
1 ee A. Ee
SPHEX VIDUATUS, Chr.
Near Porto Pi: June 27—19EH.B. P. July 12.
—I ¢ E.. B, Pet PW
This is far from being a common species, but occurs in
Algeria and 8, Europe.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 605
SPHEX SUBFUSCATUS, Dhl.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 9
BE. Be P.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 f¢ A. H.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 f A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9—1 2 W. H.
Castle Bellver, 400 ft.: July 11—1 fE B. P.
SPHEX FLAVIPENNIS, F.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 A. H.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 f EK. B. P. July 1.—1 9
HE. B.P. July 2—1 g,1 2 A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3—1 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 ? E. B. P.
SCELIPHRON PENSILIS, Ltr.
Lluch: July 6—1 2 A. H.
Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 9 W. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey : July 7.—1 2 W. H.,
29° A. EA.
Pollensa to Port: July 8—192 EK. B.P. July 9.
—1 fE. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 g¢ W. H.
SCELIPHRON SPIRIFEX, L. Common.
[Wherever mud was found these insects were seen
collecting it for making their nests.
Both this species and the preceding, which is indistin-
guishable from it on the wing, present a very peculiar
appearance during flight. The pale yellow parts of body
and legs become invisible, while the black areas are ex-
tremely conspicuous. The limbs are probably so held
during the flight of the msect that their yellow sections
come beneath the median yellow of the body. However
this may be the terminal black parts seem to be completely
detached, suggesting the appearance of two insects, one
pursuing the other, or a predaceous species carrying its
prey. EB. P.|
MIMESA PALLIDITARSIS, sp. nov.
Nigra, palpis, tibiarum posticarum basibus, tarsis-que omnibus
flavis, capite thoraceque plus minus dense punctatis, antennarum
articulis subtus valde carinatis, abdominis petiolo carinato, postpetiolo
longiore,
606 Mr. Edward Saunders on
4. Black; the palpi, the extreme apex of all the tibie, the
base of the posterior pair and all the calcaria and tarsi pale, the ex-
treme apices of the femora pitchy, face densely clothed with silvery
hairs with a slight golden tinge, vertex very densely and closely
punctured, joints of the flagellum strongly carinated beneath, scape
swollen, about equal in length to the 2nd joint of the flagellum,
mesonotum shining, clothed with a sparse grey pubescence, deeply
and somewhat closely punctured, the puncturation very close in
front, less so on the disc and sides, where in certain positions indica-
tions of longitudinal rugosities can be seen, post-scutellum ex-
ceedingly finely and closely punctured, mesopleure finely punctured,
sides of the metapleurz and propodeum diagonally striate, propodeum
above largely reticulate, its basal area very shining with a few large
somewhat radiating cost, wings slightly dusky, tegule and nervures
piceous, legs sparingly clothed with greyish hairs ; petiole of the
basal segment of the abdomen longer than the post-petiole, clothed
with long erect grey hairs, central keel slightly widening near its base,
rest of the abdomen shining, finely and remotely punctured, clothed
with very short greyish hairs, which are more conspicuous on the
apices of the segments laterally; apical process of 8th segment
testaceous.
Long. 7°8 mm.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 ¢ E. B. P.,1 ¢ W. H.,
2 f Aa,
PEMPHREDON SHUCKARDI, Mor.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 2 W. H.
PEMPHREDON LETHIFER, Shuck.
Soller Pass: July 2.—1 ? A. H.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 2 A. H.
DIODONTUS FRIESEI, Kohl.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 $
A; H., 1 gf Be:
Described from specimens from Palestine. Prof. Kohl
has seen one of the specimens, and agrees in considering it
as belonging to this species.
DIopoNTUS MINUTUS, Fab.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
PASSALGCUS INSIGNIS, V. de L.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—1 f A. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorea and Spain. 607
GORYTES LA&VIS, Ltr.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 ¢ W. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 ? E. B. P.
GORYTES LATIFRONS, Spin.
Soller to Lluch: July 5—1 @ A. H.
BEMBEX OCULATA, Ltr.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 29 HE. B. P.,1 ¢ A. H.
July 12—4-¢ E..B. P.,11 9 W. H., 12
A. H.
[Flying very rapidly over the wet sand at the bottom of
the little inlet. KE. B. P.]
STIZUS TRIDENS, F.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 g A. H. July 12.—
1 ee Bg Benen Dae
Soller to Port: July 4.—2 ¢ A. H.
PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM, F.
June 26 to July 11.—49 J, 45 §.
[The females were often seen carrying bees to their nest,
especially at Soller Pass, where a colony had excavated
burrows in a heap of road scrapings. E. B. P.]
CERCERIS ARENARIA, L.
Abundant.
CERCERIS 4-cINCTA, V. de L.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—3 7 E. B. P., 1 ¢ W. H.
July 10.—19 A.H. July 12—49 A. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2 2
B, Babe oye eG
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—2 ¢
A. H.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 3,19 EH.B.P. July 2.
8 WwW. WH, oA ee ft ge. BP. Upper
half of S. zigzags: July 1—1 9 E. B. P.,
5 g A. H. Below S. zigzags: July 1—1 ¢
W. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 E. B. P.
Lluch: July 6.—1 3,19 E. B. P
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 g A. H.
608 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 f E. B. P.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 f¢ E. B. P.
Castle Bellver: July 11.—2 ¢ A. H.
CERCERIS FERRERI, V. de L.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 f E. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 f E. BP. 22,12
ACH,
Near Palma Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 ¢
A. H
Soller Brees June 30.—3 7,22 E. BP. July
1—1 9K. BP. Sal 2 ae
Soller Pass, upper half 8. zigzags: July 1.—1 2
A. H
Above Soller Pass : July 3.—1 2 A. H.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 f A. H.
Little Albufera: July 8.—1 9 E. B.P., 192 A.H.
CERCERIS EMARGINATA, Pz.
f and 2 common.
OXYBELUS LAMELLATUS, Oliv.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 ¢ W. H.
CRABRO HYPS&, de Stef. 2, punctatus, H.-Sch. (nec pen:
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 2 A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9.—1 2 W. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 2 B. P.
For this determination I am indebted to Prof. Kohl,
who tells me that it is certainly hypse of de Stefani, and
certainly punctatus, H.-Schaetfer, but that it is doubtful if
it is the punctatus of Lepeletier.
CRABRO VaGcuSs, L., var. sulphuripes, Sm.
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—3 f, 1 2
A; He A Weeds
Soller Pass: June 30.—2 g W.H. July 2—2 ¢
W. H. Upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—
1g W.H. Below S. zigzags: July 1—1 $
Wis
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 f E. B. P., 1 ¢ W. H.
CRABRO ELONGATULUS, V. de L., var. femoribus anticis
subtus barbates.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2 4,
19 EB. Pa aa
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 609
CRABRO 5-NOTATUS, Jur.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—2 9 A. H.
VESPA GERMANICA, F.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2? W.H. July 1—1 ¢
Ee BoP:
Above Soller Pass: July 2.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 2? E. B, P.
[The rarity of this species was noteworthy. Only females
were seen. E. B
POLISTES GALLICA, L.
Abundant everywhere.
[After Halictus scabiosx, this was the most abundant
Aculeate in the island. E. B. P.]
EuMENES coarcTata, L.
Fairly abundant everywhere.
RHYNCHIUM OCULATUM, F.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 7 E. B. P., 1 # A. H.
Pollensa, on vine behind Fonda: July 7.—1 @
W.H
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey : July 7.—1 $ W.H.,
2029 A. H.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 2 A. H.
ODYNERUS DANTICI, Rossi, var.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 E. B. P., 1 f A. H.
July 10.—1 f W. H. July 12.—1 f, 2 ¢
BD: BP vot Ws ie
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 3,12
Bo Bae:, 10 A, HA,
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 ¢ E. B. P.,1 ¢ W. H.
July 2.—1 f A. H.
Little Albufera: July 8.—2 2 KE. B, P.
A rather small form of this very variable species.
ODYNERUS SIMPLEX, F.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 f W. H.
Soller Pass, below 8. zigzags: July 1.—1 9 E. B. P.,
1. aA; Bi:
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 f A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: Ju/y 8—1 ¢ W. H.,
19A.H. July 9—1¢ A. H.
610 Mr. Edward Saunders on
ODYNERUS PARIETUM, Linn.
Abundant.
ODYNERUS PARIETUM, Linn., var. renimacula.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 @ A. H. Upper half
of 8. zigzags: July 1—1 ¢ A. H. Below
S. zigzags: July 1.—3 2 E. B. P.. 19 W. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 ¢ W. H
[This variety was thus, within the limits of our experi-
ence, confined to the vicinity of Soller Pass. E. B. P.]
ODYNERUS ALPESTRIS, Sauss.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—2 9 A. H.
2¢
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—2 2? W. H., A. H.
July 10.—2 f,2 9? E. B. P., 3 2 A.B. July
12.—2 ¢,:3 9 H. B. Py 24,39 W. H2 a2?
ASE,
ODYNERUS SICULUS, de Stef. (7).
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 @ E. B. P.
July 9.—1 § A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1?¢ A.H. July 12.—1
SE. BOP, Lig Vee dl 2 pA
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11.—1 g A. H.
PROSOPIS VARIEGATA, F.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 Z, 2 ?
E.B.P.,23,69W.H.,19A. H. July 11.—
1-2 OW. Feb, ee is eee
Near Porto Pi: June 2,4 i Be 2 ee
A. H. July 11.—1 9 W. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 2
EK. B. P.
Base of Monte Sentuiri: July 6.—1 2 A. H.
PROSOPIS MASONI, Ed. Saund.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 E.B.P.,
aA EE
Near Porto Pi: June 27—1 f A. H. July 12.—
1g, 1¢9A.H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1
E. B. P.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 s HB, BE
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 9 E. B. P.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 611
Lluch: July 6.—1 2 W. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 ¢
Hebe Ps 2 PAs Ee
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: Ju/y 7.—2 f,1 9
Ex B:ab-, 2) o,.7 9 AL
Road from Pollensa to Port : July 8.—1 $ W. H.
PROSOPIS PICTA, Sm.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2 W. H.
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 f E. B. P a pe Ac Hi.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 ¢ KE. B
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 f W. H
PROSOPIS CLYPEARIS, Schenck.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 f A. H. July 12.—
ors EL,
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—I1 f W.H., 2 2 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 2 E. B.P.,
2 Sr ke Hf.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 2 W. H.
PROSOPIS PICTIPES, Nyl.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 W. H.
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 ¢ A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 f E. B. P.
PROSOPIS IMPARILIS, Forst.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 f A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 f E. B.P.,
ot PAs
SPHECODES GIBBUS, L., var.
Palma, Road to Lluchmayor : June 28.—4 $ E. B. P.,
1f19A.H.
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 f W. H. June 30.—2 f
A.H. Julyl1—l1 2 EB. P. . July 2.—1
A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 f A. H.
Soller to Port: July 4.—2 f A. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1¢ W. H., 12 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 ¢ A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 10—1 f A. H. July 12.—
REE. BoP. oF WH,
612 Mr. Edward Saunders on
In all the specimens the abdomen is entirely red, and
the posterior tibia red in both sexes. ‘The armature,
however, is that of typical gibbus.
SPHECODES SUBQUADRATUS, Sm.
Common.
SPHECODES PUNCTICEPS, Thoms.
Near Porto Pi: June 27—1 2 A.H. July 12—
it hy BYP:
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—1 ?
£52.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 @ A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9.—1 g A. H.
HALICTUS SCABIOSA, Rossi, # 2, and var. ochraceovittatus,
Dours.
Abundant everywhere.
The majority of the ¢ 2% belong to the smaller form,
which I believe to be identical with ochraceovittatus, Dours.
[This was by far the most abundant Aculeate in the
island. E. B. P.]
HALICTUS SEPARANDUS, Schm.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 f E. B. P.,
to Worst fae
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—12E. B. P. July 10.—
If E.B.P. JulyI2—i 2 W.0.1 fA. E.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2 ¢
A. H.
Lluch: July 6—1 gf A. H.
HALICTUS MALACHURUS, Kirb.
Abundant.
HALICTUS VILLOsULUS, Kirb.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July'7.—3 f¢ E. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: July 12.—1 fE. B. P.
HALICTUS BREVICORNIS, Schk.
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1.—1 ?
iieb ey:
Soller Pass: July 2.—19 A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—2 9 A. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 6138
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 9 A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 9 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 9 A. H.
These specimens are slightly different from those of
this species which occur further north, in having the punc-
turation of the mesonotum stronger and more regular.
Haicrus PUNCTATISSIMUS, Mor.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 GE. B. P.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 ¢
A. HH,
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1—1 @
A
Soller to Lluch : July 5.—1 f A. H.
HALICTUS DUBITABILIS, sp. nov.
H. punctatissimo affinis, sed multo minor, ¢ capite valde elon-
gato clypeo minus producto, antennis pallidis, 2 capite breviore
clypeo minus producto, propodeo nitidiore striis basalibus brevioribus,
distinctus.
¢d. Face very elongate, about twice as long as its greatest width
between the eyes, antennz long, reaching, when the head is in a
horizontal position, to about the apex of the propodeum, the joints
of the flagellum longer than wide, slightly swollen beneath, testa-
ceous and scarcely black even posteriorly. Mesonotum nearly dull,
closely punctured propodeal area radiately rugose, wing nervures and
tegule pale testaceous, legs clothed with greyish-white hairs,
abdomen slightly shining closely and distinctly punctured on the
lst and 2nd segments, indefinitely on the rest, beneath with a few
longish hairs on the discs of the segments.
@ exceedingly like a diminutive pwnctatissimus but the face is
rather shorter, the clypeus not being so much produced ; the meso-
notum is duller and rather more closely punctured, the propodeum
more shining with more regular and shorter longitudinal striz at
the base, beyond which the brow is smooth and shining, its apical
margin subtruncate, abdomen punctured much as in punctatissimus.
Long. 5 m.m.
A species with the general facies of punctatissimus but
much smaller, black, clothed sparingly with greyish-white
hairs, the f with the antennze beneath, the apex of the
clypeus, the labrum, mandibles, the tibize at their base and
apex and the tarsi pale testaceous.
614 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28,—2 3
Avo.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 ¢ A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—3 9 A.H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—9 fE.B. P.,
OW ae See
Little Albufera: July 8—1 2? W. H., 1 2 A. H.
July 9—1 G19? W.H.,12 E. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—12W.H. July 12.—
2A A Ee
HALICTUS HOLLANDI, sp. nov.
H. minutissimo affinis, facie longiore, mesonoto minus dense
punctato nitidiore, antice linea longitudinali breviore minus fortiter
impressa, abdominis segmento basali punctato, distinguendus.
¢ black, apex of clypeus, labrum and mandibles flavous, antennz
beneath, tegulee and the base of the tibiw pale, tarsi more or less
piceous, head rather shining, strongly punctured, face rather elongate,
clothed with white pubescence, clypeus scarcely produced, antennz
somewhat thick, the joints slightly swollen. Mesonotum shining,
seen under a strong lens to be microscopically rugulose, not closely
but distinctly and rather finely punctured, propodeum rounded
posteriorly its brow rather callous and shining, basal area impressed
and irregularly and longitudinally rugose, wings hyaline, nervures
brown, legs clothed with white hairs; abdomen shining, sparingly
clothed, especially at the sides and apex, with short white hairs.
Apices of the 1st and 2nd segments very deeply impressed, making
the segments very convex, in this respect much resembling minu-
tissimus. Puncturation fine and even on the Ist and 2nd, more
confused and irregular on the rest of the segments, there is a slight
trace of a white pubescent basal band on the 2nd.
? sub-elongate and very like miniutissimus in general shape,
entirely black, sparingly clothed with white hairs, face rather
elongate, more or less approaching the form of punctatissimus, etc.,
face dull very closely punctured, vertex shining and less closely
so, clypeus largely punctured, but scarcely shining, mesonotum
shining, with a distinct and well-defined puncturation on a finely
rugulose surface, a well-marked central impression in front, pro-
podeum, ete., as in the ¢, legs clothed with long white hairs, abdo-
men with the apices of the segments paler, basal segment very
shining, finely and remotely punctured, the rest duller and closely
so, 2nd segment with a very slight indication of a lateral white
pubescent spot at the base.
Long. 4-4} m.m.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 615
Closely allied to minutissimus, but with a longer face,
more shining and rather less closely punctured mesonotum,
the central impression of which is shorter and less deep, and
with the basal segment of the abdomen punctured; the
propodeum also is narrower and its sides more convergent.
I have named this species in honour of Mr, W. Holland,
who has done so much excellent work on the British
insect fauna, and especially the Coleoptera.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—2 7 E. B. P.
Little Albufera: July 9.—4 2 E. B. P., 2% W. H.
HALICTUS MUCOREUS, Ev.
MALES.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 W. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 f E. B. P., 2 # W. H.
July 10.—4 f E. B.P., 3 ¢ W.H., 7 ZA. H.
July 11—1fE.B.P. July 12.—2 2 W. H.
FEMALES.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—12 E. B.
22 W.H. July 11—22 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—5 2? E. B. P.,5 9 W.
929A. H. July 10.—3 9 EB. P., 6 2 W.
329 A.H. July 12—2?2E. BP, 42. W.
O09) A. EL.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 ?
AH,
Plain of Palma, Road to Soller: June 29.—1 ?
HB:
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 2 W. H.
HALICTUS PULVEREUS, Mor.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 fg A.H. July 11.—
1g W.H. July 12.—1 9 A.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11. a9 G BH: BE,
Die ee jeTgE
HALICcTUS GEMMEUS, Dours.
93,1709. Fairly common everywhere.
HALICTUS HAMMI, sp. nov.
Aineo-viridis, nitidus, segmentorum abdominis apicibus testaceis
Maris caput maximum clypei apice, tibiarum basi et apice tarsisque
totis flavis, propodei area subtriangulari longitudinaliter rugosa.
616 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Bronzy-green, sparingly clothed with white hairs, legs and antennze
black, apical margin of the abdominal segments widely pale in the
Q narrowly in the g, in which latter sex a spot at the apex of the
clypeus, the base and apex of the tibze and all the tarsi, except their
apical joints, are pale yellowish white.
¢ head very large, wider considerably than the thorax, dull, and
very finely and closely punctured, face across the eyes longer than
wide, cheeks somewhat angularly produced above the base of the
mandibles, clypeus and centre of face below the antennz shining
and more largely punctured, with a yellow spot at the apex, the
colour extending a little backwards in a central line. Eyes scarcely
converging, antennz black, the joints slightly swollen beneath, those
of the flagellum beyond the 3rd, about once and a quarter as long as
wide; mesonotum shining, closely punctured but much less so than
the head, tegulz pale, wings hyaline with brown nervures, the stigma
paler, propodeum with a well-defined subtriangular basal area, which
is irregularly and longitudinally rugose, sides of the propodeum
rugosely punctured ; abdomen very shining, not very closely punc-
tured, the 2nd and 3rd segments with a basal patch of white
pubescence on each side, the Ist and 2nd rather deeply impressed at
the apex laterally, apices of the segments beneath simple, widely
pale, the 6th, at any rate as much as is visible in this specimen,
testaceous, legs clothed with short white hairs.
? in sculpture resembling the ¢, eyes more convergent, pale ~
bands at the apices of the segments very broad, the apical rima
and sides of the 5th segment also pale, 2nd and 8rd segments with
lateral white pubescent spots at the base as in the ¢, 4th witha
continuous band, tibiz narrowly paler at the base and apex, 2nd
segment beneath with very long pale hairs.
Long. 5°6 m.m.
Allied to Smeathmanellus but differing in the pale
tarsi, etc., of the f and the puncturation and pale apical
margins of the segments in the 2. It is also closely allied
to simulans, Perez, but the propodeal area is striate or
vaguely so, and the apices of the abdominal segments are
not punctate as they are said to be in that species.
This species is named in honour of Mr, A. H. Hamm,
who has done so much in collecting and observing the
British Aculeate Hymenoptera.
Soller Pass, zigzags to Soller: July 4—1 3,1 ?
Jl ele
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 2 A. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 617
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 2 W. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 9 E. B. P.
HALICTUS SPHECODIMORPHUS, Vach,
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2 W. H.
NOMIOIDES PULCHELLA, Scbk.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 2¢
July 10.—4 ¢ E. B. P., 9 2,
122-19 HS BAP ot, G9e x.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11. eo
A. H.
aoa ae FL,
a1 Lee July
NOMIOIDES VARIEGATA, Oliv.
Near Porto Pi: July 10—1?E.B.P.,19 A. H.
July 12—6 2 A. H.
ANDRENA MORIO, Brullé.
Bellver Castle, 250-400 ft.: June 26—1 2 W. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1
B Brk lf AGH,
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2? E.B.P. July 2.—
io An EL
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—
Peg ee se
ANDRENA BOYERELLA, Dours. (2).
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 92 W. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5—2 92 W. H.
ANDRENA FULVICRUS, Kirb.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—2 9 A. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28—2 ¢
Hi. B: P.
Above Soller Pass: July 3—1 92 A. H.
ANDRENA, sp. (?). Alhed to minutula.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 ¢ A. H.
ANDRENA ALBOFASCIATA, Thoms. (?).
Near Porto Pi: June 27—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 f,
19H. be P.,.0 2 AcE.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART III. (SEPT.) 40
618 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Soller Pass: June 29—1 9 W.H., 4 2 A. H.
June 30.—5 2 EO BPS 1 we ee
A.H. July 2—1 9G Wate tao oe
July 4.—5 §, 12 2 E. B. P. .
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1—2 9
EK. B. Po 8 Weel 22,59 A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 2.— E. B. P. July
ahs
3—l19 EH. BP. 49 A.
Soller to Port: July Pe g A en
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—1 2 A. H.
Lluch: July 6.—1 2 E. B. P.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6—I1 f A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7—3 $, 19
LR By or
These are all, I believe, referable to what Schmiedeknecht
describes as Thomson’s species, and he mentions the
Balearic Isles as a locality from which he has received it ;
probably it may be only a white-haired form of A/fzeliella.
NoMIA RUFICORNIS, Luc.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 3,1
W.H. July 11.—1 9 A.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 ¢
EK. B. 2.
Road from Luch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 f A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 12—1l ¢ W.H
NOMADA MEPHISTO, Sch., 9.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28—1 2?
ALE
A fine, rare species.
PASITES MACULATUS, Jur.
Near Porto Pi: June 27—12A.H. July 12.—
12 A. H.
CERATINA CUCURBITINA, Rossi.
Common. (All females.)
CERATINA PARVULA, Sm.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 9 A. H.
This is, I believe, the first record of this little species
from the Balearic Teles! It was originally described from
Albania.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 619
CERATINA DALLATORREANA, Friese.
ALL FEMALES.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—2 9 A. H. July 12.—
Igo le be Pd 2A Ee
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28—1 £
| hl 5 lg
Lluch: July 6—1 2 W.H., 19 A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—2 SOW
on ye A Ed:
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey : July 7.—1 Oo By P:
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8.—1 9 E.B. P.,
E.
59 W.H,49A.H. July 9.—29E BP.
XYLOCOPA VIOLACEA, L.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 W. HL.
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1—1 ?
HK: Br P
Above Soller Pass: July 2—1 2, 6 95 (BE, eet
July 3.—1 ° E. B. P.
Soller Pass: July 4.—1 2 E. B. P.
Soller to Lluch : July 5.—3 9 W.H., 1 COA EL,
Lluch: July 6.—3 2 E. B. P., 2 2 W. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6—1
EB. BoP LOoW.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—4 WW: Ee
Little Albufera: July 9—4 9 E. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: July 10.—1 9 A. H.
Ca@LIOxys AFRA, Lep.
Near Porto Pi: June 27—19 A. H. July 12.—
I 2 W. #H.
Above Soller Pass: July 2.—1 2 E. B. P.
Soller to Port: July 4—1 ? E. B. P.
Lluch: July 6.—1 W. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July'7.—3 2 E.B.P.,
IR19A
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—1 3 W. H.
July 9—1 f W. HA.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: July 11.—1 f A. H.
Ca@Lioxys acuminata, Nyl.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—19 E. B. P,
Apical ventral valve with an unusually blunt apex,
620 Mr. Edward Saunders on
CHALICODOMA SICULA, Rossi.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—8 2 W. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—3 9 E. B. P.,
12 W.
[All specimens much worn. Both males and females of
this species were very abundant and in beautiful condition
at the end of March and beginning of April in 1900
(K. M. M., Sept. 1901, p. 210). Only a few very worn
females were seen three months later in 1901. E. B. P.]
MEGACHILE SERICANS, Fonse.
Near Porto Pi. Extremely abundant July 10-12,
although also seen earlier.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2
iE BoP 29 Ae
Soller Pass: June 30.—1 2 E. B. P. Above Soller
Pass: July 3 W.
Soller to Lluch: Fuly h.—l gf EK. B. P.
Lluch: July 6.—1 9 W. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—3 f E. B. P.,
3G, ee Wea an ea
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft. : July 11—1 f E. B. P.,
1. Wat
[The female when she first alights on a flower raises
and shakes her abdomen, exposing the red scopa and
rendering it remarkably conspicuous. She stings very
freely, and the display is probably aposematic. E. B. P.]
MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS, L.
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 2 A. H.
Little Albufera : July 9.—1 f E. B. P.
MEGACHILE ARGENTATA, Ltr.
Common.
MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA, F.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 ? E. B. P.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9.—1 2 W. H
MEGACHILE APICALIS, Spin.
Frequent.
ANTHIDIUM MANICATUM, Lir.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 9 E. B. P.,
3¢,329W. HL 1¢,22 A.B. July 11.—2 fF,
42 EK. B. P.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 621
Near Porto Pi: June 20-1 1 2 W. H., 2
A. H. July 11.—1 2 W. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 7,
1° BPS ft ao ws
Lluch: July 6.—2 g, 2 9 W. H., 12 A. H.
ANTHIDIUM CINGULATUM, Ltr.
Common.
ANTHIDIUM FLORENTINUM, F.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—2 f, 4 9
W..B.
ANTHIDIUM 7-DENTATUM, Ltr.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft. : June 26.—1 ? E. B.P.
Soller Pass: June 29.—1 2 A. H. June 30.—1 2
W.H. July 2—1 9? A. H.
Soller Pass, upper half of 8. zigzags: July 1.—1 f
Wee eb 2 AG TL:
Above Soller Pass: July 2—1 f E.B.P. July
gt ORS BPs ik OW. e.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—3 f E. B. P.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa : July 6—1 2 W. H.
Base of Monte Sentuiri: July 6.—1 f W. H.,1 2
AS HL
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey : July 7.—1 2 W. H.,
OAS EL
Near Porto Pi: July 111 ft W. A,
ANTHIDIUM LITURATUM, Pz.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: Ju/y 6-—19 A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—1 9 A. H.
ERIADES CRENULATUS, Nyl.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 2 A. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 gf W. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28,.—1 $f
Ee By Poot O} AS
Lluch: July 6.—1 9 E. B. P., 1 9 W. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July*6—1 9?
He BSPs 1 Oo WH foro
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7—2 $, 1
Pb hs 20 Oa
622 Mr. Edward Saunders on
ERIADES RUBICOLUS, Per.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—2 a
5.2 EK. Be Po3; pA
Plain of Palma, road to Soller: June 29.—1 2
aN. JEL
Lluch : July 6.—2 2 W. H.,1 3, 22 A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—2 2 A. H.
Base of Monte Sentuiri: July 6.—1 ¢ A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 f A. H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 9—1 ¢ A. H.
Near Porto Pi: July 10—1 ¢ A. H.
OSMIA NOTATA, F.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 9 A. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: /une 28.—6 $
AL
Soller Pass, upper half of §. zigzags: July 1.—2 $
E.. B. Pail QW
Soller Pass: July 2—1 9 A. H.
Above Soller Pass: July 3—1 2 A. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—4 9 E. B. P., 6 9 A. H.
OSMIA CCERULESCENS, L.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1
A; EE
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: Ju/y 6.—1 ¢ A. H.
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7—2 2 W. H.
OSMIA AURULENTA, Pz.
Above Soller Pass: July 3.—1 2 (worn) W. H.
OsMIA ADUNCA, Ltr.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft. : June 26.—4 2 E. B. P.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—6 ¢
HK. BRS Ss gece
Lluch: July 6.—1 2? W. H., 22 A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 ¢
EK. B: Bs 42 Wee
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7.—2 2 E. B. P.,
2, SWE Ee
OSMIA TRIDENTATA, Duf. Perr.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—1 ¢ (worn),
Wee:
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 623
CRrocisA RAMOSA, Lep.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—1 9 E. B. P.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 § W.H. July 10.—
1f AH. July 12.—1 ¢ LE. B. P.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 2
A. H
Soller Pass, upper half of S. zigzags: July 1—3 f
W.H
Above Soller Pass: July 2.—1 f E. B. P.
Soller to Port: July 4—1 f E. B.P.,1 ¢ A. H.
Soller to Lluch: July 5.—2 f E. B. P.
Lluch: July 6.—1 2 W.H.,1 3,19 A. H.
Road from Lluch to Pollensa: July 6.—6 ~ E.B. P.,
Dd 2 SMASH, 2h wAc yen:
Pollensa to Castillo del Rey: July 7—5 f E. B.P.,
29W.H,54,29A.H.
Road from Pollensa to Port: July 8—1 fg E. B. P.,
3¢W.H. July 9.—2 9 E. B. P.
Little Albufera: July 8.—3 g A. H.
PODALIRIUS ALBIGENUS, Lep.
Castle Bellver, 250-400 ft.: June 26.—2 2 W. H.,
PRs A a
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—2 9? E. B.P.,3 9 A.H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—4 ¢,
2) 9: We Be Bi 2. 0 9 OAL Ee
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 fg E. B. P.
PoODALIRIUS 4-FASCIATUS, Vill.
Common.
EUCERA GRISEA, F.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—2 9 E.B. P.,1 2 A. H.
Near Palma, Lluchmayor Road: June 28.—1 ¢
A. HA,
[The remarks on Chalicodoma sicula (p. 620) apply to
this species, of which the examples were also in an
extremely worn condition. E. B. P.]
BoMBUS TERRESTRIS, L., var. ferrugineus, Schmied.
Castle Bellver: June 26.—4 6 W. H.
Near Porto Pi: June 27.—1 9 E. B. P.
624 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Soller Pass: June 29—1 2,19 E.B.P.,1 ¢, 2
SA. H. June 30—1 2 A. H. Below S.
zigzags: July 1—1 2,19 W.H. July 2.—
190 A. H. Above Pass: eo a: SB E 7:
E.B.P. July3—l1 2 EB: Po 2 aw. ot
Soller to Port: July 4.—1 9,19 E. B 3. P.
Little Albufera: July 9.—1 9 A. H.
[Many more were seen and not taken, especially on
Soller Pass. E. B. P.]
APIS MELLIFICA, L.
Everywhere.
II. Sparn (1901-2).
Introduction by EK. B. Pouuron, F.R.S.
A FEW specimens of four species of ants taken by the
present writer near Barcelona in 1900 are included in this
section, as well as the captures on July 17, 1901, at
Cerbere, the French frontier station at the east end of
the Pyrenees.
The number of specimens submitted to Mr. Saunders
was much smaller than in the case of Majorca, bemg 1491
in the first instance, together with 187 which were looked
upon as duplicates. The numbers from the various
localities are as follows (see Table, p. 625)—
The number of specimens is thus considerably less than
half those captured in Majorea (June 26 to July 12,1901).
On the other hand, the number of species from the main-
land recognized by Mr. Saunders is far greater, being 205
as compared with 143. This marked difference is no
doubt in part due to the wider range covered both in
space and time on the mainland; but making all allow-
ances it is probably chiefly the result of the more limited
number of species in the island fauna. The relative
peculiarity of the latter is also well seen in the fact that
five of its species are described as new, and of these one
only occurs in the mainland list, viz. Halictus dubitabilis,
No other new species is described from the mainland,
although both lists contain forms which may be new, but
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 625
Cerbére, July 17, 1901. ‘ é : . | 179 specimens. |
|
Port Bou, June 24, 1901 = ; : : 179 a
Barcelona, June 25 !
a July 13 ; 1901 : 6 : c 310 =
3 July 16 J
Montserrat (including Monistrol), July 13-16, ;
1901 3 é : : . aup
Duplicates chiefly from Port Bou and Bar-)\ 187
celona, 1901 . ; : : é =f ;
rs]
Sierra de Guadarrama, La Granja (July
20-26), and El Escorial (July 25),
including a few from Segovia (July - 1902 330 f
27), Madrid (July 17), and Burgos |
(July 30) F : : : E
Total . 5 1678 Ph
either obscure or represented by insufficient material.
Only 73 species, or as nearly as possible half of the
Majorcan species, are common to the two lists, so that
altogether 275 species are distinguished in this memoir.
It would be rash to build much on a comparison of the
lists of Aculeates obtained in such short visits, lists which
are obviously very incomplete. Nevertheless, they prob-
ably contain the majority of the commonest species to be
found at the times when the collections were made. A brief
tabular statement (see p. 626) will show at a glance the
groups which in our limited experience were found to
be strongly or feebly developed in the island fauna as
compared with the mainland.
A brief account of the chief characteristics of the
localities on the mainland is given below. The order
followed is that of the dates, beginning with the earliest.
1900.
In the wet and cold spring of 1900 I stayed at Barcelona
for two or three days before visiting Majorca. On March
20 a little collecting was attempted at Vallvidrera, on the
ridge of the hills behind the city. It was rather warmer
626 Mr. Edward Saunders on
No. of species in| No. of species in | Species common
Majorcan Jist. mainland list. to both.
Ants. 5 ; 11 16 7
Sol. 4. 2 ota 2
Pompilus . : ; 16 8 2
Salius . : ; 4 0 0
Ammophila . ‘ 2 5 2
(and Psammophila)
Te é : : m. 3 5 2
Bembea . i : 1 4 1
Cerceris ; ; 4 8 4
Oxybelus : : 1 4 il
Crabro . 4 2 1
Odynerus +. 5 8 4
Prosopis seeues 6 10 5
Colletes . 0 ad 6 0
Sphecodes 3 6 2
Halictus ; ? 2 13 25 7
(including #.
dubttabilis,
Nn. Sp.)
Andrena % 5 5 ae 2
Ceratina 3 7 2
Megachile 5 11 4
Anthidium .. | 5 8 4
Gems. Te 7 u 3
Podalirius 2 9 2
Psithyrus 0 il 0
Bombus : : 1 “5 1
than usual on that day, and Hristalis was seen upon the
wing, but nearly the whole of the few captures were made
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 627
by turning over stones. The only Hymenoptera were
ants belonging to four species. A visit to Montserrat, the
locality which we found so rich in July 1901, yielded very
few insects, and no Hymenoptera at all.
1901.
June 24.—Mr. W. Holland, Mr. A. H. Hamm, and I
arrived at Port Bou, the Spanish frontier station in the
Kastern Pyrenees, late at night on June 23. The next
boat for Majorca did not leave until the evening of the
25th, so it was decided to spend the whole of the 24th
collecting at Port Bou, instead of going on to Barcelona.
First the bare hot slopes near the station were explored,
and many insects captured; then, following a hint given
by the proprietor of the hotel, we penetrated a valley
running up into the hills behind the little port. At
the bottom of the valley there was a stream with abund-
ant and varied plants ; but the slopes also were still green
and afforded a rich collecting ground. Lepidoptera were
by no means common, but of insects generally we saw far
more than on any other occasion throughout the journey.
It is a locality which would probably well repay a more
extended visit.
June 25.—The train for Barcelona started early in the
morning, so that no insects could be collected at Port
Bou on this day. Barcelona was reached a few hours
before the boat sailed, and a considerable number of
insects were taken in waste ground upon which wild
flowers were growing.
July 13.—We landed at Barcelona in the morning, and
spent some hours collecting in waste ground. In the
early afternoon we took the train for Montserrat. A few
insects were caught at Monistrol (2200 ft.) while waiting
for the cars of the funicular railway. The terminus on
Montserrat was reached early in the evening in time for a
little collecting. At the height of the terminus and Hos-
pederia (about 3000 ft.) the vegetation was fresh and
green, and the collecting most interesting, varied, and
tolerably rich. The bramble blossoms were at their best
and very attractive.
July 14.—The whole day was spent at about the height
of the Hospederia and not far from it. The level moun-
tain path which begins opposite the Hospederia was
628 Mr. Edward Saunders on
explored for a considerable distance, and many productive
spots were searched.
July 15.—This day was occupied in a walk to San
Geronimo and the summit of the mountain (4000 ft.). Good
collecting was found in a great variety of conditions—an
alternation of bare rocky slopes, shady woods, and sunny
valleys. Just below the summit rich collecting was found
in the fine, open, grassy valley, at the head of which is the
hermitage of San Geronimo.
July 16.—The collecting on this day was an exact repe-
tition of that upon July 13, taken of course in the reverse
order—at Montserrat, in the neighbourhood of the Hos-
pederia, before starting ; at Monistrol waiting for the main-
line train; and at Barcelona in waste ground.
July 17.—We arrived at Cerbeére, the French frontier
station, at night, and collected for several hours next
morning (17th). The vegetation was far more parched
than at Port Bou three weeks before ; but apart from this
the hills were not so accessible, and the country in the
neighbourhood of the station much cultivated and less
favourable as a collecting ground. Nevertheless, we cap-
tured a large number of insects of several orders, convey-
ing a fair idea of some dominant elements in the insect
fauna about the middle of July.
Thus a successful expedition was brought to a successful
close. The weather on the mainland was perfect, every
day bringing cloudless skies and bright sun.
1902.
To pass from the cold, sunless summer of 1902 in
England to the glaring light and heat of Madrid was
a contrast too sharp for human nature to bear with
equanimity ; so, after capturing a few insects in the Park
on July 17, I took the advice of my kind friends Sefior
Don Ignacio Bolivar and Mr. G. C. Champion and started
for La Granja (San Ildefonso) in the Sierra Guadarrama.
This little town, with an altitude of about 4000 ft.,
possesses, at any rate in the month of July, the most de-
lightful atmosphere and climate. During the whole visit
there was neither rain nor cloud to interfere with the
pursuit of natural history. Ata rather higher elevation
than the town the extensive Palace grounds contain
abundant streams and woods, intersected by broad, sunny
drives. The trees are rather small, permitting the pene-
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 629
tration of plenty of light, and thus favouring a luxuriant
and varied undergrowth. Outside the town in another
direction is open heath-clad country, traversed by streams
bordered with thickets and small trees. Behind La
Granja rises the fine mountain of La Pefialara with an
altitude of 7976 ft. The first part of the ascent is made
through pine woods and upland lawns, the last part over
bare slopes with a scanty vegetation. Some hundreds of
feet below the summit a few masses of snow still resist
the heat of July, aided by the shade of a ravine and the
artificial protection of litter.
It will be realized from the above description that La
Granja is a remarkably favourable locality for the
naturalist. I have never seen so much insect life or such
evidence of injury from the attacks of enemies. Corre-
sponding with these indications—the symmetrically torn
and notched wings of freshly-emerged butterflies—I noticed
that the birds were abundant and of many species. The
numbers of birds and the prevalence of injured specimens
were both especially characteristic of the Palace grounds.
The specimens from La Granja were taken at a height
of about 4000 ft. The elevation of the Palace is given
at 3907 ft., and the grounds rise with the slope of the
Sierra to a considerably higher level. The captures out-
side the town were made, in some cases, at a rather lower
level, in others as high or higher than the Palace. An
approximate elevation of “about 4000 ft.” is recorded for
the insects taken upon all dates except August 25, when an
excursion was made to near the summit of Pefialara.
Captures were made at all the levels, including the top of
a castellated mass of rock at a probable height of about
7700 ft. Insects were collected during the visit to La
Granja from the 20th to the 26th of July, both dates
inclusive.
In concluding a brief account of this visit to La Granja,
I desire to express my obligations to Monsieur Chretien
for his great kindness in inviting me to reap the fruits
of his much longer and more intimate experience of this
delightful locality.
July 27.—An early start was made for Segovia, where
several hours were spent. A little collecting was done on
the outskirts, and a considerable amount in a paved court-
yard outside the cathedral. The wild flowers growing at
the boundaries of the enclosure, and between the paving-
630 Mr. Edward Saunders on
stones, as well as on a piece of waste ground at one side,
attracted many insects, of which a fairly representative
collection was made. The elevation is given at 3280 ft.
July 28.—El Escorial. In the morning ants were col-
lected in one of the main streets, and in the afternoon a
number of insects were captured by a little stream just
above the town, and on the slope of the Sierra. Insects
were abundant and varied, and considering the short space
of time which was available, a fair number of species were
taken. The altitude was about 2900 to 3000 ft. Although
rich in insect life the Sierra Guadarrama at El Escorial
is not nearly so varied or so attractive as at La Granja.
The great expanse of open mountain side was well clothed
with plants of many species, but the woods and groves
and abundant streams were wanting.
July 30.—On the return journey one or two insects were
taken at Burgos (about 3000 ft.).
In conclusion I desire to thank Colonel Yerbury for his
kindness in naming the Aside which were found attack-
ing the Aculeates.
E. B. PovLton.
All captures in the years 1900 and 1902 were made by
LE. B. Poulton, and no initials are affized to these specimens.
The captors in 1901 are indicated as in the Majorcan list, by
their wnitials, FE. B. P.. W. H, and A, A.
CAMPONOTUS MACULATUS, F.
1900. Barcelona, Vallvidrera, under stone: Mar. 20.—
46.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 3 W. H.
Montserrat, near Terminus: July 14.—1 2, 14
OH. B, P:
Monistrol: July 16.—1 f E. B. P.
CAMPONOTUS MACULATUS, race COGNATUS.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 3 E. B. P.
CAMPONOTUS CRUENTATUS, Ltr.
1900. Barcelona, Vallvidrera, under stone: Mar, 20.
G.
1901. Montserrat, near Terminus: July 13.—1 %
E. B. P. July14—79 E. B.P., 169 A. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 631
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 22.—1 %.
El Escorial: July 28.—2 f, 4 3, 8 2 (one
being devoured by Dasypogon diadema §,
the other by Machimus chrysitis 2 ).
CAMPONOTUS FORELI, Emery.
1901. Monistrol: July 16.—1 9 E. B. P.
1902. La Granja, Pefialara (about 7000 ft.): July
25.—12 G on small composite flower.
CAMPONOTUS LATERALIS, Oliv.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—495 W. H.
Montserrat, near Terminus: July 14.—6 3%
EK. B. P. Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—3 9 E. B. P.
Near summit, San Geronimo (about 4000°
ft.): July 15.—2 9 E. B. P.
MyYRMECOCYSTUS ALBICANS, Roger (?).
1902. La Granja: July 24—1 ¢. La Granja,
Pefialara, near top (about 7700 ft.): July
25—1 @ (being devoured by Dysmachus
trigonus f).
FORMICA RUFA, L.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 22.—2 8%,
July 24—1 2 of race pratensis (being
devoured by Dasypogon diadema 2). La
Granja, path to Pefalara (about 5500 ft.):
July 25—1 &.
Formica FuscA, L.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—3 3 W. H.
Montserrat, near Terminus: July 14,—1 8
By. Bee.
FORMICA FUSCA, race CUNICULARIA.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—2 5 A. H.
FORMICA FUSCA, race CINEREO RUFIBARBIS.
1901. Barcelona: June 25—2 95 A.H. July 13.—
Lo A. E
1902. La Granja: July 20.—11 &,
632 Mr. Edward Saunders on
LASIUS NIGER, L.
1902. Madrid: July 17—1 $,4 9.
La Granja: July 23.—6 &.
Segovia (3280 ft.): July 27.—3 9.
El Escorial: July 28—51 f,13 2, 9 3, one
pair in copuld.
LASIUS NIGER, race EMARGINATUS (?).
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—7 9 A. H.
TAPINOMA ERRATICUM, Ltr,
1902. La Granja: July 23.—1 9.
TETRAMORIUM CASPITUM, L.
1900. Barcelona, Vallvidrera : Mar. 20.—1 8.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 &.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 §.
APHENOGASTER BARBARA, L.
1900. Barcelona, Vallvidrera, under stone: Mar. 20.
—1¢.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—14 3 W. H., 70 & (major
and minor) A. H.
1902. Segovia: July 27.—17 9.
APHANOGASTER STRUCTOR, Ltr.
1902. Madrid: July 17.—6 9.
APHANOGASTER TESTACEOPILOSA, Luc.
1901. Barcelona: July 13.—1 9 E. B. P.
APHENOGASTER STRIOLA, Roger.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: Ju/y 14.
—19A.H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9? E.B. P., 1 2
A
Ditto (about 4000 ft.): 19 A. HL
PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA, F.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 W.H.,106 A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 13.
—3 9 E..BoP.; Lows Ea ee Ee
(all winged forms) July 15.—1 pair in
copuld, KH. B. P.,3 9 A. H,
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 633
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 3,12 EB. P.,
1? W. Gy, 4 SAP Ee
Near summit, San Geronimo (about 4000 ft.) :
July 15.—1 2 A. H.
CREMASTOGASTER SCUTELLARIS, Oliv. — var.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: Ju/y 14.
—15 oH. B. P.
MYZINE 3-PUNCTATA, Rossi.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f E. B. P., 2f¢ A. H.
MYZINE 3-PUNCTATA, var. nigrifrons, Sm.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—4 f¢ E. B.P.,5 ¢ W. H.
4 f A. H.
TIPHIA FEMORATA, F,
1902. La Granja: July 23—2 f$ (one being de-
voured by Dasypogon diademu § ).
SCOLIA FLAVIFRONS, F.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 9 W. H.
Barcelona: June 25.—7 f EH. B. P., 1 ¢ A. H.
SCOLIA INTERSTINCTA, KI.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—1 f A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—1fA.H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 3,32 E.B.P.,
I Ya oH.
Scotia 4-puNcTATA, I’, Common.
Captured (1901) at Cerbere, Port Bou, Barcelona,
Montserrat, and (1902) La Granja and Segovia,
SCOLIA HIRTA, Schrk.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—3 gf A. H. (one a var.
with single abdominal band).
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): Judy 15.—1 2 E. B. P.
SCOLIA UNIFASCIATA, Cyril.
1902. La Granja: July 22—4 ¢.
Segovia: July 27.—2 @.
El Escorial: July 28—1 f.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART Ill. (SEPT.) 41
634 - Mr. Edward Saunders on
Sconia (lis) vILLosa, F.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f W. H.
Cerbere: July 17.—10 f E. B. P.,138 3 W. H.,
LO: go, 1 pA
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 f.
Segovia: July 27.—18 f, 1 9.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 2%.
Scotia (Zlis) 6-MACULATA, F.
1902. La Granja, Penalara, near summit (7700 ft.) :
July 25.—1 ¢.
PompiLus (Pedinaspis) AURIVILLIUSI, Tourn. (?).
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 E. B, P.
PoMPILUS LUCTIGERUS, Cost.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 ¢ W. H.
A well-marked 2, easily recognizable by the tufts of
hair on the 6th ventral segment.
PoMPILUS VIATICUS, L.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 ? (being devoured by
Dasypogon diadema 2). STuly 22.—1 §.
[The striking mimetic resemblance borne by the
Dipterous captor to its Aculeate prey led to the note on
Asilid mimicry at the end of this memoir, p. 661. E. B. P.]
POMPILUS RUFIPES, L., var.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f A. H.
POMPILUS FUSCIPENNIS, V. de L.
1902. La Granja: July 22 and 26.—2 9.
La Granja, path to Penalara (about 5000 ft.):
July 25.—1 §.
Fine examples of this very large species.
POMPILUS FUMIPENNIS, Lett., var. (?).
1902. La Granja, path to Penalara (4000-7000 ft.) :
July 25.—1 §.
PoMPILUS INDELICTUS, Tourn. (?).
1902. La Granja, above Palace: July 21.—1 9.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 635
PoMPILus 4-puNCTATUS, F.
1902. La Granja, above Palace: July 21.—1 9.
PSEUDAGENIA CARBONARIA, Scop.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 9.
ASTATA Boops, Schr.
1901. Monistrol: Ju/y 16.—1 ? E. B. P.
TACHYTES EUROPA, Kohl.
1902, La Granja: July 24.—1 2. July 26.—1 9.
TACHYSPHEX PYGIDIALIS, Kohl.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—2 3,19 A. H.
Barcelona: July 16—3 2 A. H.
TACHYSPHEX EUROPA, Kohl.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f A. H,
TACHYSPHEX PANZERI, V. de L.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—2 2 A. H.
TRYPOXYLON SCUTATUM, Chevr.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—19A. H.
TRYPOXYLON FIGULUS, L.
1902, La Granja: July 23.—1 9.
AMMOPHILA SABULOSA, L.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus : July 14.
—I CE. B. Pew
AMMOPHILA HEYDENI, Dhl.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 f Bi BLP, 2 Ae le
W. 2 3 29 AS Ei.
1902. El Escorial: July 28.—1 9.
AMMOPHILA IBERICA, Andr.
1902, El Escorial: July 28,—1 9,
636 Mr. Edward Saunders on
PSAMMOPHILA TYDEI, Guil.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2? KE. B. P., 19 A. H.
Barcelona: June 25.—2 f¢ A. H. July 13.—
19 W. 2h
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 W. H.
PSAMMOPHILA HIRSUTA, Scop.
1901. Montserrat (about 3000 ft.), near Railway
Terminus: July 14—4 f E. B. P., 1 2
W.H. July 15.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15.—4 ¢ E. B. P.,
4¢WwW.Ho4 fo AE
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 &.
Above Palace: July 21—1 fg. July 24.
—l ~.
Penalara, near summit (about 7500 ft.) : July
25.—Swarm seen and several specimens
captured.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 ff.
[A brief account of the swarm on Penalara, together
with a suggestion as to its probable significance, is given
in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. xxiv. E. B. P.]
SPHEX NUDATUS, Kohl. (?).
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 .
SPHEX ALBISECTUS, Lep.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f A. H.
Barcelona: July 16.—1 9 A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July
14.—1 2 A. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 A. H.
SPHEX sUBFUscATUS, Dhl.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—1 2 E. B. P.
Port Bou: June 24.—1 f E. B. P.
1902. La Granja, above Palace: July 20.—1 @.
SPHEX FLAVIPENNIS, Ltr.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 ¢ A. H.
Cerbere: July 17.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—l ¢ WOR 2 ASH:
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 637
SPHEX MAXILLOSUS, L.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 f E. B, P.
SCELIPHRON FEMORATUM, F,
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f E. B. P,
SCELIPHRON PENSILIS, III.
1901. Cerbére: July17—l1 f W.H.
Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 E. B. P.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.) : July 15—1 2 W. H.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 ff.
Ditto, above Palace: July 21.—1 @.
SCELIPHRON SPIRIFEX, L.
1901. Barcelona: July 13.—1 2 E. B. P., 1 2 W. H.
PEMPHREDON AUSTRIACUS, Kohl. (?).
1901. Barcelona: July 13—1 9. W. HL, 2 ¢ 2 ?
ve Ss
NYSSON SCALARIS, Duf.
1902. La Granja: July 24—1 gf. July 26—1 f,
ily OF
BEMBEX INTEGRA, Pz.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 3. July 25.—2 f.
July 26.—1 ff.
Ditto, above Palace: July 21.—1 2.
Ditto, Palace Grounds: July 22.—1 3.
BEMBEX SINUATA, Ltr.
1901. Cerbere: July 17—1 ¢ W. H.,1¢ A. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—1 2 E. B. P., 1 f A. H.
July 16.—Abundant.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15—1 2 E. B. P.
BEMBEX OCULATA, Ltr. var.
1901. , Barcelona: June 25.—1 7 E. B. P.
638 Mr. Edward Saunders on
BEMBEX MEDITERRANEA, Hdl.
1901. Barcelona: July 16—1 $ E. B. P.
CERCERIS BUPRESTICIDA, Duf.
1902. La Granja: July 20—5 9. July 23.—4 f.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 f.
CERCERIS 4-MACULATA, Duf.
1901. Monistrol: July 16—1 2 E. B. P.
CERCERIS EMARGINATA, Pz.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 f E. B. P.
Port Bou: June 24—1 f W. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—1 f$ W. H., 1 f A. H.
Judy: 16.—2. 0K SBOP: Lite We dead,
LP ACE
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—2f E. BP.
Monistrol: July 13—1 2? EH. B. P. July
16.—1 $A. H
Ditto, var. (2).
1902. La Granja: July 23—1 fg. July 24.—1 J.
July 26.—1 &.
CERCERIS RYBYENSIS, L.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1 fH. SP, 1 Ae
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000- 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 E. B. P.,
Qe
Ditto, near summit (about 4000 ft.) : July 15.
—19A.H.
Ditto, var.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 9 A. H.
CERCERIS 4-ctnctTA, V. de L.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—2.¢H.B Pol ¢ W.3: 4, 1 2 ASE
July 15-—1 9 E. B. P., 1 9 A. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15—4f E. B. P., 1 g
ASTER
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 639
CERCERIS FERRERI, V. de L.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 E. B. P.
CERCERIS LABIATA, F.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 HBP:
CERCERIS ARENARIA, L.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: Ju/y 14.
—3 SE. B. P. :
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15—1 g W. H.
PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM, F.
1901. Barcelona: June 25.2 f E. B. P., 4 2
A.H. July 13.—3 ¢ E..B. P. July 16.
—Abundant. Females captured as well as
males, although not in equal numbers.
OXYBELUS 14-NOTATUS, Jur.
1901. Barcelona: July 13—1 ¢ W.H.,1 ¢ A. H.
OXYBELUS 3-SPINOSUS, F’.
1901. Barcelona: July 13—1 f A. H. July 16.
—1 9? W.H.
OXYBELUS MELANCHOLICUS, Chevr.
1902. La Granja, above Palace: July 21.—1 #.
OXYBELUS LAMELLATUS, Oliv.
1901. Barcelona: June 25.—3 2 A. H.
ENTOMOGNATHUS BREVIS, V. de L.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
Sel Oe Bi Eee eas
GRABRO HYPS&, de Stef., punctatus, H.-Sch. (nec Lep.?).
1901. Cerbére: July 17: 12 EL B. P.
CRABRO CLYPEATUS, Schreb.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 2 A. H.
Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 A. H.
CELONITES ABBREVIATUS, Vill.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 ¢ E. B. P.
640 Mr. Edward Saunders on
VESPA GERMANICA, Fab.
1901. Barcelona: June 25.—1 2 E. B. P.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 2 A. H.
VESPA SYLVESTRIS, Scop.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 3,1 9. July 25.—
19. Above Palace: July 21.—1 8.
POLISTES GALLICA, L. Very common.
[At Port Bou this species was seen to be devoured by
Dasypogon diadema 2. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902,
p. 335.) E. B. P.]
EUMENES COARCTATA, L. Common.
RHYNCHIUM OCULATUM, F.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—2 9
Monistrol: July 13.—1 2
ODYNERUS OPACUS, Mor.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 A. H.
ODYNERUS DANTICI, Rossi.
1901. Barcelona: July 13.—2 g$ E. B. P.,3 #12
A. H. July 16.—4 9 E.. BLP, 1 ate
We Basso 2 AS:
ODYNERUS DANTICI, var.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15—2 f E. B. P.,
2 io ASE
1902. La Granja: July 23.—3 f.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 2.
ODYNERUS PARVULUS, Sauss., var.(?) f.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f A. H.
1902. La Granja: July 23—2 ¢.
El Escorial: July 28.—2 f.
In these specimens all the segments are bordered with
yellow, and the antenne are pale beneath.
ODYNERUS SIMPLEX, Fab.
1901. Barcelona: June 25—1 3,1 9 E
July 16.—1 2? E. B.P., 4 9 A. H.
1902. El Escorial: July 28.—1 9.
ies)
Pos ke
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 641
ODYNERUS ELEGANS, Wesm.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1 9 E. B. P.
ODYNERUS SPIRICORNIS, Spin.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 ¢,8 9. July 22—
Tee
ODYNERUS PARIETUM, L.
1901. Port Bou: June 24,—-1 ff A. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—l1 gf E. B. P, 1 f
A. H. July 16—2 $ A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—?2 9 K. B. P.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15.—8 f A. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 f E. B. P.
ODYNERUS ALPESTRIS, Sauss.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 A. H.
PROSOPIS VARIEGATA, F,
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 f E. B. P.
Monistrol: July 16—1 9 A. H. Var. with
white central line on clypeus.
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 9. Var. with clypeus
spotted. July 26.—1 §.
PROSOPIS PICTUS, Smith.
1901. Barcelona: July 13—1 2? E. B. P., 3 2
W.H.,2¢A.H. July 16.—1 2 A. H.
PROSOPIS COMMUNIS, Nyl.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 $.
PROSOPIS SULPHURIPES, Grib.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
It Ey BPs) duly toe 9A. A.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
64.2 Mr. Edward Saunders on
PROSOPIS HYALINATUS, Sm.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1g¢,19A.H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—2 ¢ E. B. P.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—1 fg, 1 9.
Segovia: July 27.—1 ¢.
PROSOPIS, sp. near GENALIS, Thoms., n. sp. (?).
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1?E.B. P.
PROSOPIS CLYPEARIS, Schk.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—19EH.B.P.,2¢ A. 0.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—2 2 E. B. P.
PROSOPIS PICTIPES, Nyl.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 f A. H.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—1 @.
PROSOPIS BISINUATUS, Forst., angustatus, Schk., var. (?).
1901. Barcelona: June 25—1 ¢ A. H. July 18.
Lt Wools bo ea: Ee
Differs from angustatus in the thinner antennal scape,
and is apparently quite distinct, but a similar difference
occurs between brevicornis and imparilis, which makes
one doubt if in both cases there may not be two distinct
varietal forms.
PROSOPIS IMPARILIS, Forst., brevicornis, var. (?).
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 f E. B.P., 1 ¢ A. H.
COLLETES LIGATUS, Er.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 9 W. H.,.1 ¢ A. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.) : July 15—1 2 W. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 643
CoLLETES, sp. (2). Small, short gens, very finely-
punctured 2nd abdominal segment.
1902. La Granja: July 23—49. July 24,—2 &.
The species of this genus are at present in such a con-
fused state that it is useless to describe any as new from
females only; the males have been carefully worked, for
such species as were known to him, by the Rev. F. 1D:
Morice (Trans, Ent. Soc., 1904, pt. I), but their respective
females are in many cases quite unrecognized, and until
the many described males can be associated with suitable
females it would only be complicating synonymy to give
new names to members of the latter sex.
CoLLETES PICISTIGMA, Thoms.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
~ (3000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 f A. H.
Ditto, sp. (2). Large, short genw, near picistigma (2).
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 §.
COLLETES FODIENS, Kirb.
1902. La Granja: July 23—1 2%. July 24.—1 §.
July 26.—2 §.
COLLETES ABEILLEI, Per. MS.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.) : July 15.—2 $,1 9 E.B. P.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 9 W. H.
SPHECODES FUSCIPENNIS, Germ.
1901. Barcelona: June 25.—1 9 A. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.): July 15—23 E. B.P.,1 fo A. H.
SPHECODES GIBBUS, L.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.) : July 15.—6 7,19 EB. P.,
2 OW, HH 3° AE:
1902. La Granja: July 26.—1 f (being devoured by
Dasypogon diadema ©).
644 Mr. Edward Saunders on
SPHECODES SUBQUADRATUS, Sm.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—l f EB Peal eae
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.): July 15—9 § EL. BP, 3 g
W., G.,, 6.2 ek: oe
SPHECODES RETICULATUS, Thoms.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.) : July 15.—16 ¢, 22 E. B.P., 22 3,
1 & (one of the males being eaten by spider
on yellow umbelliferous flower-head), W. H.,
14¢A.H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15,
—l1 f A.H.
SPHECODES RUFIVENTRIS, Pz.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—1 f A. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft): July 15.—2 2 E. BP.
Led Wt
Ditto, sp. (?).
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—1 9A. H.
[The five first-named species of Sphecodes are indis-
tinguishable in the field. They fly together, and were all
found visiting the flowers in the open grassy valley just
below San Geronimo, close to the summit of Montserrat,
on July 15,1901. It will be seen that S. /uscipennis and
S. rufiventris were much less common than the others.
The abundance of these Aculeates, as well as their inti-
mate association with one another and with their mimics,
is well shown in the following experience. I observed
resting on a flower in the valley a black fly with red abdo-
men, beautifully mimetic of these Hymenoptera. Mr. E. E.
Austen kindly informs me that the species is the Tachinid,
Ocyptera brevicornis, Lw. It occurred to me that by a
single strong sweep of the net I should probably secure
not only the mimic but a number of its models as well.
The twenty-one insects thus captured were carefully
labelled and kept distinct from others. With the excep-
tion of the fly all are Aculeates, and they are of course
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 645
included in the numbers given in the present memoir.
Separated out from other captures of the same species
the list is as follows :—
Sphecodes fuscipennis . ae
Bp gubbus SMe io A.
“ subquadratus . . 72
reticulatus . Ue
rujiweniris .-. . 1g
)
The mimetic fly—
Ocyptera brevicorns . . . 1
The twenty-first insect was the only specimen of
Epeolus productus (f) in the material described in this
paper.
The whole of the captures made by the three naturalists
on that sunny afternoon by San Geronimo afford the material
for a much larger group, including far greater numbers
of the same species of Sphecodes and some additional species
of Aculeates with the same general appearance. This com-
plete group is shown below. In the right-hand column
will be found a record of all other captures of the con-
stituent species in Spain during the same expedition (1901).
A glance at the table on p. 646 suggests the following
conclusions :—
(1) Sphecodes reticulatus was the dominant species on
July 15, while three out of the five species of Sphecodes
were far more abundant than any other members of the
entire group.
(2) There was an evident special association of the
species of the group in the locality at San Geronimo, A
large proportion of them were not taken elsewhere.
(3) The elevation had obviously delayed the emergence
of the species of Sphecodes, so that hardly any females had
as yet appeared. The proportion of the sexes only 1000
feet lower was very different.
Mr. Edward Saunders tells me that “ with few exceptions
the males of Sphecodes precede the females by a week or
so. In the autumn when both are out the females are
found more round the burrows and not so much on the
flowers as in the spring. The new females hibernate and
the males die off.”
(4) It is probable that the stingless males of Aculeates
Mr. Edward Saunders on
646
‘LT “srusonnag 0.LajahogQ
‘VuadLdl(y
Other
Orders of
insects
mimetic of
Sphecodes.
“PT sxnjnf nrULsE
*& Z "soa DPNWoAT
‘pT Ame ‘409J OOO Jnoqe “yeatoszuop ‘P T "& T ‘sunhaja snpouney
‘sapoaaydg 0} yuas1eamoo AjUO oye]
‘7G aung ‘nog wog ‘5 1) . >
“pL Ange ‘3007 000E guoqe “yerreszuoyy ‘S L/S PT ssngdnssaqur sno)
Other Aculeates
synaposematie with
Sphecodes group.
‘eT Ane ‘400F OOS Jnoge QeareszuoTy ‘4 T 4 ‘ds ee
‘eT Aug “097 OOOG JNoge “yeateszuoT * P T an = ssauquanafind oe
“GT Aqne ‘19°F OOOE JNoqe “QeatesquoyT ‘ P T *§ @'D GG ‘“snqwjnayas 3
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Synaposematic species of
Sphecodes
"LO6T "LOGE “st Aine
‘Kn¢—ounpg ‘uredg ut aratpaasya ‘(Ja0} OOOF JNoqe) YVAIeS}MO]Y Jo yrurwNS
poinydvo setoads owes jo satdwmexe 1939 qvau ‘owluor1ex) ULg Aozeq poingdes dnowy
possess some special defence, perhaps by means of a secre-
It is difficult otherwise to
account for the dominant central species of mimetic
tion, or the juices of the body.
ked
imic
It must be re-
pical Braconide are freely m
.S., 1902, p. 280), and that an experiment of Mr. Guy
g composed even temporarily of males, to the
A. K. Marshall’s indicates that the latter are defended in
nplete exclusion of females.
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On cS Stas
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 647
the manner suggested above (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, pp.
386, 387).
I cannot doubt that a closer attention to the facts of
mimicry in the Aculeates would long ago have revealed
the insufficiency of the Batesian hypothesis and the
necessity of that to which Fritz Miiller was driven in
1870. ‘The group on Montserrat may be compared in the
closest manner with the synaposematic Neotropical Rho-
palocera. The central species, belonging to the genus
Sphecodes, represent the Jéhomiine, usually the dominant
members of the South American groups. The genera
FHalictus, Nomada, and Osmia, similarly represent the
convergent Lycorea, Heliconius, and Actinote; while the
fly Ocyptera may be to some extent paralleled by a Hetero-
cerous mimic, such as Pericopis or Castnia.
As regards both groups we may feel the same confidence
that the Miillerian explanation of common warning colours
accounts for nearly the whole of the facts: as regards both
the same uncertainty as to whether some outlyimg member,
such as the fly in one or Castnia in the other, may not be
a real (Pseudaposematic) mimic in the Batesian sense.
In both groups the fact lost sight of by Bates is equally
evident, viz. that the mimicry is closest between those
members whose special defence is clearest—that just as
the mimicry of Ithomiine by Heliconine far transcends the
resemblance borne to the former by Danaine, Nymphaline,
Pierine, or moth,so the likeness of other Aculeate genera for
Sphecodes far surpasses that borne by the mimetic Dipteron.
In fact, Mr. Saunders speaks of the similarity between the
females of some of the small southern species of Halictus
and Sphecodes being so great that he has often to look for
structural characters at the apex of the abdomen in order
to decide upon the genus. In speaking of this remarkable
resemblance the great Hymenopterist, indeed, suggests the
probability that Halictus and Sphecodes arose from a single
stock at no distant date. But, however recent this period
may be, it is highly improbable that superficial likeness
in colour and pattern can be its heritage, imasmuch as
a safe distinction can be established by an appeal to
comparatively deep-seated structural characters.
This interesting group is only a section of a very
large assemblage of Aculeates characterized by a black
ground-colour, and the development of more or less red
on the abdominal segments. Mr. Saunders has kindly
648 Mr. Edward Saunders on
given me the constitution, in a general way, of this
assemblage in the Palearctic Region. It is as follows :—
FOSSORES.
Mutilla : only a few males in an extensive genus.
Scolia: 9 of one species in a genus of about 20 species.
Sapyga: § of one or two species out of 8 or 10.
Myzine: 9 of one or two species out of 20 or 30.
Pompilus : both sexes of over 200 described species (pro-
bably many are synonymous). More than half the genus.
Salius: many species, but less than half the genus.
Ceropales: one species out of about 5.
Pseudagenia : one species out of 4 or 5.
Astatus: nearly all the species ef a small genus.
Tachytes and Tachysphex : more than half the species in
each of these extensive genera.
Larva: one species only.
Gorytes: a small section only of a genus mostly com-
posed of black and yellow wasp-like species.
Entomosericus : both species.
Mimesa : not tar from half of about 15 species.
Sphev: many species of an extensive genus.
Ammophila: many species of an extensive genus.
Alyson (small genus): 2 or 3 species.
Nysson (medium-sized genus): a few species.
Didineis: both species.
DPinetus: 1 species only in genus.
Miscophus: 3 species out of about 10.
ANTHOPHILA.
Prosopis: about 5 species out of 60 or 70.
Halitus: 8 or 10 out of 100 or more.
Sphecodes*: some 20 species or so, Practically the
whole genus.
Andrena: about 20 species out of 200 or more.
Nomada*: nearly half a large genus.
Osmia: a very few out of about 200.
Dioxys*: most of the species (about 6 or 8).
Phiarus,* Pasites,* Biastes,* Ammobates * : nearly all the
species in these small genera.
The absence of species belonging to the formidable
Diploptera is remarkable. A brick-red colour is known
on the basal segment of the abdomen in several species
* Genera thus marked are known or suspected to be inquiline.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 649
from the Canaries and Madeira, and yellowish-red also in
a few European species. It is, however, very little de-
veloped, and the effect is quite different from the broad
transverse band of the abdomen in Pompilus, etc.
This great assemblage of species convergent in colours
and pattern can be broken up into many sub-groups, more
or less closely welded together by intermediate links.
Thus the dark wings and intense black of the species of
Pompilus, together with the position of their deep red
abdominal bands, make a very characteristic sub-group.
The black and red species of Ammophila form the centre
of another, while perhaps the most extensive of all these
subordinate associations is that which has Sphecodes for
its centre—the group of which we had so interesting an
experience in the valley below San Geronimo. E. B. P.]
HALictus 4-c1nctTUwus, F.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 A. H.
Barcelona: July 16.-—1 ¢, 3 2 W. H., 1
A, OH.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15—8 gf E. B. P.,
A TOW Hs, 5 As Hi:
HALIcTUS 6-CINCTUS, F.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 W. H.
HALICTUS SCABIOSH, Rossi. Common, var.(?) ochra-
ceovittatatus, Drs.
HALICTUS TETRAZONIUS, Klug.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 gf, 19 W. H.
HALICTUS PYRENZUS, Per. (?).
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—4 9H. BOP. 3 9 W. H. 29 AH. July
16.—2 2 W. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 W. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 E. B. P.,
2 OW... EX.
1902. El Escorz 1: July 28.—1 9.
HALICTUS, sp. (?).
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—2¢ A. H.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART II]. (SEPT.) 42
650 Mr. Edward Saunders on
Allied to ¢etrazonius, but with the mandibles simple ;
differs from Perez’s description of pyrenewus in the short
cheeks, and the want of the pencils of hairs at the lateral
apices of the 4th ventral segment.
HALICTUS SEPARANDUS, Schmied.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 A. H.
Cerbere: July 17.—1 gf E. B. P.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
3g BaPs lod, ll a Ele sel ciel
—l1 ¢ W.H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 g W. H.
HALICTUS PLATYCESTUS, Dours.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—2 2 E. B. P.,5 2 W. H.,
19 AH,
HALICTUS LEUCOZONIUS, Kirb.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 g W. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 16.
—1? W. H.
HALICTUS INTERRUPTUS, Pz.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—2 2? E. B. P., 2 2 W.H.,
3 2 A. Ef
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1?E.B.P
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 f W. H.
HALICTUS, sp. (?).
1901. Port Bou: June 24—1 2 A. H.
HALICTUS COSsTULATUS, K.
1902. La Granja: July 22—1 9. July 23.—2 8.
July 24.—2 2. July 26.—1 2. July 26.
—l ¢@ (being devoured by Dasypogon
diadema $).
La Granja, above Palace: July 21.—1 9.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain, 651
HALICTUS ELEGANS, Lep.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—l1 gf A. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 A. H.
This is considered by many authors to be a variety of
cylindricus, but its elongate face appears to me to separate
it easily in both sexes from that species.
HALICTUS CYLINDRICUS, Fab.
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 9.
HALICTUS MALACHURUS. ~*
1902. La Granja: July 23—1 2 (being devoured
by Dasypogon diadema ).
HALICTUS BREVICORNIS, Schk.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—1fE. BP.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15—1 2 E. B. P.,
TOW ret ae Er
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 A. H.
HALICTUS MINUTISSIMUS, K.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 15.
—1? EB. P
HALICTUS PUNCTATISSIMUS, Schenck.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1?E.B. P.
HALICTUS DUBITABILIS, E. Saund.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1f EB
HALICTUS MUCOREUS, Gv.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 W. H.,
Barcelona: July 16.—1 f E. B. P.
Monistrol: July 16.—1 2 A. H
652 Mr. Edward Saunders on
HALICTUS GRAMINEUS, Sm.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—1 2? E. B.P.,3 2? W. H.,
LOA’
Port Bou: June 24.—2 2 W.H., 49 A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1 9 EY BOP 1? W: gs 9 AL. daly
15.—1 ¢ E. B. P.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—4 2 E. B. P.,
3 W. EL.
HALICTUS GEMMEUS, Drs.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—8 9 E.B.P.,7 9,1 fA. H.
Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 W. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—1 2 A. H.
Montserrat,’near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—l1 9 A. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 W. H.
HALICTUS MORIO, Fab.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1¢,19E.B.P.
HALICTUS LEUCOPUS, Kirb.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1Z,129E BP.
HALICTUS SMEATHMANELLUS, Kirb.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—19A.H. July 15.—1 9 A.
ANDRENA PILIPES, Fab.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 W. H.
ANDRENA FULYVICRUS, Kirb.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 f A. H.
ANDRENA DISTINCTA, Luc.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 E. B. P.
This agrees exactly with a specimen I have in my
collection named some years ago by Prof. Perez.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 658
ANDRENA, sp. (?), dorsata group.
1902. La Granja, above Palace: July 21.—1 9.
ANDRENA ALBOFASCIATA, Thoms.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—1 9.
NoMADA EOS, Schm.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—2 2 A. H.
EPEOLUS PRODUCTUS, Thoms,
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 E. B. P.
CERATINA CUCURBITINA, Rossi.
1901. Cerbeére: July 17—5 2? E. B. P., 5 2 W. H.,
8? A. H.
Barcelona: July 16.—1 2? W. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—19?W.H,19A.H. July 15.—1 2
Av tel
CERATINA ACUTA, Friese.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—1 2 E. B. P., 22 A. H.
CERATINA CYANEA, K.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 $,1 9 E. B. P., 4 fg
A. Et
CERATINA CYANEA, K. (2).
1901. Monistrol: July 16.—1 ¢ A. H.
‘This specimen agrees, so far as I can see, essentially
with cyanea, K., but it has the tubercles white.
CERATINA CALLOSA, F.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 A. H.
CERATINA CHALCITES, Germ.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—2 9? A. H.
1902. La Granja: July 26.—1 8.
CERATINA DALLATORREANA, Friese.
1901. Cerbere: July 17.—1 2? E. B. P.
654 - Mr. Edward Saunders on
XYLOCOPA VIOLACEA, L,
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 2 A. H.
XYLOCOPA CANTABRICA, Lep.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—2 2. July 25.—1 8.
XYLOCOPA VALGA, Gerst.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 f~. July 24.—1 ¢-
July 25.—1
Ca@LIOXYS AUROLIMBATA, Foerst.
' 1901. Barcelona: June 25—1 f E. B. P. July
16.—2 2 E. B. P.
Ca@LIOXYS AFRA, Lep.
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 ¢ A. H.
C@LIOXYS CONOIDEA, II].
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 9.
MEGACHILE LAGOPODA, L.
1901. Barcelona: June 25—1 f A. H. July 16.—
bet 1 2 EBPs eae eee
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 @.
La Granja (on thistle): July 26.—3 9.
MEGACHILE WILLUGHBIELLA, Kirb.
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 9.
MEGACHILE PILICRUS, Mor.
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 ¢.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 9.
MEGACHILE MELANOPYGA, Cost.
1901. Barcelona: July 16—1 ¢ W. H.
MEGACHILE SERICANS, Duf.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 3, 4? W. H.
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 655
MEGACHILE ERICETORUM, Lep.
1901. Barcelona: June 25.—2 f E. B. P., 3 ¢ A. H.
July 13—1 gf E. B. P. July 16.—1 ¢
BBP Wilds, 4d) Ay E.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—1 g. July 25.—2 g,1 9.
Segovia: July 27.—1 f.
MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS, L.
1901. Barcelona: June 25—1 f A. H. July 13.—
Lf: BoP. tt Woe, vuly 16—1 fZ,
tor, BB eS Ae
MEGACHILE ARGENTATA, F,
1901. Port Bou: June 24,—2 ¢ A. H.
Barcelona: June 25.—1 2H. B. P. July 13.
—2R99ER BP, 2S AH. July 16.—
2 i Bee
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1?9EBP.2f AH. July 15—1 2
E. B. P. July 16.—1 ¢ W. H.
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 ¢ A. H.
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 9.
Segovia: July 27.4 g.
MEGACHILE DORSALIS, Per.
1901. Barcelona: July 13.—1 gf A. H.
MEGACHILE, sp. (?).
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 $ E. B. P.
MEGACHILE APICALIS, Spin.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 7,22 W.H.,29A.H
Barcelona: Judy 13.—1 § A. H. July 16.—
QE, Bybsind boas Le
+
1902. Segovia: July 27.—5 gf.
LITHURGUS CHRYSURUS, Fonse.
1901. Barcelona: July 16—1 2? E. B. P19 A. H.
1902. Segovia: July 27.—2 f.
656 Mr. Edward Saunders oz
ANTHIDIUM MANICATUM, L.
1901.—Cerbére : July 17.—1 9 W. H.
Barcelona: June 25.—1 f E. B. P., 2 2,7 9
A. H. July 16-2 W.H., 1 fA. Hi
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 f.
ANTHIDIUM CINGULATUM, Ltr.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 W. H.
1902. La Granja: July 25.—1 2
El Escorial: July 28.—1 9.
ANTHIDIUM FLORENTINUM, F.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 $,22 W et
Barcelona: June 25.—1 ¢ E. B. P, 1 ¢@
AWH., daily-13)—2 VE: BaP., io Wo:
July 16—1 $,19 E. B. P., L 2 Wa
1 de? AC Ed
ANTHIDIUM 7-DENTATUM, Ltr.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1fZEBP,12W.H. July 15.—I1 f
E.B, PB.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 9 W. H.
ANTHIDIUM LATREILLEI, Lep.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—2 2 EH. B. P., 24,1 2
W,. Ein? f 207A. el.
Port Bou: June 25.—1 9 A. H.
ANTHIDIUM OBLONGATUM, Lir.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—29EH.B.P. July 15.—1 f A. H.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2,3 2 E.B. P.,
2h WoL, 2h cA Sie
1902. La Granja: July 22.—1 f.
Segovia: July 27.—1 9.
ANTHIDIUM STRIGATUM, Pz.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 fE.B.P.,1 fA. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—1 2? E. B. P.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
ep aa
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 657
ANTHIDIUM BELLICOSUM, Lep.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14,
—19W.H
STELIS ATERRIMA, Panz.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—I1 SE. B.P.2fA.H.
1902. El Escorial: July 28.—1 9.
STELIS BREVIUSCULA, Ny]l.
1902. Segovia: July 27.—4 9.
ERIADES TRUNCORUM, L.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—2 f.
Segovia: July 27.—6 2.
ERIADES CRENULATA, Nyl.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 2 W. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
—1 9A. H.
1902. Segovia: July 27.—15 f.
The Montserrat female (July 14, 1901) has no proper
ventral brush,
OsMIA FALLAX, Per.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 f E. B. P.
Hitherto only recorded from Algeria, so far as I know.
OSMIA BIDENTATA, Mor.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—1 9 E. B. P.
1902. Burgos, hill below Castle (about 3000 ft.) :
July 30.—1 &.
OSMIA ADUNCA, Pz.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—7 2 A. H.
Barcelona: July 13.—2 7, 2 2 E. B. P.
2. July 24,—1 Ff,
1902. La Granja: July 23.—5
es
OsMIA, sp. (?).
1901. Barcelona: July 13.—3 2 E. B. P., 3 2 W.H.
658 Mr. Edward Saunders on
OSMIA ACUTICORNIS, Duf. Perr. (?).
1901. Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(8000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 E. B. P.
OsMIA CCQERULESCENS, L.
1901. Barcelona: July 13—1 2W.H. July 16.—
12 An
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15.—1 f A. H.
OSMIA AURULENTA, Pz.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15.—1 2 E. B. P.,
WY, ie, 2 OA Ee
CROCISA RAMOSA, Lep.
1901. Barcelona: July 16.—2 ¢,1 9 E. B. P.
PODALIRIUS FULVODIMIDIATA, Dours.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 f E. BP. 4 3, 3 2
W., 1 tCA. Ee:
PODALIRIUS BIMACULATUS, Pz.
1902, La Granja: July 22—1 g,2 2. July 23.—
1g. July 24.—2 9.
El Escorial: July 28.—1 fg, 1 .
PODALIRIUS GARRULUS, Rossi.
1901. Cerbére: July 17—1 f W. H.,1¢ A. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
2. 7 BB; Bet ASE:
PODALIRIUS ALBIGENUS, Lep.
1901. Cerbére: July 17.—1 f W. H.
Port Bou: June 24—1 f E. B. P.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—4 g,1 9. July 25.—
ih Se.
PODALIRIUS 4-FASCIATUS, Vill.
1901. Port Bou: June 24.—1 9 E. B. P., 1 ¢ W. #.,
2 <f AE
Barcelona: June 25.—1 9H. B.P. July 13.
—19R.BP,19 AH. July 16.—2 6,
29K. BBs 2g om. EE:
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 659
PODALIRIUS CRASSIPES, Lep.
1901. Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 14.
=f EB
Montserrat, Hospederia to San Geronimo
(3000-4000 ft.): July 15—1 ¢ W. H.,3 fg
Hs, Be.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo
(about 4000 ft.): July 15—2 ¢,19 A. H.
PODALIRIUS PUBESCENS, F.
1902. La Granja: July 23.—4 9,5 2. July 24,—
49, July 25.—1 &.
PODALIRIUS FEMORATUS, Oliv.
1902. La Granja: July 20—1 f. July 22.—1 §.
La Granja: July 24.—1 f. July 25.—1 f.
PODALIRIUS RETUSUS, Linn. (?).
1902. La Granja, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 9.
July 22.—1 9.
The above determination is probable, but the speci-
mens are so faded and weather-beaten that certainty is
unattainable.
EUCERA COMMIXTA, D. T.
1902. La Granja: July 24.—1 9.
PsITHYRUS CAMPESTRIS, Panz.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.): July 15—1 f E. B. P.
BoMBUS SMITHIANUS, White.
1901. Barcelona: June 25—19 A. H. July 13.—
1Z,39W.H. July 16—1 95 W. H.
BoMBUS AGRORUM, Fab. var.
The males are certainly agrorwm, and probably therefore
the females and workers are varieties of this species.
1901. Montserrat: July 14-16.—All forms abundant
wherever the mountain was explored—from
the Railway Terminus to the summit.
660 Mr. Edward Saunders on
BoMBUS AGRORUM, var. PASCUORUM.
1902. La Granja: July 20—1 9. July 22.—2 9.
Ditto, Palace Grounds: July 20.—1 9.
Ditto, above Palace: July 21.—5 9.
BoMBUS HORTORUM, L.
1901. Port Bou: June 25—1 f W.H,, 3 3,13
A, HL,
BoMBUS HORTORUM, var. (posterior tibize red-haired).
1902. La Granja: July 20.—1 9.
El Escorial: July 28.—2 2, 4 9.
BoMBUS PRATORUM, L.
1901. Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 ¢ EK. B. P.
BoMBUS TERRESTRIS, L.
1901. Barcelona: July 16—I1 93 W. H.
Montserrat, near Railway Terminus: July 13.
—19E.B.P.
BOMBUS TERRESTRIS, var. FERRUGINEUS.
1901. Port Bou: June 24,—Abundant.
Barcelona: July 16.—1 9 E. B. P.
Montserrat, near summit, San Geronimo (about
4000 ft.) : July 15.—1 ¢ W. H.
1902. La Granja: July 20.—2 9. July 26.—1 9.
El Escorial: July 28.—2 9%.
APIS MELLIFICA, L.
Fairly common everywhere.
[Freely devoured by the females, occasionally by the
males, of Dasypogon diadema at La Granja. (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 336, note.) E. B. P.]
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 661
APPENDIX.
The mimicry of Aculeata by the Asilide and Volucella, and
ats probable significance. By EK. B, PouLToN.
I HAVE already stated that I was much struck with the
mimetic resemblance borne by the Asilid captor to its
Aculeate prey on July 20, 1902 (see p.634). The commonest
form of the variable female of Dasypogon diadema reproduces
on a larger scale all the conspicuous features of Pompilus
viaticus :—the dark wings and the black body with a
reddish transverse band across the abdomen. In the case
of Pompilus fuscipennis there is not even the discrepancy
in size, while the resemblance in colour is in some respects
even closer; for the red abdominal band is single in the
Pompilus, and, although spread over three segments, appears
to be single in the Asilid. In P. viaticus, however, the
three constituent bands are evident, separated as they are
by intervening black areas. This species of Asilid attacks
Aculeates far more frequently than any other kind of
prey. I observed it devouring small Coleoptera on several
occasions at La Granja, once a Hemipteron, and once the
male of its own species. In Switzerland I once captured
it with a Tachinid fly (Sarcophaga sp. Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1902, p. 334). On all other occasions when I have
observed it, including the numerous instances recorded in
the present memoir, the prey has been Hymenopterous—
almost exclusively Aculeates, but now and then Ichneu-
mons. The fact that the Asilid is a special enemy of the
group to which Pompilus belongs suggests, at first sight,
aggressive mimicry as the plausible interpretation of the
resemblance—a likeness which may be supposed to facili-
tate the approach of the captor to its prey. But the
swift and sudden swoop of an Asilid upon its victim
does not appear to require any accessory aid; further-
more, there is no evidence that Pompilus is attacked
above all other Aculeates. As a matter of fact this is the
single example I have encountered. A surer interpretation
of the resemblance seems to be afforded by protective
mimicry—a defence against insect-eating vertebrate
animals. The Asilid, seeking its prey, frequents places
where Aculeates abound, and therefore an Aculeate is for
662 Mr. Edward Saunders on
it a specially advantageous model, the likeness under such
favourable conditions assisting it in the struggle with
enemies against which the sting of Pompilus would be a
defence. The striking and conspicuous colouring of this
Aculeate renders it especially suitable as a model.
Furthermore, the detailed resemblance may have been
built up on a foundation provided by a slightly greater
initial resemblance to this rather than any other Aculeate
genus.
This appears to be the most feasible explanation
of Asilid mimicy as a whole. Asilidw which have
~ no special form of insect prey, but attack indiscriminately,
are not asa rule mimetic. Such an exception as our own
Asilus crabroniformis recalls in a general way the type of
Aculeate colouring and pattern which is commonest and
most conspicuous in its region, and is probably therefore
independent of the advantages due to special association.
Neither do we find mimicry prevalent among the Aszlidz
which exhibit decided preferences, but not in the direction
of specially-defended prey, such, for instance, as Dysmachus
trigonus, which clearly selected a much less abundant
beetle (Rhizotrogus sauzi (?), Graells), among the swarms of
Orthoptera towards the summit of Pefialara, on July 25,
1902. Mimicry, on the other hand, is common among
these predaceous Diptera when they attack the Hymeno-
ptera in any special degree. We can probably distin-
guish two classes of mimetic resemblances among such
Asilid flies. In the first we may place Dasypogon diadema
and the slender ichneumon-like Dioctrias which, as Colonel
Yerbury has observed (1. c., pp. 332, 333), specially select.
ichneumons as their prey—in fact, all examples in which
the attacks are upon a group rather than upon a particular
species. The second class, in which mimicry is even more
common and more exact in its details, comprises the Asilide
which specially attack single species of Aculeates, such, for
instance, as Damalina sp., described by Col. C. T. Bingham
as preying upon the model (Melipona apicalis), which it re-
sembles with extraordinary precision (I. c., p. 334). Further
examples are probably to be found in the Hyperechias,
which bear so wonderfully perfect a resemblance to the
Xylocopidx, and, as is believed, prey upon these Aculeates.
Indeed, Mr. E. E. Green has only recently observed one
circling round its Xylocopid model in Ceylon (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1904, June 1). It is unfortunate that the
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 663
remarkable likeness to such common insects should convey
an impression of extreme rarity and lead to a want of
knowledge as to habits. Asilid mimicry of this latter
kind may be exactly paralleled by resemblances such
as that of the Histerid Savrinus virescens to its distasteful
Phytophagous prey, Phedon cochlearix,—tollowing the
convincing interpretation offered by Mr. Horace Donis-
thorpe (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 354).
The resemblance of the Volucellas for the Aculeates
has probably been brought about in a slightly different way,
although here too the older interpretation of the mimicry
as aggressive must, I believe, be abandoned. My friend Dr.
W. Hatchett Jackson has recently presented to the Hope
Department a specimen of Volucella inanis, which he
captured on August 29, 1903, close to the entrance of a
wasps’ nest in his garden at Pen Wartha, Weston-super-
Mare. The wasps paid not the slightest attention to it,
although they instantly attacked other insects venturing
near the opening. Considering that wasps will detect
and kill the individuals from other communities, it is
most improbable that they were deceived by the appearance
of the Volucella. Furthermore, Dr. Jackson has had the
opportunity of studying M. Fabre’s latest volume, and
informs me that the great observer believes V. inanis to be
a beneficial guest in the wasps’ nest, feeding on deébris,
waste substances, excreta, etc. He also states that the
larvee of these diptera are not attacked even when upon
the combs of the wasp. These results entirely accord
with observations upon V. bombylans carried out by the
present writer in association with Miss Cora B. Sanders
early in July 1898. Fresh and active specimens of the
Volucella were lightly but securely girdled with a fine
silken thread, the other end being attached to a long
slender twig. In this way it was possible to guide the
movements of the fly and compel it to wander close to the
opening of the underground nest of Bombus terrestris, and
even to enter the passage. Examples of both the red-tailed
form of V. bombylans and the banded form (var. mystacea)
were thus tested, and only once was any antagonism dis-
played. On this occasion the Volwcella was made to
descend the passage, and thus met an ascending worker.
The humble-bee grappled with the fly, wrestled with it in
a clumsy manner for a few seconds, and then left it
apparently without having caused any injury. We also
664 Mr. Edward Saunders on
witnessed the oviposition of the banded variety mystacea
in the nest of a red-tailed carder-bee (Bombus derhamellus,
Kirb.). The fly hovered round the nest for a few seconds,
the bees paying no attention to it. It then alighted on the
moss and quickly entered, remaining about ezght minutes.
At the close of this period it emerged, and at once flew
away. Opening the moss below the point of its entrance
and exit, about fifty or sixty eggs were found in a mass.
These were exactly similar to the eggs sometimes laid by
captured females of the species of Volucella. The fact
that a banded fly should have laid in the nest of a red-
tailed bee strongly opposes the interpretation of aggressive
mimicry, originally offered by Kirby and Spence and
followed by the present writer in former publications
(c.g. “Colours of Animals,” London, 1890, p. 267).
Another observation made on the same occasion also
opposes the older interpretation. It is well known that
the Aculeate models, when disturbed, commonly adopt a
warning attitude in which the second leg is raised. On
further irritation the whole body is generally tilted over
on one side. In the sun Volucella is shy and readily takes
flight; but on cold days and in the evening it becomes
sluggish and semi-torpid. If disturbed in this condition
I found that it raises its first leg in a manner clearly
mimetic of the first warning position of its Bombus model.
The anterior legs of flies perform such a variety of
operations that selection would here have a comparatively
easy task to produce a new movement of a simple kind.
At the same time the general likeness of the attitudes is
very striking, although different legs are made use of by
model and mimic,
The protective value of such a detail in the resemblance
of fly to Lombus becomes sufficiently obvious, when it is
remembered that the position is only assumed at a time
of complete helplessness. On the other hand, it is most
improbable that an attitude thus assumed could play a part
in the aggressive mimicry of the one insect for the other.
The facts now brought forward supply a solid foundation
for the criticism of the older conclusions urged, in 1898,
by Mr. W. Bateson, F.R.S. (“ Nature,” 1892, Vol. xlvi,
p. 585, Vol. xlvii, p. 77).
It is probable that the Volucellas, like the Asilids, are
protected from insect-eating animals by their mimetic
disguise, and that the resemblance of V. inanis to wasps
Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. 665
and of V. bombylans to the red-tailed and banded humble-
bees have been promoted by the special associations which
render the models peculiarly feasible in each respective
case. These Diptera live in the same habitats as their
models, and may be seen visiting the same flowers; they
fly from nest to nest to deposit their eggs, and their first
flight on emergence from the puparium is made from the
home of an Aculeate community. It is obvious that their
mode of life bears a strong superficial resemblance to
that of their respective hosts, and that mimetic likeness
to these hosts would be far more convincing and advan-
tageous than to other species of Aculeates,
Although mimicry is not necessarily dependent on a
mode of life which brings an insect into intimate relation-
ship with some widely-different form possessed of special
means of defence, yet such associations are very commonly
attended by mimicry. In this note it has been seen that
mimetic likeness may result when the relationship is
that between captor and prey, whether the prey be
defended by a sting or by some nauseous quality—that it
may result when the association is that of scavenger to an
Aculeate host.
Bo BP.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (SEPT.) 43
het le
Cer}
XXIII. Additions to a knowledge of the Family Cicadide.
By W. L. Distant.
[Read June Ist, 1904.]
PLATES XXIX AnD XXX.
Tue following descriptions refer to species of Cicadidx
which have reached me from various sources during the
last few years. Foremost among these, I may mention a
small collection made and forwarded to me by Mr. P. W.
Mackinnon, at Mussooree, N.W.P., India, which contained
no fewer than five new species, a revelation after the mass
of material which passed through my hands a decade ago,
when preparing my “ Monograph of the Oriental Cicadide.”
An undescribed Cicada from Bombay has also been sent
by Mr. R. M. Dixon. Jam indebted to Col. Bingham for
two new species collected by Mr. Craddock at Pahang, in
the Malay Peninsula, while my friend Dr. Heath has again
enriched my collection with a number of new species
principally from the Ethiopian region.
Subfamily C7C ADIN 2.
Platyplewra mackinnon, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 1, a, d.)
Head and pronotum ochraceous ; head with the lateral margins of
front, face—excluding basal spot, anterior lateral margins of vertex,
and a broad transverse fascia between eyes including the area of the
ocelli, black; pronotum with the basal margin stramineous, its disc
with a central longitudinal fascia much broadened at base, and the
incisures, black; mesonotum pale castaneous, with two anterior,
fused, obconical spots, on each side of which is a longer obconical
spot, and a large curved basal spot with its apex prolonged, black ;
basal cruciform elevation pale castaneous with its central area black ;
abdomen black, apex and margins of the tympana ochraceous ; legs,
rostrum, posterior margins of abdominal segments and apical segment
(more or less) ochraceous.
Tegmina pale talc-like, the venation ochraceous on basal half,
piceous on apical area, extreme basal area piceous; wings pale
hyaline, the venation ochraceous, about basal third piceous streaked
with ochraceous.
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART III. (SEPT.)
668 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a
4. Opercula almost meeting interiorly, their lateral and posterior
margins oblique, their apices reaching the base of the second
abdominal segment.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and 9.25 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim.
Hab. INDIA; Mussooree—Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon
—18-6-1903).
Platypleura makaga, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 4, a, b.)
?. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish-ochraceous ; pro-
notum with two broken and centrally subobsolete longitudinal lines,
and the incisures, black; mesonotum with two anterior linear
obconical spots, on each side of which is a much smaller angulated
spot, and a small round spot in front of the anterior angles of the
basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen above black, the basal
central area and margins of the segments brownish-ochraceous ; body
beneath and legs brownish-ochraceous.
Tegmina opaque, brownish-ochraceous, with greyish mottlings,
the most conspicuous of which are two spots in the radial area, a
central spot in the two upper ulnar areas, a large central spot on
apical margin, and another spot near inner angle, the apical margin
is distinctly infuscate ; wings castaneous, the margins, abdominal
area, veins on basal area, and ray-like spots on outer area pale
piceous, a grey spot on posterior margin.
Head including eyes about as broad as anterior margin of meso-
notum; lateral margins of pronotum angularly ampliated ; rostrum
reaching the second abdominal segment.
Long. excl. tegm. 2.29 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.
Hab. Conco; Bopoto.
I have not yet seen the male of this species. I am
indebted to my friend Dr. Heath for the type.
Platyplewra adouma, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 2, a, b.)
?. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish-ochraceous ; head
with the area of the ocelli, a radiating line to eyes and two frontal
spots, piceous ; pronotum with two central longitudinal lines—fused
posteriorly, and the incisures black ; mesonotum with two central
obconical spots on anterior margin, on each side of these a smaller
spot, a linear spot followed by a rounded spot on lateral areas, and
a spot in front of anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation,
black ; abdomen above dark castaneous, the apical margins of some
of the segments ochraceous; body beneath and legs brownish-
ochraceous.
knowledge of the Family Cicadide. 669
Tegmina opaque, fuscous, irrorated with brownish-ochraceous,
and with piceous mottlings, of which the most prominent are two
spots in radial area, and two irregularly-sized spots in the two upper
ulnar areas ; the most prominent pale markings are in the radial
area, in the two upper ulnar areas, a sub-apical spot, a central spot
to apical margin and a spot near inner angle ; wings ochraceous,
the outer and posterior margins dark castaneous, the veins and
abdominal area fuscous.
Head including eyes slightly narrower than anterior margin of
mesonotum ; lateral margins of pronotum ampliated but not angu-
lated; rostrum reaching the fourth abdominal segment.
Long. excl. tegm. 9.21 millim, Exp. tegm. 65 millim.
Hab. Conco—no precise locality.
I have two female specimens, but have not seen the
other sex.
Ugada precellens, (Pl. XXIX, fig. 5, a, 0.)
Platypleura precellens, Stil, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1863, p. 572.
2. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dark obscure olivaceous ;
head with two central and two basal-angular spots to front, and
vertex with a transverse broken linear fascia between eyes, and a
spot behind each eye, black ; pronotum with two small obconical
spots on anterior margin, a spot at centre of anterior margin, two
discal spots, the incisures, and the anterior area of lateral margins
black ; mesonotum with two anterior obconical spots on each side
of which are two smaller spots, two discal spots, and irregular
spots in front of basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen dark
ochraceous the anterior segmental margins broadly black; legs
ochraceous-brown, abdomen marked much as above.
Tegmina with about basal half pale green, basal spots, an oblique
broad irregular fascia dividing the green area, and almost the whole
of the apical half tawny-brown, the last with a few paler spots ;
wings dark purplish-brown, with two elongate creamy spots on
posterior margin.
Rostrum mutilated; lateral margins of the pronotum broadly
angularly ampliated; head including eyes much narrower than
base of mesonotum.
Long. excl. tegm. 9. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 millim.
Hab. SirrRA LEONE.
An unlocalized female specimen here described and
figured was presented to me by Dr. E. A. Heath some few
years ago. I have waited since that time for further
670 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a
details as to locality, and for the chance acquisition of a
representative of the other sex, but neither of these wishes
was gratified. Professor Poulton, however, has now
kindly forwarded the type of Stal’s species contained in
the Oxford Museum, and I am thus enabled to figure his
very rare P. precellens.
The description of the genus Ugada and some other
allied genera will appear elsewhere, almost simultaneously
with this paper.
Pycna numa, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 3, a, 0.)
¢@. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale greyish-virescent ; a
central black longitudinal fascia extending from the ocelli to the
base of the pronotum, pronotal incisures more or less black ; meso-
notum with two obscure anterior obconical spots, two spots in front
of basal cruciform elevation, and a fascia on posterior half of lateral
margins, piceous; abdomen above piceous, a central fascia, apex,
and lateral marginal spots, virescent ; body beneath and legs pale
ereyish-virescent ; base and apex of face, apex of rostrum, apical
annulation to femora, central annulation to tibia, and bases and
apices of tarsi, black.
Tegmina with about basal half dull ochraceous, opaque, mottled
with brown, a pale lacteous spot in radial cell; apical area pale
hyaline or tale-like, the veins ochraceous, and with small fuscous
spots and other markings; wings with about basal two-thirds
ochraceous, outwardly margined with castaneous, and with some
longitudinal rays of the same colour ; apical area pale hyaline with
the veins ochraceous.
Head including eyes considerably narrower than anterior margin
of mesonotum ; lateral margins of pronotum strongly angularly
produced ; rostrum reaching the anterior margin of the fifth
abdominal segment.
Long. excl. tegm. 9. 24 millim, Exp. tegin. 70 millim.
Hab. MASHONALAND; Umtali (G@. A. K. Marshall).
Mr. Marshall sent me a female specimen a few years
ago; as I have not received the male since that time, I
now describe the species.
Pycna hecuba, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 6, a, 0.)
¢. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous ; area
of the ocelli, a broken longitudinal fascia, a large spot on anterior
lateral margins, and the incisures to pronotum black ; mesonotum
with two anterior pale castaneous obconical spots, on each side of
which is a black spot, and a transverse series of four black spots in
knowledge of the Family Crcadide. 671
front of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen above ochraceous,
with transverse more or less broken black fascize ; head beneath,
sternum, opercula, and legs greenish-ochraceous ; apices of tarsi
black ; abdomen beneath as above.
Tegmina with about basal third greenish-ochraceous, opaque,
mottled with brown and with a transverse brown fascia at its
extremity ; remaining area semi-hyaline, the veins and other
macular markings fuscous; wings with about basal half ochraceous,
with a large piceous spot on its outer margin, remaining area
semi-hyaline, the veins ochraceous.
Head including eyes much narrower than anterior margin of
mesonotum ; lateral margins of pronotum strongly angularly ampli-
ated ; rostrum mutilated ; opercula broad and short, not passing
the posterior margin of the first abdominal segment and a little
overlapping at their inner angles.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢. 25 millim, Exp. tegm. 73 millim.
flab. HAST A¥rrica; Kikuya.
Cosmopsaltria khadiga, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 9, a, 0.)
Body somewhat short and broad, brownish-ochraceous; head with
transverse fasciate lines to front, and suffusions on dise of vertex,
pronotum with two central longitudinal lines and the incisures,
mesonotum with two obconical spots on anterior margin, a large
discal lanceolate spot between them, a spot on each side of them on
anterior margin, a longitudinal fascia, profoundly notched anteriorly,
on each lateral area, and a spot in front of anterior angles of basal
eruciform elevation, abdomen with base and central spot to first
segment, and central anterior margins of second and third segments,
black ; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, a spot at inner
margin of eyes and spots near base of rostrum, black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous.
Q. Opercula long, reaching the apical abdominal segment, their
apices angularly rounded, outwardly sinuate near base, inwardly
slightly convex; face centrally suleate, transversely striate ; rostrum
reaching the posterior coxze.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢. 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.
Hab. MALAY PENINSULA; Pahang (Craddock).
I have to thank Col. Bingham for the series of speci-
mens on which this species is founded. It is allied to
C. tripurasura, Dist.
Pomponia surya, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 2, a, b.)
Head and mesonotum piceous; pronotum ochraceous ; head with
an apical spot to front, lateral margins of vertex, and the ocelli,
672 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a
ochraceous; pronotum with two central longitudinal fascia, widened
anteriorly and rounded and united posteriorly, the incisures, and
large spots on posterior margin, piceous ; lateral margins of meso-
notum and the cruciform elevation, ochraceous ; abdomen brownish-
ochraceous, greyishly pilose; body beneath and legs ochraceous,
greyishly pilose.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous, the tegmina
with the transverse veins at apices of the two upper ulnar areas,
infuscated.
é. Rostrum with its apex piceous and reaching the posterior
coxee ; opercula placed distinctly apart, not passing the first abdominal
segment.
Long. excl, tegm. ¢. 25; 9.21 millim. Exp.tegm. ¢ and 9.65
to 66 millim.
Hab. India; Mussooree—5000 ft. (P. W. Mackinnon—
30-5-1903).
Pomponia melanoptera, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 3, a, db.)
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum olivaceous green ; head with the
anterior margin and a basal triangular spot to front, some reticulate
lateral markings to vertex and the area of the ocelli, black ; pro-
notum with the basal and lateral margins dull ochraceous, with two
central longitudinal waved black fascize, widened on anterior margin,
united posteriorly, on each side of these are two oblique purplish
spots, and some black marks on the lateral areas ; mesonotum with
two sets of central obconical spots arranged in pairs, a longer
obconical spot on each side, four anterior marginal spots, and a
central lateral and apical spot, black; basal cruciform elevation with
its apices black ; abdomen black, above with a few obscure ochraceous
spots and in the male with the anterior margin of the second
abdominal segment and a spot at each side of anal segment, white ;
sternum, rostrum, and legs olivaceous; transverse marginal striz
to face black ; opercula piceous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal mem-
brane and basal venation olivaceous, a fuscous spot at apices of ulnar
areas, and a smaller fuscous spot a little before apices of veins to
apical areas,
¢. Rostrum reaching the third abdominal segment; opercula
reaching the second abdominal segment not quite meeting interiorly.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and 9. 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 to 70
millim.
Hab. INDIA; Mussooree (P. W. Mackinnon—Sept.
1908).
Allied to P. expansa, Walk.
knowledge of the Family Cicadide. 673
Cicada vesta, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 4, a, 0.)
Head black, a central line to face and anterior narrow margin to
vertex, ochraceous ; pronotum castaneous, its posterior margin and
a central longitudinal fascia margined with black, ochraceous ;
mesonotum black, two central, discal angulated fascize with a spot
between them, and the basal cruciform elevation, ochraceous ;
abdomen above black; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous,
greyishly pilose, opercula and anal segment bright ochraceous ;
apices of tibiz and tarsi piceous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous towards
base and fuscous towards apex ; tegmina with the costal membrane
ochraceous to apex of radial area and thence piceous, the basal cell
and narrow bases of both tegmina and wings piceous.
Opercula about half the length of abdomen, their lateral margins
somewhat strongly oblique, their apices truncately rounded, their
inner margins meeting for about third of length and thence oblique
to apices ; rostrum about reaching the posterior cox.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢.28; 9.22 millim. Exp. tegm. ¢. 80; ¢.
70 millim.
Hab. INDIA; Bombay (£. IM. Dixon).
Cicada nigrans, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 1, a, b.)
Head black, eyes ochraceous ; pronotum dark testaceous, with a
central black fascia; mesonotum black, with two central linear
obconical testaceous spots from which two slender rays emanate on
each side ; abdomen black, posterior segmental abdominal margins
testaceous ; body beneath piceous, ochraceously pilose, opercula
ochraceous ; legs pale castaneous, apices of femora pale luteous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochra-
ceous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the apices of the three
upper ulnar areas infuscated, and a small fuscous spot near apices of
longitudinal veins to apical areas.
Opercula overlapping each other internally, rounded posteriorly
but not extending beyond the apex of the basal abdominal segment ;
rostrum just reaching the posterior cox ; face somewhat strongly
transversely striate, and broadly centrally longitudinally impressed.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and ?. 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 to 78
millim,
Hab. MADAGASCAR; Fort Dauphine.
Macrotristria nigrosignata, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 7, a, 0.)
2. Body castaneous; posterior margin of pronotum, cruciform
674 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a
elevation, posterior margins of abdominal segments, and the coxz
ochraceous.
Tegmina and wings talc-like, the venation ochraceous ; basal cell,
and basal streak to tegmina and extreme base of wings, black.
Face gibbous, obscurely striate ; rostrum just reaching the pos-
terior cox; anterior femora armed with two long robust spines
beneath.
Long. excl. tegm. 2. 34 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim.
Hab. WEST AUSTRALIA; Cossack.
I have not seen the male of this fine species.
Subfamily T/BICENIN.
HAMZA, gen. nov.
¢. With the appearance of the genus Platyplewra, but with the
tympana largely uncovered.
Body short, broad; head including eyes about as wide as the
anterior margin of the mesonotum ; ocelli placed nearer each other
than to eyes; pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated, obtusely
angulated near middle; anterior femora distinctly tuberculately
spined ; metasternum slightly elevated, broadly centrally sulcate,
and sinuately truncated ; tympana only about half covered by the
dilated and expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment ;
opercula short, broad, their apices convexly rounded ; tegmina with
the basal cell broad, with at least four angles, ulnar veins widely
separated at their bases,
Type, H. bouruensis, Dist.
Hamza bowruensis. (Pl. XXX, fig. 5, a, b.)
Platypleura bowrwensis, Dist., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),
vol. 1, p. 97 (1898).
This species was originally described from a female
specimen, and it is only since I have acquired examples of
the male sex that I have seen its great generic division
from Platyplewra, which renders it a member of the Zibi-
cenine. This is an instance so often relied on by some
advocates of mimicry, a suggestion, at least in this case,
which would certainly not explain a strong case of
superficial similarity in evolution.
Hab, MALAY ARCHIPELAGO; Bouru.
knowledge of the Family Cicadide. 675
Tibicen sankara, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 8, a, b.)
3. Head black, anterior margins and three small basal spots
ochraceous, eyes and ocelli castaneous ; pronotum castaneous, lateral
and posterior margins, and two central spots both on anterior
and posterior margins—divided by a pale ochraceous line, black ;
mesonotum and basal cruciform elevation black, the first with
lateral margins and two anterior obconical spots only delineated by
their margins, ochraceous; abdomen castaneous, greyishly pilose,
the base and a central longitudinal fascia black ; head beneath,
sternum, and legs ochraceous ; abdomen beneath castaneous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochra-
ceous, their bases narrowly ochraceous, wings with a small fuscous
marginal spot near abdominal area.
Rostrum scarcely extending beyond the anterior cox.
?. Body much darker in hue than in 4; lateral margins of
abdomen beneath obscurely piceous.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢.18; 9.20 millim. Exp. tegm. ¢. 47; 9.
52 millim.
Hab. INDIA; Chamasari—5000 ft. (P. W. Mackinnon
—May 1903).
Terpnosia ganesa, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 6, a, 0.)
Body above brownish-olivaceous ; head with margins of front,
area of ocelli, on each side of which is an oblique line, black ;
pronotum with two central longitudinal fascia, with a spot on each
side of same and the incisures, black ; mesonotum with two anterior
obconical spots, a straight longitudinal fascia continued from between
them, a spot at each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation,
and a broad continuous sub-lateral fascia preceded by a small spot on
anterior margin, black ; abdomen above irregularly greyishly pilose,
the extreme margins of the first and second segments, a central
longitudinal spot on first segment, broad discal fascia to third
segment, two small central spots on fourth, fifth and sixth segments,
and lateral marginal spots, black ; body beneath and legs ochraceous,
central fascia to face and the rostrum stramineous ; apical spots to
coxe, and basal and apical annulations to femora and tibie, black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation fuscous or ochraceous,
the tegmina spotted at apices of ulnar and apical areas.
Rostrum passing the posterior cox; opercula oblique, not
reaching apex of second abdominal segment, and not meeting
inwardly.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢. 26 millim. Exp, tegm. 70 millim,
676 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions, etc. ‘
Hab. INDIA; Mussooree (P. W. Mackinnon—15—4-1908).
Allied to 7. maculipes, Walk.
Terpnosia abdullah, sp.n. (Pl. XXX, fig. 7, a, b.)
Body pale ochraceous with the following black markings ; viz. two
small anterior spots and a spot at each basal angle to front, the area
of the ocelli, and a line at inner margin of eyes ; two central longi-
tudinal lines and the incisures to pronotum, a central line much
widened medially, on each side of this an anterior curved line
followed by two angulated spots and a large lateral curved spot to
mesonotum, a small rounded spot in front of anterior angles of the
basal cruciform elevation ; lateral margin of first and an oblique
marginal spot to second abdominal segment, transverse spots to
face, apices of femora, bi-annulations to tibize and tarsi, and base
and apex of abdomen beneath.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; the
first with a black spot at base of upper ulnar area, and the trans-
verse veins at the apices of the two upper ulnar areas, infuscated ;
opercula small and obliquely rounded; rostrum reaching the
posterior coxe.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢.16 millim. Exp. tegm. 46 millim.
Hab. MALAY PENINSULA; Pahang (Craddock).
Allied to 7. clio, Walk.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXIX AND XXX.
PLATE XXIX. PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. Platyplewra mackinnoni. | Fie. 1. Cicada nigrans.
2. - adowma. 2. Pompowia surya.
3. Pyena numa. 3. 4 melanoptera.
4. Platypleura makaqa. 4. Cicada vesta.
5. Ugada precellens. 5. Hamza bouruensis.
6. Pycna hecuba. 6. Terpnosia ganesa.
7. Macrotristria nigrosig- iE abdullah.
nata. 8. Tibicen sankara.
9. Cosmopsaltria khadiga.
SEPTEMBER 30TH, 1904.
OSG 5
XXIV. Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea (1902-3) and
Hypolimnas misippus (1904), together with
observations on the life-history of the former.
By Grorce F. Leicu, F.E.S. With notes by
Professor EpwarD B. Poutron, D.Sc., F.RS.,
and an Appendix by RoLAND TRIMEN, M.A.,
E.R.S.
{Read June Ist, 1904.]
PuaTES XXXI anpd XXXII.
I. Observations on the life-history of PAPILIO CENEA.
On September 18, 1902, I took a male of Papilio cenea in
copula with a female of the cenca form which is commonest
in Natal, viz. that which possesses white spots on the fore-
wing. Having previously discovered the food-plant, I
decided to try and obtain eggs. I placed in a large
paraffin tin a small example of this plant, and by its side
a vase with several of the flowers on which the butterfly
feeds, covering all in with mosquito netting. The female
cenea fed on the flowers, and lived for five days. I then
carefully examined the plant and found 90 eggs upon it,
but not one on the flowers or the sides of the tin. The
eggs are white and very small; they are laid upon both
sides of the leaves and upon the small stems of the food-
plant. The larvee began to hatch on September 29, only
three of the eggs proving barren. The young larve are
nearly black in colour, with white on the last segment.
The first eecdysis occurred on October 3-5, when 13 of the
larvee died. They were then transferred to another tin
with fresh food-plant. In the second stage they are
chocolate and white. When not feeding, the larva rests
upon a slight web spun over the central part of the leaf.
The second ecdysis occurred on October 8-11, after which
70 living larvee were counted. The colours were as in the
second stage, save that the chocolate was of a paler shade.
The larve fed well and grew rapidly, the third ecdysis
taking place on October 13-16. An immense change in
appearance is now manifest; for the larve of the fourth
stage are blue-green, beautifully variegated with white, of
which the amount varies greatly in different individuals.
All the larvee passed this ecdysis safely, but four were killed
for preservation. The last ecdysis occurred between
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART IV. (DEC.) 44
678 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
October 18 and 26, some of the larvee lagging behind the
others in their rate of growth. Another change is now
witnessed ; for the larvee of the last stage are blue-green
(exactly matching the food-plant), with small orange
spiracular spots and two blue spots invariably present
on the third segment, other segments being sometimes
similarly marked.
The larve began to attach themselves preparatory to
pupation on October 27, and continued to mature for
about a fortnight. The situation generally selected was
a part of the food-plant where a leaf had been eaten
completely away; although some pupated upon the netting
and some upon the sides of the tin. Six larvze were killed
for preservation, and a certain number failed to pupate ;
but I obtained 56 healthy chrysalides, all of which were
green, exactly matching the shade of the leaves of the
food-plant.
The imagines began to emerge November 7, and con-
tinued to come out up to the 22nd.
It is often stated that the males of Lepidoptera tend to
emerge before the females, a conclusion which my experi-
ence by no means confirms. In this case the first two
which emerged were both females. I did not keep an
account of the emergences after this, but the largest
number to appear in one day was 11, of which 7 were
females. According to my usual experience with bred
specimens there were a larger number of females than
males, viz. 27 to 18. The 11 remaining pupe either dried
up or produced cripples.*
All the specimens were smaller than those of the same
broods captured in the wild state, and this I trace to the
artificial conditions inseparable from the described method
of breeding.
In nature the females are far rarer than the males; one
might probably see twenty-five of the latter to one of the
former. The female, I believe, flies but little in the open
except when engaged in oviposition, Only two or three
eggs are laid on each plant, and those growing under trees
or otherwise in the shade are the most frequented. The
* In future work of this kind when the material bears upon
problems in heredity of the utmost importance and complexity,
every dead pupa and every crippled specimen should be carefully
preserved ; for the lens would certainly reveal the sex, while dissection
would in many cases reveal the variety.—K. B. P.
Papilio cenca and Hypolimnas misippus. 679
larvee are invariably found on the lower parts of the
plant, as near to the ground as possible. They are fairly
easy to detect in the chocolate and white stages, but in
the last they are the hardest larvee to find of any with
which I am acquainted. The method which I have found
to be the best is to knock the plant with the hand, when
the disturbed larvee evert their crimson prothoracic scent-
glands. They are then either seen or their presence is
revealed by the smell. The pupz are even harder to find
than the larvee.
My experience with the rare ¢rophonius form, mimicking
LTimnas chrysippus, is somewhat limited, but I have
succeeded in breeding four examples from captured wild
larvee. I have observed that its pupze are quite different
in colour from those of the other forms. With this
exception, the pupz of all the varieties of cenea are
simply green, and do not vary in appearance, like those of
many of the Papilionine. The pupa of the trophonius
form of female was at once distinguished, in the examples
which have come under my notice, by a number of brown
lateral markings. Of course I am not referring to the
usual changes before emergence, when the pattern of the
wing can be recognized beneath the thin pupal cuticle,
and when, in the case of cenea, the male can be easily
distinguished from the female.
Il. The Synepigonic Group bred in 1902 from a pair of
PAPILIO CENEA (CENEA form of female).
It has been already stated that 27 females and 18
males were bred from the parents represented on Plate
XXXI, Figs. 1 and 2.
A. The Female Offspring.
Not a single example of the brown ¢rophonius form,
mimetic of Limnas chrysippus, appeared among the 27
females, but three were of the hippocoonoides form (two of
these are represented in Plate X XXI, Figs. 7 and 8) mimick-
ing Amauris dominicanus. All the rest were the cenca
form (four of these are represented in Plate XXXI, Figs.
3-6) mimicking Amauris echeria. Of the cenea forms
three possessed butf-coloured spots on the fore-wing;
while probably the whole of the remaining specimens, 21
in number, were the variety which is commonest in Natal,
and possesses white spots on the fore-wing, mimicking
680 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
A. albomaculata and the examples of A. echeria which
converge towards it. Two or three cripples were liberated,
but they were certainly ceneca forms, probably white-spotted.
I feel confident that no wild eggs or larvae were
accidentally introduced with the food-plant, but cannot
be equally sure about the pupz. I was not then very
familiar with these remarkably cryptic forms, and it is
possible that one, or even two or three, may have slipped
in unperceived.
Comparison of the Individuals of the 1902 Synepigonic
Group of PAPILIO CENEA. By H. B. PouLToN.
A considerable part of the 1902 material had been
dispersed before the present paper was written; but I
have made a careful examination and comparison of the
whole of the remaining specimens recently presented to
the Hope Department by Mr. Leigh. These consist of
8 females (6 cenea forms and 2 hippocoonoides forms) and 6
males. In the first place it appears possible that the
presence of one male and two female (white-spotted Natal
cenea forms) specimens, which are distinctly larger than
the others and also larger than the parents of the group,
may perhaps be accounted for by the accidental introduction
of wild pupze with the food-plant.
When the 6 females of the cenea form were minutely
compared it was apparent that they are not divided into
two distinct categories respectively characterized by the
buff tint and by the white appearance of the five chief
spots of the fore-wing. There was, on the other hand, the
most perfect gradation of the one form into the other.
The five chief spots may be indicated by numbers as
follows :
(1) The largest spot, of an oval form, placed below the
cell, between the Ist and 2nd median nervules.
(2) A spot, of which the form is usually oval, placed
beyond the end of the cell, between the 2nd radial and
3rd median nervules.
(3) A roundish or oval spot, placed beyond the end of
the cell, between the 5th sub-costal and Ist radial nervules.
(4) A roundish or oval spot, with its outer border
generally marked by a concavity. When the latter curve
is strongly marked the spot becomes crescentic (as in
Plate XX XI, Fig. 4) or reniform (as in Fig. 3). This spot
Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 681
is placed beyond the end of the cell, between the 3rd and
4th sub-costal nervules.
(5) The irregular spot within the cell.
The transition from a condition, resembling the female
parent, in which the five chief spots of the fore-wing are
white, towards one in which they are buff, is clearly seen
in the following comparison of the 6 female specimens in
this synepigonic group.
I. The largest specimen, unfigured. All five spots
white except the edges of (1). The buff tint is
especially pronounced on its inner marginal edge
—a tendency often manifest in specimens in which
this spot is almost entirely white.
II, A slightly smaller specimen, unfigured. (1) very
TIT.
pale buff, (3) still paler. The latter not uniformly
tinted. At a little distance both spots appear to
be white.
The specimen represented on Plate XXXI, Fig. ®.
(1) distinct buff, (8) and (5) very pale buff, the
tint of (8) being even fainter than in the specimen
last mentioned. At a little distance all spots
except (1) appear to be white.
IV. The dwarfed specimen represented in Fig. 5. The
condition is similar to that described in No. III,
except that spot (8) is of a very slightly deeper
shade. Nevertheless, at a little distance all the
spots appear to be white except (1).
V. The specimen represented in Fig. 4. (1) buff of a
slightly deeper shade than in specimen No. III.
(3) very distinct buff. (5) outer half of the area
distinct buff. The lens shows traces of the same
tint on (2) and (4), but to the eye these two spots
and the costal (or inner) half of (5) appear to be
white.
VI. The much-dwarfed specimen represented in Fig. 6
All spots except (4) butf, with an appearance of
additional depth of tint caused by the over-
spreading of dark scales—an encroachment of the
ground-colour of the wing. (4) appears to be
white or very pale buff at a little distance, and is
much less overspread than the others. The depth
of the shade of buff is most marked in (1), then in
(2), (5), and (8) in this order.
The dwarfed condition of specimens 4 and 6 is worthy
682 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
of attention, inasmuch as it is possible that the shock of
abnormal conditions may have favoured slight reversion
to a relatively ancestral form. It has been similarly
observed that a set of abnormally small specimens of
Limnas chrysippus, var. dorippus (= klugii), from Macha-
kos Road, British East Africa, exhibited an unusual
amount of reversion towards the type form of the species
(Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 483).
The very distinct di- and trimorphic forms of some of
the chief Ethiopian mimics of Limnas chrysippus are still
connected by transitional varieties which have been lost
or are at any rate unrepresented in the primary model.
Hence it has been argued that “A Study of Mimetic Forms
may enable us to reconstruct the Lost Stages through which
the Older Model has passed” (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902,
p. 482). In this case also it is seen that uninterrupted
transition obtains between the cenea forms of the female
mimic with white spots on the fore-wing and those with
buff. In the Danaine models, on the other hand, there is
a sharp break between the white-spotted Amauris albo-
maculata and the buff-spotted forms of A. echeria, and
even between the white and the buff varieties of the
latter species. It is in every way probable that here too
the transition which is witnessed in the younger mimic
formerly existed, but has finally disappeared in the older
model—viz. the two forms of Amauris echeria. As regards
the origin and history of the differences between the two
species which act as models—viz. albomaculata and echeria
—the interpretation is at present less clear and convincing.
It is unnecessary to describe the two hippocoonoides
forms of females. A glance at Plate XX XI, Figs. 7 and 8,
will show that the pattern is typical, although the size is
abnormally small, especially in one specimen (Fig. 7).
A careful comparison of the male individuals in the
1902 synepigonic group leads to equally interesting re-
sults. In this investigation I have confined my attention
to the most distinctive feature of the pattern—the ner
black band of the hind-wing. It will be seen that this
marking is subject to remarkable individual variation
in males of one family. At the same time it is the
character by which the males of certain forms of the
Papilio dardanus (merope) group are usually discriminated.
It will be convenient to describe the appearance of the
band in the best-known forms, before proceeding to record
Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 683
the individual differences between the males of a single
family of the same form.
The inner row of black patches on the hind-wing of
the ancestral Papilio meriones from Madagascar is usually
broken by two gaps, one between the 2nd sub-costal and
the discoidal nervule, the other between the 2nd and 38rd
median nervules. he former may be conveniently spoken
of as “the costal gap,” the latter as “the inner gap.”
The costal gap is often partially and sometimes completely
closed by a sickle-shaped black marking, with its concavity
directed inwards. The broadened base of this marking,
present in all the specimens I have examined, arises from
the black patch placed between the discoidal and 3rd
median nervules. The inner gap is often partially filled
by a detached black spot. This description applies to
females as well as to males, although the black markings
are more often developed and tend to be more completely
developed in the gaps of the first-named sex.
The male of P. dardanus (= merope) from the West, or
rather the tropical forest (for it extends at least to the
N.-E. shores of the Victoria Nyanza), is very similar to that
of meriones in the characters here described; but the gaps
are on the whole wider and less frequently occupied by
spots. The base of the sickle-shaped marking is, however,
generally present. In the male of P. antinori, from
Abyssinia, the band is even more interrupted than in
merope.
In the male of the Eastern and Southern P. cenea both
gaps are usually filled, and a continuous broad black band
extends from the inner to the costal margin, nearly parallel
with the general trend of the hind-margin. This band,
which is by far the most prominent feature of the hind-
wing, tends to reach a fuller development in males from
the northern section of the insect’s range along the Hastern
coast as compared with males from the southern section.
Nevertheless, even in the specimens with the heaviest
markings the position of the inner gap is clearly indicated
by a bay on the hind marginal border, rendering the band
narrowest at this point. Occasionally, too, even in
specimens from Mombasa, a small yellow spot, or scattered
yellow scales invading the band from within, mark the
position of the costal gap.
In examples from Natal and the Southern part of Cape
Colony the gaps are far more frequently and more fully
684 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
indicated. The mark corresponding to the sickle is not
bent in a curve but at a right angle.
Meriones and antinori, with non-mimetic females re-
sembling the males (also accompanied by mimetic females
in the case of antinorit), are certainly ancestral as compared
with other forms of the group, and therefore it is almost
equally certain that the interrupted black submarginal
band of the male is ancestral as compared with the
continuous band.
The submarginal bands of the 6 males of the 1902
synepigonic group may be briefly compared as follows :—
Specimen 1.—Costal gap distinctly indicated, but closed
by a broad sickle. Inner gap indicated by narrowing
of band.
Specumen 2.—Costal gap closed by a narrow sickle.
Inner gap as in 1, but slightly less narrow.
Specimen 3.—Costal gap open: inner much narrowed.
Specimen 4.—Costal gap closed by a narrow sickle:
inner still more narrowed than in 3.
Specimen 5.—Costal gap indicated only by a slight
narrowing (less marked than in any other specimen).
Inner gap open, with faint traces of narrow band.
Specimen 6.—Costal gap closed by a narrow sickle:
inner open, with a small detached spot midway
between the nervules which form its boundaries.
This specimen is much dwarfed, and it is possible
that the marked discontinuity of the band may be
due to reversion, brought about by the shock of
abnormal conditions.
The appearance of the band in the male parent is clearly
indicated in Plate XXXI, Fig.2. The costal gap is closed
by a sickle intermediate in breadth between those of the
above-described specimens 1 and 4. The inner gap, only
preserved on the left side, is more freely open than in any
of the offspring.
The male parent (see Plate XXXI, Fig. 2) is, I believe,
somewhat less heavily marked in this respect than is usual
in the Southern form of P. cenca, and the offspring are
upon the whole also less heavily marked. At the same
time, they exhibit very interesting individual variations,
never quite reaching the open condition of the inner gap
in the parent, but in half of the examples going beyond
their parent in the degree of development of the costal
gap.
Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 685
The evident hereditary tendencies displayed in these
males, together with their marked individual differences,
are of especial importance in relation to the study of the
wonderful series of modifications which are encountered
when we trace the allied forms of this remarkable Papilio
from the coast of British East Africa, westward into
Uganda, and north-westward into Abyssinia. In any such
investigation we must reckon with the fact that individuals
of the same synepigonic group are now proved to exhibit
great variation in the degree of continuity of the most
prominent feature in the hind-wing. E. B. P.
III. The Synepigonic Group bred in 1903 from a captured
female of PAPILIO CENEA (TROPHONIUS form of female).
I succeeded in capturing one of these rare forms of the
female in the neighbourhood of Durban on September 18,
1903. Both wings on the right side were slightly but
distinctly smaller than those on the left (see Plate XXXI,
Fig.9). From this butterfly only seven eggs were obtained,
and only five larva successfully reared. It1s certain that the
experiment was not in any way vitiated by the introduction
of wild eggs, larvae, or pups. Two of the larva pupated
on October 19, one on October 20, and two on October
23. The butterflies emerged on the following dates :—
Nov. 2. 1 2 cenea-form (Plate XXXI, Fig. 10).
wed & ig. 14),
SOR es ee ee 4)
1 $ cenea-form (Fig. 11).
Thus both the female offspring of the rare érophonius
form were examples of the commonest of all Natal
varieties.
Comparison of the Individuals of the 1903 Synepigonte
Group of PAPILIO CENEA. By E. B. PouLton.
The first of the females to emerge is rather smaller than
the other (Plate XXXI, Fig. 10). Spot (1) is unusually
small for an insect of this size (compare Figs. 3, 4, and 11),
being not only greatly reduced by encroachment of the
ground-colour but also overspread with scattered dark
scales. The specimen is a white-spotted variety very
similar to female II. of the 1902 group. The appearance
of spot (5) is, however, the same as in female III.
686 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic serves of
The second female is represented on Plate XXXI, Fig. 11.
It is seen that the left hind-wing is somewhat crippled.
The specimen is a typical white-spotted form of cenea,
similar to female I. of the 1902 group, but having an even
smaller development of the buff tint on the inner marginal
border of spot (1).
It is unnecessary to describe the three male offspring in
detail; imasmuch as the form of the band and the develop-
ment of the gaps are clearly shown in Plate XXXI, Figs.
12-14, It is obvious, on a glance at the figures, that the
inner gap is open in two specimens (Figs. 13 and 14), and
only interrupted by a faint imperfect band in the third
(Fig. 12). The costal gap, although not entirely open in
any specimen, is strongly indicated in all three.
The condition of the band in the males of these two
groups raises the question, which was previously suggested
(see pp. 681, 682) by the dwarfed female represented in Fig.
6, as to whether any of the conditions associated with breed-
ing from the egg in confinement may not favour reversion
towards the more ancestral form of meriones and merope.
It must be repeated that this is but a conjecture which
would require the examination of a longer series of captured
specimens and a far larger number of bred specimens in
order to confirm it. It is, however, suggested as a
possibility in certain cases by a study of the limited amount
of material at my disposal.
The proportion of the various forms of the female in
these two groups of offspring (1902 and 1903), and especially
the absence of tvophoniws trom both, raises an interesting
question as to their proportion in nature. Existing records
do not enable us to arrive at certain or exact conclusions,
but the following data are sufficiently in agreement to
justify a rough estimate.
Mr. G. F. Leigh informs me that in a good season in
the neighbourhood of Durban, from 25 to 30 males might
be met with in a single day; but some of these would be
the same insect encountered more than once. During the
last season (1903) Mr. Leigh did not see more than 30
females altogether, and of these 2 were the trophonius
form. Inquiring the experiences of others in the same
period of time, he heard of only one other specimen of the
latter variety.
Mr. G. F. Leigh recognizes a second form of hippo-
coonoides with “chalky-white” markings similar to, and, as
Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 687
he thinks, mimetic of Hwralia wahlbergi. ‘This Mr. Leigh
describes as rarest of all the forms of cenea. It has
been already pointed out that in certain respects the
hippocoonoides form of cenca, and the hippocoon form of the
Western merope respectively, resemble their Nymphaline
co-mimics Huralia wahlbergi and £. anthedon far more
closely than the primary models Amawris dominicanus
and A. niavius (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 486,
footnote). The existence of this chalky-white form indicates
an interesting approach towards the co-mimic in another
character.
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, in sending an estimate of the
proportionate occurrence of the three chief forms of the
female cenca in Natal, warns me that he is only giving a
very general impression based on a limited and now long-
past experience. His estimate is as follows :—
Cenea . : : , i 40
Hippocoonoides
Trophonius
—
Salers fas
Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., wrote as follows :—
“ November 28, 1903.
“At Knysna (where I was out in the district almost
every day for about eight months) I saw only 2 trophonius,
both of which I captured. In Natal, I saw no érophonius
during four months of almost daily collecting; I have
received at long intervals 3 examples from there—1
taken in copuld. I also received from Plettenberg Bay
(Knysna District) 3 examples, 1 from East London, and
1 (a variety with fulvous instead of white sub-apical bar
to fore-wing) from Bathurst;—all in Cape Colony.
Hippocoonoides I never saw in the Knysna District, but
have received 2; in Natal [ saw and took 2 only, but have
received 4 from there. Cenea, on the contrary, under one
or other of its two forms was pretty frequent, but not
nearly so much so as the male—owing to less active habits,
no doubt.”
“ December 28, 1903.
“ As regards the proportionate numbers of the forms of
g P.cenea, in say 100 specimens. I can only make a
ROUGH GUESS as follows :—
688 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
Cenea (true). : : 4 , : : 50
» (white- aptced) : : : ; : : 40
Grades between cenea (white-spotted) and hippo-
coonoides : : 3 ; : 4
Hippocoonoides . : : Ppa a
Grades between hippoc wOnasTe aaa iuphontiay 3
Trophonius 1
100
“Tn this matter the preponderance of ceca proper in its
two forms is to be expected, because its model Am. echerta
in two forms is practically the only Amauwris found in
South Africa—neither A. dominicanus nor A. ochlea being
at all prevalent even on the Natal coast, and not extending
further South. But the rarity of trophonius is not easy
to account for, if D. chrysippus is its model; the latter being
numerous and generally distributed. It seems possible that
trophonius was originally modified in mimicry of Aletis
helcita in West Africa (the Abyssinian extremely rare
ruspine & of Pap. antinori lends support to this view) ;
but, curiously enough, ¢rophonius appears to be decidedly
rare on the W. Coast as well as in other parts of Equatorial
Africa, where Aletis is abundant. A single very fine
trophonius was in Hobley’s E. African collection ; it was
of the West African character, but in several marked
features much more like D. chrysippus than like Aletis
heleita.”
“March 19, 1904.
“Tt is most difficult to believe that such close mimickers
as the second and third females of antinori, the planc-
moides female of merope, or even (in a less degree) the
trophonius female of cenea, can be as rare as they seem
to be. Such admirable mimickers ought to be no rarer
than the hippocoon female of merope, or the cenea female
of cenea. It must be remembered that all the females of
the group in continental Africa seem to be much rarer than
the males, yet in the few cases of breeding P. cenca—on a
very limited scale—there seems to have been no marked
disparity in the number of the sexes.” *
Mr. Trimen has kindly contributed an Appendix (see
p- 691), setting forth the characters and arrangement of
this interesting and puzzling group of Papilios. EK. B. P.
* See p. 678.
Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 689
IV. The Synepigonic Group bred in 1904 from a captured
Jemale of NUHYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS intermediate
between the type form and the var. INARIA.
The parent (Plate XXXII, Fig. 1), captured near Durban
on January 2, 1904, possesses the white sub-apical bar of
No. Date of Pupation. | Date of Emergence. Variety.
1 1904 Feb. 2, 1904 ? misippus (Plate XXXII,
Fig. 2).
2 e Hebi 2) 4s $ smallest male (Fig. 8).
3 Jan: 285) 55 Hebsdss ss; $ largest male (Fig. 7).
4 Jane 27s 53 Hebres. 4, 2 misippus, sub-apical
white bar of fore-wing
similar to that of No.1.
5 ——_ _,, Feb..4, ,, 3
6 AI TI DASH 5 Hebiwed apes 2 misippus, sub-apical
white bar of fore-
wing similar to that
of No. 14.
7 === 5, Feb. 4, ,, 3
8 ———= 4, Feb. 4, ,; @ like parent, but white
bar obscured by brown
seales (Fig. 3).
9 —— 4; ; Feb. 4, ,, 2? inaria, with bar un-
usually distinct but
brown (Fig. 5).
10 —- _,, Hebse55) 55 2 inaria, similar to No. 12.
11 —__,, Hebsi5: 95; 3
12 JaneoOs 5 Hebb. ness 2 inaria (Fig. 6).
13 =" Sere by) Feb. 5, ” 3
14 Hebis2y 35 HebseSs awe: 2 misippus (Fig. 4).
15 —— Heb 83,5 3
tGe etki Feb. 11, ,, 3
misippus, although the partial replacement of the black
ground-colour of the apex of the fore-wing approaches the
690 Mr. G. F. Leigh on Synepigonic series of
condition found in inaria. It is a well-known but not very
common variety, of which there are several examples in
the Hope Department. Forty-one eggs were laid by this
female, and the larve hatched on January 9 and 10.
They proved to be difficult to rear during the smaller
stages, when the larvae were often buried in the moist
faeces produced by the extremely succulent food-plant.
The surviving larvee were however quite healthy, and the
imagines with few exceptions of the normal size. The
results of the experiment are shown on preceding page
in a tabular form.
Comparison of the Individuals of the 1904 Synepigonic
Group of HYPOLIMNAS MISIPpPpUS. By E. B. Pouiron.
Only a single female out of eight resembled the parent,
and even this was a less-pronounced variety. Of the rest,
four were typical misippus, three typical inaria—one of the
latter indicating some slight anal in the direction of
the parent.
Thus a tendency is revealed which if general must lead
to a gradual reduction in the numbers of the intermediate
varieties, and an increasingly abrupt break between the
misippus and inaria forms of female. In this instance the
intermediate variety had little power to impress its own
form on the next generation; for seven out of eight of
its female offspring broke up into the two well-known and
sharply-separated forms. Although the transition between
misippus and inaria is far more complete than between
its models chrysippus and dorippus (=klugit), i corre-
spondence with the fact that a combination of mimetic
forms must be younger than their models (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1902, pp. 482-4), the mimic has nevertheless made
a considerable advance towards the abruptly-dimorphic
condition of the Danaine butterfly which it resembles.
It is unnecessary to describe the male offspring which
were entirely normal in appearance, and as a rule in size.
The largest and smallest specimens are represented on
Plate XXXII, Figs. 7 and 8. EK. By P:
691
imnas misippus.
enca and Hypol
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692 Kxplanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
All the figures are represented slightly more than half the natural
size.
Two Synepigonic Groups of Papilio cenea together with their
parents—a cenea form and a trophonius form respectively.
Fie. 1. The female parent of the 1902 group, captured in copula
with the male represented in Fig. 2. The butterfly
represented in Fig. 1 is a typical white-spotted Natal
cenea form. A selection of the female offspring is shown
in Figs, 3-8.
2. The male parent. The prominent black band of the hind-
wing is rather less heavily marked than is usual in
Southern forms. This feature was inherited by the male
offspring.
3. Female offspring of the cenea form described as ITI. in this
memoir, A white-spotted Natal form showing some
transition towards the buff-spotted variety,
4. Female offspring of the cenea form, described as V. Rather
more transitional towards the buff-spotted form than ITI.
5. Dwarfed female offspring of the cenea form, described as
IV. Intermediate between the females represented in
Figs. 3 and 4,
6. Much-dwarfed female offspring of the cenea form, described
as VI. The specimen represented is nearest to the
typical buff-spotted Southern form of female cenea.
7&8. Two female offspring of the hippocoonoides form. Both
typical except for their stunted size, especially marked
in Fig. 7.
9. The female parent of the 1903 Synepigonic group captured
near Durban on Sept. 18, 1903. It is seen to be a
typical trophonius form. From this female seven eggs
were obtained, yielding the five imagines represented in
Figs. 10-14.
10. Female offspring of the cenea form: a white-spotted variety
similar to the female described as II. in the 1902 family.
The chief spot (1) of the fore-wing is unusually small.
11. Female offspring of the cenea form: a typical white-spotted
variety similar to I. of the 1902 family.
12-14. The male offspring.
*
r. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART IV. (DEC) 45 ©
694 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
All the figures are represented nearly ¢ of the natural size.
A variety of Hypolimnas misippus 2, together with types of the
offspring reared from its eggs.
Fie. 1. The parent. Captured Jan. 2, 1904, at Durban, Natal.
Laid 41 eggs, from which 16 butterflies were reared.
Examples of all varieties among the offspring are repre-
sented in the remaining figures of this plate.
2. Female. Form misippus. Emerged from the pupa Feb. 2,
1904. Another female with the sub-apical white bar of
a very similar shape emerged Feb. 3, 1904 (pupated
Jan. 27).
3. Female. Form intermediate between misippus and inaria,
resembling parent except that the white sub-apical bar is
much obscured by scattered brown scales, the difference
being greater than is indicated by a comparison of figures
3 and 1. This is the only one of the offspring which
resembles the parent at all closely. Emerged Feb. 4,
1904.
4. Female. Form misippus. Emerged leb. 8, 1904 (pupated
Feb. 2). Another female with the sub-apical white bar
of a very similar shape emerged Feb. 4, 1904 (pupated
Jan. 28).
5. Female. Form inavia. A slight approach towards the
parental form is seen in the sharp and distinct outline of
the sub-apical bar, which however possesses the normal
brown shade of inaria. Emerged Feb. 4, 1904.
6. Female. Form inaria. Emerged Feb. 5, 1904 (pupated
Jan. 30). Another similar female emerged Feb. 5, 1904.
Male. Emerged Feb. 3, 1904 (pupated Jan. 28). The
largest of the eight male offspring.
8. Male. Emerged Feb. 2, 1904. The smallest of the eight
male offspring. The six unfigured males emerged on
Feb. 4 (two ; one small), Feb. 5 (two ; one of them rather
small), Feb. 8, and Feb. 11,
=~]
(2°95:1)
XXV. New species of African Striphnopterygide, Notodon-
tide, and Chrysopolomide in the British Museum,
described by Professor CHRISTOPHER AURIVILLIUS,
Hon. F.ES., F.M.ZS., ete.
[Read October 5th, 1904.]
Prare, XX XAIIT.
THE species here described have been forwarded to me
for identification by Sir George F. Hampson, together
with some others already known to science.
Family STRIPHNOPTERYGID.
Subfamily STRIPHNOPTERVGIN 4.
1. Phiala simplex, n. sp. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 1.)
Frons, palpi, abdomen and under-side of thorax ochre-yellow ; out-
side of palpi, tibia and tarsi black; vertex of head and throat
yellowish-white ; upper-side of thorax pure white; wings above
snow-white, beyond middle about 6 mm. from the margin with a
fine transverse line composed of black scales. This line is nearly
erect in fore-wing, gently arched and somewhat waved in hind-wing,
Wings below yellowish-white with all the veins distinctly yellow.
Expanse 46 mm.
Brit. C. Arrica, Zomba (Johnston, Manning), 1 f, 1 2;
MASHONALAND, Umtali (G. A. &. Marshall), 1 2, type
(HZ. B. Dobbie), 1 &.
A broad-winged species, easily distinguished by the black
line, which is continued from fore-wing directly on hind-
wing. (The male from Zomba has a patch of black scales
in cell of fore-wing and the black line on hind-wing is
absent.—G. F. H.)
2. Phiala marshalli, n. sp. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 2.)
Frons, palpi, pectus, legs and abdomen ochre-yellow ; fore-tibize
and tufts at the sides of the ventral surface of abdomen black, tarsi
ringed with black ; vertex of head, upper-side of thorax and wings
very pale sulphur-yellow or seldom pure white; fore-wing above
beyond middle with 7-8 black spots on the veins 1-7 and the fold in
the submedian interspace; the spots are disposed in an oblique,
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART Iv. (DEC.)
696 Professor Christopher Aurivillius on
nearly straight or slightly incurved line ; hind-wing beyond middle
with a nearly straight, transverse series of 6-7 small black spots ;
under-side of both wings yellowish, apical area of fore-wing more or
less suffused with ochreous.
Expanse 35-41 mm.
MASHONALAND, Umtali (G. A. K. Marshall), 3 3,19;
1 f also received from Mr. Marshall is im Mus. Holmie ;
also 3 ¢ and 1 2in the Brit. Museum, which are nearly
white above.
This species is nearly allied to Ph. costipuncta, H. Sch.
The wings are however destitute of black scales above
except in the spots on the veins. Ph. dasypoda, Wal-
lengn., which also has distinct dark spots on the veins, has
a different greyish ground-colour of the wings.
3. Phiala fuscodorsata, n. sp. (Plate XXXITTI, fig. 3.)
Collar, head, pectus and legs pale ochre-yellow ; fore and mid-tibiz
and tarsi ringed with black; abdomen dull ochraceous ; thorax above
greyish-white with many blackish hairs along the middle; wings
above greyish-white, fore-wing with an oblique, slightly outcurved
black line from the middle of the hind-margin to the costa near
apex, broader at the hind-margin, thickened at the veins and broken
into spots at apex ; there are also many black scales on the median
and submedian veins between the base and the transverse line ;
hind-wing beyond middle with a slightly curved series of black
spots ; wings below pale yellowish without black markings ; cilia
white.
Expanse 34 mm.
Brit. E. AFricaA, Athi ya Mawe (Z. S. Betton), 6 2, 6 9,
type. Nairobi Plains (f. Crawshay), 1 §.
(The female has considerably more black irroration on the
fore-wing, especially on the ves; in the hind-wing the
black spots almost form a line and there is some irroration
on termen.—G. F. H.)
4. Phiala abyssinica, n. sp. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 4.)
Frons between the eyes, palpi, legs and hind part of pectus yellow ;
tarsi ringed with black ; fore part of pectus densely clothed with dark
purplish-brown hairs; sides of pectus white; vertex and thorax above
whitish with some black hairs in the middle; abdomen deep
ochraceous ; wings above greyish-white densely irrorated with
large black scales, except at costa of fore-wing and at base of hind-
wing ; the veins are also nearly destitute of black scales ; the black
New Species of African Striphnopterygide. 697
scales in fore-wing condensed to a broad curved stripe from near apex
to middle of hind-margin ; there are also black spots on the veins of
hind-wing more or less indicated ; cilia broad greyish-white ; wings
below yellow suffused with black in the disk.
Expanse 48 mm.
ApyssInia, Zegi Tsana, May, June, 1902 (Degen), 6 f,
2 9, type.
Distinctly allied to both the foregoing species but so
abundantly dusted with black scales as to becoming nearly
blackish above.
(The female has much less black irroration on both fore-
and hind-wings.—G. F. H.)
5. Stibolepis hologramma, un. sp. (Plate XX XITI, fig. 7.)
Greyish-white ; a tuft at the base of the antennx, palpi, pectus,
abdomen and legs ochraceous ; a small tuft at each side of the frons,
fore and mid-tibiz, all the tarsi and two lateral rows of black spots
on the under-side of abdomen black ; fore-wing above dusted with
black scales and adorned with eight distinct waved transverse nearly
erect lines, four before the middle, two nearly in the middle and two
in the marginal area, the latter more irregular and deeply incurved
at vein 5 ; hind-wing above nearly without black scales from base to
middle, between middle and external margin with five transverse
waved lines and sparingly dusted with black scales ; wings below
yellowish-white, from middle suffused with black scales, partly
forming indistinct transverse lines ; cilia greyish-white.
Expanse 55 mm.
MASHONALAND (H. B. Dobbie), 1 2, type; Umtali
(GuA EK Marshall) 2 £12:
This beautiful species is easily distinguished from
S. abluta, Holl. by the many complete transverse lines of
both wings and the white colour of the frons.
Subfamily JANINE.
6. Camerunia (2) flava, n. sp. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 5 2, 6 2.)
Head, thorax and under-side of abdomen greyish-yellow (2) or
orange-yellow (?); upper-side of abdomen black with a dorsal crest
of long yellow hairs and with the hind-margin of segment 2-6
densely clothed with orange-red cilia, the black colour somewhat
sprinkled with yellow hairs ; tarsi, middle and fore-tibiz as well as
the branches of the antennz blackish ; wing pale greyish-yellow (¢ )
or orange-yellow (?), on the under-side with two arched transverse
698 Professor Christopher Aurivillius on
fuscous lines (the first nearly even at the middle and the second
somewhat undulate half-way between the middle and the margin),
and a very fine marginal line; these linesare faintly shining through
on upper-side ; in the male there is an indistinct pale brownish-
yellow transverse line in the middle on upper-side.
Expanse 68 (2), 74(¢) mm.
NYASSALAND, Zomba, 192; Tanganyika, 1 2; Stevenson
road on the plateau between Nyassa and Tanganyika, 2 ¢,
type.
(The female from Tanganyika is much greyer with
hardly a trace of the outer line on either wing.—G. F. H.)
This peculiar species agrees well with my definition of
the genus Camerwnia,* except by vein 8 of fore-wing run-
ning to the margin below apex, by vein 3 being more dis-
tant from 4 and “especially by vein 5 of both wings being,
especially in the female, emitted much nearer 4 than 6.
The male has on each side of first ventral segment a large
opening surrounded by an elevated rim ; these openings
are also present in the male of C@. albida. The male of
C. orphne I am not able at present to examine.
Genus VIANA.
Viena, Wik., Proc. N. H. Soc, Glasgow, i, p. 340
(1869). Type velutina, W1k., from the Congo.
Proboscis aborted (?). Palpi porrect, reaching a little beyond the
frons, densely scaled in the male ; last joint very short. Antenne
reaching the apex of the cell, bipectinate ; branches rather long in
the male, short in the female. Fore-tibis unarmed, hind-tibize with
four spurs. Wings rather broad, more densely scaled in the male
than in the female. Fore-wing: apex broadly rounded ; outer
margin very convex ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell but nearer
to 4 than 2; 5 from a little nearer to 4 than 6, 6 from 7 near angle
of cell, 7 and 8 stalked together from 9, 10 absent, 11 free, from cell
close to its apex but soon anastomosing with 12, which approaches
very near to cell ; lower discocellular straight and erect, middle dis-
cocellular gently curved, oblique, half as long again as lower disco-
cellular. Hind-wing: neuration asin Phasienecus but vein 8 nearly
approaching to cell before middle ; hind-margin somewhat produced
and obtusely angulated at vein 4 in male, rounded in female,
Frenulum and retinaculum absent. Differs from all the allied genera
by vein 11 of fore-wing being free from the cell but soon aaa praC RE
with 12.
* Bih. Vet. Akad. Handl., 27:4, No. 7, p. 26, 1901.
Neu Species of African Striphnopterygide. 699
7. Viana crowleyi, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII, fig. 9, 9a.)
¢. Palpi, head, thorax, abdomen, fore-tibize and tarsi above pale
reddish-brown more or less tinged with fuscous ; legs, breast and
under-side of abdomen and wings ochre-yellow ; fore-wing above
dark reddish-brown with a fuscous mark on the discocellulars and a
nearly straight transverse line behind middle from costa near apex
to hind-margin near anal angle ; hind-wing above ochreous-yellow
tinged with brown at inner margin, behind middle with a faintly
curved brownish transverse line ; cilia brownish.
Expanse 45 mm.
From Crowley bequest. Without locality.
@ (2). A female in poor condition entirely pale yellow without
markings except a series of small black spots on each side of the
abdomen, belongs to the same genus and perhaps also to the same
species.
Expanse 48 mm.
SIERRA LEONE. Crowley bequest.
Family NOTODONTID.
8. Epanaphe clarilla, n. sp. (Plate XX XIIT, fig. 10.)
Very nearly allied to E. clara, Holl., only differing by the cilia of
both wings being pure white and the fore-wing below being white
with only the costa very narrowly and a band from costa to vein 5
blackish.
Expanse 47 mm.
MASHONALAND (HZ. B. Dobbie).
Perhaps only a local race of #. clara, Holl.
Family CHRYSOPOLOMIDA.
9. Chrysopoloma crawshayi, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 8.)
¢. Head and thorax above umber-brown ; body beneath and legs
isabelline-grey, legs indistinctly spotted with black ; antenne deep
black ; fore-wing above umber-brown irregularly and rather thickly
spotted with fuscous, a small silvery spot surrounded with fuscous at
end of cell; hind-wing above dull ochreous-yellow without markings ;
wings beneath isabelline-grey rather sparsely spotted with fuscous ;
cilia broad brownish tinged with fuscous at anal angle of hind-wing.
Expanse 32 mm.
700 New Species of African Striphnopterygide.
Brit. E. Arrica, Ngongo, 6,450 ft., August (2. C.
Crawshay).
Nearly allied to Chr. noria, Dist., and flaviceps, Auriv.,
but differing from both by the small elongate not rounded
silvery discal spot of fore-wing.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.
Fia. 1. Phiala simplex.
2: » marshalli.
3. » fuscodorsata.
4. » abyssinica.
5. Camerunia flava, ¢.
6. ” ” 2 2
7. Stibolepis hologramma.
8. Chrysopoloma crawshayi.
9. Viana crowleyi.
10. Epanaphe clarilla.
Caen)
XXVI. Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe
and notes on the migration of Butterflies in
Ceylon, by Major NEVILLE MAnprrs, R.A.M.C.,
F.Z.5., F.ES.
[Read May 4th, 1904.]
PuaTes XXXIV anpd XXXYV.
THE following experiments were preliminary to a more
thorough investigation.
I had hoped to have ascertained with exactitude the
amount of heat, cold and moisture necessary to produce
the various forms in which this insect occurs. The ex-
periments were merely preliminary in order to ascertain
the difficulties and the apparatus required to carry out a
thorough investigation. They may be of interest because,
as far as I know, they are the first experiments made with
icing the pup of a tropical butterfly. Even these pre-
liminary experiments are far from being complete, as I
was ordered home when in the middle of them and had
to hand over my notes and material to another ento-
mologist, Mr. Oswin Wickwar, who did what he could in
the intervals of a busy official life.
Catopsilia pyranthe occurs in Ceylon under many
different forms, three of which besides Pyranthe have
received names, namely, lea, Chryscis and (noma.
Gnoma is usually called the dry-season form and Chryseis
the wet, and though Goma is certainly more common
in the dry, it is by no means confined to the dry months,
neither is Chryseis confined to the wet. It may be said that
all the forms occur indiscriminately all the year round,
and my first object was to ascertain which was the dry
form and which the wet, and what would be the several
effects of heat, moisture, ete. on the larvae and pup. The
first thing was to ascertain the proportion of each variety,
and this I left in Mr. Wickwar’s hands, and in the month
of February 1903, during a migratory flight, he captured
sixty specimens, the weather at the time being very dry
and hot.
He mentions (and I will allude to this later) that 75
per cent. were males, and 64 per cent. of the total were
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART Iv. (DEC.)
702 Major Neville Manders on
marked like Nos. 4, 11 in Plate XXXIV, i.e. Gnoma; the
strize in most, however, not being quite so pronounced as
in No. 4.
Only four (all females) bore at all heavy markings as in
No. 7 (this I should call C. gnoma), and in these the color-
ation of the strize was of a light yellowish shade, which
shade, he says, appears to prevail in the majority of dry-
weather females. These sixty insects would appear to be
all C. gnoma. I have written to ask him to capture this
year several hundreds if possible, as I think the numbers
too few for a correct estimate.
A large number of larve were kept in a glass jar and
the atmosphere was kept saturated with moisture, the
temperature being about 80° F.; this was also the tempera-
ture of the outside air at the time. A considerable
number of the pupze promptly rotted, and the amount
of moisture was necessarily reduced. The left-hand series
in the photograph shows the result; they all emerged
between the 5th and 12th of December and are mostly
females. In future experiments I should employ wet and
dry bulb thermometers. These five were the only ones that
survived.
A considerable number of pupee, the larve of which
were reared under normal conditions, were kept at a
temperature between 55° F. and 65° F. by means of ice;
the result is shown in the second row of the photograph.
All emerged between the 9th and 17th of December. The
mean temperature of Colombo is 75° F. and the lowest
ever recorded is 68° F., the pupz were therefore 10° to
20° below normal. It was distinctly difficult to keep
the pupz down even to this temperature, but in future,
now that there is a cold storage depot in Colombo, I
would try and make use of it for experimental purposes.
The attempt to keep pupze in an abnormally hot dry
atmosphere failed—the pupez all dried up.
Finally, certain unfortunate larvae were in an anhydrous
atmosphere, a large glass jar with coral unslaked lime.
It was exceedingly difficult. to keep them alive, as they,
the food-plant, and even the eggs shrivelled up. However,
by reducing the amount of lime five specimens survived
and are shown in column 3; they hatched between 11th
and 13th December.
A wet and dry bulb thermometer would be usefully
employed in this experiment also.
Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe. 708
The results of these experiments are very meagre, only
about fifteen to twenty specimens coming to maturity out
of quite 200 larve. It shows that the constitution of the
larve is somewhat delicate.*
I mentioned above that Mr. Wickwar had found that
75 per cent. of the insects captured during the dry February
flight were males, and quite independently we had observed
that the wet-season flight m November and December
were almost all females. I cannot account for this further
than to say that possibly during the dry months, owing to
a more scanty and drier foliage, the female larvee, if I may
use the expression, succumbed ; whereas with the damper
and more luscious foliage of the wet months they had no
difficulty in surviving. The mystery of these migrations
may be explained to some extent by this preponderance
of the sexes during the different flights.
By a coincidence a migratory flight of butterflies was
in full swing on the day I landed in Ceylon, October 25,
1895, and I certainly thought that I had stepped into a
land of butterflies. The harbour, streets, and large pro-
menade, the Galle Face by the sea-shore, was alive with
butterflies, and being mostly composed of Catopsilias,
looked for all the world like a snow-storm. In order to
gain some idea of their numbers, I selected two points,
one at the edge of the sea and the other twenty yards
from it, and then counted them as they flew past. The
result of my calculation and that of my companion taken
separately gave fourteen thousand insects between 10 a.m.
and 2 p.m. The flight usually lasts about a week; we
have therefore ninety-eight thousand butterflies passing
through a space sixty feet broad in twenty-eight hours.
In round numbers 100,000.
The sketch map of Ceylon (Plate XXXV) gives the
course of these migrations which I have personally
observed during the time I was in the island.
There is a distinct difference in procedure between a
migratory swarm of butterflies and a swarm of locusts.
I mean that the latter advance like a human army so
many miles a day from one point to another, and the
* The larve were collected in my garden in Colombo, 7. e. at sea-
level ; and all, or the very great. majority, in the same week ; and
all from the same food-plants. A considerable number of the eggs
were laid by the same female, I used to follow her when she was
ovipositing, and snipped off the leaf on which the egg was laid.
704 Major Neville Manders on
country immediately in front of them is clear of them
for the time being ; whereas in the former, the butterflies
in whatever part of the island they happen to be hatched
immediately begin to migrate, so that on the same day
the migration is as vigorous in one part of the island as
in another. As the butterflies hatch in Colombo they
immediately fly north, and their places are promptly filled
by the insects coming up from Galle, the Galle ones by
those from Hambantotte and so on round to Trincomalee,
beyond which in the uninhabited country to the north I
have been unable to trace them. The proof that the
insects on the Trincomalee side really do follow the coast-
line and come to Colombo is shown by the fact that it is
only during the flights that certain butterflies otherwise
confined to that portion of the island, Papilio Jason for
instance, occur at Colombo, and are there seen migrating
in the same frantic haste as their companions.
On one occasion, on December 2, 2. e. in the wet season,
I was observing the flight from Fort Frederick, Trincomalee.
The butterflies came from the northern shore straight
across the sea to the end of the peninsula on which Fort
Frederick is built; several bushes of the food-plant of
C. pyranthe were growing there, and these were literally
covered with eggs, as many as half-a-dozen on a single leaf ;
the bushes were so speckled with the multitude of eggs
that they looked as if handfuls of sago had been scattered
over them. The flights in November and December on
both sides of the island undoubtedly comprise a majority
of females, but scarcely a single larva out of this multi-
tude of eggs could possibly have come to maturity; there
was not enough food for half of them, and on a previous
migration the bushes not far off were completely stripped
by the larvee.
The insects composing the coast flight are almost entirely
Catopsilias, two species of Appias, Huplea asela, and
LE. montana, in the hill districts, and Danais septentrionis
irregularly. I should have mentioned that the process of
laying eggs was totally contrary to what one usually
observes—there was no attempt to choose a suitable leaf,
no deliberation displayed about the operation at all, but
every female seemed possessed with the one insane idea
of getting rid of her eges with the utmost expedition,
utterly regardless of the fate of the future larva, and
then madly continuing her flight. When in full migration
Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe. 705
they fly with great rapidity, and can give points to Colias
edusa. They select the sea-coast, I feel sure, simply to
avoid obstacles. The road between Trincomalee and
Kandy, which runs through dense forest, is also largely
used by the migrating insects. When travelling south
they have the N.E. monsoon behind them, but when
turning north they meet a stiff wind which really seems
to drive them to a faster flight. The breadth of the
flight is usually not more than a quarter of a mile.
The cross-barred line on the map shows one of the
lines of migration of the two species of Appias, Paulina
and Albina, They both breed in the low country, as
shown by the square dots, and fly in a broad belt of
insects about a quarter of a mile wide across the open
downs at D’lawa, 4,000 feet, and up to the Horton Plains,
7,000 feet, when they turn north toward N’Eliya, 6,000
feet, cross the plateau towards Rambodde Pass at its
northern end, and then make their way again to the low
country somwhere near Kandy. Part of the flight edges
away across the D’lawa Downs northwards and reaches the
N’Eliya plateau through the Hakgala Pass.
The migration of Huplea montana starts somewhere in
the neighbourhood of the Hortons, and follows much the
same course, so far as I know, as Appias.
The uninterrupted line is a curious and interesting one ;
it is that of Kallima philarchus, which annually migrates,
sometimes in large numbers, though it is usually considered
a rare insect. So far as I can at present ascertain there
is only one migration annually in November or early in
December. The insects come up from the low country to
Haldumulle, then up the passes leading to the Hortons,
and then across the plains to some uncertain locality, but
where I have no idea. The insect does not occur in the
Colombo or immediate Kandy districts nor about N’Eliya.
It is extremely difficult to obtain assistance in carrying
out an investigation such as this requires. Entomologists
are few in number, and, with the exception of Trincomalee
and one or two other places, Europeans are confined to
Colombo and the Hill district. The remainder of the
island is mostly covered with jungle, is thinly inhabited
with only here and there a few overworked Government
officials and ignorant natives.
The reason for these flights is at present very obscure ;
it was probably originally a question of food-supply. This
706 Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe.
instinct might have arisen from the necessity for constantly
seeking new feeding-grounds for the larve. As the
species increased this tendency to expand would not only
preserve the species, but would cause in time its very
material increase; the necessity for constantly enlarging
the feeding-grounds would in time produce an inherited
tendency to migrate. But in due course, when all available
feeding-grounds were occupied, as they soon would be
in a small island like Ceylon, some check would be
required to keep the enormous number of resulting
butterflies within due bounds, otherwise the species
would be in danger of annihilation from their very numbers.
This appears to me to be effected in the following
manner: the insects of the wet-season migration are
mostly composed of females, and provided that the males
can successfully impregnate more than one female, the
result would be an enormous number of eggs laid, and
this I have shown to be the case. The migratory in-
stinct is so strong that the females are precluded from
taking any precautions for their future offspring, as the
females of most butterflies do; and the result is that the
struggle for existence among the multitude of larvae sub-
sisting on the food-plant, which is quickly diminishing by
their voracity, and also slowly by the heat and dry weather,
is so great that the larvee which would preduce female
butterflies succumb, and a great majority of males are pro-
duced which form the dry-weather flights. This majority
of males would also be another factor in checking the
increase of the species. During the intervening portion
of the year the species would gradually increase, until —
the wet months at the fall of the year favour a luxuriant
vegetation, and all the female larve then survive, and
possibly being stronger, crowd out the male larve. These
larvee produce the overwhelming proportion of females
in the next wet-season flight, with the result shown
above. This migratory instinct, originally due to a
necessity for the increase of the species, is now become
a means of preventing its undue propagation.
i Vee fies |
a a a sai: et
Rey tine yi ae Ha bf 44 Pree sity
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wo ia Pare az ns ”)
; an each, hee
IN f bi HA
aN rs alg ue re
ae PN ce J ui i } hog | ; '
Gi ve bi | we oR mete Cid Ul ae ae au vgn pry Ps BUny
NhatyG i till
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Pele Fah Shaye ny ta igs ans thd "
7 =) ML ay
708 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.
Under-sides of bred specimens of Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn.
Nos, 4, 5, 8 are males; the rest females.
The first vertical row (Nos. 2, 1, 7,6) were kept as larve in an
atmosphere saturated with moisture.
The second vertical row (Nos. 17, 15, 16, 3, 4) were kept under
normal conditions as larvee, and iced as pupe.
The third vertical row (Nos. 14, 9, 5, 11, 8) were kept as larvee in
an atmosphere rendered anhydrous by unslaked lime.
In each row the most heavily marked specimens are placed first ;
the least heavily marked are placed last.
The first two rows tend to be of the form usually called gnoma ;
the last row consists of the form pyranthe.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.
Sketch Map of Ceylon, showing the migratory flight of various
species of Butterflies.
An explanation of the lines employed is given on the Map.
( 709 )
XXVIII. Sownd-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles,
By Gitpert Joun Arrow, F.E.S.
[Read October 5th, 1904.]
PrAre XOX VE
A SUMMARY of our knowledge of the vocal organs of
beetles was published by Mr. C. J. Gahan in the Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. for 1900, and many new observations of
the greatest interest recorded. In this memoir ten genera
of the great Lamellicorn group were described as possessing
vocal powers in the adult stage, and in addition to these
certain other beetles of the family Dynastidz not
enumerated by Mr. Gahan were known to stridulate.
Since 1900, however, various fresh and interesting observa-
tions on the subject have appeared in foreign publications,
and my own study of these beetles has brought to light
vocal structures as yet undescribed and revealing the
existence of the faculty in new groups. The variety of
the structures serving the purpose in the Lamellicornia and
the remarkable fact of the occurrence, so far unknown in any
other beetles, of highly-developed stridulating organs in
the larve, render these the most remarkable in regard to
vocal powers of all insects, and, although our knowledge of
the organs is no doubt still very incomplete, the additions
made to it in the last few years are, I think, quite
sufficient to justify the present attempt to set forth all
that is at present known on the subject.
As tothe stridulation of larval Lamellicornia, little more
has been discovered since the remarkable work of Schiodte
was published in 1874 (Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Ser. 3,
vol. ix), but many additional genera are here enumerated
as stridulators in the perfect state, and, although the faculty
seems much less general in that stage, the list will no
doubt yet be considerably increased.
The special importance of stridulation in the Lamelli-
corns is probably in part due to a mental development
higher than that of most other beetles and evidenced, not
only by the concentration which here occurs in the nervous
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1904.—PART IV. (DEC.) 46
710 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
systema, but in certain cases by a degree of social organiza-
tion which was until quite recently hardly suspected,
although the elaborate instincts of certain members of the
group attracted attention in very early times and procured
from the ancient Egyptians peculiar honours for the
Sacred Scarabzus and other beetles of the same family.
The usual type of stridulating organ in the Lamelli-
cornia is the same as that now known to occur in nearly
all the large groups of Coleoptera and consisting of a
highly-chitinized plate, the surface of which is broken up
into a number of extremely fine parallel ridges capable of
being set in vibration by being scraped by one or more sharp
edges situated upon another part of the body. Practically
all the musical organs described by Mr. Gahan, although
varying to an extraordinary extent in their situation in
different beetles, are of this pattern; but structures of
somewhat greater variety have come to light in Lamelli-
corns, so that it is necessary to modify to some extent our
ideas of the elements necessary for sound-production in
Coleoptera. Ina wide sense, however, all the instruments
coming within the scope of the present paper are of the
“stringed” type and consist essentially of two parts, of
which I shall call the more delicate and regular one by
whose vibrations the sound is immediately produced, the
“stridulatory plate” or “stridulatory area,” and the less
complex one which excites these vibrations, the “ plectrum.”
In other groups of beetles instruments of percussion occur,
and in one Lamellicorn, the common Cockchafer, one
author * has described a vocal apparatus of the “reed”
type, but I have not been able to find any confirmation of
this discovery. .
The stridulatory area and plectrum do not generally
need any very fine adjustment for the performance of their
function, but in order to secure contact one of them
commonly covers much more space than the other. When
the stridulatory area is narrow or confined to small
tubercular elevations the plectrum usually extends
considerably beyond it, and, on the other hand, if a broad
area is found covered with the vibratory ridges the
plectrum will probably be more or less minute. The
musical quality of the vibrations produced by these
structures depends upon their extreme hardness and
rigidity, and these are commonly indicated by a black or
* Landois, Thierstimmen, p. 110,
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 711
peep-red colour produced by the dense deposit of chitin.
This characteristic coloration frequently reveals to the eye
the presence of organs so delicately proportioned as to
require a high power of the microscope to reveal their form.
In soft-bodied and pale-coloured larve in particular their
presence may generally be detected in this way.
The only other requisites in these instruments are that
the ridges or spines should have space in which to vibrate
without hindrance and should be protected from the risk
of injury. An entirely external situation exposes such a
delicate structure to wear and tear and clogging by dirt,
and is only occasionally found. The sound-emitting
surface more commonly occupies a position where it is
covered when not in use but is extruded by the act of
using it.
Stridulation is apparently general in the larvae of most of
the groups of Lamellicorns, although those of a few of these
eroups are still unknown. Vocal structures have been
described by Schiddte in the earlier stage of many genera
dumb in their adult condition, but the only one examined by
him in which such organs were not found is the genus 7’roz,
the imago of which has long been known to squeak loudly.
It is remarkable that whenever the organs are present in
both stages, those of the perfect msect are not developed
from their larval representatives but invariably occur in
an entirely different situation. In the larve of most of
the families the stridulatory area occupies a roughened
surface on the lower face of each mandible, so situated
as to be capable of being scraped by a series of strong
teeth upon the contiguous upper side of the maxilla. In
Scarabeus the mandibular part of the apparatus is a large
space at the base of the jaw thickly covered with minute
tubercles, and a row of strong curved hooks is found on
the basal part of the maxilla. In the fully-developed
beetles no vocal apparatus has been found, although it
was long ago reported by a French traveller, quoted by
Darwin in “The Descent of Man” (Chap. X), that the
male of Scarabeus (Ateuchus) cicatricosus stridulates to
encourage the female in the work of making and rolling
the ball of food material, and from distress if she is taken
away. I have made a careful dissection of the beetle to
find the means by which this is done, but have entirely
failed to find any structure adapted for producing sound,
and, in the absence of any confirmation of a statement
a2 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
concerning an insect which has for ages attracted attention,
I cannot help thinking that this witness must have made
a rather too free use of his imagination. No one probably
has made more study of these insects in their natural en-
vironment than the French naturalist Fabre, but, from his
very detailed account of it, it is evident that he never
heard it utter any sound. More than this, he took special
pains to ascertain whether there was any co-operation
between male and female and pronounced decidedly
against it, having found that when two beetles seemed
to be working in conjunction they were as often as not
of the same sex.* Professor Flinders Petrie and others
who have frequently watched and handled them inform
me that they have never heard any sound from these
beetles.
It has been questioned whether the tuberculated area
on the mandible of the larva in this and other groups of
Lamellicorns is really a sound-producing organ, but this
point seems to be set at rest by actual observation in other
larvee in which an exactly analogous structure occurs. A
finely-tuberculated area at the base of the mandible, with
corresponding teeth upon the maxilla, have been described
by Schiddte in larvee representing the families Copride,
Aphodiide and Melolonthids, but in three other families
(Rutelidee, Dynastidee and Cetoniide) a similar but rather
more elaborated form of the same arrangement appears.
Dr. Ohaus, who has recently made many extremely
interesting observations upon the habits of Brazilian
Lamellicornia, has described the stridulation of the
larval Macraspis cincta, one of the Rutelide.t I have
examined the apparatus of an allied species, JZ. ¢ristzs,
from Dominica, and it also occurs in the other genera
of which the larve have been examined (Pélidnota,
Parastasia, etc.), and very likely throughout the family,
In these larvee each mandible bears an oval, rather concave,
area, little larger than a pin’s head, upon which the
tubercles found in the same situation in the Melolonthidze
are replaced by transverse ridges so fine that fifty or more
are compressed into this small space. Upon the basal
part of the maxilla, where it comes into contact with this
instrument, is placed a row of sharp but stout, only
slightly-elevated teeth. By scraping these upon the
* Fabre : Souvenirs Entomologiques, 1879, p. 10.
T Stett. Ent. Zeits., 1899, p. 237,
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 718
mandible a high-pitched note is produced which is only
audible to the human ear at a short distance from it.
Dr. Ohaus found that when held in the fingers a gentle
sqneeze caused his larvee to squeak, but he also found that
if a strange larva were introduced into a piece of wood in
which others were tunnelling, these would utter a warn-
ing cry and the intruder would shortly make his exit
again, whereas in an unoccupied log he would readily
establish himself. When confined together they showed
no compunction in killing and eating each other, so that it
is evidently a part of their moral code that each should be
left in undisturbed isolation, and if, as is likely, their note
is conducted undiminished through the wood in which they
live, this may supply us with the principal object of the
faculty. It is at least probable that when, in the course of
tunnelling through the same stump, two burrows approach
one another, the warning sound informs the inmates of the
position of affairs in time to change their direction. All
their operations are, of course, conducted in darkness, so
that sight is of no avail to them. The great Danish
authority on beetle larve states that these, in common
with Lamellicorn larve in general, are without eyes, the
genus Z'’rox being the only exception known to him; but
I have found a pair of small ocelli, situated just behind
the antennz, in Macraspis and other genera_ of both
Rutelidze and Dynastide.
Dr. Ohaus has been the discoverer of the vocal apparatus
in the mature form of the same genus. ‘The beetle draws
its hind-legs across its sides as if playing the fiddle, as
indeed it does, but the leg represents, not the bow, but
the instrument itself, while the abdomen bears the means
by which the vibration is set up. If a hind-leg is removed
from a dead specimen and the inner face of the femur
examined under a lens, it is seen that near the knee and
running parallel to the upper edge there is an elevated
ridge with a surface like that of a file, owing to a large
number of exceedingly fine transverse ridges. Upon that
part of the side of the abdomen over which the femur is
adapted to move may be found a series of conspicuous
ridges which look as if the surface when in a soft con-
dition had been deeply scratched in an oblique direction,
leaving the upper edge of each cut protruding. These
edges form the plectra. Dr. Ohaus states that the beetle
sometimes uses this instrument by rubbing the legs across
714 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
the abdomen and sometimes by working the abdomen
against the legs while these are held at “rest.
°'This instrument is not at all of a widespread type, being
confined to about fifty species at present known, all of
which inhabit Tropical America, while no trace of it is
found in others very closely related to them. In a few
species belonging to the neighbouring genus Lagochile
the same organ appears in a slightly modified form, the
file upon the hind-leg being less narrow and not rising
abruptly from the surface of the femur, while the ridges
upon the sides of the body are confined to definite patches
upon two or three of the segments. In a third genus,
Geniates, of this group, less closely related, yet another
variant has been discovered by my friend.* The micro-
scopic ridges here form a compact mass placed entirely upon
the knees, either of all four posterior legs or of the third
pair only (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 11). Genzates is an insect of
quite a different build to Macraspis and Lagochile, with
more slender legs and a less hard and shelly exterior. The
knees do not le close to the sides and no ridges are found
in that situation. The posterior femora, unlike those of the
genera just mentioned, extend beyond the lateral edges of
the elytra, which form on each side a flange flattened above
and much thickened below. Crossing the outer half of this
thickened part at right angles are numerous strong, sharp-
edged ridges, well adapted for setting up vibrations in the
instrument occupying the corresponding position upon the
leg when this is drawn across the elytron. Above each of
these ridges is a very stout spine, the growth of which
seems to have produced the elevation which has become
modified for this special purpose.
These three genera of Rutelide are all inhabitants of
the same part of the world, viz. Tropical America, and
no other members of the family are as yet known to pro-
duce similar sounds. They are of great interest as showing
the apparently erratic occurrence “of sound organs of the
same essential type (a type peculiar to this family
among the Lamellicorns) in small groups of a family, not
immediately related one with another but living in the
same environment. The natural inference is that the
organ has in furmer times been common to at least a
large part of the Rutelidze, but owing to some local causes
has only been retained in these isolated cases.
* Ohaus, Berl. Ent. Zeits., 1903, p. 237.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 715
In the Cetoniidze, whose larvee possess a well-developed
vocal apparatus almost identical with that of the Rutelide,
the adults of a singie genus only are known to stridulate,
the genus Jschiopsopha, which is peculiar to Australia, New
Guinea and adjacent islands. These are solidly-built
beetles with hard exteriors and stout legs, and their method
of stridulation seems at first sight exactly the same as that
of Macraspis, but the parts of the instrument are really
reversed. The vibratile ridges are here placed upon the
sides of two or three of the abdominal segments, where
they form slightly-elevated triangular or crescent-shaped
areas. The hind femora are flattened and so articulated
as to slide over these ridged surfaces, and upon the inside
of each femur is found a series of oblique ridges traversing
its whole breadth. The number of species in which this
form of organ occurs is small, and, as seems not uncommon
among beetles, form an isolated musical community in a
host of related forms, the rest of which are without this
faculty.
Another of these isolated groups of species is the single
known stridulating genus in the enormous assemblage of
species comprehensively known as Melolonthide, and
forming the bulk of the entire Lamellicorn series. As
already mentioned, the Jarvee of the Melolonthide, at
least of those common Kuropean genera which have been
examined, possess a structure in the mouth very similar
to that of the larval Scarabeus. One of the common
genera of which the instrument was described by Schiddte
is Serica, and in this the adult beetle has a stridulating
organ borne in a situation which seems to be entirely
peculiar to it. The stridulatory plate is formed by the
prosternum which is produced into a kind of thin lip, the
inner side of which is exceedingly delicately ridged. This
plate is scraped by the edge of the mesosternum which
the movement of the thorax slides up and down within
the prosternum.
In no other genus of Melolonthidze has any true stridu-
lating organ been found in the perfect state, although it is
said that J/elolontha and Polyphylla can utter audible
sounds, and Landois in his “Thierstimmen” (p. 109) has
accounted for these to his satisfaction, considering Melo-
lontha to possess a set of “reeds” in its spiracles and
Polyphylla to employ the costal vein of the wing as a
musical instrument. In the former case the vibratile
716 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
appendages as described by Landois appear to form part
of the respiratory system and cannot be supposed to be
under the separate control of the insect, so that any sound
of which they may be the cause is merely incidental to
the function of respiration. Even if Landois is correct,
therefore, these structures are not really analogous to
those which form the subject of this paper. As to Poly-
phylla, the beaded appearance of the costal vein is in no
way peculiar. It is very commonly found in the wings of
Coleoptera, but the rolls are smooth and rounded and
seem by no means adapted for producing rapid vibrations.
The larval instruments of the Dynastide are practically
the same as those of the Rutelide, but in the former
family a number of genera have long been known to have
the same faculty in the adult stage. Here again the
instruments are found in a situation characteristic of the
family. The file is borne on the upper-side of the last
segment but one of the abdomen and is scraped by the
posterior edges of the elytra. The terminal segment is
generally uncovered and more or less clothed with hair,
but the preceding one is almost covered by the wing-cases
in its normal position, and this, in the musical forms, is
bare and transversely striated either across the greater
part of its breadth or in narrow longitudinal bands,
In the Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes) of Southern Europe
and allied forms inhabiting the tropics, such as Strategus,
Enema, Trichogomphus, etc., the sculptured surface is very
large, and by the movement of the abdomen can be drawn
across a small bent-in piece of the hind margin of each
elytron. It was noticed by Darwin that the ridges of this
stridulatory plate are finer and more numerous in the
female Oryctes than in the male, and this to him suggested
a difference of function in the two sexes, or perhaps the
absence of any function in one. It does not seem to me
to be capable of this interpretation. When, as is not
uncommon, there is a difference between the two sexes
in the fineness of the vibratory ridges, it appears to be
the rule that those of the male are coarser than those of
the female. Ifthere were a real analogy with the voice
of vertebrate animals and of the grasshoppers and loud-
voiced insects, 7.¢. if, as Darwin supposed, voice were here
as elsewhere primarily a male characteristic, we might
expect to find the vocal apparatus of the female bectle
altogether feebler in its development than that of the
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles, T17
male, instead of the reverse. I believe the difference
described to be directly connected with the more rapid
movements of the muscular and less corpulent male, the
musical result of the less rapid scraping of a more closely-
ridged plate being the same as that produced by more
vigorous movements upon one correspondingly coarser.
In the numerous forms of Dynastidz, inhabiting all
parts of the world, in which these structures are found,
there are considerable differences in the manner and
degree of development. In those in which the file is the
finest and most regular the segment bearing it is enlarged
at the expense of those adjoining. It may be produced
forwards under the elytra, or backwards, encroaching upon
the last segment (pygidium), which is immovably united
with it. In two of the genera, of which the sound, judging
from the great development and regularity of the ridges,
seems to be the loudest and most musical, viz. the
American Scaptophilus and the Oriental Camelonotus, the
extremely hard stridulatory plate is produced backwards
in a broad lobe, until in some species the pygidium is
almost crowded out of existence. The greatest degree of
sexual disparity in the organ which I have noticed in
Coleoptera is due to the much greater extension of this
plate in the males of the latter genus. When the pro-
pygidium has a file upon each side corresponding to the
two elytra a slight prolongation is frequently visible
behind each file.
Although in Camelonotus the stridulatory plate is one
of the best-developed to be found among insects, and from
its extreme sharpness and regularity undoubtedly pro-
duces a high-pitched musical note, the corresponding
structures in many of the related genera are much less
fine and regular than is usual and must generate sounds
of a very different kind, probably in some cases a harsh,
grating sound. This may partly account for the fact that
scarcely any observations seem to have been made as to
the vocal powers of any of these insects, some of which
are of large size and very abundant. An unmusical
sound naturally attracts little notice, but it would be
remarkable that the notes produced by apparatus so
perfect as that of Scaptophilus and Camelonotus and other
genera have not aroused attention, but that the extreme
paucity of biological observations recorded, notwithstand-
ing the multitude of collectors, is only too familiar.
718 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
Tn the island of St. Helena is found a peculiar genus of
Dynastidz named Mellissius. This consists of two species,
of which one, Mellissius adwmbratus, has the propygidium
produced backwards and covered with very fine and well-
developed transverse ridges, while in the other, Mellissius
eudoxus, the same part is reduced in size and its surface
is relieved only by coarse scattered elevations which by
their transversely elongated form show their derivation
from the very different microscopic ridges still perfectly
preserved in the other form. This degenerate species is
much more common and widespread than the other, and
we may suppose that, within the restricted area of the
island, stridulation, owing to some unknown conditions
prevailing there, is rendered useless or disadvantageous,
and that, a race in which the stridulatory apparatus is
atrophied having arisen, the older form is gradually
disappearing before it. It was observed by their first
describer, Wollaston, that JZ. ewdoxus produceJ no audible
sound, but he seems to have had no opportunity of hand-
ling living specimens of the rarer form.
Other genera possessing an apparatus of the Oryctes
typeare Xyloryctes, Scapanes, Stypotrupes, Cyphonistes, Dicho-
dontus, Heterogomphus, Podischnus, Thronistes, Corynoscelis, |
Augosoma, Lonchotus and Dipelicus.
In the large genus Heteronychus different species show
an interesting transition from simple forms in which
punctures originally existing upon the propygidium have
become drawn out laterally into furrows, covering a large
part of the surface and leaving fine but not very regular
ridges between them, to more numerous species in which
the ridges are perfectly regular, much more delicate and
restricted to a narrow longitudinal band on each side, the
two bands always converging and becoming more coarsely
ribbed as they approach the anterior border of the seg-
ment. From this elaborated type the structure may be
traced through progressively coarser forms until at last
we find the component ridges large and separated by
intervals several times their own diameter, so that any
sound produced from them must be more a rattle than a
squeak. In species of the allied genus Pentodon the
ridges become still more scattered and irregular, and a .
similar degenerate condition seems characteristic of Cclo-
sis. Only practical observations can prove whether these
scattered ridges are merely the vestiges of an organ which
Souwnd-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 719
was formerly functional, or whether, although degenerate,
they are still capable of producing sounds of some kind at
the will of the insect.
Double files of almost identical form occur in sZeterony-
chus, Podalgus, Crator, Callistemonus, Pentodontoschema,
Pimelopus and Xenodorus. The last is of special interest
from the fact, very rare in Coleoptera, and not before
noticed in the present instance, that one sex only has the
vocal faculty. The genus is a rather isolated one, con-
sisting of a single West African species not closely related
to any other known form, In the males the short ridges
composing the files are very numerous, sharp aud strongly
elevated, but the propygidium of the female shows only a
few coarse scattered elevations, of which two loose clusters
vaguely represent the well-developed apparatus of the
other sex. The explanation of this striking inequality of
the sexes is not difficult. In the male the last dorsal
segment is turned inwards so as to become almost com-
pletely ventral, as in the males of many other Lamelli-
corns. In the female this part of the body occupies the
normal position, and the consequence is that the preceding
segment occupies a more anterior situation than in the
male. As there is no corresponding difference in the
elytra, the extremities of these, which scrape the files of
the male, do not coincide with the propygidium of the
female. It seems probable that a simultaneous change of
form has taken place in both sexes and that this has
resulted in the stridulating apparatus in the female becom-
ing useless and therefore degenerate.
There is a genus of Brazilian Dynastide (Acerus) which
Lacordaire, in his “Genera des Coléopteéres” (vol. 11, p.
415), has expressly stated to be without stridulating
organs. This, however, I have found to be a second case
like that just mentioned, and Lacordaire’s statement is no
doubt based upon the examination of a female, in which
sex the propygidium is simply covered with not very fine
granules. The insects are rare, but from the examination
of a single male specimen in the British Museum I have
found that in this sex there is a well-developed file cover-
ing the entire median part of the segment, as in Oryctes,
etc. It is a remarkable fact that, with the exception of a
single species (the Hispid, Spilispa imperialis, in which
the organ is a highly peculiar one), the only beetles
hitherto known to have stridulating organs in the male
720 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
sex alone, although belonging to an altogether different
tribe, the Heteromera, also produce the sound by the same
means, viz. friction between the elytra and the terminal part
of the abdomen, In many weevils in which Mr. Gahan
found curious differences of structure between the sexes
the apparatus is also found in the same situation. It has
been supposed that such sexual differences pointed to
the development of the vocal faculty in the males by the
operation of female preference, but I think this striking
coincidence of situation in all the known cases, although
occurring in quite unrelated groups of beetles, clearly
indicates that the explanation is the simpler one of the
different functions in male and female respectively of the
region of the body upon which the organs are here found.
In another peculiar Dynastid genus, Grolofu, the pro-
pygidial files have a form slightly different from that
occurring elsewhere. The segment bearing them, like the
rest of the body, is covered with thick hair, and the files
are the only denuded portions and are therefore very
conspicuous. They are alike in both sexes, but are not,
as in other genera, straight and diverging, but each has
an outward curvature, thus (). In Pseudosyrichthus clath-
ratus, hairs also surround the files, which are straight in
that insect. In Megaceras, which is nearly related to
Oryctes, the two files are united near the anterior margin
of the propygidium and diverge strongly towards the
other end.
A quite different apparatus appears in Ligyrus, a genus
otherwise closely related to Heteronychus. Here, a finely-
sculptured area is found inside each elytron near its ex-
tremity and at the outer edge. The pattern of this is very
peculiar, the ridges being seen under the microscope to
be blunt-edged and connected by cross-veins so as to form
a kind of honeycombed structure. The margin of one of
the dorsal segments is sharply upturned on each side
eneath these elytral surfaces. Although not suited for
producing a musical note, this is probably a true sound-
producing organ. Some of the species of Ligyrus, which
are inhabitants of Tropical America, are very abundant,
and it should be easy to test their vocal power. The
occurrence of peculiar adaptations such as this, confined to
very small groups or even single species, is one of the most
curious phenomena encountered in connection with
stridulating organs.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 721
One of the few Dynastid genera whose voice has
actually been heard and recorded is Philewrus, several
South-American species of which are stated by Lacordaire*
to produce a noise by rubbing the abdomen against the
elytra. Curiously enough, the instruments used have not
yet been satisfactorily determined, although according to
Lacordaire there is a longitudinal band inside the elytra
near the outer margin. Other investigators have failed to
confirm this, and in spite of a careful search I have been
unable to find any specially-developed ridges either on the
elytra or in any other part of the body. I have been
driven to conclude that the sound is produced by the fric-
tion of the two dorsal segments preceding the propygidium
against a horny plate in the wing. This plate bisects the
angle forming the apex of the folded wing, and on its lower
side is studded with short, strong and erect spines. The
greater part of the upper surface of the two segments men-
tioned is also covered with very minute spinose processes,
but these become much more crowded and form a micro-
scopic rasp which corresponds in position to the extremity
of the wing, so that the movement described by Lacordaire
would no doubt produce a shrill scraping or hissing noise.
This structure is quite different from any so far described
in this paper, but, as will presently be seen, living beetles
belonging to other families of Lamellicorns have recently
been proved to produce sounds by means almost identical
but much more specialized and clearly defined.
The larvee of the beetles belonging to the family Apho-
diidze possess an apparatus in the mouth closely resembling
that of the Sacred Beetles and their allies, but no vocal
powers have been recorded in any adult insect of this
family, the members of which, although small, are ex-
tremely common everywhere: nor do they seem to exist
in the allied group of the Hybosoride, of which the
immature forms are as yet entirely unknown. Of the
Copridz themselves (to which group the Sacred Beetles
belong), only a very few of the mature insects are known
as stridulators. I have shown that Scarabeus has been
wrongly included amongst these, but many observers have
testified to the squeak emitted by species of Copris, one
of which inhabits our own country. ‘There has been some
contradiction, however, as to the means by which it is done
in this genus.
* Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vol. xx, p. 27.
a2 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
In Copris there is a provision, found in many other
beetles, to secure rigidity in the closed elytra. The two
edges which meet down the middle line of the back are each
provided with a groove, formed by a fold the lower edge of
which is more prominent than the upper one. The two
edges interlock so that the elytra can be held firmly
together. Near the junction each elytron has on its inside
a projecting rib, and there is a deep groove along the
middle of the propygidium which fits over the two ribs and
so secures still further rigidity, Justin front of this groove,
upon the preceding segment, are a few short transverse
ridges, and the ribs just described are also cut into trans-
verse ridges, but the latter are exceedingly fine and
numerous. Different writers have described one or other
of these series of ridges as the source of the sound, but it
does not seem to have been realized that both are essential
parts of the apparatus, the longitudinal movements of the
abdomen causing the delicate chords composing the elytral
ribs to be plucked by the corresponding ridges of the back,
while the propygidial groove guides these movements and
secures the close approximation of all the parts.
This type of apparatus has not been found in any other
genus of Copridze, but it occurs again in almost the same
form in the genus Z’vrozx,* belonging to another family,
the Trogide. Here again, as in Copris, the elytra fit
tightly together in the resting position, and in certain
species which are without wings are inseparably fused
at the junction. The finely-ridged bars at the suture
are scraped by one or more sharp-edged plectra placed
transversely upon the penultimate abdominal segment. It
is stated in Darwin’s “ Descent of Man” that Z'rox sabulosus,
a British species and one of the smallest representatives of
the genus, squeaks quite loudly when handled. The faculty
seems to be general in this large and world-wide genus,
but I have found no indication of it in any other Trogide.
’ The method of stridulation in Heliocopris, the second
genus of Copridz in which it has been discovered, was
described by Mr. Gahan in the paper referred to. The
sound is here produced by pressing the abdomen not up-
wards but downwards. The insects of this genus are
amongst the bulkiest of all beetles, but the stridulating
plate is minute and occurs near the inner margin of each
hind coxa, while the inner half of the inturned part of the
* Sharp, Entom, Mon, Mag., 1897, p. 206.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 723
abdomen against which the coxa revolves is similarly but
rather less finely striated. The mobility of both coxa and
abdomen no doubt allows the coxal file, in spite of its small
size, to play over the large striated surface in the socket.
If a hind coxa is removed from a dead specimen of Helio-
copres bucephalus its inner face will be found to be principally
clothed with stiff bristles, but these are absent near the
margin. The smooth strip remaining is covered with fine
but not deep striations, but a very small portion near the
inner end is much more deeply and regularly incised and
the surface is waved in such a way as to produce two or
three gentle elevations above the general surface. The
microscopic ridges crossing these are exceedingly hard and
sharp and are of course rubbed with considerable force
against the corresponding abdominal ridges, the effect, as
can be easily proved in a dead specimen, being a very
audible squeak. In Heliocopris dominus the general stria-
tion of the naked part of the coxa, from which the finished
instrument has apparently been evolved, has disappeared,
but the small perfected portion is practically the same.
In an allied genus, Synapsis, not hitherto recorded as a
stridulator, a similarly sculptured socket occurs, and the
‘inner surface of the coxa is finely corrugated but without
any more regularly ridged or elevated spot. Here the
bristles have not vanished but are reduced at the inner and
posterior part to exceedingly short and stout stumps which
he almost flat and all point forwards. These apparentlyserve
to set up the vibrations, the abdominal ridges here forming
a comparatively coarse stridulatory plate. The effect of
producing friction between these parts in Synapsis, as might
be expected, is a much harsher and less musical sound than
in Heliocopris.
There are three highly peculiar and little known beetles
inhabiting the western part of South America and forming
the genera Tawrocerastes and Frickius. These have been
made by M. Germain into a family under the name of
Taurocerastide, although the points of structure upon
which he has relied only point to a relationship with the
Orphnide, with which they have not hitherto been com-
pared. None of these insects have hitherto been recorded
as stridulators, but I have found organs of several distinct
types in the two groups. In Zawrocerastes and Frickius
(PI. XXXVI, figs. 5, 5a) is a structure similar to that last
described, but the striated, or ridged, part of the coxal
724 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
cavity is smaller, more sharply defined and more finely
sculptured, and the coxa is provided at the corresponding
part with a series of plectra consisting of oblique rows of
short and strong chitinous crests. The similarity between
the vocal apparatus of the Heliocopris and Taurocerastes
forms may indicate a relationship greater than has been
supposed to exist between them, each being of a rather
primitive type.
In Orphnus and the genera directly related to it sound
is produced in the same region but by a rather different
means. The hind coxz are expanded in these beetles and
overlap the abdomen behind, and near the outer end of the
flattened inner side is a rather broad and slightly convex
area which is delicately ribbed in the direction transverse
to the axis of the body. The hinder margin of the cavity
receiving the coxa forms an acute edge for scraping this
vibratory plate. Inthe common Old World genus Orphnus
the plate is large and rectangular, and the lip of the cavity
appears to be supplemented by two other sharp edges
placed within it. In Hybalus, which represents the family
round the shores of the Mediterranean, the plate is very
large and occupies nearly the whole outer half of the coxa
beneath. In the New World representative, Agidiwm (Pl.
XXXVI, fig. 10), although the beetles are larger and the
hind coxe more dilated, the vocal area is reduced to a much
smaller semi-elliptical space. In the new genus to which
I have given the name of Wgidinus it is elongate, narrow-
ing at both ends. Indeed stridulation is probably general
throughout this small family, although it has not hitherto
been recorded. Mr. Guy Marshall, however, informs me
that he has noticed the sound uttered by species of
Orphnus inhabiting Mashonaland. Another allied genus,
of which, by M. René Oberthiir’s kindness, I have been
able to examine one of the only two known examples, is
Sissantobius, in which the same apparatus is present, as
shown by the characteristic form of the coxe.
In a very remarkable new genus inhabiting the same
region of Patagonia as Frickius and to which I have given
the name Jdiostoma, the posterior coxe are scarcely at all
flattened, but very thick, and the striated instrument
therefore traverses a convex surface (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 1,
la). It forms a long and narrow rope-like prominence
agreeing in its situation with the instruments just de-
scribed, although the relationship of the two species in
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 725
which I have found this organ is not very close either to
Orphnus and its allies or to any other known beetles,
There are parts of three abdominal segments forming the
coxal cavity, and at the bottom of the cavity is excavated
a pit which extends the greater part of its length. The
outermost edge of this is sharply raised, and it appears to
be against it that the coxal file rubs, the pit providing the
open space in which the chords can freely vibrate. In the
other genera just mentioned the expansion of the coxa
beyond the lip of its socket brings the vibrating ridges in
each outward movement of the coxa outside it; while in
Heliocopris the production of the microscopic ridges across
alternate slight elevations and depressions confines the
contact to a point, leaving the great part of each “string,”
as in a violin, always free.
Among the genera at present placed with the Orphnide
there still remains a large and very peculiar series of small
beetles called Ochodxus. These, which are less than a
quarter of an inch in their average length, inhabit many
parts of the world but are rarely found; and their manner
of life, which from their structure is certainly peculiar,
seems to be unknown. ‘The hind coxe are here ditferently
formed to those of the true Orphnide and show no trace
of any vocal apparatus—indeed all parts of the frame-
work are less hard than in those and other stridulating
Lamellicorns, and I should have supposed them to be
voiceless had I not found it mentioned by Dr. G. H.
Horn (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1876, p. 180) that the
North American species utter a sound. This led me toa
more careful investigation and the discovery of a new and
remarkable apparatus. The propygidium of these beetles
is furnished in the middle with peculiar grooves and
spines, differing considerably in the different species but
all serving to hold the elytra firmly in position, The
latter, like the remainder of the general surface, are more
or less hairy outside, but their inner surface is polished
and shining except for a kind of roll or thickening extend-
ing from the tips along and within the outer margins
(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 2c). This is doubly striated, producing
an “engine-turned” surface ; or more probably this effect
is due to a diagonal series of modified spines placed in
close juxtaposition. The abdomen is little chitinized, and
seems too soft to bear any part in stridulation, but when
removed, examination with a strong lens reveals on each
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1904.—PART IV. (DEC.) 47
726 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
side of one of the dorsal segments a curious club-shaped
appendage, very small and evidently extremely hard. The
lateral parts of the back are formed, as in other Lamelli-
corns, by the bent-round ventral segments and are com-
paratively rigid, while the intervening part is delicate and
flexible. At the inner limit of this rigid part of the third
segment from the apex is the small chitinous prolongation
referred to, pointing obliquely inwards and backwards, %. e.
towards the apices of the elytra (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 2a). In
most of the species of Ochodwus in which I have examined
it, this organ has a distinct neck and bulbous part, and
under a high power of the microscope the latter is seen to
be studded with projections placed in rings around it. By
the extension and contraction of the abdomen these would
produce friction with the files upon the elytral folds, and,
if it appears remarkable that the sound generated by such
minute structures should be audible to human ears, it
must be remembered that the total area from which the
sound is produced is considerable in proportion to the size
of the insect, and the really striking thing is that the voice
of so small a creature should be audible to us at all.
The form of the dorsal stridulators differs according to
the species, but the description just given will apply to
the two European species and to the American species
which I have examined. There are some Oriental forms,
however, which are conspicuous both for their size and
bright markings, and here a rather different form occurs.
In Ochodeus maculipennis, for example, the organ is not
club-shaped, being widened instead of narrowed at its
base, and the projections take the form of short, sharp
oblique ridges at its extremity (Pl. XXXVI, figs, 8, 3a, 30).
Another of the peculiarities of this genus may be
related to the vocal apparatus. Hach of the four posterior
legs bears a pair of long spines at the extremity of the
tibia, and upon the middle tibia the inner one of these
spines is particularly long and stout and upon one side is
deeply notched so as to form a comb, quite unlike any-
thing known in any other beetles. An important function
of the legs of most insects is that of cleaning the body, and
from its position it seems not improbable that this
remarkable comb may serve to remove any adhering
particles from the stridulating organs, to which naturally
absolute cleanliness is essential and the nature of whose
surface must make them rather difficult to clean.
“=
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles, 727
We now come to the Geotrupide, of which the familiar
type, Geolrupes, was one of the earliest insects to have its
musical power recorded. The instrument in this genus is
very similar to that of Jdiostoma just described, ‘the file
being found upon the hind coxa and having the form of a
narrow oblique bar made up of microscopic ridges. But
the situation is not the same, for whereas in Jdiostoma, as
in the true Orphnide, it occupies the outer end of the
coxa, in Greotrwpes it is at the inner end. It seems in all
the species to be scraped by the hinder margin of the
socket, which forms a sharp edge. Landois, in his
“Thierstimmen,” speaks of a “Geotrupes splendidulus” which
is without the instrument, but I have been unable to
discover what he referred to. I believe it to exist in all
Species of every section of the genus, defined in its widest
sense, and to differ only in the degree of fineness of its
component ridges, and consequently in the pitch of the
note produced. For instance, the instrument is moder-
ately fine in Geotrupes stercorarius and mutator, coarser
in G. sylvaticus, alpinus and hiostius, and very fine in
G. Typhaus and retwsus.
Finding the organ so constant through the very various
species of Geotrupes, I anticipated that it would be found
more or less general in the family Geotrupide, but was sur-
prised to find it elsewhere only in a group of Australian
species of the genus Bolboceras: e.g. L. Reicher, rhinoceros
and frontale. I subsequently found that so long ago as 1865
the collector Odewahn had reported that an Australian
species of Bolboceras produced “a noise like a Longicor n,
by moving the small pal beneath the hind coxze,’
This was recorded by Pascoe,* who did not identify the
species referred to, and who afterwards tried to amend
this very curious explanation by the scarcely more exact
statement that “striae are visible on the dorsal surface of
the coxie, and similar but smaller strize within the cavity.”
The organ is really a modification of that characteristic of
Geotrupes, perhaps a more primitive condition. Insteal of
the single oblique roll of closely-packed ridges upon the
hind coxa of the latter we find the ridges arranged in a
series of wavy bands from four to eight or nine in number.
In Bolboceras Reichei (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 8) there are four
bands approximately equal and parallel, composed of
* Proce, Ent, Soc., 1865, p. 81.
t+ Op. cit., p. 107.
728 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
ridges much less fine and close than those of Geotrupes
stercorarius. In B. frontale (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 7, 7a)
the bands are more numerous, and very unequal and
irrecular. They occupy the whole centre of the inner
face of the coxa, and their component ridges, which are
fine and close near the upper edge, become gradually less
so as they recede. These short ridges do not anywhere
produce the appearance of “striz,” nor are there any striz
in the coxal cavities, but within the posterior margin of
each cavity is a single slightly oblique chitinous fold, so
sharply elevated as to cause a slight depression behind it,
in which are a few long hairs.
The genus Bolboceras is a very large one represented in
all the great land areas of the world, but it is remarkable
that, so far as my observations have gone, there is no’
trace of similar apparatus in species inhabiting any other
country than Australia, nor is it found in the majority of
Australian species. My inquiries have not produced any
further information as to the vocal powers of the genus,
nor is much known as to the habits of the species, which
are very retiring. JI have found records by French
naturalists, however, of the possession of the faculty by
Bolboceras gallicum, which have led me to make a thorough
examination of that species. As a result I have arrived
at the conclusion that sound is here produced by means
differing entirely from any hitherto known to entomologists,
viz. by friction between certain parts of the wings and
abdomen.
M. Fabre, in his “Souvenirs Entomologiques” (1900,
p. 182), describes the species mentioned as uttering a
sound which is very faint but much more sweet and
musical than that produced by any other beetle known to
him; but he does not seem to have formed any opinion
as to the part of the body from which the sound pro-
ceeded. An earlier record, in Mulsant’s “Coléopteres de
France” (Lamell., p. 352), states that Solier was led to
discover a specimen of the same species by the loud sound
it uttered, but this is not consistent with M. Fabre’s more
precise account and, as a second-hand report, must be
received with reserve. The structures which I believe to
constitute the musical equipment of this and allied species
of its genus do not appear capable of producing much
volume of sound.
An examination of the upper surface of the abdomen
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 729
(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 9) with a lens shows that the posterior
part (that is, all but a narrow anterior strip) of each of
the three segments preceding the terminal one has a
peculiar opaque surface, and under a high power it may
be seen that this is due to the presence, entirely confined
to these areas, of an immense number of short stout
chitinous spines, all directed towards the middie line of
the back, where there is a distinct parting. The spines
are sharply limited in their extent by a straight line a
little behind the front edge of each of the three segments
to which they are peculiar. These do not come into
contact with the elytra, but are covered by the rather
voluminous wings, which when not in use are folded twice,
so that the outer margin of each approximately forms a
letter N, that of the left wing represented by the letter
reversed. The two wing-tips thus cover the end of the
back where the spiny areas are situated. Upon examining
this part of one of the wings under the microscope I dis-
covered a small patch of spines adjoining the costal vein
Just before the extremity of the wing (Pl. XXXVI, figs.
9, 9a). These spines seem very strong and rigid and are
quite different to those upon the back, much longer and
more scattered. They are evenly distributed, however,
and entirely confined to a small longitudinal strip, all
being directed backwards so that the instrument must be
operated by the end of the body being drawn across the
wing-tips from back to front, pressing them against the
elytra as a support to the delicate membrane. I have
found no trace of these remarkable wing-areas except in
Bolboceras gallicum (the species heard by both Solier and
Fabre) and the two closely-related forms, B. wnicorne and
bocchus. The sound produced by this means could hardly
be other than faint and soft as described by Fabre, and
indeed had I not found the musical habit recorded I could
only have described these structures as musical in their
function with considerable hesitation. It is a further
satisfaction to me to have found additional confirmation
in the recently published observations of another writer,
Herr Verhoett. In the “Sitzungsberichte der Natur-
forschenden Freunde zu Berlin” for 1902, Herr Verhoeff
records that he has found several species of Geotrupes to
produce sound supplementing that of the coxal organs by
friction between the elytra and certain spinose areas upon
the dorsal surface of the abdomen corresponding with
730 | Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
those I have described in Solboceras, but of much less
extent. The author referred to considers the primary
function of the spines to be connected with the folding of
the wings, but he has traced to them rustling sounds
which he believes also to have significance. Probably the
first object of these spimes in al] cases was to give strength
to the integument without destroying its flexibility, and
whatever other uses they may have acquired it will not
be doubted, I think, that in the species of Bolboceras just
mentioned there has been a special adaptation for the
purpose of sound-production. In Geotrupes the dorsal
spines are reduced to very small masses at the extreme
margins of the segments, but the observation that in this
undeveloped condition they give rise to a sound is of very
great interest, showing that they constitute the germ of
a musical apparatus whose development might reasonably
be anticipated in allied insects devoid of any other
instrument for the purpose.
It is best to await observations of living individuals
before attempting to determine the extent to which
musical powers prevail among the numerous species of
Bolboceras. Probably most are dumb or produce only
very slight sounds. Although I have only found the
definitely localized wing-spines in the species mentioned,
there are in others short stout spines distributed over a
great part of the wing. In others these are entircly
absent. I believe the species of Odonteus, a genus
scarcely more entitled to separation from Bolboceras than
several forms still included in it, will be found to utter a
quite audible sound. The wings of this, of which a rare
representative lives in our own country, are exceedingly
large in proportion to its small size, and, even though
elaborately folded, entirely cover the back. The whole
distal half is crowded with short spines which give a
smoky colour to the wings. Short conical spines are
usually found upon the stouter membrane which occurs
at the anterior edge of the wings of Lamellicorn beetles
just beyond the point at which folding takes place. These
in the Passalidze have been found to take part in the
production of sound, and it seems to me likely that in
Geotrupes also it is these surfaces rather than the elytra
which, in conjunction with the dorsal areas, produce the
sound noticed by Verhoeff.
The Geotrupide are musical also in the larva state, but
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 731
here we meet with an entirely new and most interesting
type of organ. The jaws have no stridulatory surface,
but the legs bear structures elaborately adapted to the
purpose. If a larva of Greotrupes is taken between the
fingers it will invariably begin to fiddle, and, although its
note is only audible to the human ear at a short distance,
the means by which it is produced is easily seen by close
attention to its movements. Every note is accompanied
by a jerking movement of the last pair of legs straight
forward and against the bases of the second pair. The
last pair are reduced in size and, from the change they
have undergone in the manner of their articulation in order
to perform the forward movement, have probably ceased
to have any other use. Indeed, the larvee of Lamellicorns
in general have little use for their legs, commonly lying
on their sides in a doubled-up condition among the root
fibres, rotten wood, or other substance upon which they feed.
A modification of the legs for the performance of a new
function is therefore attended by no corresponding disability.
The joints of these modified legs seem to have retained little
power of separate movement, but extending from base to
tip on the inner side is a row of very hard sharp-pointed
prominences or teeth. This represents the fiddle-bow,
while the strings are formed by a beautiful series of fine
ridges occupying a pear-shaped area on the coxa of each
of the two intermediate legs. These ridges, according to
Schiddte, are very complex in their microscopic structure,
being finely serrated at their edges.
Although this apparatus of the Geotrwpes larva shows
a great degree of modification of the hind-legs, in another
family, the Passalide, these have undergone a much
further development. This family of beetles, although the
extraordinary facts of their economy are as yet scarcely
known, is among the most remarkable of Insect groups.
The larvee of Passalide, unlike those of all other known
Lamellicornia, are active, the body being straight instead
of curled, and the legs are long, enabling them to walk at
a fairly quick pace. At first sight these exceptional larve
appear to be quadrupeds, a careful examination being
necessary for the discovery of the traces of the third pair
of legs, which are reduced to a pair of tiny appendages
ending in four or five claw-like processes, and in some
species having a curious resemblance to a pair of out-
spread hands. They lie close to a minutely-ridged area
732 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
on the cox of the preceding pair of legs, the vibratory
edges of which are plucked by the finger-like processes. It
is remarkable that this iuch-modified remnant of a leg
reappears in the mature beetle as a perfectly-formed limb,
practically like the second pair, and having no other
function than that of progression, while the vocal appar-
atus appears in an entirely different form and _ position.
The fact of stridulation by the adult beetle seems to have
been first published by Dr. Leconte, but Professor Poulton
has kindly sent me a much earlier record found by him
amongst the hitherto unpublished notes of the traveller
Burchell, and dated Dec, 9th, 1826. This very careful
observer writes of species of Melews and Veturiws which he
found at Rio las Pedras, Cubataéd, Brazil, and believed, no
doubt, to belong to a single species:—“On taking it in
the hand it makes a faint [sound] between a hissing
and a squeaking, like the Lamix.” The sound produced
by both larva and beetle is described by Dr. Ohaus as
very distinctly audible, but the means by which it is
produced in the latter have been the subject of several
different opinions. It has been most generally supposed
that the abdomen and elytra were the parts concerned, but
none of the regions pointed out as directly participating
show any real co-adaptation for such a function. There
is no doubt that the true explanation is that given by
Mr. G. F. Babb, of Massachusetts, in the “ Entomological
News” for 1901. The purpose is achieved by the opposi-
tion of spinose areas upon the wings to spines upon a
pair of elevations towards the end of the abdomen, that
is, by means somewhat similar to those which I have
described in species of the genus Bolboceras, The two
terminal segments of the abdomen are rigid above, but
the one preceding them is membranous and flexible, with
the exception of a much-thickened strip at its hinder
border. Connected with each end of this chitinized strip
there is a hard boss the surface of which has a velvety
appearance, which proves under the microscope to be due
to erect spies massed thickly together. These bosses
occupy almost the same position as the peculiar processes
which I have described in Ochodxus, although owing to
the long and narrow shape of the body they are nearer
together and more terminal and are covered by the wings.
Each of the latter lies closely against the flattened surface
of the wing-cover, and the hard angle formed at the
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 733
single fold fits into a rather deep pit so that additional
rigidity is secured. The part of the wing overlying the
spinose boss is in this region, and it is here that very
short erect spines are found upon the wing membrane.
As in Bolboceras, the primary use of the wings remains
quite unaffected in the North American species of Passalus
(P. cornutus) studied by Mr. Babb, and indeed in the great
majority of the family, all of which probably have musical
powers; but in various Tropical American genera the
wings have become quite useless for the purpose of flight
and undergone a further development for the new func-
tion. They are reduced to narrow strips of stiff leathery
membrane shorter than the elytra. In Proculejus and
some other related forms the hinge and the small spine-
bearing area just behind it are present, but the whole of
the wing beyond has disappeared, and the hinge having
lost its use is no longer movable. This strange trans-
formation has reached its furthest development in the ~
three great species forming the Central American genus
Proculus, to which my attention was first directed by Dr.
David Sharp. The hinge has entirely vanished, and the
wing-remnants are quite opaque and straight and lie in
depressions in the elytra. These depressions are deeper at
the posterior part, and the corresponding part of the wing-
strip has its margins thickened above, so that the inter-
vening part of the membrane is slightly raised and forms
adrum. To use a more precise parallel the whole device
forms the resonating box of the fiddle. The outer (or
lower) side of the stretched membrane bears closely-set
pointed teeth of conical shape. The corresponding
abdominal bosses are similar to those of less profoundly
modified members of the group, and indeed have practically
the same form throughout the family.
We can only conjecture what manner of sound is gener-
ated by this remarkable apparatus, for of the numerous
collectors who have captured the insects, in this case
larger than the largest beetles of our own country, none
has given any account of its habits. As regards the
smaller forms with normal wings belonging to Phoronxus
and related genera, Dr. Ohaus has supplied the defici-
ency, having published in the “Stettiner Entomologische
Zeitschrift” for 1900 (p. 164) an account of his observa-
tions in Brazil, which constitutes one of the most
interesting contributions made for many years to our
734 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
knowledge of insect economy. One of the beetles is
there stated to have chirped so loudly when confined in
his room at night that he was unable to sleep until it was
put outside. Having had considerable success in rearing
the Jarvee of other Lamellicornia, Dr. Ohaus tried to rear
those of Passalidz in the same way, many species being
very common in the neighbourhood of Petropolis; but to
his surprise they invariably died in a few days. Deter-
mined to discover the reason of his failure, he devoted
himself for a time to the investigation of their natural
conditions of life, and soon observed that when a rotting
trunk contained tunnels inhabited by the larvae, a pair of
adult beetles was invariably to be found at the end of
each tunnel, each pair accompanied by from two to seven
young ones. ‘Transferring the entire family to his breed-
ing-cage, he found that they then fared perfectly well.
If individuals from different places were put together
they refused to settle down and soon died or killed each
other, but by keeping each family by itself he had no
difficulty in following out their history. The adults were
usually occupied in disintegrating the wood at the far end
of the burrow and chewing it into a soft condition ready
for the larvae, the condition of whose jaws seems to render
them incapable of procuring their own food. Even when
kept apart from their parents and the material prepared
by the latter supplied to them, they did not prosper, and
Dr. Ohaus considers it probable that a digestive secretion
is mixed with it before it is given to them. The beetles
devote constant attention to their offspring from the time
they leave the egg until full maturity is reached, for even
after the young beetle has assumed its final shape the
jaws are for some time too soft for it to feed without
parental assistance. Both larval and adult Passalide
stridulate loudly and constantly, and in these organized
communities it seems to be undeniable that the vocal
powers serve the purpose of intercommunication. Dr.
Ohaus records an interesting episode which may be quoted
as a proof of this.
Breaking up a log in search of larvee of another group
he disturbed a community of Passalidz consisting of the
parents and six larvae. Not wishing to keep these he put
them on the ground and went on with his search. Having
finished this he was preparing to leave when another log
near by attracted his attention, and he turned it over.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles, 735
Beneath it were the two beetles and four of their brood,
while the other two were making for the same shelter as
fast as intervening obstacles would allow. The chirping
of the whole party had all the time been audible, and my
friend is convinced that the larvae were guided by this
means into safety, exactly as chickens are by the clucking
of their mother. As they are without trace of eyes it is
difficult to resist this conclusion.
In spite of the complex social relations long known
to exist among the Hymenoptera and other insects, an
organized family life such as this would a short time ago
have appeared an almost startling discovery among beetles ;
but recent observations of the social life of many Scoly-
tidee by an American naturalist, Mr. H. G. Hubbard, have
shown that the prevailing idea of general individualism
in the Coleoptera is incorrect, and there is little doubt
that moré study of the living insects would lead to the
discovery of many as yet unsuspected cases of social life
in the order. It seems likely from Mr. Shelford’s observa-
tions in Borneo that the extraordinary Carabid beetle
Mormolyce will be found to afford a case similar to that
of the Passalidee.
The last family of Lamellicornia of which the vocal
faculties remain to be investigated is that of the Stag-
beetles (Lucanidee). The larvae of these are short-legged
grubs incapable of walking, but lying always in a bent
position, generally within decaying stumps. ‘They are quite
independent, however, each steadily eating his way through
a burrow of his own, and the duties of the mother end
with the deposition of the eggs in a suitable situation.
It is probable that stridulation is universal among these
larvee, of which there are species in all parts of the world
—at least Schiddte has found the apparatus in all the four
European genera, which represent four widely-separated
divisions of the family.
If a larva of the common Stag-beetle (Zucanus cervus) is
held in the fingers it will utter a squeak, and it can be seen
that the movement by which this is done is the same as in
Geotrupes, that is, the last pair of legs is worked backwards
and forwards across a space at the base of each of the
second pair; but examination shows that the functions of
the two opposing surfaces are reversed. The space at the
base of each intermediate leg is not ridged, as in both
Geotrupes and Passalidee, but irregularly studded with
736 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
pointed horny tubercles (the plectra), while the actual
stridulatory plate is on the second joint (trochanter) of
the hind-leg. This joint has undergone a great develop-
ment to adapt it to the purpose. It is drawn out into a
slender process, so that the succeeding joint seems to arise
from the middle instead of the end of it, and on its inner
side is a curved ridge running its whole length and cut
transversely into a large number of sharp-edged plates.
According to Schiddte these delicate plates are themselves
finely serrated in a rather complex manner. By the
movement of the legs described this elaborate instrument
is drawn across the tubercles upon the coxa of the pre-
ceding leg in a direction at right angles to the ridges.
An apparatus practically the same as this occurs in the
larvee of the three other Lucanid genera examined by
Schiddte, Dorcus, Platycerus and Sinodendron, but in the
last the ridges, although fine and sharp, are less regular
than in the others, and the coxal tubercles form rows at
the narrow part of the plate in this genus, which is one of
the least typical members of the family. We may fairly
assume from the constancy of the organ in these repre-
sentative genera that the same highly-elaborated structure
is possessed by the larvze of all the Lucanide. It is
therefore rather strange that the adult beetles are in
general dumb. Only a single species has been found
to stridulate in this stage of its existence. This is
Chiasognathus Granti, a large insect found to produce a
loud sound by Darwin in South America. Darwin seems
to have assumed that the faculty was characteristic of the
male only, but this is not the case, for I have found the same
apparatus in both sexes. I believe it is peculiar to this
single species, and nothing of the same type is found in
any other Lamellicorn genus. Just within the external
margin of each elytron on the lower side is a thick roll of
hard chitin distinguished from the rest of the surface by
its reddish non-metallic colour. This roll is deeply and
finely divided transversely, so that it has the appearance
of being a chain of horny rings. The hind femora are
flattened beneath and have a slight upward curvature
enabling them to be pressed against the flanges of the
elytra, and at the part where the contact occurs each
shows several longitudinal scratches of which the edges
project sharply. By working the leg of a dead specimen
backwards and forwards against the sides the scraping of
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 737
these projecting ridges can be heard to produce a very
audible squeaking noise.
Although Chiasognathus Granti is the only known case
of a single species standing alone in a large family as a
stridulator and may yet be found to have companions, yet
the apparently erratic manner in which stridulating organs
are distributed is very remarkable, as is the fact of the
much more general possession of the organs by the larvae
of the Lamellicornia than by their parents. It is vain to
attempt the explanation of these phenomena until we
know more about the real significance of stridulation.
Dr. Ohaus’ observations as to stridulation in beetle com-
munities are of the greatest interest, but it would be rash
to draw any general conclusions from them, for we are
obliged to regard such communities as exceptional, and it
is easy to imagine that structures having a quite other
primary significance may have become the means of
intercommunication in insects whose nervous organization
has reached an exceptional degree of development.
Taking a general survey of the vocal organs here
described, the most noticeable feature is the great variety
of situation they affect in the Lamellicorn group, at least
in the adult stage. Those of the larve fall into three
series, viz. the Lucanid group, in which the stridulating
plate is on the hind trochanter, the Geotrupid group (of
which the Passalidze exhibit the extreme development), in
which it is on the middle coxa, and the Scarabzeid group,
embracing the great mass of Lamellicornia, where the
jaws bear the vocal organs. These larval organs show at
least as profound anatomical modifications as any occurring
in the mature beetles, and being constant throughout
great groups, as we are justified in supposing them to be,
they must be considered more ancient, and therefore of
greater significance in classification, than those of the
adult msects,
In the latter the stridulatory file is found at the outer
margin of the elytra in Chiasognathus (Lucanide), on
the hind cox in Geotrupide, Orphnide and the genus
Heliocopris in the Copride, in the corresponding region of
the socket in the Taurocerastidze, on the inner margins of
the elytra in 7rox and Copris, on their lower surface in
Ligyrus (Dynastide) and Ochodeus—although there is
no similarity in the last except in position, the organ
in Jigyrus being apparently rather imperfect, while in
738 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
Ochodwus it is highly specialized. The very remarkable
complementary structure in this isolated genus has no
nearer homologue than the spiny stridulating bosses of
the Passalide, which, as in the former case, occupy the
ante-penultimate dorsal segment. Less localized but
similar areas occur upon the back in certain Geotrupidee
not provided with coxal organs. With the exception of
Phileurus, in which I believe the method used to be
similar to that of the Geotrupide just mentioned, and
Ligyrus, all stridulating Dynastidz bear vocal ridges upon
the propygidium ; those of the Rutelidee are near the ends
of the femora and those of the Cetoniidz beneath the
abdomen. In the only known stridulating Melolonthid
genus, Serica, the ridged plate is within the prosternum.
APPENDIX.
Systematic notes and descriptions of Lamellicornia referred
to in the foregoing paper.
CERTAIN of the beetles just dealt with being hitherto
unknown or little studied, it has been necessary to use
new names and even to form fresh groups, and I have
therefore to supplement what has been said by more
comprehensive technical descriptions of these. It will
be convenient also to consider here the bearing of the
facts already dealt with upon the inter-relationships of
the groups of Lamellicorn beetles, concerning which
stridulating organs seem to me to afford evidence of some
importance.
The classification of the species of Mgidiwm, one of
the genera in which I have found stridulating organs, is
in a state of some disorder. I have pointed out in a
former paper that the Central American insects ascribed
by Bates to Ayidium colombianwm do not belong to that
form, and I have since found that the name &. asperatum
was given by De Borre the year previously to what is
evidently a not well developed specimen of the same
species from Ecuador. The type of &. Reicher of De
Borre is probably only a very small individual of the
same species,—at least no differential characters are
described.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 739
AB. guianense of Westwood has been re-described under
the name of 4. Steinheili by Harold, the original of
Westwood’s description (I have been able to compare
the types of both authors) being a female. This form
however does not properly belong to the genus, and I have
therefore formed for it a new genus which | shall name
Ayidinus, gen. nov.
Corpus breve, haud depressum ; clypeus antice productus : mandi-
bule apice fisse, extus lobo prominente munitz: cox# postice
deplanate, area stridulatoria transversa prope marginem lateralem
preedite.
¢ clypeus apice cornu erecto armatus: prothorax antice late
excavatus, dente obtuso ante marginem anteriorem.
Alia quoad in gen. Afgidiwm.
The stridulating apparatus and other features are as in
Agidium, the differential characters being the differently
shaped head, the lobed mandibles and, in the male, the
horn into which the clypeus is produced and the excava-
tion of the thorax, which is confined to its anterior part.
The genus bridges to some extent the interval between
Agidium and the Old World genus Orphnus. Orphnus
Strobelt of Steinheil may perhaps belong to it. There is
another form, closely related to 4. guianensis, which was
found by Bates in the Amazonian region and believed by
him to be Westwood’s species. I shall name this
Aigidinus brasiliensis, sp. 0.
Convexus, niger, nitidus, corpore subtus, antennis, palpis pedi-
busque rufis; capite fere leave, antice acuminato, paulo concavo ;
prothorace polito, punctis nonnullis lateraliter sparsutis, marginibus
lateralibus valde curvatis, angulis anticis paulo acutis, posticis
obsoletis ; scutello parvo, impunctato, quam latitudinem longiore ;
elytris brevibus, lateribus ab humeris ad apices regulariter curvatis,
stria suturali lineisque punctorum vagis ; marginibus omnibus cor-
poreque subtus longe fulvo-setosis, metasterni medio leve; coxis
lete rufis, fere impunctatis ; mandibularum lobo externo longo,
Long. 8°5 —11 mm.
Hab. BRaAziu, Ega.
This has the same general form and appearance as 4.
guianensis, but is rather smaller and is easily distinguish-
able by its much. greater smoothness. The head is
740 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
impunctate and the thorax and elytra thinly and vaguely
punctured. There is no supplementary inner tooth to the
front tibia of the male, which forms a further distinction
between the two species, the male of 4. guianensis having
a small tooth upon the inner side of the terminal one.
A pair of 4. brasiliensis has been presented to the
British Museum by M. René Oberthiir.
The new genus which I have called Jdiostoma has no
near relationship to any other form yet known and must
be regarded as forming a new sub-family.
Idiostoma, gen. nov.
Corpus crassum, ovatum: caput parvum, cornutum; trophi
degenerati, labrum minutum; maxilla unilobate ; antenne 10-
articulate, articulis 1-2 globosis, hirsutis, 3-7 brevissimis, 8-10
clavam parvam componentibus: corpus subtus pedesque longe fulvo-
hirti, hee robusti; cox postice haud late, costa stridulatoria
prope extremitatem externam preedite.
The clypeus is very small and bidentate in front, the
eyes large but not prominent laterally, their upper part
being capable of complete retraction within the prothorax.
The buccal organs are greatly reduced and without biting
parts. The labrum is exserted but very small and fleshy,
the mandibles are without teeth, the tips blunt and pro-
duced forward, the inner edge membranous, and the
maxille are without a lower lobe, long and fleshy. The
last joint of the palpus is longer than the other two
together. The mentum is small and semicircular without
a distinct ligula. The last joint of the labial palpus is
long, the others small. The antennze are small and
10-jointed, the outer lamellz of the 3-jointed club being
slightly cup-shaped.
The body is short, stout and thickly clothed beneath
with long tawny hairs. The front coxz are very promi-
nent, the middle discoidal, the hind stout, with a narrow
transverse stridulating file near the outer end. The femora
are stout, the anterior tibiz tridentate, with a very long
spine, which is strongly spatulate in the male, and the
four posterior tibize very strongly conically expanded at
their extremities, each armed with two long terminal
spines. The tarsi are slender. The abdomen is much
reduced and almost entirely covered by the elytra, and
consists ventrally of six visible segments.
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 741
There are two species of this anomalous genus in the
British Museum, of which the typical one is diagnosed
as follows :—
Idiostoma rufum, sp. 0.
Plate XXXVI, fig. 1.
Rufum, obesum, capite parvo, rugoso, antice bidentato, fronte
tuberculo, fcemine obsoleto, maris modice recurvato-producto,
armato ; prothorace grosse sat crebre punctato, medio longitudi-
naliter canaliculato, foemine leviter, maris, profunde, hujus ex-
cavationis lateribus utrumque acuminatis, prothoracis lateribus
valde curvatis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis obsoletis ; scutello
acuminato, levi ; elytris valde convexis, politis, suleatis, interstitiis
minute haud dense punctulatis, intervallo suturali antice et postice
contracto.
Long. 12-16 mm.
Hab. W. Patraconta, Valle del Lago Blanco.
The Museum possesses 2 number of specimens, most of
them males, of this interesting insect, brought from the
eastern slopes of the Andean chain. All are of a reddish-
chestnut colour, thickly clothed beneath with tawny hair.
The thorax is relatively rather small and is rather narrower
at its broadest part than the elytra at the shoulders.
The second species is described from a single male
specimen acquired many years ago, and, although the
distinctive features are sufticiently marked, it is not ad-
visable, until additional specimens are available, to describe
it in very great detail lest merely individual features
should be taken as characteristic. Our specimen bears .
the unpublished name of Medon Patagonie, Reiche, in the
writing of the French entomologist Jekel, from whom it
was obtained. It may be called
Idiostoma Medon, sp. n.
T. rufi simile sed multo minor : rufo-castaneum, elytris lateraliter
pallidioribus : clypeo late truncato, haud dentato : prothorace latius,
minus profunde, excavato, excavationis lateribus haud acuminatis :
elytris magis equaliter sulcatis, intervallo suturale vix con-
tracto; calcaribus tibialibus omnibus acutis, maris pedum anticorum
haud spatulatis.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab, PATAGONIA.
In addition to the much smaller size, differently shaped
head and thorax and more parallel elytral striez, our
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART IV. (DEC.) 48
742 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
specimen of J. Medon is practically without any hairy cloth-
ing beneath, which is probably not entirely due to age.
The general appearance of these insects strongly suggests
a position among the Dynastide, but their anatomical
features entirely contradict this and unquestionably con-
nect them with Orphnus, Geotrupes, etc. Lansberge, in
describing Drepanognathus (Sissantobius), a genus of the
same group, has stated that the true relationship of these
insects is with the Dynastide, but this is to ignore the
most vital structural differences, such as the situation of
the spiracles, the development of the labrum, etc, in
addition to the entirely distinct stridulating organs, of
which of course he was ignorant.
The remarkable genus Ochodxus evidently contains a
large number and variety of forms and is very widely
distributed, but, no doubt owing to a peculiar and retiring
way of life, they are rarely found and our knowledge of
them is very scanty. It will probably be necessary
eventually to subdivide the genus, but this is not desirable
until we have acquired a completer knowledge of the
species. I have described the very curious musical
apparatus of certain new forms for which it has been
necessary to devise distinctive names, and these must be
characterized here. Representatives of the genus are
known from America, Southern Europe, West, East
and South Asia, North, South and West Africa and
Madagascar. Of about forty described species, however,
half are American, and these are all from the part of the
continent north of the Equator. The new species which
I have referred to by the name of Ochodeus campsognathus,
however, inhabits Argentina, and it is possible that as
additional forms are found this apparent preponderance in
one region may prove to be only apparent. Although
scattered over such a large part of the world the genus
shows remarkably little variation in general form, size
or coloration. The Oriental species alone, of which few
have yet been described, seem to have revolted from the
general sobriety of their kind, and amongst these are
some of rather peculiar and striking appearance. They
are often distinguished by dorsal markings of red and
black, and some show a disproportionate development of
the front part of the body, probably signifying corre-
spondingly great burrowing powers. Ochodxus maculatus,
Waterh., one of these which inhabits Japan, is the finest
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles, 743
species of the genus as yet described, and nearly related
to it is an insect from Java in the British Museum to
which I propose to give the name
O. maculipennis, sp. 0.
Plate XXXVI, fig. 3.
Brevis, rufo-fulvus, corpore supra ubique granuloso-rugosus et
dense fulvo-setosus, prothoracis marginibus antico et postico, scutello
elytrisque nigris, utroque elytro fascia transversa irregulare anteriore
maculaque discoidale apicale ornato: capite magno lato, clypeo
parvo, carina arcuata tuberculisque duobus lateralibus paulo elevatis ;
prothorace valde transverso, quam elytra ad humeros multo latiore,
antice profunde emarginato, angulis anticis acutis, posticis cbsoletis,
margine postico late lobato, sulco longitudinale antice abbreviato
carinaque tenue transversa sinuata postice predito; scutello magno,
longitudine plus quam elytrorum partem quartam, apice acuminato ;
elytris brevibus, distincte punctato-striatis, interstitiis subtiliter
rugosis ; corpore subtus pedibusque testaceis, longe hirsutis, tibiis
anticis dente minuto tertio exacte inter secundum atque basin medio
posito, tarsis gracilibus, pedum posticum articulo primo ad reliquos
conjunctim equale ; antennarum clava* maxima cordiforme.
Long. 10°5 mm.
Hab, JAVA.
This is about equal in size to the Japanese species
referred to, but whereas that is black, with the femora
and dorsal markings red, the new species is red with the
exception of the scutellum and the greater part of the
elytra. O. grandiceps, Fairm., from China, is another
allied form similarly coloured to O. maculipennis, but it is
smaller, and hke 0. maculatus bears a pair of tubercles at
the front of the clypeus which are absent in the new
species. The large sharply-pointed scutellum is another
distinctive structural feature. The dorsal stridulating
appendage has the form of a horizontal plate attached
by a broad base to the abdominal segment and having at
its inner end several highly chitinized ribs which terminate
in short finger-like processes.
The single male specimen described was formerly
contained in the Bowring Collection.
The following species is more of the normal form and
size, but is notable for its very long and thick tawny
clothing and the pattern of chestnut and black with which
it is decorated.
* This has been represented much too small in the figure.
744 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
O. decoratus, sp. n.
Ovatus, omnino longe fulvo-hirtus, rufo-castaneus, capite fere toto
nigro-cincto ; prothoracis puncto laterale maculisque tribub discoi-
dalibus nigris, duabus magnis anterioribus postice productis tertiaque
minore ante scutellum; hoc nigro; elytrorum lateribus, sutura,
apicibus fasciaque media completa nigris; clypeo parvo, carina
nigra cujus extremitatibus paulo tuberculiferis, fronte grosse granu-
lato; prothorace crebre punctato-rugoso, punctis majoribus inter-
sparsis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis fortiter arcuatis, margine
postica late lobata ; scutello sat magno ; elytris profunde punctato-
striatis, punctis magnis, nigris, interstitiis subtiliter rugosis ; corpore
subtus cum pedibus antennisque rufo-fulvis, harum clava magna,
cordiforme ; tibize antice valde bidentate, dente tertio minuto fere
ad basin posito, tarsis omnibus sat gracilibus, posticorum articulo
primo ad sequentes longitudine eequale.
Long. 6°5 mm,
Hab. PENANG.
Of this also we have only a single male example, which
was found by the late Mr. Lamb. The hinder part of the
body is not so much reduced, nor the head proportionally
so large, as in the previous species, and the insect is
altogether smaller, but it is closely allied notwithstanding.
The coloration is analogous, but the thorax has five
black patches upon a reddish ground. The pubescence
with which the whole surface is clothed is very coarse and
the scutellum is rather less large in proportion than that
of O. maculipennis. The stridulating appendages are of
similar form but without the short terminal processes.
O. campsognathus, sp. n.
Plate XXXVI, fig
Testaceus, hemisphericus, ubique breviter setosus, capite brevis-
simo, rugoso, inter oculos carina fere angulata, post hoc subleve,
mandibulis magnis, paulo tortis, apicibus oblique antice directis,
labro lato, paulo emarginato; prothorace dense rugoso, postice
medio breviter longitudinaliter impresso, angulis anticis acutis,
posticis arcuate rectis; scutello acuminato, parce punctato, elytris
profunde striatis, striis confluenter punctatis, interstitiis irregulariter
haud crebre punctatis, singulo elytro ante apicem sinuato ; pro-
pygidii margine posteriore dentibus duobus sat distantibus munito ;
corpore subtus ubique dense flavo-setoso; tibiis anticis dentibus
maximis duobus tertioqgue minuto intra secundum et basin exacte
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 745
intermedio armatis; appendiculis dorsalibus stridulatoriis fusi-
formibus.
Long. 6-7°5 mm.
Hab. ARGENTINA, Chaco, and Rio las Garzas.
There are six specimens which appear to be all females.
They may perhaps be most conveniently compared with
the European 0. chrysomelinus, F., the general form and
size being similar. This species is much less finely and
closely rugose than that, the elytra are more deeply
striated, the clypeus is very small and not distinctly
marked off from the rest of the head, and the jaws are
considerably longer, their tips unequal and rather blunt
and their outer margins irregular.
Hitherto only a single species of Ochodxus (0. rugatus,
Westwood) has been known from South America. In the
British Museum collection, in addition to that insect and
0. campsognathus, there is a specimen of yet a third
which it will be well also to characterize.
O. tridentatus, sp. n.
Ovatus, pallide testaceus, sat nitidus, vertice, prothorace, sutura,
corporeque subtus obscurioribus, clypeo modice producto, grosse
rugoso, longe setoso, fronte grosse, haud crebre, punctato, oculis
magnis; prothorace grosse et regulariter punctato, antice paulo
angustato ; scutello sat angusto, acuminato ; elytris fortiter punctato-
striatis, interstitiis impunctatis, parce granulatis, eum prothorace
subtiliter flavo-setosis; elytrorum apicibus sinuatis, angulis fere
spiniformibus ; propygidii margine posteriore medio retuso, bidentato ;
pedibus flavis, tibiis anticis tarsisque obscurioribus, illis tridentatis,
dentibus equidistantibus ; tarsis anticis gracilibus, reliquis sat
robustis,
Long. 8°5 mm.
Hab, COLOMBIA.
The type was derived from the Reiche collection, where
it bore the unpublished name “ equinoctialis, Dupont.”
The species is rather less short and globose than usual.
The head is not very transverse, the eyes are large and
the prothorax is narrowed anteriorly and widens to beyond
the middle. The sculpture is everywhere coarse and the
setose clothing is inconspicuous both above and beneath.
Ochodwus was associated by Erichson with Orphnus,
Hybalus and Afgidiwm in a family (Orphnide) which he
746 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
placed between the Hybosoridee and Aphodiide. The last
three genera, however, he placed in closer relation to each
other than to the first, whose various peculiarities of
structure give it an isolation which the discovery of the
stridulating apparatus of all the genera makes still more
conspicuous. This apparatus is exactly analogous in all
the other genera and absolutely different to that found in
Ochodvus. The similar discovery in Yawrocerastes and
Frickius tends to justify the otherwise unnecessary
creation by Germain of a separate family (Taurocerastidz)
for those two genera, while the new genus /diostoma just
described has at least an equal claim to family rank. Un-
fortunately the larvee of all these mteresting forms, which
should throw valuable light upon the degree of their
relationships to each other and to other Lamellicorns, are
entirely unknown. All the genera, however, seem to me
to have closer relationships with the Geotrupide than with
any other family,and the alternatives which present them-
selves to me are either still further to multiply the family
divisions in order to retain those now in existence, or by
somewhat extending the definition of the Geotrupidze to
include all in a single family and regard the various
divisions as sub-families only. In the absence of full data
to justify the former course and in view of the differing
conceptions of entomologists as to the proper value to be
assigned toa “family” in the Coleoptera, it seems to me
desirable rather to reduce than multiply such groups
where common characters exist, and in the present
instance I believe that a greater degree of uniformity
will be introduced among the families of Lamellicornia
by regarding the small groups here dealt with as com-
prehended in a single family.
The Aphodiide and Hybosoride seem to be entirely
without stridulating organs in the adult form, while those
of the larval Aphodiidz seem to associate them with the
Copride. The Hybosoride are rather doubtfully homo-
geneous, but have probably nearer relationships to the
Trogide and Giaphyride than to the groups now under
consideration.
Practically the only characteristic distinguishing the
Geotrupide as hitherto restricted is the possession of eleven
joints in the antennz, a feature which, although excep-
tional and important as evidence of the primitiveness of the
group, cannot be regarded, in view of the variation in the
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles, 747
number of antennal joints occurring in nearly all Lamelli-
corn families, as affording the criterion of a really equiva-
lent group. In the extended sense here proposed the
Geotrupide are characterized by a small clypeus which
leaves entirely exposed the extruded labrum, large more
or less crescent-shaped mandibles, six movable ventral
segments and all the pairs of coxa in close proximity. It
may be expected that all the larve will be found to have
the legs adapted for the purpose of stridulation as in those
of the genus (eotrupes, the only one as yet examined.
The sub-families may be classified as follows :—
a Antenne ll-jointed . . . . . . 1. . « Geotrupine.
(a) ” 10- ”
b Mouth parts well developed : mandibles and
maxille toothed.
e Stridulation ventral : tibial spines simple.
d Stridulating plate on hind coxe . . Orphiine.
(ar oe. 5 in hind coxal cavity Tawrocerastine.
(c) Stridulation dorsal; a pectinate spine to
MICE A es fe) ke a 4k Ocha ean:
(b) Mouth parts degenerate: mandibles and
maxillz without teeth. . . . . . . Idiostomine.
The Idiostomine consist of the two species of Zdiostoma
alone and the Ochodzine of the single large genus
Ochodzus. The three species belonging to the genera
Taurocerastes and Frickius form the Taurocerastine, and
the Orphnine include Hybalus, Orphnus, Hgidium, Afgi-
dinus, Sissantobius (Drepanognathus), and a few other
genera unknown to me.
According to recent views upon the classification of the
Coleoptera the primary divisions of the Lamellicornia
are the Passalide, Lucanide and Scarabeide, the last
corresponding to the whole of the Lamellicornia of
Lacordaire, who separated the first two divisions under
the name of Pectinicornia. In Gemminger and Harold’s
Catalogue the Passalidee are actually merged in the
Lucanide. The relationship between these two families
is not really very close, however, whereas there is a
relationship between the Passalide and the forms I have
comprised in the family Geotrupidz which has not hitherto
been remarked. The two types are certainly distinguished
by a wide difference in outward form, the Passalide, in
correspondence with their highly peculiar manner of life,
748 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on
having acquired a remarkably uniform exterior, charac-
terized by great elongation and flatness, whereas the
Geotrupide, in response to quite different habits, have
acquired an equally characteristic rotundity. It is there-
fore to the larve that we must look for the best evidence
of relationship. I have referred to the very striking fact
that the stridulatmg organs of both larval and adult
Passalidee are highly-developed phases of rather simpler
structures occurring in the corresponding stages of Geo-
trupide. In the larva of Geotrupes the third pair of legs
is much reduced in size and directed forwards in such a
way as to scrape a pair of files at the bases of the inter-
mediate legs. In the Passalidze these files again appear,
and the modification of the last pair of legs has advanced
to such a degree that they seem to be mere jointless
rudiments. It is scarcely rash to prophesy that examin-
ation of the yet unknown larve of other genera of these
groups will reveal intermediate stages in the transition.
No apparatus has been found in any other group bearing
any greater resemblance to this type than that of the
larval Lucanidz, in which the hind-legs are not at all
reduced and themselves bear the file upon the greatly
enlarged trochanter. Although the action is similar
the structure is widely different. In all other known
Lamellicorn larvee the organs are borne, not upon the
legs but the jaws. This single fact therefore, apart from
other evidence, affords almost conclusive proof of the
relationship between the Geotrupidz and Passalide. But
the vocal apparatus of the adult beetles points in the
same direction. It is at last established, after much
debate, that the Passalid beetle stridulates by the opposi-
tion of certain stout spines upon the wings to other spines
studding a pair of bosses situated upon the antepenulti-
mate dorsal segment. In the Geotrupide again we have
found in Geotrupes and Bolboceras sound-producing spines
upon the terminal dorsal segments and corresponding
spines upon the wings, and in Ochodwus I have described
highly peculiar paired projections upon the antepenulti-
mate dorsal segment, to which no other analogues can any-
where be found but the bosses upon the same segment in
the Passalide. Although the musical apparatus affords
the most striking evidence of this unexpected relationship,
corroboration is supplied by various other features. Thus
in the perfect insects the configuration of the head and
Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. 749
the organs of the mouth, with the broad extruded labrum
and mandibles, are common to the two groups. Again,
the larvee of the Lamellicornia are in general more or less
closely hairy and the anal opening is simply transverse and
exactly terminal. Those of both Geotrupide and Passalidee,
on the contrary, are smooth, and in both a pair of lateral
lobes appears by which the anal orifice is confined so as to
assume a somewhat stellate form. In the Lucanidze it is
again quite different, being longitudinal, and this family,
besides many other peculiarities, is distinguished from
other Lamellicorns by a much less concentrated nervous
system,
The arrangement of Lamellicornia as Passalide,
Lucanide and Scarabeeidx, therefore, does not seem to
me to correspond with our present knowledge of the facts.
The first family, which is one of the most homogeneous
among beetles, must be closely associated with the third,
which is by no means homogeneous and consists of an
assemblage of families; while I regard the Lucanide as
the extreme branch of the Lamellicorn series, having only
very slight affinities with the Passalide, which may be
due more to similarity in their mode of life than to any
fundamental relationship.
List of Stridulating Genera of Lamellicorn Beetles.
Genera only known to stridulate in the larval stage are
not included in this list, as our knowledge of these has
not materially increased since the work of Schiddte in
1874. The very numerous genera of Passalidx, in which
stridulation is general, are not separately enumerated.
PAGE PAGE
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Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles.
PAGE PAGE
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.
Fie. 1. Idiostoma rufum, Arrow, new species.
la a = inner face of hind coxa.
2. Ochodxus campsognathus, Arrow, new species.
Qa. a - end of abdomen, viewed dorsally.
2b. fs “ left stridulating appendage.
2¢. 4 A end of right elytron, inside.
3. Ochodxus maculipennis, Arrow, new species.
3a. A 4 abdomen, viewed dorsally.
3b. i s left stridulating appendage.
4. OUchodeus ferrugineus, Eschs., left stridulating appendage.
5. Frickius variolosus, Germain, abdomen, ventral side.
5a. Pa “ right hind leg, inner side.
6. Bolboceras rhinoceros, Macl., right hind leg, inner side.
7. Bolboceras frontale, Guér., left hind leg, inner side.
7d. s os portion of stridulatory area.
8. Bolboceras Reichei, Guér., left hind leg, inner side.
9. Bolboceras gallicwm, Muls., right wing.
9a. . a, 59 » 9 Spinose strip.
9b. 3 end of abdomen, dorsal side.
10. Atgidiwm colombianwm, Westw., right hind coxa, inner side.
11. Geniates catoxanthus, Burm., left hind leg, inner side.
DECEMBER 28rd, 1904.
PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1904.
Wednesday, February 3rd, 1904.
Professor E. B. Pounton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The PresIpENT announced that he had nominated Dr.
THoMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8., Dr. FREDERICK
Aueustus Dixry, M.A., M.D., and the Rev. Francis Davip
Morice, M.A., as Vice-Presidents for the Session 1904-1905.
Exhibitions.
Mr, A. J. Cuirry exhibited two specimens of Péinus tectus.
Boisd., taken by him in a granary in Holborn in the winter
of 1892-93 ; also a complete series of the red Apions to show
A. sanguineum from the late Frederick Smith’s collection.
Mr, O. E. Janson exhibited specimens of Papilio weiskei,
Ribbe, and 7'roides meridionalis, Rothschild, recently taken by
Mr. A. 8. Meek near the Aroa River in the interior of British
New Guinea.
Mr. E. C. Bepwett exhibited the following species of
Coleoptera taken by him in North Wales (on Snowdon) in the
first week of August 1903—a fine series of Chrysomela cerealis,
L., a pair of them being of the curious dull form, Anthophagus
alpinus, Payk., Acidota crenata, F., Arpedium brachypterum,
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1904. A
Ge.
Grav., and Quedius longicornis, Kr., the latter taken from
moss on a stump in the wood at the foot of Snowdon, close
to the Llanberis Falls. There appears to be no previous
record of this species occurring in Wales.
The Rev. F. D. Moric exhibited a series of lantern slides
illustrating the structure of concealed ventral segments in
males of the Hymenopterous genus Colletes.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a Mullerian association of black
and transparent species from the Potaro Road, British Guiana,
consisting of Ithomiine, Lthomia zarepha, Ithomia florula,
Heterosais sylphis, and Napeogenes n. sp.; Erycinidex, Stalachtis
phexdusa, and Stalachtis evelina; Hypside, Lauron partita ;
Geometridx, Hyrmina, n. sp. The whole of the specimens had
been caught on one single forest road, some 170 miles inland.
Mr. Kaye called particular attention to the new species of
Napeogenes, and said it was a most remarkable divergence
from the usual coloration of the genus Napeogenes as a
whole, where brown, yellow and black were the prevailing
colours, while the present insect was black and transparent
only, and conformed in a wonderful way with many true
members of the genus Jthomia. Attention was further drawn
to the fact that typically coloured Vapeogenes, V. inachia and
NV. tiphianassa, occurred not uncommonly on the same ground
and fell into another group of similarly coloured species. It
was thus not a little remarkable that, with these two different
forces acting, such a complete transference could have
been effected on the present undescribed species, and it went
to show what a powerful influence these black and trans-
parent species exert even in the presence of counteracting
forces.
The Prestpent exhibited a male and female of Papilio
dardanus, captured in coitu by Mr. Geo. F. Leigh, at
Durban in 1902, and examples of the offspring reared from
the eggs laid by the female. ‘The latter was of the cenea
form, as were the great majority of the female offspring ;
three, however, were of the black and white Aippocoon form.
More recently, in 1903, Mr. Leigh had captured a female of
the rare trophonius form, and had bred from the seven eggs
laid by it five butterflies, of which the two females were both
Cua)
of the commonest cenea form. The female trophonius was also
exhibited together with the five offspring.
Capt. C. E. Wixttams, I.M.S., introduced by Dr. D. Suarp,
F.R.S., exhibited a living Gongylus gongyloides 2 in the
nymph stage, together with coloured drawings, photographs,
and lantern slides showing both the adult and immature
insect in various positions. The chief features of interest in
the exhibitions lay in the peculiar modifications of shape and
colouring by which this Mantis conceals itself and attacks
its prey, which consists of Lepidoptera and Diptera. The
insect adopts an inverted position, turning its ventral surface
to the sunlight. The floral simulation is effected by the shape
and colouring of the prothorax. This is greatly elongated
so as to form a stalk, which is coloured greenish-brown ; in
front of this elongation the prothorax is expanded into a
somewhat diamond-shaped plate or disc, around the insertion
of the front pair of limbs. This disc is coloured a bright
blue or violet on its ventral aspect with a centrally situated
spot of deep black pigment, and with the stalk assumes a
striking resemblance to a small blue flower, this deception
being enhanced by the manner in which the insect swings
itself to and fro, as if to imitate a blossom quivering in
the breeze. The front or raptorial limbs are armed with
formidable spines, and when at rest are held folded in front
of the disc, ready to seize any insect which approaches.
Both male and female insects have the same general con-
formation and colouring. The female, however, in the imago
stage has imperfectly developed wings, and cannot use them
for flight, while the male has these organs well formed and is
capable of powerful flight. The antenne of the adult male
are large and bi-pectinate, while those of the female are
filiform and inconspicuous. The Mantis exhibited was the
sole survivor of twenty-one brought to England in June 1903
from Rangoon. It was hatched during January, and had
passed through eleven ecdyses, but failed to effect the last
change to the imago stage in October 1903.
Notices.
The PrestpENT, at the suggestion of Mr. A. J. Currry,
Cg)
invited exhibitions at the next meeting of the genus 7’ropi-
phorus. He also invited Fellows to join in a discussion at the
next meeting upon “ What is a species ?”
Papers.
Mr. G. A. J. RotHNey communicated ‘‘ Descriptions of new
species of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, Assam, and a
new species of Bembex,” by PETER CAMERON.
Mr. Matcotm Burr contributed ‘Systematic Observations
upon the Dermatoptera.”
Dr. T. A. CHapMAN read a paper ‘‘On a new species of
Heterogynis,” and exhibited specimens of this and other allied
species from Digne, Moncayo, Spain, and other localities.
Mr. Rotanp Trimen, F.R.S., read a paper “On some new
or imperfectly known forms of South African butterflies,”
and exhibited among other specimens, illustrating his remarks,
typical and aberrational forms of Acrea rahira, Zeritis
felthami, a new species, Z. molomo, Trim., and Z. damarensis,
Trim. ; typical Colias electra, Linn., from Natal, and a remark-
able melanic aberration of the same species; also Kedestes
tucusa, a very rare and unfigured Hesperiid ? and ¢ from
Johannesburg.
Capt. C. E. Witirams, M.A., M.B., I.M.S., read a paper
entitled “ Notes on the Life History and Habits of Gongylus
gongyloides, a Mantis of the tribe Empusides, and a Floral
Simulator.”
Wednesday, March 2nd, 1904,
Professor E. B. Pouuron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
Election of a Fellow,
Mr. L. C. H. Youne, of 1, Rampart Row, Bombay, was
elected a Fellow of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Commander J. J. Waker, R.N., exhibited (1) Hecatesia
fenestrata, Bdvy., an interesting Australian moth, the ¢@
Give >
possessed of a very marked power of stridulation (stridulating
organ on longitudinal transparent bar on fore-wing), known
in New South Wales as the ‘“ Whistling Moth”; (2) Dodonidia
helmsi, Butler, a rare Satyrid butterfly from New Zealand,
and (3) a gigantic species of the Zhysanurid genus Japyz,
found at Picton, New Zealand. .
Mr. C. O. WarterRHouSE exhibited a diagram of the mouth
of one of the Mallophaga (Lemobothrium titan). He said
that in 1885 Dr. Grosse (Zeits. Wiss. Zool,, 35, p. 537) pro-
pounded the theory that the palpi at the side of the mouth
Nay pied
Witla
a
a
Under-side of the head of Lemobothriwm with the left
mandible and maxilla more enlarged,
a, Labrum. 6, Hypopharynx. c, Labium.
were not maxillary, but labial, and that the single joints
considered by some authors to be labial palpi were the para-
glosse. Dr, Grosse moreover figures what he considered to
be the true maxille as somewhat ovate lobes lying in the
mouth cavity, unconnected with the large lateral palpi.
Mr. Snodgrass in the ‘‘Occasional papers of the Californian
Academy of Sciences” (vi, 1899, p. 149) has given similar
figures.
Both these and other authors have overlooked the fact
that these lobes are connected by a narrow chitinous strip
with the lateral palpi, and are in fact the laciniz, curiously
bent it is true, but presenting no morphological difficulty.
( vag?)
The stipes is probably represented by a chitinized plate, just
below the palpus, on each side of the membranous submentum.
These larger palpi are therefore certainly maxillary palpi.
The labial palpi consist of a single joint, which agrees in its
structure and in the white membranous apex with apical joint
of the maxillary palpi.
Mr. G. C. CHampiton exhibited specimens of two species
of Dorcadion found during his recent journey in Spain; D.
almarzense, Esc.?, from the summit of Moncayo, and D.
neilense, Esc., from the Sierra de Logrojio. He also exhibited
numerous examples of Pyropsyche moncaunella, Chapm., found
by Dr. Chapman and himself on Moncayo.
Myr. A. J. Carrry, Mr, F. B. Jennines and other Fellows
exhibited specimens of the genus Z'ropiphorus. Myr. Currry
pointed out that the exhibition seemed to show that 7’.
tomentosus and 7’, obtusus were in reality one and the same
species. He had taken them together at Forres; Dr. Sharp
had taken them both at Dumfries, and the Cumberland col-
lectors had also taken both forms together. Apparently
obtusus had not been found apart from tomentosus in the United
Kingdom. Mr. H. St. J. DonisrHorpe said that he had taken
the two together at Rannoch, Commander J. J. WALKER
possessed both forms from Belfast taken together, and Mr.
JENNINGS mentioned a similar coincidence in Wales. Mr.
Cuitty thought that there might be genuine distinct Zvopi-
phorus obtusus on the Continent, but further physiological
evidence was necessary before any definite conclusion on the
subject could be obtained.
The PrestDENT exhibited a specimen of Glenea pulchella
(Thoms.), one of three individuals of the species taken on
June 25th of last year, near “ Barwood,” in the Ouchterlong
Valley, in the Nilgiris, by Mr. Leslie Andrewes. In a letter
dated June 26th, 1903, not written with a view to publication,
Mr. Andrewes described the circumstances of their capture :
“The most striking [of the beetles] is a parti-coloured
Longicorn about 1} inches long, which clearly mimics a large
Ichneumon fly, which I have yet to discover. I have three
of the beetles. The first two I was just going to grab as
they settled, and each time I said to Downing, ‘... Im
(wal)
glad I didn’t catch that beastly fly: he looks like a stinger,’
when something made me look again, and I saw what it was.
It is curious my making the same mistake twice. It is a
most elegant case of mimicry ; yet when the beetle is in the
hand, it seems impossible to take it for anything but what
it is. When it settles it curves the ends of its antenne out
and keeps them quivering just like an Ichneumon. There is
a metallic sheen on the elytra just as you get on dark-winged
flies, and the white spots on them seem to suggest an annulated
body underneath the wings; yet the resemblance is not in
the details of the markings, but in the whole appearance of
the insect.”
The Presipent remarked that the appearance of the beetles
entirely justified Mr. Andrewes’ statement. No one, looking
at the specimens in the cabinet, could imagine that during
life they would suggest so strongly the appearance of a
Hymenopterous insect. The allied species G. iresine (Pascoe),
from Borneo, was described by Mr. R. W. C. Shelford, M.A.,
as a good mimic, and in this case the resemblance is
tolerably obvious even in the dead specimen, Mr, Shelford
says of it: “The middle third of the elytra is brown, shading
anteriorly into blue, posteriorly into greyish-white ; the model
is a small blue /ylotoma, and when the wings are laid back
the resemblance between the two species is striking ; the blue
anterior third of the beetle’s elytra corresponds to the posterior
part of the Hylotoma’s thorax, the brown portion to the
abdomen with the superposed wings, the greyish posterior
third to the tips of the wings of the model, which project
beyond the end of the abdomen.” (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902,
vol. ii, p. 240.) When the whole genus Glenea is examined,
the marked conspicuousness of some of the species suggests
that the mimetic resemblance displayed by others is Miillerian
or Synaposematic, rather than Batesian or Pseudaposematic.
The essential importance of a study of the living insect in
its normal environment, for the true interpretation of many
examples of mimicry, could hardly receive a better illustration
than by Mr. Andrewes’ specimen accompanied by the notes
upon it. Many years ago (in 1889) the speaker had shown
a painting of the common English beetle, Clytus arietis, to Dr.
(\ vil)
Alfred R. Wallace, and suggested that it was a good example
of mimetic resemblance to a wasp. Dr, Wallace was at first
inclined to doubt this interpretation, but when asked whether
he had ever seen the beetle move he recalled the habits of
the allied Oriental species and at once admitted the resemblance.
The movements of the English species were described by the
President in 1890 (“Colours of Animals,” p, 250): “The slender
wasp-like legs are moved in a rapid somewhat jerky manner,
very different from the usual stolid Coleopterous stride, but
remarkably like the active movements of a wasp, which always
seem to imply the perfection of training.”
Mr. L, B. Prour exhibited, on behalf of Mr. A. Bacot,
long-bred series of 7'riphena comes, Hb., the result of breed-
ing for two generations from a wild @ of the curtisit form,
taken near Forres. In the first generation, rather more than
half the progeny followed, to a certain extent, the parent 9?,
though varying from rich deep red to almost black. Pairings
of these dark specimens resulted in a brood in which the
percentage of ab. ewrtisti was slightly increased, although the
type forms were still well represented ; but it was noticeable
that in every specimen the orbicular stigma was filled up
with the darker or melanic colour.
Papers.
Mr. Arruur M. Lea communicated ‘‘ Notes on Australian
and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, with descriptions of New
Species.”
Mr. Grupert J. ARRow communicated “ A Revision of the
subfamily Pelidnotine of the Coleopterous family Rutelide,
with descriptions of New Genera and Species,” by the late
Frederick Bates.
Colonel Cuaries Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S., read a paper “ On
some new species of Eastern Australian and African Moths
in the British Museum.”
Mr. Georce Cuartes Cuampion, F.Z.S., read a paper on
“*An Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, Spain, with Some
Remarks on the Habits of Yyleborus dispar, Fabr., by Dr.
Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D.”
Mr. Krenneru J. Morron communicated “ Further Notes
(zy
on Hydroptilide belonging to the European Fauna, with
descriptions of New Species,” and
Mr. R. W. C. Suetrorp, M.A., communicated “A Note
on Elymnias borneensis, Wallace.”
Dr. F. A. Drxey read the following communication :
In the late Professor Westwood’s ‘Introduction to the
Modern Classification of Insects,” vol. ii, 1840, p. 352, under
the head of Hericonuips, there occurs the following passage :
“ A curious circumstance has been recently published relative
to one of the species, Huplaa (Danais) hamata, MacLeay, an
inhabitant of New Holland, where it abounds to such an
extent, that it is employed as an article of food by the natives,
who call them Bugong, and collect them by bushels, and then
bake them by placing them upon heated ground.” References
are given by Westwood to Bennett's “Wanderings in New
South Wales,” and to Kirby’s Bridgewater Treatise.
Thinking that the existence of a Euplea (or, as it would
now be called, a Zirwmala) used as human food was a matter
of considerable interest, I looked up the passage in Bennett’s
“ Wanderings.” It is as follows:
«The Bugong moths . . . collect on the surfaces and
also in the crevices of the masses of granite in incredible
quantities : to procure them with greater facility, the natives
make smothered fires underneath those rocks about which
they are collected, and suffocate them with smoke, at the
same time sweeping them off frequently in bushels-full at a
time. After they have collected a large quantity, they proceed
to prepare them, which is done in the following manner.
A circular space is cleared upon the ground, of a size
proportioned to the number of insects to be prepared ; on it
a fire is lighted and kept burning until the ground is con-
sidered to be sufficiently heated, when, the fire being removed,
and the ashes cleared away, the moths are placed upon the
heated ground, and stirred about until the down and wings
are removed from them; they are then placed on pieces of
bark, and winnowed to separate the dust and wings mixed
with the bodies: they are then eaten, or placed ina wooden
vessel called a ‘Walbun,’ or ‘Culibun,’ and pounded by a
piece of wood into masses or cakes resembling lumps of fat,
Ce
and may be compared -in colour and consistence to dough
made from smutty wheat mixed with fat. The bodies of the
moths are large, and filled with a yellowish oil, resembling
in taste a sweet nut. These masses . . . will not keep above
a week, and seldom even for that time; but by smoking they
are able to preserve them for a much longer period. The
first time this diet is used by the native tribes, violent vomit-
ing and other debilitating effects are produced; but after a
few days they become accustomed to its use, and then thrive
and fatten exceedingly upon it.” (Wanderings in New
South Wales,’ by George Bennett. London, 1834. Vol. i,
p- 270.) Mr. Bennett adds that “it is not only the native
blacks that resort to the ‘ Bugong,’ but crows also congregate
for the same purpose.” (Jbid., p, 272.)
The foregoing extract contains several points of interest.
In the first place the statement that the flavour of the insects
resembles that of a sweet nut recalls the experience of Plateau
with Abraxas grossulariata, and that of Wheeler and Marshall
with various insects believed on good grounds to be objection-
able to insect-eating animals. (See Prof. Poulton in Trans.
Entom. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp, 405-414.) Again, the assertion
as to the deleterious effects of the Bugong diet is of interest
in relation to Prof, Poulton’s suggestion regarding the rejection
of Acrxas by the Mantidx, as being ultimately due to their
unwholesome character. (bid., pp. 318, 319.)
It will be observed that Mr. Bennett persistently speaks
of the Bugong as a moth, whereas Prof. Westwood states
categorically that it is a butterfly belonging to the genus
Euplea. The description of the insects “collecting in the
crevices of the masses of granite in incredible quantities ”
seemed to me so unlike what was to be expected of a true
Luplea, that I could not help suspecting a mistake of some
kind. Searching in Mr. Bennett’s book for further inform-
ation about the insect in question, I found the following
description: ‘The largest specimen I obtained measured
seven-eighths of an inch with the wings closed, the length
of the oily body being five-eighths of an inch, and of pro-
portionate circumference ; the expanded wings measured one
inch and three-quarters across ; the colour of the wings dark
a)
brown, with two black ocellated spots upon.the upper ones ;
the body filled with yellow oil, and covered with down,” .. .
“On showing them [the Murrumbidgee natives] the few
insects I had, they recognized them instantly ; but I thought
there was a feeling of disappointment at their curiosity only,
not appetites, being gratified by my little entomological
collection.” (Loe, cit., p. 274.)
It seems evident from this that Mr. Bennett is right in
calling the Bugong a moth, and that it is at any rate
certainly not a Huplea. This fact robs the observation of
some of its significance ; nevertheless it seemed to be worth
while to find out if possible the origin of the mistake. The
explanation proved to be a simple one, but it affords so good
an example of the way in which errors are propagated from
book to book, that I think I may venture, without wearying
my audience, to give a brief sketch of the history of this
curious misapprehension.
On an earlier page of the “‘ Wanderings,” Mr. Bennett had
been commenting on the gregarious habit of the Bugong, the
purpose of which, he says, our present knowledge is insufficient
to determine. ‘To this passage he appends a footnote, which
runs thus: ‘‘Captain Cook mentions, that at Thirsty Sound,
on the coast of New South Wales, he found an incredible
number of butterflies ; so that, for the space of three or four
acres, the air was so crowded with them, that millions were
to be seen in every direction, at the same time that every
branch and twig was covered with others that were not upon
the wing; and Captain King observes (‘Survey of the Coast
of Australia,’ vol. i, p. 195): ‘Here, (Cape Cleveland,) as
well as at every other place that we had landed upon within
the tropic, the air is “ crowded” with a species of butterfly, a
great many of which were taken. It is, doubtless, the same
species as that which Captain Cook remarks as so plentiful
in Thirsty Sound. The numbers seen by us were indeed
incredible; the stem of every grass tree, (Xanthorrhca,)
which plant grows abundantly upon the hills, was covered
with them; and on their taking wing, the air appeared,
as it were, in perfect motion. It is a new species; and
is described by my friend, Mr. W. 8. MacLeay, under
(8 esate)
the name of Huplea hamata.’” (“ Wanderings,” vol. i,
p. 269.)
I have verified the quotation in King’s “Survey,” which
was published in London in 1827. Cape Cleveland is in the
present Colony of Queensland. In King’s time it was in
New South Wales, as shown in his map. MacLeay’s descrip-
tion is in King’s second volume, Appendix, p. 461. In the
course of it he says, “This insect comes so very near to the
Euplea limniace of Godart and Cramer, which is common
on the Coromandel Coast as well as in Java and Ceylon, that
I can scarcely consider it as anything but a variety of that
species.”
From this it is clear that Captain King conjectures his
Euplea (i.e. Tirumala) to be the same species as that observed
by Captain Cook, which may or may not be correct. Mr.
Bennett, however, merely adduces their accounts as illustra-
tions of the gregarious habit among lepidoptera, and in no
sense attempts to identify these butterflies with his Bugong.
But in the year following the publication of the ‘“ Wander-
ings,” Mr. Kirby brought out his Bridgewater Treatise. In
it he took occasion to reproduce from Mr. Bennett’s book the
account you have just heard, adding that “millions of these
animals were observed also, on the coast of New Holland,
both by Captains Cook and King.” (Kirby, Bridgewater
Treatise, London, 1835, vol. ii, p. 351.) Referring also to
the Bugong, he speaks of “‘these moths, or rather butterflies,”
and appends a note giving their name as Luplea hamata,
MacLeay.
The original mistake was therefore the late Mr. Kirby’s.
He had evidently read Mr. Bennett’s narrative, and the foot-
note giving the experiences of Captains Cook and King.
From this he jumped to the conclusion that all three observers
were speaking of the same insect—a conclusion from which
a slightly more extended study of Mr. Bennett’s work would
have saved him. But having fallen into this error, he un-
fortunately carried Prof. Westwood with him, and one or other
of these authorities is probably responsible for the appearance
of the same mistake in at least one work of popular natural
history, where indeed it first attracted my attention.
(xin °)
The observation remains an interesting one, and I have
thought it worth while, even at some risk of being tedious,
to try to clear up the misapprehension that has surrounded it.
Notrr.—Sir George Hampson has kindly informed me that
the true Bugong is probably Euwoa infusa, Boisd., one or
two of the common allied species being very likely included
under the same native name. J. porphyricollis, Guen., seems
to suit Mr, Bennett’s description fairly well. (See Sir G.
Hampson’s ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the
British Museum,” vol. iv, 1903, p. 165.)
Commander J. J. WaLKer said the moth was an Agrotid
(Agrotis spina) generally distributed over New South Wales and
Victoria. It was perfectly true that the natives collected
those insects for food. 1900 was a good Bugon year, but
last November very few were met with. As to the nutritive
qualities of the species, he said that the deck of H.Ms.
“ Ringarooma ” in which he was at the time serving was much
stained with oleaginous matter from crushed specimens which
came aboard in great numbers.
Mr. C. O. WarternHouse said the specimens in the British
Museum rather resembled Mamestra brassicx.
Discussion.
The Rev. F. D. Morice opened the discussion upon
‘‘What is a species?” He said that he had originally chosen
this subject without knowing that it would be dealt with in
the Presidential Address. That Address made it needless to
touch on many points which must otherwise have been raised.
He did not think that the word “Species” need be or had
better be dropped because we had generally abandoned the
Linnean conception of a species. In all branches of science
old words come to be used in new senses as knowledge
advances and errors are exploded. We need not be too timid
about the ghosts of old meanings. Astronomers still talk of
“planets”; J. 8S. Mill re-defined Genera and Species in logic ;
and zoologists may claim a similar liberty.
The speaker thought that he personally meant by “a
species” something like this—a group (the largest he could
bring together) of forms so similar as to suggest descent from
(. say
one ancestral pair of which they had retained practically all
the heritable qualities: 7.e. they differed only in such respects
as we have reason to think either (a) individual and not
phyletic (aberrations, monstrosities), or (b) phyletic but quite
trifling in comparison with the conformity in other points
(races, swb-species), or (c) resulting from a potential variability
which was itself part of the original inheritance (dimorphism,
special adaptations, etc.). He believed that ‘‘syngamy ” would
practically always characterize such a group, but that it was
not the character which he himself had most in mind when
considering whether a group was or was not a species. Nor
did he think the absence of links with other groups essential
to the definition.
Species seemed to him real but not permanent or ultimate
phenomena in nature. At any time a transverse section
through the “Tree of Life” (Darwin) would show us forms
arranged at actual differing distances from one another,
but no two such sections taken at different epochs would give
the same result. What is now a species will one day be
represented by a genus, or it may have passed out of existence
altogether. The Systema Nature seems to conceive Science as
mapping out and measuring a stationary field, we have come
rather to regard her as having to deal with a flowing river.
Dr. F. A. Dixry said that though it was easy to define a
*‘species’’ in the logical sense, the zoological conception of
the term was surrounded by great difficulties. Darwin had
explained what he meant by a species in contradistinction to
a variety; but, as Professor Poulton pointed out in his
Presidential Address, when asked for a definition by Phillips,
Darwin had admitted his inability to give one. It was
necessary to have a working unit for purposes of classification.
Linneus had supplied such a unit which had served its
purpose for a time, but like other attempts it had eventually
been found wanting in correspondence with the facts of nature.
The present state of fluidity, however, was more hopeful than
the old confusion out of which the Linnean conception
emerged. It implied a recognition of the fact that hard-and-
fast lines were not easily.found in nature. Here and there
an isolated assemblage of individuals could be named, round
Cr)
which it would be possible to draw a definite line; but in
many cases the delimitation of frontier must be arbitrary.
The President had brought forward a striking instance in the
case of Amawris niavius and A. dominicanus, which had been
shown by Mr. Neave to be connected in the Uganda district
by a complete series of intermediate forms. Still more strik-
ing perhaps was the case of Mylothris chloris and J. agathina,
which had always been considered as completely distinct as
any two species in the genus, but which intergraded with one
another in the same district of Uganda. In the genus Colias
again, the speaker, after a careful study of Mr. Elwes’ well-
known papers, found himself in complete agreement with the
opinions there expressed as to the impossibility of separating
various forms that had received distinct specific names.
“Typical” forms, for instance, of C’. paleno and C. chrysotheme
in the Old World, and of C. philodice and C. ewrytheme in the
New, were sufficiently dissimilar ; yet in certain parts of their
area of distribution, these forms seemed to be inextricably
interconnected.
Tt appeared to be now admitted by many naturalists that
the question, “‘ What is a species?” resolved itself into a
matter of general convenience. What then, from this point
of view, were the best criteria of specific distinctness? The
President in his recent Address had suggested more than one
such test. Of these the most crucial was probably epigony.
It met such cases as those of seasonal dimorphism, where the
syngamic test was inapplicable ; moreover it had the advant-
age of getting rid altogether of the arbitrary element.
Evidence as to syngamy was extremely valuable, and in most
cases was more easily obtained; but it could hardly be said
that syngamy used as a test of specific distinction was able
to dispense with the personal equation. Syngamy was con-
trolled by sexual preference; of this many degrees were
known to exist. On the one hand there was perfectly free
interbreeding, on the other the “rare and occasional inter-
breeding” which, as Prof. Poulton said, “is not syngamy.”
Somewhere among the intermediate stages the line must be
drawn, and when drawn it would still be arbitrary.
On the question of sterility of first crosses and of hybrids,
()-e¥E--))
the President’s criticism of the Knight-Darwin law seemed
well-founded. Just as mutual fertility might be favoured
under selection, so no doubt it might be diminished or
abolished under isolation, by which selection is precluded.
Sterility in such cases was thus rather a consequence than a
cause. There must, however, be some reason for the numerous
contrivances which existed to ensure cross-fertilization.
Mr. A. J. Currry thought there were really two questions
involved in the discussion. (1) Did there exist in nature
anything corresponding to the one idea of species? (2) What
was the point at which living things ought to be considered
as distinct for the purposes of nomenclature and the arrange-
ment of collections? In practice it was necessary to take
some point, but if the history of life on the world was
represented by a tree as explained by Mr. Morice, he doubted
whether the idea of “species” had any counterpart in nature.
The distinctions between animals would vary to an almost
infinite extent, and would depend on the number of inter-
mediate forms which had fallen out, and he doubted whether
there was any precise point at which the distinctions became
ditferent in kind. For study and collecting purposes some
such point must be chosen, but he was not prepared to lay
down a rule where it should be placed. Where a large number
of intermediate forms had fallen out you found a distinction
which was what he understood was generally intended by the
term “specific distinction.” Where this was not so you got
races and sub-species, and it was impossible that a collection
should represent the actual state of things in nature.
Mr. H. J. Exwes, Mr. W. E. Saarp, Dr. T. A. CHapman,
and other Fellows continued the discussion, and the PRrEestpEenT
said that he did not think that he ought to speak on the subject
after the amount of their time which he had occupied on the
occasion of the Anniversary Address. He would like, how-
ever, to remark that he had never conceived of the origin of a
species ‘‘ from one ancestral pair,” but alwaysfrom the change
of masses rather than of individuals. He heartily agreed with
Mr. Morice in regarding a genus as formed by the further
differentiation of a single species, but it appeared to him that
it was the splitting of the single community into separate
O@txvit “)
sub-communities which was the foundation of the process. He
quite agreed with Dr. Dixey that epigony was far superior to
syngamy as a test of species, but he was considerably influenced
by the much greater ease with which the latter evidence could
be obtained in quantity. For one synepigonic family bred, the
records of probably many hundred examples of pairing could
be preserved. ‘The former evidence is indeed hardly available
at all for the travelling naturalist, while its collection on a
large scale demanded the existence of the much-needed
zoological station. Although, as Dr. Dixey had said, many
degrees of syngamy were known to exist, it is improbable
that the intermediate grades are sufficiently common to
obscure the test, except in isolated cases. In conclusion the
PRESIDENT said he had found much comfort in the reflection
that after all the inter-breeding community is an objective
fact, however diflicult it may be to prove in any particular case,
and that if this be accepted as a criterion of species it will be
one in which the subjective element is reduced to a minimum.
Will of the late Herbert Spencer.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, read the
following extract from the Will of the late Herbert Spencer,
dated 19th January 1900, as showing the benefits derived or
to be derived by the Society thereunder :—
“7, I give to my Trustees the copyrights English stereotype
plates and English stock of the Autobiography and of all
my other books namely ‘Descriptive Sociology Parts I, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8’ ‘First Principles’ ‘The Principles of
Biology’ ‘ Principles of Psychology’ ‘ Principles of Sociology ’
‘Principles of Ethics’ ‘Education’ ‘Social Statics’ Three
volumes of ‘Essays’ ‘The Study of Sociology’ ‘The Man
versus the State’ ‘Various Fragments’ together with those
of my smaller publications ‘The Inadequacy of Natural
Selection’ ‘A Rejoinder to Professor Weismann’ and of
my Father’s two works ‘Jnventional Geometry’ and ‘ Lucid
Shorthand’ And also my interest in those Editions of the
‘Study of Sociology’ See by Messrs. Kegan Paul
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1904. B
( xv}
Trench & Co. And I also give and bequeath to my Trustees
my American Stereotype plates and any interests not other-
wise disposed of which I may have in the American Editions
of my works and also my interest in the French German and
Italian Translations of the ‘Study of Sociology’ and the
‘Principles of Sociology’ and the French translations of the
‘Data of Ethics’ of ‘Justice’ and of other Works and also
the English and American Copyrights English Stereotype
plates and English stock respectively of any other Works of
mine wholly or partially executed at the time of my death
And also all I may possess in stocks shares bonds and other
investments And all the residue of my personal estate
wheresoever situate including the subject matters of such
legacies or legacy as may lapse owing to the legatees or legatee
predeceasing me Upon trust to continue the publication and
sale of each of the beforementioned Works so long as it shall
yield a profit And upon trust as to such part of my residuary
personal estate as shall consist of stocks funds shares or
securities either to allow the same or any part thereof to
remain in the state of investment in which it may be at the
time of my death or to convert and get in the same or any
part thereof as well as the residue of my estate not hereby
disposed of and to invest the net proceeds arising from such
conversion in the names of my Trustees in the debenture pre-
ference or guaranteed stocks or shares of any Railway Company
in Great Britain which at the time of the investment shall
have paid a dividend on its ordinary stocks or shares for the
last half year prior to the date of investment with power at
their discretion from time to time to vary such investments
into or for others of the kinds prescribed And I declare that
my Trustees shall apply as nearly as possible the whole of the
income derived from all investments for the time being repre-
senting my residuary estate And also the income derived
by my estate from the publication and sale of the Works
mentioned in this my Will (including the Autobiography and
Biography) in resuming and continuing during such period
as may be needed for fulfilling my expressed wishes but not
exceeding the lifetime of all the descendants of Queen Victoria
who shall be living at my decease and of the survivors or
( ax)
survivor of them and for twenty-one years after the death
of such survivor the publication of the existing parts of my
‘Descriptive Sociology’ and the compilation and_publica-
tion of fresh parts thereof upon the plan followed in the
parts already published And I desire that my Trustees shall
be guided by a series of memoranda for their instruction dated
the 14th day of August 1899 and signed by me specifying
the work to be executed naming the various peoples and
nations of which accounts are to be given in the manner pre-
scribed and describing a reorganization of the whole series
of works already executed to be executed which shall be
eventually undertaken.
“And I direct that the net receipts from such publication
as above described shall be applied in the same manner as the
income of my residuary estate And I expressly empower
my Trustees to delegate to some competent person the duty
of selecting and appointing (subject to their approval) com-
petent compilers deciding (subject to their approval) upon
successive works to be undertaken by them overseeing the
execution of such works superintending their publication and
deciding (subject to their approval) upon the remuneration
of such compilers and rendering periodical reports and accounts
to my Trustees and out of such annual income my Trustees
shall appropriate and pay to the person so delegated One
hundred and fifty pounds per annum or such larger sum as
having regard to the work to be done they may think reason-
able and proper And I wish that the first person so appointed
shall be Henry Tedder Secretary and Librarian to the
Atheneum Club And I further direct that the appointment
of any such person as aforesaid may be revoked at pleasure
by my Trustees.
“8, When the series of works and the recognized work speci-
fied above shall have been completely executed and published
my Trustees shall thereupon sell by auction the copyrights
stereotype plates and stock of the whole body of them and
shall sell in like manner the copyright stereotype plates and
stock of such of my works if any as continue to be published
by them and shall sell in the usual way the shares stocks
funds securities and other property held by them as Trustees
(a)
And shall give the sum realized in equal parts to the Geological
Society the Geographical Society the Linnean Society the
Anthropological Institute the Zoological Society the Entomo-
logical Society the Astronomical Society the Mathematical
Society the Physical Society the Chemical Society and the
Royal Institution and the British Association or such of
them as shall then be in existence and shall accept the gift
upon the condition in each case that the sum received shall
within five years from the date of payment be spent by the
Governing Body for the purchase or enlargement of premises
or for books or apparatus or collections or for furniture or
repairs or for equipment of travellers and donation of instru-
ments of research but in no way or degree for purposes of
endowment And after having previously made an authorized
statement of the purposes for which the donation is to be
used the receipt or acknowledgment by the Treasurer or
Secretary of the Society to or for the benefit of which the
payment is made to be in each case an absolute discharge to
my Trustees And a certificate in writing signed by all my
Trustees stating that they have carried out the provisions of
the trust to the best of their judgment and ability shall be
complete termination of their responsibilities and shall be
conclusive and binding on all persons and institutions in-
terested under this my Will.”
Wednesday, March 16th, 1904,
Professor E. B. Poutton, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Miss M. Maupr Axperson, of Park House, Worksop, Notts ;
the Hon. Ricnarp Ortanpo BraconsFieLD BripgEman, R.N.,
of Weston Park, Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. “Clio,” Australian
Station; Mr. W. A. Lurr, of La Chaumiére, Brock Road,
Guernsey ; Mr. Frank S. Mumrorp, of 10, Mountfield Gardens,
Tunbridge Wells ; Mr. Epwarp Harris, of 2, Chardmore Road,
Upper Clapton, N.E.; Mr. Tuomas Freperick Furnivat, of
Honduras Cottage, Bushey Heath, and Clovelea, Bishopstone,
Cox )
Sussex ; and Mr. Grorrrey Mrape-Wa po, of Stonewall Park,
Edenbridge, Kent, and Magdalen College, Oxford, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a pair of Aschna isosceles, taken
by him with others of the same species in the Norfolk Broads
last summer. The species had been regarded as almost lost to
the British list for many years. Mr. W. J. Lucas said the
dark corner of the hind-wings helped to distinguish it from
A. grandis, as well as the isosceles triangle on the second
segment of the abdomen.
Mr. J. E. Coutnin exhibited (1) Phora formicarum, Verr.,
which is parasitic on the ant Lasius wiger, obtained by sweeping
the herbage in a paddock at Newmarket. In his book, “ Ants,
Bees and Wasps,” Lord Avebury said of this species, ‘‘ If the
nest of the brown ants is disturbed at any time during the
summer, some small flies may probably be seen hovering over
the nest, and every now and then making a dash at some
particular ant. These flies belong to the genus Phora, and
to a species hitherto unnamed, which Mr. Verrall has been
good enough to describe for me (see Appendix). They lay their
eges on the ants, inside which the larvee live. Other species
of the genus are in the same way parasitic on bees.” Prof.
Westwood as long ago as 1840 (Intro. Mod. Classification Ins.)
recorded having “repeatedly observed on disturbing the nest
of the common brown garden ant a very minute species of
Phora hovering over and flying upon the ants.” This species
has not been found or recognized by Continental Dipterologists.
(2) Phora sp. found in a garden at Newmarket, running about
at the entrance (which looked like that of a mouse’s hole) to
the nest of a species of Bombus. Specimens received from Dr.
Sharp labelled ‘from Bombus nests,” are also the same species.
It is evident that its life history is in some way connected with
that of the Bombus, but because of the different shape and
form of the female ovipositor, it is probably not parasitic on
the bee like P. formicarwm is on the ant, but acts as a
seavenger, by living on the dead pupz in the nest.
Commander J.J. WALKER exhibited: (1) Aseriesof Buprestide
€ xa)
from Sydney, N.S.W., and the adjoining district (including the
nearest part of the Blue Mountains), comprising about 120
species, of which 70 belonged to the genus Stigmodera. Alsoa
dried specimen of Angophora cordifolia, Cav., a small tree of
the natural order J/yrtacex, the flowers of which are the great
attraction in New South Wales for the Buprestide, as well
as for very many other Coleoptera. (2) Specimens of the
“Bugong” Moth, Agrotis spina, Guenée, from Jervis Bay,
N.S.W. (referred to at the previous meeting); and (3) Carthea
saturnoides, Walk., a remarkable moth from Perth, W.A.,
now referred to the Geometrina, but possessing an extraordinary
superficial resemblance to a Saturniid in aspect, though not to
any one of the known Australian species of that family.
Colonel C. SwrnHor said the moth was a Monocteniid ; and
there was nothing in Australia which it could mimic.
Mr. A. J. Carrry exhibited a specimen of Peribalus vernalis,
Wolff., a rare bug of which only five or six specimens appear
to have been taken, and pointed out that as the records in
Saunders Hemiptera included Cumberland and Weston-super-
Mare, and his own specimen was taken at Huntingfield, Kent,
it was probably overlooked. Mr, Claude Morley had also
taken one specimen in Essex.
Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited a remarkable pale form of
Mamestra brassice, taken by Dr. G. B. Longstaft and himself
at Morthoe, North Devon, on July 16, 1903. The specimen
showed the usual markings of the species on a cream-coloured
ground, faintly shot with pinkish or apricot. There was a
slight smoky shade over the central area of the fore-wing, the
hind-wings were yellowish-grey, the thorax yellowish-brown,
the abdomen apricot-coloured with a dorsal chain of dark
tufts. Mr. C. G. Barrett had examined the specimen, and
pronounced it probably unique. Sir George Hampson had
also seen it, and pointed out that it was provided with the
spur on the anterior tibia, which is characteristic of I/. brassicx
among the allied European species.
Papers, ete.
The Presipent, Professor Pountron, read the following
observations on the gregarious hibernation of certain
( =u )
Californian insects, communicated to him by Professor
Vernon L. Kellog, of the Leland Stanford Junior University,
California.
“In reading in Marshall and Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1902, your references to gregariousness in hibernating
and migrating insects, I was reminded of two conspicuous
examples of gregarious hibernation which we observe here every
winter. ‘The Monarch Butterfly, Anosia plexippus, gathers
each winter in thousands in a small forest of pine trees on
Point Pinos peninsula on the Bay of Monterey. Sometimes
these butterflies will gather in a single tree in great clusters
and festoons ; other winters they will not be quite so compactly
massed, but will be spread over a few acres of forest. The
Asclepias, the food-plant of this insect, does not grow, at least
in any abundance, on this peninsula, but does grow on another
promontory about fifty miles north, and there I have found
the larvee and pupze in great numbers.
** You are aware that our winter here is very mild; there
are bright warm days all through it, and these butterflies do
not by any means remain immovable during their hibernation.
Flowers are blossoming all through the winter in the little
village on Point Pinos, and the butterflies may be seen
fluttering about at these flowers on any bright day in the
winter. Nevertheless this is true hibernation and conspicu-
ously gregarious in character. This butterfly is one which
Scudder and others have recorded as being migratory in the
eastern States, moving in large flocks north and south with
the varying seasons.
“The other case to which I refer is the gathering or ‘ semb-
ling’ of many thousandsof the convergent lady-bird, Hippodamia
convergens, on the ground under the fallen leaves in the decidu-
ous forest of the low mountains near this University. We have
taken as many as 40,000 of these beetles in a circular space of
not more than ten feet radius. These beetles, when active, are
found normally in the great orchards of the Santa Clara Valley,
which lie at the foot of these mountains, feeding in the
orchards on the scale insects and plant lice which are abundant
there. But in winter the lady-birds leave the orchards, move
up the mountain-side and hibernate as I have described. In
( xiv. 2)
fact, we are not acquainted with the full life history of this
insect, not knowing how many generations appear in the year,
or whether the mating is accomplished in the fall before
hibernation, or in the spring after hibernation, so one cannot
be sure that the case substantiates your suggested theory of
gregarious hibernation as a means for quick mating in the
spring.
‘A third familiar example of ‘sembling’ to be noted in
California is the gathering in great numbers of the butterfly,
Pyrameis cardui, repeatedly observed in Southern California
near Claremont village.”
The PrestpEnt then read a short paper bearing on the same
subject, entitled “A possible explanation of insect swarms
on mountain-tops.” The speaker said that he had been led
to make this communication in consequence of Mr. G. C.
Champion’s exhibit at the last meeting of Dorcadion from
Spanish mountain-tops. These specimens and the description
of Coccinellide on the summits revived the speaker’s memories
of his visit to the Sierra Guadarrama in July 1902, and of the
hypothesis which had suggested itself as an explanation of the
similar and kindred phenomena which had come under his
observation. On an isolated mass of rock near the summit of
Peiialara (about 7700 feet), behind La Granja (San Ildefonso),
he had found, on July 25, 1902, Coccinella T-punctata under
every stone, Dorcadion hispanicum crawling about every-
where, and Ammophila hirsuta flying ina swarm. The latter
it will be remembered was found by Fabre in hundreds under
a flat stone on the summit of Mont Ventoux, on a cold rainy
day. Fabre had suggested that the insects were perhaps
migrating from one district to another, and had paused to rest
on the mountain-top ; but the observation on Penalara threw
new light on the interpretation ; for these Fossors as well as
the Dorcadion were in a state of great activity in the bright
sun and were pairing freely. Furthermore, both were in
fresh condition and had evidently only recently emerged from
the pupal state.
It was suggested as probable that certain species of insects
with powerful flight, after reaching the imaginal state, have
the instinct to seek conspicuous isolated features in the
Greeny.)
landscape, that in others with smaller powers or unable to fly
the instinct is merely to ascend. The effect of both tendencies
is to reduce the area over which the sexes have to find each other.
A somewhat deferred maturity and the gradual collection of
scattered individuals into swarms is probably associated with
the instinct in many cases, facilitating still further the meeting
of the sexes and the pairing of individuals from remote areas.
It is obvious that the gathering swarm will be far more easily
seen than single insects by the scattered individuals around.
The swarming of beetles, etc., round tree-tops is probably to be
thus explained. Related to the same combination of instincts
preparatory to pairing is the driving off of the winged males
and females by the workers of ant communities in response to
some probably atmospheric stimulus which makes itself felt on
a single day over a vast area. In the case of Lasius niger at El
Escorial in July 1902, the President had observed the workers
driving off the males and females in separate waves, thus
rendering it more probable that each would mature in the
presence of the opposite sex from other formicaria rather
than from their own.
In the discussion which followed on the tendency of insects
to seek high and exposed places, Dr. T. A. Coapman suggested
that whereas it is necessary that hibernation should be as
complete as possible, hill-tops and similar situations would be
affected as places where the cold would be continuous. Com-
mander WALKER said he had climbed to the top of Croagh
Patrick, a very isolated mountain in County Mayo about
2500 feet high early in the year, and found a number of
Coleoptera there as well as Calocampa vetusta hibernating. Mr.
Cutty drew attention to a paper on beetles recently published
by the Director of the observatory on the summit of Ben Nevis,
who attributed the presence of insects there to storms of wind.
Mr. Campton said that in the case of Dorcadion sp. on Mon-
cayo in North Spain which he found running about there on
the tops, as they were wingless, this could not be the cause of
their presence, while he had found ladybirds under the snow.
Colonel YERBuRY mentioned the case of the Warble Fly, which
will always fly up to elevated ground to pair, so that the
plan recommended by Miss Ormerod and other economic
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1904. op
(CSexocyil'= &)
entomologists of smearing the pastures with preventive mixtures
was absurd, since the insect brings down its young with it, and
does not breed in the low levels. Colonel SwinHorE supposed
the swarming to be due to atmospheric conditions, and instanced
the remarkable fact that all game will always fly up rather
than down hill. Dr. Drxzy had observed great quantities of
butterflies on an exposed and conspicuous ridge which ran out
from the cliffs at Morthoe, N. Devon, chiefly Satyrids and
“ Blues,” while Mr. Rowianp-Brown mentioned the many
insects to be found at high alpine elevations, notably on
the Besso (12,055 feet), near Zinal, where he had observed
many small flies, and not far from the summit individuals
of Lrebia glacialis, attracted and drawn upward in his opinion
by the warm upward currents of air from the valleys and
lower slopes. Mr. Turr supported the theory of insects seeking
high and exposed localities for breeding purposes, and agreed
with the view that hill-tops were the best places for assembling.
Colonel BincHam, the Rev. F. D. Moricr, Mr. DonistHorPe,
and other Fellows joined in the discussion.
The PreEsipENT in reply thanked the Fellows for the many
interesting facts which had been suggested bearing upon his
hypothesis. With regard to Dorcadion he felt confident that
the numbers on the conspicuous rock had not all been bred
there, and that therefore there had been an instinct to crawl
upwards from lower elevations. In this way, if the insects
only came from a few hundred feet below, their chances of
meeting each other had been multiplied thousandfold. He
quite agreed with Dr. Chapman that hibernation may have
played an important part in the instinct in the case of the
Coccinellide but not in that of Dorcadion, the Ammophila,
or the swarms of ants.
Mr. O. E. JANson contributed on behalf of Mr. F. P. Dopp,
of Townsville, Queensland, a note upon ‘“ Maternal Instinct
in Rhynchota.”
Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown read a “ Note on Oncoptera intri-
cata,” a moth extremely destructive to pastures in Tasmania,
by Mr. F. M. Littler, M.A.O.U., of Launceston, Tasmania,
who sent also examples of the imago and larva for exhibition.
Describing the depredations on all sorts of grasses com-
( xxvii -)
mitted by the larve, he said that they did not feed on the
root, but only on the stem and blades. The grass was thus
killed by being eaten off continually level with the ground.
In nearly every instance the tunnel is excavated close to the
roots of a tuft of grass. The depth of a tunnel depends
greatly on the nature of the soil. In light loamy soil they
are found as deep as fifteen inches, but in heavy clayey land
a few inches suffice. The average depth of a number in a
permanent pasture was found to be ten inches. The tunnels
are always driven at a slightly oblique angle; no particular
quarter of the compass is, however, chosen. From the mouth
of the tunnel a sort of covered way is constructed, often
leading to a neighbouring tuft of grass. This covered way is
formed of silk, covered with bits of grass and excrement, and
is hardly ever more than six inches long. Usually there is
only one to each burrow, but some of the burrows have as
many as three covered passages leading to tufts of grass
some four or six inches away. Of their natural enemies, the
Bandicoots (Perameles gunni and P. obesula) do much good
work in devouring numbers of larve. It is quite a common
thing to find comparatively large areas of infested ground
turned up by these little sharp-nosed animals in search of
them. Several species of birds also assist their destruction,
especially the Lesser White-backed Magpie (Gymnorhina
hyperleuca). his bird feeds on the larve in the very early
morning before they have retreated into their burrows, and
the quantity devoured by this one species alone must be
something enormous. A shining coppery black beetle
(Promocoderus ovicollis), both in the imago and larval form,
renders good service by destroying both moths and larve.
A small red ant, very common in some districts, also gathers
great numbers of the eggs and stores them in its nest. The
eggs are kept until they hatch, when the young larve are
devoured, the empty egg-shells being afterwards thrown out.
As many as 1000 eggs have been found in one nest. In dry
sandy soil Mr. Littler had also found numbers of larvee, at
various times, killed by a parasitic fungus, a species of
Cordyceps.
() -xxvadl |)
Wednesday, April 20th, 1904.
Dr. F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
M. Junes Bourcrors, St. Marie-aux-Mines_ [Markirch],
Germany; Mr. James KE. Brack, Nethercroft, Peebles, N.B. ;
Mr. Maurice Freperic Briss, ‘ Coningsburgh,” Montpellier
Road, Ealing, W.; Mr. Epwarp F. 8S. Tytecorr, M.A., Durham
House, Lansdowne Road, Bournemouth ; Mr. Francis Ginwiat,
B.A., of Lloyds’, E.C., and Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. M. Jacony exhibited a ¢ specimen of the beetle Sagra
senegalensis with 9 characters received from Mr. Barker in
Natal, who had taken it 7 cop.
Dr. Norman Joy exhibited Orochares angustata, Ev., taken
at Bradfield, Berks, in December 1903—the second recorded
British specimen ; a species of 7'ychiws, which he said might be
a variety of Zychius polylineatus, Germ. (not now included in
the British List), or, more probably, a new species closely
allied to it, taken near Streatley, Berks, last year; and
two specimens of Pselaphus dresdensis, Herbst., taken near
Newbury this year.
Mr. C. O. Warernouse exhibited an unnamed species of
Nemoptera from Asia Minor, resembling WNemoptera huttii
from Australia.
Papers.
Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., read a paper on ‘“‘ Nature’s Protection
of Insect Life illustrated by Colour Photography,” and
exhibited a number of lantern slides.
Mr, P. I. Larny, F.Z.8., communicated a paper on ‘“‘ New
Species of South American Erycinide.”
Discussion.
A discussion followed on specimens of the Dipterous families
Stratiomyide to Cyrtide, opened by Mr. G. H. VErRatt, who
said that the object of the discussion was to determine as far as
(xix ))
possible the number and distribution of the British species
comprised in these families. The total number of species
was but small, as we had only from 130 to 150 species in
Britain. The extreme difficulty lay in finding out the
correct names for these species. For this there was a double
cause, (1) the paucity of British species as compared with
the richness of the European fauna; (2) the inadequate
descriptions of supposedly well-known species. ‘To quote an
extreme case, we had certainly two species of Anthrax in
England, as against over 100 names of species in the
“Katalog der Paliarktischen Dipteren” published last year ;
it might naturally be assumed that nothing could be easier
than to identify these two species which had been so
thoroughly well known for at least ninety years, but the
exact contrary was the fact. A. fenestratus of Fallén (1814)
had been supposed to be known to everybody as occurring all
over Europe, and it was not until 1869 that Loew called
attention to the fact that Fallén’s species was apparently
restricted to Middle and North Europe and North Asia, while
at least four allied but quite distinct species occurred in
South Europe, as well as two others in North America. This
was all very well in its way, and the four new species were
well described, but then the question presented itself, what
Fallén’s original and apparently well-known species might be,
and it was not until a most careful search brought to light
Zetterstedt’s description in his “Insecta Lapponica,” that he was
able to identify it with our species. Of course it might be said
that he could identify it by comparison with European speci-
mens, but he was not fond of named specimens for comparison
when an adequate description was accessible. That description
of Zetterstedt’s and that description only convinced him that
ours was the true A. fenestratus of Fallén. So much for one of
our species of Anthrax; now for the other. Soon after he
commenced to study our British Diptera he received from the
late Nicholas Cooke some specimens of a clear-winged Anthrax,
and being desirous of obtaining a good series so as to name it
with certainty, he requested Cooke to catch him a number in
perfect condition. Cooke did so, and sent him a long series.
Unfortunately he still found a difficulty in deciding upon its
( sxxace 4)
name, and so it remained in his collection as only probably A.
paniscus of Rossi. More recently Dr. D. Sharp had found it
within a few miles of his own house, and suspecting that
we had two or three clear-winged yellow species of the genus
in England, he got Mr. J. E. Collin to secure further specimens
from this locality, and about the same time Mr. C. J. Wain-
wright allowed him to examine a very long series in beautiful
condition which had been caught at St. Ives,in Cornwall. The
result of his studies, commenced thirty-four years ago, was that
he was convinced that all these specimens belonged to one specics
only, of which the male had often figured in collections under
one name, the female under another. Still, he was not convinced,
but believed that we have one or two more closely allied British
species of which he had been unable to meet with recent or good
specimens until he saw two specimens which clearly belonged
to a distinct species now exhibited. At various times
there had been recorded as British of the clear-winged yellow
species of Anthrax: (1) A. paniscus, Rossi; (2) A. hottentottus,
Linné ; (3) A. flavus, Meig.; (4) A. concinnus, Meig., which
is believed to be a synonym of (5) A. abbadon, Fabr.; (6) A.
fasciatus, Meig.; (7) A. leucostoma, Meig.; (8) A. cingulatus,
Meig. ; (9) A. venustus, Meig.; (10) A. ctrewmdatus, Meig. ;
and (11) A. bimaculatus, Macq. ; of these, all except A. flavus,
A. concinnus, and A, bimaculatus remain as species in the
recent ‘ Katalog,’ but he did not believe they represented more
than four species at the utmost, and nowhere could he find a
good description of a single one of them, while he was convinced
that the scattered notes and inadequate descriptions given by
various writers were hopelessly intermingled in synonymy.
Further than this, it was to be borne in mind that many more
species had been described in recent years which belonged to
this same group, though he would admit that in most of these re-
cent descriptions greater care had been taken for discrimination,
and the species could be recognized so that he could distinguish
all of them from our common British species. He supposed he
should have to cut the Gordian knot, and call our species A.
paniscus, give a good description, and leave posterity to deal
withit. But after all until this evening he had been no further
forward as to the probable other British species or two.
(xxi 7)
In Bombylide he recognized satisfactorily seven British
species, but we had about 32 ‘names’ of other species
reputed as British, and those 32 names belonged to about 25
good species, which were some of the handsomest species in
all the Diptera. He accounted for this in the belief that our
early English workers occasionally travelled on the Continent,
and while doing so collected and naturally pinned their speci-
mens in their accustomed way, and by and by these specimens
found their way into their general collection, and were thus
believed to be British-caught specimens; naturally, when
travelling they would have been attracted by the showy
Bombylide.
He added a comparison between the British and the
Palearctic species in these Families.
Palearctic. British.
Stratiomyide . . . about 236 . . . about 54
EDA oy Sea's ais i oe ee ne eli)
ROBOTADE << ie ee Oi ey OM er a el
Bombylide. . . . Meet DIET scone ee 3 |
Cord oa * Sor Agra - 3
Therewide . . . . 55 69). Be “CO
Scenopinde . . . = Sith as am as a 5)
IE ee i ree wen ee ep 24
Nemestrinide . . . Z sy ae Bare aS 0
Wiydaad) ox. eho ‘5 TA cop ean i 0
1833 141
But even of our 141 he could not at present guarantee
above 122 as well-distinguished British species.
Colonel J. W. Yersoury said that on behalf of Professor
E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., he had been asked to exhibit some
specimens belonging to the Dipterous Families Stratiomyidx
to Cyrtide according to Verrall’s List.
The exhibit was of interest mainly on account of the
specific names used, which names were useful as showing the
nomenclature employed by a past school of dipterologists, and
might give a clue to the manner in which some reputed
species have found their way into the British List.
( sxx!) )
The species to which Colonel Yerbury particularly wished
to draw attention were as follows:—(i.) Ephippiomyia
ephippium, an insect reputed to have been taken at Combe and
Darenth Woods. This specimen, though placed in the British
Collection, was without doubt of German origin ; (ii) Zsopogon
brevirostris, probably the identical specimen referred to in
Curtis’ British Entomology, as having been taken on The
Devil's Ditch, Newmarket; (iii.) Laphria marginata, stated
to have been bred from a hornet’s nest, and (iv.) some
specimens of an Asilid taken by Mr. Holland at Tubney
Wood, near Oxford, and which might prove to be Machimus
rusticus, an insect with a doubtful claim to a place in the
British fauna.
Mr. Consran J. Warinwricur exhibited and commented
upon two specimens of Anthrax referred to by Mr. VERRALL.
He said that hitherto Mr, Verrall had believed that we had
only two certain species of Anthrax in this country, A. fenes-
tratus and A. paniscus, but that these two specimens, though
allied to A. paniscus, were abundantly distinct, and could be
separated at a glance by the much darker fore-edge to the
wings, differing besides in other respects. One had been
taken by Mr. R. C. Bradley at Bournemouth, the other by
Mr. W. G. Blatch at Poole. At present no name could be
given to the species, as although there were plenty of names
to choose from, there was but little in the published deserip-
tions to assist us to recognize the species represented by any
one of them.
Dr. F. A, Drxey and other Fellows joined in the discussion.
Wednesday, May 4th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Poutron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair,
Exhibitions.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a piece of a plant of Hupatorium
macrophyllum from British Guiana. It was stated that the
white flowers were very attractive to the Lycorea, Melinxa and
C 2cest ~)
Mechanitis species of that region, Vast numbers were often to
be seen congregated on one single bush. Species of Heliconius
were also found on the same plant, but only occasionally, and
it was significant that only those species that agreed closely in
pattern and coloration with the Ithomiine were so found.
He also exhibited a remarkable larva-like twig of birch. The
resemblance was so complete that even the head, the segments,
the appressed legs and the anal claspers appeared to be
represented, while the pose of “the larva” was most life-like.
It had been found on Oxshott Heath whilst he was searching
for larvee of Geometra papilionaria. He also exhibited on
behalf of Mr. C. P. Pickrrr a pupa of Rumia crategata,
the larva of which had spun up in an empty pupa case of Preris
brassice. The latter was on the roof of a breeding-cage and the
Geometrid larva had completely crept inside to spin its cocoon.
Mr. J. E. Counry exhibited a specimen of Corethra ob-
scuripes, v.d. Wulp(? = C. fusca, Staeg.), a little-known species
of the genus, and new to the British List, which he had found
in some numbers round a recently-formed pond in Mr. G. H.
Verrall’s garden at Newmarket.
Mr. G. T. Porrirr exhibited a living larva of Agrotis
ashworthii, of which he had found considerable numbers
on one of the mountains of Carnarvonshire during the last
week in April.
Commander J. J. Watker, R.N., exhibited a gall sent him
by Mr. Harold 8. Mort, identified by Mr. Froggatt as
Brachyscelis duplex, Schrader, and found at Wentworth Falls,
Blue Mountains, N.S. W., where it was by no means common,
Mr. Mort wrote that he thought at first it was made by
joining two leaves, but noticed afterwards that it grew direct
from the trunk of the tree (a Eucalyptus), while Mr, Froggatt
had informed him that the whole of the gall (which resembled
a large locust-bean), including the ears, was made by the
insect.
Mr. G. H. Verratn exhibited three specimens from the
Hope Collection at Oxford of Neoitamus cothurnatus, Meig.,
an Asilid not previously recorded as British. They were
taken near Oxford by Mr. W. Holland.
He also stated that the Anthrax exhibited at the last
(Ch xExy
meeting on behalf of Mr. R. G. Bradley was A. circwmdata,
Meig., a species recorded before, but not observed for more
than fifty years past.
The President exhibited a Longicorn beetle captured near
Malvern, Natal, by Mr. C. N. Barker, together with a
large Bracon from the same locality. The following extract
from one of Mr. Barker’s letters indicates the close superficial
resemblance which exists during movement between two
insects which as cabinet specimens appear to bear no marked
likeness to each other. ‘The large yellow and black ichneumon,
when on the wing, bears an extraordinary likeness to the
Longicorn Vitocris nigricornis, though no one would suspect
a similarity in the cabinet. It is perhaps similarity of flight
coupled with coloration that produces the effect, which has
more than once deceived me.”
The same resemblance had been observed by Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall, who placed the same or closely allied species in his
great Lycoid group (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pl. xviii,
figs. 29, 45).
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited living larve and cases of
several species of the Lepidopterous genus Coleophora, and
contributed the following notes :—
(1) C. conyzx. A very local species, but interesting on
account of its industry in making cases, In its earlier pre-
hibernating stage it is a leaf miner, and for its winter
accommodation it makes a short, straight, slender, cylindrical
case of silk, (?) which becomes almost black before spring.
When early spring brings on a recommencement of feeding,
the young larva selects a position, often near the tip of a leaf
of its food-plant, Znula conyza, affixes its case, mines into the
leaf, and after eating out a considerable area, makes a new
case from the cuticle of the blotch. This is much too large
for the larva, but in a short time, even before the larva grows
sufficiently large to fill it, it is abandoned and a still larger
one formed, I have not yet ascertained how many cases an
individual larva will make, but there are always three if not
more. Mr. Sich tells me that a larva will re-enter its case
after being expelled. This must of course be by the head
end, since the anal end is closed by adpressed valves, The
( sav )
size of the case no doubt facilitates the larva in turning round
in it. I believe this habit of re-entering a case after expulsion
or voluntary exit, is unusual in the genus; in fact, with
numerous species, it is practically impossible from want of
room toturn round, The larva is also interesting in possessing
only three pairs of abdominal legs, which fact, if other
characters collateral with it be found, may perhaps be a basis
for the subdivision of this huge genus of closely resembling
species.
(2) C. troglodytella. The larva of this species is found
upon Jnula dysenterica, I, conyza,and Hupatorium cannabinum
in some abundance. Its case is cylindrical, with oblique
head-opening, and is composed of silk. It is never abandoned
when too small, but is enlarged by the making of a slit on the
lower side and filling in with silk, at the same time being
lengthened at the anal end. The colour is white, which
becomes dirty in time, that portion of the full-sized case
which formed the winter case being frequently almost black.
This species is abundant in a few localities.
**(3) C. lixella, This is a very local species confined to a
few dry chalky slopes. It is remarkable for feeding after
hibernation on various grasses, whereas its food before the
winter is the heads of wild thyme. Very few species feed on
plants so far removed in their relationships. Its case for
wintering in is formed of a number of dried flowers of the
thyme, and is very irregular. These cases may occasionally be
found in the early spring affixed to grass-stems, the larvee
having vacated them, mined into blades of grass, and
constructed therefrom cases having portions of the dried
cuticle placed upon them lengthways, and lined with silk.
““(4) C. laricella. A species feeding upon larch-needles,
and notable as being a very destructive pest in some districts.
This has recently been shown at a meeting of the Society. All
the above species were received from Mr. Eustace Bankes, to
whose kindness I am very much indebted. They were from
the Isle of Purbeck.
“(5) C. hemerobiella. A species which feeds upon hawthorn,
pear, apple, etc., and interesting as being one of the first
species of the genus to attract the attention of naturalists.
(eee)
Johann Frisch in his ‘ Allerlei Insekten,’ in 1721, figures
what is probably this species and describes its habits at some
length. Its early case is a very small segment of a ring, this
is lengthened at the head end until the shape is somewhat like
a semi-circle ; the lengthening of one end still continues and
we get a crook-shaped case. Finally this case is abandoned
and a new one built on different lines altogether, being
cylindrical, straight and aftixed almost vertically on the leaf
into which the larva mines.
(6) C. solitariella. This species feeds upon Stellaria
holostea and makes a white case of silk. When discovered in
this country it was exhibited at the Society’s meetings on
more than one occasion by Messrs. McLachlan, Stainton and
Douglas. The above two species were sent me for examina-
tion by Mr, Sich, who takes them each year in Chiswick.
“(7) OC. pyrrhulipennella. A species which is found
commonly on heather. It makes a jet-black silken case,
somewhat curved and with a conspicuous keel along the
under-side. A larva which has been extracted for examina-
tion was of a very bright orange colour. The example
exhibited was sent me by Mr. Main, and was from the New
Forest.
“(8) C. alcyonipennella. A species which feeds upon
Centaurea nigra. I met with it upon the Ranmore Common
side of the Box Hill District. It belongs to that section of
the genus of which the imagines have more or less of a
metallic gloss,
“This genus is a very extensive one, our British species
alone numbering about eighty, while many more occur upon
the continent of Europe, and others in N. America. I should
be pleased to receive any species, which Fellows of the Society
may meet with, to aid Mr. Sich and myself in our investiga-
tion of this difficult but fascinating group.”
Papers.
Dr. A. Jerrrris Turner, M.D., communicated a paper
entitled ‘‘ A classification of the Australian Lymantriade.”
( aeva,”)
Dr. F. A. Dixry read a paper, communicated by Major
Nevitt—e Manpers, R.A.M.C., entitled “Some Breeding Ex-
periments on Catopsilia pyranthe, and Notes on the Migration
of Butterflies in Ceylon.”
The PresipENT said that his friend Professor E. A. Minchin
of University College, London, had communicated the follow-
ing observation of an attack made by a bird upon a species of
Elymnias :—“ Apropos of the footnote on p. 9 of your address
at the Internat. Zool. Congr. at Berlin (1901), the following
observation may interest you. It was made upon the
common Hymnias undularis, at Aska in the Ganjam District
of Madras, when I first went out, and this butterfly was then
a novelty to me. As you doubtless know, the ? mimics
Danais chrysippus, while the ¢ is totally different. It has
rather skulking habits, keeps close in the shelter of the
thickets, settles frequently, and seldom emerges into the
open. When it does it soon takes cover again. One day I
was pursuing a d,and succeeded in driving it out from
amongst the bushes into the open, and was running it down
and was on the point of capturing it, when a bird swooped
down and carried off the butterfly right in front of my net.
I do not know the species of bird, but it was of small or
moderate size. It is curious how many people deny that birds
eat butterflies.”
The Presipent then read part of a letter recently received
from Mr. J. C. Kershaw, one of the Fellows of the Society,
living at Macao. The following observation throws much
light upon the struggle for life endured by one species of
butterfly at this locality :—‘ There is a cuckoo here (Cuculus
micropterus) which certainly accounts for some species of
butterfly being rare. Having shot several I found the
stomachs crammed with what were obviously butterfly larve,
some almost entire, and after a search found the same kind on
a banyan. They were Rhopalocampta benjamini, a Skipper
which I had always accounted very rare here, but of which I
now have a good series, At intervals through the summer I
shot these cuckoos, and always found them stuffed with
_ caterpillars, mostly the larvee of this large Skipper, which has
a bright red and black head, unmistakable amongst the
PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., 111. 1904. D
( xxxvili )
stomach contents, besides a few evidently only just
swallowed.”
A discussion on the bird enemies of lepidoptera followed, in
which Mr. E. Merrirretp, Commander J. J. WaLKer, Mr. M.
Burr and other Fellows joined.
Wednesday, June Ist, 1904.
Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Se., M.A., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Artuur F. Bayne, Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud,
Plaza Constitucion, Buenos Ayres; Dr. Simon Bznersson,
Pu.D., Lecturer at the University of Lund, Sweden; Mr. G.
Bertram Kersuaw, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent; Mr.
W. A. Nicuotson, 36 Promenade, Portobello, N.B.; and the
Rev. Tuomas JoHn Ropert ARMINE Supper, M.A., Tivetshall
Rectory, Norwich, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The PresIDENT said the meeting opened witha deep sense of
the loss which they had sustained in the death of their
Treasurer—a loss which would be grievously felt by entomo-
logical science throughout the world. It was not possible at
that time to speak of the details of the services rendered by
Robert McLachlan to the science which was the dominant
interest of his life; but in bringing before the Fellows of the
Society the Resolution submitted by the Council, he must
allude to two chief features of the lamented naturalist—the
breadth of knowledge which made him so valuable and helpful
a member of their community, and the intensity of his devotion
to the interests of the Society.
On the motion of the PresipENt, seconded by Mr, G. H.
VERRALL, it was then unanimously resolved to express on
behalf of the Society sincere sympathy with the family of the
deceased in their bereavement.
(xxx? |)
Election to the Council, and Election of Treasurer.
The PresIDENT announced that in accordance with the Bye
Laws of the Society, Mr. Atpert Huau Jones had been
elected a member of the Council, and also elected to the Office
of Treasurer in the place of the late Mr. Robert McLachlan.
Exhibitions.
Mr. E. B. Green exhibited various insects from Ceylon, in-
eluding (1) a “ Carpenter Bee” (Xylocopa fenestrata, Fab.) and
a large Asilid fly (Hyperechia sxylocopiformis, W1k.), which
very closely mimics the bee. It is supposed that the Asilid preys
upon the bee. The specimen exhibited was observed circling
round a Xylocopa and was then mistaken for the male of that
insect. But its subsequent attitude—when at rest—betrayed
its true nature and led to its capture. (2) Specimens of a
Mycetophilid fly and cocoons from which they emerged. The
latter were attached to leaves and pieces of wood and showed
a beautiful structure, being formed of an open network of
white anastomosing threads. (3) Examples of a Tineid moth
and its remarkable larval cases, The case consists of a narrow
tube—more than an inch long—with numerous short diverti-
cula at regular intervals along each side. The larva anchors
this case to the bark of the tree and exserts its head from
either extremity or from any of the lateral diverticula, to feed
upon the surrounding lichens and minute alge. When it has
exhausted the food within reach, it severs the connecting
strands and drags the case toa fresh part. Above the middle
of the tubular case is a thickened pad beneath which the
larva rests when moulting and under which it finally pupates.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonisrHorre exhibited specimens of the
rare beetle Tachys parvulus, taken in the New Forest in
May.
Mr. J. E. Cotmin exhibited specimens of Mochlonyx velu-
tinus, Ruthé, a rare British Culicid which he in company with
Messrs. Verrall and Wainwright had found in numbers near
Beaulieu in Hampshire on May 22nd. It was first recorded as
British by Walker in 1856 from two females in Mr. Clifton’s
Collection under Haliday’s name of effoetws, though it should
( xl )
be noted that the male is figured and the species is called I.
velutinus in the description of the plate, and as these figures
were communicated by Haliday it would seem to indicate that
he recognized effoetus as a synonym of velutinus, Ruthé ; in
1871 Mr. Verrall took a single female at Leigh in Essex, and
Theobald in his Monograph of the Culicide says “there are
specimens in the British Museum and Mr, Bignell has also
specimens.”
Meinert published in 1883 a paper on a species he called
Mochlonyx culiciformis, De G., which appears to be identical
with our species, but it is doubtful whether he is correct in
reviving De Geer’s name, unless the larval characters, described
and figured by De Geer, are sufficient to warrant the assump-
tion that his insect was a Mochlonyx and not a Corethra.
Mr. A. J. Cuirry exhibited an Ophionine ichneumon, with
a fungus of some sort attached to the head. Dr. T. A.
CHAPMAN suggested that a similar appearance was derived
from the pollina of orchids forming a feathery mass on
the head, while the PresipeNnt mentioned that the maxille
and palpi of moths covered in the same way with the pollen
of flowers also made the insect look as though it was
covered with fungus. Mr. Curry also exhibited Machexrites
glabratus, Rye, which had been taken by him along with the
rare ant Ponera contracta, thus confirming Mr. Newbery’s
suggestion that the beetle lives with the ant.
Mr. C. P. Picxert exhibited long series of Angerona
prunaria and Lycxna corydon, showing a remarkable range of
variation in both species,
The Prusipent exhibited specimens of Paltothyreus tarsatus,
Fabr., an ant belonging to the family Poneridx, recently
received from Dr. 8. Schonland, Curator of the Albany
Museum, Grahamstown. Colonel Binghain had kindly named
the specimens and had pointed out that an allied species bears
the name Meyaponera fetens, Fabr., indicating a similar
power of emitting an offensive odour. - Some of Dr. Schén-
land’s specimens, which had come to this country in spirit,
had been dried and mounted on cards. These, after the lapse
of a few days, still retained a very unpleasant smell. Dr.
Schonland had sent the following statement on the subject :—
€ ah)
“On a recent trip (Sept. 1903) to the North-eastern
Kalahari, we noticed on our first outspan, about eight miles
west of Palapye Road Station, an awful stench, which, how-
ever, passed off after a time. It turned out afterwards that
it emanated from some ants living in trees. We noticed them
again at Serowe, Khama’s capital, but unfortunately there was
no opportunity then to make any detailed observations and we
did not meet with them again, although I was told that they
are not uncommon in Khama’s country. Recently a friend of
mine, Mr. 8. Blackbeard, of Serowe, sent me some from
Mapellapveda, about forty-five miles N.W. of Palapye Road
Station, and I forward a few of them to you by this post. I
have never come across any notice of them. Have you?
They open up a wide field of biological enquiry. How do
they produce the stench which comes near that awful stench
of the well-known Caralluma lutea (an Asclepiad plant) found
in the same neighbourhood? Can they let off their artillery
at will? Do they use it as a means of defence, or, like
their friend the Asclepiad, do they mean it to attract
flies 9”
The Presipent exhibited a cluster of the green eggs of
Vanessa urticx fixed to the under-side of a small leaf towards
the summit of a nettle-stem. The cryptic resemblance of the
eggs to their environment was very remarkable. The eggs
had been sent for exhibition to the Society by Mr. A. H.
Hamm of the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
The following observations upon the oviposition of a part of
the exhibited egg-mass were recorded by Mr. Hamm :—
“ While walking along the Shotover Road near Oxford on
Sunday morning last (May 29), my attention was directed to a
specimen of Vanessa urtice which was sitting motionless with
wings expanded horizontally on the upper-side of a small leaf
near the top of a nettle-stem. On looking more closely I
found that the butterfly was engaged in ovipositing, the
abdomen being curved round the edge of the leaf so that the
eggs were deposited upon the under surface. When first seen
she had laid about half of the batch now exhibited. Although
the cluster does not present any approach to a regular form,
the butterfly was apparently always very careful to eee with
(Ch Scine =)
its ovipositor before extruding an egg: sometimes, indeed,
she felt all over the mass before selecting a site. So engrossed
was she in the work that when lightly stroked on the thorax
she merely shut her wings with a snap and continued oviposit-
ing. She was disturbed several times with the same result.
The whole period of observation was fifteen minutes, during
which about half the eggs were laid. The insect laid the
last egg at 11.20 a.m., and then flew away voluntarily.
“The eggs retained the bright green colour, which concealed
them very effectively, until some time between 5.30 p.m. on
June 7 and 7.45 am. on June 8. When examined at the
hour last named they were found to possess a dark leaden
colour, which was unchanged at 5 p.m. on the same day. At
7.40 am. on June 9, the young larvee were distinctly visible
through the transyarent glassy shell, and by 2.40 p.m. they
were hatching. The eggs, being laid in a heap, could not be
counted, but a careful search on June 21 revealed the presence
of 87 larvee.”
The PresipEnt said that Mr. Hamm’s interesting contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the life-history of this common species
induced him to put on record the details of some observations
of his own in 1900 upon the courtship and pairing of the same
butterfly, so that both sets of notes might be published
together :—
“On May 11 of the year 1900 I was fortunate enough to
witness the courtship and pairing of a hybernated male and
female of Vanessa urtice. I was crossing a meadow of long grass
bordering the river Cherwell just above the Oxford University
Parks, when the butterflies flew past me, the male closely
pursuing the female. The time was 3.45 p.m., and the sun
was bright and warm. The insects flew low, just above the
grass. The flight was rather slow and the direction winding,
often bringing them over the same spot, so that although they
alighted many times in the thirty minutes during which I
watched them attentively, the observations were conducted on
a spot of ground not more than a few yards square. When-
ever they alighted the same attitude and the same relative
positions were maintained, both insects resting with outspread
wings, the female immediately in front of the male. The
( xiii)
head of the male was close to, and generally over the anal
angle of one hind-wing of the female. So far as it was
possible to follow them with the eye during their flight, the
same relative position was maintained, the male following so
closely that his head was probably often in contact with the
hind-wing of the female. They alighted two or three times in
the positions I have described, but were probably disturbed
by my attempts to approach them. In a few minutes, how-
ever, they came to rest, and remained for about twenty
minutes, during which I was able to observe them closely at a
distance of about three feet. The male appeared to show
excitement, especially in the earlier part of this period, in
the frequent quivering of his wings, and occasionally in the
much slower scratching movements of his second pair of legs.
As far as I could see, these movements were not felt by the
female and did not affect her. Of far greater interest was
the movement of the head and antennz, which evidently
perform an epigamic function of considerable importance in
this species. From the previous description of the relative
positions it is clear that the antenne as well as the head of the
male overhang the hind-wings of the female. During the
earlier part of this period the male’s head was jerked
repeatedly up and down, the knobs of the antenne being of
course moved through a large arc. At the same time I heard
a succession of clicks distinctly synchronous with the jerks
and evidently due to them. I have no doubt that the clicks
were caused by the rapping of the male’s head or the knobs of
his antenne upon the hind-wing of the female. The move-
ments were extremely rapid and were many times repeated.
The female remained apparently passive throughout the
period, but three times she shut her wings up with a snap and
remained in this attitude for a few seconds, At other times
her wings were spread out flat, the anterior pair not being
directed sufficiently far forward to bring their costal margins
quite into line. The position of the wings of the male was
not equally uniform, but they were always more or less out-
spread even when made to quiver. After about five minutes
from the beginning of this long period the signs of excitement
became much less marked, while the rapping movements only
¢ sii’)
took place occasionally. Finally the insects rose again and
flew round in the same manner as before, similarly alighting
two or three times for a few seconds. On one occasion,
perhaps the first time after the long rest, they dived deeply
into the grass, and I saw them fluttering together far down
and almost hidden. ‘They soon emerged, however, and finally
alighting again, the male recommenced the rapping move-
ments. On this occasion, however, the process was very brief,
lasting for perhaps a quarter of a minute; they rose again
and almost immediately darted into the long thick grass.
Again I saw them fluttering far below the surface, but in a
few seconds they had come to rest side by side on the under-
side of a buttercup-leaf. Coitus had already taken place, and
the extremities of the two abdomens were bent round into
aU. The wings of both were closed and were hanging down-
wards. The leaf on which they were resting was some inches
below the top of the long grass. They were completely hidden
and could only have been found by tracking them as I had
done. They were now completely quiescent when the grass
was disturbed in order to examine them more closely, when
the buttercup-stem was picked, and even when I removed
them, still side by side, between my finger and thumb. In
this manner I carried them a few hundred yards and then
took them home in a box and placed them in a cylinder with
some green leaves, upon one of which they immediately took
up a position similar to that which they had occupied on the
buttercup-leaf. From 4.15 p.m., when coitus took place, they
remained until 11.15 p.m., when I disturbed them in trying to
ascertain whether pairing had come to end. Under ordinary
circumstances it is improbable that they would have separated
until the next day.
“In one respect the observation is incomplete. Courtship
had already begun, and had been going on for an unknown
period when the butterflies were first seen.
“In spite of this hiatus in our knowledge the observations
here recorded throw much light on an obscure part of the
natural history of this species. We now know by a direct
observation that pairing takes place between hybernated
individuals in the spring—a conclusion which was long
C txy5-:)
ago reached upon other grounds, as the following letters
indicate.
“Mr. G. C. Barretr wrote to me on the subject on May 14,
1900 :—
‘ My experience on the point you mention is not large, and
if you have definitely noticed the period of pairing of Vanessa
urtice it is of great interest. Of course I have seen the male
pursuing the female in the sunny days of spring, and also have
found it—both sexes, I believe—hybernating in August when
but just from the pupa, but I cannot remember that I have
seen actual pairing in this species—or in any Vanessa except
cardut. On very hot days at the end of May and beginning
of June worn females of this species may be seen flying in a
wild manner, pursued closely by still more worn and tattered
males; and once I saw them after this wild rushing about
settle down on a branch of an oak-tree, and pairing at once
took place. I saw the action of copulation, and left them
paired on the tree.
‘I think that all the species pair in the spring—I might
even say that I do not think that the ¢ would live through
the winter if they had paired! but this is merely opinion,
though with good reason to back it.’
“Mr. J. W. Turr wrote on May 15, 1900 :—
‘IT have no notes upon the pairing of Vanessa except that on
more than one occasion when polychloros has been abundant in
the autumn and emerged early after a specially fine summer
I have seen occasional pairs in the autumn. I suspect all such
autumnal pairings are unusual, and that eggs are laid and the
progeny exterminated. Still I have never seen any spring
pairings, I think, of this species, and may be wrong. I believe
I have seen io paired in spring.’
“Dr. CHapmMan wrote on May 16, 1900 :—
‘ You will see all I know on the point in EH. M. M, for 1891,
p. 22. I don’t think I have seen a Vanessa in cop. But we
know that males and females equally hybernate. I think it
has over and over again been proved that female Vanessa are
immature in autumn. I don’t know that the same has been
shown for the male, but it probably is so, I have seen male
Vanessa following up the females in spring, but I cannot refer
( xlvi_ )
you to any observation of my own (or any one else’s) of the
actual pairing.’
‘*One chief interest of these observations upon V. urtice and
of Mr. Barrett’s upon P. cardui is the evident instinct to hide
immediately before pairing and to remain hidden during the
period of copulation. This instinct, which probably accounts
for the deficiency in our knowledge on the subject, is readily
explicable when we remember that the insects become motion-
less, unaffected by disturbance, and thus an easy prey to any
of their enemies.”
Mr. A. J. Currry confirmed the President’s observations.
In April 1908, during the Easter holidays at Huntingfield,
Kent, he watched a pair of Vanessa wrtice flying together in a
part of a small wood where the trees were thin; the female
settled on the ground and the male behind it with its head in
the same direction. The male walked up from behind until it
was almost touching it, and then commenced tapping the hind-
wings of the female with its antenne. During the time the
insects were remarkably tame, and allowed him to stand quite
near them. The female from time to time flew away and the
male followed, and they settled again and repeated the
performance, He watched them for about forty minutes,
hoping to see them pair, but they eventually flew away to
another part of the wood.
Dr. T. A. Cuapman exhibited two very interesting Hrebias
caught by the President on the Guadarrama (near Madrid,
Spain) on July 25th, 1902. These were the only two taken,
although others were seen. The elevation at which they were
met with was probably about 6000 feet. Though taken to-
gether and very much alike, they proved to be of two species,
viz. HL. evias and LE. stygne, both males. Dr. CHAPMAN remarked
that they were the same two species which he found last year
in Spain associated together and closely resembling each other,
which is not their habit in Switzerland. Continuing he said :
“Being single examples, we may fall into error, in assuming
them to be typical of the forms of these species occurring in
the Guadarrama, but no other course is open tous. The Hvias
is much nearer the Swiss form than the Canales specimens, in
having the third apical spot well-developed and the rust-
( -xivir -)
colour but very slightly yellow, and is rather larger than the
average of specimens from Canales. It is of the Wispanica
form in having the rusty band broad towards the costa, and is
swt generis in the band having its internal border very straight.
No Canales specimen quite approaches it in this respect. No
Canales specimen is quite as Swiss as this one in the develop-
ment of the third spot.
“The straight internal border of the rusty band is as marked
in the specimen of Stygne, and is here a much more remarkable
and unusual variation. It resembles to an extreme degree on
the upper-side Veoridas and (roante and differs from any Stygne
I have ever seen. In other respects it is nearer Swiss Stygne
than my var. hispana, being of smaller size and less strongly
and brightly spotted. Each specimen taken alone is not so
different from Mid-European forms as the Canales specimens,
they differ in the same way and add the special feature of the
straight inner border to the red band; and are thus quite as
much like each other as the same species areat Canales. This
seems to bea purely Spanish feature of these species, since
Swiss examples do not resemble each other and rarely occur
together. As regards Hvias, the breadth of the band at
costa is one character of var. hispanica, but I think the
straightness of its inner margin is special and neither char-
acter has ever been noted in Stygne. The var. bejarensis of
Stygne, otherwise so different, is very close to it in this respect.
“‘T have placed for comparison with them, (1) an average
Swiss specimen of each, (2) the nearest to them that I can
select from the Canales specimens, and (3) average Canales
specimens of both species.
‘As these specimens are both males, comparison of the
females is not possible, but I put in also a Canales female of
Evias, and three females of Stygne, a Swiss, a Canales and a
Bejar specimen, to show how the latter (which is not associated
with Zvias) goes right away from the other forms male or
female, but in the direction in which the others leave the
Swiss form, viz. in greater size, brighter colour and larger
markings.
‘“‘T put also a Goante 6 for comparison with the Stygne, with
which it is almost identical on the upper side.
( xviii)
“1. These specimens are, individually considered, less re-
moved from Mid-European forms than the var. Hispanica.
“2. Nevertheless they approach each other at least quite as
closely as the Hispanica do.
“3. They especially do this, by an alteration in the form of
the rusty patch, which is unusual to either species and more
like Goante or Neoridas.
“4, Since Guadarrama is further from Mid-Europe than
Canales, var. Hispanica must be regarded as more local than
necessarily Spanish.
‘“*5. Perhaps the most important point is that though they
do it by a somewhat different variation, they keep to the
Spanish role of the two species of associating together and
resembling each other, a feature very rare or unknown in
Mid-Europe.
“Tf itis permissible to found named varieties on single speci-
mens, I would suggest that they be called pefialare. LH. evias
var. penalare, differs from var. hispanica in having all three
apical ocelli equally developed, and the rusty band less yellow.
I think it is very possible however that a further series would
render it impossible to distinguish Pefialare from Hispanica.
LE. stygne var. penalarx, This does not resemble any named
or, so far as I am aware, known, variety in its most marked
peculiarity, the straight inner margin of the rusty band. I
should expect further specimens to agree in this and so make
this var, a well-defined race.”
Dr. CuapmaN also exhibited the ova, larval work, pupz and
imagines of Anthomyia, sp., (?) a dipteron that lays its eggs on
a fungus, Lpichloe typhina, Berk., common in June on grass
stems. He had often wondered at the curious way of life of
this larva, living under a case and burrowing out on the surface
of the fungus, making labyrinthine tracks where it ate the in-
cipient spore-bearing layer. As he could learn nothing more
about it he determined to breed it in order to be able to dis-
cover its name. The specimens exhibited were the result. He
had already found ova laid this year on May 27th. Mr. G.
H. Verratu afterwards determined the species to be the
Anthomyia spreta of Giraud (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1872, pp.
503-506) and Sehiner, but not necessarily of Meigen, the
@) sli“)
original describer, as Stein, who had seen Meigen’s type,
considered it to be a small specimen of A. radicwm, L.
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited several species of the Lepido-
pterous genus Coleophora and contributed the following notes
on them :—
(1) C. laricella.—The cases and larve of this species were
shown at the last meeting, A day or two ago several
imagines emerged, a pairing has occurred, and there are in
the box about a dozen ova. These are laid on the under
surfaces of the needles, not near the base. They are of an
upright type, having the micropyle at the top, have only two
diameters, and are vertically ribbed.
(2) C. albitarsella.—This species generally feeds upon ground
ivy, but these specimens were found upon marjoram, by Mr.
Eustace Bankes, and will not touch ground ivy, even when
in, want of food. The cases are hairy, in fact hoary, being
made of the rough cuticle of the leaves of the food-plant.
When the larve feed upon ground ivy the cases are smooth
and appear as if they were made of pure silk, blackened by a
deposit of some kind. The examples exhibited are from the
Isle of Purbeck.
(3) C. bicolorella.—This species feeds on nut and is generally
local, but occurring in numbers where it is found. The cases
are parti-coloured, and the small very darkened winter case
persists as the anal portion of the mature case. The enlarge-
ments are made in such a way as to make the case very
clumsy. When more room is required, the larva fixes on the
edge of a leaf, and mining a considerable area, it bites through
the two cuticles. The portion added overhangs the tubular
portion very considerably with its irregular and serrated
margins. The specimens exhibited were obtained at Chatham.
(4) C. lineolea.—This is a very common species and feeds
upon Ballota nigra, especially frequenting dusty roadsides.
It has a large, woolly case formed from the rough, hairy,
wrinkled cuticle of the food-plant. Those exhibited were
found near the Bromley Road, Catford.
(5) C. viminetella.—This species makes a clumsy case from
the woolly leaves of the large willow Salix caprea, and at
times it feeds upon other willows. It has a variegated case,
PROC, ENT. soc. LOND,, Iv. 1904, E
Soa aio)
and is usually found low down on the bushes. Those shown
are from Pollard’s Wood, Chalfont.
(6) C. currucipennella.—This species feeds on birch. The
cases are black, pistol-formed, with projections on the back,
and the larve feed on the upper surface, an unusual occurrence
in the genus. When consuming the young leaves the larva
eats quite through, leaving a hole; when, however, it feeds
upon older leaves, only the inner substance and the upper
cuticle is eaten, the under cuticle remaining. The specimens
exhibited are from Ashstead.
(7) C. nigricella.—A very common species on hawthorn.
Its winter case is a curved one, and this is abandoned
early in the spring soon after feeding re-commences on the
new leaves. The larve wander much and leave a number of
blotches, one on a leaf asarule. Those exhibited were from
Chatham. .
(8) C. discordella.—A local species feeding on Lotus corni-
culatus. The case is a curiously flounced, cornucopia-shaped
one, of a rich brown colour, the flounces being ragged and
light in colour. Those exhibited were kindly sent me by
Mr. Eustace Bankes and were from Dorset.
(9) C. ochrea.—I am also indebted to Mr. Bankes for this
very local species, which feeds upon Helianthemum vulgare.
The case is a parti-coloured one, and somewhat irregular, but
becomes more cylindrical by age.
Papers.
Colonel CuarLes Swinnosg, M.A., F.L.S., read a paper “On
the Geometridx of Tropical Africa in the National Collection.”
Mr. W. L. Distant communicated a paper entitled “ Addi-
tions to a knowledge of the Family Cicadide.”’
The PRESIDENT communicated a paper by Mr. G. F. Leigh
entitled “‘Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea (1902-3) and of
Hypolimnas misippus (1904), together with observations on
the life-history of the former,” and exhibited specimens to
illustrate the same.
Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.L.S., communicated a
paper on ‘‘ Hymenoptera Aculeata from Majorca (1901) and
Spain (1901-2).”
( i)
Major Nevitte Manopers, R.A.M.C., F.Z.8., in his paper
entitled ‘Some Breeding Experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe,
and Notes on the Migration of Butterflies in Ceylon,”
began by observing that although the different forms of C.
pyranthe in Ceylon certainly bore some relation to the seasons,
they were all liable to occur all the year round. With the
assistance of Mr. Wickwar he had ascertained that of sixty
specimens captured during a migratory flight that took place
in the hot, dry weather of February 1903, seventy-five per
cent. were males, and sixty-four per cent. of the whole number
were of the form more lightly spotted on the under-side ; only
four specimens, all females, bearing heavy markings in the
same situation.
Several larvee were collected at Colombo, nearly all in the
same week, and were subjected to varying conditions of
temperature and moisture. These conditions proved to be
very destructive, only fifteen to twenty specimens coming to
maturity out of quite two hundred larve. Most of the
resulting emergences were represented in a photograph which
was exhibited.
Dealing next with the question of migratory flights, Major
Manders calculated that during a swarm in October 1895,
about 98,000 butterflies passed through a space sixty feet
broad in twenty-eight hours. The course of these flights was
shown by coloured lines drawn on a map of Ceylon [exhibited | ;
the butterflies concerned being, besides the Catopsilias, Papilio
jason, Appias paulina, A. albina, EHuplea asela, EL. montana,
Danais septentrionis and Kallima philarchus.
The migrations of butterflies differed from those of locusts
in the fact that instead of advancing in one compact body,
like a human army, the butterflies, in whatever part of the
island they happened to be hatched, began migrating immedi-
ately ; so that on the same day the migration was as vigorous
in one part of the island as inanother. During the migratory
flights in the wet season, the female Catopsilias, which at this
time largely outnumbered the males, deposited their eggs so
hastily and in such enormous numbers that few of the result-
ing larve could possibly come to maturity. The survivors
would probably be mostly males, the larvee of that sex being
Cealire 3)
smaller and requiring less nourishment ; this, in the author’s
opinion, accounting for the preponderance of the male sex in
the dry-season flights. This periodical destruction from
starvation of the female larvie, and the consequent temporary
predominance of males, might be regarded as a provision
against the undue increase of the species.
Dr. F. A. Dixny remarked that though the results of Major
Manders’ experiments were numerically small, they were never-
theless of considerable interest. It appeared from the records
of these experiments that the emergences all took place between
the 5th and the 17th of December; and as the larve were
collected in the same place and nearly at the same time, the
butterflies might all be presumed to belong naturally to the
same wet-season brood. It was remarkable that little or no
difference was perceptible between the specimens kept at the
ordinary temperature but in an atmosphere saturated with
moisture, and those of which the larve were reared under
normal conditions, and the pup had been iced. In both these
cases the under-sides of the resulting butterflies tended to as-
sume the macular appearance, the highest development of which
was characteristic of the form generally called gnoma. It
was also worthy of notice that the lowering of the temperature
in the latter case did not appear to have retarded the emergence.
But the aspect of the third row of specimens—those which had
been subjected to excessive dryness—was widely different from
that of the rest. Here,as shown by Major Manders’ photograph,
the macule were almost entirely absent ; and the butterflies,
or at all events the females, were of the form usually known
as pyranthe. In spite of the small numbers concerned, it could
hardly be doubted that this difference was significant ; and
the main result appeared, therefore, to be that while neither
moisture nor cooling produced any alteration in the appearance
of the ordinary wet-season form, the exposure of larve belong-
ing to the same form to an artificially dehydrated atmosphere
did cause them to assume the garb that was generally charac-
teristic of the dry months of the year. It was to be hoped
that the experiments might be repeated with larger numbers.
A point that seemed to require some explanation was that
whereas the author of the present paper had no doubt that
(lnie})
the specimens of C. pyranthe reared under conditions of
drought were of the form that was commonest in the dry
season, the late Mr. de Nicéville, on the other hand, spoke
of the dry-season form as C. gnoma. It was perhaps possible
that Mr. de Nicéville considered Fabricius’s original description
of C. gnoma, which mentions only one spot on the under-
surface of the hind-wings, inapplicable to the heavily maculated
phase recognized as gnoma by Moore (Lep. Ceylon, vol. i, 1880,
p. 123), and by most other writers.
Correction.
Colonel J. W. Yrrsury’s remarks on the Warble Fly
(p. xxv, Proceedings) were incorrectly reported, and should
read as follows :—
The Warble Fly frequents elevated ground, and probably
only comes down into the rich lowland pastures while in the
larval state, and therefore in the backs of the cattle; the
flies on emergence probably making their way back to the
high ground at once. The smearing of the cattle with the
various compositions recommended by Miss Ormerod and other
economic entomologists is therefore useless, the gravid females
not being in the neighbourhood of the beast at the time when
it is applied.
Wednesday, October 5th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Pounton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
Election of a Fellow.
The Rev. W. Beresrorp Watson, of St. Martin’s Vicarage,
St. Philip, Barbados, West Indies, was elected a Fellow of the
Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. G. H. Verratt exhibited specimens of (a) Callicera
yerburyt, Verr., a Syrphid new to science, taken this year in
Scotland by Col. J. W. Yerbury, and (6) C. xnea, F., the
other British species of the genus, together with three
( liv @
European species of Callicera from the collections of Bigot
and Kowarz, C. macquartii, C. spinole, and C. porrii, Rond,
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorpe exhibited Tetropiwm fuscwm,
L. (d and 92), and eight specimens of Abdera 4-Fasciata,
Curt., all taken by him at Market Bosworth, Leicestershire,
in July 1904.
The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited cells from Majorca con-
structed by two wasps, Polistes gallicus and Humenes coarctatus.
He said that the little pitcher-like cells of the Hwmenes were
often attached to shrubby plants, such as heath; but the
specimen shown occurred, with many like it, on a stone wall,
from which it was very difficult to remove it unbroken.
Mr. A. J. Cuirry exhibited specimens of the earwig
Apterygida media, Hagenb., better known as albipennis, found
originally by Westwood at Ashford, and subsequently recorded
only from Norfolk. He had taken the species at Hunting-
field and Charing, Kent, this year.
Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a living specimen of Labidura
riparia, 3, from the shore near Christchurch, Hants, kept
alive for more than a month, and fed upon fruit, meat, etc.
He also showed a lantern-slide, depicting the threatening
attitude assumed by this earwig when disturbed.
Professor T, Hupson Beare exhibited on behalf of Mr. C. J.
C. Poole, who was present as a visitor, specimens of Awloniwm
sulcatum, Oliv., a species of Coleoptera new to the British fauna.
The specimens were taken at Enfield in July of the present
year under elm-bark in burrows of Scolytus destructor. The
genus belongs to the family Colydiide, and is placed by
Gangelbauer (“Die Kifer von Mitteleuropa”’) next to the
genus Colydiuwm. There are two European species in the
genus, sulcatum, Oliv., and ruficorne, Oliv. ; both are stated to
be rare, and the distribution of su/catwm is said to be Central
and South Europe, and it is a parasite upon species of
Scolytus.
Mr. Water Dannart exhibited a specimen of Papilio
homerus from the Blue Mountains, Jamaica, a species generally
supposed to be confined to that island until Mr. Aaron, a
Canadian entomologist familiar with the insect, stated that
while on a trip through the “ terra incognita” of St. Domingo
Gils)
he had observed the species, unfortunately without being able
to capture it. Coloured drawings of the larva painted by
Lady Blake, and lent by Mrs. E. M. Swainson of Baltimore,
U.S.A., were also exhibited, and Mrs. Swatnson, who was
present as a visitor, said that she was the only person who
had found the larva. Giving some account of the life-history,
she mentioned that it did not expose, in the larval state,
the prominent eye markings, as, for instance, do some of the
Cheerocampide, and for that reason probably it had escaped
observation.
Mr. Dannatt also exhibited three new butterflies figured
and described by him in the “ Entomologist” of the current
. year, viz. Chlorippe godmani, from Venezuela, Monethe johnstont,
from British Guiana, and Delias hempeli, from Gilolo, said by
Dr. Dicksee to be a mimic of the only species of Belenois
found in that island.
Dr. T. A. Cuapman exhibited for Mr. Hugh Main a speci-
men of Arctia caja, bred this year, which he said was a
teratological specimen such as he had never seen or met with,
or, so far as he could recollect at the moment, had ever heard
or read of. The insect had a three-fold hind-wing on the left
side ; not three wings of more or less imperfect development,
as is not a very rare malformation ; but the wing was at first
glance a normal wing, and so far as the costa was concerned
was apparently quite normal. Immediately below the costa,
however, the wing divided into three layers, each of which
was apparently a normal wing so far as form, colour and
markings went, but which, when the insect was alive, were so
closely applied to each other as to look like one normal wing,
till by blowing between them or in some other way they were
separated. The larval and pupal skins had not been preserved
with it. Mr. Main was placing the specimen in the terato-
logical collection in the British Museum, South Kensington.
The PREsIDENT said he had no recollection of such a specimen
being recorded.
Mr. F. MerrirteLp exhibited some pods, each of about three
inches in length, in shape like the extended letter 8S, slender
and tapering at the extremities, which he had found, late in
August, attached to a slightly aromatic shrub growing on the
(vit)
precipitous sides of a spur of the limestone cliffs at Rocama-
dour, Department of Lot, France. At first he took them for
seed pods, but on opening them they were found to be galls
tenanted by orange-coloured aphides. The twigs from which
they grew had for several inches below the point of attachment
a viscous varnish sufficient to protect them from insects only
able to creep.
These galls are the subject of one of M. J. H. Fabre’s
Souvenirs, viz. the tenth of his eighth volume on Les Pucerons
du Térébinthe, in which he describes the very interesting habits
of some five gall-making Aphides on the Pistacia terebinthus ;
and especially of the one he calls Pemphigus cornicularius,
Pass., which would appear to be the species exhibited.
Mr. Norman H. Joy exhibited: (a) the black variety of
Bledius taurus, Germ., taken at Wells, Norfolk, August 1904:
(6) Bledius femoralis, Gyll, from Wokingham, Berks.; a
species that has not been taken in the British Isles for over
fifty years: (c) Polydrusus sericeus, Schall., from Hampshire :
(d) Newraphes carinatus, Mul., from Bradfield, near Reading :
(e) a small form of Dyschirius politus, Dej., taken by Canon
Fowler at Bridlington, and himself at Wokingham: and
(f) a Rhizotrogus (t species) taken in some numbers flying
by day near Streatley, Berks., August 1904.
Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited some preparations of the scent
of male Pierine butterflies, and read the following note :—
“Tt has long been known that the male Ganoris (Pieris)
napi emits a scent like that of lemon verbena. The fact is
mentioned by Standfuss in his ‘ Handbuch,’ and by Barrett in
his ‘ British Lepidoptera.’ The latter authority also remarks
that the male of Colias hyale is said to have a smell like that
of pineapple. In connection with work on the secondary sexual
characters of the Pierines I have been attempting for some
time past to verify the statements that have been made on this
head, and also to ascertain whether other species of our common
butterflies likewise possess a characteristic odour.
‘In the summer of 1899 I made the following observations :—
A fresh specimen of @. napi, 3, when seized with forceps, gave
out a strong perfume very like the crushed leaf of a ‘lemon
plant.’ The wings removed from the body retained the odour,
( 7 lyi~ J
which was also perceptible on the fingers when they had been
used for rubbing the scales off the wing. A brush similarly
used for removing the scales emitted the odour strongly. The
body, though crushed, was odourless. A trial made with’G.
brassicx, ¢, gave a negative result, but on subjecting a speci-
men of G. rapx, 4, to similar treatment, I fancied, but could
not be absolutely certain, that a faint sweetish odour was
perceptible.
“In the early autumn of 1900 I failed to detect any odour
in a specimen of Colias edusa, ¢, which had been dead about
twenty-four hours, but a few days later T repeated the trial
with the following result :—A living C. edusa, d, was allowed
to flutter about the room for a few minutes, then taken in the
fingers and held gently. No odour was apparent, even when
the so-called ‘glands’ on the costa of the hind-wing (which are
well known to be absent’ in C. hyale) were uncovered. The
‘elandular’ patch of the right hind-wing was then carefully
scraped with a penknife, and the little mass of scales thus
detached was immediately smelt. There was a distinct
sweetish and almost spicy odour which I should compare to
heliotrope. It soon passed off, or I ceased to appreciate it.
The patch on the left hind-wing was similarly scraped, with
the same result, except that the odour seemed fainter. A trial
was made with another specimen that had been dead at least
twenty-four hours. As in the first case, I could not be sure
that I detected the heliotrope odour. On crushing the thorax
there appeared to be a slight scent somewhat like that of fresh
varnish, and this seemed also to attach to the ‘scent-scales’
when scraped off the glandular patch. But it bore no resem-
blance to the perfume found in the living specimen. <A few
days later I convinced myself that the scales of the upper
surface of the wings in G. rapx, ¢, about which I had at first
been doubtful, really possessed a sweetish, fragrant odour,
somewhat like that of mignonette. Two ladies, whom I had
not told what to expect, also immediately detected a scent in
the scales from the same upper surface, which they described,
without prompting, as ‘flowery’ and like ‘mignonette.’
Neither of the ladies had the least doubt or hesitation about
their verdict. In G. rapx, 9, similarly treated, we could find
( lviii_ )
no trace of the odour. These observations were repeated
three days later with fresh specimens, both male and female,
and with the same result.
> In the course of last year (1903) I made several trials on
common species in conjunction with Dr. Longstaff. Besides
confirming previous results, we both detected a scent on the
fore-wings of Satyrus semele, which to me seemed somewhat
suggestive of chocolate. Dr. Longstaff has continued his
observations both at home and abroad, and will, I hope, on some
future occasion communicate his results to the Society. Last
year I also obtained distinct evidence that the scent in @.
rape, 3, 1s confined to the scales of the upper surface. This
perfume has been compared by Mr. Image to that of sweet-
briar—which seems to me nearer the mark than my own
suggestion of mignonette.
“ During the present year I have been able to confirm Dr.
Longstaff’s opinion that @. brassicx, ¢ , possesses a characteristic
odour. It is not easily appreciated, but when once caught is
quite unmistakable. The best comparison I can make is with
the petals of a scarlet geranium. I have again made trials
with S. semele, ¢, whose scent has a slight pungency which I
am now inclined to compare with that of sandalwood, though
there is a delicate flower-like fragrance at the back of it.
Trials were also made with Pararge megxra, ¢. The scent,
as in the case of SS. semele, appeared to be confined to the scales
of the dark streak on the upper-side of the fore-wing. It was
a faint, but heavy, sweet odour, suggestive of chocolate cream.
It seemed to me to affect the back of the nose, even perhaps
the pharynx, and to leave a kind of aroma which was enhanced
by gentle expiration. Lycxena icarus, 6 , was found to have a
faint scent also something like that of chocolate sweetmeats.
This confirmed a previous observation by Dr, Longstaff. I am
uncertain about Epinephele janira, ¢, but am inclined to think
that a slight odour is present. TI find also a faint scent in the
scales of the upper surface of Gonepteryx rhamni, 3, which I
cannot describe further than by calling it ‘ flowery.’
“There is, I think, absolutely no doubt that the scent of
the male butterflies examined is associated with the special
male scales, which are in some cases distributed more or less
( lix ))
generally over the wing in the shape of the ‘battledore scales’
of Lycnids, and the ‘plumules’ of many Pierines, Satyrids
and Nymphalids, and in other cases collected into the definite
areas called variously ‘chalky patches,’ ‘sex-brands’ or
‘glandular spots.’ The proof of this is that scales removed
from the wing are found to possess the odour strongly,
provided that the special scales are present; the absence of
special scales means the absence of scent. In Colias edusa,
where the special scales are segregated, I obtained direct proof
that the odour present in them was absent from the rest. The
wings after being well rubbed retain little or no scent, nor
does any appear to attach to the body. I reserve the case of
G. rhamni, which has neither plumules nor circumscribed
scent-patches, for later treatment.
“Though the special scent-scales seem to act as reservoirs
and distributors of the perfume, they are not the seat of its
manufacture. This is doubtless carried on by certain secreting
cells, described and figured by Giinther, which are found in
connection with the sockets of the scent-scales, lying between
the two layers of the wing-membrane. I have been investi-
gating the structure of the scent-distributing apparatus in
Pierines for some years past, and hope soon to be able to
communicate my results, together with some account of the
literature of the subject, which, though large, is scattered and
by no means exhaustive.
““T may mention, in conclusion, that I have made several
attempts to preserve the scent of various male butterflies, with
more or less success. The first method I tried was extracting
the wings with rectified spirit. This certainly took up the
odour to some extent, but unless one uses the extract in a very
concentrated form, the characteristic scent, which is seldom
strong, is liable to be overpowered by the proper smell of the
spirit. I then tried rubbing up the wings in a mortar with
starch, choosing this as a practically odourless substance. In
this way I got enough material diffusing the pleasant lemon-
verbena scent of G. napi to make a small sachet. Unfortun-
ately, however, the scent in this form does not seem to be
lasting ; at any rate, I have not as yet been very successful in
preventing its evanescence. It soon disappears, as might be
( Ix)
expected, from butterflies being dried for the cabinet, though
I have found it still strong in a specimen of G. napi, ¢, that
had been eleven days in a cyanide bottle.
“T have here specimens of some of the common Pierine
odours preserved in both ways—G. brassicx, G. rapx and G.
napt in rectified spirit, G. rapx and G, napi in starch powder.
There are also, in similar bottles to the scents, samples of the
spirit and starch used, in order to help in distinguishing any
odour attaching to these substances from that due to the
butterfly scales. I produce these specimens with some hesita-
tion, because I am well aware that the perfumes are faint, and
indeed are probably quite imperceptible to many people. That
the bottles still retain sufficient odour to be easily discriminated
by some persons, at any rate, I had proof this morning before
bringing them here, and also this evening since entering the
room.”
Prof. R. Metpona, F.R.S., mentioned that he had already
detected the scent of Zanclognatha tarsipennalis. The Rev. F.
D. Morice said the scent of some species of Hymenoptera
was characteristic and well known. Mr. J. E. Countin said
that some Diptera emitted a musky scent, and Col. BrineHam
instanced the case of certain Eastern Hupleine. Mr. J. W.
Tutt, Mr. M. Jacopy, the PrestpEent and other Fellows joined
in the discussion.
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited examples of the larva of
Phorodesma smaragdaria, which he had met with in some
numbers on the Essex marshes while searching for Coleo-
phorid larve. The protective resemblance attained by the
attachment of numerous small portions of the food, Artemisia
maritima, was well exhibited in a photograph sent to him by
Mr, Edwards of Worcester, of several larve at rest on sprays
of that plant. He stated that most of those he had met with
were in situations which would necessitate their being under
water at each high tide.
Mr. Turner also exhibited a further contingent of the
living larvee and cases of the Lepidopterous genus Coleophora,
and contributed the following notes :— 5
“CO. therinella—A. number of larve of this local species
were very kindly sent me by Mr. Eustace Bankes from
( Ix)
South Dorset. They feed on the common field thistle, Cricus
arvensis, the leaves of which they blotch with innumerable
small circular mines. On the back, near the head end of each
case, is a two-lobed dark area, the weathered remains of the
(first?) case of the young larva, These larve exhibited will
hybernate, change to pupa in late spring, and emerge during
the summer. But whether they have passed last winter as
larvee, which the indications of the young cases would seem to
suggest, has not yet been ascertained. I found three cases of
the species at Bromley a few days ago, and Mr. Sich has sent
me one from Chiswick.
“C. alticolella.—For this species I am indebted, through Dr.
Chapman, to the kindness of Dr. Wood of Hereford, who sent
me a considerable number. The larva feeds on the seeds of
Juncus lamprocarpus, and in the young stage mines into a seed,
excavates the whole of the contents and uses the empty shell
asacase. It then drills a hole, at or near the attachment of
the seed, and walks off with it to the next one, into which it
bores. This seed-case becomes too small for its tenant in due
time, and the larva lengthens it by the addition of a silken
tube with a three-flapped anal opening, this added part being
much lighter in colour,
“(C, fuscocuprella.—I am also indebted for this species to Dr.
Wood, who a few days ago sent me the three cases and larvee
which I exhibit. The larva blotches the leaves of nut in the
autumn, and makes a case curled downward to such an extent
that the anal opening in the matured case almost touches the
bellied portion. The back and sides of about one quarter of
the length of the case, commencing just above the neck, are
covered by a comparatively large bunch of leaf-cuttings, with
the result that most of the frass extruded from the anal
opening is retained in the kind of chamber between the case, the
anal termination and the overhanging carunculated appendages.
“C, artemisiella.—This species I found last month in abund-
ance by searching the Artemisia maritima, which grows on the
retaining walls, on the banks of the creeks of S.-W. Essex.
These cases are, when first obtained, extremely mealy, from
the pollen of the flowers and the woolly epidermis of the
food-plant. When most of this mealiness is removed they
() ix 7)
will be seen to be longitudinally striped darker and lighter
all round, the stripes being of even width. In the freshly-
obtained cases this is very apparent, but in course of time a
uniform tone is assumed from the exposure to weather, and
also from the action of the water, when they are covered by
the tide.
“C. mxniacella.—This species was found in large quantities
by sweeping Atriplex portulacoides, Sueda maritima, etc. Pre-
sumably its case should be of a dirty whitish colour, but as its
food-plants are covered by the extremely muddy water of the
Thames, it becomes of all shades of dirty brown. In many
cases this case appears irregularly streaked, especially on the
under-side, where the additions to the width are usually
inserted, and the newer portions contrast in shade of brown,
and quantity of attached particles of mud.
“C. argentula.—This species is found commonly on Yarrow-
seed heads. Those exhibited were found in the S. Essex
marshes. I have also found cases at Hayes this autumn.
The ground-colour of them is white, but they so soon get
covered by the dusty débris of the flowers, pollen, dried frass,
etc., and they bury themselves so considerably that they are
most inconspicuous. ‘The larva occupies a seed-head for some
time before making a case, which at first is very flimsy and
easily crumpled. When an older case is detached from a seed-
head there generally comes away with it a silky continuation
made from its mouth into the interior of the flower-head,
apparently the lining of a tunnel formed between the various
seeds of the separate flowers in the head.
“C, laripennella.—This species is found upon Chenopodium.
The cases shown were of the immature form, very flimsy,
composed of small pieces of the green seeds upon a thin
silken base, very stumpy and wide open at both ends at first.
After a while the anal end is drawn together in an irregular
kind of opening without definite valves. Ata later stage the
case of this species has a much more substantial consistency
and a more definite form.
“C. cespititiella.—One of our commonest species; a rush
feeder. Those shown came from the Thames marshes, and
were under water at each high tide, In meadows, hillsides,
( lxiii_ )
ete., the cases found would have been much cleaner in colour,
not having been subjected to the muddy water.
“C' laricella.—Several imagines, bred from the larvee exhibited
at the June meeting, are shown, together with a tuft of larch
needles mounted to show (1) the depredations of the larve,
(2) the hybernating case of the young larva (in sitw), (3) the
position of the larva and its case when feeding, and (4) the
position of the case fixed at the base of the needles in the
middle of the cluster during change of skin or for pupation.
On the same mount are placed (1) a pupa to show the peculiar
lengthening of the wing, antenne, and leg-sheaths beyond the
abdomen, a character common to all the members of the genus,
(2) a case on a larch needle to show the obliquity of the mouth
opening, and (3) cases to show the unusual method of making
addition to the length and size, by which what was at first the
back of the case becomes after the enlargement the under-side,
and the mouth opening has its obliquity reversed. At the June
meeting I exhibited the ova of this species, which had just
been deposited. I passed these on to Dr. Chapman, and he
has since described them ; and Mr. Noad Clark, of Paddington
Infirmary, has made some admirable photographs of them,
which I now exhibit. (1) Four ova placed together, showing
them to be ‘upright’ eggs, micropyle at the top, with only
two diameters, and vertically ribbed, simulating at the first
glance typical Noctuid eggs. These are magnified twenty
diameters, (2) Two photographs of the crushed egg, to show
the peculiar minute papille with which the whole surface is
closely covered, and the arrangement of the micropylar cells.
Magnified one hundred diameters.
“(C', vibicella.—Imagines and cases of a rather local species,
which, although generally distributed on the Continent, has
only been recorded from a few English localities. Those
exhibited came from Trench Wood, Worcester, and were
taken about the year 1886.”
Dr. T. A. Coapman remarked that the curious papille on the
surface of the ova of C. laricella showed that they were in no
way related to the Noctuid group, and he considered that the
“upright ” form had arisen from quite another line of develop-
ment, Commander J. J. WaLKER said that he had met with
(hiv)
C. vibicella in the larval stage in some numbers at Chattenden
a few years ago.
Papers.
Mr. Gitgert J. Arrow read a paper “ On Sound-Production
in the Lamellicorn Beetles.”
Prof. CuristopHer Avurivituius, Hon. F.E.S., F.M.Z.S.,
communicated a paper on ‘‘ New Species of African Striphno-
pterygide, Notodontide, and Chrysopolomide in the British
Museum.”
Mr. A. H. Swinton communicated a paper on “The
Droughts and Weather, and Insect Increase and Migration.”
Mr. E. Ernest GREEN communicated a paper on ‘Some New
Mosquitoes from Ceylon,” by Frederick V. Theobald, M.A.
Wednesday, October 19th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Pouttron, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Henry H. Brown, of the Procurator Fiscal’s Office,
and of Castleford Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.; Mr. GrorcE
Eckrorp, of 3 Crescent Avenue, Plymouth; and Mr. W.
VauGHan, of Denton Dene, Ealing, were elected Fellows of
the Society.
Exhibitions.
Dr. T. A. CHapman exhibited a series of Lozopera deaurana,
Peyr., bred last spring at Hyéres, a species regarded as lost,
or mythical, until he re-discovered it three years ago at Ile
Ste. Marguerite, Cannes. He said that he was pleased to find
it by no means rare at Hyéres, as it was in imminent danger
of extermination at Ile Ste. Marguerite, where the stems
containing the pupe are collected, to use for firewood
apparently, more sedulously every year. Dr, CHAPMAN also
exhibited on behalf of Mr. Hugh Main a specimen of Pzeris
brassicx, the anterior, and in a less degree the posterior, wings
“a
Gi bey 43)
of which had been symmetrically injured, probably by the
girdle when in the pupal stage.
Mr, G. C. Cuampton exhibited specimens of Wothorrhina
muricata, Dalm., from Las Navas, Spain, found trapped in the
earthenware cups used to collect the exuding resin on the
trunks of pines.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorre exhibited specimens of the
rare beetle Cvs bi/amellatus, Wood, taken at Shirley on October
10th last.
Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a @ specimen of the rare
dragon-fly Agrion armatum. He said that a ¢ anda @? were
taken in the Broads by Mr. F. B. Browne last year, and this
year about ten more, probably all 2 2, were taken in the
same district. It is everywhere scarce. The late Mr.
McLachlan had a pair sent him from abroad probably by
Dr. Hagen ; but besides these there are apparently no other
examples in Britain. It is quite distinct from our other six
blue Agrionines in form and colouring.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited five specimens of Dianthecia
luteago, var. ficklini, from Bude, North Cornwall, taken during
the first week of July 1901, and remarked that while the typical
D. luteago of the Continent was tolerably constant, wherever
it occurred in Britain it assumed a special local form. Thus
on the east and south coasts of Ireland var. barrettid was found,
and on the coast of North Wales a form rather similar to
barrettii but differing in some respects, while the Cornish
race was confined to var. ficklind.
Professor E. B. Pounron, F.R.S., exhibited a number of
specimens of the genus Sphecodes, five species in all, and
of their mimetic Tachinid fly, Ocyptera brevicornis, Loew,
illustrating his remarks on Mr. Edward Saunders’ paper on
the Aculeate Hymenoptera from the Balearic Islands and
Spain, published in the Transactions, 1904, pp. 644-649,
Mr. G. A. J. Rotnyey sent for exhibition a series of
the Indian ant Myrmicaria fodiens, Jerdon (subcarinata,
Smith), and communicated the following notes :—
“In the Proceedings of the Society, February 24th, 1892,
iv, v, and also in the Transactions, March 1895, viii, 201-202,
I have described at some length a colony of Myrmicaria fodiens
PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., Iv. 1904. F
( ised 2)
established in the big banyan tree in Barrackpore Park, from
1872 to 1894—twenty-two years,—and I am now able to
add another ten years to its long tenancy, making thirty-two
years up to July 1904. Ono my last trip to India in 1902 1
was disappointed in not being able to visit Barrackpore, but
last July two friends, Mr. Yapp and Mr. Cowdrey, after being
well posted up with plans and specimens, had no difficulty in
finding the colony in the old place and in a strong and
flourishing condition. It seems possible that Myrmicaria
will continue to reside in this tree as long as it remains.
“ Monomorium salomonis, Lin., and Solenopsis geminata,
Fab. In ‘Notes on Indian Ants,’ Transactions, March 1895,
viii, I mentioned a paper merchant in Madras who en-
couraged these ants in his godowns as a protection against
white ants—termites. Since that date my firm has opened a
branch in Madras, and on a recent visit there in November
1902, I found the godown sircars—the natives in charge of
the stock—had adopted the same plan and were fully con-
vinced of its eflicacy. Certainly on close inspection the go lowns
were found wonderfully free from white ants in a strong
white ant country. I found the above two species running
about the godown floors in some numbers, also one or two
other species which I did not identify.”
Mr. Epwarp Saunpers said he had made no observations as
to the length of ant tenure in a single locality, but the Rev,
F. D. Morice mentioned a colony which he knew to have
existed at the same spot near Woking for the past twenty
years.
Mr. E. E. Green exhibited a spider from Ceylon mimetic of
some Coccinellid beetle, at present unidentified.
The Presipent having remarked that spiders as a rule
mimic ants alone, Mr. Green said it was the only instance
of the kind he had come across ; and that he had not found
another example of the Arachnid in question.
Col. J. W. Yerrsury exhibited specimens of the deer
gadflies taken by him this year in Scotland, and read the
following notes upon them :—
‘‘During my sojourn in Scotland this year I was fortunate
enough to capture two out of the three species of gadfly which
C teri.)
persecute the deer, As these insects are rarely to be seen in
collections, I have brought them here to-night for exhibition,
while, in order to make the exhibit more complete, I have,
through the kindness of the President, obtained the loan of
two specimens belonging to the Hope Museum, Oxford, of the
third species. ;
“The specimens exhibited are as follows :—
“1. Pharyngomyia picta, Mg.—Though this species was
undoubtedly taken in the New Forest by the old entomologists,
it has now probably ceased to exist there, owing to the practical
extinction of the Red deer in that locality. Whether it exists
in the country of the Devon and Somerset staghounds is
a question which still awaits elucidation. The specimens
exhibited to-night are without doubt of German origin.
“2. Cephenomyia rufibarbis, Mg.—This species appears to
be common at times in Scotland, for I was informed by one
gentleman that he had seen as many as twenty specimens in
’ one day in the Glenfeshie Forest. Personally, I have only
met with six specimens, but, as these have been taken in
almost the extreme vertical limits of its range, it may be as
well to draw attention to the habits of the species under
these different conditions. On the slope of Cairngorm it
frequents the screes (steep slopes of loose stones), and slopes
of decomposed granite, between the 3000 and 3500 feet
contours, and there it rests basking in the hot sunshine. It
should be observed also that to seek this insect other than
during the brightest sunshine is labour thrown away! At
Golspie, at a considerably lower elevation (circa 700 ft.), it
was only met with flying over the heather, while to obtain it
one was obliged to look out fora herd of deer, and then to get
on the ground as soon as possible after the herd had vacated
it. With luck a specimen might be caught flying over the
heather, or might come and fly round oneself. It is, how-
ever, a method of collecting which entails a considerable
amount of walking, and is real hard work, as it has to
be carried on during the brightest sunshine. From our
limited knowledge of these two species it appears as though
Pharyngomyia picta is the Southern representative of this
group of flies, while Cephenomyia rufibarbis is the Northern
(. dsgait ©)
one. It may be noted, however, that C’. rufibarbis has only
been recorded as British within the last few years; it is
possible that, having established itself in this country, it is
now ousting Pharyngomyia picta out of the field.
“3. Hypoderma diana, Brauer: the deer Warble fly.—A
specimen of this species was taken some years ago in Braemar
by the late Dr. Buchanan White, but has not since been met
with. This year (from May 30th to June 4th) I found the
species not uncommon in some five or six different localities in
the Glenmore and Rothiemurchus deer-forests, while I also
obtained a pair (d and ?) at Golspie, making a total in all
of 15 ¢¢ and 1 ¢. At Aviemore all the localities were
between 1000 and 1200 ft. altitude, but further north, at
Golspie, the places where the insect occurred were probably
both under 700 ft. This species has much the same habits as
the common Warble fly, 7. lineatum, and sits basking itself
on the forest roads, appearing to select dark-coloured spots
to rest upon. Its time of flight too (after allowing for the
difference of latitude) appears to be approximately the same ;
e. g. H. lineatum is common in Devonshire, and on the Black
Mountain (circa 400 ft. elevation), Herefordshire, in the
middle of May, about a fortnight earlier, or later, according
to the particular year.
“The capture of the 2 specimen alluded to above seems of
sufficient interest to be recorded. A herd of deer were stalked
in the hope of capturing a specimen of C. rufibarbis. This
herd, instead of going straight away, broke back and ‘ranked
past by files’ at a distance of 150 yards. Consequently I was
on the ground passed over by the deer at once, and almost
immediately caught a specimen of C. rufibarbis, while a minute
or two later I found H. diana, 9, sitting quietly on my
knickerbocker stocking, and caught her with my hand,
Although Brauer gives both the Red deer and the Roe as the
hosts of this fly, I have some doubts about the correctness of
that conclusion, and suspect that it confines its attention
only to the former. On the other hand, Roe deer pelts
obtained in Scotland are reported to be often warbled, so
it is an interesting question as to what insect causes this
injury.”
( lxix )
Wednesday, November 2nd, 1904.
Professor E. B, Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. E. A. Acar, of La Haut, Dominica, British West
Indies ; Mr. RicHarp Srppoway BaGNnatu, of the Groves, Win-
laton-on-Tyne, Durham ; Mr. Kenner Gioyne Burarr, of 23
West Hill, Highgate, N.; Mr. Epwarp Atrrep Cockayng, B.A.,
of 30 Bedford Court Mansions, W.C.; Mr. Gsorce BLUNDELL
Lonestarr, D.M., of Twitchen, Mortehoe, R.S.O., Devon, and
Highlands, Putney Heath, 8.W.; Mr. Ricuarp Artaur RuBy
PriskE, of 66 Chaucer Road, Acton ; and Mr. Herspert W.
Srmmonps, of 17 Aurora Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand,
were elected Fellows of the Society.
Hall Testimonial.
The TREASURER announced that the sum of £40 had been
already collected for a testimonial to Mr. W. R. Hall, late
Resident Librarian, and intimated that he would be glad to
receive further subscriptions.
Exhibitions.
Mr. J. E. Cotuin exhibited a specimen of Platyphora lubbocki,
Verr., a species of Phoride parasitic upon ants. No specimen
has been recorded since the one originally bred by the present
Lord Avebury in 1875, and described for him by Mr. G. H.
Verrall in the Journal of the Linnean Society for 1877. The
example exhibited was caught by Dr. Wood of Tarrington,
Hereford, at Stokes Wood, on July 6, 1904.
Mr. P. J. Barraup exhibited an aberrant Hpinephele jurtina
(janira), 3, taken by him this year in the New Forest, agree-
ing with the form described by Mr. Roger Verity in the
“ Entomologist,” vol. xxxvil, p, 56, as ab. anommata. The
usual apical spots were absent from the fore-wings, giving the
specimen a curious appearance, noticeable even when flying.
Mr. J. Epwarps sent for exhibition three specimens of
Bagous lutosus, Gyll., one found by himself on Wretham
Heath, Norfolk, on August 4th, 1900—the first authentic
( We)
British example,
and two taken in the same locality by Mr.
Thouless, on May 22nd, 1903; also Bagous glabrirostris,
Herbst, from Camber, Sussex, for comparison.
Dr. T. A. CHapman exhibited bred specimens of Hastula
(Epagoge, Hb.?) hyerana, Mill., from larve taken at Hyéres
last March, and said the fact that the pale forms only have
hitherto been known, whereas of those bred nearly half are
dark, suggests either that really very few specimens are in
collections—which is the most probable case—or that melanism
is now affecting the species. The larve are not uncommon at
Hyéres. Before he bred the species this year a single dark
specimen only was known, viz. one taken by Lord Walsingham
at Gibraltar, named by him marginata (MSS.), in doubt whether
it was a var. of Ayerana, or a new species. fH. hyerana lives
in Asphodelus microcarpus, and is interestingly parallel to, but
very different from, Vortrix unicolorana, Dup., which feeds
in various species of Asphodels, to which its ravages are
beneficial, unlike the havoc caused by hyerana. I. hyerana,
after spinning its cocoon in April, moults into an estivating
form of larva, of much the same colour as the moth, and this
eestivating larva eats the cast larval skin, except the head,
which it puts on one side and covers with some further silk.
It remains quiescent all summer and pupates in July, August
or September, emerging a few weeks later,
The larvee of Xanthandrus comotus eat the larvee (of which
a number usually occur ou one plant), following them into
their tubes and burrows when the larva gives them a chance.
As the fly emerges in April and May, it must have an alterna-
tive way of living over its next brood, as it is unlikely the flies
live till late autumn, but as to the possibility of this, he had
no knowledge.
Mr. J. W. Turr remarked that the yellow type and this
leaden form of this species found a parallel in the variation
common to the Lithosiids, and noted that these two colora-
tions occupy, in the latter group, dimorphic or sexual forms
of variation. The fact announced by Dr. Chapman, that
when the larva of H. hyerana had reached its full development
it moults, and, without further feeding, rests for some time
before undergoing the pupal moult at pupation, had only been
( leat”)
observed by him in connection with some of the Psychids,
and the double moult at the end of the larval life was,
therefore, very remarkable.
The PresipENT said that many years ago he had studied
the young stages of Smerinthus quercus, and had found that
the young larve, when entirely without food, would pass
through the first stage, change their skins in an apparently
normal manner, and thus enter the second stage. He
attributed this power to the large amount of food material
carried over from the store in the relatively immense eggs of
this species.
Dr. CHAPMAN said that all “plume” larve in the first
instar appear to have a smooth skin, but after the first moult
develop small spicules. Those of Pterophorus lithodactylus
that hybernate within the ovum are spiculate on the first
instar ; it might be that the larva had undergone. a moult in
the egg-shell. The Lithocolletids sustain one or two moults
without eating; in the case of Acanthopsyche febretta the
probably hybernating larva changes in the autumn to a
colourless maggot. The larva of Scardia boleti makes a
cocoon and then throws off its skin, hybernating as a
colourless white maggot, and it does not eat again before
it pupates in the spring.
Mr. Turt then said that the statement of Dr. Chapman led
him to note that, some ten years ago, he had eggs of Dryas
paphia which hatched in a tube and were left without food.
These larvee lived on into the winter without feeding. In
looking over Buckler’s Larvx, etc., the other day he ob-
served, p. 59, Buckler’s remark that ‘‘the larva on its first
appearance in spring is no more than } inch long, having
apparently moulted but once before hybernation.” He
wondered whether his observation was inaccurate, and
queried whether D. paphia did moult before hybernation.
It might of course, but did it moult without feeding? He
had already recorded that the larva of A. adippe was actually
formed and hybernated in the egg.
In further reply to Mr. Tutt, the Presipenr said that he
also had observed that the young larve of Dryas paphia
possessed the power of hybernating without taking food, and
( Ixxii_ )
he believed that this was the normal procedure. He remem-
bered weighing the larve more than once in order to obtain
some indication of the amount of waste which went on
during the long months of starvation. He hoped at some
future date to publish the record of his observations on these
larvee as well as those of S. quercus.
Colonel C. SwinHor mentioned the case of some larvee which
he had brought home from Bombay, where, properly speaking,
there was no such thing as hybernation. They left off feeding
in the Red Sea in November, and on arrival in England
hybernated. In the spring they pupated without feeding.
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited specimens of the moths Castnia
Jonscolombei, and Protambulyx ganascus, showing upper- and
under-sides to illustrate how these species are coloured
similarly on both the upper-side of hind-wing and the under-
side of fore-wing. This was suggested as meaning that in
flight, or in certain positions when at rest and suddenly
alarmed, a maximum amount of warning coloration was
exposed ; while during such time as the insect was in complete
repose all this colour was concealed, whether the assailant
was viewing from in front or behind, both sides being exposed
to view when these moths were hanging from a twig or leaf.
Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited specimens of Hristalis crypt-
arum, F., and Didea alneti, Fln., two species of uncommon
Syrphide from the New Forest.
Mr. Epwarp Harris exhibited a brood of Hemerophila
abruptaria bred by him this season, together with the parent
male and female; the female, a dark specimen, was taken in
his garden at Upper Clapton, on May 25th, and the male, a
normal type, at Ilford, on May 26th. Of the offspring, eighteen
in all, eight were females, of which four were dark specimens
and of normal size. Of the ten males five were dark specimens,
darker than the females, but small even for males. They were
smaller than the light specimens of the same brood. One of
the light male specimens emerged with only three wings, the
left fore-wing being absent. From dark specimens mated on
August 12th fifty-seven larve had been reared.
The Presipent read the following letter from Mr. G. A.
Jamps Roruney, but said he feared that at present there were
( Ixxiii_ )
not sufficient data to form a conclusion on the points raised
by the writer.
“ Reading your very interesting paper on the mimicry of
Aculeata in this year’s Trans. Ent. Soe., III, pp. 661-5, reminds
me that I have frequently wanted to inquire if any one has
noticed that this form of mimicry is often extremely local and
concentrated in character. In this way you may be out all
day collecting and not find a single mimic—then you may
light upon some spot where mimicking Diptera are common,
even to the extent of each species of Aculeata having its
under-study. I remember two places in India most distinctly
—one a lane near Pulta Barrackpore, and the other the
Khusru Bagh Gardens, Allahabad—where this was the case.
In the last the mimicking Diptera were a perfect nuisance in
collecting ; for at that time this subject had not attracted the
interest it has of late years. I cannot remember any particu-
lar feature which would make these two spots so particularly
favourable for Diptera, and I do not think the explanation
will be found in this direction. I have met with similar cases
in other localities, but these two stand out as clearly-defined
facts, and they have always puzzled me greatly.”
Paymaster-in-Chief Gervass F. Matuew, R.N., exhibited a
case containing some beautiful and interesting examples of
Leucania favicolor, Barrett, including the varieties described
by Barrett in the current volume of the “ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine,” p. 61, and, more recently, by Tutt in the
“ Entomologist’s Record” for this year, p. 252. Thirty-nine
examples were exhibited as follows :—
1— 2. The original pair as described by Barrett in the “ Ento-
mologist’s Monthly Magazine” for 1896, p. 100. The
genitalia of the male had been removed for examina-
tion by Mr. Pierce, so the specimen was rather spoilt.
. Male and female of typical form.
. Two males and two females ab. obsoleta, Tutt.
Two males and one female ab. intermedia, ‘Tutt.
eal
>
3-
5-
9-11.
12-14. Two males and one female ab. intermedia-typica, Tutt.
5-17. One male and two females ab. argillacea, Tutt.
8-21. Two males and two females ab. rufa, Tutt.
]
1
(C Tex? 9
22-24. Two males and one female ab. 2w/a-typica, Tutt.
25-27. Two males and one female ab. lutea, Tutt.
28-29. One male and one female ab. lutea-typica, Tutt.
30-31. Two males with fore-wings flushed with a beautiful rosy
tint, and hind-wings with veins conspicuously shaded
with smoky-brown. These two were bred from ova
laid by a female of ab. lutea.
32-34, One male and two females of a smoky-cinnamon.
35. One male deep orange with smoky hind-wings ; a remark-
able variety.
36-39. Two males and two females of a dirty cream, faintly
flushed with pink, and with pale rosy fringes to
fore-wings.
N.B.—The species varies excessively, and the different shades
of colour are difficult to describe.
Mr. Maruew also exhibited a series of twenty-four Campto-
gramma fluviata, the descendants of a wild pair caytured on
September 22nd, 1903. The female laid a batch of eggs
which began to hatch October 2nd, and the moths emerged
during the middle of November, and from these more ova
were obtained and successive broods were reared during
January, April, June, and August, after which date no further
attempts were made to continue the brood, as the imagines
were becoming undersized, and of the last brood but a very
small proportion of the pupze produced moths. The specimens
were contained in a small exhibition-box, and were arranged
in four rows as follows :—
lst row. Six males with broad dark brown central fascia.
2nd row. Two males with broad dark brown fascia and con-
spicuous pearl-grey margins.
One male with central fascia broken.
Two males with central fascia nearly obsolete.
One male of a warm reddish-brown, central fascia very faint,
and with pearl-grey margins.
3rd row. Three typical females.
Three females of a claret colour, with conspicuous dark fascia.
4th row. Three females sepia-brown, with conspicuous white
discal spots in the centre of dark fascia.
( teey }
Three females with conspicuous pearl-grey margins,
Commenting on the above exhibits, Mr. J. W. Turr said
that Leucania favicolor was entirely restricted to our east
coast regions, possibly in a somewhat similar local area to
Leucania brevilinea, which was confined also to our eastern
coast, except for a record in Holland, but only in very small
numbers. It would probably be found to have a very fair
range on our eastern seaboard, being recorded from Dover-
court, Shoebury and Strood, while in colouring it showed as
fine a range of variation as any other species of the group.
Mr. Maruew had found the species partially double-brooded,
but probably many of our “wainscots” produce a certain
number of individuals in the form of a second brood.
The PreEstpEnT exhibited a photograph taken by his assistant,
Mr. A. H. Hamm of the Hope Department, Oxford, and
communicated the following note, in which Mr. Hamm records
his observation :—
“On the evening of the 8th of August last while looking
over some Cactus Dahlias growing in my garden, I founda ¢
Pieris rape at rest on the petals of a pure white variety, and
immediately photographed it cm sztw, as shown in the print
exhibited.
** Again, on September Ist, in the evening, another ¢ of the
same species was found at rest in an almost identical position
on the same plant.
“And for the third time, on October 8th, yet another ¢ of
P. rape was found at rest in a similar position on the same
plant. The day succeeding October 8th was dull and chilly,
and the butterfly remained without moving the whole day.
In the evening of the 9th it was in exactly the same position
as that occupied on the evening of the 8th.
‘‘T had in all some thirty plants of Cactus Dahlias varying
in colour from very dark purple-red to red, pink, mauve, orange
and yellow ; but only two plants which were pure white. On
no single occasion did I observe P. rapx at rest on any other
flower or plant than the one mentioned.
“This, I think, is very significant and emphasizes the fact
that some insects do discriminate between colours in choosing
a resting site, and that in the direction of protective resem-
( ea}
blance. Otherwise why should P. rape on each occasion have
chosen the white flower in preference to those of other colours
in such close proximity ?”
Dr. T. A. CHApMAN mentioned that he had once followed
a specimen of Colias edusa for a considerable distance, and
observed that it invariably came to rest upon a yellow leaf,
The Presipent also exhibited four specimens of Conorrhinus
megistus, Burm., a large South American Reduviid of a genus
which is well known to attack man. These four examples
were a few out of over three dozen brought back by W. J.
Burchell, and the notes upon them are an interesting record
of his experience of the habits of the insect. All four were
captured in the year 1828, and they bear labels as follows :—
(1) “22. 1. 28. This species I have generally found in my
bedroom, and this individual in my bed.”
(2) “26. 5. 28. In eubiculis et in lecto ipso.”
(3) “II 4.6.28. In lecto. Its body filled with red blood,
sucked from the human body as the common Cimex lectularius.”
(4) 14. 6.28. Percebéjo paulista.”
All these labels except the second were written by Burchell
in Brazil during his residence at Goyaz (Nov. 3, 1827 to Aug.
21, 1828). In the case of the second the original label had
been replaced by another carefully written by Burchell after
his return to England.
The fourth label suggests a local name, which, however,
Burchell discredited in the following paragraph in his
Brazilian note-book. It is to be observed that the note
refers to a specimen taken three weeks later than No. (4).
“1235. Cimex. The name Percebéjo paulista, if applicable
to any, would be given to C. lectularius, but this name was
a mere extempore invention by the person who gave it
me. The present Cimex is here commonly called Percebéjo
cascido.” The note is undated, but the date “4.7.28”
accompanies No. “1235” on the specimen.
Don Fernando de Arteaga has kindly interpreted the
Portuguese words. ‘‘ Persevejo,” as it should be spelt, means
“bug,” while “ Paulista,” apart from various meanings derived
from St. Paul, bears, colloquially, the figurative significance
( Ixxvii )
of ‘‘obstinate” or “pig-headed.” ‘‘Cascudo” means “ with
a thick shell,” and figuratively “of a rough exterior.” It is
probable that the word is here used in the latter sense.
Burchell’s specimens (2) and (3) are represented below.
Natural_size.
Two specimens of Conorrhinus megistus, Burm., together with the
labels which accompany them.
Commander Walker has directed my attention to Darwin’s
account of another species of the same genus which he
encountered only a few years later than Burchell, but in a
very different part of the continent. This species, probably
C. infestans, Klug., was spoken of as the Benchuca. Darwin’s
interesting record is as follows :—‘‘ At night [at Luxan, near
Mendoza, Mch, 26, 1835] I experienced an attack (for it
deserves no less a name) of the Benchuca, a species of
Reduvius, the great black bug of the Pampas. It is most
disgusting to feel soft wingless insects [Darwin probably
refers to the immature stages], about an inch long, crawling
over one’s body. Before sucking they are quite thin, but
afterwards they become round and bloated withsblood, and in
( ieevini {)
this state are easily crushed. One which I caught at Iquique
(for they are found in Chile and Peru,) was very empty.
When placed on a table, and though surrounded by people, if
a finger was presented, the bold insect would immediately
protrude its sucker, make a charge, and, if allowed, draw
blood. No pain was caused by the wound. It was curious
to watch its body during the act of sucking, as in less than
ten minutes it changed from being as flat as a wafer to a
globular form. This one feast, for which the benchuca was
indebted to one of the officers, kept it fat during four whole
months ; but, after the first fortnight, it was quite ready to
have another suck.” (‘‘ Journal of Researches, etc.” London,
1876, p. 330.)
Wednesday, November 16th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Poutron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in
the Chair.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Epwarp Goopwin, of Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Nomination of Officers and Council.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Browy, one of the Secretaries, announced
that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to serve
as Officers and Members of the Council for the year 1905 :—
President, Mr. Freperic MerriFieLtp; Treasurer, Mr. ALBERT
H. Jonrs; Secretaries, Mr. Henry Rowianp-Brown, M.A.,
and Commander James J. Waker, R.N., F.L.S.; Librarian,
Mr. G. C. CHampton, F.Z.S. Other Members of Council,
Mr. Gitgert J. Arrow, Colonel Cuartes T, Brneuaw, F.Z.S8.,
Dr. Toomas A. CHapman, M.D., F.Z.S., Mr. James E. Corin,
Dr. Freperick A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., Mr. Hamitron H. C.
J. Drucr, F.Z.S., Mr. Hervert Goss, F.L.8., Mr. Witii1Am
J. Lucas, B.A., Professor Epwarp B. Poutron, M.A., D.Sc.,
F.R.S., Mr. Louris B. Prout, Mr. Epwarp Saunvers, F.RB.S.,
and Colonel Joun W. Yersury, R.A., F.Z.8.
Crate.)
Vote of Thanks.
The Treasurer having announced that the next of kin of
the late Mr. R. McLacuan, F.R.S., were desirous of present-
ing the Society with books to the value of £100 from the
library of the deceased Fellow, a vote of thanks was
unanimously passed them.
Exhibitions.
Myr. H. Sr. J. Donisraorrr exhibited the second recorded
British specimen of Orchestes sparsus, Fahr., taken by him on
August 28th last in the New Forest.
Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited specimens of Atherdx
crassipes, Mg., from the New Forest, the only previously
recorded locality in Britain being near Ticehurst, Sussex.
Mr. G. O. Storer exhibited two aberrant forms of Melitaa
athalia, ¢ and @, from Luan, above Corbeyrier, Switzerland,
and one ¢ from Martigny, taken on June 26th this year.
The tendency of the black markings to supersede the fulvous
was particularly noticeable in the latter specimen.
Mr. C. O. Warernouse exhibited a gall of some Lepido-
pterous insect found on the Califate bushes in Patagonia, The
gall resembled that of Cynips kollari, but was hollow, the
walls being about } inch in thickness. The circular door
prepared by the larva was about $ inch in diameter. The pupa
was lying free, without any silk cocoon. It was suggested
that the insect was perhaps allied to MWcocecis.
The Pruestpentr exhibited the Diptera of W. J. Burchell’s
British collection, and said that he was indebted to the kind-
ness of Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. G. H. Verrall, and Mr.
J. E. Collin for the determinations. The chief interest of the
collection lay in the large proportion of specimens taken in
the garden of Churchfield House, Fulham; the great age of
many examples, some dating back over 100 years ; the remark-
ably full and precise data characteristic of this exact and
keen observer ; and the light thrown upon the movements of
the great naturalist, who, after his return from Brazil in 1830,
became one of the most isolated and mysterious figures in the
roll of British science.
( sae}
The Presipent also exhibited seven skins of African
caterpillars preserved by W. J. Burchell during his travels,
They were as follows :—
(1) An unknown species of Papilio bearing the data
“© 16.3.15. Pascitur in foliis Umbellifere dendrophyllz affinis.
v. H.” Burchell was at “ Nietiw Kloof Station” on March
16, 1815. “v. H.” means “vide Herbarium.” Burchell’s
Herbarium is now at Kew.
(2) The yellow and green form of Acherontia atropos,
apparently full-fed. 22.12.14. Folia caulesque ‘ Solana
tuberosi’ editur Sphynx Atropost 8S. N.” The last two
letters refer to the “Systema Nature.” The locality was
“ Krombeks-river Station.”
(3) Celerio lineata livornica, probably nearly full-fed. The
skin was kindly compared by Dr. Karl Jordan with specimens
of this species in the Tring Museum. No data accompany
this preparation,
(4) A green Cherocampid larva, “28.11.14.” The species
cannot at present be determined. The locality was “ Mountain
Station.”
(5) A brown Cherocampid larva which Dr. Jordan thinks
may be Theretra cajus cajus, Cram. “7.12.14.” This and (4)
are on one piece of paper and from the same locality, Both
are probably nearly mature.
(6) An unknown Lasiocampid larva. ‘9.12.14. In mon-
tibus altis. Restiones varios, inter quos R. giganteus, edit.
Penicillis in dorso lilacinis.” This and (2) on the same piece
of paper. Burchell was at “ Mountain Station” on Dec. 19,
1814.
(7) An unknown larva which Dr. Jordan and Sir George
Hampson believe to be a Lasiocampid. “20.10.14.” The
locality at this date was Mossel Bay.
All the above localities are in the south of Cape Colony
between Mossel Bay and Cape Town, “ Mountain Station ”
and ‘“ Krombeks-river Station” being to the N.E. of St.
Sebastian’s Bay. The former is in the Lange Berge, and
Burchell determined its latitude as 33° 58’ 14” S,
The method of preservation now so abundantly justified by
the persistence of larval pattern and colouring for ninety
( ex)
years, is carefully described in “Travels in the Interior of
Southern Africa” (vol. i, pp. 469—473. London, 1822),
Burchell much wanted to preserve a large Puff Adder which
had been killed near Klaarwater, on Nov. 19, 1811, by one of
his Hottentots. In the absence of bottles, kegs, and spirits,
“the idea was at last imagined of drying the skin, on the same
principle, and in the same manner, as would have been done
with a large leaf. ... The whole process was extremely
simple, and consisted merely in cutting it open, along the
under part, entirely from the head to the point of the tail,
and stripping off the skin, which was found to separate with
the greatest facility. All the flesh was cut away as closely as
possible to the head, which was left entire. The skin was
then spread flat on a sheet of large strong paper, and placed
between a number of other sheets to absorb the moisture. It
was put into the press, leaving the head out so as not to be
crushed, and kept there till perfectly dry ; taking care every
day, or every other day, to remove the sheets that had be-
come damp, and replace them by an equal quantity of dry
paper; but the skin itself was never separated from that
sheet to which its inner side had adhered. ... The skin
requires no antiseptic preparation, nor any varnish to be
applied to it: nor is any gum, or paste, at all necessary for
making it adhere to the paper; a certain glutinous property
of its own being sufficient for that purpose. . . . The
paper used for this purpose was a strong white cartridge-paper,
. The most convenient mode of applying the skin to
the paper, is by the assistance of a short roller, or cylinder,
held in the hand, and on which the skin and paper are
gradually rolled. By these means, only one part of the skin
coming on to the paper at one time, the due stretching and
placing of it is managed with the greater exactness: .. .
I ought not in this place to omit mentioning, that, on an
occasion, about a year later, when one of my Hottentots
brought me a large caterpillar” [this may be No. 3, the
specimen of livornica, without data], “the colours of which
were exceedingly beautiful, and its delicate marks beyond the
power of imitation, I was induced to try the experiment of
preserving it in the manner I had adopted for the serpents.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1904. G
( ieee’ 9
In this I met with exactly the same success ; and which was
afterwards fully confirmed by several other trials.” [The six
larve with data, Nos. 1, 2, and 4—7, are evidently referred
to here.| ‘‘ But as the time required for making a collection
of these, must have been taken from other affairs of more
importance, and as the possession of insects in the caterpillar
state only, would have been of little use to science, and
merely amusing curiosities, I collected very few objects of that
kind. This hint may, perhaps, be the more valuable, as many
ditticulties have been found hitherto in the art of preserving
the larve with their natural colours ; a desideratum which this
method will accomplish, if ten years be considered sufticient
for proving their permanency.”
Papers.
Mr. G. H. Kenrick communicated a paper entitled “ Natural
Selection applied to a Concrete Case.”
Mr. J. C. KersHaAw communicated papers on “ Enemies of
Butterflies in South China,” and “ A Life History of Gerydus
chinensis.”
Mr. Netson AnnanpaLe, B.A., Deputy Superintendent of
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, communicated a paper on
“The Eggs and Early Stages of a Coreid Bug, probably
Dalader acuticosta, with a note on its Hymenopterous
Parasites.”
Wednesday, December 7th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Pouttoy, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair,
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Horace A. Byart, B.A., of the Colonial Office, and
Mr. J. C. Winrerscats, F.Z.8., of Karangan, Kedah, Penang,
Straits Settlements, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Nomination of Officers and Council.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, read the
list of Fellows recommended for Election as Officers, and to
( Tseaiii )
serve on the Council for the ensuing year, and there being no
additional Fellows proposed, they were duly nominated.
Obituary.
The PrestpEnt announced the death of Mr. W. R. Hall,
late resident Librarian of the Society, and the meeting passed
a vote of sympathy with the family of the deceased, the
Treasurer being authorized to pay over to the widow the
balance of the testimonial fund in his hands. -
Exhibitions.
Mr. M. Jacosy exhibited specimens of a new species of
Sagra, S. humeralis, Jac., from Tonkin.
Mr, H. St. J. DonisrHorre exhibited Quedius nigrocw-
ruleus, taken by Mr. H. C. Dollman in a rabbit-hole at
Ditchling, Sussex, this being the fourth recorded British
specimen.
Professor T. Hupson Brare exhibited a specimen of
Tetropium castaneum, L., one of the Longicorns recently
introduced into our list. The specimen was taken at
Hartlepool some years ago by Mr. J. Gardner, and was
probably introduced, as it was found in the neighbourhood of
the quays, where large shipments of pit props are being
discharged continually.
Mr. G. J. Arrow exhibited on behalf of the Hope Collection,
and in illustration of his paper read Oct. 5 last, a series
of specimens of Passalidze collected by Burchell in Brazil, and
read the following observations, found by Prof. Poulton
among the MS. note-books of this traveller and referring to
these specimens :—‘ 1142. Passalus. Found under large chips
of wood in the forest. In the manner of Carabi, but it does
not run a fourth so quickly. Judging from large holes in these
chips, its larve are bred there. On taking it in the hand, it
makes a faint [sound] between a hissing and a squeaking ;
like the Lamiz.” Dec. 9, 1826. At Rio las Pedras, Cubatad.
This is by far the earliest record of the possession by these
beetles of vocal powers, the instruments of which have only
recently been discovered by Mr. Babb of Massachusetts.
Mr. Arrow called attention to the remarkable fact that the
€ ixxgiv }
six specimens exhibited, although apparently all found at the
same time and place and supposed by Burchell to be of one
species, actually consisted of no less than five species of three
genera, Dissections were also shown illustrating the means
by which the sound is produced in the Passalidze.
Mr. C. O. WatEruousE exhibited five drawings illustrating
the development of the front-wing in the pupa of the Tusser
Silk Moth, showing the relation of the trachez to the veins.
These were prepared for exhibition in the Natural History
Museum, and were made from the specimens exhibited at the
Society’s meeting in February 1896. (See Proc. Ent. Soc.
1896, p. ii.)
He also exhibited some coffee berries from Uganda injured
by a small beetle belonging to the Scolytadx, The beetles
laid their eggs in the berries when young and green. The
mature berries were often found with little of the inside left.
Mr. Warernouse further exhibited two Coleopterous larvee
from the Burchell Collection from Brazil, submitted to him
for determination by Prof. Poulton. One was a Heteromerous
larva (numbered 1154) two inches long, much resembling the
larva of Helops. The more interesting one (numbered 1330)
was noted by Burchell to be luminous. It was one inch
in length, subcylindrical, and appeared to be the larva of
an Elaterid, but the prothorax was unusually large, and the
head retracted beneath ; the mouth parts, although not those
of a typical Elater, conformed more to that type than to any
other with which he was acquainted.
In connection with Mr. Warernouse’s exhibits the
PresIDENT contributed the following notes :—“1154” is
attached not only to the larva but also to the Anthribid
Ptychoderes elongatus,Germ. The note is as follows :—‘ 1154,
Cut out of dead wood but not quite perfected. The long
cylindric larva of this number was said to be cut from the
same piece of wood and therefore may be the same insect.”
Dated Dec. 17, 1826. Locality, Cubatio; between the
“Middle Part” (Dec. 16) and the ‘Upper Part of the
ascent” (Dec. 22) of “the great range of mountains,” the
Sierra da Cubatad,
“1330. Larva of (Lampyris’). Caught in the garden
(tie)
crawling on the ground at night, and detected by means of a
small spot of light at the head; but on being touched it
instantly emitted a much stronger light from every part or
joint of the abdomen, which previously was quite dark. The
light proceeded only from the under part: the back was dark
at all times.” The date was March 1, 1829, and the locality
Porto Real (now Porto Nacionale) on the River Tocantins,
The observation is quoted in Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., 1904,
xiii., p. 100, where, however, it is assumed that the larva, which
had not then been found, was a Lampyrid. Burchell thought
that the larva was probably that of “ 1334,” a Lampyrid (taken
on March 2, 1829) identified by Monsieur Jules Bourgeois as
Photuris lineola, Blanch.
Commander J. J. WALKER exhibited the type-specimen of
Haplothorax burchelli, G. A. Waterhouse, from the Hope
Collection, Oxford University Museum. This very remarkable
Carabid was discovered by the celebrated South African
traveller, W. J. Burchell, in St. Helena. It is now exceedingly
rare in its sole locality, the late Mr. Wollaston, during his
visit to the island in 1875-6, having entirely failed to find
the beetle alive, though its dead and mutilated remains were
often met with. Described Trans. Ent. Soc. III. p. 207,
plate XII, f. 1.
The PresipentT exhibited cases showing the results of
recent breeding experiments upon Papilio cenea conducted at
Durban by Mr. G. F, Leigh, who had for the first time bred
the form trophonius from trophonius itself. Mr. Leigh had
watched a trophonius laying eggs, and, although he failed to
catch the parent, a considerable number of eggs were obtained
These produced males, females of the cenea form, and a single
trophonius female. A careful comparison of the whole synepi-
gonic group would be presented to the Society at a later date.
Adding this result to the records published in Mr. Leigh’s
paper in Part IV. of the Transactions (1904, p. 677), it will
be found that the form cenea has produced cenea and a small
proportion of hippocoonoides, while the form trophonius has
produced cenea and a small proportion of trophonius.. Hippo-
coonoides has not yet been bred from trophonius, nor has
trophonius from cenea, Hippocoonoides has not been bred
( Ixxxyvi )
from at all. Much remains to be done, but Mr. Leigh’s
work marks a great advance in our knowledge of this most
interesting of mimetic forms.
The PresipEnt showed a long series of Crastia amymone,
captured by Mr. J.C. Kershaw at Macao, The series exhibited
a beautiful transition between typical amymone, Godt., and
godarti, Lucas, the lavender apical patch on the fore-wing first
appearing as a minute trace in certain individuals, gradually
becoming larger in others. Similar transition occurred in
the development of the white marginal spots of the hind-
wing. Mr. Heron had noticed intermediate forms between
these two Euploeas about ten years ago, and had arranged
them in the collection of the British Museum as _ possible
hybrids between godarti and jfelderi, Butl. ( = amymone).
Among the three specimens thus arranged was one captured
by Commander J. J. Walker in May, 1892. Mr. Kershaw’s
results throw new and unexpected light on the subject ; for
not only has he shown the gradual transition, but he has even
succeeded more than once in breeding well-marked individuals
of the one form from well-marked individuals of the other.
He also states the larvee eat the same food-plant, and are
exactly alike, as also are the pupe. After this evidence
there can be no doubt that we are dealing with a single
species, and godarti becomes a subspecific form of amymone.
It is hoped that on some future occasion parent and offspring
will be shown to the Society, and represented in one of the
plates of the Transactions. The speaker expressed the opinion
that Mr. Kershaw’s observation was one of those important
pieces of work which opened the way to a great deal more.
He believed that there was no group in which such work is
more wanted than in the Euploeina.
The PrestpENtT also exhibited a photograph, taken by Mr.
Alfred Robinson of the Oxford University Museum, showing
the Xylocopid model and its Asilid mimic exhibited by Mr.
E. E. Green at the meeting of June 1 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1904, p. xxxix). The example was particularly interesting,
inasmuch as Mr. Green’s record of the mimic circling round
its model tended to support the view that the bee is the prey
of the fly. (See Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, pp. 661-663.)
( Ixxxvii )
Mr. Robinson’s photograph of model and mimic is reproduced
below.
Papers.
Dr. T. A. Crapman read a paper on Lrebia palarica, n. sp.,
and Hrebia stygne, chiefly in regard to its association with
E. evias, in Spain.
The object of the paper was to bring together our know-
ledge, still rather fragmentary, of how #. stygne and E£. evias,
starting as it were from the Pyrenees, could be traced west
into the Cantabrian Sierra, then south to the Sierra, east of
Burgos, and further south to the Guadarrama (at La Granja).
Xylocopa fenestrata, F. Hyperechia xylocopiformis, Walk.
(Natural size.)
How they were in each locality modified so as to closely
resemble each other, and were, varying together, more
modified as we went further from the Pyrenees. Beyond the
Guadarrama, the two species had not been found together ;
but to the west was found an extremely modified Stygne (at
Bejar) and to the east an extremely modified Hvias (in the
Albarracin district). In most of these localities an unmodi-
fied form of Evias occurred at a lower level, and about six
weeks earlier in date.
The paper also described Hrebia palarica, a new species
from the Cantabrian range, first taken by Mrs. Nicholl in
1902, It superficially resembles ZH. xthiops, but is nearer to
( Ixxxviii )
E. stygne, of which it appears to be phylogenetically a recent
offshoot. It is the largest and one of the most brilliant
species of the genus.
Longer or shorter series of nearly all the forms referred to
were exhibited.
Dr. G. B. Lonestarr gave an account of his entomological
experiences during a tour through India and Ceylon, October
10, 1903, to March 26, 1904. A main object had been to
make bionomic observations on common butterflies. The
specimens taken had been placed in the Hope Collection at
Oxford.
He summarized the results of his observations, illustrating
his remarks by exhibiting some of the insects referred to.
Omitting more doubtful cases, 32 specimens of 28 species
exhibited what he took to be injuries inflicted by birds or
lizards. Among them were two Virwmala septentrionis and
two Papilios with conspicuous red warning marks, but no
Limnas.
Three Satyrids, Mycalesis indistans, Hipparchia parisatis,
and Aulocera swaha, had been observed to adopt a sideways
attitude when at rest, especially when in full sunshine. He
had moreover confirmed the like observation of E. H. A.,
“A Naturalist on the Prowl,” in the case of Melanitis ismene.
He stated that Dr. Dixey and he had observed a like habit
in several English Satyrids, notably Satyrws semele. He
pointed out that if the insect leaned towards the sun its
shadow would be materially diminished, and it would be
to that extent protected, since the shadow was often more
conspicuous than the insect itself. He had some reason to
believe that Pararge shakra, which sits upright, prefers to
have its back to the sun, and so reduce its shadow to a mere
line.
Many specimens had been examined during life to ascertain
whether they had a scent perceptible to the human nose. In
spite of the numerous difficulties he had come to certain
conclusions.
He had confirmed Wood Mason’s statement as to a jasmine-
like scent in certain male Catopsilias.
A group of Pierines comprising Ganoris rape, G. canidia,
nated
(exit )
Huphina nerissa, Belenois mesentina, Catophaga paulina, and
Delias eucharis, all had a scent very suggestive of that of
sweet-briar. It was probably confined to the male sex.
A smaller group of Pierines, comprising Ganoris napi,
G. oleracea, and G'. melete, had a strong and very character-
istic scent reminding one of lemon-verbena. It was certainly
confined to the male sex.
On the other hand, Ganoris brassicx has a scent of its own,
somewhat like violet-powder. Thus three species in one
genus had distinct scents, but of these one was shared by
many widely-spread genera. He believed that when more
was known of these scents they might prove of considerable
philogenetic value.
Several Danaids, viz. Crastia core, C. asela, C. amymone (at
Macao), Jsamia midamus (at Hong Kong), Parantica ceylonica,
and Chittira fumata, all had a strong odour like acetylene.
Limnas chrysippus had a faint odour like cockroaches or
musk-rats. He was unable to say whether these Danaine
scents were confined to the male sex, although he believed
it to be the case.
His observations on seasonal forms were to the effect that
the forms of Precis agreed closely with wet and dry conditions,
but this was not so in the case of either Catopsilia pyranthe
or Terias hecabe.
He called attention to the fact that the anal lobe of certain
Lycenids is set at right angles to the hind-wing; a fact
usually lost in cabinet specimens by the results of setting.
By specially set specimens and drawings taken from the
living butterfly he showed that this structure, together with
the tails, produced the appearance of a head and antenne,
and was probably protective.
In conclusion he showed by the lantern, photographs of
some of the localities visited.
ANNUAL MEETING.
January 18th, 1905.
Professor Epwarp B. Poutton, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., ete.,
President, in the Chair.
Mr. Rorrert W. Lioyp, one of the Auditors, read the
Abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts, showing a balance in
the Society’s favour of £18 15s. 5d.
Mr. Herpert Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the
following
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1904-1905 five Fellows have died, viz.
one Hon. Fellow, Professor Brauer, and four Fellows, Mr.
Charles G. Barrett, Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., Mr. E. G.
Sparke, and Mr. W. F. Urwick ; seven Fellows have resigned,
or have been struck off the list, and thirty-two new Fellows
have been elected.
As was the case last year, the number of Fellows who have
died is below the average, as is also the number of those who
have resigned, or have been struck off the list ; whilst the
number of new Fellows (thirty-two) is nine in excess of the
number elected last year. In very few years, if any, of the
Society’s existence, have thirty-two Fellows been elected in
one year. It is hoped that the Fellows will continue their
efforts to secure a considerable addition to the Society’s list
of members, and to promote its increasing prosperity.
At present the Society consists of eleven Honorary Fellows,
and four hundred and ninety-two Life and Subscribing
Fellows, making a total of five hundred and three, which,
notwithstanding the losses by death, resignations and exclu-
sions, is an increase by eighteen on last year’s list, and
represents a membership greater than in any previous year of
the Society’s existence of seventy-one years.
The Transactions for the year 1904 form a volume of 750
pages, containing twenty-seven Memoirs, contributed by the
following authors: Mr, Gilbert J. Arrow, Professor Christopher
Aurivillius, the late Mr, Frederick Bates, with an introduction
(Ser)
by Mr. Arrow, Mr. Malcolm Burr, Mr. Peter Cameron (two
papers), Mr. George C. Champion and Dr. Thomas A.
Chapman, Dr, T, A. Chapman, Mr, William L. Distant, Mr.
Frederick P. Dodd, Mr, William J, Kaye, Mr. Percy I. Lathy
(two papers), Mr. Arthur Lea, Mr. George F. Leigh with
notes by Professor Poulton, F.R.S.,and an Appendix by Mr,
Roland Trimen, F.R.S., Major Neville Manders, Mr. Kenneth
J. Morton, Mr. Frederick Muir and Dr. D, Sharp, F.R.S., The
Rev. Francis D. Morice, Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., and
Professor Poulton, F.R.S., Mr. Robert W. C. Shelford with
a note by Col. Charles T, Bingham, Col. Charles Swinhoe (two
papers), Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., Dr. A. Jefferis Turner,
Mr. Gustavus A.Waterhouse, and Captain Charles E. Williams,
Of these twenty-seven papers, four relate to Coleoptera,
two to Hemiptera, four to Hymenoptera, one to Neuroptera,
two to Orthoptera, and thirteen to Lepidoptera. In addition
there is a paper which cannot be identified with any one
order of insects, viz. Mr. Champion’s paper entitled “An
Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, North Spain,” which,
in addition to an account of Mr. Champion’s travels with Dr.
Chapman, contains lists of his captures of Coleoptera and
Hemiptera-Heteroptera in Spain.
It is to be regretted that no papers on Diptera and only
one on Neuroptera have been published during the year,
but it is satisfactory to have published many papers relating
to Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and
Lepidoptera.
The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by thirty-
six plates, of which ten are coloured. The greater part of
the cost of Plates VI, VII, VIII, and IX was borne by the
Rev. F. D. Morice. The cost of Plate X was entirely
defrayed by Mr. Herbert Adams and Mr. Percy I. Lathy,
and Mr. Lathy also contributed half the cost of Plate XX VII.
The entire cost of Plates XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, and
XVI has been defrayed by Dr. T. A. Chapman. The sum
of £20 was contributed by Mr. Feltham, through Mr. Trimen,
towards the cost of Plates XIX and XX, and Professor
Poulton, F.R.S., has paid half the cost of the blocks for
Plates XX XI and XXXII.
( zen 9
The interest shown by the Fellows during the past year by
their exhibitions and discussions has enabled the Secretaries
to treble the Reports of the Proceedings, which up to the
present date extend to nearly one hundred pages, and thus
compare very favourably with those for any previous year
of the Society’s existence.
During the past year nineteen volumes—in addition to
periodicals, pamphlets and reprints—have been added to the
Society’s Library. The increased use of the Library is
proved by the fact—according to the Resident Librarian’s
Report—that two hundred and seventy-four volumes have
been borrowed by Fellows during the year; and in addition
nearly as large a number of books have been used by
Fellows in the Library.
The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1905
the sum of £7 7s. for subscriptions paid in advance in 1904,
and investing £47 5s. for three Life Compositions received
during the year, making the total sum so invested £792 3s.,
there remains a genuine cash balance in the Society’s favour
of £18 15s. 5d. The accounts compare favourably with
those of last year. Under the heading of “ Receipts” the
total this year is slightly in excess, the smaller balance
carried forward is in consequence of numerous subscriptions,
amounting to upwards of £50, being in arrear. The majority
of these however are considered as likely to be paid in time.
On the whole the financial position is perfectly satisfactory,
and the Fellows have to be congratulated on the increased,
and still increasing prosperity of the Society.
ENTomMoLocicaL Society,
11, CHanpdos STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.
18th January, 1905.
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing
to substitute other names for those contained in the list
prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the
Council for 1905-1906: Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow; Lt.-Colonel
Charles Bingham, F.Z.S.; Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.8. ;
Dr. Thomas A, Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; Mr. James Edward
(xcnY <)
Collin ; Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, M.A., M.D. ; Mx. Hamilton
H. C. J. Druce, F.Z.S.; Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.8.; Mr. Albert
Hugh Jones; Mr. William John Lucas, B.A.; Mr. Frederic
Merrifield; Professor Edward B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.B.S.;
Mr. Louis B. Prout; Mr. Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A. ;
Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Commander James J.
Walker, R.N., F.L.S. ; and Colonel John W. Yerbury, R.A.,
F.Z,8.
The following are the Officers elected : President, Frederic
Merrifield ; Zreaswier, Albert Hugh Jones ; Secretaries, Henry
Rowland-Brown and Commander James J. Walker; Librarian,
George C. Champion.
The Balance Sheet and Report having been unanimously
adopted, Professor Poulton, the President, delivered his
Address. A vote of thanks to the President for his Address
and to him and the other Officers for their services was moved
by Professor Meldola, F.R.S., and seconded by Mr. Verrall.
Professor Poulton, Mr. Herbert Goss, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown,
and Mr. Albert H. Jones replied.
( Serr)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Balance Sheet for the Year 1904,
RECEIPTS.
Balance in hand, Ist Jan.,
1904 Sok on cee 5 ae Ree
Subscriptions for 1904... 380
JATTOATS . cs aed eee) Gare
Admission Fees... ... 44
Donations..5 =. | =e eerae
Sales of Transactions, etc. 106
Interest on Investments :—
Consols-.> s:. S18 54 A.
Westwood Bequest 6 16 10
25
Subscriptions in advance 7
Life Compositions .... ... 47
£713
ae
Oo} On
o'o o bs
PAYMENTS.
£
Printing Transactions, etc. 272
Plates, ete. ash LAL ee
Rent and Office Ex-
penses ee Pree seat 87a Uy
Books and Binding... ... 8 14
Investment in Consols ... 47 5
Subscriptions in advance,
per contra, carried to
AOO5” see) sen west os eel
Balance at Bankers’ ... 18 15
In account with the late Roperr McLacu tan, Esq., Treasurer.
Cash received
£100 O O
Balance at Bankers’ due to
his Representatives £100 0 O
Testimonial to the late Mr. W. R. Hatt, Resident Librarian.
Subscriptions received ... £50
ASSETS.
£
Subscriptions in arrear
considered good (say)... 50
Cost of £805 9s. Consols 792
Cost of £239 12s. 4d.
Birmingham 3 per cent. 250
Balance in hand... ... 18
No AscrerTAINED LIABILITIES.
A. HuGH JONES,
Treasurer.
13th January, 1905.
1 | Amount paid ...
=)
i)
ADDITIONAL ASSETS.
Contents of Library and unsold
Publications.
EDWARD SAUNDERS.
J. W. YERBURY.
R. Wyre Lioyp.
—#
op
o
or
£50 7 1
( expy )
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
GENTLEMEN,
Ir is a great pleasure to be able to congratulate the
Society on another year of prosperity. I need add no words
on this subject to the Report of the Council.
The thoughts of prosperity and stability are inevitably
associated with the memory of one who worked long and hard
to secure these advantages for us, of one whose death in the
midst of his official work will always invest the past year with
peculiar pathos. All that has been gained by the devotion of
our late Treasurer will, we know full well, be preserved for us
by the care and skill of his successor, who most kindly con-
sented to come forward and help us, almost without notice.
I am sure that you will wish to express special gratitude to
Mr. Albert H. Jones for his services to the Society under
circumstances of great difficulty and sorrow.
The loss of so important an officer as the Senior Secretary is
a serious event in the history of any Society, and in the retire-
ment of Mr. Herbert Goss we are losing one who has served as an
officer for the record-breaking period of fifteen years. He first
entered the Council in January 1885, and was almost at once
induced to accept the Secretaryship, holding the position from
1885 to 1897. The Society, however, could not assent to his
permanent withdrawal, and in January 1901 he was again
elected to the office which he held until his retirement on the
present occasion. We shall greatly miss his genial presence
from the official chair, as well as the advancement of the
interests of the Society which his position enabled him to
promote so successfully. Our warmest wishes go with him: we
know that the feelings which prompted him to do so much for
our community in office will still remain the same out of office,
and that the Society has no more loyal member or truer
( xevi =)
friend. We are fortunate in securing as his successor one
who has already acted as Secretary, and knows full well the
difficulties and responsibilities as well as the keen interest and
the honour that belong to the position. To his many other
qualifications Commander Walker adds this supreme qualifi-
cation. The Society has never had an officer with a wider
experience of Entomology, or one who, from his capacious and
varied store—material and mental—has more freely extended
help and sympathy to his brother Fellows.
Amid these changes we remember with especial gratification
that the tried and trusted services of our Librarian, Mr. G. C.
Champion, and of Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, who now becomes
Senior Secretary, are still to be employed for the benefit of
the Society.
Rosert McLacuian, F.R.S.—No more pathetic event has
happened, in our history of well nigh three-quarters of a
century, than the death of a chief officer, in the midst of the
work which ke loved,—work which, in spite of the weakness
and anxiety induced by ill-health, always commanded his
devotion and energy.
So full of zeal was our late Treasurer for the welfare of the
Society, that there is reason to fear that the inability to
perform the important duties of his responsible post was a
bitter disappointment added to the inevitable troubles of
illness. It is some satisfaction to know that the Council took
every possible step to allay that anxiety, and to feel that their
action was attended by some measure of success.
In the “Chapter of an Autobiography,” which forms the
concluding part of McLachlan’s second presidential address to
this Society * we gain very clear knowledge of the early age
at which he showed himself pre-eminently fitted to be a
student of Nature. This is probably always true of those who
are to achieve high distinction in this great school of learning.
We may give opportunity generously, and be the richer for
the free growth of genius under the most favourable con-
ditions: we may refuse opportunity and receive as our due
deserts a power which makes for good cramped and stunted.
But under any circumstances the power itself is from within.
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. lxxxi.
(xevir~ -)
A great naturalist no less than a poet “is born, not made.”
Science is fortunate in the circumstances which surrounded
the youth of Robert McLachlan :—childhood up to the age of
fifteen spent on the borders of Hainault Forest, with all the
varied interests botanical and zoological which such surround-
ings would awake in those with eyes to see them,—removal to
London with its stores of literature within easy reach and
kind friends to aid the young student in the search—the
experience, so inspiring to the naturalist, of a long voyage,
with two months’ hard work plant-collecting in Australia—an
introduction on the return home to the great Robert Brown
who gave first kind help, then sound advice. Then after this
broad foundation in natural history as a whole, the stimulus
towards special work received at the psychological moment
from the writings of Hagen. To this inspiration, when he was
about twenty-three, we can trace the growing interest which
culminated in the great work of McLachlan’s life, the ‘‘ Mono-
graphic Revision and Synopsis of the Zrichoptera of the
European Fauna” (1874-1880), appearing between the ages
of thirty-seven and forty-three. To his early training is due
that rare breadth of knowledge and interest which made him
so ready and learned a contributor to the discussions at our
meetings—so valuable a helper to those who came to him for
advice.
Robert McLachlan was a Fellow of the Society for nearly half
a century, having been elected in 1858. Heacted as Secretary
from 1868 to 1872, as Treasurer from 1873 to 1875 and again
from 1891 to the time of his death. He was President in
1885 and 1886. I have already spoken of his remarkable
devotion to the Society. A certain apparent cynicism formed
a veil which to a large extent concealed the real man from the
sight of all but intimate friends. But there existed beneath
a zeal and a strenuousness in disinterested service which is
utterly inconsistent with cynicism. At times when the Society
has been divided by conflicting opinion it has been my
privilege to know that his own feelings were far less concerned
with the subject of dispute or with the success of either party,
than they were with the Society itself, in grave anxiety lest it
should be injured by the struggle. In thus speaking, as is
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1904. H
( xevili )
only due, of his patriotic devotion to the Entomological Society
of London, it is right to place beside it the “ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine” which he served with equal zeal. He
acted as an Editor from the very commencement in 1864, and
upon the death of H. T. Stainton in 1902 became proprietor.
It is not necessary on this occasion to do more than allude
to the long list of valuable memoirs, chiefly dealing with the
Neuroptera, but by no means confined to this Order, which
came from his pen. They were communicated to the scientific
literature of many lands, and their author received from
numerous scientific Societies on the Continent the highest
honour which is in their hand to bestow. His election to the
Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1877 took place in the
midst of the years during which his Monographie Revision of
the Trichoptera was being given to the world, and is an
interesting indication of the instant recognition won by that
great work.
I have not thought it necessary or even advisable on this
occasion to repeat the whole of the interesting details of
McLachlan’s life and work which are to be found elsewhere.*
Here, and in the special circumstances of his death while still
holding the reins of office, I have preferred to speak chiefly of
his relations to this Society, and of the circumstances which
contributed to make him so valuable a member of our
community. I trust I have been able to bring before you
some of the reasons for the high honour that will ever be due
to the memory of the warm friend the Society has lost.
CuHar.Les Gotpina Barrerr joined the Society in 1884. By
his death on December 11 we lose one of our most valued
Fellows and an indefatigable worker. He was born at
Colyton, Devonshire, on May 5, 1836, and entered the Civil
Service in June 1856. He passed through the usual stages of
promotion up to 1875, when he was appointed a Supervisor
of Excise. In 1884 he was promoted to an Inspectorship, and
was made a Collector of Inland Revenue at Lynn in July
1886. He was further promoted to a first-class Inspectorship
* «Hntomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” July 1904, pp. 145-148. The
Royal Society. Obituary. ‘‘ Entomological News,” September 1904,
pp. 226, 227.
( 'xaix ©)
in October 1889, and subsequently, in August 1895, he became
Collector of London South, where he remained until pensioned
in April 1899. Throughout this long and varied official life
his genial nature and kindliness of spirit endeared him to all
his colleagues.*
The successive stages of such a career implied residence in
different parts of the kingdom, bringing opportunities of
studying the fauna and flora of varied districts, opportunities
most welcome to this ardent naturalist,
In writing the following brief statement of Barrett’s
distinguished entomological career, I desire to acknowledge
the assistance received from Commander Walker’s sympa-
thetic account in the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.”
The absorbing interest of Barrett’s life became manifest in
his boyhood. The first published observations which can be
traced to his pen appeared in 1856, when he was twenty
(‘‘ Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer,” vol. i, p. 165), and
from this time until the end of his life he was a constant
contributor to Entomological literature. His name appears
in the Index of the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” as
the author of no less than 330 separate communications.
When we remember that this periodical only came into
existence in 1864, we gain some idea of his energy and
industry.
Our knowledge of the Lepidoptera in varied and widely
separated parts of the British Islands has been greatly
extended, as the late naturalist moved from one district to
another :—to Dublin in 1859, to Haslemere in 1862, to
Norwich in 1868, to Pembroke in 1875, to King’s Lynn in
1886.
Barrett’s great work on “The Lepidoptera of the British
Islands”? was begun in 1892, and all British naturalists will
deeply regret that the guiding hand is no longer here to
complete it. We shall miss his experience and control ex-
actly where it will be wanted most—in the Micro-Lepidoptera.
In fact many have regretted, as they saw the length to which
re-description and re-illustration of things pretty well known
* I owe the information concerning Mr. C. G. Barrett’s official career to
the courtesy of the Editor of ‘‘ The Civilian.”
( se"
were carried in the earlier volumes, that the author had not
reversed the method of his building, and begun with the
Micro-Lepidoptera.
C. G. Barrett became a Fellow of our Society in 1884. He
served on the Council in 1892-3, and again in 1900-01, and
was a Vice-Presidentin 1901. He was President of the South
London Entomological Society in 1892, and was an important
member of the editorial staff of the “ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine” from 1880 until his death.
We deplore the loss of one who was ever ready to help his
brother naturalists, one who invariably acted up to the high
standard of those words which accurately express the living
principle of our Society :—that we “are all members one of
another.”
We have also to mourn the loss of two Fellows who have
joined our community within recent years :—E. G. J. SparkeE,
B.A., elected in 1897, and W. F. Urwick, elected in 1900.
Both were well-known collectors of insects, comrades of
Fellows, still happily with us, on those delightful occasions
when friendships are made and deepened by companionship in
the pursuit ‘of a common interest.
Just as the year came to a close, on December 29, the
Entomological world suffered irreparable loss in the death, in
his seventy-third year, of one of the most distinguished of the
twelve great names which stand at the head of our “ List of
Fellows,” Professor Friepricu Moritz Braver, of Vienna.
Brauer’s first entomological publication, a revision of the
genus Clrysopa, appeared in 1850, and in the course of the
next few years he published numerous papers on the biology
of the Neuroptera, rapidly rising into the front rank of the
European students of that order.
In 1858 Brauer was attracted by the curious life-history of
the Dipterous family, Oestsdx, upon which he carried out the
most minute and painstaking investigations, culminating in
the publication, in 1863, of his classical ‘‘ Monographie der
Oestriden.” Even with his great ability the production of
such a work would have been impossible had he not been
almost entirely free from other pre-occupations. ‘This fortunate
result was rendered possible by his position as an Assistant
(rai)
in the University Entomological Museum. In 1873 he was
appointed Custodian of these Entomological Collections, and
in 1874, Professor of Zoology in the University. At the
time of his death he was a Director of the Naturhistorisches
Hofmuseum.
Brauer’s researches into the biology of the Oestridx led him
to found the two great divisions of Diptera—‘ Cyclorrhapha ”
and “Orthorrhapha,’ based upon the form of the pupa.
Further researches into the metamorphoses not only of
Oestridx, but throughout the Order, led to the publication, in
1883, of a new “System of Diptera,’ which, with certain
modifications, is still considered to be the best as yet brought
forward.
Latterly Brauer turned his attention to the parasitic
Muscide (Tachinidx, ete.), and, in collaboration with Julius
von Bergenstamm, published a work which marks a consider-
able advance in the classification of these groups.
The fundamental importance of Brauer’s discoveries in two
such sharply contrasted sections as the archaic Neuroptera and
the comparatively modern, highly-specialized Diptera, fitted him
in a very special way to study the broad and difficult question
of the classification of the Insecta. His conclusions (System-
atisch Zool. Studien, SB. Akad. Wien. xci. Abth. i. 1885, p.
374), “based upon recent advances in anatomy and em-
bryology,” were adopted in Dr. W. Hatchett Jackson’s
learned edition of Rolleston’s ‘Forms of Animal Life”
(Oxford, 1888). The most prominent feature of Brauer’s
classification is the splitting up of the Neuroptera into no less
than 7 Orders out of the entire number of 17 adopted by him,
An interesting discussion and criticism of the system appeared
in Dr. David Sharp’s contribution to the Cambridge Natural
History (Insects, Pt. i., London, 1895, p. 175).
IT have to thank Mr. J. E. Collin for much kind help in
drawing up this brief account of the distinguished scientific
man whose loss will be so deeply felt by biological Science
throughout the world.
The Fellows of this Society will feel, in common with the
members of other associations occupying this building, deep
regret at the sad death of the late Resident Librarian, Mr.
( UGH §)
William R. Hall. Long years of loyal and efficient service
have left an enduring memory.
Before I proceed to the subject of my address there is one
important point upon which I feel bound to warn not only this
Society, but other Scientific Societies as well. I refer to the
enduring qualities of the paper on which scientific publications
are often printed, and still more emphatically the ‘‘ paper” on
which they are often illustrated. I allude especially to the so-
called ‘art papers,” assuredly named on the principle “ ut lucus
a non lucendo.” The opaque, white, polished surface, which
yields the most successful “half-tone” and ‘three-colour”
printings, is at present only possible by means of a veneer of
china-clay. Dust it is, and we are assured by experts that not
many years will pass by before it succumbs to the fate which
the highest authority tells us is in store for dust. For the
purposes of advertisement, this is no disadvantage: the cynic
may even maintain that the writings of the present day are,
to the great benefit of the human race, recorded upon a fitting
medium. But cynicism has no part in science, and every
Fellow of this Society will agree that an age producing scientific
records which cannot be made to endure, is an age to be rightly
scorned by the generations of the future,—scorned as one that
sunk to the lowest level of production, that, intellectually,
owing its very existence to the noble standard reached by days
yet earlier, took the benefits, and deliberately or carelessly
neglected in liké manner to assist its successors.
We have only to reflect upon the paramount importance of
tradition in order to realize the weight of our responsibilities.
Lloyd Morgan, discussing the trend of human development,
speaks of a “ transference of evolution from the individual to
the environment,” which ‘“ may leave the faculty of the race at
a standstill, while the achievements of the race are progressing
by leaps and bounds.” * Or, again, he contrasts the progressive
evoluticn of the intellectual and moral edifice of society
with the cessation of evolution, perhaps even the declining
level of “the human builders that contribute in each genera-
tion a few more stones to take a permanent place in the
fabric.” T
* « Habit and Instinct,” London, 1896, p. 340. + 2. Ca, p. 345.
{
( Sent.” *)
This great edifice was founded on oral tradition. Later
on written tradition, and still later printed tradition took its
place. When society comes to depend upon the one it in large
part ceases to depend upon the others, and in changing its
methods itis itself changed. Contrast, for instance, the period
in the life of each one of us when we ceased to remember the
affairs of daily life and gave our memory into the keeping of
ink and paper. Although much was gained in the inevitable
change, something was lost. Until recently there have been
many people in this country, there are probably a few now,
who, unable to read or write, can remember the details of
complicated accounts in a manner astonishing and impossible
to those who possess these accomplishments. We see that
when society in any age has come to depend upon printing it
will be through printing and not in other ways that it will
contribute its chief share to the social edifice; and this is not
a mere truism, for that age will have lost in large measure
other powers which would have been developed in earlier
times, powers which would still develop if printing did not
exist.
Our American friends who enter so thoroughly into the
essentials of a subject whenever they direct their attention to
it, have not, so far as I am aware, made any determined attack
upon this problem. Indeed, the majority of the scientific
works, which they so freely and generously place at the dis-
posal of students in other lands, are printed upon material,—I
will not call it paper,—constructed of the felted fragments of
wood, or of a thin paper backing overlaid and loaded with
china-clay. ‘The latter class are abnormally heavy, the former
abnormally light.
This is a matter so important that it ought not to be left to
the President of your Society to sound the warning. Itis a
matter which it would have been well if the Royal Society or
the British Association had taken up years ago. It is not
creditable to have left to our artist brethren a subject of such
paramount importance to ourselves ; for to them belongs the
honour of having made the only serious attempts to improve
our practice and to call attention to the evil.
To the trades concerned I would say that it is strange want
( ioe 9
of enterprise to continue methods and use materials which
only require to be thoroughly understood to insure a swift
and sudden collapse for all but the most.ephemeral purposes.
I know no producer, scientific or other, whose self-respect
would suffer the employment of materials, however good the
effect, however low the cost, which would not last over so
brief a period as five-and-twenty years.
I desire to thank Mr. Horace Hart, Controller of the Oxford
University Press, and Mr. J. W. North, A.R.A., for the kind
manner in which they have freely given information on this
most important matter.
I now pass to the subject of my Address :—
“THE BEARING OF THE Stupy oF INSECTS UPON THE QUESTION,
‘ARE ACQUIRED CHaracTERS HeErReEpiTary!’”
To those who incline to criticize the subject of this Address
as a raking of the embers of a dead and almost forgotten fire,
I would reply that the controversy which sprang into sudden
flame—in this country in the year 1887—is still a great
memory. I trust that it will ever remain as a great memory.
Of August Weismann it has been well said that “he awoke
us from our dogmatic sleep.” He made us realize that
cherished convictions upon fundamental questions were based
on nothing more solid than assumptions, and thus administered
the most stimulating shock that has been received by the
biological world since the appearance of the “Origin of
Species.”
It was impossible that a controversy of this magnitude
could be conducted without frequent appeals to the Insecta.
Their structures, functions, and instincts offered evidence so
striking in character, and upon a scale so vast, that discussion
was inevitably attracted again and again towards this centre.
Indeed, the controversy would have been but one-sided, the
conclusion unconvincing, had it been otherwise. At the same
time discussion is and must be free and, being free, is almost
necessarily scattered. To attempt therefore to disentangle
from the mass and to present as a whole the evidence offered
by the study of insects is of value in two ways. First, we are
made to realize the importance of our study : by the contem-
Grae)
plation of its relation to one majestic example we are prepared
for the belief that our subject is essential for the solution of all
the widest and deepest problems concerned with organic nature
as a whole. Secondly, the attempt for the first time to mar-
shal the whole of the evidence supplied by the study of insects
will make it possible to strengthen and amplify certain parts,
and thus render the whole fabric better balanced and more
stable.
I should wish at the outset to express my indebtedness to
the columns of ‘‘ Nature,” by means of which nearly the whole
of the controversy has been followed. We are happy in the
possession of a single journal in which discussions on general
scientific questions are, by common consent, carried on.
“ Acquired Characters” defined.—Before beginning a dis-
cussion it is important to remove any possibility of doubt or
uncertainty as to the precise meaning of the terms which are
employed. The word “acquired” as used in this controversy has
been the source of as much confusion as the word “ mimicry.”
Just as almost every one who hears of “ mimicry” for the
first time assumes that the word means a power of inten-
tional imitation, so the inexperienced think that an acquired
character is any new structure which a species has gained
in the course of its history. “ Why should we not consider
every character acquired as an ‘acquired character’ ?” they
not unnaturally ask. And the answer is the same in both
cases. Because these ordinary and untechnical words were
given a special and technical meaning by the writers of
memoirs which have become classical. Inspite of all incon-
venience both words are, in their scientific use, historic, and
we must reckon with the fact that they have a special meaning
which differs from their ordinary meaning.
Erasmus Darwin was, I believe, the first to use ‘‘ acquired ”
in this restricted sense. ‘“ Fifthly,” he says, ‘‘all animals
undergo transformations which are in part produced by their
own exertions, in response to pleasures and pains, and many
of these acquired forms or propensities are transmitted to
posterity.”* Although Lamarck made a preliminary state-
* “ Zoonomia,” 1794. Quoted by Professor H. F. Osborn, ‘‘ From the
Greeks to Darwin.” New York, 1894, p. 145.
(~ ova)
ment of his views on evolution in 1802, the celebrated
‘Philosophie Zoologique” was not published until 1809,
fifteen years after the appearance of the ‘‘ Zoonomia,” and it
is uncertain whether the author of the later work had ever
seen the earlier treatise. Professor Osborn concludes upon
the whole that he had not (1. ¢, pp. 152—155). However this
may be, the technical use of the words “acquired characters ”
is chiefly due to his memoir. The essential passages are
the two following Laws of Lamarck :—
* Premiere Lot.—Dans tout animal qui n’a point depassé le
terme de ces developpements, l’emploi plus fréquent et soutenu
d’un organe quelconque, fortifie peu a peu cet organe, le de-
veloppe, ’aggrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée a
la durée de cet emploi; tandis que le défaut constant d’usage
de tel organe, l’affaiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue
progressivement ces facultés, et finit par le faire disparaitre.”’
“ Deuxiéme Loi.—Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou
perdre aux individus par l’influence des circonstances ot leur
race se trouve depuis longtemps exposée, et par conséquent par
Yinfluence de ’emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle
dun défaut constant d’usage de telle partie, elle le conserve
par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent,
pourvu que les changements acquis soient communs aux deux
sexes ou & ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.” *
Opposite to the characters which Lamarck spoke of as
“acquired” are the characters which may be called con-
stitutional, congenital, genetic, inborn, innate or inherent. Other
names have been specially proposed in order to render apparent
the distinction between these two classes of characters.
Weismann employed terms which set forth their different
origin. The inherent he called blastogenic, expressing an origin
that lay far back in germ-cell from which the individual arose.
Acquired characters he called somatogenic, to express a later
origin due to circumstances which had affected the body-cells.
* “Philosophie Zoologique,” tome i. p. 235, Edition Savy, 1873:
quoted by Professor E. R. Lankester in ‘‘ Nature,” vol. xli, 1890, p. 415.
There had been a tendency in the discussion on this subject to protest
against the restricted application of the word ‘‘acquired,” and it was
assumed that the use was quite recent, and in fact due to Professor
Weismann himself. Professor Lankester shows the error of this
assumption.
( “evi )
The word centrifugal suggests characters developing from
within rather than as impressed from without: centripetal
conversely suggests characters impressed upon the individual
from without, characters which are not the outcome of internal
causes.* Acquired structural changes have also been spoken
of as modifications, the term variation being restricted to char-
acters of germinal origin.
All the terms suggested for these two classes of characters
convey something of a definition. Thus the brief convenient
definition of acquired characters as ‘those modifications of
bodily structure or habit which are impressed on the organism
in the course of individual life” | is obviously suggested more
or less completely by one set of terms, and “those characters
or properties with which the individual is originally endowed” §
by the other set. Another attempted definition of an acquired
character is as follows :—‘‘ Whenever an organism reacts under
an external force, that part of the reaction which is directly due
to the force is an acquired character.” || And although it may
be impossible entirely to unravel the one part from the other,
certain elements may easily be discriminated. For instance,
the starting of the reaction as contrasted with the sequence of
events which make up the reaction itself is obviously an
acquired element, and those who maintain the hereditary trans-
mission of acquired characters are required to prove that a
reaction which can only be started by an external force in the
parent, starts without this stimulus in the offspring.
We owe another definition to Mr. Francis Galton :—‘“‘ Char-
acters are said to be acquired, when they are regularly found
in those individuals only, who have been subjected to certain
special and abnormal conditions.” * * ,
Professor Lloyd Morgan’s definition conveys nearly the
same idea :—‘‘ When the complex of stimuli, which constitute
the normal environment, are sufficiently altered (to upset that
* «Theories of Heredity,” in the ‘‘ Midland Naturalist,” Nov. 1889.
+ Prof. J. Mark Baldwin, ‘‘A New Factor in Evolution,” in the
‘* American Naturalist” for July 1896.
{ Professor C. Lloyd Morgan in Baldwin’s ‘‘ Dictionary of Philosophy
and Psychology,” New York, 1901, vol. i, p. 10.
§ E. S. Goodrich, 7. ¢., p. 10.
|| “Nature,” vol. li, 1894, p. 55.
So Mails We WO:
( eviii )
balance established between environment and innate qualities
resulting in the production of a normal individual) to produce
an appreciable change, such a modification or ‘ difference’
may be called an acquired character.” *
Such results of abnormal conditions undoubtedly supply
extremely striking examples of acquired characters, but it is, I
submit, a mistake to make too much of abnormality, or to
import it into a definition. Some of the most marked and
certainly the most easily studied and tested of acquired char-
acters are the differences between the effects of alternative
environments, all of which are normal, upon the individuals of
a single species. The green colour of a larva of Amphidasys
betularia, if fed upon broom, is an acquired character, as is the
dark colour it would assume wpon oak, ete. I think there-
fore that a more satisfactory definition of at any rate a large
class of acquired characters may be framed as follows :—
“Whenever change in the environment regularly produces
appreciable change in an organism, such difference may be
called an acquired character,”
Sir Edward Fry has objected to Mr. Galton’s definition,—and
his objection would equally apply to that which I have sug-
gested above—that “the possibility of inheritance is excluded
by the definition, and the inquiry whether acquired characters
are inherited is impossible.” +
This appears to me to be only a verbal difficulty. Before
attempting to prove whether a certain class of characters can
be inherited, it is essential to be able to decide whether a given
character which it is proposed to test belongs to the class.
If a satisfactory criterion can be reached we can proceed with
the test even though the name ‘‘acquired” be by our defini-
tion denied to the character after transmission by inheritance.
The interest of the result would remain all the same. If the
character were there—appreciable, measurable,—the effects
would be incalculable in their importance, and would not be
diminished one iota by the consideration that the name would
no longer apply. Sir Edward Fry’s criticism does indeed
* Baldwin’s ‘‘ Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology,” p. 10.
+ ‘*Nature,” vol. li, 1894, p. 198. See also Professor Lankester’s
reply to the criticism, on p. 245.
( cix *)
suggest a change—and I think a desirable change—in the
statement of the problem. For the question, “ Are acquired
characters hereditary?” it would be more accurate to sub-
stitute ‘Can the acquired characters of the parent be handed
down as inherent characters in the offspring ?”’
It is in no way necessary that the acquired elements of a
character should be disentangled from the inherent elements,
so that we can prove the character as a whole to be dependent
upon a controllable external cause, and therefore itself con-
trollable. In fact we speak of a character as “acquired” just
as we speak of an article as “manufactured,” although the
result itself is a complex of the properties of natural
substances and of changes introduced by art.*
Lamarck’s Second Law a contradiction of his First Law.—
Before leaving these general introductory considerations
and proceeding to weigh the evidence offered by the insect
world, it is of importance to demonstrate that there is an in-
consistency in the teaching of Lamarck and his followers
which, startling as it is, was never noticed until pointed out
by Professor E. R. Lankester in 1894.7
“Normal conditions of environment have for many thou-
sands of generations moulded the individuals of a given species
of organism, and determined as each individual developed and
grew ‘responsive’ quantities in its parts (characters) ; yet, as
Lamarck tells us, and as we know, there is in every individual
born a potentiality which has not been extinguished. Change
the normal conditions of the species in the case of a young
individual taken to-day from the site where for thousands of
generations its ancestors have responded in a perfectly defined
way to the normal and defined conditions of environment ;
reduce the daily or the seasonal amount of solar radiation to
which the individual is exposed; or remove the aqueous
vapour from the atmosphere ; or alter the chemical composi-
tion of the pabulum accessible; or force the individual to
previously unaccustomed muscular effort or to new pressures
* For an interesting discussion on the relation between ‘‘ acquired ”
and ‘‘ genetic” characters see Adam Sedgwick’s Presidential Address to
Section D of the British Association at Dover (Report 1899, pp. 759-766).
+ ‘‘ Nature,” vol. li, 1894, p. 102.
( ex )
and strains; and (as Lamarck bids us observe), in spite of all
the long-continued response to the earlier normal specific
conditions, the innate congenital potentiality shows itself.
The individual under the new quantities of environing agen-
cies shows new responsive quantities in those parts of its
structure concerned, new or acquired characters.
“So far, so good. What Lamarck next asks us to accept,
as his ‘second law, seems not only to lack the support of
experimental proof, but to be inconsistent with what has just
preceded it. The new character, which is ew hypothesi, as was
the old character (length, breadth, weight of a part) which it
has replaced—a response to environment, a particular mould-
ing or manipulation by incident forces of the potential con-
genital quality of the race—is, according to Lamarck, all of a
sudden raised to extraordinary powers. The new or freshly-
acquired character is declared by Lamarck and his adherents
to be capable of transmission by generation ; that is to say, it
alters the potential character of the species. It is no longer a
merely responsive or reactive character, determined quantita-
tively by quantitative conditions of the environment, but
becomes fixed and incorporated in the potential of the race, so
as to persist when other quantitative external conditions are
substituted for those which originally determined it. In
opposition to Lamarck, one must urge, in the first place, that
this thing has never been shown experimentally to occur ; and
in the second place, there is no ground for holding its occur-
rence to be probable, but, on the contrary, strong reason for
holding it to be improbable. Since the old character (length,
breadth, weight) had not become fixed and congenital after
many thousands of successive generations of individuals had
developed it in response to environment, but gave place to a
new character when new conditions operated on an individual
(Lamarck’s first law), why should we suppose that the new
character is likely to become fixed after a much shorter time
of responsive existence, or to escape the operation of the first
law? Clearly there is no reason (so far Lamarck’s statement
goes) for any such supposition, and the two so-called laws of
Lamarck are at variance with one another.”
These passages have been quoted at length because they
(7 Gx)
apply not only to the thought of Lamarck but to those of
many modern naturalists as well, and because, so far as I am
aware, no attempt has been made to meet the objection. In
its most condensed form the argument may be stated thus :—
Lamarck’s “ first law assumes that a past history of indefinite
duration is powerless to create a bias by which the present
can be controlled ; while the second assumes that the brief
history of the present can readily raise a bias to control the
future.*
I now pass to the discussion of evidence derived from
the study of the insect world.
I do not propose to multiply examples, but shall be content
with a few of those which seem sufficiently well adapted to
illustrate the main lines of evidence. They have been chiefly,
but by no means invariably, selected from the Lepidoptera.
This is merely due to the accident that my experience has
been chiefly gained in this Order, and not because the examples
are in any way more suitable or convincing than those of other
Orders. As regards the most interesting part of the discussion,
that relating to instinct, the most striking examples have of
course been chosen from the Hymenoptera.
The origin of the pupal groove which receives the silken loop
in Pierine, etc.—If we examine the dorsal surface of such
a Pierine butterfly as Pieris brassice or rapx it 1s at once
seen that the first abdominal segment is traversed by a strongly
marked line parallel with its posterior boundary. This
character is so well marked that it presents all the appear-
ance of a morphological feature.
A study of the living suspended pupa shows that the line
is formed by the approximated lips of a groove which receives
the silken loop or ‘‘girdle”’ as it is often called. Longitu-
dinal vertical sections of the dorsal cuticle are of course
transverse to the line, and reveal the fact that the bottom
of the groove is specially thickened. Here was a feature at
first sight strongly suggestive of the mechanical effects of
linear pressure, pointing to an origin in a kind of mutilation
performed by the silken cord upon the soft freshly-exposed
surface of the pupa. When I found that removal of the loop
* «¢ Nature,” vol. li, 1894, p. 127.
() ce *)
before pupation, but after the period at which the larva
could spin another, did not alter the normal appearance of
line and groove in the resulting pupa, I was for the moment
convinced that acquired characters are hereditary. But
fortunately the inquiry did not come to an end at this
point. It was observed that the Pierine pup which furnished
the material for experiment (?. brassicx or P. rapx) invari- |
ably suspended themselves either horizontally or vertically
with the head upwards,—never vertically with the head down-
wards. Several larvee of P. brassice had fixed themselves in.
the normal vertical position preparatory to pupation, upon a
sheet of glass. Before pupation, but after the period at
which the larve could fix themselves afresh or indeed make
any attempt to spin, the glass sheet was rotated through half
a circle, so that all the larvee came to be suspended head down-
wards. In this position they were compelled to pupate. The
condition of the resulting pupe clearly refuted the hypo-
thesis of a mechanically-created groove and thickening, caused
by the cutting into and pressure upon the soft yielding cuticle.
For in the vertical position with head downwards the pupa
slips through the silken loop beyond the position of the groove,
so that the pressure has to be borne by an unprepared part
of the cuticular surface. Upon the mechanical hypothesis,
we should expect that the fresh surface would gain some
measure of resistance from the strain; but on the contrary
the pupz were all hopelessly deformed and the imagines,—if
indeed they could have emerged at all,—would have been
incapable of flight.* It is evident that from the very begin-
ning the loop has been accompanied by a sufficient strengthen-
ing of the part of the surface exposed to its pressure as soon
as the larval skin was thrown off.
The silken loop together with the attachment of the pos-
terior extremity of the pupa is in all probability the persistent
trace of a vanished cocoon, and we may imagine the selective
process which made good each step on the road of gradual
* This experiment has not been published hitherto. It was however
described and the pupe exhibited in the discussion in Section D of the
British Association at Manchester, on Monday, Sept. 5, 1887. See Report,
p- 755.
(ex?)
transformation. A cocoon is one form of passive defence, cryptic
colouring is another, although the two are commonly combined,
especially in cocoons built to endure for comparatively long
periods, including the times of special stress,—the winter of
the northern belt, the dry season of more southern latitudes.
The original decline of the cocoon was probably favoured by
a short pupal period falling wholly within the time of least
stress,—summer or the wet season. When the cryptic
colouring of the bare pupal surface is as effective for con-
cealment as that of the cocoon, it presents certain advantages
over the latter. The secretion of a large quantity of material
is unnecessary and tell-tale movements in the period before
pupation are greatly reduced. These benefits are conferred
when the concealment afforded is equal ; but the pupal cuticle
lends itself to certain forms of cryptic defence much more
freely and completely than the walls of the cocoon :—to the
production of angular shapes and of smooth or polished
surfaces, to the attainment of varied colours and the perfect
gradation of tints, above all to the power of individual colour-
adjustment. This latter culminating effort of adaptation—so
commonly possessed by larvee and exposed pupe—is apparently
extremely rare in the cocoon. Indeed the only positive
evidence of its existence is supplied by Hylophila (Halias)
prasinana,* and even in this case it would be satisfactory to
repeat the experiments on a far larger scale than has been as
yet attempted. The transition is easy from a loose and open
cocoon with apertures through which the cryptic colours of
the enclosed pupa could play their part in defence, through
stages in which the latter element becomes more and more
important as the cocoon progressively diminishes, to the
climax when the almost invisible remnants of the silken
covering are retained as supporting structures merely. In
all except small and light pupz a point would be reached, at
a greater or less distance from the climax, when some special
strengthening of the cuticle exposed to the strain became the
indispensable condition of further advance. Thenceforth
further reduction and further strengthening would proceed
together, the existing groove and thickening being but the
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, pp, 448-451.
PROC, ENT. SOC, LOND., v. 1904, I
() exavy)
concentration of the broader band of pupal tissue specially
prepared to meet the pressure when it first became a danger.
Comparison with the pupz of some of our common British
Geometre supports the hypothesis set forth above ; for it is
seen that very similar changes have independently occurred,
and occurred so recently that the essential stages are still
preserved. Furthermore, they are invariably met with in
species which have a short pupal period passed in the warmer
months of the northern year. Lugonia quercinaria spins a
loose and open cocoon, within which the chrysalis, as well
as the larva before pupation, develops an effective cryptic
colouring.* Both larva and pupa are freely exposed to
view through chinks in the scanty network and between
the imperfectly united leaves. Uropteryx sambucaria con-
structs a slight hanging cocoon, affording very little con-
cealment. The enclosed pupa bears a marked cryptic
appearance, while the only experiment which has been made
indicates the possibility of a well-developed power of individual
colour adjustment.t Both these species, and especially the
last, have long since reached the stage at which the reduction
of the cocoon became advantageous. In the genus Zonosoma
(Hphyra) we independently arrive at the same climax of reduc-
tion attained in the Pierinz, etc., the cocoon being represented
by a supporting loop and the means of fixation of the posterior
extremity.{ No search has been made, so far as I am aware,
for a special strengthening of the cuticle upon which the loop
presses, but it is probable that nothing of the kind is required
by these small light pups. The exposed Ephyrid chrysalis
is fully as cryptic as that of the average butterfly, but it
lacks the power of colour adjustment. When the Ephyrid
larva is dimorphic, green or brown, the colour of the pupa
corresponds to that of the larva from which it developed.§
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 319.
t See ‘‘Colours of Animals,” London, 1890, pp. 111, 112. Only one
example was placed on white paper before pupation. Although the
resulting chrysalis was very pale and strikingly different from the ordinary
appearance, the evidence is quite insufficient, and it is much to be hoped
that the experiment will be repeated upon a large scale.
{ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 57.
§ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 51; Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc., vol.
178 (1887), B., pp. 487, 438.
(eee, )
Such correspondence has not been observed in any other
Lepidopterous insect.
If we take into account the fact that Zonosoma (Ephyra) is a
characteristic Geometrid genus, although its method of pupal
suspension is unique in a family whose species make cocoons
or bury, we may feel confident that it has been descended from
cocoon-making ancestors, and that Hugonia quercinaria and
Uropteryx sambucaria give us a clear idea of the steps by
which the reduction was effected.
The effect of Gravity upon the shape of suspended pupx such
as those of the Nymphaline.—Every naturalist who has
watched the pupation of a Vanessid must have observed
the extraordinary mobility of the abdominal region of the
freshly-exposed chrysalis. Movements of remarkable ampli-
tude take place in every direction, and especially in the
dorso-ventral plane, these latter being essential for the with-
drawal of the posterior segments from the larval skin and
the remarkable feat of attachment to the silken boss close to
the point from which the skin itself is hanging. Success is
only rendered possible by the remarkable contractile power
of the intersegmental muscles along the median ventral area.
These, by their contraction, keep the rigid hook-armed apex
of the abdomen firmly pressed to the outside of the larval
skin up which it is being forced, and enable it to press down
or push aside any of the stiff spines which oppose the move-
ment: these finally bring it to the small silken boss which
alone provides a secure basis of attachment for the terminal
hooks. For this purpose the ventral muscles require to be
far stronger than those of any other region, and we invariably
find that they entirely overbalance the dorsal intersegmental
muscles in pup which have been produced on the floor of
the breeding-cage. In such pupe the abdominal segments
are curved round towards the ventral side, so that the long
axis of the apical part forms at least a right angle with that
of the thoracic region, and this attitude becomes stereotyped
with the hardening of the pupal cuticle and the consequent
loss of all power of dorso-ventral movement. These free
pupe form a striking contrast with the normal attached
individuals in which the long axis of the abdominal segments
C exy
is nearly in the same line with that of the thoracic. Suspension
by the posterior apical hooks and the assumption of a form
in which the long axis of the body is nearly in one line, is
very ancient, dating back to the common ancestor of a number
of closely-related species. For a countless number of genera-
tions the soft and yielding Vanessid pupa has been subjected
to the strain of gravity and has responded by the production
of a definite shape, viz. one in which the long axis is parallel
with the line of force. And yet not a trace of any hereditary
effect is manifest. Remove the strain and the individual is
free, unbiassed by the forces exerted upon unnumbered
ancestors, to assume an entirely different shape.
Vanessid pup alone, so far as I am aware, have been
studied from this point of view. Figures of other suspended
Nymphaline pupe however indicate that all do not yield
equally to the strain, although I believe that all are to some
extent affected. The pup of the Argynnidz contrast in an
interesting manner with those of the Vamessidz in this respect.
The strongly-curved pupa of Argynnis aglaia figured by W.
Buckler * was probably supported wholly or in part by a leaf,
as is suggested not only by the shape but the plane of the
surface of attachment, as shown in the figure, and to some
extent by the description.
Variable Protective Resemblance in Insects ——The power
which it is now known that many larve and pupe possess of
changing their colour into correspondence with the tints of
each one of several possible environments has been thought
to favour the Lamarckian interpretation of the origin of
variation. Thus the late George J. Romanes said of the
evidence which had been brought forward to prove the power
in question :—‘ It has always appeared to me that the experi-
ments themselves are among the most valuable which have
hitherto been made regarding the causes of variation,” + an
opinion due, as the writer states, to his acceptance of the
‘“‘ Lamarckian conception.”
On the other hand, I have never doubted that the results
are in the nature of a climax rather than a foundation, that
* Ray Society, ‘‘Larve of British Butterflies and Moths,” vol. i, Plate
X, fig. 3b, 1886. + ‘* Nature,” vol. xxxviii, 1888, p. 364.
( iexvit -)
they represent the highest achievement of natural selection in
the protective colours of insects. If these variable colours
represented the beginnings of ordinary fixed colour variations
the species would lose and not gain by the change. The essence
of the protective value is the power of being concealed in each of
several different environments, and hereditary transmission of
the results would only injure the individuals of the next
generation. The intricacy of the processes by which the
stimulus gives rise to each appropriate colour-effect is no
difficulty to the interpretation based on natural selection—
‘fan agency capable of dealing with complex physiological
relationships in precisely the same way that it deals with all
other kinds of variations.” *
The barren conception of “ self-adaptation,’—the hypothesis
that organisms possess a constitution which compels them to
react adaptively, breaks down when we find the adaptation is
only possible by means of a specialized and complex train of
physiological sequences.
We must remember that the species we investigate are
“heirs of all the ages,” thoroughly inured to experimental
research, past masters in the art of meeting by adaptive
response the infinite variety of stimulus provided by the
environment. If we remember this we shall always be on
our guard against a too hasty interpretation based on the
fundamental properties of protoplasm.t
The hypothesis that organisms are so built that they must
produce useful variations, seems to be little more than the old
“internal developmental force,” or ‘“‘innate tendency towards
perfection,” in a modern dress. Furthermore, a consideration of
the essential meaning of adaptation proves the futility of any
such attempt at explanation. The ultimate object of adapta-
tion is to obtain food, to escape enemies, or to subserve
reproduction. The most conspicuous adaptations manifested
by an individual are relative to the condition of the organic
environment with which its contact is in many respects
* Professor Meldola in ‘‘ Nature,” vol. xxxviii, 1888, p. 389. See also
Professor Meldola’s Presidential Address in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896,
pp. lxx, lxxi; and the first scientific paper published by him, viz. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 153.
+ ‘‘Nature,” vol. Ixxi, 1905, p. 244.
( cxyin \’)
irregular, uncertain, or even wanting. Caterpillars are
provided with beautiful protective adaptations, but the suc-
cessful individual never comes into contact with an enemy.
But there is an environment which the organism cannot avoid,
—the physico-chemical stimuli of climate and food ; and it is
presumably here, in the inorganic conditions of life, that the
influences which bear a pre-eminent part in evoking useful
variations are supposed to reside. So that stimuli provided
by one form of environment are looked upon as the direct causes
of adaptations which are essentially related to another and
very different environment.*
The Instincts of Insects —Those who advocate the hereditary
transmission of acquired characters have made great use of
the argument that the wonderfully complex and_ precise
adaptive instincts of insects require for their production the
accumulation of experience and of effort through many
generations. Only by such transmission, they maintain, is it
possible to understand such development. |
It is safest to begin with a definition, and I accept the brief,
convenient and in my opinion entirely accurate statement of
Lloyd Morgan :—“ Instinct depends on how the nervous system
is built through heredity ; while intelligence depends upon
how the nervous system is developed through use.” 7
We observe in the first place that the Lamarckian interpreta-
tion places the more difficult phases of the evolution of instinct
—the phases when it was not instinct at all but something
much higher—in some remote epoch of the past, and at a lower
level of progress. In such times, ew hypothesi, the less developed
and presumably less efficient brains of insects did by the
intelligent use of experience what they now do mechanically
by instinct. This is an inversion of the probable course of
evolution: the less efficient instrument has assigned to it by
far the more difficult task.
Apart from this primd facie objection there are solid
grounds for the belief that the exquisitely perfect operations,
of insects with which we are familiar arose as instincts, as
* The substance of the argument set forth in this paragraph was
published by the writer in ‘‘ Nature,” vol. 1, 1894, p. 446.
+ ‘ Animal Behaviour,” London, 1900, p. 120.
( :¢xix: -)
instincts were gradually perfected, and that intelligence never
came into the history at all.
Tt is not from the insects which have had the most varied
experience of enemies, most opportunity of learning by contact
with danger how to avoid them, and thus of developing their
nervous systems through use, it is not from these that existing
forms have been descended, but from precisely those which
have had the least experience. Even for ourselves experience
is spoken of as “the stern guide.” To an insect she is apt to
6 so stern as to lose all her educational value. The less an
msect sees of her the better the chance of existence and of
Ppresentation in the generations of the future. The prime
rcessity for an insect, as for all animals which cannot in any
ral sense contend with their foes, is to avoid experience of
tlem altogether.*
This is an argument with the broadest possible application
tc all Orders of insects. To the adaptive movements of a
betle which when disturbed falls to the ground, draws in its
linbs and antennz, and looks exactly like a little lump of
exth ; to the alertness of a fly to take wing before an enemy
is within striking distance; to the perfection of all such
mans of defence in insects, and they are numberless, we may
aply the words of Browning :—
“Oh, the little more, and how much it is!
And the little less, and what worlds away !”
Itis all the difference in fact between success and failure,
beween life and death. Comparatively rarely are the con-
diions of the struggle such as to admit of partial failure or
of mprovement by experience.
ne special reason for the passive means of defence adopted
bythe vast majority of insects is to be found in the peculiar
dagers of their structure. Especially is this true of larve,
wth their hemolymph contained in freely communicating
* This argument was brought forward by the present writer in the
liscussion on ‘‘ Are Acquired Characters Hereditary ?” at the meeting of
Section D of the British Association, at Manchester, Sept. 5, 1887
‘Report, p. 755). No part of the discussion is published. The argument
is however briefly stated in Proc. Boston Society of Nat. History, vol.
xxvi, 1894, p. 391, and also quoted in ‘‘ The Zoologist,” Dec. 1900, pp.
551, 552.
(“exe |)
cavities, and subject to the pressure of muscular body-walls.
Hence an insignificant injury may often cause death or imper-
fect development from the quantity of fluid which is lost.
“Tt is, I believe, in consequence of these facts that the various
means of protection in larve are almost always of a passive
kind... . Nearly all the means of defence against...
enemies [other than ichneumons, etc.] are such as tend to
prevent the larva from being seen or touched, rarely such as to
be of any avail when actually attacked. There may be various
changes in the mode of defence, but the object is always the
same—to leave the larva untouched, a touch being practically
fatal.” *
Let us consider for a moment the mental operations involvel
in the act of profiting by experience. Consider, for instance,
Mr. A. H. Hamm’s interesting observation—since abundantly
confirmed by the testimony of many naturalists—that the vat
majority of the individuals of Hybernia leucophxaria rest wih
the body horizontal, thus bringing the lines of the wings ino
parallelism with the dark shadows in the vertical cracks of tle
oak-bark.t An individual which adopted a different attituie
and rested so as to cause the main lines of its pattern to at
the main lines of its environment might indeed escape jy
flight ; but can any one really believe that a moth, or anyof
the ancestors of moths, could associate the special disturbare
and danger to which it had been exposed with the specal
attitude it had assumed, and would as a result of that assci-
tion begin to make changes in its attitude? It is easyto
speak of improvement by experience, perhaps easy to thinkof
the progress of an insect’s education under the sternest of
teachers : easy so long as we confine ourselves to generalitis.
Attempt to picture the process in a definite case, and apply it,,s
I have done, to account for the growth of some special protectre
adaptation, and it is instantly borne in upon us that we ge
placing on insect psychology a load it is altogether unable jo
bear,
The Cocoon-making Instinct—There are however number-
less examples in which it is impossible that improvement could
* Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1885, pp. 321-323.
+ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. for March 19, 1902, p. xv.
( cexa, )
be thus effected, even if insects did possess the requisite brains,
that is unless we also accord to them the gift of prophecy.
These are the cases in which instinct prepares for the dangers
of a struggle at some future time, when the organism which
manifested the instinct will have changed its form, and become
incapable of making further changes in the means of protection,
and indeed as a rule entirely incapable of making any defence.
Consider, for example, another observation made by Mr.
Hamm in July 1900, upon the cocoons of Malacosoma neustria
spun within the leaves of black-currant and apple in his garden
at Oxford. These he found to be opened by birds, probably
sparrows, which had pecked a hole in the leaf, thus breaking
through the cocoon at its thinnest point,* and abstracted the
chrysalis.
A still more convincing example is to be found in the
origin and maintenance of the instincts involved in the con-
struction of a freely exposed yet admirably concealed cocoon
on bark. Think of the natural cracks just filled up, of tunnels
closed flush with the surfaces around, of the resemblance to
excrescences or ridges which appear perfectly natural upon bark.
Considering not only the forms but the colours and texture of
the external surface, we recognize at once that such structures
are the product of a highly perfected group of instincts. At
first sight indeed the case seems to prove too much ; for it
may be thought that such cocoons are so completely hidden
as to defy the sharpness of any enemy however acute, and
* The cocoons were exhibited to the Society on March 19, 1902. See
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. xv.
Mr. W. Holland many years ago showed that birds attack in this
particular way, but his observation was upon larve spun between leaves,
and not pup ; and the latter are specially suited for enforcing the present
argument. Mr. Holland’s observation is as follows :—
**On the 6th of this month [June 1890, near Reading] Captain Robert-
son and I went to get.some larvee of populeti from some low trees of Populus
tremula which were covered with that species. Captain Robertson had picked
off about 100 larve the night before ; but this morning, when we arrived at
the trees, we found some starlings had also discovered the caterpillars, and
had gone over the trees systematically from branch to branch, peck-
ing a hole in one side of the spun-together leaves, and drawing out the
caterpillar, and so nearly had they cleared them all off, that we had much
trouble to find a dozen. We caught the birds in the act, and although
they had so nearly finished their feast they were very unwilling to go, and
loudly objected to our disturbing them.”—‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine,” 1890, p. 216.
(\ exalt’ 7)
believers in natural selection may properly be asked to bring
evidence of the existence of a struggle in which the high
elaboration of the instincts in question is a defence. There is
no difficulty in meeting the challenge, for specially directed
observation at once reveals the existence of a keen struggle in
which the concealment of the cocoon is the criterion of life or
death.
My attention was first directed to this particular aspect of
the struggle for existence in insects, on April 12, 1893, when
I found on the bark of Populus nigra, near Yoxford, Suffolk,
a cocoon of Dicranura bifida which had been opened by some
enemy, and the pupa removed. ‘The observation is, I believe,
a common one, in fact Commander Walker and Mr. Holland
inform me that it is usually difficult to find cocoons of this
species which have not been thus attacked. Nevertheless, for
the sake of those who have not had the experience, I think it
is worth while to re-describe the evidence which certainly
justifies us in inferring that ‘‘an enemy hath done this.”
“The edges of the opening were still brown and fresh, as
was the interior of the cocoon ; and the larval skin remained fresh
and untouched inside. The opening was in the middle of the
exposed surface and not at one end, as it is when the moth
emerges. Besides, the cocoon had been opened and cracked by
a blow from some hard object, such as a bird’s beak, and the
sharp irregular margins were quite different from those of the
natural opening made by the moth, doubtless by means of a
corrosive fluid, as in the allied species, Dicranwra vinula, which
Mr. O. H. Latter has recently shown to secrete caustic potash
for this purpose. Furthermore, the moth emerges far later in
the year, and, had it emerged at an exceptional time, the empty
pupal skin would have been left behind in the cocoon. We
may therefore safely assume that the opening was the work of
an enemy, and, as the cocoon was five feet from the ground, it
was probably due to some tree-creeping, bark-exploring species
of bird. . . . It is probable that the attention of the enemy
is directed to any cocoon-like object by the sense of sight, and
that the object is then tapped, and, if found to be hollow,
opened and the pupa devoured.” *
* “The enemies of Lepidopterous pupe enclosed in bark-formed
cocoons. ””—‘‘ Science,” xxiii, 1894, p. 62. The date of the observation is
( exxiii )
The cocoons of bifida are spun in the autumn, but the attack
did not take place for several months. The example is
probably typical in this respect. The procryptic preparation
of the autumn is the adaptation by which the average
numbers of the species are kept up in spite of ceaseless bark-
hunting during the months when the trees are leafless and
food is scarce. The Lamarckian interpretation fails to
account for the cocoon-making instinct for two very sufficient
reasons : first, a chrysalis is incapable of learning by experience
how to improve anything,—even more obviously incapable
of learning concerning a structure which it never makes.
Secondly, however intelligent a chrysalis may be, the experience
itself is of such a nature that its stores of learning cannot be
handed down to posterity.*
If the Lamarckian interpretation of the cocoon-making
instinct must inevitably fail, as I think we shall agree it must,
what is there to put in its place? Those who believe in the
efficiency of Natural Selection in evolution will probably
regard the instinct of building these beautifully-adapted
structures as the outcome of countless generations during
which the attacks of enemies have been, on the whole, more
successful against the products of less perfected instincts and
less so against those of the more perfected. They will further
suppose that the increasing perfection in instinct has acted
selectively on enemies, sharpening their faculties, until, by
action and reaction, the present high level of constructive
skill has been reached, and is maintained.
The Instincts of the Hymenoptera.—No discussion of instinct
would be in any way complete without a consideration of the
most wonderful examples of all, viz. those manifested by the
Hymenoptera. The instincts of the Fossorial Aculeates in
providing for their larvee,—studied with all the sympathy of
a born naturalist and described by a master of style,—have
erroneously given as the year of issue instead of 1893. Some of the
later sentences of the same commuuication are also quoted with slight
modification on the present occasion.
* This argument also is briefly stated in the ‘‘ Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist.,” vol. xxvi, 1894, p. 391, and quoted in ‘‘ The Zoologist,” Dec. 1900,
pp- 551, 552.
(> texan” yy
formed the foundation of a gigantic speculative edifice. The
controversy has in reality been a three-sided one.
I. First, we have Fabre disbelieving in evolution altogether,
and adducing evidence that his favourite insects have not
gained their wonderful instincts by progressive change;
pointing out that they perform their duties under some
stimulus which to them is imperative, whether the object of
their pains be achieved or not: arguing, for example, that in
those that feed their larve from time to time, the stimulus
to enter and deposit the insect food is not the young larva
itself but the door of the tunnel.
II. Secondly, Lord Avebury and the late George J. Romanes
have argued in favour of evolution by a gradual education,
finally inherited as instinct. There is reason to believe that
Darwin accepted the same view. He certainly never opposed
it. Lord Avebury alludes to the letter written to Fabre, in
which Darwin “refers to the great skill of the Gauchos in
killing cattle, and suggests that each young Gaucho sees how
others do it, and with a very little practice learns the art.” *
Lord Avebury identifies himself with this view, which,
indeed, he had himself set forth in the “Contemporary Review,”
in 1885. Concerning the instinct of the Ammophila to sting
the ganglionic centres of its caterpillar prey, he suggests that
“ during these long ages they may have gradually learnt the
spots where their sting would be most effective, and .. . so
have gradually acquired their present habits.” + He finally con-
cludes that “these remarkable instincts” are ‘the result of
innumerable repetitions of similar actions carried on by a long
series of ancestors.” {
George J. Romanes in reviewing Lord Avebury’s book goes
much further :—“ Here, by the way, we have an excellent
instance of the difficulty which we so often encounter in
the domain of instinct, when we relinquish the so-called
Lamarckian principle of the inheritance of acquired characters.
The hypothesis in question goes upon the supposition that
* Sir J. Lubbock, ‘‘On the senses, instincts, and intelligence of
animals, with special reference to insects.” London, 1888. Internat.
Sci. Ser., p. 248.
+ p. 248. t p. 252.
(eax)
some of the ancestors of the Sphex were intelligent enough to
notice the peculiar effects which followed upon stinging insects
or caterpillars in the particular regions occupied by nerve-
centres, and that, in consequence of being habitually guided
by their intelligence to sting in these particular regions, their
action became hereditary, ¢.¢. instinctive. But if, in accord-
ance with post-Darwinian theory, we relinquish this possible
guidance by intelligence, and suppose that the whole of this
wonderful instinct was built up by natural selection waiting
for congenital (¢.e. fortuitous) variations in the direction of a
propensity to sting, say, the nine nerve-centres of a caterpillar
—then it surely becomes inconceivable that such an instinct
should ever have been developed at all.’’ *
Eimer is even more rash in his statements :—“ This is one
of the most marvellous instincts that exists ; since the wasp
operates on various larve with nervous systems of various
forms, she must effect the paralysis in various ways, and
even apart from this, she makes a physiological experiment
which is far in advance of the knowledge of man. ... It
may be suggested that the wasp only paralyzed the larve in
order to carry them more easily; but even if this were the
case, she must, since she now invariably acts in this way,
have drawn a conclusion by deductive reasoning. In this
case it is absolutely impossible that the animal has arrived
at its habit otherwise than by reflection upon the facts of
experience.”
Mr. and Mrs. Peckham make the following comment upon
this wild passage from Himer :—“ One can hardly be expected
to take such statements seriously, since it is certain that the
writer has no knowledge of the life-histories of these insects.” T
III. Thirdly, there are those who believe that the instincts
in question are to be explained by the operation of natural selec-
tion upon hereditary nervous mechanisms, who believe that
the Lamarckian principle of the hereditary transmission of
education has never come into the history at any stage.
Fabre’s observations are quite consistent with this view; in
* ¢¢Nature,” vol. xxxix, 1888, p. 77.
+ “The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps,” by George W.
and Elizabeth G. Peckham, Madison, Wis., 1898, p. 221,
( exxvi )
fact it would almost appear that Darwinian evolution as apart
from Lamarckian evolution is really unknown to this great
naturalist. He seems invariably to strike Lamarck when he
aims at Darwin. In this however he is only acting in the
same manner as the majority of the early critics of the
Origin,” *
In attempting to decide upon the past history of these
insects the first necessity is to be sure of the facts. Fortu-
nately the ground has been re-traversed by Mr. and Mrs.
Peckham, so that we can compare the observations of great
and keen naturalists in two hemispheres. We find that
by the study of nine wasps of an American species, A. urnaria,
of the very genus Ammophila, which, as previously described,
chiefly furnished the basis of speculation, the American
naturalists have shown that the immense superstructure is
in large part due to a fertile imagination. So far from the
assumed perfection and accuracy with which every detail is
supposed to be repeated, the instinct is shown to be excessively
variable. The frequently-quoted conclusions that the object
of the sting is to reduce the larvee to helplessness and yet
keep it in a fresh condition, that a dead larva would be
unsuitable food and an active one a danger to the offspring
of the wasp—all these conclusions are entirely disposed of by
a few careful specially directed observations. These show that
the larva rapidly dies in a large proportion of cases and yet
affords excellent food, and that it may remain sufficiently
uninjured to wriggle continuously without stimulation, and
to move violently when bitten by the larva of the wasp.7
The following activities or performances are regarded as
truly instinctive, viz. as due to the compulsion of a hereditary
nervous mechanism :—Stinging, the methods of attack, cap-
ture and carriage of prey peculiar to each species, the kind of
prey selected, the general style and situation of the nest, the
form of cocoon.
The American naturalists finally conclude their volume with
these words :—‘‘ The general impression that remains with us
* «Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,” vol. xxvi, 1894, pp. 377—379. See
also Poulton, ‘‘Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection,”
London, 1896, chapters xix, xx, pp. 144-160.
t 2¢., pp. 30, 31, t dc., p, 234,
( exxvii_ )
as a result of our study of these activities is that their com-
plexity and perfection have been greatly over-estimated. We
have found them in all stages of development and are con-
vineed that they have passed through many degrees, from the
simple to the complex, by the action of natural selection.
Indeed, we find in them beautiful examples of the survival of
the fittest.” *
As long ago as 1889 the present writer had argued that the
Lamarckian interpretation of the instincts of Ammophila or
Sphex introduced the same difficulty as that alluded to in the
discussion of the cocoon-making instinct. It implied a gift of
prophecy, a knowledge of what would happen to offspring after
the burrow had been sealed and left to its fate.
Another powerful argument is derived from the comparison
between the instincts which are performed but once and those
which are performed many times in a single life. Various
elaborate performances are undertaken but once in an insect’s
* See the review of Dr. and Mrs. Peckham’s work in ‘ Nature,” vol.
lix, 1898, pp. 465-468.
+ The argument was used in the ‘‘ Discussion on Acquired Characters ”
in Section D of the British Association at Newcastle, Friday, September
13, 1889. See Report, p. 620, where, however, only the title of the paper
is printed. The following sentences are quoted from the abstract in
** Nature,” vol. xl, 1889, p. 610 :—
‘* With regard to instinct, Dr. Romanes had suggested a difficulty—
that was, the instinct of certain wasps to sting and paralyze the nerve
centres of their prey. But it must be remembered that the benefits
arising from this instinct were felt not by the wasps themselves, but
by their progeny.”
In ‘‘Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,” vol. xxvi, 1894, p. 392, the argu-
ment is stated in greater detail as follows :—
“‘The wasp-like insect has no opportunity of learning by experience
because it can never know whether the larva stored up is a failure or a
success. Ifthe larva had not been stung, or, accepting the received accounts,
had been stung in the wrong place, it would struggle and perhaps kill the
young grub ; or dying of starvation it might dry up and be useless as food.
But the Hymenopteron never goes back to inquire. It makes all the
difference to the young grubs whether the food provided for them is in an
appropriate condition or not, but it makes no difference whatever to the
parent insect. The latter seals up the chamber in which its eggs have
been laid and never opens it again ; it has no chance of noting the failure
or the success of the food it has provided. It is clearly a case like that of
the cocoon, which cannot be explained on the Lamarckian theory and
must be explained on the Darwinian. And this latter interpretation is
easy ; those insects which possessed the nervous mechanism impelling
them to provide food in an appropriate condition gave to their offspring
the opportunity of surviving and inheriting the same instinct ; while
others, impelled to perform less efficient actions, were thereby cut off from
Drenalin in the next generation,” The passage has been slightly
modified,
C ve@xsxyaai | \")
lifetime, and thus are always “prior to individual experience.” *
The behaviour which leads to the production of an elaborate
cocoon or the burial of a larva in its earthen cell is clearly
instinctive, and the most convincing evidence would be re-
quired—evidence which it is needless to say is entirely lacking
—in order to prove that certain insects which perform an act
no more elaborate many times in their lives are guided by
anything except the compulsion of a “nervous system built
through heredity.” ¢ If the cocoon-making instinct has evolved
through selection, the comb-making instinct of the social
Hymenoptera has surely arisen in the same way and not
through the operation of an entirely different set of causes.
As a matter of fact I have witnessed the perfection of comb-
building “prior to individual expérience” and under con-
ditions which prevented the worker from profiting by the
experience of others. I have seen “the worker of a species of
Vespa freshly emerged from the pupa, and the sole perfect
insect upon the young comb (the queen-mother having been
previously killed), immediately seize upon the broken material
of the comb and begin accurately and with exact precision to
build up the thin and delicate sides of injured cells containing
the living larve.” {
The strongest of all arguments against Lamarckian evolu-
tion was advanced nearly fifty years ago by Darwin in the
first edition of the “ Origin of Species” ; and here too we see
that demonstrative evidence was supplied to the greatest of all
naturalists by reflection upon the insect world, and of the part
of it which we are now considering. ‘ No amount of exercise,
or habit, or volition,” he says, speaking of ants, “in the utterly
sterile members of a community could possibly have affected
the structure or instincts of the fertile members, which alone
leave descendants. I am surprised that no one has advanced
this demonstrative case of neuter insects against the well-
known doctrine of Lamarck.” §
* For instance, the cocoon-making instinct, already alluded to (see
pp. exx-cxxiii). Weismann has directed particular attention to this
argument against a Lamarckian interpretation (‘‘The Evolution Theory,”
London, 1904, pp. 155 e¢ seqq.).
+ ‘“‘Nature,” vol. xv, 1901, p.51. The passage has been slightly modified.
AB (hy 10h UE § ‘* The Origin of Species,” London, 1859, p. 242,
io
( exe >)
It is indeed surprising that Darwin himself, after his own
crushing argument against the hypothesis of evolution by
inherited experience, should have been willing to admit some
tincture of the same principle in other parts of the wide field.
If we are perforce thrown upon unaided natural selection for
the origin and growth of the most complex and specialized
societies of the Hymenoptera, what need have we for co-operat-
ing causes of evolution elsewhere ?
I conclude this section of my Address dealing with the most
remarkable of all nerve-mechanisms of instinct known to us,
with the following impressive comparison, made by Professor
Lankester, after contemplating the higher forms in which
instincts have been replaced by the power of educability.
“The character which we describe as ‘educability’ can be
transmitted ; it is a congenital character. But the results of
education can not be transmitted. In each generation they
have to be acquired afresh. With increased ‘educability’
they are more readily acquired and a larger variety of them.
On the other hand, the nerve-mechanisms of instinct are
transmitted, and owe their inferiority as compared with the
results of education to the very fact that they are not acquired
by the individual in relation to his particular needs, but have
arisen by selection of congenital variation in a long series of
preceding generations.”
“To a large extent the two series of brain-mechanisms, the
‘instinctive’ and the ‘ individually acquired,’ are in opposition
to one another. Congenital brain-mechanisms may prevent
the education of the brain and the development of new
mechanisms specially fitted to the special conditions of life. To
the educable animal the less there is of specialized mechanism
transmitted by heredity, the better. The loss of instinct is what
permits and necessitates the education of the receptive brain.”’
‘“‘We are thus led to the view that it is hardly possible for
a theory to be further from the truth than that expressed by
George H. Lewes and adopted by George Romanes, namely,
that instincts are due to ‘lapsed’ intelligence. The fact is
that there is no community between the mechanisms of instinct
and the mechanisms of intelligence, and that the latter are
later in the history of the development of the brain than the
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1904. K
(° sexe -")
former, and can only develop in proportion as the former
become feeble and defective.” *
The bearing of Insect Warning and Mimetic Colowrs upon the
supposed hereditary transmission of experience by their Verte-
brate enemies.—Adaptations which facilitate the education of
entomophagous vertebrates are so perfect and so wide-spread
in insects that they constitute a large body of indirect evidence
in favour of the non-transmission by heredity of the results of
experience. Fritz Miiller, in bis celebrated theory of mimicry,
suggested that the object of the likeness between the warning
colours of specially-protected species was to reduce the danger
from the attacks of young and inexperienced enemies. This
is all the more interesting because, as Professor Meldola has
pointed out, “in 1879 the question of the non-transmission of
acquired characters had not been brought into prominence.
It was tacitly assumed in the theory of Bates that a know-
ledge of edible and inedible types could be transmitted by
heredity. It is remarkable that Miiller, by virtue of his
hypothesis, should have unconsciously challenged this tacit
assumption by suggesting that young birds had to learn by
experience, and did not derive their knowledge of eatable and
distasteful forms by heredity. The whole tendency of Prof.
Lloyd Morgan’s work of late years has been to confirm the
suggestion by actual observation and experiment; and Mr.
Finn, also, in summing up this result, states that ‘each bird
has to separately acquire its experience, and well remembers
what it has learned.’ Thus the Miillerian theory of 1879 has
now been placed on a psychological basis of well-ascertained
facts.” T
The problem has been attacked from both sides with
concordant results. In contemplating the vast scale upon
which these aids to memory and education are developed, it is
necessary to take into account the pressure of the struggle for
existence upon the enemies themselves. ‘ This pressure is
chiefly felt by the young, and it is so excessive that compara-
tively few individuals in the fresh wave sent forth at each breed-
ing season, survive to become mature and experienced. It
* From the Jubilee Volume of the Soc. de Biol. of Paris, 1899,
Reprinted in ‘‘ Nature,” vol. xi, 1900, pp. 624—625.
t+ ‘* Nature,” vol. lx, 1899, p. 57.
( viexiexi )
follows from this fact that the amount of selective pressure
exerted by inexperienced enemies of insects is many times
as great as that which is due to the educational period of
the mature enemies existing at any moment.”* We also
realize the fact that insects as food are of far greater import-
ance than might be at first sight supposed ; for they supply
not only the insectivorous species but those other forms which
in turn prey upon them.
Thus, when we bring together the evidence supplied by the
study of insects it is seen that it nowhere supports the
assumption upon which Lamarckian evolution is founded, the
assumption that acquired characters are transmissible by
heredity.
Before leaving the Chair at the conclusion of my second
year of office I desire warmly to thank the Officers, Members
of Council, and Fellows of the Society, who by their kind-
ness have made my task so easy and altogether pleasurable,
You will, I know full well, accord the same generous sympathy
to my successor, and under his guidance I feel confident that
the prosperity of recent years will be continued, I hope in
even larger measure.
Before taking leave of the Fellows in my official capacity I
desire to direct their attention to two thoughts, both of which
I have endeavoured to keep prominently before the Society,
thoughts which I trust will continue to inspire our meetings.
First, ever to remember the high significance of the material
we study; to realize its priceless value for the elucidation
and the solution of problems the most intricate, difficult and
important ; to feel that this unrivalled opportunity is a serious
personal responsibility.
Secondly, always to bear in mind that London is a great
deal more than the capital of England, and that the Entomo-
logical Society of Jondon can do much to help the work of
naturalists all over the world—men in some conditions better
off than we are, in other conditions less well provided, with
new and inspiring problems at hand calling for study, but
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. lxv. The form of the passage has
been slightly modified.
( "cx 7)
without the stimulus and the continual aid of our vast stores
of literature and our easy intercourse with kindred minds.
We can do much to help such men, not only by means of our
publications but even more by establishing contact with them,
by showing them that their work is of value and interest to
the naturalists of a distant land. And although I trust and
am sure that such encouragement will be offered freely to
every naturalist who may approach us, whatever be _ his
nationality, yet the wide extent of the British Empire and
the roving spirit of her sons, ensure that it will be our own
people in many lands whom we shall chiefly benefit, who will
benefit us in turn. And thus we may hope to aid in no small
measure the forces that make for sympathy and friendship
and true union between men whose communication is thwarted
by both time and space. And this happy result will be
achieved by and will itself promote the advancement of that
branch of learning for which this great Society came into
being, grew into strength and beneficence, and awaits I doubt
not a yet more glorious future.
(| exxxiii )
GENERAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The President’s Address is not separately indexed.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Abdera 4-fasciata, exhibited, liv.
Acanthopsyche febretta, moulting habit of larva of, Ixxi.
Aculeata from Majorca and Spain, 1, 591-665.
Aculeata, note on mimicry of, Ixxiii.
Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, 93-116. Analysis and Percentages
of species and genera, 94. Courtship of Mutilla, 111. Catalogue of
species, 96-109. Conspicuous species, 109-116. Flowers most fre-
quented by, 94, 115. Polistes hebraeus, Fab., great colour variety of,
114. Seasons for collecting, 92. Vespa cincta, and nests of, 114.
Aischna isosceles, specimens of, exhibited, xxi; distinguished from 7.
grandis, tb.
Aestivating larve (H. hyerana), lxx.
Agrion armatum exhibited, Ixv.
Agrotis ashworthii, living larva of, exhibited, xxxiii.
Agrotis spina used for food, xiii ; exhibited, xxii.
Amauris albomaculata, the model of the var. of the cenea form of Papilio
dardanus, 680, 682.
Amauris dominicanus, the model of the hippocoonoides form of Papilio
dardanus (= cenea), 679.
Amauris echeria, the model of the cenea form of Papilio dardanus, 679, 682.
Anal lobe of Lycznids, note on, Ixxxix.
Angerona prunaria, exhibited, xl.
Anosia plexippus, assembling of, xxiii.
Anthomyia spreta, Giraud, ova, larval-work, and pupa of, exhibited, with note
upon, xlviii.
Anthrax, genus discussed, xxix-xxx, and exhibited, xxxii, xxxiii.
Anthrax circumdata, identified, xxxiv.
Apions, series of the red, exhibited, i.
Apis melirfica, captured by Philanthus triangulum, Majorca, 607; devoured
by Dasypogon diadema, 660.
Apterygida media (= albipennis), exhibited, liv.
Arctia caja, teratological specimen of, exhibited, and note upon, lv.
Argynnis paphia, and A. adippe, moulting habit of larve of, 1xxi.
( cxmxiv’ )
Asilid mimic of “Carpenter Bee,’ exhibited, xxxix.
Asilide, significance of the mimicry of Aculeates by, 661-665.
Aspidomorpha puncticosta, anatomy of, 5.
Assembling of Californian insects, xxiii-xxiv.
Atherix crassipes, from New Forest, exhibited, Ixxix.
Aulonium suleatum, exhibited, liv.
Bagous lutosus, exhibited, lxix.
Bagous glabrirostris, exhibited, Ixx.
Balance sheet, xciv.
Birch, larva-like twig of, exhibited, xxxiii.
Birds attacking Elymnias and Rhopalocampta benjamini, note on, xxxvii.
Bledius femoralis, exhibited, lvi; B. tawrus, exhibited, 72d.
Bombylidx, genus discussed, xxxi.
Brachyscelis duplex, gall of, exhibited, xxxiii.
Bracon, mimetic, exhibited, xxxiv.
Bugong moth, an article of insect food, note on, ix—xiii; exhibited, xxii.
Buprestidz, from New South Wales, exhibited, xxii.
Burchell Collection, notes on species included in, Ixxvi-Ixxviii, Ixxix, Ixxx,
Ixxxiii, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv.
Callicera, European species of, exhibited, liv.
Callicera sxnea, exhibited, liii; C. yerbury?, Verr., exhibited, id.
Camptogramma fluviata, experimental series of, exhibited, Ixxxiv.
Canales de la Sierra, 71.
Carpenter Bee, and mimic, exhibited, xxxix.
Cassidide, egg cases of, i. Anatomy of <Aspidomorpha puncticosta, 5.
Ethology, 15. Lécaillon, egg coverings, 16. Mantidz, egg cases, 16.
Catopsilia pyranthe, breeding experiments on, in Ceylon, xxxvii, li-liii, 701-2 ;
effect of wet and dry conditions on, lxxxix.
Catopsilias, scent of male, 1xxxviii.
Cephenomyia rufibarbis, exhibited, and note upon, Ixvii.
Ceylon, migration of butterflies in, li.
Chalicodoma sicula much worn by July in Majorca, 620.
Chlorripe godmani, exhibited, lv.
Cis bilamellatus, exhibited, Ixv.
Coccinellide assembling on mountain-tops, Xxiii-xxvi.
Cocoons, specialization in Heterogynis, 76.
Coffee berries injured by Scolytid, exhibited, Ixxxix.
Coleophora genus, living larvz and cases exhibited, and notes on life histories
of :—C. albitarsella, xlix ; C. aleyonipennella, xxxvi; C. alticolella, 1xi;
C. argentula, \xii; C. artemisiella, \xi; C. bicolorella, xlix; C. cespi-
titiella, lxii; C. conyzwe, xxxiv; C. currucipenella, 1; C. discordella, 1;
C. fuscocuprella, \xi; C. hemerobiella, xxxv; C. laricella, xxxv; C. lari-
pennella, Ixii ; C. lineola, xlix; C. maeniacella, \xii; C. nigricella, 1; C.
ochrea,1; C. pyrrhulipennella,xxxvi ; C. solitariella, xxxvi; C. therinella,
Ix; C. troglodytella, xxxv ; C. vibicella, \xiii; C. viminetella, xlix.
Coleoptera from North Wales, exhibited, i.
Colias edusa, scent of male of, note upon, lvii ; protective habits of, Ixxvi.
Colletes, lantern slides illustrating structure of, exhibited, ii.
Conorrhinus infestans attacking man, Ixxvii, lxxviii.
Conorrhinus megistus attacking man, exhibited, lxxvi ; figured, lxxvii.
( exxxy, )
Corethra obscuripes, exhibited, xxxiii.
Crastia amymone (= felderi, Butl.), and godarti, forms of, exhibited, lxxxvi ;
godarti, a subspecific form of amymone, ib.
Cynips kollart, gallresembling that of, exhibited, lxxix.
Cyrtidz, Dipterous family of, mentioned, xxviii.
Damalina sp.,an Asilid which preys upon its model Melipona apicalis, 662.
Danaids, scent of, Ixxxix.
Dasypogon diadema, the following species devoured by this Asilid :—Campo-
notus cruentatus, 631; Formica rufa, 631; Tiphia femorata, 633; Pom-
pilus viaticus, 634; Polistes gallica, 640; Sphecodes gibbus, 643; Apis
mellifica, 660; Sarcophaga sp., small coleoptera, a Hemipteron, its own
male, 661; mimics species of Pompilus, 661, 662.
Delias hempeli, exhibited, lv.
Dianthexcia luteago, var. ficklini, exhibited, lxv; var. barretti7, mentioned, 2b.
Diptera, Burchell’s British Collection of, exhibited, Ixxix.
Dorcadion, species of, from Spain, exhibited, vi; swarming on hill-tops,
XX1V-XXVi.
Dyschirius politus, exhibited, lvi.
Dysmachus trigonus, the following species devoured by this Asilid :—Myrme-
cocystus albicans, 631; Rhizotrogus sauzi ?, 662.
Election of Fellows, iv, xx, xxviii, xxxviii, li, Ixiv, lxix, Ixxvili, lxxxii.
Elevated and exposed hibernation, xxv.
Elymnias, bird attack upon, note on, xxxvii.
Epinephele janira, scent of male of, note upon, lviii; aberrant specimen
exhibited, lxix.
Ephippiomyia ephippium, discussed, xxxii.
Erebias, from Spain, exhibited, and notes upon, xlvi-xlviii.
Eucera grisea, much worn by the end of June in Majorca, 623.
Eumenes coarctatus, cells of, exhibited, liv.
Eupatorium macrophyllum, attractive to insects, exhibited, xxxii.
Euplea (Danais) hamata, erroneously described as used for food, ix.
Floral simulation of Mantis, note upon, iil.
Gadflies, deer, exhibited, and notes upon, lxvii—Ixviil.
Galls upon terebinthine shrub from Rocamadour, exhibited, lv.
Ganoris (Pieris) brassicx, scent of, note upon, lviil, Ixxxix ; symmetrically
injured, exhibited, Ixv.
Ganoris (Pieris) rapa, scent of, note upon, lvi.
Genista scorpius, 71.
Geometrid superficially resembling Saturniid, exhibited, xxii.
Geometridz, descriptions of eight new Genera and eighty-eight new species
of Tropical African, 498-586; notes on transfer of species heretofore
put in other Families, to the, 497; references given for all the
Tropical African species of, described up to date, not referred to in the
monograph, 580-590.
Geotrupide, definition and classification, 747 ; relationship to Passalidve, 7d.
Glenea pulchella, specimen of, exhibited, vi; note on mimicry of, vi, vii.
Gongylus gongyloides exhibited in the nymph stage, and note upon, iii.
Guadarrama, Erebias on the, xlvi, lxxxvii.
Halictus scabiosx, the commonest Aculeate in Majorca, 612.
Haplothorax burchelli, exhibited, and note on, lxxv.
(| cixevi )
Hastula hyerana, Mill., from Hyéres, exhibited, and note on, Ixx.
Hemerophila abruptaria, light and dark offspring of, exhibited, xxii.
Hibernation, gregarious, of Californian insects, note on, xxii-xxiv; in high
elevations, xlvi.
Hippodamia convergens, assembling of, xxiii.
Hydroptilide, new species of, 324, 327; species new to Britain of, 327, 328.
H. cintrana, n. sp., from Portugal, 324-5. H. sparsa, mentioned, 324.
Hyperechia «xylocopiformis circling round a Xylocopid bee, xxxix, 662;
figured, Ixxxvii.
Hypoderma diana, Brauer, exhibited, and note upon, lxviii.
Hypolimnas misippus, offspring bred from a variety of the female, 689;
exhibited, 1.
India and Ceylon, note upon entomological experiences in, 1xxxviii.
Insect swarms on mountain-tops, notes on, xxiv.
Isopogon brevirostris, discussed, xxxii.
Labidura riparia, living specimen of, exbibited, liv.
Lexemobothrium titan, diagram of mouth of, figured, and note upon, v.
Lamellicorn, Classification, 749; larvae, occurrence of eyes, 713; possible
uses of organs of stridulation, 714; stridulation organs, apparently
erratic occurrences, 714; larvee, sound production by, ]xxxiii.
Lampyris?, luminous larva of, exhibited, and note on, Ixxiv.
Laphria marginata, discussed, xxxii.
Larve, skins of Burchell’s South African (1814), exhibited Ixxx.
Larval spicules (Heterogynis), 73.
Lasius niger, swarming on hill-tops, xxv; winged males and females driven
off in separate waves by the workers, xxv.
Leucania favicolor, varieties and aberrations of, exhibited, Ixxxiii. Z. bre-
vilinea, note on range of, Ixxv.
Limnas chrysippus, scent of, 1xxxix; the model of the trophonius form of
Papilio dardanus, 679, 688.
Longicorn, imitated by a Braconid, from Natal, exhibited, xxxiv.
Lozopera deaurana, exhibited, xiv.
Lycena corydon, aberrations of, exhibited, x1.
Lyceenids, anal lobe of certain, note on, Ixxxix.
Macheritis glabratus, exhibited, x].
Machimus chrysitis, devouring Camponotus cruentatus, 631.
Machimus rusticus?, discussed, xxxii.
Majorca, new species of Aculeates, 591; Aculeates captured in Majorca and
Spain compared, 624-626; features of the island, 591, 592; route
followed in 1901, 592-597.
Mallophaga, diagram of one of the, figured and exhibited, v.
Mamestra brassicx, remarkable pale form of, exhibited, xxii.
Mantide, egg-cases of, 16.
Megachile sericans, aposematic display of the red scopa, 620.
Melanism in H. hyerana, 1xx.
Melitwa athalia, from Switzerland, aberrations of, exhibited, Ixxix.
Merope group of the Genus Papilio, tabular statement of, 691.
Migration of Butterflies in Ceylon, note upon, xxxvii, li, 701.
Mimetic association of Erebias, xlviii.
Mochlonyx velutinus, exhibited, and note upon, xxxix.
( exxxvii )
Moncayo, Coleoptera at, 88-97 ; Hemiptera-Heteroptera at, 97, 98.
Monethe johnstoni, exhibited, lv.
Monomorium salomonis, exhibited, 1xvi.
Mountain-tops, insect swarms on, note on, xxiii-xxvi.
Miillerian association of black and transparent species from British Guiana,
exhibited, ii; described, 160, 169.
Miillerian mimicry of genus Glenea, vii.
Mycetophilid fly, cocoons of, exhibited, xxxix.
Myrmicaria fodiens (= subcarvinata), exhibited, Ixv.
Nemoptera, unnamed species of, exhibited, xxviii.
Neoitamus cothurnatus, Meig,, specimens of, exhibited, xxxiii.
Neuraphes carinatus, exhibited, lvi.
Nitocris nigricornis, close resemblance to a large Bracon, xxxiv.
Nomination of Officers and Council, lxxxii.
North Wales, Coleoptera from, exhibited, i.
Obituary Notices—Robert McLachlan, xxxviii; W. R. Hall, lxxxiii.
Ochodxus, peculiar spines of leg, possible use, 726.
Ocyptera brevicornis, a Tachinid fly mimetic of Sphecodes, exhibited, lxv,
644-647.
Oncoptera intricata, exhibited, and note upon distinctive habits of, xxvi-
XXVii.
Ophionine ichneumon with fungus attachment, exhibited, xl.
Orchestes sparsus, exhibited, lxxix.
Orochares angustata, exhibited, xxviil.
Paltothyreus tarsatus, foetid ant, exhibited, and note on, xl-xli.
Papilio antinorii, the male of, compared with other males of the merope-
group, 683, 684.
Papilio dardanus, cenea form of, exhibited, ii,1; the male compared with other
males of the merope-group, 683, 684; note on breeding experiments,
ii, Ixxxv, 677; trophonius form exhibited, and note upon, ii, iii, lxxxv, I,
685-688 ; hippocoonoides, form of, bred from the cenea form, 679, 680, 682 ;
proportions of the female forms of, in South Africa, 686-688.
Papilio homerus, exhibited and coloured drawings of, liv-lv.
Papilio meriones, the male of, compared with other males of the merope-group,
683, 684.
Papilio nobilis associated with hesperus-group rather than merope-group, 691.
Papilio weiskez, exhibited, i.
Pararge shakra, rest attitude of, [xxxviii.
Passalidze from the Hope Collection, exhibited, lxxxiii ; social habit of, 737.
Pemphigus cornicularius, Pass., galls of, exhibited, lv.
Peribalus vernalis, rare bug, exhibited, xxii.
Philanthus triangulum, carrying bees to its nest, Majorca, 607.
Phorodesma smaragdaria, larve of, exhibited, and note on protective resem-
blance of, Ix.
Phora formicarum, parasitic on ants, exhibited, xxi.
Phora, sp., parasitic on bees, exhibited, xxi.
Photuris lineola, Blanch., note on larva of, Ixxxv.
Pierine butterflies, preparations of the scent of male, exhibited, and note
upon, lvi-lx, Ixxxviii.
Pieris rapx, note on protective resemblance of, lxxv.
( cxxxviii )
Platiphora lubbocki, exhibited, lxix.
Polistes gallica ( = gallicus), cells of, exhibited, liv.
= 3 - great abundance of, in Majorca, 609; devoured
by Dasypogon diadema, 640.
Polydrusus sericeus, exhibited, lvi.
Pompilus viaticus, carrying a spider much larger than itself, 600; devoured
by its mimic Dasypogon diadema 2, La Granja, 634, 661.
President’s Address, xev.
Protective resemblance of moths from British Guiana, note on, xxii.
Protective habit of Prerts rape, Ixxv.
Psammophila hirsuta, swarming near the summit of Penalara, La Granja,
xxiv, 636.
Pselaphus dresdensis, Hubst., exhibited, xxviii.
Pterophorus lithodactylus, moulting habits of larva of, lxxi.
Ptinus tectus, exhibited, i.
Ptychoderes elongatus, Germ., note on larva of, 1xxxiv.
Pyramets cardui, assembling habit of, xxiv; courtship of, xlv.
Pyropsyche moncaunella, exhibited, vi.
Quedius nigroceruleus, exhibited, lxxxiii.
Rest attitude of lepidoptera, Ixxxviii.
Rhizotrogus ? sp., exhibited, lvi.
Rhynchota, egg-clusters of, protected by female, 483.
Rumia crategata, pupa enclosed in Pieris pupa case, exhibited, xxxiii.
Sagra humeralis, nu. sp., exhibited, Ixxxiii. S. senegalensis, exhibited, xxviii.
Salius bisdecoratus, the female mimetic of Scolia quadripunctata, 602.
Satyrids adopting sideways attitude at rest, 1xxxviii.
Satyrus semele, scent of, note upon, viii.
Sceliphron pensilis, during flight suggests the appearance of two insects, 605.
Scent of male Pierine butterflies, lvi-lIx; of Indian Rhopalocera, noted,
Ixxxvili-ix.
Smerinthus quercus, newly-hatched larva of, moulting without food,
Ixxi.
Solenopsis geminata, exhibited, Ixvi.
South African Butterflies, imperfectly known forms of, exhibited, iv.
Spain, numbers of species of Aculeates captured compared with those of
Majorca, 624-626 ; routes followed in 1900, 1901 and 1902, 625-630.
Species? What is a, discussion, xiii—xvii.
Spencer, Herbert, extract from will of the late, xvii.
Sphecodes, mimetic (synaposematic) species of, Spain, Ixv, 644-649; other
Aculeates synaposematic with, 646-649.
Sphecodes reticulatus, devoured by flower-haunting spider, Montserrat, 644.
Spider, mimetic of Coccinellid, exhibited, lxvi.
Spiracles in larva of Hyleborus, 102.
Stactobia atra, Hag., comparison of appendages of with Ris’ figure of those
of S. fuscicornis, 326.
Stactobia eatonianella, Mcl., reference to Klapalek’s figure of, id.
Stratiomyidz to Cyrtidz, discussion on Dipterous families of, xxviii—xxxil.
Stridulating Moth from New South Wales, exhibited, v.
Stridulating organs, sexual differences in Coleoptera, 716; relation to
situation, 719.
( \cxrxxix )
Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea (1902-3) and Hypolimnas misippus (1904),
677.
Syrphidz from New Forest, exhibited, Ixxii.
Tachinid Fly, mimetic, exhibited, Ixv.
Tachys parvulus, exhibited, xxxix.
Tectocoris lineola, var. banksi, Don., egg-protecting habit of, 483.
Tetropium fuscum, exhibited, liv. T. castaneum, exhibited, 1xxxiii.
Thysanurid, gigantic species of genus of, exhibited, v.
Tineid moth from Ceylon, remarkable larval cases of, exhibited, xxxix.
Treasurer, Election of, xxxix.
Triphxna comes, two generations of, exhibited, viii.
Troides meridionalis, Roths., exhibited, i.
Tropiphorus, specimens of genus of, exhibited, and note upon, vi.
Tusser silk moth, drawings of development of pupal wings of, exhibited,
Ixxxiv.
Vanessa polychloros, pairing of, xlv.
Vanessa urticx, note on cryptic ova of, xli. Courtship of, notes on the,
xlii-xlvi.
Vanessidz, time of pairing of, in Britain, xlii—xlvi.
Vespa germanica, rarity of, in Majorca, 609.
Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i.
Volucella, significance of the mimicry of Aculeates by, 663-665.
Volucella bombylans generally unnoticed by its model Bombus terrestris when
compelled to enter the nest, 663; oviposition of the banded var. mystacea
observed in the nest of the red-tailed Bombus derhamellus, 664; move-
ment of anterior legs mimetic of the warning attitude of Bombus, 664.
Volucella inanis safely approaching the nest of its model, the wasp, 663.
Warble fly, pairing habit of, xxv; correction, liii.
What is a Species? discussion, xili—xvii.
Wing-markings in Lepidoptera as specific characters, 72.
Xanthandrus comotus, mentioned, lxx.
Xylocopa fenestrata, F., figured, Ixxxvii.
Xylocopid model of Asilid fly, photograph of, exhibited, and figured, Ixxxvi-vii.
Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, scent of, mentioned Ix.
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SPECIAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman numerals
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,
abaris (Papilio), 189 Acidalia, 499, 511, 554, 555, 558, 587
», (Synargis), 189 Acidota, i
abbadon (Anthrax), xxx Acinopus, 88
abbreviata (Epigynopteryx), 580 Acmeodera, 91
as (Pitthea), 539 Acmeops, 95
abbreviatus (Celonites), 639 Acolastus, 208
(Olocrates), 92 Acollesis, 586
Abdera, liv, 87, 98 Acrea, iv, x, 65, 70, 1167, 170, 231,
abdominalis (Telephorus), 91 232, 246, 492
abdullah (Terpnosia), 676 Actinote, 167, 647
abeillei (Colletes), 39, 50, 51, 62, 63, 643 | Actocharis, 88
abluta (Stibolepis), 697 actoris (Cremna), 183
abnormis (Cylindrogaster), 287 », (Papilio), 183
», (Tomopygia), 287, 288 Aculeata, lxxiii
aborta (Hemerophila), 584 aculeata (Mordella), 86, 93
Abraxas, x acuminata (Ccelioxys), 619
abruptaria (Boarmia), 528 acuminatus (Tomicus), 95
53 (Buzura), 528 acuta (Anthela), 480
ais (Hemerophila), Ixxii », (Ceratina), 653
absimilis (Geodena), 151 acuticornis (Osmia), 658
absonus (Loxopleurus), 345,443, 458,461 | acuticosta (Dalader), Ixxxii
abyssiniaria (Hypochroma), 585 acutipennis (Gymnoscelis), 590
abyssinica (Phiala), 696, 700 5 (Pelidnota), 255, 263
acaciaria (Boarmia), 531 acutus (Colletes), 38, 60, 62, 63
», inusitata (Chogada), 532 Adalia, 97
Acadra, 508, 510, 583 adeba (Vestura), 142
Acantholepis, 597 Adelpha, 176, 177
Acanthopsyche, lxxi adippe (Argynnis), ]xxi
acanthopygus (Colletes), 49 adouma (Platypleura), 668, 676
Acanthoscelis, 519, 522, 582 adumbratus (Mellissius), 718
accra (Geodena), 149 adunea (Crocisa), 658
accraria (Somatina), 565 >, (Osmia), 622, 657
acentetus (Loxopleurus), 345, 434 adusta (Anthela), 479
Acerus, 719, 749 adustum (Anthobium), 89
Acetropis, 98 Agidiuus, 724, 739, 740, 747, 750
Acherontia, lxxx Agidium, 724, 738, 739, 745, 747, 750
Achlyodes, 213, 214 egita (Hesperia), 210
achromata (Anthela), 481 >, (Proteides), 210
aciculata (Pelidnota), 254, 261 egretta (Problepsis), 564
aciculatus (Cryptocephalus), 338, 339, | egrotum (Nyctemera), 472
370, 457, 460 egyptius (Coranus), 98
Alia, 97
zemonia (Hyphenophora), 498
szemoniaria (Gonodontis), 527
zenea (Callicera), iii
zeneovirens (Rhynchites), 94
zeneus (Corymbites), 91
Aepys, 88
zequaria (Nemoria), 587
equinoctialis (Ochodzus), 745
Aria, 164
zrosus (Dasytes), 92
zruginosa (Pelidnota), 258
Aischna, xxi
Zschropteryx, 580
ztheraria (Trimetopia), 575
wthiops (Apion), 94
(Diplatys), 278, 280
», (Erebia), lxxxvii
ztionaria (Hypochrosis), 522
affine (Ennearthron), 92
affinis (Acadra), 583
», (Coreus), 97
, (Heterogaster), 98
», (Phytcecia), 86, 96
», (Strophosomus), 93
affirmata (Calocalpe), 580
», (Scotosia), 580
afflictaria (Nemoria), 549
afra (Ccelioxys), 619, 654
africana (Bormansia), 286, 287
Afrophyla, 575
agacles (Dynamine), 172
», (Papilio), 172
Aganisthos, 177
Agapanthia, 86, 96
Agape, 471, 472
agaricinum (Schaphisoma), 89
Agathia, 542, 585
agathina (Mylothris), xv
agave (Eurema), 202
», (Papilio), 202
Ageronia, 174
agilis (Stenocephalus), 97
Aglycoptera, 253
agna (/Mria), 164
Agonis, 155
agrammaria (Acidalia), 587
agrapta (Craspedia), 588
Agraptochlora, 547, 586
Agraylea, 323, 324
Agrilus, 87, 91
Agrion, lxv
Agrophila, 139
agrorum (Bombus), 659
29
.
Agrotis, xiii, xxii, xxxiii
agyrtus (Isapis), 190
», (Papilio), 190
(
var. pascuorum (Bombus), 660
exlii )
Airaphilus, 90
Akis, 92
alalia (Actinote), 167
», (Papilio), 167
alardus (Papilio), 210
», (Telegonus), 210
alaris (Scolia), 602
albata (Thecla), 193
», (Tmolus), 193
albicans (Myrmecocystus), 631
albicornaria (Eucrostes), 586
albida (Camerunia), 698
», (Induna), 587
albidus (Papilio), 70
albifimbria (‘Thalassodes), 585
albifrons (Mesomima), 584
iz (Pseudagenia), 603
albigenus (Podalirius), 623, 658
albilinea (Idiocephala), 346, 377, 457
albimacula (Prostemma), 98
albimaculata (Scotopterix), 528
59 (Xylopteryx), 528
albimarginata (Paragathia), 586
albimargo (Mixocera), 549
albimedia (Scotopterix), 528
albina (Appias), li, 705
albipennis (Apterygida), liv
a (CEdicentra), 529
albipilis (Haplocnemus), 92
albirupta (Ctenaulis), 589
albisectus (Sphex), 636
albisticta (Antharmostes), 586
albistigma (Caradrina), 139
albistriga (Eupagia), 581
albistrigata (Eucrostes), 586
albitarsella (Coleophora), xlix
albivitta (Chamelimnas), 465, 468
alboacuminatus (Aphanus), 98
albofasciata (Andrena), 617, 653
ats (Microplax), 98
albogrisearia (Macaria), 583.
albogularis (Schizosternus), 336, 387,
457
albomaculata (Amauris), 680, 682
albomaculatus (Lygzus), 97
albosignata (Petrodava), 502
alboviridata (Comibzena), 550
95 (Phorodesma), 550
albovittata (Anisolabis), 291
albula (Eurema), 202
», (Papilio), 202
Alcis, 533, 534, 583
aleyonipennella (Coleophora), xxxvi
Aleochara, 89
aletes (Thracides), 217
Aletis, 497, 538, 578, 579, 580, 688
alicianus (Hypebeeus), 92
aliena (Porthesia), 474
(eexbit) )
aliphera (Eueides), 169
», (Heliconius), 169
alliacea (Pelidnota), 258
Allosterna, 95
Allotrichia, 324
alluaudi (Labia), 297
almarzense (Doreadion), vi
almoda (Hesperia), 217
op (UPinevavigys Paly/
alneti (Didea), Ixxii
alpestris (Odynerus), 610, 641
alpina (Rosalia), 86, 95
alpinus (Anthophagus), i
», (Colletes), 38, 60
+, (Geotrupes), 727
alsulus (Zizera), 494
alterata (Hypochroma), 540
alternata (Dichroma), 589
alticolella (Coleophora), Lxi
alyattes (Papilio), 161
Alyson, 648
amalthea (Anartia), 171
59 (Papilio), 171
amandata (Macaria), 505
A (Semiothisa), 505
Amara, 88
Amathusia, 65
amatonga (Neurophana), 578
Amauris, xv, 679, 680, 682, 687, 688
amazonensis (Opisthocosmia), 307
ambigua (Forficula), 321
americana (Chrysomela), 96
- (Forcipula), 288
5 (Opisthocosmia), 307
Amerila, 470
amica (Nyctemera), 471
amicalis (Margaronia), 157
amictus (Antholinus), 92
amisus (Eudamus), 209
ammios (Trichodes), 92
Ammobates, 648
Ammeecius, 91
Ammophila, xxiv, xxvi, 626, 635, 648,
649
Amnemopsyche, 537, 538
Amnosia, 67
Ameebe, 568
amphideta (Euproctis), 474
amphinome (Papilio), 174
5 (Peridromia), 174
amphione (Dismorphia), 200
53 (Papilio), 200
amplicollis (Cadmus), 362
= (Hister), 90
amplicornis (Pterolocera), 479
amplissimata (Acidalia), 499
(Rhaiidava), 499
amputata (Cacorista), 587
amputatus (Otiorrhynchus), 93
amymone (Crastia), lxxxvi, lxxxix
amyntas (Acolastus), 208
», (Papilio), 208
Ana, 178
analiplaga (Buzura), 527
analis (Atomaria), 90
», (Chrysomela), 96
,, (Diandichus), 335, 386, 460
anandaria (Cosymbia), 561
anaphus (Papilio), 210
,, (Telegonus), 210
Anartia, 66, 70, 171
anartoides (Orgyia), 476
Anaspis, 93
Anastrus, 216
anceps (Colletes), 48
anchisiades (Papilio), 69, 160
ancilla (Pelidnota), 258, 267
andamanensis (Amathusia), 65
andersoni (Elymnias), 487, 488
an (Euthalia), 489
Andrena, 617, 626, 648, 652, 653
androgeos (Papilio), 207
andromacha (Acrza), 492
andromeda (Papilio), 182
= (Taygetis), 182
andromica (Hymenitis), 165
45 (Ithomia), 165
anearia (Psilocerea), 521
Anechura, 313
Anemadus, 87, 89
Aneurus, 98
Angerona, xl, 532, 533
angolaria (Macaria), 505
Angophora, xxii
anguinata (Tephroclystia), 571
angustata (Orochares), xxviii
3 (Phyllontocheila), 98
angustatus (Prosopis), 642
angustimargo (Chlorodrepana), 552,
586
(Zamarada), 582
angustula (Padraona), 495
angustum (Anthobium), 89
angustus (Emblethis), 98
Anisobole, 589
Anisolabis, 291
Anisoplia, 91
Anisorrhynchus, 94
ann (Carea), 140
annandalei (Opisthocosmia), 307, 310
annulifera (Cosmorhoé), 589
anomala (Comostolopsis), 586
5 (Omphacodes), 552
», (Plusiotis), 276
», (Xenopeliduota), 275
anomalus (Plegapteryx), 525
( exliy )
anommata (Epinephele), lxix
Anonychia, 582
Anosia, xxiii, 491
ansorgei (Acanthoscelis), 582
», (Aschropteryx), 580
(Aleis), 583
(Asthenotricha), 589
(Calletera), 583
(Dasymacaria), 582
(Hylemera), 149, 584
(Ochyria), 589
(Tephrina), 512
(Victoria), 586
», (Zamarada), 582
Ansorgia, 589
antezrice (Mesosemia), 183
anteas (Acrea), 167
5, (Actinote), 167
antelmaria (Boarmia), 583
antennalis (Cryptocephalus), 340, 367
antennata (Isomira), 93
53 (Lymantria), 476
5 (Tephrina), 511
antennatus (Rhombosternus), 346, 381
Anteros, 186
Antharmostes, 546, 586
Anthaxia, 91
anthedon (Euralia), 687
Anthela, 469, 470, 478, 479, 480, 481
Anthicus, 93
Anthidium, 620, 621, 626, 656, 657
Anthobium, 86, 89
Anthocoris, 98
Antholinus, 86, 92
Anthomyia, xlviii
Anthonomus, 94
Anthophagus, i
Anthrax, xxix, xxx, Xxxii, xxxili
Anthyperythra, 503
Antigonus, 213
antimache (Morpho), 177
as (Prepona), 177
antinorii (Papilio), 684, 688, 691
antiochus (Heliconius), 168
ae (Papilio), 168
Antitrygodes, 589
antoninus (Hesperia), 222
‘3 (Thracides), 222
apastus (Papilio), 210
», (TLelegonus), 210
Aphenogaster, 597, 598, 632
Aphanisticus, 88
Aphanus, 98
Aphodius, 85, 86, 87, 90
Aphrissa, 205
Aphthona, 96
apiarius (Trichodes), 92
apicalis (Aporocera), 336, 382
apicalis (Megachile), 620, 655
», (Melipona), 662
», | (Ochrosopsis), 346, 347, 379
», (Pompilus), 602
», (Rhesena), 143
apicata (Pycnodontia), 586
apicirufus (Cadmus), 345, 453, 458
Apion, i, 86, 94
Apis, 660
Aplochlora, 582
Aporocera, 331, 336, 382, 383
appendiculatus (Cryptocephalus), 341,
342, 393
Appias, li, 704, 705
approximans (Hemithea), 548
7 (Nemoria), 548
approximatus (Pompilus), 602
aptera (Chelidura), 294
», (Opisthocosmia), 303
Apteropeda, 96
apterus (Nabis), 98
Apterygida, liv, 317, 318
aquaticus (Notiophilus), 88
aquila (Triodonta), 91
Aradus, 98
Arawacus, 197, 228, 229
Archichlora, 551
archippus (Danais), 162
ms (Papilio), 162
Archonias, 68
Arctia, lv
arcualis (Dichroma), 523
arenaria (Cerceris), 607, 639
e (Plerocymia), 589
arenularia (Psamatodes), 581
arethusa (Papilio), 175
AF (Peridromia), 175
argante (Papilio), 205
5 (Pheebis), 205
argentata (Magachile), 620, 655
argentatus (Cryptocephalus), 341, 370,
457
argentidisca (Craspedia), 588
argentiplaga (Turckheimeria), 584
argentula (Coleophora), xii
argillacea (Alcis), 583
3 (Leucania), lxxiii
Argina, 471, 472
argiva (Thecla), 191
Arguda, 152
Argynnis, ]xxi, 594
argyridia (Cataclysme), 568
ne (Cosmorhoé), 568
Argyris, 564, 589
argyrodines (Charis), 185
Argyrophora, 523
arhoparia (Semiothisa), 509
arietis (Clytus), vii, 86, 95
ext” |)
arietis, var. bourdilloni (Clytus), 86, 95
aristiona (Heliconius), 65
Aristus, 88
aristus (Euchenais), 187
», (Papilio), 187
armata (Opisthocosmia), 304
armatum (Agrion), lxv
arnea (Huptychia), 181
», _ (Papilio), 181
Arpedium, i
arrogans (Euproctis), 474
arrowi (Mecopelidnota), 271
arsalte (Heliopetes), 215
», (Papilio), 215
artemisia (Dynamine), 172
ss (Papilio), 172
artemisiz (Heterogaster), 97
artemisiella (Coleophora), Lxi
Artines, 217
artona (Carystus), 220
», (Hesperia), 220
arvicola (Xylotrechus), 95
ascalaphus (Helias), 215
0 (Staphylus), 215
asciscens (Anthela), 480
Asclera, 93
Ascotis, 531
asela (Crastia), Ixxxix
», (Eupleea), li, 704
ashworthii (Agrotis), xxxili
Asida, 92, 662
Asota, 470,, 471, 472
asperatum (Agidium), 738
asphodeli (Agapanthia), 96
Asphodelus, lxx
Aspidomorpha, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12) 13, 14515, 16; 17, 18, 20, 21), 22;
23
Aspilates, 504, 510, 511, 512, 581
aspilota (Anthela), 480
assimilis (Boarmia), 533
AG (Selidosema), 533
+9 (Tephrinopsis), 583
assiniensis (Spongiphora), 295
Astata, 603, 635, 648
Asthenotricha, 570, 589
astynome (Dismorphia), 68
asvllaria (Prasinocyma), 545
Atella, 493
ater (Eryx), 86, 92
,, (Lemophleceus), 87, 90
», (Rhizotrogus), 91
», (Xyletinus), 92
atergatis (Lycorea), 160, 161, 162
aterrima (Stelis), 657
aterrimus (Brachycaulus), 334, 447, 460,
461
Ateuchus, 87, 711
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1904.
athalia (Melitea), Ixxix
athenion (Talides), 219
FF (Thymelicus), 219
Atherix, Ixxix
Atheta, 89
Athous, 91
athous (Papilio), 69
atizies (Artines), 217
Atlides, 198
Atomaria, 89, 90
atomaria (Aischropteryx), 580
oF (Tephroclystia), 590
atomarium (Apion), 94
atra (Hispa), 97
», (Idiocephala), 349, 376
», (Stactobia), 326, 328
atramentarius (Loxopleurus), 348, 390
atrata (Microtoma), 98
», (Phosphuga), 89
atratus (Philonthus), 89
atricostaria (Crocinus), 581
atrilunaria (Boarmia), 583
atripes (Danaccea), 92
atroclarata (Kubolia), 567
atropos (Acherontia), Ixxx
atrosigillata (Eubolia), 567
attelaboides (Rhinomacer), 94
Attelabus, 94
attenuans (Hypochroma), 540
“ (Pseudoterpna), 540
attenuata (Nemoria), 548
A (Strangalia), 95
attenuatum (Trypoxylon), 604
attenuatus (Harpalus), 88
attesaria (Geolyces), 519
55 (Lyces), 519
Augosoma, 718, 749
augustella (Orthotrichia), 326
aulocera, Ixxxviii
Aulonium, liv
aurantiacus (Cadmus), 346, 358, 459
auratisquama (Zamarada), 581
auratus (Pedilophorus), 90
aurelia (Callicore), 173
aureolus (Cryptocephalus), 96
auriculatus (Loxopleurus), 348, 388
aurifer (Cryptocephalus), 342, 398
auriflua (Ptychopoda), 588
aurimnia (Kmesis), 186
aurivena (Ccenina), 514
aurivilliusi (Pedinaspis), 634
x (Pompilus), 634
aurocapilla (Staphylus), 215
aurolimbata (Ccelioxys), 654
f (Orgyia), 72
aurora (Lymantria), 476
aurulenta (Osmia), 622, 658
australasiz (Anthela), 479
( exlvi )
australis (Cacostegania), 582
* (Cadmus), 344, 353
ws (Ochrosopsis), 348, 380
= (Orgyia), 476
austriacus (Pemphredon), 637
Autalia, 89
Autochthon, 211
Autophylla, 518, 519
antothisbe (Prioneris), 68
avius (Charts), 185
», (Papilio), 185
axillaris (Cryptocephalus), 331
Axiologa, 473, 477
axion (Papilio), 70
azan ((Nymphidium), 188
Azata, 506, 583
azelinaria (Gonodontis), 526
Azelinopsis, 524
azureus (Ophonus), 88
baccarum (Dolycoris), 97
bactra (Tmolus), 161
beetica (Anisoplia), 91
Bagous, lxix, Ixx
bajaria (Hybernia), 72
bajulus (Anisorrhynchus), 94
Balaninus, 87, 94
baliolalis (Euproctis), 475
balteata (Tachyusa), 89
balteatus (Colletes), 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
47, 48, 49, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63
banakaria (Phyle), 586
bandajoma (Geodena), 149
barbara (Aphenogaster), 598, 632
basibrunnea (Birthama), 154
basigera (Anthela), 479
basilaria (Boarmia), 583
basilissa (Asota), 472
Basipta, 7, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23.
basizonis (Cryptocephalus), 346, 414,
458, 460
basochesii (Carystoides), 221
3 (Hesperia), 221
Batesia, 67
bathyllus (Papilio), 212
5 (Thorybes), 212
batiaria (Hypochroma), 585
baulus (Nyctemera), 471
beatificata (Eucrostes), 549
33 (Geometra), 549
beccarii (Opisthocosmia), 304
beelzebub (Forficula), 322
Belenois, ]xxxix
belisama (Delias), 68
bella (Idiocephala), 370
bellicosum (Anthidium), 657
belti (Pelidnota), 255
Bembex, iv, 123, 124, 607, 626, 637, 638
Bembidium, 88
Benchuea, Ixxvii
benjamini (Rhopalocampta), xxxvii
beon (Papilio), 192
,, (Tmolus), 161, 192
bergmannii (Dasychira), 145
Berytus, 97 i
Betarmon, 91
betule (Aradus), 98
betularia (Chogada), 531
biafaria (Gnophos), 584
Biastes, 648
biblis (Didonis), 175
>> (Papilio), 175
bibulus (Cryptus), 106
bicolor (Aporocera), 336, 383
», (Sthenarus), 98
», (Taphrorychus), 95
», (Telephorus), 91
bicolorella (Coleophora), xlix
bicornis (Hymenopus), 133
bidentata (Osmia), 657
bidentatus (Pityogenes), 95
bifasciata (Prionopleura), 337, 381
i (Strangalia), 95
bifasciatus (Litargus), 87, 90
biguttata (Tomoxia), 93
biguttatus (Aphodius), 90
bihamatus (Cryptocephalus), 336, 365,
456, 460, 461
bilamellatus (Cis), Ixv
billbergi (Coryna), 93
bimaculata (Cypria), 148
(Pelidnota), 260
bimaculatus (Anthrax), xxx
binotata (Lymantria), 476
biocellaria (Panagra), 577
4p (Panagropsis), 577
biplagiatus (Olibrus), 89
bipunctatus (Cecropterus), 211
3 (Cryptocephalus), 96
* (Papilio), 211
bipustulatus (Rhizophagus), 90
birivulata (Gymnoscelis), 574
biroi (Opisthocosmia), 306
Birthama, 154
bisdecoratus (Salius), 602
bisignatus (Olibrus), 89
bisinuatus (Prosopis), 642
bissexstriatus (Hister), 90
Biston, 527
Bithys, 193, 195
bivittata (Pelidnota), 253, 257
blandus (Cryptocephalus), 341, 395
Blaps, 92, 596
Bledius, lvi, 89
Boarmia, 528, 5381-534, 560, 583
Bocana, 143
bocchus (Bolboceras), 729
( evi)
Bolboceras, 727, 728, 729, 730, 732,
733, 748, 750
boleti (Cis), 92
», (Scardia), lxxi
bolina (Hypolimmnas), 67, 70, 493
poe Wlacania) old
bolivari (Plagiotylus), 98
Bombus, xxi, 623, 626, 659, 660, 663,
664
bombylans (Volucella), 663, 664
», var. mystacea( Volucella), 663
Bombyx, 539
bonariensis (Pelidnota), 257
bonaventura (Craspedia), 557
(Emmiltis), 557
bonchampsi (Apterygida), 317
boops (Astata), 603, 635
Bordeta, 584
Bormansia, 286
borneensis (Elymnias), ix, 487-490
bouruensis (Hamza), 674, 676
5 (Platypleura), 674
bowdenia (Atella), 493
boyerella (Andrena), 617
bracatus (Colletes), 38, 52, 53, 59, 62
braecata (Lachnabothra), 331, 334, 350
brachius (Eudamus), 209
- (Goniurus), 209
Brachyeaulus, 330, 331, 334, 383, 446,
447, 460, 461
Brachycerus, 93
Brachycoleus, 98
Brachyderes, 93
Brachylabis, 292
brachypterum (Arpedium), i
Brachypterus, 86, 90
Brachyscelis, xxxiii
Brachytarsus, 94
Brachytemnus, 94
Brachytrita, 576
Bradina, 156
brahma (Opisthocosmia), 307, 310
brahminus (Mesostenus), 113
brasiliensis (Aigidinus), 739, 740
brassicee (Ganoris), lvii, lviii, 1x
(Mamestra), xili, xxii
(Meligethes), 90
(Pieris), xxxiil, lxiv
a var. australis (Meligethes), 90
Brenthis, 66, 70
brevicauda (Mordellistena), 93
brevicollis (Meloé), 93
brevicornis (Colletes), 40, 54, 56, 62, 63
(Halictus), 612
es (Ocyptera), Ixv, 644, 645
na (Prosopis), 642
brevilinea (Leucania), Ixxv
brevirostris (Isopogon), xxxii
9?
29
””
brevis (Entomognathus), 639
breviuscula (Stelis), 657
breweri (Lachnabothra), 350
brixiola (Euptychia), 181
brongusaria (Epione), 512
oy (Tephrina), 512
Brontes, 87, 90
broomez (Dismorphia), 160, 200, 201
Bruasa, 487
brucki (Brachyderes), 93
brunnea (Azelinopsis), 524
(Calicha), 584
(Contheyla), 153
(Coptopteryx), 524
Xs (Epigynopteryx), 580
brunneata (Xylopteryx), 529
brunneus (Mycetoporus), 89
brunnipes (Ocypus), 89
bryophilaria (Tephroclystia), 590
Bryoporus, 85, 89
bucephalus (Heliocopris), 723
Bugon, xiii
Bungalotis, 211
bupresticida (Cerceris), 638
hurchelli (Haplothorax), Ixxxv
burri (Opisthocosmia), 304
Bursada, 577
butaria (Semiothisa), 510
Buzura, 527, 528
bynoei (Idiocephala), 347, 373, 457,
460, 461
Byrrhus, 85, 86, 90
Cabera, 581
Caberodes, 581
cachrus (Nymphidium), 188
», (Papilio), 188
cacica (Morpho), 65
Cacorista, 587
Cacostegania, 582
Cadmus, 330, 331, 332, 334, 336, 337
344-350, 352- 358, 362, 383, 384,
449-461,
caducaria (Emmiltis), 556
Cecina, 212
cxsareus (Pachyxyphus), 98
ceeso (Niconiades), 220
cxspitum (Tetramorium), 632
cxsus (Pleurophorus), 91
caja (Arctia), lv
cajus cajus (Theretra), lxxx
Calamodes, 584
calanus (Czecina), 212
cealaria (Biston), 527
calarie (Heterogaster), 97
Calathus, 88
ealchas (Cogia), 212
», (Eudamus), 212
Calicha, 584
2?
>
>
( exlviii )
caligatus (Mesostenus), 116
Caligo, 165, 226, 228
Calletera, 583
Callicera, liii, liv
Callicista, 194
Callicopis, 194, 195
Callicore, 67, 70, 173
Callidryas, 205
Callimorpha, 151
Calliploea, 492
Callipsyche, 191
Callistemonus, 719, 749
callosa (Ceratina), 653
Calluga, 573
Calocampa, Xxv
Calocoris, 98
calomeloides (Cadmus), 346, 347, 450
Calpodes, 219
calus (Callicopis), 194
», (Polyommatus), 194
calyce (Nymphidium), 188
Camelonotus, 717, 749
Camerunia, 697, 698, 700
campanule (Miarus), 94
campanulata (Hydroptila), 324
campestris (Cicindela), 88
5 (Psithyrus), 659
Camponotus, 597, 630, 631
campsognathus (Ochodeus), 742, 744,
745, 750
Camptogramma, lxxiv, 589
Camptopleura, 214
Camptopus, 97
cana (Cystineura), 175
canalensis (Heterogynis), 71-79
cancellata (Perizoma), 589
candezei (Hoplopelidnota), 274
candida (Annemopsyche), 537
4 (Hylemera), 537
candidaria (Pylarge), 587
candidata (Xenochroma), 540
canescens (Anthela), 480
canidia (Ganoris), 1xxxviii
canifascia (Orgyia), 476
canne (Cobalus), 216
cantabrica (Xylocopa), 654
capito (Aristus), 88
Capnodis, 87, 91
Capsus, 98
capucinus (Cryptecephalus), 96
caraboides (Helops), 86, 92
Carabus, 85, 87, 88
Caradrina, 139
Caradrinopsis, 534
Caragola, 473, 476
cararia (Semiothisa), 507
carbonaria (Pseudagenia), 608, 635
Carcinophora, 290
Cardiophorus, 91
cardui (Agapanthia), 86, 96
», (Coeliodes), 94
5; (lixus), (94
», (Papilio), xlvi
», (Pyrameis), xxiv
Carea, 140, 141
Caria, 466, 468
carice (Asota), 473
carinata (Colletes), 48
carinatus (Neuraphes), lvi
cariniger (Colletes), 39, 61, 62
cariniventris (Cryptocephalus),
338, 405
carinula (Sciaphilus), 93
cariosus (Cadmus), 330
carissima (Jamides), 495
carneata (Gymnoscelis), 590
carnifasciata (Gonanticlea), 590
carpetanus (Airaphilus), 90
i (Aphodius), 85, 87, 90
Carpocoris, 97
Cartaletis, 579, 580
Cartallum, 85, 95
Carthea, xxii
Carystoides, 221
Carystus, 220
caspicus (Colletes) 41, 47, 48, 49, 50,
61, 62, 63
cassie (Opsiphanes), 165, 226, 228
», (Papilio), 165
cassiaria (Emmiltis), 558
Cassida; 859) 135145 Wonel7elS5e20"
22, 23
cassius (Papilio), 190
», (Syntarucoides), 190
castaneum (Priobium), 92
se (Tetropium), 1xxxiii
castigatus (Loxopleurus), 348, 439, 458
castilianus (Dendarus), 92
Castnia, lxxii, 647
castor (Loxopleurus), 349, 435, 461
», (Planiceps), 599
», (Pompilus), 599
castus (Cryptocephalus), 340, 364, 456
Cataclysme, 568
Catagrainma, 67, 70, 173
catalaunaria (Psamatodes), 511
m4 (Tephrina), 511
cataleucaria (Macaria), 582
Catascia, 529, 584
catenata (Obrussa), 499
Cathormiocerus, 93
catillus (Eudamus), 208
5, (Papilio), 208
Catochrysops, 495
Catonephile, 171
Catophaga, Ixxxix
335,
(7 vexlix) )
Catopsilia, xxxvii, li, liii, Ixxxix, 701-
708
catoxantha (Idiocephala), 338, 340, 372,
457
catoxanthus (Geniates), 750
caunicus (Otiorrhynchus), 84, 85, 93
cayennensis (Pelidnota), 258, 269
ceechi (Cidaria), 590
>, (Eubolia), 590
Cecrops, 211
cecrops (Colletes), 38, 44, 45, 61, 62
Cecropterus, 211
celatisigna (Tephroclystia), 590
Celerio, xxx
celmis (Euptychia), 180
,, (Satyrus), 180
celmus (Papilio), 193
», (Tmolus), 193
Celonites, 639
celtilla (Ithomiola), 465
cenea (Papilio), iii, 1, Ixxxv, 677-692
Centrocoris, 97
centuncularis (Megachile), 620, 655
centurio (Opisthocosmia), 306
cephalotes (Scodiona), 529
es (Xylopteryx), 529
Cephenomyia, Ixvii, lxviii
cephus (Euptychia), 180
», (Papilio), 180
cerambyciformis (Leptura), 95
Cerambyx, 86, 87, 95
Ceratina, 618, 619, 626, 653
Ceratinia, 160, 164
Cerceris, 607, 608, 626, 638, 639
cerealis (Chrysomela), i
ceres (Lycorea), 160, 161, 162, 225, 229
», (Papilio), 162
cerialis (Papilio), 213
», (Pythonides), 213
Cerocoma, 93
Ceropales, 603, 648
cervina (Ccenina), 514
», (Euproctis), 474
», (Simopteryx), 580
cervinaria (Brachytrita), 576
cervinus (Polydrusus), 93
cervipyga (Opisthocosmia), 306
cervus (Lucanus), 90, 735
Cerylon, 87, 90
cespititiella (Coleophora), 1xii
Cetonia, 9]
Ceuthorrhynchidius, 94
Ceuthorrhynchus, 86, 94
ceylonica (Opisthocosmia), 305
ss (Parantica), Ixxxix
Cheetospania, 300, 301
chalceus (Loxopleurus), 330, 341, 391
Chalcis, 20
chalcites (Ceratina), 653
chaleomera (Psylliodes), 96
Chalcoplethis, 253
Chaleosia, 155
chalcothorax (Pelidnota), 258
chalepteryx (Darala), 481
Chalicodoma, 620
Challia, 285, 286
chalybeata (Nebessa), 565
- (Somatina), 565
chalybeatus (Pompilus), 600
Chalybs, 199
Chamelimnas, 465, 468
championi (Pelidnota), 258, 267
Fo (Systellonotus), 98
chaon (Papilio), 69
chapuisi (Idiocephala), 369
cs (Prasonotus), 351
Charagochilus, 98
Chariderma, 331, 335, 384, 457, 459, 461
Charis, 185
charmione (Annemopsyche), 537
Be (Papilio), 537
Charopus, 92
charybdis (Pyrrhopyge), 207
Chasmatopterus, 87, 91
Chelepteryx, 478, 481
chevrolati (Pelidnota), 259
chiarinii (Aspilates), 581
Chiasognathus, 736, 737, 750
Chilades, 190
chinensis (Gerydus), ]xxxii
chionitis (Euproctis), 474
Chionophasma, 470
chiriquina (Pelidnota), 257, 265
chiron (Megaleura), 175
», (Papilio), 175
Chittira, Ixxxix
Chleenius, 85, 89
chlamydiformis (Cyphodera), 331, 334,
386
chlorana (Pelidnota), 258
chlorinaria (Nemoria), 586
Chlorippe, lv, 68
chloris (Mylothris), xv
Chlorochroa, 97
Chloroclystis, 573, 590
Chlorocraspedia, 587
Chloroctenis, 589
Chlorodrepana, 552, 586
Chloromma, 585
Chloroplisma, 331
chloropyga (Agape), 472
Chlorostrota, 585
Chloroteras, 551
Chlosyne, 170
chobauti (Colletes), 41, 50, 61, 62, 63
Chogada, 531, 532, 583
(
Choregia, 582
chorinzus (Papilio), 184
(Zeonia), 184
Chorodnodes, 584
chrysanthemi (Mantura), 96
chryseis (Catopsilia), 701
Chrysina, 252
chrysippus (Danais), xxxvii, 688
(Limnas), Ixxxix, 679, 682
6 var. dorippus (Limnas), 682
Chrysocraspeda, 562, 563, 564, 586
chrysogastra (Metron), 218
(Pamphila), 218
Chrysolene, 586
Chrysomela, i, 16, 17, 86, 96
chrysomelinus (Cryptocephalus),
368, 456, 460
(Ochodzeus), 745
re)
343,
99
Chrysopa, 19
chrysophza (Euproctis), 474
chrysophila (Porthesia), 474
a var. iobrota (Porthesia),
474
Chrysophora, 252
Chrysopoloma, 699, 700
chrysotheme (Colias), xv
chrysurus (Lithurgus), 655
Cicada, 673, 676
cicatricosus (Ateuchus), 711
(Scarabzeus), 711
Cicindela, 88
Cidaria, 568, 590
Cimex, Ixxvi, 82
cincta (Macraspis), 712
cinerascens (Acidalia), 511
ng (Tephrina), 511
cinereus (Brachypterus), 90
5 (Cleonus), 93
cinyulatum (Anthidium), 621, 656
cingulatus (Anthrax), xxx
(Lopus), 98
ni (Pompilus), 601
cinnabarinus (Elater), 91
cinnamomeus (Cadmus), 362
cintrana (Hydroptila), 324, 328
cippus (Mesosemia), 183
cipris (Pheebis), 205
circumcinctum (Doreadion), 95
circumdata (Amnemopsyche), 537
3 (Girpa), 537
circumdatus (Anthrax), xxx, xxxiv
Cis, Ixv, 92
clara (Caragola), 476
», (Epanaphe), 699
clarilla (Epanaphe), 699, 700
clarinervis (Mesostenus), 115
99
clarus (Cryptocephalns), 341, 343, 399,
457
cl
)
clathratus (Pseudosyrichthus), 720
claudina (Acrza), 170
3 (Phyciodes), 170
clavicornis (Aleochara), 89
Ah (Cryptocephalus), 338, 365,
clementi (Grammodes), 142
cleonadalis (Margaronia), 157
Cleonus, 93
cleopatra (Taygetis), 181
clonius (Papilio), 209
», (Spathilepia), 209
clymena (Callicore), 67, 70
clypealis (Cryptocephalus), 339, 402,
460
clypearis (Prosopis), 611, 642
clypeatus (Ccelometopus), 92
Re (Crabro), 639
Clytanthus, 86, 95
Clythra, 21, 87, 96
Clytus, vii, 86, 95
cnejus (Catochrysops), 495
coarctata (Humenes), 609, 640
op (Tachyusa), 89
coarctatus (Eumenes), liv
Cobalopsis, 217
Cobalus, 216, 218
coccinea (Callimorpha), 151
coccineata (Cricosoma), 185, 229
coccineipes (Pompilus), 600
Coccinella, xxiv, 85, 86, 97
coccineus (Schizosternus),
457
cochleariz (Phedon), 663
cocytus (Cynitia), 488
codomannus (Catagramma), 173
(Papilio), 173
ccelestis (Cryptocephalus), 343, 423,
461
Ceeliodes, 94
Ceelioxys, 619, 654
Ceelometopus, 87, 92
Ceelosis, 718, 750
ecelus (Goniurus), 209
», (Papilio), 209
Ceenina, 513, 514
ccerulea (Asclera), 93
(Comostolopsis), 586
(Rutela), 250
», (Syndromodes), 544
», (Trimetopia), 575
ccerulescens (Osmia), 622, 658
(Phytcecia), 96
(Peecilus), 88
336, 386,
29
be)
99
99
Cogia, 212
cogitata (Panagra), 511
cognata (Myrmosa), 599
(Prionopleura), 336, 337, 382
a?
(
cognatella (Agraylea), 323
Colenis, 169
Coleophora, xxxiv-xxxvi, xlix, lx,
Ixi, Ixii, Lxiii
Colias, iv, xv, lvi, lvii, lix, Ixxvi, 204,
243, 247, 705
collaris (Acmzops), 95
», (Colletes), 39
collesi (Chelepteryx), 481
Collesis, 585
Colletes, ii, 25-63, 626, 642, 643
collucens (Caragola), 476
colombianum (Aigidium), 738, 750
colorata (Melanippe), 569
colossus (Cadmus), 334, 358
Colussa, 470
Colydium, liv
comes (Triphzena), vill
Comibeena, 517, 518, 547, 550, 551
commaculata (Nothabraxas), 535
commaria (Lycauges), 553
commixta (Epigynopteryx), 580
a (Eucera), 659
33 (Gonodela), 583
communicans (Hypochroma), 540
communis (Prosopis), 641
commutata (Hypochroma), 539
Comostola, 586
Comostolopsis, 543, 586
comosus (Cryptocephalus), 338, 421
comotus (Xanthandrus), Ixx
complanata (Placusa), 89
completa (Nymphidium), 467, 468
compositus (Cryptocephalus), 341, 397
comptus (Cryptocephalus, 349, 415,
458, 460
conchata (Xanthorhoé), 589
Conchylia, 581
concinnus (Anthrax), xxx
concolor (Charopus), 92
», (Gynandrophthalma), 86, 96
concurrens (Lycauges,) 587
condensatus (Cryptocephalus), 374
confinis (Aspidomorpha), 6, 7, 11, 20,
22, 23
oD (Cryptocephalus), 340, 392
confluens (Polydrusus), 93
conformis (Procypha), 582
confusa (Anthaxia),. 91
», (Zamarada), 582
confusata (Castascia), 529
confuscata (Agathia), 585
5 (Semiothisa), 507
confusus (Anthocoris), 98
congener (Tephrinopsis), 512
congo (Forcipula), 289
congoata (Scotosia), 580
congrua (Geometra), 544
‘Contheyla, 153
eli *)
congrua (Thalassodes), 544
conjugatus (Cryptocephalus), 333, 340,
342, 368
. (Loxopleurus), 349, 391
connexa (Tephroclystia), 590
conoidea (Cvelioxys), 654
Conolophia, 577
Conorrhinus, Ixxvi, xxvii
conradti (Diplatys), 278, 281
conscitaria (Conolophia), 577
“ (Panagra), 577
consentanea (Acidalia), 555
a (Emmiltis), 555
consimilis (Donacia), 96
consobrina (Calluga), 573
FA (Chloroelystis), 573
consocia (Choregia), 582
consors (Anthela), 480
», (Cryptocephalus), 343, 349, 363,
459, 460
conspersata (Hyphenophora), 498
ss (Pareumelia), 498
conspiciendus (Cryptocephalus), 339,
413, 458
constricta (Tachyusa), 89
contaminata (Gubaria), 510
(Semiothisa), 510
contiguus (Loxopleurus), 343, 350, 442,
459
continua (Pitthea), 539
contortilinea (Alcis), 583
contracta (Ponera), xl
conturbata (Gnophos), 533
3 (Gonodela), 507
& (Semiothisa), 507
convergens (Hippodamia) xxiii
ss (Pigiopsis), 582
convexicollis (Cryptocephalus),
373, 421, 461
conyze (Coleophora), xxxiv
Cophophlebia, 582
Copium, 98
Copris, 721, 722, 737, 750
Coptocephala, 96
Coptopteryx, 524
Coranus, 98
cordiger (Capsus), 98
» var. fallaciosus (Capsus), 98
core (Crastia), Ixxxix
Coremia, 569, 589
Corethra, xxxiii, xl
Coreus, 97
coriaceus (Helops), 92
coriandri (Colletes), 37, 53, 54, 62, 63
Corizus, 97
cornicularius (Pemphigus), lvi
cornutus (Passalus), 733
338,
( clii_ )
cornutus (Platystethus), 89
coronillaria (Heterogynis), 72
Corticeus, 87, 92
corydon (Lyczena), xl
», (Papilio), 221
», _ (Perichares), 221
coryli (Strophosomus), 93
Corymbites, 85, 86, 91
Coryna, 93
Corynoscelis, 718, 749
Cosmopsaltria, 671, 676
Cosmorhoé, 568, 589
Cossonus, 94
costalis (Timana), 499
costaricensis (Pelidnota), 257
costiguttata (Azata), 506
costipennis (Cryptocephalus), 343, 424,
460, 461
costipuncta (Phiala), 696
costulatus (Halictus), 650
Cosymbia, 561, 587
cothurnatus (Neoitamus), xxxiii
cowani (Gelasma), 545
» (Thalera), 545
cowiana (Cystineura), 175
Crabro, 608, 609, 626, 639
crabroniformis (Asilus), 662
cracee (Apion), 94
Craspedia, 554, 555, 557, 558, 587, 588
crassata (Gymnoscelis), 590
» (Peridela), 582
crassicornis (Corizus), 97
0 (Cryptocephalus), 331, 336
7 (Schizosternus), 336, 428,
458, 459, 460
crassicostatus (Loxopleuris), 372
crassilembaria (Macaria), 506
A (Semiothisa), 506
crassipes (Atherix), lxxix
ae (Podalirius), 659
crassipuncta (Craspedia), 588
crassus (Cryptocephalus), 96
», (Quedius), 86, 89
Crastia, lxxxv, Ixxxix
crategata (Rumia), xxxiii
Crator, 719, 749
crawshayi (Chrysopoloma), 699, 700
creek-nigra (Prionopleura), 362
Cremastogaster, 598, 633
Cremna, 183
crenata (Acidota), i
», _ (Ditoma), 90
crenulatus (Eriades), 621, 657
35 (Peecilus), 88
Crepidodera, 96
erescens (Nyctemera), 472
crescentifera (Sterrha), 589
cretacea (Eublemma), 140
eribraria (Argina), 472
Cricosoma, 184, 185, 229
crinitus (Sitones), 93
eristataria (Fidonia), 582
crocatus (Elater), 91
crocea (Kuproctis), 474
Crocinis, 518, 520, 581
Crocisa, 623, 658
croesaria (Melinoessa), 499
croixi (Diplatys), 280, 284
crolus (Papilio), 193
», (Tmolus), 193
crowleyi (Viana), 699, 700
crucicolle (Prionopleura), 362
crucicollis (Cadmus), 362
fb (Cryptocephalus), 344, 362,
456, 459
cruentatus (Componotus), 630
cryptarum (Eristalus), lxxii
Crypticus, 85, 92
Cryptocephalus, 21, 86, 87, 96, 330,
331, 335-350, 358-371, 373, 374,
088, 392-425, 456-461
cryptochroma (Leucopsumis), 539
Cryptus, 105, 106
erystallophana (Zamarada), 582
Ctenaulis, 589
cucurbitina (Ceratina), 618, 653
culiciformis (Mochlonyx), xl
cunicularius (Colletes), 27, 37, 61, 62,
63
cupreomarginata (Plusiotis), 272
cupreovirens (Cyrtonus), 84, 96
cupreus (Corymbites), 91
cupripes (Pelidnota), 255
cupritarsis (Pelidnota), 257
curculionoides (Attelabus), 94
currucipennella (Coleophora), 1
curtisil (Triphena), viii
curvicarinata (Friona), 108, 109
curvifascia (Peridela), 582
curvilineata (Semiothisa), 583
curvimargo (Induna), 587
curvivena (Idiotephra), 582
cuspidata (Acidalia), 587
ES (Thectura), 89
cyanea (Caratina), 653
cyaneus (Psilothrix), 92
cyanicornis (Tachypus), 85, 88
cyanipennis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 94
3 (Cryptocephalus), 342
* (Idiocephala), 343, 374,
460, 461
eyanipes (Pelidnota), 258
cyanitarsis (Pelidnota), 259
cyanocephala (Lebia), 85, 86, 89
Cycnus, 197
cylindricum (Sinodendron), 90
ao el
( cliii_ )
eylindricus (Halictus), 651
56 (Platypus), 101
cyllene (Catagramma), 67, 70
Cymindis, 85, 86, 89
cymocles (Papilio), 206
Cymus, 97
eynare (Cryptocephalus), 9
Cynips, Ixxix
cynisca (Hesperia), 221
», (Orses), 221
Cynitia, 488
Cyphodera, 330, 331, 334, 386
Cyphonistes, 718, 750
Cypra, 148
Cyrtonus, 84, 85, 96
Cystineura, 175
cytherea (Adelpha), 176
35 (Papilio), 176
Cytilus, 90
dahli (Agapanthia), 96
Dalader, Ixxxii
dallatorreana (Ceratina), 619, 653
dama (Asota), 472
Damalina, 662
damarensis (Zeritis), iv, 240, 246
Danaca, 86, 92
Danais, ix, xxxvii, li, 162, 688, 704
dantici (Odynerus), 609, 640
dapharia (Lycauges), 552
Daptonoura, 203
Darala, 470
dardanus (Papilio), ii, 682, 683
Darisa, 584
darius (Dynastor), 166
», (Papilio), 166
Dasychira, 144, 145, 146, 473, 477
Dasymacaria, 582
Dasypogon, 661, 662
Dasytes, 86, 92
daviesanus (Colletes),
55, 56, 62, 63
deaurana (Lozopera), Ixiv
decisa (Nyctemera), 539
decolor (Scardamia), 502
decolyi (Forcipula), 289
decora (Amnosia), 67
,, (Cobalus), 218
», (Vorates), 218
decoratus (Ochodeus), 744
decristata (Pingasa), 540
deeraria (Tephrina), 510
Deilemera, 147, 471
deiois (Hypolimnas), 68
dejeani (Zonabris), 93
Delias, lv, lxxxix, 68, 488
delicata (Mnesithetis), 587
delicataria (‘Thalassodes), 585
delicatulus (Schizosternus), 335,426,460
35, 39, 58, 54,
demeter (Lycorea), 163
demodice (Nymphalis), 177
= (Prepona), 177
demolion (Papilio), 69
demonassa (Callicopis), 195
os (Thecla), 195
demophon (Papilio), 177
ae (Prepona), 177
Dendarus, 92
dentata (Hemithea), 585
dentataria (Coenina), 513
dentatissima (Asthenotricha), 570
dentator (Loxocnemis), 97
denticulata (Anthela), 479
dentilinea (Antitrygodes), 589
dentilineata (Semiothisa), 505
Ce ap 505
depilis (Byrrhus), 9
depressus (Aradus), 08
Deragena, 492
derasata (Acidalia), 555
derhamellus (Bombus), 664
Dermestes, 90
derogaria (Boarmia), 532
desiccata (Tephrina), 512
destructor (Scolytes), liv
devestita (Tephroclystia), 590
devoluta (comibeena), 551
es (Victoria), 551
diabolicum (Idolum), 134, 135
diadema (Dasypogon), 661, 662
diana (Hypoderma), Ixviii
Diandichus, 830, 331, 335, 386, 425,
460
Diantheecia, lxv
diaphana (Prasinocyma), 586
Diastictis, 511
Dicenopsis, 331
Dichodontus, 718, 750
dichordata (Afrophyla), 575
dichroaria (Geometra), 578
5 (Neuophana), 578
A (Petovia), 578
Dichroma, 523, 589
dichroma (Omphacodes), 552
55 (Sterrha), 552
dichrous (Cryptocephalus), 342, 371,
457
Dicyphus, 98
Didea, 1xxii
Didineis, 648
Didonus, 175
didymus (Cryptocephalus), 333
difterens (Agraptochlora), 586
diffusa (Acanthoscelis), 582
», (Boarmia), 533
», (Tephrosia), 533
diffusata (Azata), 583
( giv )
Digama, 470, 471, 472
digammata (Problepsis), 564
dilatata (Chelidura), 294
dilucida (Tephroclystia), 570
Dilus, 95
dimidiatus (Colletes), 37, 45, 61, 62
es (Pecilus), 88
dindymus (Bithys), 195
55 (Papilio), 195
Dinetus, 648
Diodontus, 606
Dione, 66, 70, 170
dionysos (Papilio), 691
Dioptrochasma, 525
Diorrhina, 184
diospyrata (Geometra), 584
Dioxys, 648
Dipelicus, 718, 749
Diphoridas, 214
Diphyllus, 90
Diplatys, 277-285
Diploccelus, 87
dirce (Gynecia), 174
», (Papilio), 174
discinota (Hylemera), 149, 584
discipennis (Aleochara), 89
discoidea (Cyminidis), 86, 89
discolor (Donacia), 96
disconiger (Loxopleurus),
458, 460
discordella (Coleophora), 1
Dismorphia, 68, 160, 200, 201
dispar (Xyleborus), viii, 81, 87, 95,
100, 101, 102
disparata (Eulype), 568
disputaria (Diastictus), 511
ae (Eubolia), 511
e (Tephrina), 511
dissimilis (Darisa), 584
dissimulans (Craspedia), 588
dissocia (Tephrina), 510
dissonans (Craspedia), 557
(Emmiltis), 557
distinecta (Andrena), 652
distinctella (Oxyethira), 328
distinguendus (Berytus), 97
distortus (Cryptocephalus), 336, 345,
410, 460, 461
distrigaria (Camptogramma), 589
Ditoma, 87, 90
ditomoides (Metopoplax), 98
Ditomus, 88
Detropidus, 330
divergens (Ansorgia), 589
5 (Microloxia), 586
dives (Chlenius), 85, 89
divisaria (Boarmia), 534
docta (Focilla), 525
350, 445,
docta (Hyalornis), 525
Dodonidia, v
dohertyi (Prasinocyma), 586
dolabrata (Leptopterna), 98
dolens (Loxopleurus), 349, 436.
Dolichosoma, 92
Dolycoris, 97
dominicanus (Amauris), xv, 679, 687,
688
dominus (Heliocopris), 723
Donacia, 96
dorantes (Eudamus), 208
», (Papilio), 208
Dorcadion, vi, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 84, 85,
95
Dorcus, 87, 90, 736
dorippus (Limnas), 690
doris (Papilio), 180
dorisaria (Chrysocraspeda), 563
dorsalis (Byrrhus), 90
»» (Megachile), 655
», (Onchosoma), 383
doryssus (Eudamus), 209
dracontis (Pieris), 179
Drepanognathus, 742, 747
dresdensis (Pselaphus), xxviii
dribraria (Boarmia), 532
Dromius, 86, 89
druna (Xylecata), 148
druryi (Aletis), 578
drusilla (Glutophrissa), 203
», (Papilio), 203
Dryas, 1xxi
dubia (Hydata), 586
», (Opisthocosmia), 303
,, (Pelidnota), 254, 262
», (Scraptia), 93
dubitabilis (Halictus), 591, 613, 624,
626, 651
dubius (Sphindus), 92
dubronyi (Anisolabis), 291
dulcis (Eubolia), 567
»» (Plerocymia), 567
dumenilii (Polyniphes), 191
; (Thecla), 191
duplex (Brachyscelis), xxxiii
dux (Opisthocosmia), 305
dymus (Agonis), 155
Dynamine, 172
Dynastor, 166
Dyschirius, lvi
Dysenius, 209
Dysmachus, 662
dysonaria (Psilocerea), 521
eatoni (Colletes), 40, 49, 50, 61, 62
eatonianella (Stactobia), 326
ebeninus (Philonthus), 89
ebulinum (Cartallum), 85, 95
(
ebusus (Papilio), 212
», (Phanus), 212
echeria (Amauris), 679, 680, 682, 688
echii (Monanthia), 98
echion (Papilio), 191
», (Tmolus), 191
echo (Papilio), 181
», (Taygetis), 181
ecornuta (Oxyethira), 326
Ectropis, 530, 584
Edamus, 208, 209, 212
edda (Cobalopsis), 217
edusa (Colias), lvii, lix, 705
edwardsi (Kuproctis), 475
effodieus (Pompilus), 600
effcetus (Mochlonyx), xl
egeea (Dynamine), 172
», (Papilio), 172
egialina (Elymnias), 487, 489
Elaphodes, 330
Elater, 91
elathea (Eurema), 202
», (Papilio), 202
electra (Colias), iv, 231, 243, 247
», (Papilio), 243
elegans (Akis), 92
(Cryptocephalus), 331
(Halictus), 646, 651
», (Helicopis), 182, 229
(Mesosemia), 463, 468
, (Odynerus), 641
elenaria (Agathia), 542
elongatulus (Elater), 91
ae var. (Crabro), 608
elonyatus (Ptychoderes), 1xxxiv
$5 (Tillus), 87, 92
Elymuias, ix, xxxvil, 487-490
emarginata (Cerceris), 608, 638
emarginatus (Aphanisticus), 88
Emblethis, 98
emerita (Pelidnota), 259
Emesis, 186, 187, 229
Emmelesia, 533
Emmiltis, 554-558
Encoma, 523
Endropia, 536
Enema, 716, 750
Engis, 87, 89
Ennearthron, 87, 92
Entomognathus, 639
Entomosericus, 648
Eois, 560, 588
eos (Nomada), 646, 653
eous (Colletes), 41, 43, 44, 61
Epagoge, xx
Epanaphe, 699, 700
Epargyreus, 210
Epeolus, 51, 645, 653
ely)
Ephippiomyia, xxxii
ephippium (Ephippiomyia), xxxi.
Ephyra, 561
epiberus (Megistias), 218
ms (Pamphila), 218
Epichalcoplethis, 253, 272
Epichloe, xlviii
epictetus (Padraona), 219
3 (Papilio), 219
Epigynopteryx, 580
Epinephele, lviii, lxix
epionata (Paracrocota), 581
Epione, 512, 581
Epirrhoé, 569, 589
Episothalma, 541, 542, 585
episternalis (Mordellistena), 93
equestris (Amara), 88
(Lygzeus), 97
» var. zabroides (Amara), 88
equiseti (Cardiophorus), 91
erato (Heliconius), 66, 168
», (Papilio), 168
Erebia, xxvi, xlvi, 1xxxvii
erecta (Tarache), 140
erectilinea (Arguda), 152
eremea (Lielia), 478
eresimus (Danais), 162
» (Papilio), 162
Ereunetea, 584
ergina (Thecla), 193
», (Tmolus), 193
Eriades, 621, 622, 657
ericetorum (Megachile), 655
erichto (Euptychia), 180
erici (Aletis), 579
ericydes (Euproctis), 475
erinaceus (Strophosomus), 93
erinaria (Lycauges), 553
Eristalis, lxxii, 626
erone (‘Teracolus), 69, 70
erosa (Xenimpia), 514
erosus (Antigonus), 213
,, (Ochrosopsis), 339, 380
erratica (Megalocerzea), 98
erraticum (Tapinoma), 632
erraticus (Aphodius), 90
erroris (Opisthocosmia), 304, 308
erubescens (Chrysina), 251
erudita (Prionopleura), 3438, 344, 382,
457, 459
eruditus (Ochrosopsis), 339, 380, 457,
460
Erycina, 464, 468
Eryphanis, 166
erythrias (Haplopseustis), 476
erythrina (Lomadonta), 147
erythrotis (Loxopleurus),
457
92
348, 390,
( -elvi })
Eryx, 86, 92
esaca (Elymnias), 487, 488, 489, 490
andersoni (Elymnias), 489
borneensis (Elymnias), 489
», leontina (Elymnias), 489
esacoides (Elymnias), 487, 489
escalerai (Doreadion), 95
eschscholtzii (Nipara), 492
esmeralda (Probolosceles), 585
Etha, 103
ethelinda (Aletis), 579
3 (Cartaletis), 579
ethilla (Heliconius), 160, 167
ethlius (Calpodes), 219
», (Papilio), 219
Eubagis 172
Kublemma, 140
Eubolia, 511, 567
Eubria, 88
eubule (Papilio), 205
Eubyja, 584
Eucera, 623, 659
Eucestia, 574
eucharila (Cremna), 183
eucharis (Delias), 1xxxix
Euchenais, 187
Euchloris, 517, 543, 585
euclea (Ceratinia), 160, 164
», (Heliconius), 164
Euconista, 72
Eucrostes, 549, 586
Eudamidas, 214
eudocia (Theope), 161, 190, 226, 229
eudoxus (Mellissius), 718
Eueides, 169
eugrapharia (Hypochroma), 585
Eulype, 568
Eumelia, 499
Eumenes, liv, 609, 640
eumolpus (Cryptocephalus), 342, 365,
456, 460
Euomeea, 584
Eupagia, 526, 581
Euphedra, 68
Euphyma, 331, 337
Eupithecia, 570, 590
Euploea, ix, x, xi, xii, li, 704, 705
Euproctis, 144, 473, 474, 475
Eupsamma, 519
Eupterote, 152
Euptychia, 179, 180, 181
Euralia, 687
Eurema, 202, 203
eurinome (Godartia), 68
europea (Tachysphex), 635
A (Tachytes), 635
euryades (Heliconius), 161, 167
Eurybia, 183
rded
”
eurycles (Eudamus), 208
» (Hesperia), 208
Eurydema, 97
Eurygaster, 97
Eurygona, 463, 468
eurylochus (Caligo), 165
- (Papilio), 165
ua var. minor (Caligo), 165
eurynota (Amara), 88
eurytele (Archonias), 68
Eurythecodes, 502, 582
eurytheme (Colias), xv
euryzona (Euproctis), 475
Euthalia, 488, 489
euthysana (Porthesia), 474
Euxoa, xiii
evadnes (Papilio), 210
a (Proteides), 210
Evarzia, 583
evelina (Stalachtis), ii
Evenus, 200
evias (Erebia), xlvi, xlvii, 1xxxvii
var. hispanica (Erebia), xlvii,
xviii
», var, pehalarze (Erebia), xlviii
ewingi (Onchosoma), 383
exadeus (Epargyreus), 210
», _ (Papilio), 210
exarata (Kuchloris), 517
exavata (Episothalma), 585
excavata (Laccoptera), 8, 15, 23
excisa (Anthela), 480
excrementarius (Cadmus), 344, 353, 456
9?
| exfusaria (Aspilates), 512
exiguaria (Boarmia), 560
56 (Induna), 560
eximia (Amara), 88
eximius (Cryptocephalus), 333, 360
Exochomus, 97
exospilita (Panagra), 512
as (Tephrina), 512
expandens (Nyctemera), 539
expansa (Kubyja), 584
exquisita (Craspedia), 588
extremata (Lycauges), 587
exumbrata (Aspilates), 504
faber (Strophosomus), 93
fabricii (Opsiphanes), 165
fagi (Diploccelus), 87
», (Orchestes), 94
falcata (Oxyethira), 327
fallax (Osmia), 646, 657
>, (Xenostega), 582
falsaria (Macaria), 511
famula (Bombyx), 539
», (Pitthea), 539
fascelis (Phaleena), 578
fasciata (Leucoglyphica), 586
(
fasciata (Macroplax), 98
», (Nyctemera), 472
», (Plegapteryx), 525
», (Theope), 467, 468
fasciaticollis (Cadmus), 350, 452, 460
fasciatus (Anthrax), xxx
(Brachytarsus), 94
(Byrrhus), 90
33 (Trichius), 91
fasciculatus (Pogonocherus), 87, 96
fasciolatum (Bembidium), 88
fastidiosa (Emesis), 186
fatima (Emesis), 186
5, (Papilis), 180
favicolor (Leucania), lxxiii, Ixxv
fee (Cheetospania), 301
febretta (Acanthopsyche), Ixxi
felderi (Chelepteryx), 481
>» (@rastia), Ixxxvi
felina (Oxyethira), 328
felthami (Zeritis), iv, 233, 246
fenoralis (Bledius), lvi
od (Phytocoris), 98
femorata (Tiphia), 633
femoratum (Sceliphron), 637
femoratus (Podalirius), 659
5% (Rhopalopus), 95
fenestrata (Crocinis), 580
(Heeatesia), iv
5 (Xylocopa), xxxix, lxxxvii
fenestratus (Anthrax), xxix, Xxxii
ferentina (Ageronia), 174
», (Papilio), 174
feronia (Papilio), 174
», (Peridromia), 174
ferreri (Cerceris), 608, 639
ferrugatus (Elater), 91
ferruginaria (Metrocampa), 581
ferrugineum (Cerylon), 90
ferrugineus (Brachycaulus), 334, 383
20 (Ochodeeus), 750
ferruginosa (Anthela), 479
ferus (Nabis), 98
fervida (Thalyera), 90
fibulata (Acidalia), 555
(Craspedia), 555
>», (Emmiltis), 555
Fidonia, 582
figurata (Scotopterix), 528
figuratus (Clytanthus), 86, 95
figulus (Trypoxylon), 635
filicornis (Tachysphex), 604
bed
2)
9”?
9
filum (Cryptocephalus), 335, 336, 370,
457
fimbriata (Porthesia), 474
fimbrilineata (Craspedia), 558
fimetarius (Hister), 90
flagellatus (Gymnopleurus), 90
clvii_ )
flamingo (Janarda), 588
flava (Camerunia), 697, 700
flavedinaria (Eurythecodes), 502
5 (Heterolocha), 502
flavescens (Nataxa), 479
(Sitones), 93
(Tithorea), 160
”
”
99
93
flavibasis (Hylemera), 584
flavicaput (Zamarada), 582
flaviceps (Chrysopoloma), 700
flavicoma (Asthenotricha), 570
flavicornis (Paromalus), 90
flavicosta (Zamarada), 515
flavifascia (Nataxa), 479
flavifrons (Scolia), 599, 633
flaviguttata (Neostega), 500
flavimanum (Apion), 94
flavipennis (Sphex), 605, 636
flavipes (Luperus), 96
>» (Cidemera), 93
flavissima (Craspedia), 588
flavistigma (Problepsis), 564
flaviteenia (Ginospila), 585
flaviventris (Euphyma), 331, 336
ms (Idiocephala), 342,
457
flavocincta (Prionopleura), 362
flavofasciata (Acmzodera), 91
flavomarginata (Neottiglossa), 97
flavomarginatus (Lopus), 98
flavus (Anthrax), xxx
fletcheri (Challia), 286
flexilimes (Cartaletis), 579
flexilinea (Anonychia), 582
flexilis (Umlima), 107
floralis (Colletes), 47, 48
florentinum (Anthidium), 621, 656
floricola (Cetonia), 91
florula (Ithomia), ii
fluviata (Camptogramma), lxxiv
Focilla, 525
fodicus (Colletes), 39, 51, 52, 62, 63
fodiens (Colletes), 27, 35, 52, 643
», (Myrmicaria), lxv
foeculentaria (Acidalia), 587
fcetens (Megaponera), xl
foliorum (Theope), 189, 227, 229
fonscolombei (Castnia), xxii
forale (Omalium), 89
forbesi (Aletis), 579
,, (Leptaletis), 579
forceps (Labia), 299
forcipata (Opisthocosmia), 304, 306
Forcipula, 288, 289
foreli (Camponotus), 631
Forficula, 319-322
var. cinnamomeus (Sitones),
377,
(
Formica, 631
formicarius (Thanasimus), 92
formicarum (Phora), xxi
formosus (Anteros), 186
54 (Colletes), 37, 61, 62, 63
55 (Papilio), 186
ee (Rhodophthitus), 536
forsteri (Calliploea), 492
fossor (Aphodius), 90
fossoria (Bembex), 124
foveicollis (Onchosoma), 383
foveiventris (Diandichus), 335, 425
foveolaris (Colletes), 54
fracida (Pelidnota), 258, 269
fracticornis (Bledius), 89
fractimacula (Pitthea), 584
fragilis (Annemopsyche), 538
5» (Hylemera), 538
ae (Lycauges), 587
francina (Eupheedra), 68
frauenfeldii (Acantholepis), 597
frici (Oxyethira), 327
Frickius, 723, 724, 746, 747, 750
friesei (Diodontus), 606
frigidus (Ammeecius), 91
,» (Colletes), 38, 59, 60 62, 63
Friona, 107, 108, 109, 110
frontale (Bolboceras), 727, 728, 750
:, (Platysoma), 90
frontalis (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 94
frontella (Friona), 108, 110
fuesslini (Zonabris), 93
fugax (Dilus), 95
fulgerator (Papilio), 211
ae (Thymele), 211
fulgida (Ereunetea), 584
fulgidus (Xantholinus), 89
fuliginosa (Thargella), 218
fuliginosus (Quedius), 89
fulva (Leptura), 95
», (Pelidnota), 258
», (Psilocerea), 584
», (Terina), 578
fulvata (Neuropolodes), 524
», (Phalena), 499
»» (Rhamidava), 499
fulvicrus (Andrena), 617, 652
fulvimargo (Caria), 466, 468
(Semisothisa), 583
fulvipes (Ditomus), 88
53 (Gotra), 104
fulvisparsa (Acadra), 510
(Semiothisa), 510
fulvodimidiata (Podalirius), 658
fumata (Chittira), lxxxix
fumipennis (Pompilus), 634
fumitacta (Tephroclystia), 571
fumosa (Hydatocapnia), 500
elviii )
fumosa (Stegania), 500
fumosaria (Emmiltis), 554
funerala (Anthaxia), 91
funesta (Geodena), 149
», (Hylemera), 149
furcatus (Onthophagus), 90
furor (Emesis), 186
fusca (Formica), 631
», cinereo rufibarbis (Formica), 631
», cunicularia (Formica), 631
fuseataria (Semiothisa), 583
fuscicornis (Stactobia), 326
fuscifasciatus (Papilio), 578
fuscipennis (Pompilus), 634, 661
an (Sphecodes), 648, 645, 646
furcipes (Atomaria), 89
fuscipuncta (Gelasma), 585
fuscirostre (Apion), 94
fuscitarsis (Loxopleurus), 345, 441, 458,
461
fuscivena (Stracena), 144
fuscownea (Pelidnota), 259
fuscobrunnea (Craspedia), 588
fuscocuprella (Coleophora), Lxi
fuscodorsata (Phiala), 696, 700
fuscula (Scraptia), 87, 93
fuscum (Tetropium), liv
fuscus (Calathus), 88
,, (Meligethes), 90
fylloidaria (Ptychopoda), 559
galactopis (Porthesia), 474
Galeruca, 86, 96
Galerucella, 96
gallica (Polistes), 609, 640
gallicum (Bolboceras), 728, 729, 750
gallicus (Polistes), liv
», (Trichius), 86, 91
ganascus (Protambulyx), lxxii
ganesa (Terpnosia), 675, 676
Ganoris, lvi, lvii, lviii, lix, lx, lxxxviii,
Ixxxix
gargasus (Papilio), 206
gariazzi (Forcipula), 289
garrulus (Podalirius), 658
gaubili (Chrysomela), 86, 96
gaudens (Anisolabis), 291
geayi (Spongiphora), 295
Gelasma, 545, 585
geminata (Solenopsis), Lxvi
geminatus (Ischnorhynchus), 97
gemmeus (Halictus), 615, 652
genalis (Loxopleurus), 330, 340, 391
», (Prosopis), 642
Geniates, 714, 749, 750
geniculatus (Dicyphus), 98
55 (Hemiteles), 110
geniste (Rhagonycha), 91
genoveva (Junonia), 171
( ‘ei )
genoveva (Papilio), 171
Geodena, 148, 149, 150, 151
geographicus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 94
Geolyces, 518, 519
Geometra, xxxili, 531, 544, 549, 550,
558, 578, 584
Geotomus, 97
Geotrupes, 91, 727, 728, 730, 731, 735,
742, 747, 748, 750
germanica (Vespa), 609, 640
germinaria (Thalassodes), 585
Gerris, 98
gersteckeri (Diplatys), 279, 282
rp var. calidasa (Diplatys),
279, 283
gerydaria ((Edicentra), 530
Gerydus, lxxxii
gesta (Niconiades), 220
», (Thanaos), 220
gestroi (Platylabia), 300
gibbifer (Gerris), 98
gibbus (Sphecodes), 611, 643, 645,
646
gigas (Blaps), 92
gimmerthali (Acetropis), 98
Girpa, 151, 537
glaberrima (Pelidnota), 255
glabratus (Macherites), xl
glabrirostris (Bagous), Ixx
glacialis (Erebia), xxvi
»5 (dodis), 547
a (Thalassodes), 547
glandicolor (Cymus), 97
glauca (Pelidnota), 258
», (Traminda), 589
Glenea, vi, vii
Globiceps, 98
globicollis (Cryptocephalus), 96
globosus (Steropus), 88
Glutophrissa, 203
Gnamptoloma, 590
Gnathoconus, 97
gnava (Dasychira), 145
gnoma (Catopsilia), lii, lili, 701, 702
Gnophos, 533, 584
goante (Erebia), xlvii, xlvili
godarti (Crastia), Ixxxvi
Godartia, 68
godferyi (Elymnias), 487, 489, 490
godmani (Chlorippe), lv
Golofa, 720, 749
Gonanticlea, 567, 568, 590
Gonepteryx, lviii
gongyloides (Gongylus), iii, iv, 125-
137
Gongylus, iii, iv, 125-137
Goniurus, 209
Gonochlora, 548
Gonodela, 505, 506, 507, 509, 583
Gonodera, 92
Gonodontis, 526, 527
Gonolabis, 293, 294
goodi (Dasychira), 145
gordion (Papilio), 70
Gorgythion, 214
Gorytes, 607, 648
gothicus (Lopus), 98
Gotra, 104
goudoti (Asida), 92
gracilior (Cryptocephalus), 342, 368,
456
gracilis (Cathormiocerus), 93
+3 (Pelidnota), 256
greeffei (Colletes), 36, 38, 58, 59, 62,
63
eramineus (Halictus), 652
Grammodes, 142
Grammoptera, 95
grandiceps (Ochodeeus), 743
erandidieri (Hypochroma), 540
grandis (Aischna), xxi
», (Colletes), 52
granti (Chiasognathus), 736, 737
granulata (Pelidnota), 254
Graphosoma, 97
gratiosa (Sphznogona), 203
io Cherias) 203
gravatus (Loxopleurus), 345, 349, 389,
457
greeni (Diplatys), 280, 285
grenadensis (Telegonus), 210
grenieri (Lagria), 93
grisea (Chloroclystis), 590
», (Bubyja), 584
», (Kucera), 623
griseoalbata (Tephrosia), 584
grossulariata (Abraxas), x
Gubaria, 510
guenei (Anthela), 480
guianensis (Agidium), 739, 740
gumppenbergi (Hyposidra), 581
guppyi (Emesis), 187, 229
gyas (Papilio), 70, 186
», (Sarota), 186
gyllenhali (Charagochilus), 98
Gymnetron, 94
Gymnopleurus, 87, 90
Gymnoscelis, 574, 590
Gynecia, 174
Gynandrophthalma, 86, 96
Gynopteryx, 520, 586
habilis (Craspedia), 588
habrostola (Euproctis), 474
hadrata (Nemoria), 544
», (Thalassodes), 544
hemaleata (Craspedia), 588
(dx )
Hematera, 173, 229
hematocephalus (Pachytychius), 94
hematodes (Cryptocephalus), 342, 361
Hematorithra, 523
hemorrhoidale (Lasioderma), 92
heemorrhoidalis (Aphodius), 90
Halictus, 591, 612-617, 624, 626, 646-
652
halimede (Eurybia), 183
Hallomenus, 87, 93
Halyzia, 97
hamata (Danais), ix
,, (Euplea), ix, xii
Hameopis, 535
hammi (Halictus), 591, 615
hamularia (Syngria), 580
Hamza, 674, 676
hanno (Chilades), 190
»» (Papilio), 190
Haplocnemus, 86, 92
Haplopseustis, 473, 476
Haplothorax, Ixxxiv
Haptoderus, 88
harmandi (Odontopsalis), 315, 316
Harpactor, 98
Harpalus, 88, 89
Hastula, Ixx
hecabe (Terias), Ixxxix, 495
Hecatesia, iv
hecuba (Pyena), 670, 676
helcita (Aletis), 578, 688
», (Papilio), 578
Helias, 214, 215
Heliconius, xxxiii, 65, 66, 160, 161,
163, 167, 168, 647
Helicopis, 182, 229.
Heliocopris, 722, 723, 724, 725, 737,
750
heliopa (Anthela), 479
Heliopathes, 85, 92
Heliopetes, 215
heliopharia (Epirrhoé), 569
helluo (Carabus), 85, 88
helmsi (Dodonidia), v
Helodes, 91
Helops, lxxxiv, 86, 92
hemerobiella (Coleophora), xxxv
Hemerophila, Ixxii, 534, 535, 584
Hemicopsis, 526
hemigrammata (Caberodes), 581
hemileucaria (Eupithecia), 590
hemistrigata (Phorodesma), 581
Hemiteles, 110, 111
Hemithea, 547, 548, 585
hemon (Mithras), 198
», (Papilio), 198, 228
hempeli (Delias), lv
Henicopus, 87, 92
Heracula, 473, 475
herbacea (Pelidnota), 258
hermes (Euptychia), 180
», (Papilio) 180
heroni (Perichares), 221
hersilia (Papilio), 205
», (Pheebis), 205
hersione (Euptychia) 179
te Ceapilio)ssh79
Hesperia, 208, 210, 218, 214, 215, 217,
219, 220, 221, 222
hesperica (Rhagonycha) 91
hesperitus (Callicopis), 195
Hesperocharis, 68
Heterabraxas, 536
Heterocordylus, 98
heterodoxa (Sphingomima), 581
Heterogaster, 97, 98
Heterogomphus, 718, 750
Heterogynis, iv, 71-79, 88
Heterolocha, 502, 581
Heteronychus, 718, 719, 720, 749
Heteronygmia, 146
Heterosais, il, 225
Heterostegane, 500
Hexeris, 514
heydeni (Ammophila), 635
», (Henicopus), 92
hieracii (Zonabris), 93
hieralis (Stenia), 156
hieroglyphica (Dasychira), 144
hilaris (Ptochophyle), 589
himalayensis (Cryptus), 106
hiostius (Geotrupes), 727
Hipparchia, 1xxxviii
hippocoon (Papilio), ii, 687, 688, 691
hippocoonoides (Papilio), Ixxxv, 679,
680, 682, 686, 687, 688, 691, 692
Hippodamia, xxiii
hirlanda (Hesperocharis), 68
hirsuta (Ammophila), xxiv
,, (Psammophila), 604, 636
hirta (Lagria), 93
», {Scolia), 633
Hispa, 97
hispanica (Stenosis), 92
hispanicum (Anthobium), 89
-" (Bembidium), 88
aa (Doreadion), xxiv
Hister, 87, 90
histeroides (Cerylon), 90
histrionalis (Dichroma), 523
hictronicus (Cadmus), 343, 355, 456,
461
hollandi (Halictus), 591, 613
holobapharia (Acidalia), 587
hologramma (Stibolepis), 697, 700
holomelas (Pompilus), 602
( yelxi )
Holorista, 574
holosericeus (Corymbites), 91
(Tropistethus), 98
holoxutha (Euproctis), 474
homerus (Papilio), liv
homochroa (Coptopteryx), 524
Homo:lemus, 98
Homonyx, 253
honestus (Harpalus), 88
hopei (Lachnabothra), 350
,, (Prionopleura), 362
Hoplia, 91
Hoplopelidnota, 253, 274
horaria (Milocera), 522
horridus (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 94
horsfieldi (Dasychira), 477
hortorum (Bombus), 660
hottentottus (Anthrax), xxx
hova (Opisthocosmia), 304
humbloti (Papilio), 691
humeralis (Engis), 89
- (Hallomenus), 87, 93
Pe (Opisthocosmia), 304
x, (Sagra), Ixxxiii
humidaria (Tanaorhinus), 542
humilis (Mimaletis), 590
Huphina, lxxxix
huttii (Nemoptera), xxviii
hyale (Colias), lvi, lvii
», (Papilio), 243
hyalinaria (Stegania), 581
aa (Zamarada), 581
hyalinatus, (Prosopis), 642
hyalinus (Papilio), 179
Fe (Pierella), 179
Hyalornis, 525 j
Hybalus, 724, 745, 747, 750
Hybernia, 72
hybrida (Leptura), 95
hydara (Heliconius), 161, 167
hydaspes (Catagramma), 67, 70
Hydata, 586
Hydatocapnia, 590
hydrocheerides (Cryptocephalus), 96
Hydroptila, 324, 325, 328
hyerana (Epagoge), Ixx
>, ) ((Hastula)s iss
hyliformis (Colletes), 41, 47,
50, 61, 62, 63
Hylastes, 87, 94
Hylastinus, 94
Hylemera, 149, 537, 538, 584
Hylephila, 219
Hylotoma, vii
Hymenitis, 164, 165
Hymenocharta, "538, 539
Hymenoplia, 87, 91
Hymenopus, 133
PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1904,
48, 49,
Q7
hyoseyami (Therapha), 97
Hyostomodes, 582
Hypanartia, 171
Hypebzeus, 86, 92
Hyperechia, xxxix, lxxxvii
Hyperythra, 503, 582
Hyphenophora, 498
Hypochroma, 539, 540, 585
Hypochrosis, 522, 581
Hypoceela, 585
Hypoderma, Ixviii
Hypolimnas, 1, 67, 68, 70, 176, 493,
677-694
Hyposidra, 581
hypoxantha (Batesia), 67
Hypsa, 470
hypsee (Crabro), 608, 639
Hyrmina, li
iarbus (Lymnas), 184
», (Papilio), 184
Taspis, 196
iberica (Ammophila), 635
icarus (Lycena), lviii
Idiocephala, 331, 333, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 360,
368, 369, 370-377, 457, 460, 461
Idiostoma, 724, 727, 740, 741, 742,
746, 747, 750
Idiotephra, 582
Tdolum, 134, 135, 136, 137
ignita (Pelidnota), 259
», var. chameleon (Pelidnota), 259
ila (Dasychira), 146
ilaire (Glutophrissa), 203
», (Pieris), 203
ilaria (Zamarada), 516
ilea (Catopsilia), 701
ilicis (Ceeliodes), 94
illineata (Tephrinopsis), 583
illiturata (Acidalia), 558
Ae (Anthyperythra), 503
», (Petrodava), 503
immaculata (Enrythecodes), 582
immaturus (Loxopleurus), 348, 444
immensa (Tephroclystia), 590
impar (Gonodela), 506
,, (Semiothisa), 506
imparilis (Prosopis), 611, 642
imperialis (Spilispa), 719
impressa (Autalia), 89
impressicollis (Bormansia), 286, 287
(Loxopleurus), 372
impressifrons (Polydrusus), 9
improba (Chlorocraspedia), 587
» (Craspedia), 588
impunctata (Eucrostes), 549
Fe (Eurythecodes), 502
impunctatus (Colletes), 38, 56, 60, 62
M
(select)
impunctulata (Craspedia), 588 interrupta (Microplax), 98
inachia (Napeogenes), ii 9 (Pingasa), 540
ineequalis (Pisoraca), 587 interruptus (Halictus), 646, 650
inzequilinea (Geolyces), 519 interstincta (Scolia), 633
rs (Miantochora), 519 intervenata (Pseudosterrha), 565
insequivirgaria (Tephrina), 583 53 (Rhodometra), 565
inanis (Volucella), 663, 664 intervulsata (Acidalia), 554
inaria (Hypolimnas), 689, 690, 694 intricans (Colletes), 45
incertaria (Neurophana), 578 intricata (Oncoptera), xxvi
incessaria (Tephrina), 512 inutilis (Asthenotricha), 570
incoctus (Cryptocephalus), 338, 420 invisibilis (Aplochlora), 582
incolorata (Miantochora), 519 iodamia (Asota), 473
inconstans (Loxopleurus), 348, 440, | iphianassa (Napeogenes), ii
458 iphicla (Adelpha), 176
indagator (Rhagium), 87, 95 », (Papilio), 176
indelictus (Pompilus), 634 iracundus (Harpactor), 98
indica (Pyrameis), 66, 70 irenvea (Papilic), 188
indiscretaria (Heterolocha), 581 », (Thisbe), 188
indistans (Myealesis), Ixxxviii iresindee (Glenea), vii
indularia (Stegania), 581 iridipennis (Cryptocephalus), 340, 369,
as (Zamarada), 581 457
Induna, 560, 587 irisaria (Eneoma), 523
infantularia (Pigia), 557 Iropoca, 473, 477
inferma (Geodena), 150 irregularis (Lipomelia), 587
infestans (Conorrhinus), ]xxvii isabellee (Kueides), 169
infirmior (Cryptocephalus), 96 », (Papilio), 169
inflexa (Neottiglossa), 97 Isamia, lxxxix
informis (Procypha), 515 Isapis, 190
infusa (Huxoa), xiii Ischiopsopha, 715, 749
innocens (Synthalia), 589 Ischnopoda, 89
innotata (Cassida), 14 Ischnorhynchus, 97
, (Kucrostes), 586 isidora (Papilio), 178
inobtrusa (Ptychopoda), 588 », (Zaretes), 178
inornata (Chtospania), 301 ismene (Melanitis), Ixxxviii
<3 (Lathochlora), 586 isobeon (Tmolus), 161
36 (Pisoraca), 587 Isomira, 93
inscriptata (Acidalia), 555 Isopogon, xXXii
a (Emmultis), 555 isosceles (Aischna), xxi
insignis (Opisthocosmia), 305 Itaballia, 204
», (Passalcecus), 606 Ithomia, ii, 164, 165
instructaria (Semiothisa), 508 Ithomiola, 465
insubrica (Hydroptila), 325 Ithytrichia, 325
insularia (Caberodes), 581 itylus (Autochthon), 211
insularis (Labia), 298 », (Cecropterus), 211
x (Mimandria), 541 ixiaria (Zamarada), 517
o5 (Petrodava), 582 jaceze (Larinus), 94
integra (Bembex), 637 jacksoni (Cryptocephalus), 337, 338
integraria (Odontopera), 580 360
% (Xylopteryx), 580 Jamarda, 588
interalbicans (Antharmostes), 546 Jamides, 494, 495
intermedia (Leucania), lxxiii janias (Papilio), 199
intermedia-typica (Leucania), 1xxiii janira (Epinephele), lviii, xix
internata (Acidalia), 558 jansoni (Diplatys), 278, 280
», (Emmiltis), 558 japonica (Apterygida), 315
internataria (Acidalia), 554 z (Odontopsalis), 316
33 (Emmiltis), 554 Japyx, Vv
interposita (Scotopterix), 528 jaresia (Kupterote), 152
interrupta (Galeruca), 96 jason (Papilio), li, 704
( clxiii_)
jatrophe (Anartia), 66, 171
ee (Papilio), 171
javana (Gonilabis), 293
jocusus (Cryptocephalus), 346, 369, 456
Jodis, 547, 548
joésa (Papilio), 70
johnstoni (Lomadonta), 147
8 (Monethe), lv
a (Tephrina), 509
julia (Coleenis), 169
», (Papilio), 169
junia (Euptychia), 180
», (Papilio), 180
juniperina (Chlorochroa), 97
juno (Dione), 170
Caputo) yal10
Junonia, 171, 493
juppiter (Chzetospania), 301
jurtina (Epinephele), lxix
justinianus (Hesperia), 217
% (Phanis), 217
kabaria (Episothalma), 541
Kallima, li, 705
kalmii (Lygus), 98
Kedestes, iv, 245, 247
khadiga (Cosmopsaltria), 671, 676
khasiana (Bembex), 123
,, (Etha), 103
kilimanjarensis (Gonodela), 506
55 (Semiothisa), 506
kirbyi (Gonilabis), 293, 294
kirgisicus (Colletes), 50
kirschi (Pelidnota), 254, 261
», var. tenuistriata (Pelidnota),
254, 262
klugii (Limnas), 682, 690
,, (Onchosoma), 334, 385
kollari (Cynips), Ixxix
komarowi (Opisthocosmia), 307
konga (Elymnias), 489
koyi (Cryptocephalus), 96
Kricogonia, 204
kuhlgatzi (Gonolabina), 294
labefactalis (Leucinodes), 158
Labia, 296-299
labiale (Phygadeuon), 120, 121
labiata (Cerceris), 639
Labidostomis, 96
Labidura, liv
Labidurodes, 290
labradus (Zizera), 494
labuana (Agrophila), 139
Laccoptera, 8, 15, 17, 20, 23
Lachnabothra, 330, 331, 334, 350, 351,
461
Lachna, 96
laciniata (Phyllomorpha), 97
», (Ptychopoda), 588
lacordairei (Steropus), 88
lactaria (Acidalia), 554
»» (Emmiltis), 554
lactea (Leucoxena), 589
lacteiventris (Etha), 103
lacunatus (Colletes), 37, 43
Lelia, 473, 478
Laemobothrium, v
Lemophleus, 86, 87, 90
lta (Anisolabis), 291
leeve (Lasioderma), 92
leevicollis (Cryptocephalus), 331
$5 var. arennensis (Crypto-
cephalus), 331
levigata (Aphthona), 96
lavipennis (Craspedia), 587
levis (Aneurus), 98
», (Gorytes), 607
levissima (Pelidnota), 258
leeviuscula (Clythra), 96
leeviusculus (Loxopleurus), 342, 391
A (Othius), 89
Lagochile, 714, 749
lagopoda (Megachile), 654
Lagria, 93
lagusa (Ithomia), 164
lalasaria (Ptychopoda), 559
lamellaris (Ithytrichia), 325
lamellatus (Oxybelus), 608, 639
lamis (Nymphidium), 188
,, (Papilio), 188
lampros (Bembidium), 88
Lampyris, Ixxxiv, 91
langsdorfi (Pelidnota), 259
laothée (Papilio), 172
», (Temenis), 172
Laphria, xxii
lapidicola (Cathormiocerus), 93
Larentia, 568, 589
largificaria (Semiothisa), 506
laricella (Coleophora), xxxv, xlix, lxiii
laricis (Tomicus), 95
Larinus, 94
larinus (Cryptocephalus), 335, 339, 404
laripennella (Coleophora), Ixii
Larra, 648
Lasaia, 187
Lasiocala, 253, 273
Lasioderma, 92
Lasius, xxi, xxv, 597, 632
lataria (Macaria), 504
», (Semiothisa), 504
laterale (Bembidium), 88
lateralis (Athous), 91
- (Camponotus), 597, 631
», (Camptopus), 97
lateriflavus (Loxopleurus), 348, 430,
(
Lathochlora, 586
Lathrobium, 89
latiannulatum (Phygadeuon), 119
laticollis (Galeruca), 86, 96
A (Helops), 92
(Scarabzeus), 90
5h (Xyletinus), 92
latifascia (Terina), 577
latifasciata (Erycina), 464, 458
latifera (Acidalia), 587
latiflavaria (Chrysocraspeda), 562
latifrons (Gorytes), 607
latigrisea (Hpirrhoé), 589
latimargo (Petrodava), 503
55 (Zamarada),517
latirostris (Platyrrhinus), 94
‘5 (Rhinocyllus), 94
latonaria (Argyris), 564
latreillei (Anthidium), 656
latus (Corymbites,) 91
», (Larinus), 94
Lauron, ii
lauta (Rutela), 250
lautus (Saprinus), 90
Lebia, 85, 86, 89
lectularius (Cimex x), Ixxvi, 82
leda (Melanites), 494
Leistotrophus, 89
Leistus, 85, 83
Lemonias, 185, 467, 468
lemur (Onthophagus), 90
leonaria (Ephyra), 561
leonina (Heracu'a), 475
leontina (Elymnias), 487, 488
lepidea (Cynitia), 488
Lepiodes, 584
lepidus (Psallus), 98
leporina (Neottiglossa), 97
Leptaletis, 579, 590
Leptocneria, 470
Leptopterna, 98
leptotypa (Euproctis), 475
Leptura, 86, 87, 95
lepturoides (Omophlus), 92
lerothodi (Lyezna), 231, 242, 246
lethe (Hypanartia), 171
py Ceehopibtoy 5 aly
lethifer (Pemphredon), 606
Leucania, lxxili, lxxv
leuce (Eurema), 203
», (Terias), 203
Leucinodes, 158
leucocephalus (Strongylococis), 98
leucochloraria (Phorodesma), 586
Leucochitonea, 212, 213, 214
leucodesma (Eresia), 170
= (Phyciodes), 170
Leucoglyphica, 586
:
elxiv )
leucomelas (Euproctis), 474
Leucophthalmia, 561
leucopsideus (Trichodes), 92
Leucopsumis, 539
leucopus (Halictus), 652
leucorrhoa (Sostrata), 213
leucospilata (Geometra), 550
4 (Probolosceles), 550
leucostoma (Anthrax), xxx
Leucoxena, 589
leucozonius (Halictus), 650
lewisi (Odontopsalis), 315, 317
libella (Dasychira), 145
libye (Euptychia), 181
», (Papilio), 181
ligatus (Colletes), 28, 40, 46, 47, 48,
50, 51, 54, 61, 62, 63, 642
lignaria (Calamodes), 584
Ligyrus, 720, 737, 738, 750
lilliputanus (Cryptocephalus),
409, 457, 459
lilliputaria (Eucrostes), 586
99 (Ptychopoda), 588
limbalis (Euproctis), 475
limbatus (Thymalus), 90
limbolata (Acidalia), 587
Limnas, ]xxxviii, lxxxix, 492, 679, 682
limniace (Eupleea), xii
Limonius, 85, 91
lineare (Dolichosoma), 92
linearis (Cossonus), 94
», (Megalocerzea), 98
lineata livornica (Celerio), 1xxx
lineatum (Graphosoma), 97
. (Hypoderma), Ixviii
lineola (Maccevethus), 97
», (Photuris), lxxxv
» var. banksi (Tectocoris), 483,
486
lineolea (Coleophora), xlix
linus (Arawacus), 197, 228, 229
5, (Papilio), 197
Lipomelia, 587
liriope (Papilio), 170
,, (Phyciodes), 170
Lissoblemma, 587
litana (Hesperia), 219
», (Vacerra), 219
Litargus, 87, 90
lithodactylus (Pterophorus), Ixxi
341,
| Lithurgus, 655
litigiosus (Cadmus), 344, 352, 456
lituratum (Anthidium), 621
| liturella (Pelidnota), 256
'livida (Leptura), 95
lividus (Luperus), 96
», (Telephorus), 91
'lixella (Coleophora), xxxv
(*elxv )
Lixus, 94
Lobidiopteryx, 575
Lochmea, 96
lola (Centheyla), 153
Lomadonta, 146, 147
Lonchotus, 718, 749
longicollis (Plinthisus), 98
; (Tomicus), 95
longicornis (Quedius), ii
longimacula (Bordeta), 584
longipes (Opisthocosmia), 306
longirostris (Papilio), 222
ar (Thracides), 222
longisetosa (Diplatys), 279, 282
Longitarsus, 96
lophopterata (Acidalia), 587
Lopus, 98
lotus (Perichares), 221
», (Telegonus), 221
Loxocnemis, 97
Loxopleurus, 330, 331, 332, 333, 340,
341, 342, 343, 345-350, 363, 369,
371, 372, 373, 376, 387, 388-391,
430-445, 457-461
Lozopera, Lxiv
lubbocki (Platyphora), lxix
lucze (Pelidnota), 257
Lucanus, 90, 735
lucianus (Cricosoma), 184
5 (Papilio), 184
lucicolor (Hyperythra), 503
- (Petrodava), 503
lucida (Pelidnota), 257
lucidaria (Pseudosterrha), 566
lucidiscata (Scotosia), 528
lucifuga (Euproctis), 474
lucifugus (Paracadmus), 356
lucina (Eurema), 202
», | (Terias), 202
lucinda (Eimesis), 186
», (Papilio), 186
luctigerus (Pompilus), 634
luctuosus (Cadmus), 336, 337,
456, 459
lugens (Opisthocosmia), 305, 309
lugubriaria (‘Tephroclystia), 573
lugubris (Leucochitonea) 212
», (Loxopleurus), 350, 431, 459
ane (eelidnota)ss257
», (Pythonides), 212
lulu (Lyezna), 494
lunata (Staria), 97
lunatus (Diphyllus), 90
Luperus, 96
luperus (Gonodera), 92
lurida (Gidemera), 93
luridipes (Pelidnota), 258
luridus (Aphodius), 90
356,
| lysippus (Papilio),
lusitanica (Labidostomis), 96
lusitanicum (Malacosoma), 96
lusitanicus (Brachyderes), 93
(Cryptocephalus), 96
fe (Rhizotrogus), 91
lutea (Leucania), ]xxiv
5, (Porthesia), 474
5, typica (Leucania), 1xxiv
luteago (Diantheecia), Ixv
», var. ficklini (Diantheecia), Ixv
lutearia (Ephyra), 561
luteola (Galerucella), 96
», (Psytliodes), 96
luteorubens (Stegania), 581
luteorubra (Platynaspis), 97
lutosus (Bagous), lxix
lutulentus (Parnus), 90
Luxiaria, 504, 583
Lycna, xl, lvili, 242, 246
lyezenoides (Agonis), 155
Lycauges, 552, 553, 587
Lyces, 518, 519
lyclene (Euproctis), 144
lyeophron (Papilio), 69
Lyeorea, xxxii, 160,
229, 647
Lygeeosoma, 97
Lygieus, 97
Lygistopterus, 86, 91
Lygus, 98
Lymantria, 146, 470, 473, 476
Lymnas, 184
lyside (Colias), 204
(Kriecogonia), 204
187
s; (Riodina), 187
Macaria, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511,
582, 583
Maccevethus, 97
Macheerites, xl
Machimus, xxxil
mackieana (Nyetemera), 472
mackinnoni (Platypleura), 667, 676
maclachlani (Hydroptila), 325
macquartii (Callicera), liv
Macraspis, 712, 713, 714, 715, 749
macrocephala (Diplatys), 279, 282
macrocephalus (Sciocoris), 97
Macrodema, 98
Macroplax, 98
macrostyla (Kois), 560
7 (Ptychopoda), 5
Macrotristria, 673, 676
macula-alba (Ceuthorrhynchus), 94
macularia (Phalena), 578
maculata (Scardamia), 502
3 (Strangalia), 95
maculatus (Camponotus), 630
rh}
161, 162, 225,
”
( exw )
maculatus (Ceropales), 603
3 (Hoplognathus), 260
x (Ochodieus), 742, 743
ae (Pasites), 618 ;
sg cognatus (Camponotus), 630
maculiceps (Mesostenus), 119
maculicollis (Cadmus), 356
maculipennis (Ochodeus), 726, 743,
744, 750
maculosa (Gonodela), 507
ae (Semiothisa), 507
maculosata (Emythecodes), 582
Macusia, 198, 199
madida (Bocana), 143
meniacella (Coleophora), ]xii
Magidalis, 87, 94
magnifica (Anthela), 480
maheswara (Elymnias), 487, 488, 489
mailaria, (Hemerophila), 535
majalis (Meloé), 93
majestica (Semiothisa), 509
makaga (Platypleura), 668, 676
malachitica (Phorodesma), 586
Malachius, 92
malachurus (Halictus), 612, 651
Malacosoma, 96
malefidaria (Epione), 581
malescripta (Hemithea), 548
5 (Nemoria), 548
malesignaria (Tephrina), 583
malgacha (Brachylabis), 292
Malthinus, 92
Malthodes, 92
Mamestra, xxii
mamillatus (Brachycaulus), 334, 447
manicata (Heteronygmia), 146
Ae (Lymantria), 146
manicatum (Anthidium), 620, 656
Mantis, 16, 21
Mantura, 96
mantus (Nymphidium), 189
», (Papilio), 189
Marcala, 520
Margaronia, 157
marginalis (Euproctis), 475
Be (Geodena), 148
marginata (Antharmostes), 586
‘3 (Chlorostrota), 585
(Episothalma), 541
(Hastula), lxx
”
29
a (Laphria), xxxii
< (Petovia), 578
4 (Petrodava), 503
fs (Victoria), 551
marginatus (Ceuthorrhynechus), 94
a (Colletes), 40, 42, 43, 56,
57, 58, 59, 62
He (Syromastes), 97
marginella (Eurema), 202
», (Terias), 202
marginicollis (Idiocephala), 377
marginipennis (Loxopleurus), 348, 438,
458, 459
marginipes (Rhizotrogus), 91
marie (Rothia), 139
marina (Actocharis), 88
maritima (Anisolabis), 294
marmorata (Boarmia), 531
5 (Chloroclystis), 573
i (Chogoda), 531
os (Tephrina), 513
sf (Tephrinopsis), 515
marmoratus (Schizosternus), 336, 427,
458, 459, 460
marmorea (Digama), 472
marshalli (Phiala), 695, 700
marsyas (Papilio), 196
», (Pseudolycena), 196
marthesia (Papilio), 178
3 (Siderone), 178
masoni (Prosopis), 610
massagaria (Hypochrosis), 581
mathilda (Carea), 141
mauensis (Melina), 65
maura (Kurygaster), 97
mauritanicus (Tenebroides), 87, 90
mauritiaria (Hemerophila), 584
mauritiata (Acidalia), 558
maxillosus (Sphex), 637
Mechanitis, xxxiii, 160, 163, 226, 227
Mecinus, 94
Mecomera, 302
Mecopelidnota, 252, 270, 271
media (Apterygida), liv
mediocris (Cryptocephalus), 341, 392,
460
mediterranea (Bembex), 638
Medon, 741
medon (Idiostoma), 741, 742
meeki (Euproctis), 474
m-flavum (Homodemus) 98°
megacephala (Pheidole), 598, 632
Megaceras, 720, 750
Megachile, 620, 626, 654, 655
megvera (Pararge), lvili
megalaria (Kubolia), 567
4 (Plerocymia), 567
Megaleura, 175
Megalocera, 98
Megaponera, xl
megara (Heliconius), 163
» (Tithorea), 160, 168, 225, 229
Megistias, 218 5
megistus (Conorrhinus), Ixxvi, xxvii
mehida (Elymnias), 487
melancholicus (Oxybelus), 639
( televit )
Melanippe, 569
Melanitis, Ixxxvili, 494
melanocephalus (Ochrosopsis), 378
melanoptera (Pomponia), 672, 676
melanopus (Cryptocephalus), 341, 400,
459
melanopyga (Megachile), 654
melanosoma (Porthesia), 474
Melanotus, 91
melanthiata (Negla), 584
i (Nolera), 584
Melasis, 87
melete (Ganoris), 1xxxix
Meligethes, 86, 90
Melinza, xxxii, 65, 163
Melinoessa, 499, 582
Melipona, 662
melissaria (Coremia), 589
Melitea, Ixxix
mellifica (Apis), 624, 660
Mellissius, 718, 749
mellitula (Tirumala), 492
Meloé, 93
Melolontha, 715
melpomene (Heliconius), 161, 168
i (Papilio), 168
memnon (Papilio), 70
memnonia (Magdalis), 94
menander (Papilio), 187
55 (Tharops), 187
mendosa (Olene), 477
mendosaria (Tephroclystia), 572
menippe (Anosia), 491
menthrasti (Chrysomela), 16, 17
mephisto (Nomada), 618
mereator (Cryptocephalus), 333
meridianus (Toxotus), 95
meridionalis (Troides), i
meridionata (Cidaria), 568
a (Gonanticlea), 568
meriones (Papilio), 683, 684, 686, 691
meris (Lasaia), 187
», (Papilio), 187
merope (Papilio), 682, 683, 686, 638,
691
Mesene, 185
mesentina (Belenois), 1xxxix
Mesocoela, 582
Mesocolpia, 590
mesoleuca (Antharmostes), 586
mesomelinus (Quedius), 89
Mesomima, 584
Mesosemia, 183, 463, 468
Mesostenus, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
117, 118, 119
Metabletus, 89
metallica (Pelidnota), 259, 273
metallicus (Cryptocephalus), 837, 414
metallicus (Loxopleurus), 387
Metanema, 502
methion (Mesoseimia), 183
Methionopsis, 218
meton (Papilio), 198
», (Rekoa), 198
Metopoplax, 98
Metrocampa, 581
Metron, 218
Miantochora, 518, 519
Miarus, 94
micalia (Papilio), 171
micans (Mordellistena), 93
», (Orchesia), 87, 93
micheli (Opisthocosmia), 303, 307
Micraspis, 97
Microloxia, 544, 586
Micronia, 557
Microphysa, 98
Microplax, 98
micropterum (Macrodema), 98
Microptila, 325
microscopicus (Loxopleurus), 348, 437,
458
Microtoma, 98
midamus (Isamia), Ixxxix
midas (Bungalotis), 211
,, (Papilio), 211
miegii (Hyperythra), 582
mikado (Forficula), 319
as (Papilio), 70
millefolii (Anthaxia), 91
Milocera, 522
Mimaletis, 590
Mimandria, 541
Mimesa, 591, 605, 648
mimica (Collesis), 585
minimaria (Ptychopoda), 559
minimum (Bembidium), 88
miniosaria (Euconista), 72
minki (Anthocoris), 98
minor (Myelophilus), 87, 94
minorata (Emmiltis), 558
e (Geometra), 558
minos (Hesperia), 220
5, (Zenis), 220
minuscula (Opisthocosmia), 304
minusculus (Cryptocephalus), 350, 416,
458
minuta (Helodes), 91
minutaria (Gonochlora), 548
minutissima (Microptila), 325
a (Stegania), 500
minutissimus (Halictus), 651
minutus (Diodontus), 606
A (Limonius), 91
mirabilis (Oxyethira), 327, 328
Miscophus, 648
( clawii )
misippus (Hypolimnas), 1, 68,176, 677- | multipunctum (Lathrobium),
694 multiscripta (Agathia), 542
$e (Mesostenus), 114 multistriatus (Scolytus), 101
a (Papilio), 176 mulucha (Callicista), 194
Mithras, 198, 228 »» (Theela), 194
mitificus (Loxopleurus), 345, 436 mundipennis (Gonodela), 583
Mitocera, 331, 340, 388, 457, 460 As (Ptychopoda), 588
Mixocera, 549, mundipicta (Nyctemera), 471
mixta (Colletes), 48 muricata (Nothorrhina), Ixv
mixtus (Loxopleurus), 350, 433, 458 murina (Isomira), 93
Mnesithetis, 587 murinus (Dermestes), 90
Mochlonyx, xxxix, xl i (Leistotrophus), 89
modesta (Marcala), 520 muscella (Phalacropterix), 99
- (Psilocerea), 520 muscosa (Gnamptoloma), 590
modestus (Methionopsis), 218 mutabilis (Adalia), 97
Moeris, 217 Ss (Eurythecodes), 582
mogul (Forficula), 321 mutata (Serica), 91
molliaria (Matanema), 502 mutator (Geotrupes), 727
molomo (Zeritis), iv, 288, 240, 246 Mutilla, 598, 648
molpe (Nymphidium), 161, 188, 227 Myecalesis, 1xxxviii
monacmaria (Tephrina), 583 Mycetoporus, 89
Monanthia, 98 Myelophilus, 87, 94
moncaunella (Pyropsyche), vi, 87, 99 | mylitta (Dynamine), 172
monetata (Argyrophora), 523 ,, (Papilio), 172
Monethe, lv Mylon, 214
mongolicus (Colletes), 38, 57, 58, 59, | Mylothris, xv
62 myncea (Euptychia), 179
monilis (Leemophlceus), 86, 90 »» (Papilio), 179
Monochyria, 568 | inyrina (Brenthis), 66, 70
monogrammaria (Boarmia), 583 Myrmecccystus, 631
monographus (Xyleborus), 95 | Myrmicaria, lxv
Monomorium, Ixvi, 597 Myrmosa, 599
monosticta (Ortholitha), 566 mystacatus (Cryptocephalus), 96
A (Plerocymia), 566 Myzine, 599, 633, 648
monstraria (Macaria), 508 Nabis, 98
montana (Eupleea), li, 704, 705 Nacaduba, 494
montanellus (Platyderus), 88 nacaria (Ectropis), 530
montanus (Colletes), 35, 38, 57, 58, 59, | nachtigalii (Endropia), 536
60, 62, 63 | naias (Craspedia), 588
AA (Leistus), 85, 88 | nana (Evarzia), 583
monteironis (Aletis), 580 5, (Tachyta), 88
: (Cartaletis), 580 | Nanophyes, 94
monuste (Papilio), 205 | nanula (Cidaria), 590
3 (Pieris), 205 | nanus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 94
mori (Cryptocephalus), 96 ,, (Colletes), 38, 55, 56, 58, 62
morbillosus (Prasonotus). 338, 351 », (Ochetostethus), 97
Mordella, 86, 93 Napeogenes, ii
Mordellistena, 93 napi (Ganoris), lvi, lix, lx, 1xxxix
morio (Andrena), 617 », (Pieris), lvi
», (Cetonia), 91 Narthecusa, 536
», (Halictus), 652 Nascus, 211
Mormolyce, 735 nasuta (Zamarada), 515
Morpho, 65, 166 | nasutus (Colletes), 37, 49, 52, 62, 63
mucoreus (Halictus), 615, 651 natalensis (Tycoonia), 503
mucosaria (Craspedia), 588 natalica (Craspedia), 588
muirana (Cassida), 8, 13, 22, 23 Nataxa, 478, 479
multilinearia (Plerocymia), 567 nearchus (Antigonus), 215
multipunctata (Agraylea), 323
5 (Hesperia), 213
(velxix 7)
Nebessa, 565
neddaria (Eucestia), 574
Negla, 536, 584
neglectus (Zabrus), 88
neilense (Doreadion), vi, 95
neis (Cecrops), 211
,, (Cecropterus), 211
Neleus, 732
Nemoptera, xxviii
nemoralis (Carabus), 88
- (Haptoderus), 88
Nemoria, 544, 545, 548, 549, 586,
587
Neoitamus, Xxxili
neolobophoroides (Opisthocosmia), 303
neoridas (Erebia), xlvii, xlviii
Neostega, 500
Neottiglossa, 97
neptunaria (Timandra), 562
nereina (Hesperocharis), 68
nerissa (Huphina), lxxxix
nesophora (Asota), 473
Neuraphes, lvi
Neurophana, 577, 578
Neuropolodes, 524, 582
neurospasta (Anthela), 479
Neurotoca, 585
nevilli (Opisthocosinia), 305, 309
niavioides (Papilio), 691
niavius (Amauris), xv, 687
Niconiades, 220
nicothoé (Anthela), 479
niger (Lasius), XXi, XXv, 597, 632
», (Luperus), 96
,, (Nanophyes), 94
», (Pompilus), 602
,, emarginatus (Lasius), 632
nigerrima (Eupagia), 526
nigra (Strangalia), 95
(Triphleps), 98
nigrans (Cicada), 673, 676
nigribasis (Tephroclystia), 571 |
x var. carmea (Tephroclystia), |
7
7
nigricella (Coleophora), 1
nigriceps (Diplatys), 279, 284
nigricola (Eurythecodes), 582
nigricornis (Nitocris), xxxXiv
nigrinotata (Craspedia), 555
nigripennis (Idiocephala), 341, 343, |
307
nigripes (Limonius), 85, 91
nigripuncta (Traminda), 562
nigripunctata (Ectropis), 584
xe (Thalassodes), 544
nigrita (Silpha), 89
nigritula (Atheta), 89
nigritus (Loxopleurus), 376
\
nigrocellata (Plerocymia), 566
nigroceeruleus (Quedius), 1xxxili
nigrocucullata (Enrygaster), 97
nigrocumulata (Psilocerea), 584
nigrofasciatus (Luperus), 96
nigrolineatus (Loxopleurus), 333
nigromaculata (Psilocerea), 521
nigrosignata (Macrotristria), 673, 676
Nipara, 492
niphanda (Terina), 577
niphobola (Euproctis), 475
Niphostola, 156
nise (Eurema), 202
,, (Papilio), 164, 202
,, (Pteronymia), 164
nitens (Platystethus), 89
nitescens (Pelidnota), 256, 259
a (Ptychopoda), 588
nitidulum (Bembidium), 88
nitidus (Labidurodes), 290
., (Tachysphex), 603
| Nitocris, XxX1v
nivea (Annemopsyche), 537
, (Hylemera), 537
niveofasciatus (Colletes), 40, 55
niveostriga (Kedestes), 236
niveus (Synclysmus), 541
| nobilis (Evenus), 200
,, (Cidemera), 93
,, (Papilio), 691
,, (Thecla), 200
noctiluca (Lampyris), 91
noctis (Gymnetron), 94
Nolera, 584
Nomada, 618, 646, 647, 648, 653
| Nomia, 618
Nomioides, 617
noria (Chrysopoloma), 700
normannum (Bembidium), 88
notata (Geodena), 151
,, (Girpa), 151
,, (Neurotoca), 585
, (Osmia), 622
(Pelidnota), 257
notatus (Pissodes), 94
ss
| Nothabraxas, 535, 536
| Nothorrhina, ]xv
nothus (Cadmus), 336, 337, 454
Notiophilus, 88
Notogonia, 603
Notonecta, 595
' nubilata (Hyostomodes), 582
nudatus (Sphex), 636
numa (Pyena), 670, 676
‘numilia (Catonephile), 171
», (Papilio), 171
nummulifera:(Hylemera), 537
Nyctemera, 148, 471, 539
( cle )
nyctemerata (Hypochroma), 540
Nymphalis, 177
Nymphidium, 161,188, 189, 227, 467,
468
Nysson, 637, 648
oannes (Opisthocosmia), 306, 307
obliquilineata (Gonodela), 507
A (Semiothisa), 507
obliquus (Cleonus), 94
8 (Piezostethus), 98
obliterata (Craspedia), 588
oblonga (Cetonia),91
oblongata (Thalera), 546
oblongatum (Anthidium), 656
oblongipennis (Chloroclystis), 590
oblongum (Platysoma), 87, 90
Obrussa, 499
obscura (Lomadonta), 146
», (Mesocoela), 582
obscuraria (Caradrinopsis), 534
obseuripes (Corethra), xxxiii
obscuroguttatus (Metabletus), 89
obseurus (Aphodius), 90
- (Strongylococis), 98
observata (Tephrina), 512
obsoleta (Lelia), 478
», (Leuecania), ]xxiii
obstitaria (Boarmia), 583
obtusa (Gonanticlea), 567
obtusata (Hemerophila), 584
obtusus (Loxopleurus), 349, 889
», (Trophiphorus), vi
ocalea (Heterosais), 225
», (Hymenitis), 164
», (Ithomia), 164
occidentalis (Diplatys), 278, 280
occupata (Aspilates), 510
ocellata (Anthela), 479
An (Eetropis), 530
ie (Lepiodes), 584
ocellicineta (Craspedia), 588
Ochetostethus, 97
ochlea (Amauris), 688
Ochodeus, 725, 726, 732, 737, 738,
742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748,
750
ochracea (Crocinis), 518
3 (Leptura), 95
ms (Pseudocrocinis), 518
ochraceus (Protogonius), 160, 178, 226,
228
ochrata (Zamarada), 582
ochrea (Coleophora), 1
», (Kuchloris), 585
ochreofusa (Craspedia), 588
ochriciliata (Tephrinopsis), 584
ochrimacula (Darisa), 584
ochripicta (Problepsis), 589
ochrocephala (Nataxa), 479
ochropus (Labia), 296
Ochrosopsis, 300, 331, 339, 346, 547,
348, 377-380, 457, 460, 461
Ochyria, 569, 589
18-guttata (Halyzia), 97
ocularis (Sthenarus), 98
oculata (Bembex), 607, 637
oculatum (Rhynchium), 609, 640
Ocyptera, Ixv, 644, 645, 646, 647
Ocypus, 89
odius (Aganisthos), 177
», (Papilio), 177
Odontzus, 730
Odontoderes, 331
Odontognathus, 252
Odontopsalis, 315, 316, 317
Odynerus, 609, 610, 626, 640, 641
(£cocecis, 1xxix
(Edemera, 93
Gdicentra, 529, 530
Oecnomaus, 196
(£nospila, 585
cenozonata (Ptychopoda), 588
ohausi (Lasiocala), 273
Olene, 473, 477
oleracea (Ganoris), 1xxxix
oleraceum (Eurydema), 97
olginaria (Hemerophila), 534
Olibrus, 89
olindaria (Tephrina), 513
olivacea (Phytodecta), 96
olivaceus (Rhynchites), 94
olivata (Cophophlebia), 582
» (Petrodava), 503, 582
>, var. perfusea (Petrodava), 503
Olocrates, 92
Omalium, 89
Omiza, 581
Omophlus, 86, 92
Omphacodes, 552
Onchosoma, 331, 334, 383, 384, 385
Oncoptera, xxvi
Onthophagus, 87, 90
Oospila, 551
opaca (Thalassodes), 585
opacus (Odynerus), 640
opacusalis (Bradina), 156
operculatus (Pedinaspis), 599
“6 (Pompilus), 599
Ophonus, 88
ophthalmicus (Ocypus), 89
Ophthalmodes, 530
opicata (Emmiltis), 557
», (Phaleena), 557
Opisthocosmia, 303-312
Opsiphanes, 165, 226, 228
orbaria (Tephroelystia), 571
>|
( Felecxi *)
Orchesia, 87, 93
Orchestes, xxix, 94
Orgyia, 72, 473, 476
ornatipennis (Cryptocephalus), 347,
422, 458
ornatitarsis (Hemiteles), 111
ornatus (Cadmus), 346, 347, 356, 456
Orochares, xxviii
orphne (Camerunia), 698
Orphnus, 724, 725, 739, 742,
747, 750
Orses, 221
Orsonoba, 581
Ortholitha, 566
Orthotrichia, 326
ortygnus (Oenomaus), 196
os (Papilio), 196
Oryctes, 716, 719, 720, 749
osculati (Pelidnota), 259
Osmia, 622, 626, 646, 647, 648, 657,658
ossicolor (Craspedia), 555
ah (Emmiltis), 555
ostentosaria (Semiothisa), 583
Osteodes, 504
ostracina (Lelia), 478
ostracites (Thalera), 587
Othius, 89
Otiorrhynehus, 84, 85, 93
ovatus (Otiorrhynchus), 93
ovicollis (Promocoderus), XXvil
oxoia (Somera), 152
Oxybelus, 608, 626, 639
Oxyethira, 326, 327, 328
Oxypoda, 89
ozema (Achlyodes), 214
», (Hudamidas), 214
Pachybrachys, 86, 87, 96
Pachypalpia, 584
Pachytychius, 94
Pachyxyphus, 98
pacificus (Cadmus), 345, 353
packardii (Endropia), 536
Padraona, 219, 495
Peederus, 89
Paiwarria, 199
paleeno (Colias), xv
», (Papilio), 243
palarica (Erebia), 1xxxvii
palegon (Papilio), 194
», (Tmolus), 194
paleutes (Hypolimnas), 68
pallens (Cryptocephalus), 341, 408, 460
palliata (Rhomborista), 550
palliatus (Hylastes), 87, 94
pallicornis (Allotrichia), 324
pallida (Autophylla), 519
,, (Eurythecodes), 582
», (Leptaletis), 590
745,
pallida (‘Tephrinopsis), 518
», (Traminda), 589
pallidicornis (Dicyphus), 98
pallidinervis (Phygadeuon), 121
pallidipennis (Pelidnota), 258, 268
pallidipes (Loxopleurus), 348, 431
palliditarsis (Mimesa), 591, 605
pallidula (Agraylea), 324
pallidulata (Thalassodes), 547
palmyra (Eurema), 203
53 (Terias), 203
Palomena, 97
Paltothyreus, xl
palumbata (Hyphenophora), 498
palustris (Kubria), 88
Palyas, 498
Pamphila, 218
panabra (Porthesia), 474
Panagra, 511, 512, 520, 577
Panagropsis, 577
pandora (Argynnis), 594
pandosia (Itaballia), 204
- (Pieris), 204
pandurus (Lygieus), 97
paniscus (Anthrax), xxx, xXxll
Panthiades, 197
panzeri (Tachysphex), 635
paphia (Dryas), lxxi
Papilio; 4, i, xbvig. Ip pligiliv, «lee
Ixxxiv, 69, 70, 160-222, 236, 243,
537, 578, 677-692, 704
papilionaria (Geometra), xxxiil
papuensis (Troides), 69
Paracadmus, 331, 356
Paracephala, 331, 335, 387
Paracrocota, 581
paradoxa (Heterogynis), 71-78
re (Labia), 299
a (Porthesia), 474
% var. candelarize
gynis), 72
Paragathia, 586
paraguayensis (Pelidnota), 258, 266
parallacta (Semiothisa), 583
parallelaria (Aspilates), 512
(Hetero-
45 (Pigiopsis), 582
AC (Ptychopoda), 589
» (Tephrina), 512
parallelopipedus (Dorecus), 90
+3 (Paromalus), 90
Parantica, 1xxxix
Paraptychodes, 578
Pararge, lviti, Ixxxviil
Parastastia, 712
Parasynegia, 581
pardemia (Delias), 488
parentheticus (Cryptocephalus), 338,
340, 364, 456, 459
( elzxii )
Pareuchloris, 548, 585
Pareumelia, 498
parietum (Odynerus), 610, 641
var. renimacula (Odyneris),
610
parisatis (Hipparchia), 1xxxvili
Parnus, 90
Paromalus, 87, 90
partita (Geodena), 150
», (Lauron), ii
», (Mautilla), 598
», (Plegapteryx), 525
parumpunctatus (Corizus), 97
parva (Anthela), 479
parvinotus (Siderus), 195
parvula (Ceratina), 618
5, (Cheetospania), 300
», (Mordellistena), 93
parvulus (Globiceps), 98
~ (Odynerus), 640
59 (Tachys), xxxix
Pasites, 618, 648
Passalcecus, 606
Passalus, 733, 750
patagonie (Medon), 741
patulata (Angerona), 533
paulina (Appias), li, 705
», (Catophaga), lxxxix
pauper (Melinoessa), 582
pauperculus (Cadmus), 456
55 (Cryptocephalus), 345, 358
peararia (Emmiltis), 556
pectinata (Pseudalcis), 583
pectoralis (Paracephala), 387
pedestris (Cleonus), 93
Pedilophorus, 90
Pedinaspis, 599
peleides (Morpho), 166
peleus (Megaleura), 176
AD (Papilio), 176
Pelidnota, 252, 253, 260-269, 712
pelion (Panthiades), 197
», (Papilio), 197
Pellicia, 216
pellitus (Balaninus), 94
pellucida (Ithomia), 164
Pemphigus, lvi
Pemphredon, 606, 637
penelea (Papilio), 182
», (Taygetis), 182
penella (Heterogynis), 71-79
penelope (Euptychia), 179
3 (Papilio), 179
penetrata (Cidaria), 568
pensilis (Sceliphron), 605, 637
Pentatoma, 97
Pentodon, 718
Pentodontoschema, 719, 749
peralbida (Thosea), 153
perculsaria (Tephroclystia), 572
perdistincta (Tmolus), 194, 229
| peremptata (Larentia), 589
| perezi (Colletes), 40, 44, 45, 49, 61
perfectaria (Hypochroma), 540
| perforatus (Rhopalopus), 87
| perfusca (Petrodava), 582
periander (Diorrhina), 184
- (Papilio), 184
Peribalus, xxii, 97
Perichares, 221
Pericopis, 647
Peridela, 582
Peridromia, 174, 175
peringueyi (Gonolabis), 293
Perixera, 560
Perizoma, 589
perlatus (Cadmus), 348, 454
perlepidota (Comibiena), 518
(Zamarada), 518
perlimbata (Hyphenophora), 498
a (Palyas), 498
Perophthalma, 183
perornata (Victoria), 586
perplexata (Negla), 536
perroudi (Heliopathes), 92
persimilis (Chloromma), 585
perspicua (Bombyx), 539
5 (Pitthea), 539
peruviana (Symmachia), 466, 468
perviata (Paracrocota), 581
Petelia, 582
petilia (Limnas), 492
Petovia, 577, 578
Petrodova, 502, 503, 582
pexicollis (Cryptocephalus), 96
Pheedon, 663
pheedusa (Stalachtis), ii
pherusa (Colzenis), 169
», (Papilio), 169
Phalacropterix, 99
Phalena, 499, 557, 578
Phaleena-Geometra, 523, 566
phalenoides (Diphoridas), 214
phalericus (Colletes), 38, 53, 54, 62
phaleros (Cyenus), 197
” (Papilio), 197
Phanis, 217
Phanus, 212
phareus (Mesene), 185
| (Bapilio)} 185
Pharyngomyia, lxvii, lxviii
Pheidole, 598, 632
Phiala, 695, 696, 700
Phiarus, 648
phidias (Papilio), 207
», (Pyrrhopyge), 207
( elxxiii - )
phidile (Ania), 178
phidon (Papilio), 222
», (Thracides), 222
Philanthus, 607, 639
philanthus (Hoplia), 91
philarchus (Kallima), li, 705
philea (Callidryas), 205
»» (Papilio), 205
Philereme, 566
Phileurus, 721, 738, 750
philodice (Colias), xv
Philonthus, 89
phlegmatica (Magdalis), 94
Phlceophthorus, 95
phocus (Nascus), 211
a (eaipilio);) 2a
Pheebis, 205
pheenicias (Anthela), 480
Phora, xxi
Ehorodesma,.) x, 950, 551) oS,
586
Phoroneus, 733, 750
Phosphuga, 89
Photuris, ]1xxxiv
phrontisaria (Zamarada), 517
Phyciodes, 170
Phygadeuon, 119, 120, 121
phyleus (Hylephila), 219
3 (Papilio), 219
Phyle, 586
Phyletis, 560
Phyllobius, 87, 93
Phyllognathus, 91
Phyllomorpha, 97
Phyllontocheila, 98
Phyllotreta, 86, 96
phyllus (Papilio), 220
», (Yettinus), 220
Phytocoris, 98
Phytodecta, 96
Phyteecia, 86, 96
piceitarsis (Loxopleurus), 349, 350,
391
piceus (Calathus), 88
picipennis (Betarmon), 91
33 (Harpalus), 89
picipes (Acinopus), 88
» (Gnathocomus), 97
», (Omophlus), 92
picistigma (Colletes), 35, 39, 54, 59,
62, 63, 643
picta (Pharyngomyia), Ixvii, ]xvili
», (Prosopis), 611, 641
picticollis (Strophosomus), 93
pictilinea (Petelia), 582
pictipes (Prosopis), 611, 642
picturata (Tephroclystia), 572
Pierella, 179
Pieris, xxxiii, lvi, lxiv, xxv, 179, 203,
204, 205
Piezostethus, 98
Pigia, 557
Pigiopsis, 582
pilicrus (Megachile), 654
pilipes (Andrena), 652
pilosus (Orchestes), 94
Pimelopus, 719, 749
Pingasa, 540
pini (Aphanus), 98
,, (Corticeus), 87, 92
», (Pissodes), 87
piperata (Crocinis), 520
», (Gyopteryx), 520
», (Psilocerea), 520
Pisoraca, 497, 561, 587
Pissodes, 87, 94
Pitthea, 497, 538, 539, 584
Pityogenes, 95
Placusa, 87, 89
plagiata (Asota), 472
plagicollis (Loxopleurus), 363
Plagiodera, 96
Plagiotylus, 98
plana (Crocinis), 518
», (Pseudocrocinis), 518
planaria (Chrysocraspeda), 564
planatus (Brontes), 87, 90
planemoides (Papilio), 688, 691
Planiceps, 599
planicollis (Forficula), 320
planipennis (Craspedia), 588
planirostris (Rhinosimus), 93
platissa (Catochrysops), 495
Platycerus, 86, 70, 736
platycestus (Halictus), 650
Platyderus, 87
Platyja, 141
Platylabia, 300
Platynaspis, 97
Platynus, 88
Platyphora, lxix
Platypleura, 667, 668, 669, 674, 676
platyptera (Oxypoda), 89
Platypus, 101
Platyrrhinus, 94
Platysoma, 87, 90
Platystethus, 89
plectaria (Sterrha), 589
Plegaderus, 87, 88, 90
Plegapteryx, 525, 580
pleninotata (Heterostegane), 500
a (Stegania), 500
Plerocymia, 566, 567, 589
plesaure (Adelpha), 177
Pleurophorus, 91
plexippus (Anosia), xxiii
C'clxgav ~)
Plinthisus, 98
plumbeus (Dasytes), 92
Plusiotis, 252, 272
podagrarize (Gidemera), 93
Podalgus, 719, 749
Podalirius, 623, 626, 658, 659
Podischnus, 718, 750
peecilodermis
366
Peecilus, 88
Pogonocherus, 87, 96
Polistes, liv, 609, 640
polita (Pelidnota), 257
politus (Dyschirius), lvi
pollux (Loxopleurus), 346, 435, 461
polyacmaria (Tephrina), 583
polybe (Atlides), 198
», (Papilio, 198
polycaon (Papilio), 207
polychloros (Vanessa), xlv
polydamas (Papilio), 206
Polydrusus, lvi, 87, 93
polyhymnia (Daptonoura), 203
- (Pieris), 203
polylineatus (Tychius), xxviii
Polyniphes, 191
Polyommatus, 194
Polyphylla, 715, 716
Polystroma, 568
polyxena (Eryphanis), 166
a (Papilio), 166
pompeius (Papilio), 207
A var. anchisiades (Papilio), 207
pompiliformis (Notogonia), 603
Pompilus, 591, 599, 600, 601, 602,626,
634, 635, 648, 649, 661
Pomponia, 671, 672, 676
Ponera, xl
poreatus (Brachytemnus), %4
Porphyraspis, 12 *
porphyricollis (Euxoa), xiii
porrii (Callicera), liv
Porthesia, 473, 474
poseata (Amcebe), 568
», (Monochyria), 568
postica (Aletis), 538
», (Orgyia), 476
(Provola), 538
posticalis (Brachycaulus), 334, 446
postremus (Loxopleurus), 369
postvittata (Macaria), 508
poultoni (Pompilus), 591, 600
pradieri (Brachycerus), 93
preecellens (Platypleura), 669
a (Ugada), 669, 676
prasina (Palomena), 97
», (Pelidnota), 258
prasinaria (Epirrhoé), 569
(Cryptocephalus), 339,
Prasinoeyma, 544, 545, 586
Prasonotus, 331, 333, 335, 336,
352, 459 :
pratorum (Bombus), 660
Prepona, 177
presbitaria (Tephrina), 511
pretiosus (Loxopleurus), 369
primita (Sibinia), 94
Priobium, 92
Prioneris, 68, 69
Prionopleura, 331, 337, 343, 344, 362,
381, 382, 457, 459
Pristonychus, 88
Problepsis, 564, 589
Probolosceles, 550, 585
procidata (Osteodes), 504
Proculejus, 733, 750
Proculus, 733, 750
Procypha, 514, 515, 582
productus (Epeolus), 51, 645, 653
51,
| prolixa (Pelidnota), 257
Promocoderus, xxvii
propinquus (Salius), 603
proserpina (Deragena), 492
Prosopis, 610, 611, 626, 641, 642, 648
Prostemma, 98
Protambulyx, xxii
protearia (Xylopteryx), 528
Proteides, 210
proteus (Eudamus), 208
5 (Papilio), 208
protillus (Eudamus), 208
Protogonius, 160, 178, 226, 228
protrusa (Zamarada), 515
protrusata (Chloroclystis), 573
Provola, 538
proxantharia (Aspilates), 511
prunaria (Angerona), x]
Psalis, 473, 478
Psallus, 98
Psamatodes, 511, 581
Psammophila, 604, 626, 636
pselaphiformis (Microphysa), 98
Pselaphus, xxviii
Pseudagenia, 603, 635, 648
Pseudaglossa, 142
Pseudaleis, 583
Pseuderythra, 502
pseudocrispus (Cricosoma), 185
‘ (Lemonias), 185
Pseudocrocinis, 518
Pseudolyceena, 196
Pseudosterrha, 565, 566
Pseudosyrichthus, 720, 750
Pseudoterpna, 539, 540
Psilocerea, 519-522, 583, 584
Psilothrix, 92
Psithyrus, 626, 659
(Yelxv +)
Psylliodes, 96
Pteroceropsis, 154
Pterolocera, 478, 479
Pterometus, 98
Pteronymia, 164
Pterophorus, lxxi
Pterostichus, 85, 87
Ptinus, i
Ptoehophyle, 589
Ptosima, 87, 91
Ptychoderes, Ixxxiv
Ptychopoda, 559, 560, 588, 589
pubescens (Lachnzea), 96
Bn (Podalirius), 659
FA (Rhynchites), 94
pudens (Luxiaria), 504
pudica (Anthela), 480
pudicata (Cidaria), 590
puella (Annemopsyche), 538
», (Hylemera), 538
», (Rambara), 575
,, (Zanclopteryx), 575
pugnax (Forcipula), 289
pulchella (Chariderma), 335, 385, 457,
459, 461
Re (Glenea), vi
aA (Idiocephala), 342, 343, 375,
460, 461
3 (Nomioides), 617
ar (Pelidnota), 256
pulcherius (Leucochitonea), 214
oh (Mylon), 214
pulcherrima (Grammodes), 142
pulcherrimus (Hemiteles), 111
pulchra (Lemonias), 467, 468
pulchraria (Prasinocyma), 544
pulchrifimbria (Syndromodes), 543
pulicarius (Rhamphus), 94
pulveraria (Acidalia), 587
pulvereus (Halictus), 615
palveriplaga (Oospila), 551
is (Victoria), 551
pulverosa (Zamarada), 516
pumila (Mordellistena), 93
pumilus (Colletes), 38, 55, 56, 60, 62
punctaria (Probolosceles), 550
punctata (Eurythecodes), 582
», (Niphostola), 156
», (Pelidnota), 257
punctatissimus (Halictus), 613, 651
punctatus (Colletes), 40, 52, 62
Ae (Crabro), 608, 639
5 (Scaurus), 92
puncticeps (Sphecodes), 612
puncticorpus (Bursada), 577
puncticosta (Aspidomorpha), 2, 5, 6,
Ca ae ICs alts. a aly alts}, PAO) Ale
22598
punctipennis (Calathus), 88
punctistriata (Acidalia), 587
punctulata (Pelidnota), 257
punctulatus (Geotomus), 97
pupillata (Thalassodes), 585
pura (Axiologa), 477
», (Euproctis), 474
| purpuraria (Hemicopsis), 526
ag (Cadmus), 344, 354
(Carabus), 85, 88
| purpurea (Pelidnota), 255
purpureotinctus (Cryptocephalus), 340,
398
purpuripennis (Carpocoris), 97
pusilla (Orgyia), 476
pusillus (Salius), 603
pustulata (Phytcecia), 96
Pyena, 670, 676
Pyenodontia, 586
pygialis (Rhizotrogus), 91
pygidialis (Tachysphex), 635
pygmeus (Cryptocephalus), 96
Pylarge, 587
pyraliata (Craspedia), 588
pyralina (Gorgythion), 214
», (Helias), 214
Pyrameis, xxiv, 66, 70
pyramus (Hematera), 173
», (Papilio), 173
» var. rubra (Hematura), 173,
229
pyzranthe (Catopsilia), xxxvii, li, lii,
liii, Ixxxix, 701-708
pyraster (Mecinus), 94
pyreneus (Halictus), 649
Pyrgus, 245
Pyropysche, vi, 87, 99
pyrrhias (Haplopseustis), 476
Pyrrhogyra, 175
Pyrrhopyge, 207
pyrrhulipennella (Coleophora), xxxvi
pythiaria (Argyris), 589
Pythonides, 212, 213
quadrata (Verlusia), 97
quadratepennis (Cryptocephalus), 341,
396
4-cineta (Cerceris). 607, 638
4-cinctus (Halictus), 649
4-fasciata (Abdera), liv
quadrifasciata (Abdera), 87, 93
quadrifasciatus (Cadmus), 344, 451,
458, 460
4-fasciatus (Podalirius), 623, 658
quadrigutta (Geodena), 148, 150
quadriguttatum (Bembidium), 88
4-maculata (Cerceris), 638
quadrimaculata (Silaria), 93
quadrimaculatum (Scaphidium), 89
( elxxvi
quadrimaculatus (Hister), 90
He var. gagates (Hister),
90
quadripunctata (Pelidnota), 251, 253,
260
4-punctata (Scolia), 599, 602, 633
quadripunctata (Zonabris), 93
quadripunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 96
4-punctatus (Pompilus), 635
4-pustulatus (Exochomus), 97
quadrisignatus (Dromius), 89
quadrispinosa (Forcipula), 289
quadrivittatus (Cadmus), 330, 336, 337,
357, 456, 459
14-notatus (Oxybelus), 639
14-pustulata (Coccinella), 97
Quedius, i, 1xxxiii, 86, 89
quelchi (Forcipula), 289
quercus (Orchestes), 94
», (Smerinthus), Ixxi, lxxii
5-notatus (Crabro), 609
quinquepunctata (Xanthomelaina), 156
quinquepunctatus (Tychins), 94
quisquiliarius (Philonthus), 89
quisquilius (Crypticus), 92
5 var, pyreneus (Crypticus),
92
Racheospila, 543
rachicera (Panagra), 520
ie (Psilocerea), 520
Racotis, 530
raffrayi (Diplatys), 279, 282
rahira (Acriea), iv, 231, 232, 246
Rambara, 575, 576
ramosa (Crocisa), 623
rapze (Ganoris), lvii, lviii, lx, Ixxxviii
», (Pieris), xxv
raphaelaria (Cidaria), 580
oe (Xylopteryx), 580
rattrayi (Deilemera), 147
rebus (Opisthocosmia), 303
reciprocaria (Boarmia), 531
reconditaria (Acidalia), 587
rectistriaria (Acadra), 508
= (Semiothisa), 508
recurvinota (Ptychopoda), 589
Redoa, 478
reducta (Lymantria), 476
reductata (Jodis), 548
reflexaria (Comibzna), 517
oe (Zamarada), 517
regalis (Evenus), 200
(Papilio), 200 |
regulata (Hemerophila), 584
regulosa (Tephroclystia), 571
reichei (Aigidium), 738
», (Bolboceras), 727, 750
Rekoa, 198
)
religiosa (Mantis), 16
Remodes, 574
remotata (Aleis), 583
renata (Euptychia), 179
», (Papilio), 179
renifera (Annemopsyche), 537
», (Hylemera), 537
repleta (Anthela), 479
respondens (Mesostenus), 112, 114
reticulatum (Lygeosoma), 97
reticulatus (Mesostenus), 116, 118
as (Sphecodes), 644, 645, 646
retusus (Geotrupes), 727
», (Podalirius), 659
reuterianus (Nabis), 98
reyi (Danaccea), 92
rhabdophora (Gonodela), 509
Bye (Semiothisa), 509
rhadamaria (Hypochroma), 540
a (Pseudoterpna), 540
Rheesena, 143
Rhagium, 87, 95
Rhagonycha, 91
Rhamidava, 498, 499
rhamni (Gonepteryx), lviii, lix
Rhamphus, 94
rheni (Hydroptila), 325
rhinoceros (Bolboceras), 727, 750
Rhinocyllus, 94
Rhinomacer, 87, 94
Rhinosimus, 93
Rhizophagus, 90
Rhizotrogus, lvi, 86, 91, 662
rhodapicata (Heteronygmia), 146
Rhodocera, 204
rhododactylus (Phlceophthorus), 95
Rhodogastria, 470
Rhodometra, 565
Rhodophthitus, 536
Rhomborista, 550
Rhombosternus, 331, 346, 369, 381,
457
Rhopalocampta, xxxvii
Rhopalopus, 87, 95
Rhynchites, 87, 94
Rhynchium, 609, 640
RKhytirrhinus, 85, 94
ricini (Heliconius), 168
ridleyanus (Papilio), 69, 70
ridleyi (Diplatys), 279, 284
Riodina, 187
riparia (Labidura), liv
robini (Aépys), 88
roei, var. atripennis
333
roezaria (Emmiltis), 557
romulus (Chalyhs), 199
(Papilio), 199
(Idiocephala),
2?
Gv clxxyvan )
Rosalia, 86, 95
roseocincta (Kois), 588
roseomaculatus (Calocoris), 98
roseovittata (Heterabraxas), 536
35 (Nothabraxas), 536
roseus (Rhodophthitus), 536
rosina (Chrysocraspeda), 586
rostrata (Ailia), 97
», (Pelidnota), 253
rothi (Chlorodrepana), 586
», (Chorodnodes), 584
Rothia, 139
rotundata (Iropoca), 477
5 (Megachile), 620
rubedinaria (Gynopteryx), 586
ruber (Cceliodes), 94
ruberata (Stegania), 581
rubi (Anthonomus), 94
rubicolus (Eriades), 622
rubicunda (Anthela), 480
rubicundus (Cryptocephalus), 339, 403,
460
rubida (Nataxa), 479
» (Stegania), 501
rubiginosus (Cryptocephalus), 337
rubricaput (Aletis), 578
rubricorpus (Cénospila), 585
rubridentata (Syndromodes), 543
rubridisca (Eucrostes), 549
rubrifasciata (Heematorithra), 523
rubrimacula (Thalassodes), 585
rubripennis (Chrysolene), 586
rubripes (Harpalus), 88
rubriplaga (Agraptochlora), 547
~ (Turckheimeria), 584
rubristicta (Eucrostes), 586
rubritincta (Philereme), 566
5 (Scotosia), 566
rubriventris (Pelidnota), 254
rubrolineata (Ithomiola), 465
rubrosignaria (Acidalia), 587
rudicornis (Hameopis), 535
is (Nothabraxas), 535
rufa (Formica), 631
;, (Leucania), lxxili
rufaria (Geolyces), 519
rufa-typica (Leucania), xxiv
rufescens (Diplatys), 279, 283
a (Ochrosopsis), 330, 347, 379
ae (Onchosoma), 383
rufibarbis (Cephenomyia), Ixvii, lxviil
ruficaudis (Prasonotus), 335, 352
ruficeps (Cymindis), 89
ruficollis (Peederus), 89
55 (Platyderus), 88
A (Rhinosimus), 93
ruficorne (Aulonium), liv
ruficornis (Grammoptera), 95
PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., Vv. 1904.
ruficornis (Nomia), 618
rufigrisea (Parasynegia), 581
rufilimes (Alcis), 534
rufilinearia (Zamarada), 516
rufimixta (Cacorista), 587
rufinubes (Craspedia), 588
rufipennis (Pelidnota), 256
rufipes (Lebia), 89
», (Pentatoma), 97
», (Pompilus), 600, 634
5, (Urodon), 94
rufiplaga (Catascia), 584
rufisalsa (Induna), 560
rufiscripta (Platyja), 141
rufistrigata (Cosymbia), 561
5 (Ephyra), 561
rufiventris (Sphecodes), 644, 645, 646
rufocellata (Eucrostes), 586
rufolutaria (Acidalia), 587 »
rufomarginata (Thalassodes), 585
rufopetiolatus (Cryptus), 105
rufostellata (Kucrostes), 586
rufoterminalis (Cryptocephalus), 345,
346, 412, 457, 461
rufulata (Ptychopoda), 588
rufum (Idiostoma), 741, 750
rugatus (Ochodeeus), 745
rugicollis (Cadmus), 337, 352
i (Cryptocephalus), 96
rugifrons (Cryptocephalus), 360
ruginaria (Hypochroma), 539
Rs (Pseudopterpna), 539
rugipennis (Bryoporus), 86, 89
5 (Timarcha), 96
rugosa (Idiocephala), 360
», (Silpha), 89
rugosus (Nabis), 98
rugulosa (Hymenoplia), 91
% (Pelidnota), 254
Rumia, xxxili
Runeca, 554
ruralis (Hesperia), 215
», (Syrichtus), 215
ruspine (Papilio), 688, 691
russulata (Caberodes), 581
rusticus (Machimus), xxxii
rutilans (Cryptocephalus), 349, 403
rybyensis (Cerceris), 638
sabiata (Racheopila), 543
», (Syndromodes), 543
sabulicola (Ophonus), 88
sabulifera (Tephrinopsis), 583
sabulosa (Ammophila), 635
sabulosus (Trox), 722
sacraria (Phalena-Geometra), 566
», (Pseudosterrha), 566
sagaris (Mesene), 185
», (Papilio), 185
( elxxviii_ )
sagittifera (Oxyethira), 328
sagittilinea (Craspedia), 588
Sagra, Ixxxiii
salebrosus (Cryptocephalus), 361
Salius, 602, 603, 626, 648
salomonis (Monomorium), lxvi, 597
salsa (Pareuchloris), 585
saltus (Caligo), 165, 226, 228
salutaria (Thalassodes), 544
salutator (Mesostenus), 116, 117
samoensis (Nacaduba), 494
sanatus (Plegaderus), 90
sanguineum (Apions), 1
sanguineus (Harpactor), 98
a5 (Lygistopterus), 86, 91
sankara (Tibicen), 675, 676
sapoliaria (Hemithea), 547
Saprinus, 90, 663
sara (Heliconius), 65, 66
Sarcophaga, 661
Sarota, 186
saturata (Anartia), 66, 70
», _(Lomadonta), 147
saturoides (Cartha) xxii
satyroides (Macusia), 199
rs (Thecla), 199
Satyrus, lviii, lxxxvili, 180
saucius (Plegaderus), 90
saundersii (Chlosyne), 170
73 (Lachnabothra),
461
(Synchloe), 170
Sauris, 574
sauzi (Rhizotrogus), 662
saxatilis (Lygeus), 97
scabiose (Halictus), 612, 649
», var. ochroceovittatus (Halic-
tus), 612, 649
scabiosus (Cryptocephalus), 341, 419,
458
scabricollis (Pachytychius), 94
scabrosus (Cryptocephalus), 337, 341,
360
scalaris (Nysson), 637
Scapanes, 718, 750
Scaphidium, 87, 89
Scaptophilus, 717, 749
scapularia (Scodiona), 581
scapularius (Cymindis), 89
Scarabeeus, 90, 711, 715, 721
Scardamia, 502
Scardia, lxxi
Scaurus, 92
Sceliphron, 605, 637
schafferi (Cryptocephalus), 96
»» (Sisyphus), 90
Schaphisoma, 89
schematias (Xanthomelaina), 157
334, 351,
Schizosternus, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336,
345, 386, 387, 426, 427, 428, 457,
458, 459, 460
schlagintweiti (Anechura), 313
schmeltzii (Deragena), 492
schreberi (Cerocoma), 93
», (Onthophagus), 90
Sciaphilus, 93
scintillans (Leucochitonea), 213
sr (Sostrata), 213
Sciocoris, 97
Scodiona, 529, 581
Scolia, 599, 602, 626, 633, 634, 648
Scolytus, liv, 101
scopolii (Cerambyx), 86, 87, 95
scopolina (Coptocephala), 96
scotochyta (Euproctis), 474
Scotopterix, 528
Scotosia, 528, 566, 589
Scraptia, 87, 93
scrofa (Aphodius), 90
serutator (Aphodius), 85, 90
sculptilis (Cadmus), 346, 347, 354
scutatum (Trypoxylon), 635
scutatus (Cadmus), 346, 347, 355, 459
scutellaris (Capsus), 98
(Crematogaster), 598, 633
as lestrygon (Crematogaster),
598
scutellata (Leptura), 86, 87, 95
scybalarius (Aphodius), 90
Scymnus, 97
secundiana (Nyctemera), 472
securis (Psalis), 478
secutaria (Stegania), 581
55 (Zamarada), 581
segmentata (Syndetodes), 525
seguntianum (Dorcadion), 95
35 var. (Dorcadion), 95
selenaria (Ascotis), 531
He (Geometra), 531
var. fasciata (Ascotis), 531
Selidosema, 533
semele (Satyrus), lviii, lxxxviil
Semiadalia, 86, 97
semicolor (Tephrina), 513
mn (Tephrinopsis), 513
semicostatus (Loxopleurus), 347, 389
semidivisa (Asthenotricha), 589
semiflavata (Tephroclystia), 590
senifulva (Cheetospania), 300
semigrisea (Episothalma), 585
semihyalina (Geodena), 149
Semiothisa, 504-510, 583
semirufa (Paracrocota), 581
semispurcata (Aspilates), 504
senegalensis (Sagra), XXviii
sennoe (Callidryas), 205
(Crersexax. 4)
sennoe (Papilio), 205
separandus (Halictus), 612, 650
separaria (Boarmia), 534
separata (Azata), 583
»» (Nyctemera), 472
3 (Selidosema), 533
7-dentatum (Anthidium), 621, 656
7-punctata (Coccinella), xxiv, 85, 86,
97
i ee (Danais), li, 704
brianna) “Ixxxviii
serenus ’(Cryptocephalus), 344, 418
sergestus (Papilio), 220
Ps (Talides), 220
Serica, 91, 738, 749
sericans (Megachile), 620, 654
sericea (Asida), 92
sericeus (Cytilus), 90
», (Polydrusus), lvi
»» (Rhynchites), 94
serrata (Hydroptila), 325
serraticornis (Asthenotricha),
serripes (Harpalus), 89
sesara (Xois), 493
setifrons (Polydrusus), 93
setiger (Cis), 92
sevandaria (Lycauges), 553
severa, (Diplatys), 278, 280
6-cinctus (Halictus), 649
16-punctata (Micraspis), 97
sexdentatus (Tomicus), 95
6-maculata (Elis), 634
5 (Scolia), 634
sexmaculata (Titubcea), 96
sexpunctata (Lachniea), 96
shakra (Pararge), ]xxxviii
shelfordi (Opisthocosmia), 307, 312
- (Pseudaglossa), 142
shuckardi (Pemphredon), 606
Sibinia, 94
570
sicheli (Camponotus), 597
sicula (Chalicodoma), 620
siculus (Odynerus), 610
Siderone, 178
Siderus, 195
siennata (Gonodela), 505
»» (Semiothisa), 505
sierraria (Chloroclystis), 573
sierrensis (Colletes), 43
signatus (Cardiophorus), 91
signifrontaria (Hypochroma), 585
silacea (Plegapteryx), 580
Silaria, 93
silenus (Phyllognathus), 91
sillaria (Procypha), 514
silonaria (Phyletis), 560
Silpha, 89
silvestrii (Gonilabis), 293
| simiaria (Thalassodes), 585
| similis (Chloroctenis), 589
», (Idiocephala), 360
| Simopteryx, 580
simplex ae 583
, (Comostolopsis), 543
, (Kuchloris), 543
,, (Nothabraxas), 536
., (Odynerus), 609, 640
= (Opisthocosmia), 306
(Oxyethira), 328
(Papilio), 695, 700
(Pareuchloris), 585
(Rhodophthitus), 536
(Xylecata), 148
simplicior (Anastrus), 216
f (Pellicia), 216
simplicius (Kudamus), 208
3 (Papilio), 208
| simulatrix (Alcis), 583
sincera (Craspedia), 588
sinensis (Tomopygia), 288
| sinepunctis (Staphylus), 215
| sinna (Xenostega), aul
| sinnaria (Emmiltis), 556
| Sinodendron, 86, 90, 736
_sinuata (Bembex), 637
sinuatus (Hister), 87
sipariata (Gynopteryx), 520
| Sissantobius, 724, 742, 747, 750
| Sisyphus, 90
| sita (Prioneris), 69
| | Sitones, 93
| siva (Diplatys), 279, 283
smaragdaria (Phorodesma), Ix
smeathmanellus (Halictus), 652
Smerinthus Ixxi, Ixxii
Smicronyx, 94
smilodontaria (Panagra), 577
smithianus (Bombus), 659
smithi (Alcis), 533
», (Conchylia), 581
sobrinus (Cryptocephalus), 339, 407
sodaliata (Rhamidava), 499
Solenopsis, lxvi
solitariella (Coleophora), xxxvi
solstitialis (Rhizotrogus), 91
5 var. _ pineticola
trogus), 91
Somatina, 565
Somera, 152
sordida (Pelidnota), 258
sordidula (Crematogaster), 598
sordidus (Aphodius), 90
sororcula (Azata), 583
Sostrata, 213 >
sosybius (Euptychia), 180
ve (Papilio), 180
33
9?
32
’
b)
(Rhizo-
(
Sparatta, 302
sparsa (Hydroptila), 324
sparsipunctata (Acidalia), 587
sparsus (Orchestes), Ixxix
sparsutus (Pachytychius), 94
Spathilepia, 209
speciosus (Cryptocephalus), 342, 364,
456, 459
spectabilis (Colletes), 40, 55, 58, 62
- (Holorista), 574
a (Sauris), 574
Sphenogona, 203
spheerocephalus (Aristus), 88
Sphecodes, lxv, 611, 612, 626, 643-
649
sphecodimorphus (Halictus), 617
Sphex, 604, 605, 626, 636, 637, 648
Sphindus, 92
sphingata (Dioptrochasma), 525
AA (Neuropolodes), 582
Sphingomima, 581
Sphynx, lxxx
Spilispa, 719
spina (Agrotis), xiii, xxii
spinifer (Platycerus), 86, 90
spiniger (Centrocoris), 97
spinolee (Callicera), liv
», (Dorcadion), 95
spiricornis (Odynerus), 641
spirifex (Sceliphron), 605, 637
spissata (Aspilates), 510
splendidulus (Geotrupes), 727
58 (Philonthus), 89
Spongiphora, 295
spreta (Anthomyia), xlviii
sprucei (Heliconius), 65
spurius (Dysenius), 209
squalida (Kctropis), 530
», (Ophthalmodes), 530
squamigerum (Apion), 94
stableaui (Rhytirrhinus), 94
Stactobia, 326, 328
stagira (Thecla), 193
s, (Tmolus), 193
Stalachtis, ii
staphylinoides (Pterotmetus), 98
Staphylus, 215
Staria, 97
statira (Aphrissa), 205
», (Papilio), 205
Stegania, 500, 501, 581
steinheili (#gidium), 739
Stelis, 657
stella (Cheetospania), 300
stellata (Kumelia), 499
», (Melinoessa), 499
steneles (Papilio), 176
», (Victorina), 176
claxx’ )
Stenia, 156
Stenocephalus, 97
stenocerus (Cryptocephalus), 339, 406
Stenosis, 92
stercorarius (Geotrupes), 727, 728
Steropus, 87, 88
Sterrha, 552, 589
Sthenarus, 98
stibolepida (Comibena), 547
a (Jodis), 547
Stibolepis, 697, 700
sticticata (Phyletis), 560
stictimargo (Thalassodes), 585
stictomenes (Staphylus), 216
= (Vehilius), 216
Stigmodera, xxii
stillaria (Comostola), 586
Stizus, 607
stolalis (Margaronia), 157
stolida (Basipta), 7, 12, 22, 23
Stracena, 144
straminea (Eurythecodes), 582
stramineata (Rhamidava), 499
‘5 (Traina), 499
Strangalia, 95
Strategus, 716, 750
stratioticus (Cadmus), 345, 347, 354
streniata (Macaria), 508
striata (Lipomelia), 587
striatifrons (Phygadeuon), 120
striga (Moeris), 217
so (Walides); 217
strigatum (Anthidium), 656
strigillatus (Cadmus), 344, 357
strigosa (Pelidnota), 257
strigulifera (Acidalia), 558
striola (Aphznogaster), 632
strobeli (Orphnus), 739
Strongylococis, 98
Strophosomus, 87, 93
structor (Aphenogaster), 597, 632 :
stygne (Erebia), xlvi, xlvii, lxxxvii
», var. bejarensis (Erebia), xlvii
», var. pehalare (Erebia), xlvili
Stypotrupes, 718, 750
subzeneus (Dasytes), 92
subalba (Thysanopyga), 584
subalbata (Pachypalpia), 584
subargentea (Eurygona), 463, 468
subaspersa (Agraptochlora), 547
subaurata (Ectropis), 584
subbrunnea (Idiocephala), 348, 373
subcarinata (Myrmicaria), lxv
subearnea (Traminda), 589
subeincta (Chogada), 583
Subcoccinella, 97
subcomosa (Mesocolpia), 590
subeurvaria (Tephrina), 583
ee a ee a ea ee
("clxxxi’: ”)
subfasciatus (Ochrosopsis), 348, 378,
460, 461
subfulva (Hypoccela), 585
subfuscata (Episothalma), 542
subfuscatus (Sphex), 605, 636
sublunata (Perixera), 560
sublutea (Boarmia), 533
3 (Emmelesia), 533
submaculata (Cosmorhoé), 568
a (Ptychopoda), 559
submarginata (Craspedia), 555, 588
56 (Redoa), 478
submetallicus (Prasonotus), 335, 351
subocularia (Boarmia), 583
subperlaria (Craspedia), 588
subplanus (Vehilius), 216
subquadratus (Sphecodes), 612,
645, 646
subreticulata (Thalassodes), 585
subrufa (Acanthoscelis), 582
subrufaria (Epirrhoé), 589
subscutulata (Ptychopoda), 588
subspersa (‘Trisyndata), 502
subspureata (Chogada), 532
subsuleatus (Cadmus), 330
subtestacea (Anaspis), 93
subtilis (Limnas), 183
», molpe (Limnas), 188
subulata (Edemera), 93
subvirens (Loxopleurus), 349, 390
succinctus (Colletes), 28, 35, 38, 41,
43, 59, 62, 63
suecica (Colletes), 58
sufficiens (Craspedia), 588
suffriani (Pachybrachys), 96
suleatum (Aulonium), liv
sulcatus (Lopus), 98
sulcicornis (Verlusia), 97
sulcifrons (Apion), 94
suleirostris (Cleonus), 93
sulphureus (Heliconius), 160
sulphuripennis (Rhombosternus), 346,
381, 457
sulphuripes (Prosopis), 641
sumatrana (Elymnias), 487
sumptuosa (Pelidnota), 259, 260
superbus (Lygzeus), 97
surrendra (Geodena), 150
surya (Pomponia), 671, 676
suturalis (Lochmiea), 96
3 (Urodon), 94
swalia (Aulocera), Ixxxvili
sybarita (Pelidnota), 259
syllaria (Rambara), 575
sylphis (Heterosais), ii
sylvatica (Cicindela), 88
sylvaticus (Geotrupes), 727
sylvestris (Hydroptila), 325
644,
sylvestris (Vespa), 640
Symmachia, 196, 466, 468
symphona (Anthela), 480
Synapsis, 723, 750
Synargis, 189
Synclysmus, 541
Syndetodes, 525
Syndromodes, 543, 544, 586
syngrammata (Scotosia), 589
Syngria, 580
Syntarucoides, 190
Synthalia, 589
syntomia (Plegapteryx),
Syrichtus, 215
syrichtus (Hesperia), 214
is (Papilio); 204) -
Syromastes, 97
Systellonotus, 98
tabacicolor (Allosterna), 95
tabitha (Epigynopteryx), 580
tachypetis (Melinwa), 163
Tachypus, 85, 88
Tachys, xxxix
Tachysphex, 603, 604, 635, 648
Tachyta, 87, 88
Tachytes, 635, 648
Tachyusa, 89
teniata (Luxiaria), 585
talayra (Thecla), 194
», (Tmolus), 194
Talides, 217, 219, 220
tanaceti (Galeruca), 96
Tanaorhinus, 542
Taphrorychus, 95
Tapinoma, 632
Tarache, 140
tarsata (Forcipula), 289
tarsatus (Paltothyreus), xl
tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha), 1x
580
| tarsispina (Acanthoscelis), 522
re (Psilocerea), 522
tasmanica (Idiocephala), 343, 344, 372
= (Onchosoma), 383
tattaria (Semiothisa), 508
Taurocerastes, 723, 724, 746, 747, 750
taurus (Bledius), lvi
Taygetis, 181, 182
Teara, 470
tecta (Aspidomorpha), 6, 7, 10, 11, 20
23
tectaria (Acidalia), 554
Tectocoris, 483, 486
tectus (Ptinus), i
Teia, 470
telata (Cobalus), 218
(Megistias) 218
29
| Telegonus, 210, 221
Telephorus, 91
(cls >)
Temenis, 172
temesa (Iaspis), 196
», (Symmachia), 196
temora (Opisthocosmia), 307, 312
tenebricosa (Capnodis), 87, 91
tenebricosus (Cryptocephalus), 339, 410
Tenebroides, 87, 90
tenebrosus (Melanotus), 91
tenella (Opisthocosmia), 305
tenellus (Anthicus), 93
tenera (Craspedia), 588
(Gymnoscelis), 590
(Mesosemia), 183
», (Perophthalma), 183
tenuifascia (‘erina), 577
tenuiorata (Narthecusa), 536
4 (Negla), 536
tenuis (Aletis), 578
(Annemopsyche), 537
(Hylemera), 537
(Paraptychodes), 578
», (Syndromodes), 586
tephraeus (Bithys), 193
55 (Tmolus), 193
Tephrina, 505, 509-513, 583
Tephrinopsis, 512, 513, 583, 584
Tephroclystia, 570-573, 590
Tephrosia, 533, 584
Teracolus, 69, 70
Terias, Ixxxix, 202, 203, 495
Terina, 497, 577, 578
terissa (Rhodocera), 204
terminalis (Cryptocephalus), 336, 342,
367, 456
terolense (Doreadion), 95
55 var. albarium (Doreadion), 95
Terpnosia, 675, 676
terpsichore (Acreea), 65, 70
terrearia (Acidalia), 587
terrens (Achlyodes), 213
terrestris (Bombus), 660, 663
», var. ferrugineus (Bombus),
623, 660
terricola (Pristonychus), 88
tertiana (Nyctemera), 472
testacea (Hispa), 97
testaceata (Cosymbia), 561
is (Ephyra), 561
testaceopilosa (Aphzenogaster), 598, 632
testaceovirens (Pelidnota), 255, 263
testaceus (Leemophleeus), 87, 90
tetensii (Orthotrichia), 326
tetragraphicata (Hemerophila), 584
Tetramorium, 632
tetrazonius (Halictus), 649
Tetropium, liv, ]xxxiii
teucrii (Copium), 98
Thalassodes, 544, 547, 585
99
”
29
29
3
Thalera, 545, 546, 587
Thalycra, 90
Thanaos, 220
Thanasimus, 92
Thargella, 218
Tharops, 187
thearia (Rambara), 576
Thecla, 193, 194
Thectura, 89
Themone, 465, 468
Theope, 161, 189, 190, 226, 227, 229,
467, 468
theramenes (Papilio), 160
Therapha, 97
Theretra, lxxx
therinella (Coleophora), 1x
theseus (Dynamine), 172
- (Eubagis), 172
Thisbe, 188
thius (Callipsyche), 191
ss) (Eyrens) 91
thoas (Papilio), 207
thomsoni (Papilio), 70
thootes (Theope), 189
thorenaria (Ochyria), 569
Thorybes, 212
Thosea, 153
Thracides, 217, 222
thrasybulus (Camptopleura), 214
- (Papilio), 214
Thronistes, 718, 749
Thymalus, 87, 90
Thymele, 211
Thymelicus, 219
Thysanopyga, 584
thysbe (Papilio), 236
., (Zeritis), 231, 236, 246
tibialis (Heterocordylus), 98
;, (Pelidnota), 256
Tibicen, 675, 676
tigrina (Aspidomorpha), 7, 11, 12, 20,
22, 23
tigurina (Hydroptila), 325
Tillus, 87, 92
Timana, 499
Timandra, 562
Timarcha, 85, 96
tincta (Xenostega), 501
tipha (Papilio), 175
», (Pyrrhogyra), 175
Tiphia, 633
Tirumala, ix, xii, lxxxvili, 492
titan (Lemobothrium), v
| Tithorea, 160, 163, 225, 229
| Titubeea, 96
| Tmolus, 161, 191, 192, 193, 194, 229
t-niger (Cadmus), 346, 449
togata (Euproctis), 475
( chesxit )
tomentosus (Tropiphorus), vi
Tomicus, 87, 95
Tomopygia, 287, 288
Tomoxia, 87, 93
Tortrix, lxx
tortuosa (Omiza), 581
Toxotus, 95
Traina, 498, 499
Traminda, 562, 589
transiens (Redoa), 479
transscissa (Anisobole), 589
transsecta (Craspedia), 588
transversa (Crepidodera), 96
transversostriatus (Anemadus), 89
Trapezonotus, 98
trepsichroides (Klymnias), 489
triangularia (Phorodesma), 551
triangularis (Brachycoleus), 98
triangulata (Labia), 297
triangulum (Philanthus), 607, 639
Trichius, 86, 91
Trichoclada, 554
Trichodes, 92
Trichogomphus, 716, 749
tricolor (Cryptocephalus), 343, 349, 359,
363, 460
(Pelidnota), 260
(Rutela), 260
,, (Xantholinus), 89
tricoloraria (Zerene), 589
tricommata (Craspedia), 588
tridens (Stizus), 607
tridentata (Osmia), 622
tridentatus (Ochodeeus), 745
trientata (Ochyria), 589
trifasciata (Pitthea), 539
(Silaria), 93
- (Turckheimera), 539
trifasciatus (Clytanthus), 95
trifolii (Hylastinus), 94
trigonus (Dysmachus), 662
trilineatus (Schizosternus), 335, 427,
458
trimaculata (Lebia), 86, 89
Trimetopia, 575
trinotata (Tephrinopsis), 584
Triodonta, 91
Triphena, vili
Triphleps, 98
triplaga (Azata), 506
triplagiata (Hymenocharta), 539
Triprora, 514
tripunctata (Myzine), 599, 633
yar. nigrifrons (Myzine),
=e]
9
9
599, 633
trirecurvata (Macaria), 507
a (Semiothisa), 507
trispilus (Cadmus), 344, 357, 456
| trispinosa (Forcipula), 289
| 3-spinosus (Oxybelus), 639
tristella (Oxyethira), 327
tristigma (Lachnea) 96
tristis (Anthicus), 93
(Macraspis), 712
(Meligethes), 90
,, (Porphyraspis), 12
Trisyndeta, 502
trivittata (Orsonoba), 581
“e (Themone), 465, 468
trofonia (Dichroma), 523
», (Geometra-Phalena), 523
troglodytella (Coleophora), xxxv
troglodytes (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 94
var, ?(Ceuthorrhynchidius),
3)
29
be)
94
| Troides, i, 69
trophonius (Papilio), ii, iii, lxxxv, 679,
685, 686, 687, 688, 691, 692
| Tropiphorus, iv, vi
Tropistethus, 98
| rox, 7135) (225 lols 700
trucidata (Xanthodura), 546
truncorum (Eriades), 657
Trypoxylon, 604, 635
tryxus (Papilio), 212
», (Xenophanes), 212
_tuberculifer (Phyllobius), 93
tucusa (Kedestes), iv, 245, 247
,, (Pyrgus), 245
tumida (Psilocerea), 520
tumidicornis (Heterocordylus), 98
| turbulentata (Osteodes), 504
Turckheimeria, 538, 539, 584
turneri (Lymantria), 476
turpis (Psilocerea), 583
turpisaria (Thalera), 546
t-viridis (Cryptocephalus), 345, 417,
458, 460, 461
tyana (Xenostega), 501
Tychius, xxvili, 94
Tycoonia, 503
tydei (Psammophila), 604, 636
typhceus (Geotrupes), 727
Ugada, 669, 676
ugandaria (Boarmia), 533
ullrichi (Trapezonotus), 98
umbrata (Acollesis), 586
umbratica (Ischnopoda), 89
umbratilinea (Craspedia), 588
umbriferata (Cidaria), 568
umbrosaria (Psilocerea), 520
Umlima, 107
undata (Silpha), 89
11-maculata (Ptosima), 87, 91
11-notata (Semiadalia), 86, 97
undimarginata (Zamarada), 581
( clxgxiv )
undularis (Elymnias), xxxvii
undulata (Anthela), 479
undulatus (Eudamus), 209
unguicularis (Pompilus), 600
unicolor (Pelidnota), 257
. (Thalassodes), 585
unicorne (Bolboceras), 729
unifasciata (Scolia), 633
unifilata (Gonodela), 506
A (Semiothisa), 506
uniformis (Anthela), 480
i (Xantheliodes), 590
unilinea (Tmolus), 192
unilineata (Kuomcea), 584
unimacula (Cassida), 8, 14, 18, 23
uninotata (Craspedia), 588
unipuncta (Prasinocyma), 545
s (Pteroceropsis), 154
univirgaria (Tephrina), 583
unocula (Cosymbia), 587
Urbanus, 218, 214
urens (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 94
Urocoma, 470
Urodon, 94
urtice (Heterogaster), 98
», (Vanessa), xli, xlii, xlv, xlvi
urticarium (Apion), 94
urvillianus (Troides), 69
ustipennis (Rhomborista), 550
uvidaria (Semiothisa), 509
Vacerra, 219
vacuna (Chlorippe), 68
vagus, var. sulphuripes (Crabro), 608
valga (Xylocopa), 654
vanaria (Micronia), 557
Vanessa, xli, xlii, xlv
vanillee (Dione), 66, 70, 170
,, (Papilio), 170
variabilis (Aletis), 579
», (Leptaletis), 579
* (Phytodecta), 96
5 (Zonabris), 93
varians (Psallus), 98
variegata (Nomioides), 617
aa (Prosopis), 610, 641
», (Traminda), 562
variipennis (Cryptocephalus), 340, 401,
460
variolosa (Cymindis), 89
variolosus (Frickius), 750
varipes (Friona), 107
Vehilius, 216
velutina (Viana), 698
velutinus (Chlenius), 89
Ap (Mochlonyx), xxxix
velutipes (Epichalcoplethis), 272
venezuelensis (Pelidnota), 260
veninotata (Lobidiopteryx), 575
ventralis (Colletes), 40, 58, 62, 68
venulius (Paiwarria), 199
», (Papilio), 199
venustus (Anthrax), xxx
verbasci (Emblethis), 98
veritabilis (Mechanitis), 160, 1638, 226,
227
Verlusia, 97
vermicularius (Ochrosopsis), 346, 377
vermiculata (Hemithea), 585
vn (Tephroclystia), 572
vernalis (Geotrupes), 91
», (Peribalus), xxii, 97
versatilis (Mesostenus), 118
versicolor (Pelidnota), 260
a (Scotopterix), 528
Pe (Xylopteryx), 528
versicolora (Plagiodera), 96
verticicornis (Onthophagus), 90
Vespa, 609, 640
vesta (Cicada), 673, 676
vestalis (Argyris), 564
s, (Problepsis), 564
vestina (Eublemma), 140
vestitaria (Psilocerea), 520
vestitus (Chlenius), 89
Vestura, 142
Vettius, 220
Veturius, 732
vetus erosus (Urbanus), 213
5, phalenoides (Urbanus), 214
vetusta (Calocampa), xxv
Viana, 698, 699, 700
viaticus (Pompilus), 600, 634, 661
viator (Diplatys), 278, 281
vibex (Thymelicus), 219
vibicella (Coleophora), ]xiii
vicaria (Angerona), 532
s, (Boarmia), 532
vicarius (Cryptocephalus), 343, 394
vicina (Opisthocosmia), 304, 309
victima (Chalcentis), 250
(Microrutela), 250
3 (Rutela) 250
Victoria, 551, 586
Victorina, 176
viculata (Heliconius), 161, 168
viduatus (Sphex), 604
22-punctata (Subcoccinella), 97
villida (Junonia), 493
villosa (Elis), 634
», (Scolia), 634
villosoviridescens (Agapanthia), 96
99
villosulus (Chasmatopterus), 91
», (Halictus), 612
villosus (Balaninus), 94
| viminetella (Coleophora), xlix
' violacea (Magdalis), 94
C elxxxy. )
violacea (Xylocopa), 619, 654
violaceus (Cryptocephalus), 96
virbius (Cobalus), 216
», (Papilio), 216
vires (Dasychira), 145
virescens (Pelidnota), 257
», (Saprinus), 663
virgatus (Loxopleurus), 350, 441, 458
virgilia (Papilio), 181
» (Taygetis), 181
virgula (Phytcecia), 96
virguncula (Porthesia), 474
viridana (Pelidnota), 253
viridaria (Timandra), 562
viridata (Coremia), 569
», (Ochyria), 569
viridellaria (Nemoria), 587 ~
viridicinetata (Larentia), 568
viridicupreus (Platynus), 88
viridifusa (lLissoblemma), 587
viridimacula (Archichlora), 551
5 (Victoria), 551
viridinitens (Cryptocephalus), 338, 365
viridipennis (Mitocera), 340, 388, 457,
460
viridis (Agrilus), 91
», (Choroplisma), 349, 387
», (Malachius), 92
»» var. nocivus (Agrilus), 91
viridissimus (Pachybrachys), 96
viridisuffusa (Chalcosia), 155
vishnu (Apterygida), 318
vitiosaria (Emmiltis), 556
vitreus (Papilio), 212
», (Phanus), 212
vitticollis (Pelidnota), 257
vittipennis (Pelidnota), 256, 264
voleana (Cheetospania), 301
Volucella, 661, 663, 664
Vorates, 218
vorax (Apion), 94
vulgaria (Cabera), 581
vulpina (Zamarada), 516
waddyi (Carcinophora), 290
wahlbergi (Kuralia), 687
walkeri (Forcipula), 288
waterhousei (Lachnabothra), 334, 351
weiskei (Papilio), i
weissi (Mecomera), 302
wenckeri (Apion), 94
willughbiella (Megachile), 654
wilsoni (Lachnabothra), 334, 351
woodfordi (Jamides), 494
w-signata (Sparatta), 302
Xanthandrus, 1xx
xanthaphes (Niconiades), 220
Xantheliodes, 590
xanthiaria (Heterolocha), 502
Xanthisthisa, 519
Xanthodura, 546
Xantholinus, 89
Xanthomelaina, 156, 157
Xanthorhoé, 589
xanthospila (Pelidnota), 255
xarifa (Lymnas), 184
Xenimpia, 514
Xenochroma, 540
Xenodorus, 719, 749
Xenopelidnota, 253, 275
Xenophanes, 212
Xenostega, 501, 582
Xois, 493
Xyleborus, viii, 81, 87, 95, 100, 101,
102
Xylecata, 148
Xyletinus, 92
Xylocopa, xxxix, Ixxxvil, 619, 654
xylocopiformis (Hyperechia), xxxix,
Ixxxvil
Xylopteryx, 528, 529, 580
Xyloryctes, 718, 750
Xylotrechus, 95
yerburyi (Callicera), lili
Zabrus, 85, 88
Zamarada, 515-518, 581, 582
Zanclognatha, lx
Zanclopteryx, 575
zarepha (Ithouria), it
Zaretas, 178
zarex (Cecrops), 211
», (Cecropterus), 211
zearia (Chrysocraspeda), 563
zebreea (Gelasma), 545
», (Nemoria), 545
zebrina (Ectropis), 530
», (Racotis), 530
Zenis, 220
Zeonia, 184
zerenaria (Fidonia), 582
Zerene, 589
Zeritis, iv, 233-241, 246
zeuxis (Papilio), 161, 206
Zizera, 494
zombina (Gonodela), 506
Zonabris, 93
zophosoides (Crypticus), 92
Marcu 16rTn, 1905.
Trans. Enێ. Soc. Lond. 1904 PUT.
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Egg-cases of African Cassidides.
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Larve etc of African Cassidides.
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Male Terminal Segments and Armatures in Species of the
Hymenopterous Genus Colletes.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. rg0g. Pl. VII.
delin, F. D Morice. André & Sleigh, Ltd.
Male Terminal Segments and Armatures in Species of the
Hymenopterous Genus Colletes.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 190g. Pl. VITI.
delin. F. D, Morice. André & Sleigh, Ltd.
Male Terminal Segments and Armatures in Species of the
Hymenopterous Genus Colletes.
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Male Terminal Segments and Armatures in Species of the
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HETEROGYNIS COCOONS.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. Pl. XII.
West, Newman photo.
HEME ROGWNITS EAR As:
Coronetted Tubercles.
Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1904.
CANALES DE LA SIERRA.
PROVINCE oF LoGRoNO.
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Pl. XII.
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HoracrE KNIGHT. HiNTSCHEL-COLOURTYPE.
Larvae, Pupae and Imagines of Trinidad Butterflies.
Trans: Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. Pl. XIX.
Horace Knight del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
SOUTH-AFRIGAN BUTTERFLIES.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. rg04. Pl. XX.
7b
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SOUTH-AFRIGAN BUTTERFLIES.
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TECTORIS LINEOLA, F., VAR. BAnxsi, Don.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. Pl. XX1X.
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All the figures are slightly more than half the natural size.
Forms of Papilio cenea bred in 1902 from a cenea form of female, and in
1903 from a ftrophonius form of female.
Durban, Natal.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. Fl. XXXII.
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Alfred Robinson, phot. Andre & Sleigh, Lid.
All the figures are nearly £ of the natural size.
Hypolimnas misippus, 2, var., together with representatives of the offspring
reared from its eggs.
Durban, Natal, 1904.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. Pl. XX XIII.
Horace Knight del. Andre & Sleigh Ltd,
New AFRICAN MoTHSs.
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SCALE OF MILES
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William Stanford£ Company Ltd,
The Oxford Geog! Institute
MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN CEYLON.
Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond. 1904, Pl. XXX Vi.
Horace Knight del. West, Newman proc.
Voeal Organs of Lamellicorn Beetles.
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