ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

Page 9, line 7 from bottom, for multas paleas read multis paleis.

Page 38, line 2 from top, for July 8th read July 8th.

Page 45, line 28 from top, for regentsteinensis read regenstetnensis.

Page 51, line 4 from bottom, for cwrulea read cerulea,

Page 94, line 5 from bottom, for Epinephale read LEpinephile.

Page 109, line 5 from bottom, for Cephanodes read Cephonodes.

Page 113, line 16 from bottom, for charonia, Dru. read canace, Linn.

Page 115, line 17 from top, for wndularis read caudata, Butl., an aberra-

tion with a broad fulvous shade from the base parallel to the inner

margin, approximating to the colouring of the °.

Page 125, line 7 from top, for Calysime read Calysisme.

Page 127, line 24 from top, for ariadne read méznorata, Moore.

Page 128, last line but two, for daret?s, Hew. read drypetes, Hew.

Page 129, lines 5,6, 7 from top, insert a comma after “took,” and de/ete

“a single... also.” The sentence will then read—. . . “I took,

settled on aleaf...,a specimen... .”

Page 136, line 14 from top, for shakra read schakra.

Page 378, line 22 from top, for phlwas read phlwas.

Page 400, line 21 from top

Page 404, line 6 from top } for Mount read Md.

Page 406, line 19 from top

Page 406, line 2 from bottom

é } for Bon read Bou

Page 408, line 22 from top

PROCEEDINGS.

Page xxxv, line 16 from top, and line 26 from top, for Syrtcthus read

Syrichthus.

Page xliii, line 13 from top, for G. album read C. album.

Page liv, line 2 from top, for Zemophilus read Lemophleus.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR. THEY EA

1905.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON AND BUNGAY.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,

CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO,,

PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK.

1905-1906.

QL 4el

Res

DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.

Part I. (Trans., pp. 1-202, Proc., i-xvi) was published 20th May, 1905

y: LS Fos 203-268, ,, xvil—xliv) bs 15th July, _,,

ed. iC os, 269-364) sa » 4th Oct., 55

3 DE rs 365-438, ,, xlv—lxxvi) 3rd Jan., 1906

, Vv. (—_—-—————-_,,, | l xxvii-cxlv) 3) eh Mer...

ar FA 1

Vusects ,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

FouNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1905-1906.

President.

FREDERIC MERRIFIELD.

Vicc=Presidents,

Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z8.

Dr. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D.

Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.

Treasurer,

ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretaries,

HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.

CoMMANDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.LS.

Librarian,

GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.ZS.

Other Members of Council.

GILBERT JOHN ARROW.

CoLonEL CHARLES T. BINGHAM, F.Z.S.

JAMES EDWARD COLLIN.

HAMILTON H.C. J. DRUCE, F.ZS.

HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S.

WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A.

LOUIS BEETHOVEN PROUT.

EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., F.LS.

CotonEL JOHN W. YERBURY, R.A., F.Z.S.

Resident Librarian.

GEORGE BETHELL, F.R. Hist. S.

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CONTENTS.

Errata

Explanation of the mletes

List of Fellows... ae

Additions to the Library

MEMOIRS.

I. The Life History of pes chinensis, Felder. ry Joun C. W.

KersHaw, F.L.S., F.E ade aoc

IL. Butterfly-destroyers in eee China. . Byd Joun C. W. Kersuaw,

BLS; BSS. .

Ill. On Erebia palarica, un. sp., and Evrebia stygne ; chiefly { in Bay

to its association with E. evias, in Spain. ved THomas A.

CHApMAN, M.D., F.Z.8. nae Boe

IV. Another Entomological Excursionto Spain. By GEORGE CHARLES

Cuampion, F.Z.S., and Tuomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M. iD

E.Z8.; with descriptions of two new ose of Hemiptera, by

’ Prof, O. M. REvrER 7

V. The Egg and Early Larval gah of a Coreid aad probably

Dalader acuticosta, Amyot et Serv.; with a note on its Hymeno-

pterous Parasite. By Nrtson ANNANDALE, B.A., ake

Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta eos

VI. Notes on the Butterflies observed in a tour through India and

Ceylon, 1908-4. By G. B. Lonesrarr, M.D., Oxon.

VII. The genus Criocephalus. By D.Suarp, M.A., F.R.S. With Notes

on the habits of Asemum striatum and Croaptate Mite

By F. Girsert Smite L

(VIIa. The Habits of Asemwm striatum and Cr Nias ferus) .

VIII. On the matrivorous habit of the pee Hetereynis, Rmbr

By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ...

IX. Descriptions of some new species of Satyride from coe

America, By Freperick Du CANE ai oe DiCilic. HRS;

etc.

X. Additions to a 2d beatbales of the e Homopterou Fanily € Cicadidz.

By W. L. Distant

XI. Ox ihe sg irl crea of Pits in T. A. Coarman, M.D.,

ZS.

. 165

al it

. 185

. 191

. 203

XII. ae on aw Zealand Lepidoptera. By E. Mevnie BA,PRS,

F.ES. . 219

XIII. On three remarkable new mens of _Mierotepidoptra a's SIR

: . 245

GrEOoRGE F. Hampson, Bart., B.A

( viii )

PAGE

XIV. Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera, collected

by Mr. Harold Cookson, in Northern Rhodesia, in 1903 and

1904. By Herpert Drvce, F.LS. ees and H. legs

by Hamitton H. Druvce, F.ZS. . 251

XV. Pseudacrea pogger. and Limnas Gaeiee the numerical pro-

portion of mimic to model. By Horace A. Byart, B.A,

F.E.S. With a note by Professor E. B. Pour cae 'D. Se.” 5

My ANs Heh s)tCs sexe sue Dae

XVI. A Monograph of me eee Our ws, ct GeOoRGE T. BETHUNE-

Baker, F.L.8., on see 369 me ..- 269

XVII. The structure and life history of Peyeheas sexpunctata, Curtis.

By Jon ALEXANDER Det, B.Sc. Communicated ye Prof.

L. C. Mratt, F.R.S.,, F.E.S. a ne . 293

XVIII. New African Lastocampide in the British Museum. Fe Prof.

Cur. AURIVILLIUS, Hon. F.E.S,, F.M.Z.S8., etc. a . old

| XIX. Memoir on the Rhynchota collected by Dr. ArTHUR WILLEY,

: F.R.S., chiefly in Birara Pos ae and Lifu. ey G. W.

KirKaLpy, F.E.S. ... . 827

XX. The Blind Coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania. ee ARTHUR

M. Lea, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Tasmania .«» 300

XXI. On a Collection of Butterflies and Moths made in Marocco, in

1900-01-02. By E. G. B. Merapr-Watpo. Communicated

by H. J. Ewes, F.RS., etc. ... fie ie «-» OOD

XXII. A new species of the Hymenopterous Genus JMZegalyra, West-

wood. By J. Cuester Bravery, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

Communicated by Col. C. T. BincHam, F.Z.S. ban we 895

XXIII. Hymenoptera Aculeata collected in Algeria by the Rev. A. E.

Eaton, M.A., F.E.S., and the Rev. Francis Davip Morice,

M.A., F.E.S. Part II. Pee mE EpwWARD SAUNDERS,

F.RS., ete, oo. s 4c ws» 399

XXIV. On the Ichneumonidous ae Tr ani ae Palmer

With descriptions of new species. By CiaupE Mor ey,

Proceedings for 1905 ep oe ise aks i sk .. i—)xxvi

Annual Meeting ... ies Re ses ise aS bee .. Ixxvii

President’s Address oe de ict ae 33 bis hoa a lberocyin

General Index nee ain a és ee BS oe ae CXa

Special Index Aa aa oes ae “ee Se ase reap CACVILE

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I. Seepage 4 Plate XII. See page 218

Plates II to VI. - 34—35 Plate XIII. " 262

Plate VII. i 54 Plate XIV. 5 as 268

Plate VIII. 2 59 Plate XV. Fs 292

Plate IX. S 164 Plate XVI. a 326

Plate X. $> 190 Plate XVII. LA ik 363

Plate XI. - 202 Plates XVIII, XIX. ,, 393

Pist of Fellows

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Marked * have died during the year.

Date of HONORARY FELLOWS.

Election.

1900 AURIVILLIUS, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1905 Bottvar, Don Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.

1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.

1906 GaneLBAvER, Professor Ludwig von, Hof Musewm, Vienna.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1884 Osten SackeENn, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg.

1884 * PackarD, Dr. Alpheus S8., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

1906 ReuTER, Professor Opo Morannat, The University, Helsingfors,

Finland.

1872 * SaussurE, Henri F. de, Tertasse 2, Geneva.

1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

1885 SNELLEN, P. C. T., Rotterdam.

1893 WarrenwyL, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28,

Vienna.

1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.

FELLOWS.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of

Election.

1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-

street, S.W.

1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enjield, N.

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

1885 ADKIN, Robert, Welijfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E.

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.

1904 AtpERson, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts.

1899 AnpRews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.O., Kent.

1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.

eet)

1899 + ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British

Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1850 t AvEBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S.,

etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E.

1904 f BaGNALL, Richard 8., South Hylton, nr. Sunderland.

1903 Baupock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

1886 Bankzs, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.

1886 Barcaauti, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No.1,

Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.

1887 Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, S.E.

1902 Barraup, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.

1894 ¢ Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,

Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.

1904 Baynn, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu-

tion, Buenos Ayres.

1896 | BEarg, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace,

Edinburgh.

1851*}Braumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex.

1905 Brprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.

1899 BEDWELL, Ernest C., Elmlea, Clevedon-roud, Norbiton, Surrey.

1903 Brni-Maruey, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3,

Point-street, Natal.

1904 Brnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;

Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1897 Brnnert, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.

1885 Breraune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H.G.R.,R.N., Fairfield, Weymouth.

1880 Brieneu, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.

1895 Briyenam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps,

6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, S.W.

1891 Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W.

1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1894 + BuackBURNE-Mazg, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury.

1904 Buarr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.

1889 BLanpForD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arwndel Gardens,

Ladbroke-grove, W.

1885 Buarawayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., HagleHouse, Batheaston,

Bath.

1904 Briss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W.

1886 B.oomriznp, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., G'uestling Rectory,

Hastings.

Cet

1903 Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury.

1891 Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.

1876 * Borre, Alfred Prudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconnea,

Geneva.

1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,

Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex.

1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.

1904 Bourceors, Jules, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Markirch, Germany.

1892 Bouskett, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.

1894 + Bows, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, S.E.

1893 Brapant, Edouard, Chateaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),

France.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 18, Whiteford-road, Mannamead,

Plymouth.

1904 BrincEeman, The Lieut. Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., Weston Park,

Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. ‘ Clio,” China Station.

1877 Brices, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon.

1870 Briees, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N.

Devon.

1894 Briaut, Percy M., Chunar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth.

1897 Bricutwen, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore.

1890 Bristowg, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey.

1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand,

1902 Brovuauton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Alderney.

1904. Brown, egay H., Castlefield Tower, ae Fife, N.B.

1886 Brows, John, 5, Tainaia Parade, Ce ids idge.

1892 Browns, Lieut.-Colonel Clement Alfred Righy, BE. ,Caleutta,Fndia.

1898 + Bucnan-Hepsurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton-

Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1883 * Buckron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere,

S.0., Surrey.

1902 Buuier, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand.

1896 + Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., Royal Societies Club,

St. James's, S.W., and 23, Blomfield Court, Maida Vale, W.

1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road,

Beckenham.

1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Park, N.

1902 Burier, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 BurrerFiIELD, Jas. E., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vid Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.

1886 CaLvERT, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili.

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., R.N. Hospital, Chatham.

1885 CampBeLL, Francis Maule, F.LS., F.ZS., &., Brynllwydwyn,

Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.

1898

1880

1889

1890

1894

1892

1895

1898

1868

1890

1895

1900

1903

C0 aga '8

CanpeEzE, Léon, 64, Rue de Ouest, Liége.

CansDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.

Cant, A.,69, Hampden-road, Hornsey, N.; and c/o Fredk. DuCane

Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire

Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.

Caraccioto, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British

West Indies.

Carpenter, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8. W.

CaRPENTER, G. H., B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin.

CarPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.

CaRRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford.

Carter, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Eecleshall Castle, Staffordshire.

CartER, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C.; and

Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.

Carter, J. W., 25, Gilenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford.

Cassau, R. T., M.R.C.8., Ballaugh,:Isle of Man.

Cattle, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire.

1889 + Caves, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.

1900

1871

1891

1902

1890

1897

1898

1902

CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.

CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.8., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell,

Woking ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.8., VicE-PRESIDENT, Betula,

Reigate.

CHARNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston,

Lancashire.

CHATTERTON, Frederick J.S.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W.

CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

CHawner, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal.

1891 + Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8.W.; and Hunt-

1905

1889

ingfield, Faversham, Kent.

CHOPARD, Lucien, 98, Bd. St. Germains, Paris.

Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

1886 + CLARK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N.

1867

1886

1891

1904

1873

1899

1901

1900

1892

CuaRKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl’s Court, 8.W.

CuaRrkE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.GS., 18, Kew

Gardens-road, Kew, 8.W.

CLARKE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle

of Man.

Cockayne, Edward A., 30, Bedford Court Mansions, W.C.

Cotez, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

CoLttin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

Connotp, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens.

Cowan, Thomas William, F.LS., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 8, Henrietta-

street, Covent Garden, W.C.

1886

1867

1895

1888

1890

(| xili )

CowetL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),

William Brown-street, Liverpool.

Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 125, Harley-street, W.

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.

Creeor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E.

Crews, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., F.L.8., 17, Throgmorton-avenue,

1902

1901

1873

1900

1886

1905

1903

1898

1905

1875

1887

1895

1905

1903

1891

1885

E.C., and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.

CruTtwELL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme

Rectory, Wallingford.

Davp, Edward Martin, Bismarckstrasse 1, Charlottenburg, Germany.

Daz, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.

Daueisu, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.

Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E.

Davinson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

Day, F. H., 12, Goodwin-terrace, Carlisle.

Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford.

Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Orange River Colony.

Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.E.

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of

Wadham College, Vicz-PResIDENT, Wadham College, Oxford.

Dosson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O., Surrey.

Dopp, F. P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, North Queensland.

Doutmay, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

DonistHorPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions,

South Kensington, S.W.

Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P, Macfadyen

& Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C.

1845 * Doveras, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W.

1899

1884

1867

1900

1894

1883

1890

1865

1904

1902

1886

Drewitt, Frederick G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.8., 14,

Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W.

Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s

Wood, N.W.

Drucs, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.

Dupeexon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.

Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.

Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-road, West

Worthing, Sussex.

EckrorpD, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,

Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.

EDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

EpwWarDs, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

1884

1900

1886

1903

1878

1886

1903

1899

1890

1900

1861

1886

1889

1898

1878

1900

1874

1886

1905

1900

( xiv )

Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S8., F.Z.8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-

heath, S.E. j

Exxiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham.

Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.

ELTrRInGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields.

Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS. F.Z.S., Colesborne,

Cheltenham.

Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 42, Salisbury-road, Bexley, Kent.

ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewn, Sydney, N.S.W.

FarmporouaH, Perey W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N.

Farn, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical

Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, 8.W.

FreitrHam, H. L. L., P. O. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.E,

Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.

FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

Fiter, F. E., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, S.W.

Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W.

Firta, J. Digby, F.L.8., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

Fircn, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.

Frrcu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Freer, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth.

Fremyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Ooolfin, Portlaw, Co.

Waterford.

1898 + FietcueEr, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealark,” Special Service.

1883 + FiercHeER, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

1905

1885

1900

1898

1880

1883

1896

1888

1903

1891

FLoERSHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, S.W.

FoxkeEr, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

Foutxkss, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultwral College,

Newport, Salop.

FountaIng, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place East, Bath.

Fow.er, The Rey. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., Harley Vicarage,

near Reading.

FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.

FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

Fremiin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone.

Frencu, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria,

Australia.

FroHawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh.

1855 * Fry, Alexander, Thornhill-house, Dulwich Wood Park, Norwood, S.E.

1900

1884

1898

1904

Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

Funtirer, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,

Sydenham, 8.E.

FuLuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

FuRNIVAL, Thomas F., 63, Coleman-st., E.C.

( xv)

1887 GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford

Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-

road, S.W.

1892 Garpbs, Philip de la, R.N., Manor-house, Shaldon, nr. Teignmouth.

1890 Garpner, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool.

1901 GarpnerR, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.

1899 Gaywner, Francis, Oxshott, Surrey.

1899 GeLpaRt, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.

1902 GrinLanpERS, A. T., Park Cottage, Alrwick.

1904 GurLr1At, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex.

1865 + Gopmayn, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., South

Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-

square; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

1890 Goxpruwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E.

1886 + Goopricw, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern

Link, Malvern.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown-

shire.

1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern.

1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., The Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey.

1891 + GrrEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon.

1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

1850 GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.

1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W.

1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, 49, Melrose-avenue, Willesden Green, N.W.

1893 + GREENWooD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge,

Salisbury.

1888 GrirFiTHs, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey.

1900 Groom, Prof. Percy, M.A., F.L.S., Royal Indian Engineering

College, Cooper’s Hill, Staines.

1869 Gross-SmirH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde

Park, W.

1899 GuNnNING, Montague, Narborough, Leicester.

1897 Haauz, Henry, 2, Woodland Avenue, Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.

1890 + Hatt, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.

1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.

1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar

School, Queensland, Australia.

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.8., 62, Stanhope-

gardens, 8.W.

1891 Hansory, Frederick J., F.L.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E.

(xt) )

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.

1903 Hars, E. J.,. Dunham, Boscombe, Hants.

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.

1897 + Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South.

Woodford, Essex.

1889 Harrison, John, 7, Gawber-road, Barnsley.

1905 Harrison, T. W. H., B.Se., The Avenue, Birtley, R.S.O. Durham.

1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell-road, 8.W.

1888 Huicas, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.8S., Mine Office, Venterskroon,

Transvaal.

1876 + Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate-street, Lewes.

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,.

Lytham.

1902 Hotz, R. 8., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs. King, King and

Co., Bombay.

1887 Houtanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,

Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hoxman-Hount, C. B., Talawakelle, Ceylon.

1901 Horson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,

Rosslyn Hill, N.W.

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.

1876 ¢ Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., FLS, F.ZS., &., c/o The

Librarian, Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, 8.E.

1903 Hovueuron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.

1900 Howss, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1865 + Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand.

1902 * Huron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury

Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand.

1897 Imaas, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fitzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.

1893 *Irpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.

1891 IsapELL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.0., Cornwall.

1886 Jacosy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead,

N.W.

1869 JANSON, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,

Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes.

1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.

1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

Cavin)

1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,

Co. Armagh.

1888 Jones, Albert H., Treasurer, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.

1894 } Jorpan, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring.

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.

1884 Kanz, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,

Monaghan.

1884 Kappet, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.

1876 F Kay, John Dunning, Leeds,

1896 + Kayz, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.

1902 Kemp, Stanley W., Trinity College, Dublin.

1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham,

1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1898 KersHaw, J. A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor,

Melbourne, Victoria,

1901 Kersnaw, John C. W., Macao, China.

1900 Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.

1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of

Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-

side, Glasgow.

1861 Kirsy, William F., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.

1893 KirKaupy, George Willis, Board of Agriculture, Division of

Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1905 Kuironen, Vernon Parry, The Priory, Watford.

1889 KtapAuEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 + Kuetn, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate.

1876 Kraarz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.

1901 Lanz, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E.

1868 Lana, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.

1900 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea.

1901 Laruy, Percy I., Penton House, Cheshunt.

1895 Latrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

1899 Lexa, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.

1900 Lerroy, H. Maxwell, B.A., Muzaffarpur, Behar, Bengal.

1901 Lexieu, George F., Woodside, off Umbilo-road, Congella, nr. Durban,

Natal.

1883 Lemany, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

1898 Lrraprivgr, Ambrose G., Nordrach-on-Dee, Banchory, N.B.;

Guards Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1903 ¢ Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchyate, Richmond, Yorks,

1898 Lewis, E. J., F.L.S., 4, Clements Inn, W.C,

1876 Luwis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells.

1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand.

1892 Licurroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

1903 Lirrter, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Launceston, Tasmania.

(peu)

1865+ Lurwetyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A, F.LS.,,

Penllergare, Swansea,

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor.

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, 8.W.

1903 LorrHouss, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., Wighlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Se., Government Entomologist, Cape

Toun, S. Africa.

1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South

Australia.

1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on- Thames.

1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmicre, Brock-road, Guernsey.

1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds.

1903 Lyext, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.GS., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,

Canada.

1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B.

1887 M‘Douaatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E.

1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.

1900 MacKkwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

i898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham.

1899 + Mary, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,

N.E.

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Government Entomologist, Grahams-

town, Cape Colony.

1887 Manpers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., Curepipe, Mauritius.

1892 Mawnspring8, William, 27, Elmbank-road, Sefton-park, Liverpool.

1894 ¢ MarsHALL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.

1895 MarsHaut, G. A. K., P.O. Box 149, Salisbury, Mashonaland,

S. Africa.

1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,

Dunedin, New Zealand.

1856 | MarRSHALL, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.

1895 Massry, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,

Dovercourt, Harwich.

1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth.

1899 May, Harry Haden, 12, Windsor Terrace, Plymouth.

1904 Mrapr-Waxpo, Geoffrey, Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.

1872 + Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., 6, Brunswick-

square, W.C.

1885 Metvit, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1887 MeERRIFIELD, Frederic, PRestpENT, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton.

——

WES)

1905 Merry, Rey. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael's, Oxford.

1888 Meryrr-Darcis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.RS., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1894 Mratt, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 1, Richmond Mownt,

Headingley, Leeds.

1883 Minus, W. H., The New Club, Caleutta.

1905 Mrrrorp, Robt. Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W.

1896 Moszrty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.

1879 Mownrerro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,

Lisbon.

1902 Monreomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shaliman Gardens, Pembridge-

road, North Acton, N.

1853 Moorz, Frederic, D.Sce., ATS:, F.2.8..17, Mayle-road, Penge, 8.E.

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.

1886 Morean, A. C. F., F.LS., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.

1889 ¢ Morice, The Rey. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,

Brunswick, Mount Hermon, W. oking.

1895 | Morey, Claude, The Hill H. ouse, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.

1893 Morvron, Kenneth J -» 13, Blackford-roud, Edinburgh.

1900 Moser, Julius, 60, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

1901 + Murr, Frederick, EZ. and S.A frican Telegraph Co., Mozambique.

1869 | Mitier, Albert, F. R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-

zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.

1904 Mumrorp, Frank S., 10, Mountfield Gardens, Tunbridge Wells.

1872 | Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W.

1903 Nuavs, S. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.

1896 Nusuawm, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Parl: S.W.

1889 Nevinson, Basil George, M.A., F As as eR edworth-square,

Chelsea, S.W.

1901 Nevrinson, E. G. Tas. Dy Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W.

1890 NewstxEap, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool.

1900 NicHont, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mwor, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.

1904 Nicuotson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B.

1886 NicHoxson, William E., School Hill, Lewes,

1893 Nonrrigp, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.

1886 Norris, Herbert E., 15, Market-place, Cirencester.

1878 Norripax, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

1895 Nursg, Major C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

1869 OxseErRtHiir, Charles, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France,

1877 OxseErtHir, René, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France.

1893 + Octx, Bertram S., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.

1893 Ontver, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton.

1873 Ottvirr, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

1895 Pagan, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine's Park, S.F,

Gis y)

1898 PauusER, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey.

1901 * PeAL, Henry Woolner, Indian Musewm, Calcutta.

1883 PsRINGUEY, Louis, South African Musewm, Cape Town, South Africa.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento-

mology, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1879 PeERKINs, Vincent Robt., Wotton-under-Edge.

1900 Puiuips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road,

Tavistock.

1897 Puitirps, Hubert C., M.R.C.S.,M. and L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace,

Hyde-park, W.

1903 ¢ Putuuirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High-

bury, New Park, N.

1901 Picker, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.

1891 PreRcr, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

1901 Pirrarp, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.

1903 PincuErR, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.8., 133, Gloucester-

road, Kensington, W.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands.

1870 + Porrirr, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersfield.

1884 + Pouuton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,

Vicr-PRESIDENT, Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.

1905 Powett, Harold, 7, Rue Mirelle, Hyéres (Var), France.

1878 Pricr, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

1904 Prisks, Richard A.R., 66, Chaucer-road, Acton.

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.

1900 Rarnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W.

1874 Reep, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.

1900 Rerp, Percy Charles, Feering Bury, Kelvedon, Essex.

1893 Retp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

1898 Reuron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.

1890 ReENpLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-

bridge.

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

1894 Riprina, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton.

1853 Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G.,'D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS.,

etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.

1905 Rosrnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,

Selangor.

1892 Rosrnson, Sydney C., Goldsmiths’ Hall, E.C.

1869 + Ropinson-Doveias, William Douglas, MA, F.LS., F.R.GS.,

Orchardton, Castle Douglas.

1890 Rogson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool.

1886 Ross, Arthur J., 15, Boxwell-road, Berkhamstead.

1868 RorHney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper

Norwood, 8.E.

ei, |)

1894 + Roruscaitp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S.,

148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.

1888 + Roruscainp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.8., F.Z.8., 148,

1890

1887

1903

1898

1892

1899

1905

Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.

Rovutieper, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

Rowtanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow

Weald.

Rowianps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove.

RussEtn, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, 5.E.

RussExt, S. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.

Ryxes, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham.

Sr.-Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.

1865 + SaunpeERs, Edward, F.R.S.,F.L.S., St Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking.

1861 + SaunpeRs, G. S., F.L.S., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common,

1886

1901

1881

1864

1862

1902

1883

1905

1901

SW.

SaunpErs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

Scuauvs, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham. |

Sconuick, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon.

Semper, George, Klopstoch-strasse 23, Altona, Hibe, Germany.

SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.BS., F.LS., F.Z.8., Lawnside,

Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and

Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.

SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.

Suaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Overdale, Laxey, Isle of Man.

SHELDON, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

SHELFORD, R., M.A., C.M.Z.S., University Museum (Hope Depart-

ment), Oxford, Hythe, Kent.

1883 + SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens,

1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1887

1904

1901

1902

1904

1902

1901

1895

1898

1885

1889

Stcu, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W.

Srmmonps, Hubert W., 17, Awrora-terrace, Wellington, New

Zealand.

SKERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘ Penang Gazette,’ Penang, Straits

Settlements.

SLaADEN, Frederick William Lambart, 2, Sydney-road, Walmer,

Deal.

Supper, Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich.

SLOPER, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts.

SmiruH, Arthur, 16, Edward-street, Grimsby.

SmirH, W. G., Mount Side, Bushey Park, Bristol.

Smita, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road,

Birkdale, Lancashire.

Sourn, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W.

STANDEN, Richard S., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex.

( xxii )

1898 Srarms, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Infirmary, Wandsworth,

S.W.

1890 Stearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W.

1897 Srepsine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and

Co., Calcutta.

1898 Sressrne, Henry, 6, The Chase, Warley Mount, Brentwood, Essex.

1889 Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury.

1896 Srrickuanp, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester.

1900 Srupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, B.C.

1895 Supp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.

1903 Swate, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand.

1882 Swawnzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.

1884 SwiInHoE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 42, Campden House

Court, Campden Hill, W.

1894 SwinHok, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.

1876 Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes.

1893 Taynor, Charles B., 22, Rae-street, Rae Town, Kingston, Jamaica.

1892 Taytor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s

Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia.

1903 Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds,

1901 THompson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thorncliff Villas, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

1892 THorNuEy, The Rey. A., M.A., F.L.S., The Gables, Hacknall-road,

Nottingham.

1897 Tomuin, B., M.A., Mathow Lodge, West Malvern.

1859 f TRIMEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., Ovingdean, King Charles’-

road, Surbiton, Surrey.

1895 Tunauey, Henry, 13, Beemead-avenue,, Streatham, 8.W.

1897 Tunstati, Wilmot, Caerleon, Greenlaw Drive, Paisley.

1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Widsham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

1893 TuRNER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherines Park,

Hatcham, S.E.

1894 TurRNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.

1886 Torr, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

1904 Ty.Lecorr, Edward F. S, M.A., Ravensdene, Warwick Park,

Tunbridge Wells.

1893 Uric, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West

Indies.

1904 f Vaueuan, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon.

1866 VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1897 Vick, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester.

1895 Wacuer, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.

1901 Wapprineton, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds.

1899 Wank, Albert, 52, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire.

( xxiii)

1897 Watnwriaut, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth,

Birmingham.

1870 * WatkER, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun Mallard,

Cricklewood, N.W.

1878 Waker, James J.. M.A, R.N., F.LS., Secretary, <Aorangi,

Lonsdale-road, Summertown, Oxford.

1863 | WatLacr, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S.,

Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.

1866 + WatsineHaAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS.,

F.Z.S., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, Merton

Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8.W.

1886 Warren, Wm., M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick-lane, W.

1869 WatERHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acton, W. ;

and British Museum. (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1901 WarrrHovuss, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New

South Wales, Australia.

1900 Warkins, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1904 Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Martin’s Vicarage, St. Philip,

Barbados, W. Indies.

1893 Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E.

1876 ¢ WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.

1886 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.

1884 Wut, William, 75, Thwlow Park-road, West Dulwich, 8.E.

1903 Wiaarns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Kiswmu, Lake Victoria Nyanea,

British East Africa.

1896 Wiemay, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Kobe, Japan.

1894 Witson, Edwin, Mill-lane, Cambridge.

1904 Winterscats, J.C., F.Z.S., Karangari, Kedah, c/o Messrs. Patterson,

Simons and Co., Penang, Straits Settlement.

1894 Wo.Ey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. 0., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.

1900° Woop, H., 9, Church-road, Ashford, Kent.

1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth

Common, S.W.

1905 Woopsrines, Francis Charles, Northeroft, Cornwall-road, Uxbridye.

1901 Wooprorps, F. C., Market Drayton.

1899 Woottey, H. 8., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. 0. Box

1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A.

1891 Wrovucuron, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest

Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105,

Victoria-street, S.W.

1888 Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy

Club, Pall Mail, S.W.

1892 Youpats, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth.

1904 Youne, L. C. H., 10, Harnam-street, Fort, Bombay.

( =v)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

Durine THE YEAR 1905.

[The works marked with an asterisk (*) were presented by Mr. Henry

McLachlan, and belonged to the family of the late R. McLachlan; those

marked with a dagger (+) are second copies of works already in the library. |

Apricn (J. M.). Catalogue of North American Diptera.

[Smithsonian Mise. Coll., No. 1444, 1905.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

AsumEAD (W.H.). Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hymeno-

ptera from the Philippine Islands.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1905.]

Additions to the recorded Hymenoptera of the Philippine Islands,

with descriptions of new species.

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1905.]

New Hymenoptera from the Philippines.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXTX, 1905.]

New Genera and Species of Hymenoptera from the Philippines.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1905. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Avurivituius (Chr.). Cerambyciden aus Bolivien und Argentina, Gesammelt

von Freiherrn Erland Nordenskiold.

[Entom. Tidskrift, XX V, 1904.]

Tutt’s British Lepidoptera, Vol. TV (Review)

{Entom. Tidskrift, XXV, 1904.]

Svensk Insektfauna. 13. Steklar. Hymenoptera, I. Gaddsteklar,

Aculeata,

[Entom. Tidskrift, XXV, 1904.]

Eine interessante neue Papilio-Art aus Afrika, von Papilio

Schultzet.

[Ins. Borse, 1904.]

Lepidoptera Heterocera.

[Arkiv fiir Zoologi, Band 2, No. 4, 1904.]

Verzeichnis von Lepidopteren gesammelt bei Mukimbungu am

unteren Congo von Hernn HE. Laman.

[Arkiv fur Zoologi, Band 3, No. 1, 1905.]

Lieut. A. Schultze’s Sammlung von Lepidopteren aus West-Afrika.

[Arkiv fiir Zoologi, Band 2, No. 12, 1905.] The Author.

* AUSSERER (Carlo). Neurotteri Tirolesi colla diagnosi di Tutti i Generj

Kuropei. Parte 1.

[Ann. Soc. Nat. Modena, IV, 1869.]

C ae)

Baker (C. F.). The Classification of the American Siphonaptera.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1905,]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Barcacui (P.), Oration on Stefano Bertolini,

(Bull. della Soc. Entom. Italiana, XXXVI, 1904.] The Author.

*+ Barrett (C.G.). The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vols. I-VIII,

8vo, London, 1893-1902.

Bare (T. Hudson). Notes on some Coleoptera from the Flannan Islands,

[Annals of Scottish Nat. Hist., Jan., 1905. ]

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1904.

[Reprinted from the Entomologist’s Record, Vol. XVII, No. 2.]

The Author.

* Brecuer (Hduard). Zur kenntniss der Mundtheile der Dipteren,

[Denkschr. Math.-Naturwiss. Classe K. Akad. Wissensch., Vol. XLV,

1882. ]

Becker (Th,), Brzzt (M.), Kerrisz (K. and Stern (P.). Katalog der

Palaartischen Dipteren, Band I

Oyclorrhapha Schizophora ; are von Th. Becker.

Cyclorrhapha Schizophora: Pupipara von Dr. M, Bezzi.

Purchased.

Bett (R. G.). [See Kerroce (V. L.).]

BercenstammM (J. Halen v.). [See Braver (F.).]

Bezzi (M.). [See Becker (Th.).]

Buanprorp (W.F.H.). [SeeGopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]

* Borrvar (Ignacio). Sindpsis de los Ortépteros de Espana y Portugal.

4 parts.

[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., V. pp. 79, 259, VI. p. 249, VII. p. 63,

1876-1878. ]

* Analecta Orthopterologica.

[An. Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat., VII, 1878.]

* Orthoptéres recueillis en Portugal et en Afrique par M. C, Van

Volkem,

{Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg., 1878.]

* Catalogus Orthopterorum, Europe et Confinium.

[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., VII, 1878.]

* Artrépodos del Viaje al Pacifico verificado de 1862 4 1865. Insectos,

Neurépteros y Ortépteros. 4to, Madrid, 1884.

* Hemipteros Nuevos del Museo de Madrid,

[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., VIII, 1879.]

* Observations sur les Orthoptéres d’Europe et du Bassin de la

Méditerranée.

[Compt. Rend. Soc, Ent. Belg., 1884.]

* Monografia de los Pirgomorfinos. 8vo, Madrid, 1884.

*———_-y CuicoTr (C.). Enumeracion de los Hemipteros observadas en

Espana y Portugal.

[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., VIII, 1879.]

Brants (A.). Nederlandsche Vlinders, Beschreven en Afgebeeld. Afi. 1 and 2,

’s Gravenhage, 1905.

[Derde Serie van Sepp’s Nederlandsche Insecten. ] Purchased.

(ax o)

* Braver (F.). Beitrige zur kenntniss Aussereuropaischer Oestriden und

Parasitischer Muscarien.

[Denkschr, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe K. Akad. Wissensch., LXIV,

1896. ]

*——____und Bercrenstamm (J. Edlen v.). Die Zweifliigler des Kaisler-

lichen Museums zu Wien. Parts 1-7.

[Denkschr. Math.-Naturwiss. Classe K. Akad. Wissensch., 1880-

1894. ]

*——_—__und Low (Franz). Neuroptera Austriaca. Die im Erzherzogthum

Oesterreich bisjetzl aufgefundenen Neuropteren nach der analy-

tischen Methode zusammengestellt. 8vo, Wien., 1857.

Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana.]

* + Bucxton (G. B.), The Natural History of Eristalis tenax or the Drone-fly.

8vo, London, 1895.

Observations on some undescribed or little-known species of Hemi-

ptera-Homoptera of the Family Membracide.

[Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., 2nd ser., Vol. IX, Part 9, 1905.]

The Author.

Butter (A. P.). Notes on the occurrence of some rare Species of Lepidoptera.

[Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXXVII, 1904.]

Burr (Maleolm). Memoir of Henri de Saussure (1829-1905).

[Entom. Record, Vol. XVII, No. 7.]

Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with descriptions of New Species.

[Journal and Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal (New Ser.), Vol. I, No. 2,

1905.]

Notes on the Forficularia, IX: On New Species, with Synonymic

Notes,

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XVI, Nov. 1905.]

The Author.

* CatveRT (P. P.). The Odonata of Baja California, Mexico.

[ Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, Vol. IV, 1895.]

[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana.]

*+CamBripce Naturat History (The). Edited by S. F. Harmer and A.

E. Shipley. Vols. V and VI. 8vo, London, 1895-99.

Vol. V, Peripatus, by A. Sedgwick. Myriapods, by F. G. Sinclair.

Insects, Part 1, by D. Sharp (1895).

Vol. VI, Insects, Part 2, by D. Sharp (1899).

CaMERON (P.). Descriptions of New Species of Sphegidz and Ceropalide,

from the Khasia Hills, Assam.

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XV, 1905.]

G. A. James Rothney.

*CARPENTER (G.H.). Insects, their Structure and Life. A Primer of Ento-

mology. 8vo, London, 1899.

Campion (G.C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana.]

Cuicors (C.). [See Borivar (Ignacio). ]

* Comstock (J. Henry). Report upon Cotton Insects, prepared under the

Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. 8vo, Washington,

1879.

(> xxvii ©)

*Costa (A.). Rapporto preliminaire e sommario sulle ricerche Zoologiche

fatte in Sardegna durante la primavera del 1882.

[Rend. R. Accad. Sci. Fis. e Mat. di Napoli, 1882. ]

* Nota intorno i Neurotteri della Sardegna.

{Rend R. Accad. Sci. Fis. e Mat. di Napoli, 1884. ]

* Notizie ed Osservazioni sulla Geo-Fauna Sarda. Memoria Terza.

[Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. e Mat. Napoli, ser. 2, Vol. I, 1884.]

* Notizie ed Osservazioni sulla Geo-Fauna Sarda, Memoria quinta.

[Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis.e Mat. Napoli, ser. 2, Vol. II, 1886.]

* Notizie ed Osservazioni sulla Geo-Fauna Sarda, Memoria sesta.

[Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. e Mat. Napoli, ser. 2, Vol. II, 1886.]

Currie (Rolla P.). Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Entomology at the

Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Oregon, 1905.

[U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 53, 1903.]

* Date (C. W.). The Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire ; or, A Catalogue of the

Butterflies and Moths found in the County of Dorset. 2nd ed.,

8vo, Dorchester, 1891.

Davis (K. C.). [See Nerpuam (J. G.).]

Disrant (W. L.). A Naturalist in the Transvaal. London, 1892.

The Publisher.

[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |

Dixon (H. H.). Note on the Supply of Water to Leaves on a Dead Branch.

[Scientific Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. IX (New Ser.), No. 2, 1905. ]

i The Author.

Druce (Herbert). Description of some new species of Noctuide from

Tropical South America. as

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XV, 1905, ]

Description of some new species of Syntomide and Arctide from

Tropical South America.

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XV, 1905.]

The Author.

Dyar (H. G.). A Descriptive list of a Collection of Early Stages of Japanese

Lepidoptera.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1905.]

A list of American Cochlidian Moths, with descriptions of new

genera and species.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1905.]

New genera of South American Moths.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1905.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

*+ Epwarps (James). The Hemiptera-Homoptera (Cicadina and Psyllina)

of the British Islands. 8vo, London, 1896.

* Epwarps (William H.). Butterflies of North America. Second series.

4to, Boston, 1884.

Butterflies of North America. Third series. 4to, Boston and New

York, 1897,

* EHRENBERG (C. G.) et Hempricu (F. W.). Symbole Physicz, seu

Icones et Descriptiones corporum Naturalium novorum aut

minus cognitorum que ex itineribus per Libyam, Aigyptum,

Nubiam, Dongalam, Syriam, Arabiam, et Habessiniam, etc.

(Neuroptera, by F. Kiue.) Folio, Berolini, 1828-45.

(>), sexval

* Enoyctoprpie Mérnopiaue. Histoire Naturelle—Text. Tomes iv-x.

Insectes. By Mauduyt, Olivier, Latreille, Godart, Saint-Fargeau,

Serville et Guérin. Histoire Naturelle—Plates. Crustacés,

Arachnides et Insectes, By Latreille. 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1789-

1825.

* ENDERLEIN (Dr. Gunther). Zur kenntnis der Insekten Deutsch-

Ostafrikas.

[Mittheil. aus dem Zool. Mus. zu Berlin, IT, 1902.]

Eustace (H. J.). Winter Injury to Fruit-trees.

[New York Agric. Exp. Stn., Bull. No, 269, Oct. 1905.]

The Author.

*Frtr (H. P.). Insects Injurious to Elm-trees,

[Fifth Ann. Report Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, State

of New York. ]

Insects affecting Forest Trees.

[Reprinted from Seventh Report Forest, Fish and Game Commis-

sion, State of New York, 1900. ] The Author.

* FERNALD (Mrs. M.E.). A Catalogue of the Coccide of the World. 8vo,

Amherst, Mass., 1903.

[Special Bulletin, Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts

Agricultural College. |

* Finort (A.). Les Orthoptéres de la France. Perce-Oreilles, Blattes, Mantes,

Criquets, Sauterelles et Grillons. 8vo, Paris, 1883.

* Forpes (Henry O.). The Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri.

Being the Report upon the Results of the Conjoint Expedition to

the Islands in 1898-9, by Mr. W.R. Ogilvie-Grant, of the British

Museum, and Dr. H. O. Forbes, of the Liverpool Museums,

together with information from other available sources, forming

a Monograph of the Islands. 8vo, Liverpool and London, 1903.

* Forpss (S. A.). 17th, 19th, 21st, 22nd Reports of the State Entomologist

on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois.

8vo, Springfield, Chicago, and Champain, 1891-1903.

Foret (A.). Miscellanea Myrmécologiques, IT.

[Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg., XLIX, 1905. ] The Author.

[See KRAEPELIN (Karl). ]

Fowter (W. W.). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]

* Frisco (J. L.). Beschreibung von allerley Insecten in Teutschland nebst

niitzlichen Anmerkungen und nothigen Abbildungen von die-

sem kriechenden und fliegenden inlandischen Gewiirme. Thiele,

1-10, 13, sm. 4to, Nicolai, 1720-38.

* Frocecarr (N. W.). Scale Insects that produce Lac. 8vo, Sydney, 1900.

* Notes on Australian Coccidz (Scale Insects). S8vo, Sydney, 1900.

(Dept. of Agric. N. 8. Wales, Misc. Publ. No. 358.]

* Plague Locusts. 8vo, Sydney, 1900.

[Dept. of Agric. N.S. Wales, Misc. Publ. No. 363.]

* The Hessian Fly (Cectdomyia destructor, Say) and Allied Grain

Pests. 8vo, Sydney, 1900.

[Dept. of Agric. N. 8. Wales, Mise. Publ. No. 369. ]

* Insects and Birds. 8vo, Sydney, 1900.

[Dept. of Agric. N. 8. Wales, Mise. Publ. No. 387.]

* Insects living in Figs, with some account of Caprification. 8vo,

Sydney, 1900.

(Dept. of Agric, N.S. Wales, Misc. Publ, No. 388.]

(°eeix,”':)

* Fiurnroure (A. H.). Naturhistorische Topographie von Regensburg. In

Verbindung mit Forster, Herrich-Schaffer, Koch, v. Schméger

und vy. Voith. 3 vols. 8vo, Regensburg, 1838-40.

* Furter (C.). First and Second Reports of the Government Entomologist

for Natal, 1899-1901. 8vo, Pietermaritzburg, 1901-2.

Fourth Report of the Government Entomologist, Natal, Depart-

ment of Agriculture, 1903-4. 8vo, Pietermaritzburg, 1905.

* Gay (Claudio). Historia fisica y politica de Chile, segun documentos

adquiridos en esta republica durante doce anos de residencia en

ella y publicada bajo los auspicios del supremo gobierno por C.

Gay. (Zoologia.) Orthopteros and Neuroptera (Atlas only).

Folio, Paris, 1847-54.

* GirARD (Maurice). Catalogue Raisonné des Animaux Utiles et Nuisibles

dela France. 2 parts, 8vo, Paris, 1878.

Fasc. 1. Animaux Utiles, leurs services et leur conversation.

Fasc. 2. Animaux Nuisibles dégats qu’ils produisent, moyens de

les detruire.

* + Le Phylloxera de la Vigne, son organisation, ses mosurs choix

des procédés de destruction. 38rd ed., 8vo, Paris, 1880.

Gopman (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Parts OLXXXVI—

CLXXXIX. The Editor.

Arachnida Araneidea and Opiliones, by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge.

Insecta, by W. F. H. Blandford, L. Bruner, P. P. Calvert, G. C.

Champion, W. L. Distant, W. W. Fowler, and D. Sharp.

Gortpr (Emilio Augusto). On Mosquitos in Para.

Memorias do Museu Goeldi (Museu Paraens) de Historia Natural e

Ethnographia, 1905. ] The Author.

GREEN (Ernest E.). Toxorhynchites immisericors (Walker), The Elephant

Mosquito.

[Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. II, Part VIII, 1905.] The Author.

* Hacen (H. A.). Phryganidarum synopsis synonymica,

[Verhandl. K. K. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1864. ]

Hammonp (A. R.). [See Mratt (L. E.).]

Hampson (Sir Geo. F.). Catalogue of the Noctuids in the Coll. of the

British Museum, Vol. V and one vol. of Plates, 1905.

In Exchange.

Hancock (J. L.). The Habits of the Striped Meadow Cricket (Gcanthus

fasciatus, Fitch). :

[American Naturalist, Jan. 1905.] The Author.

The Tettigidz of Ceylon.

[ “Spolia Zeylanica,” Vol. II, Part 7, Oct. 1904.] The Author.

Hanpuirscu (Anton). Friedrich Moritz Brauer (Obituary Notice).

[Verhandl. K. K. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1905. ]

The Author.

Hempricu (F. W.). [See EnrENBERG (C. G.).]

Herzoc (M.). The Plague: Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy and Histopa-

thology, including a consideration of insects as plague carriers.

(Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Gov. Lab., Manila, No. 23, 1904. ]

The Bureau of Gov. Lab.

(- *ogscx. 2)

Hinps (W. C.) and Hunter (W, D.). The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil.

[Dept. of Agric., Div. of Entom., Bull. No. 45, also No. 51, a revision

of the above. | U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Hotiann (W. J.). Moth Book. 8vo, New York, 1903. The Author.

* Ho~mGrEN (Aug. Emil.). Ichneumonologia Suecica. Tom. iii. Ichneu-

monides Pneustici. Svo, Holmiz, 1889.

* Hupson (G. V.). New Zealand Neuroptera. A popular introduction to the

life-histories and habits of May-flies, Dragon-flies, Caddis-flies,

and allied Insects inhabiting New Zealand, including notes on

their relation to Angling. 8vo, London, 1904.

* + InpEx Zootocicus. An Alphabetical List of names of genera and sub-

genera proposed for use in Zoology, as recorded in the

“Zoological Record,” 1880-1900. By Charles Owen Water-

house. 8vo, London, 1892,

Jacosy (Martin). Description of New Genera and Species of Phytophagus

Coleoptera obtained by Dr. Loria in New Guinea.

[Ann. del. Museo Civico di Storia Nat. di Genova, ser. 3, Vol. I

(XLI), 1905.]

Diagnoses of Phytophagous Coleoptera.

[Fasciculi Malayensis, Zool.-Append., Vol. II, 1905.]

The Author,

[See Wyrsmar (P.).]

Janet (Charles). Observations sur les Guepes. 8vo, Paris, 1903.

Description de Matériel d’une Petite Installation Scientifique. re

Partie. 8vo, Limoges, 1903.

Observations sur les Fourmis, 1904. 8vo, Limoges, 1904.

The Author.

JOHANNSEN (O. A.). Aquatic Nematocerous Dipteria, II. May-flies and

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YEAR. 1905.

I. The Life History of Gerydus chinensis, Felder. By

JOHN C. W. KerrsHaw, F.L.S., F.E.S.

[Read November 16th, 1904.]

PLATE I.

ALTHOUGH the imago of Gerydus chinensis is peculiar,

with its very long body and broad, flattened legs, yet its

early stages are stili more curious. The butterfly is fairly

common throughout the year in certain localities near

Macao and Hongkong, but it keeps more or less strictly to

these shady and usually damp places, and is to a certain

extent crepuscular, though it is also on the wing during

the day.

It lays its eggs towards evening and till night fairly sets

in, on stems and leaves of plants and trees ‘infested with

Aphid es or Hemiptera and overrun by a host of ants of two

species (Polyrrhachis dives, Sm., and Dolichoderus bitu-

berculatus, Mayr.), both Aphides and ants apparently feeding

on juice exuding from the plant. Any vegetation subject

to these secretious seems to be attractive to them, the ants

not appearing to use the Aphides as ant-cows, though of

this lam not quite certain. The Aphides swarm so thickly

that the plant-stem or leaf is invisible, and, barring heavy

rain, they are as a whole stationary for days together,

though slowly changing their positions individually, and

going through various ‘transformations, fresh lots continu-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 1

2 Mr. J. C. W. Kershaw on

ally replacing the old. The plants they seem specially to

affect are various species of bamboo, lichee, Stillingia

sebifera and a species of bur-marigold, Bidens pilosa, repre-

sented in the drawing. This latter is a very common

plant here, possessing bunches of spiky seeds with branched

ends armed with microscopic spines pointing downwards,

which catch in every imaginable thing that touches them.

The 2 butterfly, after almost interminable dancing up

and down and wandering hither and thither, finally alights

after two or three attempts in the midst of the Aphides

and ants, which she thrusts aside with a brushing move-

ment of her tail, immediately laying a single egg. She

then generally moves slightly and remains for some time

sucking up the exuding juice of the plant; both ¢ and ?

are very fond of it: half-a-dozen may occasionally be seen

close together on one leaf or stem, drinking this sap,

thrusting their tongues into any interstices left by the

Aphides, The ants do not appear to meddle either with

the butterflies or the eggs, though ants are very destructive

to eggs of most butterflies, and I have just recently seen

two butterflies (a Hesperid and a Neptis) seized by the

tongue as they probed a flower, and dragged off by this

same species of ant. Nor do they seem to interfere with

the larve. Probably they are too much occupied in

drinking the sap to trouble about eggs, ete,

The egg is circular and flat, of a pale green, ringed cir-

cumferentially, the edges of the rings milled like a coin.

It hatches in four days, the issuing larva being nearly

cylindrical at first, not assuming its slug-shape till a later

stage. It is light yellow, with a distinct purplish dorsal

line, and a few light-coloured hairs chiefly at head and

tail, the head dark. Later on it becomes limaciform, yellow

or greenish-yellow and banded longitudinally with purple-

brown, the segments well-defined, the first segment swollen

and produced, so that the head can be withdrawn entirely

into it, as it usually is when the larva is resting.

The larvae feed on the Aphides, sometimes pressing them

against the plant with head and forelegs, sometimes hold-

ing them in the forelegs quite away from the plant. <A

few bites disposes of an Aphis, and the larva then licks

and cleans its legs, just as a Mantis does. Some Aphides

must have a better flavour than others, as the larvee pick

and choose, moving their heads up and down over the

backs of the insects, evidently smelling them. As a rule

The Life History of Gerydus chinensis. 3

the creatures seem to make little attempt to escape till

they are actually bitten, when struggling is useless,

When not engaged in feeding, the larve rest amongst the

Aphides or crawl leisurely about between or over them,

and the Aphides do likewise, the larve being sometimes

covered with them. The eggs of the butterfly, too, are

often hidden under a mass of Aphides.

When nearly full-grown the larve lose most of their

sparse hairs and their colours fade, and the bands and four

blotches on the seventh and eighth segments become less

distinct. When about to pupate they walk about at quite

a fair rate of speed, and having chosen a spot, spin a few

threads a little distance from head and tail. My larve

pupated on a piece of bark, one putting a band round its

middle and pupating horizontally, the other vertically and

without a band, though both had the threads (not con-

nected to the pupz) at head and tail. The tail of the

pupa is cut off squarely, forming a disc, thus securing a

good hold, probably sufficient without the band round the

middle. It seems to be affixed with some secretion, not

actual threads. There is a small process each side of the

third segment from the tail. The pupal state lasts about

ten days. Both larva and pupe strike one as being small

compared with the size of the butterfly. I have only

found the larve feed on two species of Aphis, but they

doubtless eat other kinds. One was slate-coloured with

white efflorescence, the other greenish with four dark-green

patches, some of them being fringed with white, probably

moulted skin.

If the butterflies were only numerous enough they

would certainly prove a blessing to the gardener, for many

trees here, especially the lichee (a fruit tree) suffer very

much from “bugs” of all sorts which, even when they do

not entirely eat away the leaves, seem to blight them or

cause them to shrivel up. The larval state lasts about

fifteen days, and I reckoned on the average, from first to

last, the larva would eat some twenty Aphides per day,

but it would require many larve to make much impres-

sion on the crowds of Aphides one sees; perhaps a yard

of bamboo stem two or three inches in diameter being

absolutely covered with these disgusting insects.

I am not sure, but have some reason to think that the

larvee tend to assimilate in colour to the Aphides they

happen to be feeding on. At first, as the eggs were laid

4 Mr. J. C. W. Kershaw on Gerydus chinensis.

amongst the green Aphides, I fed the larvee thereon, but a

typhoon having washed away the food supply, I could

only find the slate-coloured species, which, however, the

larvee seemed to enjoy quite as much. But I noticed soon

after that the colours faded and the purple-brown tended

to mingle with the yellow. This is a question it will be

interesting to decide. One of the features of this curious

life history is the calm way in which the larva moves

amongst the Aphides and selects his prey, and the in-

difference with which the latter apparently accepts his

fate.

I have since found swarms of a bright yellow Aphis

on some Asclepias plants, on which I hope to rear some

larvee, with the object of testing their adaptability of

colour to their surroundings. Gerydus chinensis lays at

intervals all through the year, but these eggs were taken

in July and August.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Life History of Gerydus chinensis, Felder.

Butterfly laying egg amongst Aphides.

Fia. 1. Egg, enlarged.

2. Larva just hatched, enlarged.

3. ,, nearly full-grown, natural size.

4, Pupie, natural size.

5. Larva eating Aphis, enlarged,

6. Aphides, two species, enlarged.

Il. Butterfly-destroyers in Southern China. By Joun C.

W. Kersuaw, F.LS., F.ES.

[Read November 16th, 1904. ]

PERHAPS the creatures which in this district destroy

or injure the largest number of butterfly imagines are

lizards, particularly one species (Calotes versicolor, Daud.),

which climbs up into the clumps of Lantana camera, a

profusely flowering plant or shrub which grows here on

most waste ground. Probably the greater part of their

prey consists of Hesperiidx, three or four species of which

haunt the flowers of the Lantana in immense numbers.

Other reptile foes to butterflies are probably the tree-

frogs, and possibly the very numerous small snakes which

are ‘always climbing in the tops of the bushes.

Spiders’ webs account for some mishaps to butterflies,

but they are not invariably eaten; at other times species

which are reckoned most distasteful as food of other

animals are seized and eaten at once, according, I suppose,

as the owner of the web is hungry or otherwise. I have

seen our large black-and-yellow spider (Hpeira maculata

of Donovan’s “ Insects of China”) eating Huplea amymone,

Godt., caught in his web. He had attacked and consider-

ably injured the lower side of the abdomen and part of the

thorax ; but when I took the butterfly from him, examining

it Jaid Hat in my hand, the insect suddenly flew up to the

top of a large banyan tree, where it settled. One would

hardly imagine even a Huplwa would have much life in it

after being so badly mauled. The same spider I have

seen eating Papilio dissimilis, L. (= clytia, L.,=panope, L.),

the black-and-yellow form. Also at different times Veptis

eurynome, L., and Huplea midamus, L., but on the whole

it is not common to see a butterfly in a spider’s web. I

might mention that I saw this spider devouring a small]

bat, about eight inches across the wings, caught overnight

in his web.

There is also here a small but thickset white spider

which usually conceals itself in white flowers, and which

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

6 Mr. J. C. W. Kershaw on

I have two or three times seen capture the little black-

and-yellow Skipper, Z'elicota bambusw, Moore, by the head.

The large green Mantis, Mierodula saussurei, W. F.

Kirby, our commonest species, apparently catches anything

he can get hold of. I have kept Mantidse and fed them

with many species of butterflies, none of which they

refused, but data obtained from creatures in captivity are

not, I think, very reliable, as under these circumstances

they often take food which in a natural state they would

probably reject. But I have seen this Mantis in the open

on a shrub, eating the two species of Huplea before men-

tioned. He is a very bold insect, and, even in a wild

state, seldom refuses any butterfly offered to him.

One of the worst enemies of the Hesperiidx is a large

hairy species of (Asilid ?) fly, which seizes them and drives

its proboscis into the thorax. Either it is very fearless or

it cannot easily disengage its weapon from its prey, for I

have often kept stirrmg one up with a stick, when it

would merely fly to another leaf close by, still holding its

victim. These flies also kill a moderate-sized Cicada in

great numbers.

In the last two months (August and September) I have

three times seen butterflies seized by the tongue by ants,

as they probed a flower. On one occasion an ant seized

Neptis eurynome by the tip of the tongue, and the butter-

fly immediately flew away with the ant hanging on it.

About half-an-hour afterwards I captured the Neptis with

the ant still clinging to its tongue. The other instances

were both Zelicota bambusx, and each was caught by the

tip of the tongue by an ant.

I should be inclined to think that the birds here account

for very few imagines, comparatively speaking, whatever

they may do in the larva and pupa line. The only birds

I have seen attack butterflies, and generally miss them,

are sparrows (our common sparrow is Passer montanus),

the green Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis, the black Drongo,

Buchanga atra aud the Paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone

princeps. During five years I have, perhaps, seen a dozen

attacks on butterflies by birds, and only seen them cap-

tured two or three times. Speaking from my own limited

experience I should say imagines here have few enemies,

and that those few inflict very slight damage. Unfavour-

able climatic conditions seem to be most inimical to

them. (Cf. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, pp. 437-8.)

Butter fly-destroyers in Southern China. 7

But in the egg, larva and pupa state, butterflies here

have a host of enemies, the eggs especially being destroyed

by ants, which also attack and carry off young larvae and

pupe. Ants almost certainly account for the greater

part of casualties amongst eggs, because of their being

ubiquitous and in countless swarms. One small orange

plant, which I often examined many consecutive mornings,

was much frequented by 2? 2 of Papilio polytes, L., and P.

helenus, L., also P. sarpedon, L. I have frequently seen the

? Jay an egg and fly off, and a moment after an ant, waiting

below the leaf, would carry the egg away. Sometimes I

have noticed a particular leaf and stem with three or four

egos close together on them, and returning an hour or

so later have found them gone, almost certainly taken by

the ants which were invariably climbing over the plant.

Centipedes kill pupz, twining round them, boring a

tiny hole, and appearing to suck out the contents.

Some of the Hemiptera or “ bugs” (Capside, I think)

probably account for the destruction of some pups, as I

have seen one with its trunk driven into a chrysalis, and two

or three times have seen a small red-and-black bug, about

an inch long, force its proboscis through the thin shell of

a small snail and eat or suck out the inmate.

Amongst birds the Cuckoos especially must destroy

very great numbers of butterfly larvee during their short

summer stay here, Cuculus micropterus probably inflicting

most damage. The Cuckoo, like the Mantis, will eat

almost anything, and if a larva is particularly hairy it

rubs it up and down on the ground or tree trunk till it

breaks off most of the hair. It seems very fond of the

larvee of Rhopalocampta benjamini, Guer., a bright yellow-

and-black larva with a red head, and during May and June

its stomach generally contains several, judging from those

shot. Wasps, of course, carry off many larvee, but chiefly,

I think, those of the Pieride, which are usually fairly

smooth-skinned. I wasrearing a lot of Catopsilia pyranthe

larvee on the roof of the house, on a Cassia plant, and

the wasps carried off so many I was obliged to cover

them up. The ants, too, killed many of the newly-

hatched larve, and as soon as pupating began, started

carrying off the pupeze.

Ichneumonide I pass over, all kinds of larve in all

parts of the world being presumably attacked by them,

but some of the Pieride here seem especially subject to

8 Mr. J. C. W. Kershaw on Butter fly-destroyers.

their attacks. Of about a score pupee of Delias aglaia, L.,

found on a shrub, three produced butterflies, the rest

ichneumons. Of the same number of young larve reared,

all fed well till about half-grown, then all but six dwindled

away to mummies, two died when full-grown; the rest

pupated, but only two butterflies appeared, the other

pupe shrivelling up. They were supplied with fresh food

every day, and till half-grown appeared very healthy.

There seem to be special checks on the increase of some

species of Pieride.

No doubt the injuries done to the wings of butterflies

are often the result of attacks by various enemies, but I

think the greater part are caused by the insects themselves

flying through thick cover, where one may often distinctly

hear and see the wings of a Papilio strike leaves and

twigs ; or by getting into and escaping from the numerous

spiders’ webs, and threads stretched from tree to tree; or

by simple stress of weather. Several times I have seen

what I took, at first sight, to be a new species of Papilio

which when taken proved to be either P. polytes or P.

dissemilis with the hind-wings covered with the red or

yellow pollen of flowers, generally the large flowering tree

Bombax ceiba. These specimens inv ariably had the wings

torn, and as the pollen is sticky it probably was partly the

cause of various rents and ragged margins.

One often sees a Papilio, generally either P agamemnon,

L., or P. sarpedon, which haunts a certain locality or “ beat ”

for days together, flying at a good height and seldom

settling ; these “solitaries” chase away other butterflies and

even dragon-flies, and I have seen Hupleing and Neptis

chase dragon-flies, which swarm here. Of all insect foes I

should have thought that dragon-flies, from their very

swift flight and powerful jaws, would have been most

dangerous to butterflies, but I have never seen one attack

a butterfly, though they sometimes kill and eat each other.

My few notes would, in short, point to butterflies which

have escaped the sundry and manifold dangers of the egg,

larva and pupa stages having collectiv ely, comparatively

little to fear in the perfect state.

Go's)

III. On Erebia palarica,* n. sp., and Erebia stygne ;

chiefly in regard to its association with K. evias,

in Spain. By Dr. THomas A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

[Read December 7th, 1904.]

Puates: IT, TEZEV, Vv; Va;

In 1902 I reported that Z. stygne, Ochs., had not been

recorded as occurring in Spain. In this I am not quite sure

that I was not correct, but at any rate, if not recorded, the

Entomologists of Madrid were certainly aware that the

species occurred in the Sierra Guadarrama, as they have

specimens in their collections, and have it noted in their

MS. lists. I am not aware that even now any Spanish

localities are known beyond this one, except these recorded

in our Proceedings by Mrs. Nicholl and myself.

In 1902 and 1903 I met with forms of Z. stygne in Spain,

that led me to make sundry observations on that species

to the Society, in connection with specimens exhibited.

Mrs. Nicholl also met with the species in 1902, and also

Prof. Poulton, and I was able to make some remarks on

their specimens which were exhibited at our meetings.

Amongst the general remarks I hazarded, I expressed the

opinion that Hrebia stygne in Spain was well worthy of

further observation, and study. My observations during

1904 have, I think, fully confirmed the soundness of this

opinion, but though adding something to our knowledge,

they leave the necessity for further research in regard to

the species and those allied to it, at least as cogent as

before.

It may perhaps be well, before relating last season’s

* Palarica, from habitat, Pajares. Pajares is said to mean a place

with much fodder and litter, as if Paleares = ewm multas paleas; a

bad (and I am not sure that this is a bad) excuse for getting rid of

the j, is better than none, as the Spanish j = Scotch ch, is shibboleth

to the South Briton ; Spanish j is often = Latin], e.g. mejor—melior.

T should have liked to have given the name nicholli, in honour of

Mrs. Nicholl, who first took the species two years ago, but this would

lead to confusion with Erebia glacialis, var. nicholli, Oberth.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

10 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

experience, to recapitulate our previous knowledge of Z.

stygne as a Spanish species.

I found in 1902 a very large and brightly-coloured race

of stygne at Bejar, which I named bejarensis,* and ex-

hibited to the Society on Nov. 5th. At the same meeting +

Mrs. Nicholl exhibited a large and small form of stygne

from the Picos de Europa. Of the large form which is no

doubt identical with palarica, there were only two poor

specimens, and all the evidence went to show they were a

form of stygne, but coming from the same locality as a

small form, it added an important item of interest to the

species.

In the following year, I took at Canales de la Sierra a

fairly large form of stygne, associated mimetically with a

small form of £#. evias, nearly, if not absolutely identical

with Zupater’s evias, var. hispanica, so I gave the same

varietal name to the form of stygne. These facts are

reported in the Proc. Ent. Soc. 1903, pp. xlv ef seq.

Stull later the President enabled me to show the Society

(Proc. 1904, p. xlvi) two Erebias from the Guadarrama,

which confirmed the existence of stygne there, and also

showed that it was there accompanied by a specially

modified form of £. evias.

It further happens that #. evias accompanied the small

stygne taken by Mrs. Nicholl at the Picos, though this had

not been recorded when I examined the specimens with a

view to the present report.

All the forms of stygne so far known from Spain there-

fore seemed to be no doubt varieties of that species, some

of them modified to agree with #. evias. There was

nothing in any of the forms that did not appear to be well

within the limits of variation.

Mrs. Nicholl has an interesting note on the stygne of the

Picos in Ent. Record, vol. xvi, p. 48. I may quote some

items of this, as I cannot find any details of Mrs. Nicholl’s

observations on the Picos Erebias in the Society’s Trans-

actions.

July 10th. “EHncamped at a height of nearly 5000 ft. on

the southern face of the chain, and found the mountain

pastures just above this level, swarming with 4H. stygne.

Both sexes were out and in good order, though some of

the males were slightly worn. I caught a good many

and kept a few; they were quite typical specimens, per-

* Proc. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. xxxvi. PL Aep. LEV,

Erebia palarica and Erebia stygne. 11

haps a trifle larger than those from Dauphiné and the

Pyrenees.”

On the 19th, “stygne was nearly over.” Mrs. Nicholl

tells me that she also took evias (‘‘mostly worn, rather

large type, and high up, none low down”).* I have

already noted two specimens of evias are mixed with the

stygne (no doubt some of the few noted above) from the

Picos in the drawers at South Kensington. I incline to

think they were not so mixed by Mrs. Nicholl, but, whoever

did so, afforded a proof that the high-level July evzas from

the Picos does, in some of its specimens at least, closely

resemble the stygne of the same time and place. The

note in the “Record” proceeds: “On July 22nd, at a

height of 3000 to 3500 ft. I saw several large Erebias, quite

fresh out. I caught six or seven specimens, all males, and

considered them to be Z#. xthiops and therefore only kept

acouple, . . . they turned out to be very large specimens of

E. stygne.” These two specimens are Z. palarica. Both

specimens are, however, poor, the, one in the British

Museum, the best, is very far from fresh, so that the

difference of date between /. yalarica and E. stygne is less

than Mrs. Nicholl’s note implies. They are no doubt on

the wing at the same time at the Picos, as I found them

this year at Pajares. I must take my share of responsi-

bility for declarmg these specimens of palarica to have

been stygne. ‘They were very much the same size as my

EE. stygne, var. bejarensis,+ with which I was then busy. So

that their large size did not suggest specific difference,

whilst the genitalia of the specimen I examined, though

not quite typical stygne, were within the limits of variation

found in these appendages in other species of the genus.

With the small amount of material available the conclusion

seemed clear that it must be regarded as a var. of stygne,

possibly near var. bejarensis, both being very large, but

certainly requiring further investigation.

We now come to my observations of the present year

(1904). From July 8th to July 22nd, Mr. Champion and

I stayed at Puerto de Pajares, which is the pass across the

Cantabrian Mountains followed by both the road and the

railway from Leon to Gijon, at an elevation of about

4500 ft., and at several places in the neighbourhood we

* See Notes on evias later.

{ (The specimen in B. Mus. is 56 mm.; small for palarica,

& maximum for bejarensis.)

12 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

found a large and a small form of stygne, which, there can

be little doubt, with probably some trifling local variations,

are the same two forms as those taken by Mrs. Nicholl at

the Picos de Europa. In one respect our observations,

though confirming Mrs. Nicholl’s, show that the apparent

conclusion to which they pointed is incorrect. Mrs. Nicholl

found one form at a high, and the other at a low level, and

the deduction was, that it was the habit of the two forms

to be separated by being adapted to living at different

elevations, even if the lower one were not a second brood

possible at the warmer station,

Well, we found one form at a low, and the other at a

high level, but then again we found precisely the contrary

case, in fact we found both forms at all levels from about

4000 ft. to over 6000 ft. The small form maintains

its characters both at a high and low level, as does also

the large one.

We found, however, that each species had definite local-

ities, within which the other did not oceur, and in the

case of two such localities for the small species, and also of

two for the large, the localities seemed to be very definitely

circumscribed. The species were found in other places in

which also the habitats may have been as definitely

marked out, but it did not happen that our examination of

them was sufficiently minute to justify an opinion. In-

deed, of those I regarded as well defined, this is of course

only true inregard to certain directions, but these directions

were sufficiently numerous, being in fact the directions

from which we turned back when collecting them, because

no more were to be seen, to justify the broad statement.

I must go into a little more detail as to the reasons that

led me to consider the large form palarica, to be a distinct

species from the small one, which I regard as a local form

of stygne very close to my var. hisganica.

The first and obvious reason is the difference in size.

Size one regards usually as of little value as a specific

character, and if it were in this case to stand alone, I

should, as I did in the case of var. lejarensis, attach no

importance to it. The size is, nevertheless, in this case a

very marked and unmistakable character. I have measured

all the specimens I brought home, and the result of

measuring 55 f 11 @ of stygne from Pajares, and 115 f

and 37 2 of palarica is, that the most dwarf palarica is

1 mm. larger than the most giant stygne (hispanica), and

Erelia palarica and Erebia stygne. 13

that the mean expanse of the two species differs by no less

than 11 mm., nearly half-an-inch. The smallest ? ranging

in size very close to stygne, var. hispanica, has a facies quite

characteristic of palarica, so that no one could confuse them

together.

Palarica is indeed the largest of all the Erebias, averag-

ing 59:0 mm. in expanse, and ranging from 55 mm. to

64 mm.

The largest Hrebia according to Ruhl is parmenio, to

which he gives an expanse of 50 mm. to55mm. 4. cyclopius

is as large, and embla very nearly so. I find, however,

that evias goes to 54, mm., but this is a maximum.

Palarica has 59 mm. as an average.

In size, stygne, at Pajares, and palarica do not overlap ;

the largest of the one is smaller than the smallest of the

other.

The next point is that each was, wherever we closely

observed it, strictly confined to its own habitat, into which

the other did not trespass ; this was very remarkable at two

pots where the areas occupied by each approached to

within a few dozen yards of each other. At one of these

places opportunity served for me to notice how sharply

defined was the margin of the territory of each species, and

how a specimen driven over the border, came back after a

very short detour. Nor did I ever find one butterfly where

I found the other though it might not be very far off.

Still it is difficult to suppose, considering how common

they were in places, each in its own area, and how close

these areas often were, that specimens did not sometimes

visit the habitats of the other species, though I did not

meet with such a case. And if they did and they were

really all one species some crossing was to be expected, and

intermediate forms ought to have occurred. Yet I must

have seen many hundreds of specimens altogether of both

species. In most places there was some difficulty in taking

specimens, and sometimes only two or three were taken

out of a score seen, and of these taken, though many

wretched specimens were retained, a large number in poor

condition were discarded. Those brought home must

therefore be but a portion of the number of individuals from

which I draw conclusions. Yet there never was the

slightest difficulty in saying at once, of which species any

particular specimen was. There was no trace of interme-

diate or transitional forms or of hybrids. Considering how

14 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

easy, even inevitable, crossmg must have been, had they

been merely forms of one species, I see no means of avoid-

ing the conclusion that the two forms are asyngamic.

Such an attitude towards each other, seemed to be regarded

as the truest test of specific distinctiveness of two forms,

when the subject of “what is a species” was debated at

our meeting last Spring. The difficulty is to put it to

experiment. In the case of Hrebia palarica nature has

provided the experiment, and the answer is distinct.

Usually she separates the subjects of experiments so

widely by time, place, and season, that the answer we have

to form is a purely personal one, viz. [ think if the experi-

ment were made the answer would be so and so. It was

in this way that I concluded, and still hold that all the

Spanish forms of séygne previously known to me are of

one species.

When we examine the insects themselves for confirma- —

tion of this conclusion, we first have size, usually a poor

specific character, but here so marked and constant as to

have some weight. Thenas to markings, the rusty blotches

in both species are divided into sections by the more or

less dark lines of the nervures, and each section in the

interneural spaces of the fore-wing has a definite form that

differs completely in the two species, and is constant in

every one of the large number I have examined. In stygne

the interneural blotch on its basal margin is stretched out

centrally into a more or less full convex margin, as if the

nervures carried the dark ground-colour into the blotch,

and so forced it to swell out into the intervals. In

palarica, each interneural blotch falls away from the base

in its mid-neural line, forming a more or less deep notch.

This is most marked in the blotch between nerves 3 and 4,

where the ocellus is weak or absent. This blotch is also

shorter than the others as if it failed with the ocellus,

whilst in stygne, though the ocellus may be wanting, this

blotch stretches inwards at least as strongly as the others.

The result is an hour-glass shape of the rusty mark on the

fore-wings, contrasting with the characteristic outline in

stygne. In the ¢ the rusty blotch is continued up to the

costa, with a deflection basewards, by a whitish-grey shade,

of which any trace is wanting in stygne. The blotches on

the hind-wings have a similar character. The blotch of

each ocellus is much the same in both species when it is

reduced, but when it is pronounced and large, it differs

Erebia palarica and Erebia stygne. 15

markedly in the two species. In stygne it extends basally

in a rounded or even pointed projection in the middle of

the interneural space, leaving the nervures, pronounced as

sharp angular interruptions. In palarica the blotches

extend inwards rather along the nervures than centrally,

and the ocelli never bear the aspect of being at the

outer end of the blotch as they so often have in stygne.

Palarica never follows stygne in this character of the hind-

wing, but a few stygne have a little of the tendency of

palarien.

I have one specimen, and one only of £. stygne 2, that

so far traverses some of these distinctive points, that it may

really be a hybrid. It is small like stygne, but has the

inner margin of the blotches of the hind-wings like palarica.

The blotches of the fore-wings are not distinctive, but the

large double apical ocellus is placed in the blotch very

much as in palarica. In stygne these ocelli are usually

nearer the outer than inner margin of the blotch, in

palarica they are quite median.

To resume the distinctive characters of palarica and

stygne, the under-side shows some slight differences. In

both, the under-side of the hind-wing in the ¢ is often

smooth, black and polished, with little or no marking, this

is in fact the rule in stygne, and it is often difficult to make

out the central darker band, and when seen it appears to

have rather a smooth margin. This form is rare in

palarica and generally the central band is quite conspicuous,

and in a few instances has some white markings just out-

side its outer border. This border is always carried

outwards in the interneural spaces, and the general facies

is much more that of evias than of stygne. The markings

are usually very distinct, with stygne one cannot find a

specimen marked enough to make a satisfactory comparison.

The 2 palarica under-side differs from that of stygne, var.

hispanica, in being less brown, more grey, and in being

more distinctly marked, the basal margin of the central

band being obscure or wanting in most stygne. There is,

however, much variation in both species. If the difference

be noted as a slight resemblance in the facies of the under-

side of the hind-wings to evias, wanting in stygne, then

we find that var. penalan ‘w@ of stygne goes nearly as far in

this direction as palarica, and var. bejarensis goes much

further.

A distinctive character is the structure of the clasps of

<r Dr. T. A. Chapman on

the male appendages. If there were no other reason to

separate palarica from stygne than the outline of the

clasps, I should certainly say they were not distinct. Still

there is a difference by which palarica differs from all

forms of stygne I have examined, and in which bejarensis

is distinctly stygne and not palarica. The difference is

shght and difficult to seize, but in some specimens all

mounted in the same way, and at the same time,* of

palarica, and of Pajares stygne, the difference is constant.

In specimens otherwise mounted it would probably express

itself differently. In these preparations, the head of the

clasp in stygne expands gradually from the neck, and is

therefore long and not very broad; the back of the clasp

is In one continuous curve, and there is a distinct notch or

step at the back of the head. In palarica the neck is

narrower and continues narrow, and the back of the clasp

being, for some distance above the neck to the end,

straight and having no notch at the end, the head instead

of having nearly parallel sides, and so of quadrilateral form

as 1n stygne, has the front line at a considerable angle to

the back, and the head looks somewhat triangular. The

terminal serrations are less visible in palarica, being forced

under one edge, instead of being marginal. This shows

that the differences are due in some degree to a different

amount of twisting in mounting, caused by a difference

in form, not necessarily, however, that presented in the

preparations.

The form of stygne with the nearest approach of clasp

form to that of palarica is var. pyrenaica, but it is

distinctly stygne and not palarica.

In palarica the side processes of the tegumen are

constantly though shghtly longer than in stygne. Not-

withstanding the relative sizes of the insects, the clasps of

stygne and of palarica are of almost identical size, that

of stygne, var. bejarensis, being longer.

This is decidedly another character making Mearensis

a variety of stygne, and palarica distinct. Contrary to

what perhaps one would expect, when geographical forms

differ in size, the size of the clasps differs also ; this is very

marked in xhiops where the large continental form has a

clasp large in proportion compared with the British form.

* By dividing the chitinous ring in the central line between the

clasps, and opening it out on the slide, so that the two clasps are at

each end of the preparation.

Krebia palarica and Erebia stygne. i

So if palarica were a variety of stygne, one would expect

to find the clasp large proportionally, instead of, as it is,

just the same size. The ? appendages also differ a little,

especially a hemispherical hollow is rugose in palarica,

much smoother in stygne; but I know so little of these

appendages, not even the names of the several parts, that

I can give no opinion as to the value of the difference, nor

have I examined examples enough to know whether they

are constant,

Palarica being thus differentiated from stygne, one for

the moment forgets the many points of resemblance,

especially the close resemblance of the appendages, and

the general scheme of colour and markings. In both these

respects even, it 1s, however, more distinct from stygne

than ewryale is from ligea, or nerine is from melas (not

lefebvret, which is a very different thing). Are all the

other Spanish forms of stygne, stygne, or are any of them

palarica? When in the field I thought that palarica was

possibly an extreme form of bejarensis trusting merely to

memory, the two points of large size, and dissociation from

evias in which they agreed carried too much weight. A

mere glance at the specimens when together is enough to

show that bejarensis and all the others are stygne, bejar-

ensis is certainly extreme, but perialare, though differing

in some directions, is fairly intermediate between bejarensis

and hispanica.

IT am not sure that I have not too much laboured the

distinctions between pularica and stygne, as 1t would not

surprise me to find that a majority of Rhopalocerists,

looking at the specimens in my boxes, where the constancy

of the two forms in good series is so manifest, and thei

facies so different, would off-hand say they are unquestion-

ably distinct.

The small stygne of the Puerto de Pajares is intermediate

between what I take to be typical stygne and the var.

hispanica. I do not think it enough removed from either

to require a varietal name, though it is a fine, large, bright

form, and is rather hispanica if a name be necessary.

The keynote of ZH. stygne, var. hispanica, was its ap-

proximation in size and markings to a form of evias that

met it half-way in this respect, and that flew along with it.

I believe Mrs. Nicholl’s specimens in the B, M. show that

stygne and evias are similarly associated at the Picos de

Europa, they ought therefore to be similarly associated at

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905—PART I. (MAY) 2

18 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

Pajares. Probably they are. I took one f specimen of evias

at Pajares; it was a form that might very well be associated

with stygne, but as a matter of fact I took it some 200

yards from the nearest stygne ground, at about 5000 ft.,

and I took but the one. Why? it was not in fine

condition but not so bad as to show that the species was

over.

I also took one 2 specimen of evias at a long distance

from the { specimen. It was associated with small stygne

at the highest point at which I found them, a small colony

at 6000 ft. on very steep impracticable rocks, so that I only

took two specimens. vias may have been in greater

proportion to the stygne here as I found one evias to two

stygne, but the whole colony was a very small one, as,

though I could not traverse the rocky slope, I easily got

round it except at one side where it ended in a precipice.

This ground was about 50 ft. above the upper margin of

one of the highest localities for palarica.

Why was ‘evias so rare? Was this a bad season for

high-level evzas? I will explain immediately what I mean

by high-level evias. It was not for want of going over

plenty of ground that I found only these two.

On going rather later (July 24th) to the Guadarrama,

we huuted well the slopes of the Penalara, whence our

President brought one specimen each (taken in 1902) of

stygne and evias, taken together, and so alike as to leave

no doubt they were mimetically associated on the Penalara

as we found them on the Sierra de la Damanda at Canales.

On the Pefialara we found LZ. stygne, var. peralarex, in

considerable numbers, unfortunately in a very poor con-

dition, except on some very rough ground near the top,

where they were less common and almost impossible

to take. As I brought home some 30 specimens I must

have handled 50 or 60 specimens. Amongst them was not

even one evias. I can only suppose evias was for some

reason very scarce. We were not too late to have seen

some old worn specimens, and I specially took many worn

individuals in hopes they might afford an evias; they were

all, however, stygne.

In what I have just said about evias, var. pewialarx, some

one may perhaps think I am casting some doubt on the

President’s specimen, that he got it somehow mixed up.

If I thought so, I should say so, and no one who knows the

President would think such a thing likely. But the

Erelna palarica and Erebia stygne. 19

specimen itself is abundant reply to all such doubts, it is

just such an evias as one would expect to find on Pefialara

with stygne and is not precisely like any other race of

evias. Why did I get none? Why did I get only two at

Pajares? I incline to believe that evias was scarce this

season, but I don’t know. This brings us to another point

which concerns evias, which I cannot do more than open

up, my own observations being too few to settle anything.

It is this, we have found at three or four places in Spain,

a small form of evias associated with stygne, at a fairly

high level, and in each place the two species havea special

similar facies. This form occurs about mid-July. But at

the end of May there occurs apparently over a large part of

Spain, a low-level evias. I have never taken this form,

being always too late for it on my visits to Spain. But I

saw a number this year in collectionsat Madrid. Like the

high-level form, it very probably varies a good deal at

different stations, but those I saw at Madrid were large and

brightly coloured, like large Swiss specimens, such as I

have taken at Locarno, with the rusty marks bright and

ruddy, and not yellowish, as in var. hispanica, and probably

four or five mm. more in expanse than that var. and five

or six more than var. pefalarx. Sr. Zapater records

both forms from the Teruel district, and Mrs. Nicholl has

reported low-level evias from various localities, and there

are other records. What is the relation of these high- and

low-level forms of evias to each other? The low are large,

bright, early, and self-dependent; the higher, smaller,

yellower, later, and associated with stygne. Are they

syngamic ? With only our present light on the matter, I

incline to answer “yes,” but with hesitation; we have no

experiment naturally provided as in the case of £. stygne

and palarica.

I can only repeat that #. stygne and £. evias in Spain

still present many interesting questions for investigation.

High- and low-level evias are to a great extent evias

hispanica and evias evias, but I do not think we have

evidence to justify such an identification. In fact, Mrs,

Nicholl takes evias evias at high levels, and evias hispanica

in Albarracin is not decidedly a high-level form.

Appended is a table of the wing expanse of the varieties

of stygne and evias I have met with, and of palarica—in

some instances founded on too few specimens to be trust-

worthy, still the best I can obtain for comparison.

20 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

I must note that most of my measurements were made

from the insects as set, and are probably two or three mm.

too small. I notice that Ruhl’s measurements quoted seem -

small, and I suspect were made in the same way (from tip

to tip) in insects with the wings much advanced and

therefore in some cases quite five mm. too small.

I add also a note of the varieties of the three species

known to me from Spain.

I was successful in getting both Z. styyne and palarica

to lay eggs freely by sleeving them over grass.

Unfortunately, being on the move prevented my making

such notes of the eggs and young larve as I should have

liked. I sent a number of eggs to Mr. H. Powell, of

Hyeres, whose knowledge of Satyrid larvee is more extensive

than that of any other of my entomological friends. I

append his notes and my own. ‘The difference between

the eggs struck me at first as being considerable, the one

have the minute dots that form the coloured patches in few

and large groups, the other in smaller but more numerous

ones: this conclusion was reached on the first eggs laid by

each species, and were those of one female of each. Later

when I got eggs laid by several others, I found that these

differences were not specific but individual. Each female

laid eggs all alike in these markings, and differing more or

less from those laid by others, but each species seemed to

have practically an identical range of variation in this

respect.

Mr. Powell agrees with me in two points. First, the

eggs of the larger species are rather the smaller, and,

secondly, there would be no difficulty in separating the newly

hatched larvee of the two species if mixed. Curiously,

however, Mr. Powell says that the larva of palarica is

darker than that of stygne (though he says that within the

egg it is lighter), whilst I note the pale lateral stripes as

being rather paler. JI agree with him, however, in the

stripes being better marked.

I agree with him also in another point that is probably

of considerable importance. I supplied both larvee with a

grass (Hesiuca ovina, or something like it) from stygne

ground, and stygne did well on it, and when (at La

Granja) I had to find a substitute (I fancy another var. of

the same grass), they ate that also, and I succeeded in

bringing them home, and believe I have some alive now

(Dec. 1904). The palarica, however, did badly on the

Erebia palarica and Erebia stygne. 21

same grass, and at La Granja, gradually starved themselves,

and died. I got none home alive. This clearly indicates a

different taste in food-plant, as Mr. Powell also points out,

though he was handicapped by a Riviera summer, practi-

eally making grass unobtainable.

Small stygne eggs laid July 14th and 15th, are pearly

white when newly laid, but soon become slightly brownish.

This is due to a general change of colour, but chiefly to a

development of brown patches, each consisting of an

agglomeration of dark dots. These vary very much in their

disposition. In one or two cases the dots are nearly

uniformly distributed (not in patches). The patches may

be four or five in the length or width of the egg, with

small spaces between, or they may be much smaller, so that

there are eight or ten to the length of the egg. On some

the dots are distinctly in regular rows in each patch.

They vary a little in size and shape, about 1°3 mm. high,

and 0°8 wide, a little narrower at the top, but maintaining

width to close to each end. There are 22 ribs, varying

from 20 (one counted) to 24 or perhaps 25. The ribs are

high but not sharp, and may be a little waved. They

never branch or anastomose, but end at top by merging in

an area that looks beaded (high power not available).

The secondary ribs are poorly marked but very distinct

when a suitable light falls on them.

Large stygne (palarica) eggs laid July 16th and 17th,

same as small. They are perhaps those of one @ only, but

they are very uniform in size of red-brown patches, viz.,

about 5 or 6 across egg and ribs seem most usually 24,

but one is found with 21,

In the individual variations of the eggs it is difficult to

be sure of size, but that of palarica seems to be fraction-

ally less than of stygne—1-2 instead of 13 mm. Each ?

seems to lay eggs of a similar facies, with the later

smaller and even stunted and deformed. Later layings by

other 22 of palarica showed the range of variation in the

egg markings to be practically the same in both species.

The eggs of both hatched between July 31st and

August 2nd. The young larvee are very nearly identical.

The large palarica seem the paler in having the dorsal

band slightly narrower and the lateral line is lighter in

colour. It might be called white in the larger (palarica),

yellow in the small (stygne), but this would exaggerate

the difference, |

22 . Dr. T. A. Chapman on

The following description was taken some time after

returning home ; it may have some value as a description

of first stage of stygne, but palarica having all died, it is

useless for comparison with that species, still less, of course,

will the later stages have the value hoped for when I

thought I might rear both species.

Erebia stygne (small form), Aug. 24th. Larva full-grown in first

stage, length 4°8 mm., head looks very small, about 0°5 mm. wide,

forward segments being quite 0°9, It tapers very steadily from 2nd

or 3rd abdominal to tail, 9th abdominal segment being about 0°5 mm,

across, 10th smaller.

Ground-colour whitish terra-cotta, a narrow dorsal red-brown band

(or line) broadest at 5th or 6th abdominal. Then a broad pale band,

which includes both I. and II., which are widely apart, one at front,

other at hind-margin of segment, and II. quite twice as far from

middle line as I. Next, a narrow red line, then a pale one, nearly

white, 7. e., decidedly lighter than general ground-colour. Then a

broader dark band, paler than the others owing to a good deal of

marbling of pale ground-colour in it, in this is III. Then a very

narrow whitish band and a very narrow brown (or reddish-brown)

line in which is spiracle. Then a broad yellowish-white band in

which are IV. and V. The anterior much the lower and the line of

spiracle just between them. Then a narrow reddish band, a slightly

broader pale one, and a narrow weakly-coloured dark one. Below

this is the proleg with two hairs at margin, and on Ist and 2nd

abdominal one hair in place of proleg, and another more ventral

(this may be more in situation of proleg), a minute one still more

ventral. No hair or tubercle is found on the three lines below the

band carrying IV. and V. Legs and prolegs pale fleshy, four hairs

and three dots like hairless tubercles on claspers. Head round, with

fine wrinkling, making it rough. The anterior ocellus very large

and prominent ; the second smaller, but very similar and very close

to it, the others flat and inconspicuous. The two first have pigment

in the epicranium, as well as the mass beneath. The head also

carries a number of hairs of the same colourless texture with rough

surface, curved and clubbed, as those of the ordinary tubercles.

The anal plate carries four hairs on conical tubercles along its

posterior margin, and one in either side higher up. On the pro-

thorax is a small plate on either side with four hairs, two in front

and two further back. Further down in line with plate, and well

above, and in front of spiracle, isa double tubercle of which the

front hair is short and curved like the others, but the second though

iransparent and rough (not spiculated) like the others is straight,

Erebia palarica and Evrebia stygne. 23

and four or five times their length. Below isa tubercle with one

very short clubbed hair. This is as much below spiracle as the

double one is above it. Thoracic 2nd and 3rd have I. and IT. single

and in the same transverse line as is III. which is however double,

it is exactly in line with III. abdominal. Below and quite to front

of segment, is a single tubercle. This is below line of spiracle but

above IV. and V. Lower is a single tubercle at base of leg (on pro-

thorax two). Prolegs have six hooks in single line, claspers eight.

The terminal bristle of the antenna rather long, three times the rest

of the antenna, or nearly so. The bristles are rather longer than

elsewhere, round the mouth region. The hairs of tubercles are very

small, curved backwards and slightly clubbed, transparent, and with

a roughened surface, in length, perhaps 0:06 mm.

The following are Mr. Powell’s notes.

“ Hrebia stygne.

“Ova received from Dr. Chapman, July 21st, 1904.

“ The eggs are fixed to blades of grass.

“ Shape. Oval, with a flattened base concave in the centre. The

top is only slightly flattened.

“ Appearance. Pearly with a pinkish tinge, blotched with reddish-

grey. Vertical ribbing quite distinct under hand-lens. Height,

12mm. Greatest width, -9 to 1 mm.

“ Under Microscope x 50. There are 21 (sometimes 22) vertical ribs

running from the edge of the base to the top, where they become

rather lumpy and broken, dying out on the nearly smooth area

around the micropyle. They are blunt-edged, with gently sloping

sides. The cross ribs are numerous, and of course very much

smaller and lower than the others. They constitute the long sides of

cells, the tops of the vertical ribs forming the short sides. On the

top of the egg the cells are large and irregular in shape, triangular,

lozenge-shaped, ete. They diminish very much in size as they near

the centre, in which is the invisible micropyle. There is no depres-

sion at the top, but in a few specimens the centre is occupied by a

low, roughened pimple formed by a bunching-up of the lumpy ends

of the ribs. The blotches observed under the hand-lens are seen to

be composed of pinkish or chocolate-coloured specks arranged in

loose groups.

“These groups are beneath the eggshell. That they

are directly connected with the living contents of the egg

24 Dr. T, A. Chapman on

there is no doubt, for they can be seen to move back-

wards and forwards together, always keeping the same

relative positions. The movement is a fairly brisk one,

reminding one of a shrug of the shoulders. It can be

induced by breathing upon the egg, or by giving a

tap to the support on which it rests, but it occurs from

time to time even when the egg is unmolested. Many

other (perhaps all) Zyvelix ova develop these pinkish

blotches after a few days. I have seen something similar

in Cenonympha. ‘The base of the egg is covered with

large shallow cells of irregular shape. Before hatching the

colour darkens to dull fleshy grey, there being darker and

lighter patches. The groups of specks disappear when

this change takes place, and the shape and markings of

the larva are seen through the shell. The head occupies

all the upper part of the egg, while the body is curled

round horizontally with the extremity turned downwards.

The numerous pits on the head show through as brown

dots. The two groups of beads (ocelli? one on each side)

are very clear, so is the mouth and the arch above it.

The markings of the body (lines and tubercles) are quite

distinct. The larvae commenced to hatch out on July

23rd, and all were out by the evening of July 24th.

They eat away the top of the egg in a circle, emerge

through the hole made, and eat up the rest of the egg or

part of it,

“The newly-hatched larva is 28° mm. long when still, but can reach

3mm. when walking. Width of the head 0°7mm. It is a large

head, and is higher and broader than the body, which tapers to begin

with, down to the forks. The colour is that of most newly-hatched

Satyrids, a sort of pale straw. The shape and markings of the

head are typically Satyrid. It is rounded, rather flattened in front ;

much resembles a lemon rind in pitting and polish. The pits are

large. Depression between the lobes very shallow. The side

‘beads’ (ocelli?) are large, dark brown, and shiny. The usual

small, brown seta patches are very distinct. Sets short, transparent,

curved forward. Those just over the mouth are longest.

“The Ist division of the 1st thoracic segment has 16 small beady-

brown tubercles arranged transversely but not in an exact line. The

2nd and 3rd thoracic segments have both a dorsal dark-brown

tubercle-bead outside the dorsal stripe. In a line with it on the

sub-dorsal stripe they have another bead. The abdominal segments

have the first bead on the 1st sub-division, and in a line with those

Erebia palarica and Erebia styqne. 25

on the thoracic segments. They have the second bead at the other

end of the segment and just above the sub-dorsal stripe. Another

line of large tubercle-beads (one in the centre of each segment and

nearly in a vertical line with the spiracles) runs down the larva

between the spiracular and supra-spiracular stripes. These last

beads are doubled on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments. They

generally approach the supra-spiracular stripe, entering its lower

edge on the 6th abdominal segment and remaining in the stripe

afterwards. Above the lateral border are two small beads, the first

in the front of the segment, the other farther back and higher. All

beads have short transparent hairs. The feet and claspers have each

two or three beads bearing longer hairs than those on the body, with

the exception of those growing from the tubercles on the. 8th

abdominal and anal segments.

“There are three conical tubercles on each fork (last segment) point-

ing backwards and giving rise to single, rather long, transparent

hairs. One of these tubercles terminates the fork ; the two others

are lateral. The ground-colour of the body is a pale straw-grey.

The stripes are pinkish-brown. Dorsal line weak on the thoracic

segments, well-marked on abdominals. Sub-dorsal line narrower

but better marked on the thoracic segments. Supra-spiracular and

spiracular both well marked, the former thickening as it runs down

the body, and continued along the edge of the forks. The space

between the lateral edge and the spiracular line is very light.

Beneath the edge, and therefore within the limit of the ventral

surface, is a very narrow pinkish-brown line. The stripes are

broken by the segmental and sub-segmental incisions. The dark

colour does not penetrate the crevices. This is most marked in the

case of the sub-dorsal and supra-spiracular stripes. Ventral surface,

claspers and feet of the usual pale straw-colour. Forks: short,

thick, and lying close. Claspers on last segment large, with several

hair-bearing tubercles. The spiracles are round, dark-brown beads,

no larger than the tubercles above them except on the Ist thoracic

and 8th abdominal segments, but they are rather lighter in colour.

“The larvee ate the grass I was able to give them, but it

was too tough and dry to nourish them properly, so they

soon died. No good grass was obtainable owing to the

drought. In course of time I was able to improve the

grass by watering, but it was then too late.

“Erebia palarica.

“Ova received from Dr. Chapman, July 21st, 1904,

“The eggs are fixed to blades of grass,

26 Dr. T. A. Chapman on.

“As the egg is much like stygne’s I will not go through all the

details again, but will note the points of difference.

“Size. All those observed were distinctly smalier. Height,

10mm. toll mm. Greatest width, 0°85 mm.

“Colour. Whiter.

“ Number of vertical ribs, 22 to 24, none with less than 22.

“The arrangement of cells at the top of the egg is on the whole more

regular, and the top looks smoother, but this is not always the case.

None of the eggs have anything like a central pimple, however, as

seen ina few stygne. I do not consider this is a good distinction,

for I have noticed that in some Satyrids the top of the egg varies in

the same species. S. cordula, for instance, has sometimes a decided

cone around the micropyle owing to the bunching of the lumpy

extremities of the ribs; in other specimens the top is fairly level.

“The specks beneath the shell are less numerous, and rather

smaller. The groups are better defined, not so straggling; they

are browner, not so pink. The same movement is observable.

“Before hatching, the eggs underwent similar changes to those

noted in stygne but without becoming quite so dark. Hatching

commenced on July 28rd, and all the young larve were out by the

afternoon of the next day.

“Larva is smaller than stygne. Length, when first hatched,

2°6 mm., when walking, about 2°8mm. Width of the head, about

0°6 mm.

“The larva is darker in appearance than stygne and

that is on account of the stripes which are more strongly

marked, especially the supra-spiracular stripe. The

grcund-colour is the same in both. If the larve are

mixed together it is quite easy to separate them without

any possibility of a mistake.

“T gave these larvee Brachypodium pinnatum, but was

unable to get any with fresh shoots. I also tried them

with a Festuca which I had in a pot, but it had only a

very few green blades. I tried them with a third grass,

but nothing suited them, and they quickly dried up, with-

out having eaten anything at all, as far as I could see.

They perished several days before the stygne larve.

Stygne ate Brachypodiwm and another grass, and if they

could have got some fresh shoots I have no doubt they

would have lived.”

It may be proper to give a short diagnosis of :

Erebia palariwa,

Colour and markings like EH. stygne, except in the inner margins

Erebia palarica and Erebia stygne. ae

of the elements of the red blotches, being notched and receding,

instead of convex and advancing, in the under-side of ¢ hind-wing

being often more distinctly marked, and in the red blotch in the

Q upper wing being continued to costa as a whitish or greyish

shade. Appendages, head of clasper more triangular and more

definitely marked off by a narrower neck. Expanse 53-64 mm,

Habitat, Cantabrian range at Puerto de Pajares, and Picos de

Europa, and probably elsewhere.

I will place type specimens in the National Collection.

Hrebia stygne, var. pevialare, is diagnosed in Proc. Ent.

Soc., 1904, p. xlvi, from one specimen only. The series

taken this year shows that the race is one of the most

variable of stygne. Some are not very different from

those taken at Pajares. Others are like that described,

and not a few vary even more, so as to seem to be quite

on the way to a form like bejarensis. The 22 show more

markedly than the males the remarkable inward extension

of the red blotches, which is carried so far in bejarensis.

In expanse it is smaller than the hispanica form from

Canales, but larger than that from Pajares.

The two evias taken at Pajares are small, and are of

different types, but are within the limits of variation of

Li. evias, var. hispanica, but a good way from its average

type. The high-level 2 is so very lke the 2 of stygne

taken at the same time and place, that I did not recognize

the specimen as evias, even when I had got it home and

set it, and only discovered it on critically examining the

specimens afterwards.

Mrs. Nicholl has kindly lent me three specimens, which

I may note as a specimen of JZ. stygne of fairly ordinary

type, 48 mm. in expanse, one of several taken on Mont

Seny, 6000 feet, near Barcelona, date not given. Mont

Seny is almost a spur of the Pyrenees; this specimen,

with several taken by Mr. Burr, one over the frontier at

Sallent, May 29th, 1904, proves, what we had no record of

before, but which nevertheless every one supposed to be

the case, that #. stygne occurs on the south as on the

north slope of the Pyrenees, and no doubt more or less

throughout the range, and probably abundant enough.

The other two specimens are in response to my request

to see the most extreme form of evias from the Albarracin

district. One of these, expanse 50 mm.,is a male taken early

in July on the summit of Sierra Camarena (Javalambre,

28 Dr. T, A. Chapman on

6000 feet). This specimen is identical with not a few of

those from Canales. The other is a very dwarf 2 from

Tragacete, June 29th. This is probably a genuine aberration

as regards size, being only 40 mm. in expanse as compared

with smallest from Canales,44 mm., or both measured as

set 38mm. and 41 mm. Otherwise, as regards form,

colour, markings, etc., it agrees exactly with various Canales

specimens. These from their locality are true var. hispanica,

Zapater, and go to show that hispanica is a high-level form

of evias, in the Teruel district as elsewhere.

What we know of the geographical distribution of

these butterflies is too fragmentary to take us very far, but

it is sufficient to afford a few interesting considerations,

Assuming the Erebias to have reached Spain vid the

Pyrenees, whilst it is Just possible that zapateri may have

reached the localities where it has developed its peculiar

character by way of the coast hills, for the most part we

find the Pyrenees so absolutely cut off from the rest of

Spain, so far as mountain forms are concerned, by the

wide and low valley of the Ebro, that the Erebias must

first have travelled westward into the Cantabrian range

before they could circle round the head waters of that

river. It was probably at a very early date that palarica

broke away from stygne, probably as early as the parting

of zapatera from neoridas.

It is, however, with stygne and evias that we are more

concerned. At the Picos de Europa, 180 miles west of

Pyrenees, the two species are still but little differentiated

from their mid-European types, nor is it clear that evias

has a high- anda low-leve! form distinguishable from each

other.

Mrs. Nicholl at Aliva on the high slopes of Pefia vieja,

5000 feet, met on “July 12th with one poor evias, many

stygne. July 14th, one nice 2 climbing Pefia vieja. July

17th, on the Col de las Nieves (at least 6500 feet) a few

evias. July 18th, above Aliva, about 6000 feet, evias

much battered, could scarcely get any good ones.” She

writes that she has in her collection only four specimens

of evias from the Picos, “of which three are 2 9, large and

much spotted; I caught many that I did not keep as they

were over, exceptafew very highup. They are very differ-

ent to the small form from Aragon. The type of stygne was

very common on all the Picos, up to the middle of July,

on the southern and eastern sides of the range; I saw few

Erebia palarica and Erelia stygne. 29

or none afterwards on the west and north faces of the

same mountains, and I saw remarkably few butterflies on

the west and north of the Picos.”

There are, as I have already noted, two Picos evias in

the B. M. collection ; unfortunately they have only general-

ized labels, but one seems to be like the low-level forms,

the other approaches the high-level one.

Going sixty miles further west to Pajares, we find stygne

less abundant, its habitat even restricted, but common

enough where it occurred. The three localities I most

closely examined were, first, the high-level one already

noted (over 6000 feet), I met with no other so high; with

these a definitely high-level form of evias. Second, at the

Puerto and extending for a mile along the north (Asturias)

side of the col, but not apparently reaching very far

either up or down from the 4500 feet level. The aspect

would be N. and N.W. The third locality was nearly two

miles below the col on the south side (Leon) at about

4250 feet, a comparatively small patch of a few hundred

acres, with a westerly aspect.

We took specimens at a few other localities, but not in

circumstances to enable us to say what might be the

extent of the habitat, but generally these places had an

easterly aspect and were at about 4500 or 5000 feet. One

evias of doubtful high-level type not closely associated

with these. These stygne from Pajares make a certain

approach to the hispanica form, so that it is convenient to

call them so, but many individuals are little if at all

removed from the ordinary type.

It would be interesting to know what forms occur

further west in the corner of Spain to the north of

Portugal and in Portugal itself, but for the present this is

a blank. The next point is at Canales to the south of the

Ebro. Here stygne and evias are both modified by way

of approach to each other, and fly together in about equal

numbers. vias probably has a low-level form here. ‘The

high-level one with stygne is of the form hispanica, but

only a few reach typical hispanica, others still retain

something of ordinary evias. The stygne is less vari-

able than at Pajares, is two mm. larger and averages

larger than the associated evias. Forty miles east of

this, at Moncayo, the same form of evias is found, but we

saw no stygne; possibly it does not occur there, as stygne

seems to fail eastwardly, evias towards the west.

30 Dr. T, A. Chapman on

Passing now to the Guadarrama, 8. W. from Canales some-

thing more than 100 miles, and at an elevation of 6000-

8700 feet, we find a still more specialized form of stygne,

very variable, from forins nearly typical to the peculiar

penalare and to forms as bright as bejarensis. These are

associated with an equally specialized high-level evias of

rather small size, and very different from the low-level

form of the same region.

A hundred miles to the west of this is Bejar, at about

5000 feet. Stygne occurs in a very large highly-coloured

form, but there is no record of evias with it. Neverthe-

less the association of the two species in the Pefialara

and the approach made by many specimens of stygne

there to the var. bejarensis, seems to lend a little further

plausibility to my suggestion that stygne, var. bejarensis,

owes its largeness and brightness to association with

evias, though that species appears to have failed to go

(at least in a high-level form) so far to the south and

west.

A hundred miles east of Madrid in the Albarracin and

neighbouring Sierras occurs evias apparently in ordinary

large red form and in the special small yellow form,

hispanica. I have no information to show whether these

are in any sense a high- and low-level form. It seems

certain that there is no stygne here. And a high-level

evias apparently implies stygne. Nevertheless, I will

venture the suggestion that evias hispanica in the Teruel

district has, as it were, got there vid stygne, even though

that species could not follow, just the converse of what I

suggest about stygne bejarensis to the west. The resem-

blance of the two forms of stygne, and the fairly con-

tinuous range of Sierra, from Pefalara to Bejar, would

suggest that Bejar was reached vid Guadarrama; whilst the

Teruel district was reached from the Canales area, vid the

head-waters of the Duero and the Jalon, would be the

conclusion for similar considerations in the case of evias.

I saw no stygne in the Albarracin Sierra, and incline to

believe it is really absent, the Sierra not being lofty

enough, as it hardly comes below 7000 feet on the Guad-

arrama in same latitude; so far east in this latitude it is

also possibly too dry.

Erebia palarica : Picos de Europa, 1902. Nicholl.

is 43 , : Puerto de Pajares. 1904, T. A.C,

Lrebia palarica and Erebia stygne. 31

Erebia stygne stygne

” ” ” or \

ah » Aispanica

” ” ” x

” ” ” °

3 » petalare ++

Erebia evias evias

” » hispanica -x

” ” ” OTs

” ” 5» OO.

” ” penalare ++

» stygne bejarensis oo

x associated.

ie) bb)

In Pyrenees (Spanish side), Burr, 1904.

Picos de Europa. Nicholl.

Puerto de Pajares. T. A. C.

Canales de la Sierra. T. A. C.

Guadarrama. Spanish Collection.

Poulton. 1902. T.A.C. 1904.

Picos, Guadarrama, Teruel and probably

many other places in Spain,

Approaching Puerto de Pajares. T. A.C,

Canales de la Sierra.

Teruel.

Guadarrama. Poulton, 1902.

Bejar. T. A.C.

oo apparently unassociated with any form of the other species.

I add a Table of the expanses of the various forms of

these species so far as my material allows.

32 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

* * * * *

SwIss. CANALES. | PENALARA. Prcos DE Europa, PAJARES.

RP RCTES SGA AS Ae lod: oe? | aaa Grete erent cena

38 1 nh sa |

39 |

40 = |

41 ea |. ood

42 Bnet | 1

43 | ee 4

44 1 ian || i

45 1 eal Nak ate | 1 el 9

46 A al ou eZ 1 ° lo (ies:

| @

t )

47 2 pil 8 wad Ne 8} le 2 13° 3

| @

48 as 11 TS I Depart § 4

e °

49 A 6@ 2| 15 Md pote 4 | 4

50 Begs yh ak Veal ele ae 1 an

51 peealt a? tiie dal | | @ 1

52 3 2 4 | te

53 1

57 |

58 |

peek aes | 50 a7. | ae eae Pe mee 55 11

specimens

Mean [42-0 46-0/49-0 49-4148-3 48-2147-2 47-847-0 — |4e-2 — lag-5 — 46 45 46°24 47-0

expanse

* In these columns measurements are taken without allowance for setting, true expanses are therefore nearly 2 mm,

Mean expanse, or a solitary specimen.

Stygne. | Bejarensis.

Hicu

LEVEL BEJAR.

PAJARES.

See Sy) Se

al a0 2

le 4

il 3

1 1 e

2h) 2,

] 3

‘Picos.

Br 8 1

3 9 1

J 6

7 a

: 3

Besa 47°649°7 52°

Evias.

ACCORDING 'TO

RvuHL.

Swiss.

er 8 se

on Se

a ete By

Sy) hare Se cen

3 | 38 |3,\=

a 2 oS 8

Oo =~

=A Mar eg

i=)

er]

ie od

9 |)

Vit Patt

; ye

2 + |

ee | |

52-0 49 |

iter than set down. c.g. Several palasica accurately me

+ Two largest Swiss in B.M.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I.

Erebia palarica and Erebia stygne. 33

Small Swiss stygne

in B.M.

in B. ‘

e evias penalare

type 47.

° stygne penalare

type 44.

Largest Pyrenean (Irench)

stygne in B.M.

vasured are found to be 63 and 64 mim. in expanse.

(MAY) 3

idives Th.

Fie.

Euplanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PuiatEs II, III, IV, V, VI.

Puate IT,

Erebia palarica, 4 upper side.

2, . ‘i 4 MLCT age

3. ” ” S upper ”

4. 3 a », under |,

5 » stygne from Puerto de Pajares, ¢ upper side.

6. ” ”? ” ” ” ” under ”

if 0 ” ” be] ” ? upper ”

8. » » ” ” Under,

9. 5 evias, var. hispanica, from Canales, 2.

10. * s 5 53 » Pajares, 9, only specimen

of high-level form taken.

PLATE ITI.

1. LHrebia stygne, 6 Swiss, upper side.

2. » evias, g@ Digne Bae 5

3. » stygne, var. hispanica, ¢ , Canales, upper side.

= +b) 9 ) ” g ” oy) ”

5. » evias, var. hispanica, g ‘. 3 -

6. ” ” ” ” 2 ” ” ”

ae » stygne, var. pefialare, g upper side.

8. ” ” ” ” g ” ”

9. - % ik * Q under ,,

10. a3 » var. bejarensis, ¢ upper ,,

ll. ” ” ” ” g ” ”

12. ¥ a _ - ? under ,,

Explanation of Plates, 35

PLATES,

As a Plate this is open to criticism, but it shows what it is desired

to do. Figs. 1 and 2 are LH. styyne, and 3 and 4 E. evias, taken

by Mrs. Nicholl at the Picos de Europa in 1902. The two species

show some little approach to each other, but one at least of the

evias is clearly the ordinary form, and these and other specimens

leave it doubtful whether H. evias has here made any recognizable

progress into the division into a large, bright, low-level, early

form (evias) and a small, pale, high-level, late form (hispanica).

Figs. 5 and 6 are Professor Poulton’s two specimens, one evias,

one stygne, from Penalara. The evias (var. pefialare) is clearly a

high-level form, but specially varied to agree with the stygne (var.

penalare) rather than quite like var. hispanica.

Prare: Vv,

Sketch map of the northern half of Spain, showing habitats of Erebia

palarica and of EH. stygne and evias and their varieties. The lines

connecting the stations for evias and stygne mark the progressive

variation of EH. stygne to successively vars, hispanica (Canales),

penalare (Penalara) and bejarensis (Bejar), and of evias to vars, -

hispanicw (Canales and Albarracin) and pejialare (Pefialara).

Low-level (type) evias is more widespread (as the others probably

are also) than is indicated on the map.

Prarn Vi.

Fic. 1. Eggs of Erebia palarica x 10.

2. ,, stygne (Puerto de Pajares) x 10, both from

phoioarapie by A. E. Tonge, Esq.

Clasp of E. palarica x 24.

4, - Ei. stygne x 24.

ohdeg hen

Bane hail’ ject ,

J. Oot |

' Hay

ae | Soar

Hee eel»

Say x ws ast bas

Crate)

IV. Another Entomological Excursion to Spain. By GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., and Dr. THomas

ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8.; with descrip-

tions of two new species of Hemiptera, by Prof.

O. M. REUTER.

[Read February Ist, 1905.]

Puate VII.

THE Puerto de Pajares is by no means unknown to

naturalists, and even entomologists have visited the

district, but so far as we know no lepidopterists. have

examined it. Herr Lucas von Heyden gives a rather full

note on it in the account of his journey in Spain in 1865,

in company with other entomologists (all coleopterists),

which was published in 1870 by the Berlin Entomological

Society. He especially dwells on the amenities of his

quarters at Arbas, which was his pied-d-terre for the region,

which reads very humorously. He found adequate quarters

in the muleteers’ cabin opposite the priest’s residence,

where men and beasts shared the lodging, and, the door

being open, sudden charges of cats, fowls, and pigs were

matters of course throughout the night. Arbas, Albas,

Arvas, Abbas, seem to be varied spellings, of which Arbas

is probably most correct and Arvas would give in English

nearly the correct pronunciation. This place is about a

mile to the south of the Puerto by the roadside, and

consists of an old church or chapel with a priest’s residence,

a variety of cowsheds, of which one long row has living-

rooms over and looks like a row in.a colliery district. The

Puerto de Pajares is at an elevation of about 4500 ft. and

we selected it for our excursion, hoping to get lodgings at

Arbas or at Busdongo (the town and railway station to the

south of the Pass is at about 4200 ft.), or perchance at

Pajares (the station to the north side of the Pass, the

town being, however, below the station and rather below

4000 ft.).

On arrival at Busdongo, we heard we might perhaps be

put up at the “tienda” of Sefior Francisco Alonzo, at the

Puerto itself, and it turned out that this establishment

possessed three bedrooms for travellers, and though small

and over the stables and piggeries, they served our purpose,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

388 Mr. G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman’s

with less call on our philosophy than Herr von Heyden

must have suffered. We remained here from July 3th—

22nd.

Coming up from the south at Leon, the railway follows

the valley, and has to make hardly any twists or spirals,

to reach the Perruca tunnel, by which it pierces the col.

But on the north face it emerges on a steep slope, and

has to make many curves and zigzags to fall some 2500 ft.

in half-a-dozen miles, running in fact over twenty actual

miles of line. At the Puerto the road south follows the

bottom of the valley at a regular and easy gradient. On the

north side the floor of this valley is some 2000 ft. below

and looks as if one could throw a stone into it. The

mountains on the north side have very steep slopes, with

bold outlines and rocky and precipitous summits, and

there are many picturesque rocky outcrops. Although

there are some bold rocks here and there in the southern

valleys, generally speaking the hills are rounded ‘and

grassy, but often with very steep flanks. They have very

little wood on the south side. On the north there is much

beech wood, mixed with birch in the higher ground, little

larger than coppice towards the Puerto, but with actual

timber lower down. ‘The region seems to be destitute of

pine forests.

The general aspect of the country, as to physical

features and vegetation, was more like portions of the

Scotch Highlands than anything in the central portion of

Spain that we visited. The country is, in fact, Atlantic

and not Mediterranean, and has a rainfall that is not

lacking at any season of the year, more than occasionally

happens even in Scotland. Going into detail, however,

the flora of course presented many plants unknown in the

north, though heather, gorse, various pasture and bog

grasses and other plants, such as Senecio, etc., were actually

or nearly identical.

During most of our stay, we were much interested for

practical as well as other reasons in a curious daily cycle

that obtained. The early morning would be brilliantly

fine, but by 8 or 9 o’clock, though it continued so to the

south, the northern valleys would be filled by a sea of fog

to within 500 or 1000 feet of the level of the Pass, with

mountains and ridges standing out of it like islands, a

light south wind blowing over the col; gradually the fog

would rise like a flowing tide, and at length would reach

Yntomological Excursion to Spain. 39

the level of the col, when it would pour over and down

the valley with a north current. This would take place

about 1 or 2 o'clock, earlier or later on different days.

The fog would still rise with a steady north wind,

gradually covering everything; in an hour or so the fog

would be very wetting, and a little later would be actual

rain, and this would usually continue till late in the night.

The change of wind from south to north when the fog

reached the level of the Pass was quite sudden and

remarkable.

On the north side, an easy walk took us down to quite

low ground, affording such insects as MZ. galathea, 4.

hyperanthus, L. argiades, and other low-level species, but

we did not find anything of note. It was not therefore

an attractive excursion, and, easy as it was to go down,

the return was a very different matter.

In any other direction, one could not descend more than

two or three hundred feet and then only to Busdongo, and

usually we went up the valleys, on to the cols and hill tops

above them, that ran down towards the main valley, of

which there were several joining near Arbas, which was,

in fact, very centrally situated for the best of these.

Apart from Hrebia stygne, E. evias, and EF. palarica

noted elsewhere, we met with Z. epiphron, H. ewryale, and

E. tyndarus; of the latter some specimens were of fairly

normal (Swiss) form, but a fair proportion had more than

the usual twin eye-spots, and one or two were larger and

made a fair approach to var. ottomana. Of twenty-six

specimens brought home, thirteen have more than the

twin eye-spot, sometimes the one beneath these, sometimes

the next lower, sometimes on one side only. Two specimens

have both these spots and one of these measures 44 mm.

in expanse. In six specimens these extra eye-spots are

white-pupilled. The normal double spot has large white

pupils in all specimens.

The Z. ewryale are 45 mm. in expanse (42 mm, smallest,

48 mm. largest). In two (out of twenty-two all ? g) there

is a trace of white pupils to the eye-spots, two have four

eye-spots in fore-wings and one has only two, the rest have

the usual twin spots, one or two have the orange-red much

as in var. circellaris.

The £. epiphron are rather close to var. cassiope, but are

large for that variety.

Amongst the moths observed was Oleogene peletieraria

40 Mr. G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman’s

the white female of which was rare, but the nearly black

males were frequent enough at various points near the

Puerto amongst gorse and heath. This species has

previously been recorded apparently only from the Pyrenees

and on the French side.

Platyptilia isodactyla was common in the bogs near the

Puerto, and some larve were reared from the egg to nearly

full-grown, but died of starvation at La Granja.

Parnassius apollo was seen in many places, but was

common on the débris from the railway tunnel at about

4200 feet. It was rather over (July 11th).

The abundance of a Psyche larva on certain slopes and

pastures at about 6500 to 7000 feet was phenomenal, the

cases were very like those of Pachytelia villosella, but are

believed to be Amicta febretta; a number were brought

home, but none have been reared, the larve moult into

a colourless instar, preliminary to (hibernation and ?)

pupation. One became a pupa. The package containing

these larvee was lost on the way home and turned up three

weeks later; it is comforting to attribute our want of

success with them to this circumstance, but it is not

perhaps certain. Perhaps they meant hibernating, and we

may have some still alive doing so. It was a remarkable

sight to see forty or fifty of these large cases within

a square yard or so, either on the grass or on shrubs of

Cytisus purgans; the larvee did not seem very. particular

as to what they ate.

Mecyna polygonalis was one of the commonest moths

seen, and varied from having the upper wings very dark,

almost black, to pale yellowish, and some specimens

were beautifully marked.

The following is a list of some of the species of

Lepidoptera observed at Puerto de Pajares, and it will

suffice to show the absence of specially Spanish forms.

Melanargia galathea Vanessa polychloros

Erebia palarica Argynnis selene

» stygne » aglaia

» evias » lathonia

» euryale Oolias edusa

» tyndarus uh hyale

epiphron Pieris rapx

”

Pararge mera » nape

Cenonympha arcanius » Drassice

%, pamphilus 5, daplidice

Aphantopus hyperanthus Leptidia sinapis

Epinephele tithonus Parnassius apollo

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 41

Polyommatus gordius Cyaniris argiolus

iy phlxas Hesperia malve

“ virgaurex, var. 9 abverns

miegit Carcharodus alcec

tf dorilis Adopxa actxon

Lampides telicanus

» betica Procris geryon

Lycena astrarche Nemeophila plantaginis

» hylas Lasiocampa quercus

» corydon Plusia iota

a anton Heliothis peltigera

» argiades Catocala conversa

» warus Hepialus velleda

At La Granja (San Ildefonso, July 23rd—Aug. 3rd)

we were too late for most things, but the impression left

was that it was a most prolific station for many interesting

species, and varieties, some of which are not very common

but would be regarded as rarer but for their abundance in

this fairly well-known locality. Argynnis adippe, var.

chlorodippe and cleodippe, and A. paphia, var. anargyra,

were both abundant but nearly over. elanargia lachesis,

var. cataleuca, perhaps a dozen seen. Polyommatus virgauree,

var. miegii,rather a brilliant form. Lvosopis roboris, common

in the Palace grounds. Cawnonympha iphioides, at 5000—

6500 feet.

Satyrus actwe abundant at Navacerrada and on a slope

of Pefialara at nearly 7000 feet. At this station one very

large specimen (rather worn while the others were fresh)

was taken, that suggested (in size) cordula much more

than actwa.

Orgyia aurolimbata, larvee, pup, and imagines were

common at the Puerto de Reventon (7000 feet).

Erebias and Heterogynis have been elsewhere referred to.

Cledeobia angustalis and Rhodaria sanguinalis were in

many places perfect pests making it difficult to detect

amongst them any other species.

On obtaining eggs of P. virgaurex, var. miegii, we found

that its food-plant, Rwmea acetosa, was over for the season

and growing material was obtained with difficulty. The

butterflies, however, avoided the green plant and laid their

eggs on the most mature and actually dead stems. This

habit accords with the fact that though the larva develops

in the egg in the autumn, the latter does not then hatch,

but remains over till the spring.

The following are some of the butterflies seen at La

Granja:

42. Mr, G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman’s

Argynnis aglaia Ceenonympha arcanius

. lathonia - iphioides

» paphia, var. anargyra Thecla ilicis

5 adippe, vars. chloro- » Quercus

dippe and cleodippe Lxosopis roboris

- niobe Polyommatus hippothoe

daphne “4 gordius

Melanarg gia lachesis 5 phleas

» var. cataleuca ' virgaurex, Var.

5 dapygia miegit

Hrebia stygne, var. peiialare Lampides betica

EKpinephele tithonus as telicanus

Satyrus semele Lycena icarus

» actxa » astrarche

» statilinus 3 argyrognomon

Canonympha pamphilus Auyiades comma

Amongst the Coleoptera observed at the Puerto de

Pajares, Lylia vesicatoria (which is usually of a cupreous tint

in these southern localities) was perhaps the most in

evidence, this insect swarming in places on the flowers of the

Genista, as did two or three species of Zonabris. On this

plant, too, or on broom, there were also to be found, Corym-

bites hematodes, var., Athous reynose?, various Telephori,

Lthagonycha, and Dasytes, Cryptocephalus lusitanicus ( vary-

ing to almost entirely black, and sometimes seen on heath

also), C. vittatus, Gynandrophthalma concolor and G. reyt,

Anthophagus muticus and sp.? (in numbers, insects not

seen on the Bejar or the Guadarrama, or on Moncayo),

Antholium spp., Phyllobius tuberculifer, Strophosomus spp.,

etc. About the patches of snow, under stones, etc., were,

Lemlidium pyreneum (which seems to be scarcely more

than a form of the Alpine B. glaciale), in abundance,

Baris nivalis, Deltomerus nebrioides (very rarely), Zabrus

neglectus ?, Steropus lacordairer, Ch ymindis melanocephala,

Stenus guynemeri, ete. On a mountain ridge, or Puerto,

at about 6500 feet elevation, amongst short turf, under dry

dung, etc., many interesting insects occurred, as Homa-

pterus punctulatus (taken by us previously on the Bejar),

Pedilophorus metallicus, in abundance, but mostly dead,

Helophorus porculus, Hypera biglobosa (singly), Otiorrhynchus

asturiensis, a Timar cha, Chrysomela rufofemorata and C.

cantabrica, ete. Under stones in various places on the

mountains, were Carabus macrocephalus (very rarely ),

Harpalus cardioderus, Nebria sobrina, various Calathi,

Synuchus nivalis, Amara equestris, Notriophilus aquaticus,

etc.; and on the paths, or amongst the heath, Cicindela

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 43

sylvatica, two species of Dorcadion (one of them worn

and nearly over), Platycerus spinifer (one specimen,

probably knocked off the Genista), and others. In

dung, various Aphodit were to be found, as A. obscwrus,

A. scrutator, A. bonvouloiri, and others, also Ammecius

frigidus, Geotrupes pyrenvus, Emus hirtus, and Staphylinus

pubescens. Boggy places on the heath produced Hlaphrus

uliginosus, Anchomenus sexpunctatus, Carabus arvensis %, ete.

On the Pass, two species of Rhizotrogus, R. felicitanus and

R. fuscus, were occasionally seen in abundance on the wing

in the forenoon, disappearing after midday. A descent

into the valley cn the northern side resulted in the capture

of Perileptus arcolatus, on the banks of the river, Aromia

moschata, var. thoracica, Leptura fontenayi, Strangalia

attenuata, etc. As usual, in all these Spanish mountains,

a Henicopus (H. heydeni) abounded, the males clinging

tightly to the grass stems and sometimes accompanied by

individuals of the opposite sex.

List of CoLEOPTERA found at the Puerto de Pajares.*

Cicindela sylvatica, L., not rare, and once seen captured

by a large Asilid ; C. campestris, L. Carabus macrocephalus,

Dej., three specimens, on the mountains ; C. deyrollez, Gory

(? = arvensis, L.), in the marshy ground near the road;

C. lineatus, Dej.?, fragments of a single specimen found on

the mountains. Notiophilus aquaticus, L., and N. palustris,

Duft. * Hlaphrus uliginosus, F., one specimen, in the

marshy ground near the road: we have not seen a record

of this species from Spain. Nebria sobrina, Schauf., rarely.

Bembidium lampros, Herbst; B. pyreneum, Dej., in

abundance, at the edge of the snow on the mountains; B.

stomoides, Dej.; B. nitiduluwm, Marsh.; B. sp. n. Perileptus

areolatus, Creutz., on the banks of the river below Pajares.

* Deltomerus nebrioides, Vuillefr., two specimens, on the

mountains, near running water, issuing from the lowest

patches of snow. * Platynus sexpunctatus, L., not rare in the

marsh by the road. Synuchus nivalis, Panz., Pterostichus

nigrita, F.; P. cristatus, Duf., var. cantabricus, Schauf.

Haptoderus cantabricus, Schauf. Orthomus barbarus, Dej.

Pecilus cupreus, L. Steropus lacordairei, Putz. Amara

equestris, Duft. * Zabrus neglectus, Schaum, var. ?, not rare,

* The species marked with an asterisk are not included in

v. Heyden’s Asturian list.—Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxiv, pp. 281-

304 (1880).

44° Mr. G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T, A. Chapman’s

under stones on the mountains; Z. astwriensis, Heyd., one

specimen. * Harpalus cardioderus, Putz.; H. honestus,

Duft.; H. rubripes, Duft.; H. psittaceus, Fourer., etc., under

stones, on the mountains. * Chlenius velutinus, Duft.

Incinus planicollis, Fauv. Cymindis melanocephala, De}.

Limnebius nitidus, Marsh.? * + Helophorus porculus,

Bedel, at roots of grass, high up on the mountains; ZH.

glacialis, Villa, a species occurring on many of the

mountains in Spain.

Aleochara fuscipes, F. *Staphylinus pubescens, De G.

* Emus hirtus, L. * Leistotrophus murinus, L. * Actobius

prolixus, Er, Philonthus splendens, F., in dung; * P.

Sulvipes, F., var. varipes, Rey, in a marshy place. * Stenus

guynemert, ‘Duv., one specimen, near running water, as

usual; SS. carbonarius, Gyll. Oxytelus laqueatus, Marsh.

* Anthophagus muticus, Kies., and A. n. sp.? (near pyrenxus,

Bris.), both in numbers, on Genista, etc., females only of

the second species obtained. Omaliwm florale, Payk.; 0.

cxsum, Grav. Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze. Philorhinum

nigriventre, Rosenh. Anthobiwm torguwatwm, Marsh., and

A. adustwm, Kies., in plenty on Genista.

Sulpha nigrita, Cr. Ledilophorus metallicus, Chevr., in

numbers (but mostly dead) on a grassy mountain ridge,

under dry dung, stones, ete. Byrrhus pilula, L., and B.

depilis, Gr aells: this latter seems -to be nothing more than

an abraded form of B. pilula. Hister unicolor, L. ; H.

carbonarius, Ill. Saprinus eneus, F.

* Platycer us spinifer, Schauf., one specimen: apparently

very rare in the Cantabrian Mountains, as it is not

mentioned by v. Heyden. Onthophagus Sracticornas,

Preyssl., O. lemur, F., O. furcatus, F., Aphodius fuossor, L.,

A. scrutator, Herbst, A. fetens, F., A. hemorrhoidalis, L.,

A. rufescens, F., A. obscwrus, F. (in profusion), A. rufipes,

L., A. depressus, Kug., A. bonvouloirt, Harold, more or less

common in dung on the mountains. Ammecius frigidus,

Bris., in abundance, with the preceding. Geotrupes

p yrenseus, Charp. ; G. typheus, L. Lhizotrogus felicitanus,

Reitt., and LZ. fuscus, Scop., both in profusion on the wing

in the hot sun in the forenoon, apparently males only

obtained ; &. solstitialis, L. * Hymenoplia chevrolati, Muls.

* Anisoplia betica, Er.

Betarmon vittatus, Cand., six specimens on Grenista.

t This insect also occurs at Albarracin. It has been recorded by

Bedel from Scotland !

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 45

Melanotus tenebrosus, Kr. Athous reynosex, Bris.?, A. cervicolor,

Heyd., and various other species of the genus. Limoniis

nigripes, Gyll. Corymbites latus, F., C. pyrenxus, Charp. 2,

and * (. paulinoi, Desbr., rarely. C. hematodes, F., var. ?,

about a dozen specimens, all females, varying greatly in

size. Hydrocyphon deflexicollis, Miill., two specimens, by

the stream in the valley.

* Tampyris noctiluca, V.., females only obtained. Tele-

phorus abdominalis, F., T. rufus, L., 7. bivittatus, Mars.,

Rhagonycha cantabrica, Heyd., Rk. geniste, Kies. R.

hesperica, Baudi, and others, mostly on Genista. Antholinus

amictus, Er., on Genista. Henicopus heydeni, Kies., in

plenty, on grass-stems: there seem to be two forms of the

female of this species wherever it occurs—one with black,

the other with grey hair. Dasytes spp.?, Danacxa spp. ?

Feliopates lusitanicus, Herbst. ? * Cteniopus sulphureus,

L. Jsomira hispanica, Kies.?, I. murina, L., var., both on

Genista. Mordella aculeata, L. Anthicus antherinus, L.

* Meloe brevicollis, Panz. Zonabris sobrina, Graells, and

* Lytta vesicatoria, L., in profusion, on Genista. Cdemera

nobilis, Scop., *O. podagrarix, L.

Otiorrhynchus astwriensis, Chevr., not rare on the

mountains ; O. pyrenvus, Gyll., one specimen. * Homapterus

punctulatus, Bris., not rare, on a mountain ridge, under

dry dung, ete.; we had previously met with this insect on

the Sierra de Bejar.t Phyllobius tuberculifer, Chevr., on

Genista. Strophosomus spp. Barynotus pyreneus, Bris.,

one worn specimen. Sitones regentsteinensis, Herbst.

Hypera biglobosa, Kirsch, one specimen. Cleonus nagrosu-

turatus,Goeze. Anisorrhynchus hespericus, Desbr. * Baris

nivalis, Bris., one specimen. Ceuthorrhynchus eric, Gyll.

Cionus blattari#, F. Apion ulicis,Forst. Rhynchites betule, L.

Leptura fontenayi, Muls., Strangalia attenuata, L., and

Avromia moschata, L., var. thoracica, Fisch., on the road to

Puente de los Fierros. Dorcadion castilianum, Chevr. 2,

and D. sp.? (mostly rubbed and over), occasionally on

the mountain paths.

Lema lichenis, Voet. Labidostomis lusitanica, Germ.

* Gynandrophthalma concolor, ¥., common, and * G. reyi,

Bris., rarely, on Genista. Cryptocephalus lusitanicus, Suttr.,

many specimens, on Genista, ete., all belonging to dark

varieties, some of them wholly black, with the exception

of two minute spots on the head, the lateral margins of the

+ Recorded by us from Bejar under the name of H. affinis, Chevr.

46 Mr. G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman’s

prothorax and the scutellum; *C. vittatus, F.; C. sericeus,

L.; C. tebialis, Bris.; C. mystacatus, Suffr.; C. moran,

L., and vars. Gastroidea janthina, Suffr., with its larva,

on Rumex, along the roadside, at the summit of the Pass.

Timarcha asturvensis, Kr. Chrysomela hemoptera, L., C.

rufofemorata, Heyd., C. cantabrica, Heyd., on the moun-

tains; C. menthastri, Suffr. * Orina cacaliw, Schr., two

specimens, * Phytodecta variabilis, Oliv., P. olivacea, Forst.

Phyllodecta vitelline, L. Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goeze,

common on Grenista. Luperus sp. * Malacosoma lusitani-

cum, L. Haltica sp.?, common on heath.

List of HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA found at Puerto de

Pajares,

Carpocoris purpuripennis, De G. Therapha hyoscyam,

L. Lygeus equestris, L., L. pandurus, Scop. Geocoris

ater, F., under stones, on the mountains. Orthostira

macrophthalma, Fieb., with the preceding. Nysius

senecionis, Schall. Stygnocoris fuligineus, Fourer. Hm-

blethus angustus, Mont. Aphanus pint, L. Heterogaster

artemisie, Schill. Harpactor iracundus, Poda. Nabis

rugosus, L. Calocoris sexguttatus, F. Pachytomella cursi-

tans, Reut., n. sp., in profusion, amongst short grass on the

mountains. Capsus scutellaris, F. Strongylocoris leucoce-

phalus, L., var. steganoides, Sablb. Heterocordylus tibialis,

Hahn.

In the immediate vicinity of La Granja there were but

few beetles to be found at the end of July, and even on the

mountains the characteristic Dorcadions were almost over.

We obtained, however, an interesting Cryptocephalus, C.

5-punctatus, and Cneorrhinus pyriformis, on young oaks,

on the “flat” east of the Palace Gardens. At the sources

of the small streams, in the upper part of the pine forest,

under chips and stones, we found the very local Leistus

constrictus, Carabus ghilianu, C. guadarramus, and C. helluo,

Steropus ghilianii, Haptoderus nemoralis, and others.

Higher up, above the pine forest, at or near the sources

of the streams issuing from the patches of melting snow,

we again met with the Lezstus, and here accompanied by

Nebria vuillefroyi (mostly immature), Zabrus seidlitzi,

Otiorrhynchus truncatellus, Bembidium ibericum, B. laterale,

ete. Around the Laguna de los Pajaros, on the south side

of the Pefalara, on which there were various patches of

snow, a variety of interesting species were obtained,

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 47

including a Pedilophorus (apparently new), Bembidiwm

carpetanum (at the edge of the melting snow, in abundance),

Dichotrachelus graellsi, Trechus pandellei ?, 2, Cathormiocerus

chevrolati, etc., and in the lagoon itself Esolus angustatus,

Lareynia carinata, Deronectes griseostriatus, and others.

Myriads of winged ants were sometimes found floating on

the surface of this lagoon, probably carried there by the

wind, On the short turf hereabouts, from which a large

number of vultures (looking like a flock of sheep, as seen

from the ridge above) were disturbed on one of our visits,

a Timarcha abounded, and the two local Dorcadions (so

abundant in early summer) were still represented by a few

worn examples. Near the Puerto de Reventon the brilliant

Geotrupes coruscans was seen in numbers, flying in the hot

sunshine, and at the Puerto de Navacerrada Cyrtonus

montanus, Misolampus scabricollis, ete.,occurred under stones.

The pine stumps and logs produced three species of Liodes

(as in Scotland), Zemosthenes pinicola, Spondylis bupres-

tordes, Sphindus dubius, a Bothrideres, a Plegaderus, Paro-

malus flavicornis, Enicmus rugosus, Lygistopterus sanguineus,

ete. About a waterfall, on the way to the Reventon,

Geodromicus nigrita was taken, in company with various

species of Hydroporus , Helophorus, Bembidium, ete. Chlenius

dives was occasionally seen, and a 7 hylacites occurred not

uncommonly, as usual under stones exposed to the full glare

of the sun. On flowers but few insects were to be found

beyond Cerocoma schreberi, one or two Zonabris, and Leptura

stragulata. ‘Though too late for most of the beetles, we

were, however, at the right time for the Capsidex, various

interesting species of Phytocovis being plentiful on oak, etc.,

though very difficult to catch when beaten into an umbrella.

Part of our success here was due to the kind assistance of our

old friend Sefior Ignacio Bolivar, whom we were fortunate

enough to meet on one of our excursions to the Sierra.

List of CoLEOPTERA found at La Granja (including the

Peijialara).

Carabus ghilianii, Laf., C. guadarramus, Laf., and

C. hellwo, Dej., under stones, especially about the

sources of the small streams, at the upper limits of the

pine forest, the first-mentioned species the most common.

Leistus constrictus, Schauf., a few specimens, at the sources

of the small streams, and also about the lowest patches of

snow ; it is exceedingly active, and difficult to secure in

43. Mr. G. C. Champion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman’s

perfect condition ; on one occasion about a dozen examples

were found under the bark of a pine stump, on the banks

of a small stream, but few of them, however, were captured

without injury. Nebria vuillefroyi, Chaud., not rare, but

mostly immature at this season, under stones and moss, in

the streams issuing from near the melting snow. Zachypus

cyanicornis, Pand. Bembidium pyrenzum, De}. (var. carpeta-

num, Sharp), abundant, at the edges of the snow patches

on the Pefialara; B. decorum, Duft.; B. ibericum, Pioch. ;

B. laterale, Dej.; B. hypocrita, Dej.; B. toletanum, Perr.

Tachys parvulus, De}. Trechus pandellei, Putz. ?, plentiful,

at the edges of the snow on the Pefialara. Platyderus

montanellus, Graells. Haptoderus nemoralis, Graells, plenti-

fully, with the Leistus. Lemosthenecs pinicola, Graells.

Steropus ghilianiw, Putz., not rare, under stones. Zabrus

seidlitz, 58chaum,common on the mountains. Chlenius dives,

Dej., on the mountain slopes, running about in grassy places.

Deronectes griseostriatus, De G., Hydroporus flavipes,

Oliv., etc., Agabus heydeni, Wehncke, A. guttatus, Payk.,

A. conspersus, Marsh., Helophorus glacialis, Villa, Hydreia

sp., Hsolus angustatus, Miill., Lareynia carinata, Perez,

Limnius sp., ete., i the Laguna de los Pajaros, on the

Pefalara, or in the streams lower down.

Echidnoglossa glabrata, Kies. one specimen, on the

mountains. <Atheta luctwosa, Rey, and others of the genus,

at the edges of the snow, on the Pefalara. Baptolinus

alternans, Gravy., in the pine stumps. Geodromicus nigrita,

Miill., at ‘the edge of a waterfall near La Granja.

Liodes humeralis, Kug., L. castanea, Herbst, and ZL.

glabra, Kug., Agathidiwm piceum, Er., Enicmus rugosus,

Herbst, Bothrideres interstitialis, Heyd., Plegaderus sauctus,

Er., Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst, under bark of pine

stumps. Phalacrus maximus, Fairm. Olibrus bisignatus,

Mén., O. bimaculatus, Kiist., O. pygmeus, Sturm, on flowers,

near La Granja. Pedilophorus n. sp. (belonging to the sub-

genus Trichobyrrhulus, Ganglb.), two specimens, near the

snow, Pefialara.

Copris lunaris, L., Aphodius fetens, F., A. scrutator,

Herbst, A. bonvouloirt, Harold, A. obscurus, F., Ammecius

Srigidus, Bris., Onthophagus schreberi, L., Oniticellus flavipes,

F. , Gymnoplenrus flagellatus, F. , Geotrupes coruscans, Chevr.,

ete., in dung on the mountains, the Geotrupes frequently

taken on the wing in the hot sun. JLhizotrogus pyqialis,

Muls. Serica mutata, Gyll.

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 49

Corebus xneicollis, Vill. Anthaxia millefolii, F. Melan-

otus dichrous, Er.

Lygistopterus sanguineus, L.,on the pine stumps. 7%77-

chodes amnvios, F., 7’. apiarius, L. Sphindus dubius, Gyll.,

in powdery fungus on pine stumps.

Micrositus ulyssiponensis, Germ., under stones. JLisolam-

pus scabricollis, Graells, under stones, Puertode Navacerrada.

Lagria rulida, Graells (parvula, Perr.). Mordellistena

neuwaldeggiana, Panz. Zonabris hieracw, Graells, Z. 4-

punctata, L., Z. variabilis, Pall., Z. dejeani, Gyll., Z. geminata,

F., etc., and Cerocoma schreberi, F., more or less abundant

on flowers. Cdemera podagrariz, L.

Otiorrhynchus truncatellus, Graells, not uncommon on

the Guadarrama, occurring even on the summit of the

Pefialara. Strophosomus erinaceus, Chevr.; S. ebenista,

Seidl., a common insect on the Guadarrama, and often

found in numbers under stones. Cathormiocerus chevrolati,

Seidl, and Dichotrachelus graellsi, Perris, near the snow,

Laguna de los Pajaros. Cneorrhinus pyriformis, Boh., not

rare, on oak bushes near the town: two forms of the female

were met with (as in the species found on Genisia at

Piedrahita in 1902), one green, the other grey, like the

male, the latter being less elongate than the corresponding

sex of the Piedrahita insect ; the scales of the green females

from La Granja are opaque, while in those from Piedrahita

they are metallic.* Zhylacites sp., common, under stones,

in bare hot places. Brachyderes lusitanicus, F., B. incanus,

L. Pachytychius scabricollis, Rosenh. Polydrosus setifrons,

Duv. Brachytemnus porcatus, Germ., in the pine stumps.

Ceuthorrhynchus biscutellatus, Chevr. Balaninus pellitus,

Boh. Orchestes avellanx, Don., O. tlicis, F., O. quercus, L.

Rhamphus flavicornis, Herbst. Apion atomariwm, Kirby,

A. cracce; L., A. pomonw, ¥., A. vorax, Herbst, etc.

Attelabus curculionoides, L. Hylastes palliatus, Gyll.

Spondylis buprestoides, L., a common species in the pine

forest. Vesperus brevicollis, Graells, two males beaten from

oak. Criocephalus sp. in the pine forest. Leptura

stragulata, Germ., LZ. rubra, L., L. livida, F. Dorcadion

graellsi, Graells, D. hispanicum, Muls., Laguna de los

Pajaros, Pefialara, not rare, but worn, both species being

almost over in July.

Titubea biguttata, Oliv. Lachnea pubescens, Duf., L.

sexpunctata, Scop. Cryptocephalus 5-punetatus, Harr.,

* Of. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, pp. 176, 177.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 4

50 Mr. G. C. Chanipion’s and Dr. T. A. Chapman's

sparingly, on young oak bushes on the “flat” outside La

Granja: we have not seen a record of this conspicuous

species from Spain, and it is not represented in the Madrid

Museum ; C. sewmuculatus, Oliv., C. globicollis, Suffr., C.

morei, L. Cyrtonus montanus, Graells, Puerto de Nava-

cerrada, nearly over in July. Z%imarcha sp., in abundance,

Laguna de los Pajaros. Chrysomela hemoptera, L.; C. ru-

foxnea, Suffr. Hispa atra, L. Cassida margaritacea, Schall.

Halyzia 12-guttata, L, H. 18-guttata, L. Adonia

mutabilis, Scriba. Coccinella 14-pustulata, L. Exochomus

4-pustulatus, L., LE. awritus, Scriba.

List of HemirrEra-HETreROPTERA found at La Granja.

Hurygaster maura, L. Graphosoma lineatum, L. Sehirus

dubius, Scop., S. maculipes, M. and R. Alia rostrata,

Poh. Neottiglossa leporina, H.-S. Staria lunata, Hahn.

Hurydema festivum, L., E. oleraceum, L. Tropicoris rufipes,

L. Carpocoris purpuripennis, De G. Verlusia quadrata, F.

Centrocoris spiniger, F. Gonocerusjunipert, H.-S. Therapha

hyoscyamt, L. Corizus erassicornis, L., C. parunypunctatus,

Schill. C. tégrinus, Schill. Lygevus equestris, L., L. pandurus,

Scop., LZ. superbus, Poll. Nysius thymi, Wolff. Cymaus glandi-

color, Hahn, C. melanocephalus, Fieb. Heterogaster arte-

misiv, Schill. Macroplax fasciata, H.-S. Microplax inter-

rupta, Fieb. Aphanus pini, L. Taphropeltus championi,

Reut.,n. sp. Beosus maritimus, Scop. LHinblethis angustus,

Mont. Jonanthia echii, Wolff. Serenthia Jleta, Fall.

Phymata crassipes, F. Aradus flavicornis, Dalm., one

specimen, in the Laguna de los Pajaros. Coranus sub-

apterus, De G. Nabis ferus,L. Salda cocksi, Curt. Cryp-

tostemma alienum, H.-S. Piezostethus terricola, Reut., under

a stone on the mountains. Jliris levigatus, L., M. cal-

caratus, Fall. Megalocerea erratica, L. Lopus gothicus, L.

Phytocoris meridionalis, H.-8., abundant, and P. vittiger,

Reut., P. varipes, Boh., P. femoralis, Fieb., P. abeillet, Puton,

and P. albofasciatus, Fieb., more rarely, on oak, etc., but

very difficult to secure. Iegalocelum infusum, H.-S. Adel-

phocoris lineolatus, Goeze. Peciloscytus unifasciatus, F¥.

Brachycoleus triangularis, Goeze. Cyphodena instabile, Luc.

Camptobrochis lutescens, Schill. Capsus ruber, L. Pilo-

phorus cinnamopterus, Kb., and P. perplecus, Scott, on oak.

Oncotylus boliwari, Reut. Sthenarus ocularis, M. and R,

Dicyphus genieulatus, Fieb. Coriaa mesta, Fieb,

Entomological Excursion to Spain. 51

From La Granja we went on to Madrid, spending a day

or two there to visit the Museum, etc. Leaving Madrid on

Aug. 5th, we proceeded northward to Navalperal (4165 ft.),

in the Province of Avila, and at the western extremity of

the Guadarrama. Here we were joined by the Spanish

entomologist, Manuel Escalera, who accompanied us to

the “Pinar” of Las Navas, ete. The partially-dried-up

streams at this place furnished a large number of water-

beetles, Deronectes carinatus being particularly abundant,

and on the sandy banks we found Acylophorus glabricollis,

various Lembidia, etc. In the pine forest we obtained

divers Longicornia and other beetles, from the earthen-

ware cups placed on the pine trunks to catch the exuding

resin, such as Nothorrhina muricata, Ergates faber, Tem-

nochila caerulea, etc. Our time, however, at Navalperal

was limited, and we finished our collecting here by

catching several males of Vesperus brevicollis, just before

commencing our long homeward journey. It may be

worth noting, perhaps, that at Irun, on July 7th, we

observed Hylotrupes bajulus in numbers on the telegraph

posts, in which the females were depositing their eggs.

List of CoLEoprers found at Navalperal.

Bembidium elongatum, Dej., B. octomaculatum, Goeze.

Bidessus geminus, ¥., B. minutissimus, Germ. Hydroporus

halensis, ¥., var. fuscitarsis, Aubé, in profusion, H. flavipes,

Oliv., H. varius, Aubé, H. lepidus, Oliv., H. marginatus,

Duft., AH. litwratus, Brullé, H. discretus, Fairm., ete.

Deronectes carinatus, Aubé, in abundance. <Agabus brun-

neus, F., A. didymus, Oliv., A. chalconotus, Panz. Ilybius

fuliginosus, F. Dytiscus pisanus, Lap. (2), D. marginalis,

L. (f and $), D. punctulatus, F. Gyrinus wrinator, Ul.

Hydrophilus flavipes, Stev. Limnoxenus oblongus, Herbst.

Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Helochares'sp. Paracymus xneus,

Germ. Hydrochus sp. Hydrena testacea, Curt., H. riparia,

Kug., H. nigrita,Germ. Pelochares versicolor, Walk. Acy-

lophorus glabricollis, Lac. Philonthus swavis, Bris., P. wm-

bratilis, Grav., P. quisquiliarius, Gyll. Phalacrus maximus,

Fairm., not rare on flowers. Meligethes exilis, Sturm, with

the preceding. TZemnochila cerulea, Oliv., Anthaxia 4-

punctata, L., Melanotus dichrous, Er., Rhizotrogus neglectus,

Perez, Nothorrhina muricata, Dalm., Ergates Jaber, L., and

Criocephalus sp., Hylurgus ligniperda, L., Tomicus seaden-

ay, Prof. O. M. Reuter’s Descriptions of two

tatus, Boern., in or about the earthenware cups fastened on

the pines to catch the exuding resin; many of the speci-

mens had been thus trapped, and were so coated with resin

that they had to be immersed in benzine or turpentine

before they were of any use. Lygistopterus sanguineus, L.

Clerus formicarius, L. Cerocoma schreberi, F. Zonabris

geminata, F., Z. variabilis, Pall. Brachyderes suturalis,

Graells, on pines. Cleonus marmottani, Bris. Lixus iridis,

Oliv., in the stems of a large Umbellifer; Z. ascani, L.

Pissodes notatus, F. Rhynchites cwruleocephalus, Schall., on

Cistus. Vesperus brevicollis, Graells, males attracted to an

acetylene lamp placed by Sefior Escalera outside a house

in the village for the purpose of catching moths.

List of HemMiprerA-HETERoPTERA found at Navalperal.

Ancyrosoma albolineatum, F. Ailia acuminata, L. Hury-

dema festiwum, L. Phyllomorpha laciniata, Vill. Centro-

coris spiniger, F. Syromastes marginatus, L. Camptopus

lateralis, Ger. Neides tipulariws, L. Lygeus saxatilrs,

Scop. Nabis ferus, L., WN. rugosus, L. Gerris gibbifer,

Schml. Coriza sahlbergi, Fieb., C. transversa, Fieb., C.

semistriata, Fieb.

Descriptions of two new species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera

Jrom Spain. By Prof. O, M. REUTER.

Laphropelius championi, n. sp.

Fusco-ferrugineus, 3 apicalibus marginum lateralium pronoti an-

guste pallidis, 4 horum basali nigro-fusco ; clava tertiaque basali

parte, corii testaceis, illo apice sat late nigro-fusco, corio cetero nigro-

fusco, macula marginali fere in tertia apicali parte posita albido-

flavente, membrana infuscata, venis obscurioribus, macula oblonga

exterlore suturam membrane terminante ; antennis modice gracili-

bus, obscure ferrugineis, articulo secundo apice tertioque nigro-fuscis,

quarto flavo-testaceo, basi nigro-fusco; pedibus cum coxis flavo-

testaceis vel flavo-ferrugineis, femoribus anticis (?) modice incras-

satis, spinulis duobus instructis et inter eas et apicem subtiliter

denticulatis, spinula posteriore supra medium posita, tibiis anticis

sat fortiter arcuatis.

Long. 2 23 mm.

Hab. SIERRA DE GUADARRAMA, La Granja.

new species of Iemiptera-Heteroptera from Spain. 53

L. contracto, H.-Sch., minor, colore corporis, antennarum et

pedum, pronoto magis quali, lobo antico ejus parum convexo,

sulco transversali minus distincto, spinula posteriore femorum

anticorum basi magis appropinquata mox distincta. Caput omnium

ereberrime et subtilissime punctatum. Antennz articulo secundo

latitudini verticis oculique unici que longo, ultimis apice ejus

paullo crassioribus, tertio seeundo circiter + breviore, quarto secundo

fere zque longo. Rostrum pallide flavens, coxas intermedias attin-

gens. Pronotum sulco transversali pone medium sito, parte apicali

parum convexo, creberrime subtiliter punctata, parte basali concolore,

minus crebre et paullo fortius punctata. Scutellum ut pars basalis

pronoti punctatum. Clavus triseriatim punctatum, Corium apicem

versus obsoletius punctatum.

Two specimens.

Pachytomella cursitans, n. sp.

Nigra, nitens, pronoto postice hemielytrisque omnium subtilissime

cinereo-pubescentibus ; antennis pedibusque utriusque sexus totis

nigris ; vertice haud vel obsoletissime marginato et utrinque ad

oculum obtuse depresso, fronte fortiter convexa, clypeo basi a fronte

impressione bene discreto; antennis articulo secundo latitudine

verticis interoculari parum longiore (¢) vel hac circiter 4 breviore,

gracili (9); hemielytris crebre sat fortiter coriaceo-punctulatis ;

mare feminaque (plerumque) brachypteris ; capite forma brachy-

pterze basi pronoti #que lato; dorso abdominis femine leviter

zenescente,

Long. ¢ ler, 2 14mm.

Hab. CANTABRIAN Mountatns, Puerto de Pajares.

P. doriz, Ferr. et Reut., affinis et similis, corpore superne niger-

rimo haud chalybeo-nitente, quamvis valde nitido, glabro, solum

pronoto postice hemielytrisque omnium brevissime et subtilissime

einereo-pubescentibus, his fortius coriaceo-punctatis, antennis

brevioribus pedibusque utriusque sexus totis nigris divergens.

Corpus forme brachypterze breviter ovale (¢) vel late ovatum (9 ).

Caput forme brachypteras a supero visum pronoto longitudine

equale vel subequale, ab antico visum latitudini verticis oculique

unici fere eeque longum, vertice oculo fere 24 (¢)—-triplo (?)

latiore, clypeo retrorsum vergente, genis altis, gula haud distin-

guenda. Oculi retrorsum vergentes, angulis anticis pronoti incum-

bentes. Antenne ad (4) vel paullo infra(?) apicem oculorum

interne inserte, articulo primo apicem clypei haud attingente,

secundo versus apicem sensim incrassato, femine quam maris

54 Two New Species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera.

graciliore, duobus ultimis simul sumtis secundo paullo longioribus,

quarto tertio breviore. Pronotum forme brachyptere basi longitu-

dine duplo (¢) vel magis quam duplo (?) latius, apice quam _ basi

parum angustius, disco horizontali, antice foveolis quatuor in arcum

positis, postice subtiliter striguloso, margine basali late sinuato.

Hemielytra forme brachyptere apicem segmenti quarti (3) vel

basin segmenti tertii (2) dorsalis attingentia, tota coriacea, com-

missura scutello distincte longiora (¢)-vel huie eque longa (2),

margine apicali valde obliquata ( ¢) vel subrecte truncata (9), angulo

exteriore subrecto (¢ ) vel acutiusculo, rotundato (¢).

Many specimens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

PuaTEe VIL.

The Monastery of Santas Arbas, about a mile south of the Pass

of Pajares, and near the confluence of several valleys on the southern

side,

V. The Egg and Karly Larval Stages of a Coreid Bug,

probably Dalader acuticosta, Amyot et Serv.; with a

note on its Hymenopterous Parasite. By NELSON

ANNANDALE, B.A., Deputy Superintendent of the

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

[Read November 16th, 1904.]

PLATE VIII.

So little is known regarding the life history of the

Heteroptera that I have ventured to bring forward certain

observations on this subject which are confessedly most

incomplete. Possibly my figures and descriptions may be

of value to some naturalist more fortunate in rearing the

insect to be considered than I have been.

On August 14th last, at Alipur in the suburbs of

Calcutta, I found, attached by a spider’s web to a tree-trunk,

a dead leaf on which were 14 eggs. They were arranged

separately, roughly in parallel rows but in no very definite

manner. Their length was about 2°75 mm.; their height

19 mm.; their colour a rich golden-brown, shining and

lustrous. As the embryo developed they became darker.

Examination with a lens showed that the surface was

patterned with a minute reticulation, and that a cordiform

or sub-oval area was marked off at the broader end. This

proved to be an operculum. Another area, of greater

extent than the last, but having identical limits above was

indicated. It was evidently due to internal structures

partially revealed by the translucency of the egg-shell.

In this region there were several extremely minute punc-

tures, which were only seen under a fairly high power of

‘the microscope. They were arranged in an are round the

upper limits of the operculum and were undoubtedly

micropyles: they are too small to appear in the figure.

The eggs were fastened to the leaf by a drop of a gummy

substance less brittle and more elastic than that of the

egg-shell. It was situated near the centre of the flattened

base.

TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND, 1905.—PART I, (MAY)

56 Mr. N, Annandale on the

During the night between August 18th and 19th, each

egg produced a young Heteropteron. The operculum was

pushed out bodily and did not remain attached at any

point to the remainder of the egg-shell. What I take to

be the embryonic exuvize were lett hanging from the upper

part of the aperture thus formed in a heart-shaped mass,

the free apex of which was produced into a delicate

filament. ‘The mass was also attached to the base of the

ego-shell by a stouter filament, which originated above

as a ridge on the inner surface of the mass. On the

external face was a very conspicuous black spot, the nature

of which I have been unable to determine.

In what manner the operculum was pushed out I cannot

say, as I did not see the hatching. It appeared to be very

firmly attached to the remainder of the shell although its

limits were clearly defined to the eye. There was nothing

of the nature of a hardened projection on the head of the

larva when hatched.

The young bugs in their first instar measured 4°5 mm.

in length. There was no visible difference in size between

the different individuals of the brood. The head was

squarish, but shghtly rounded behind ; the eyes were fairly

large, but not prominent; I could detect no ocelli. At

first sight the antennz appeared to be five-jointed, but a

closer examination showed that the first apparent joint

was really a projection from the head: they were inserted

into the upper part of the head. The rostrum originated

close to the anterior margin of the head and was freely

movable; only three joints could be detected in it with

certainty, The tarsi appeared to have only two joints.

The form and proportions of the different parts of the body

are well shown in fig, 4, The colour was leaf-green,

marked with purplish-brown, which changed to olive-zreen

on the extremities of the limbs and antennz. The dorsal

“stink-glands”’ were rendered conspicuous by their promi-

nence and dark colour.

The larvee were sluggish, but they fed readily on the

juices of various leaves, standing with their rostra vertically

inserted into the vascular parts of the leaves, generally

into the midrib, Their abdomens rapidly became almost

globular.

During the night between August 21st and 22nd, the

first ecdysis took place. “A remarkable change both in

structure and demeanour was at once apparent. * The larvee

Log and Early Larval Stages of a Cored Bug. 57

were now about 7 mm. in length, but some individuals

were distinctly larger than others. The abdomen had

become narrower in proportion to its length; the separa-

tion between it and the thorax was now less marked; a

raised Y-shaped area had appeared on the dorsal surface of

the head ; a third joint to the tarsus was feebly indicated

(less feebly on the third pair of legs than on the first and

second), and the darker markings on the body had become

more extensive. The most notable change, however, was

intheantennsx. The first and second joints had lengthened

very considerably ; the penultimate joint had become

broad and flat, with a longitudinal ridge on its dorsal

surface ; the distal, increasing little in actual dimensions,

was now pear-shaped. The expansion of the penultimate

joint was rendered more conspicuous by the pale colour of

the distal adding a purplish suffusion on its own distal

half.

In the first instar, then, the antennz were of a general-

ized type ; in the second they had become highly specialized.

After the ecdysis the demeanour of the larvee became

much less sluggish. They ran about continually, agitating

their antennz, which were not held in the same attitude

as in the first instar (compare figs. 4and5). They refused,

however, to feed on the juices of leaves, and consequently

died, in the course of a few days, of starvation.

I have already noted that the individuals differed from

one another in size. With the exception of one, which

died immediately after getting rid of its old skin, the larger

individuals succumbed after the smaller. The difference

I attribute not directly to innate physical characters but

to the fact that on hatching all the young larve did not

show the same aptitude in finding the leaves provided for

their food. Some wandered about for several hours with-

out settling down to suck, while others commenced to do

so at once. All, however, apparently underwent ecdysis

at the same time. I may mention that when the skin was

cast the expanded joint of the antennz was drawn out

through the narrow aperture at the base of the organ, just

as the claws of crabs are drawn out or the expansions on

the femora of some Mantodea (e.g. Hymenopus bicornis).

As regards the systematic position of these Heteroptera,

I have no hesitation in assigning them to be Coreid, and

very little to the genus Dalader, which is remarkable for

having antenne with an expanded, ridged penultimate

58 Mr. N. Annandale on the Stages of a Corcid Bug.

joint and a pale-coloured, pear-shaped distal one. If this

attribution is correct the species is almost certainly Dalader

acuticosta, Amyot et Serv.,as this is the only representative

of the genus known from Lower Bengal, where it is not

uncommon,

II.

On August 20th I found seven more eggs of the same

species attached directly to the bark of the same tree at

Alipur. A few days later I dissected six of them. Each

was occupied by a small, black Hymenopteron, already

fully formed but enveloped in a delicate membrane. It

lay on its belly im the egg, with its head bent down beneath

the level of its thorax. The anterior edge of the thorax

was directed towards the operculum but was not in contact

with it. A sub-triangular, whitish mass covered the dorsal

surface of the abdomen, but was not in organic connection

with it. Possibly this was all that remained of the proper

occupant of the egg-shell which the Hymenopteron had

devoured. A similar parasite was hatched from the seventh

egg but unfortunately escaped.

In the collection of the Indian Museum I have recently

come across a third clutch of eggs, attached to the leaf of a

sugar cane. With them are the Hymenoptera bred from

them, evidently belonging to the same species. By a very

natural error the egg-shells are entered in the Museum

I do not know of any other case in which a Hymeno-

pteron has been recorded as parasitic on the eggs of a

Heteropteron, though other members of the same family

are known to infest the egg-cases of cockroaches. The

eggs of the species under consideration are probably very

minute indeed and may be introduced through one of the

micropyles. No other aperture could be detected in

parasitized eggs. It is evident that the shells are firm

when the infested eggs are laid, as their base does not

preserve a cast of the surface to which they adhere.

The specimens of the parasite examined are in a poor

state of preservation. They belong to the family Chalcidide

in its wider application : further it would be ridiculous for

one who is not a specialist in the group to go.

Haplanation of Plate. 59

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fre. 1. Parasitized Egg of Heteropteron (? Dalader acuticosta),

from above.

” 9 ”

from one side.

3. Egg from which Heteropteron has hatched.

4, Larva in Ist instar.

” ” 2nd ”

” ”

Fies. 1 to 3 x 8; fig. 4 x 4; fig. 5 x 3.

In fig, 5 the artist has tipped the head of the insect up slightly so

that the proximal extremity of the mouth parts appears.

= ? ; i fa Aya, ; Lue ie th rae pa

% ¥ yOns Sit t clang es 1’ (> enh

1 gist Aka Oak a

bie wt tiie wi ¥ y

AY Seige We et e oe fe aia

i of a Piety, yettant ;

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: i Ayer tn Pac i Ne inet ant

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( 61")

VI. Notes on the Butterflies observed in a tour through India

and Ceylon, 1903-4. By G. B. Lonasrarr, M.D.,

Oxon.

[Read December 7th, 1904. ]

INTRODUCTORY.

Wuat follows is an account of the entomological ex-

periences of a “jglobe-trotter,” that is, of a traveller whose

main object was to take an all too rapid glance at the

scenery, the peoples, and the architecture of the places

visited, and whose route was planned with that object.

That I was able to give so much time to collecting was

due to the fact that, whereas my daughter and -her com-

panion felt the heat so much that they usually kept within

doors from about 10 a.m. to 8 p.m., I, for my part, protected

by a “sola tope” of the “ pigsticker” type, and a spinal

pad to my coat, suffered no serious inconvenience from the

sun’s rays so long as I took active exercise.

I sailed from England in September 1903 without the

slightest intention of collecting, and started accordingly

with no entomological outfit save half-a-dozen pill-boxes.

Not only was I without net and killing-bottle, I was with-

out books, and worse still, was in woeful ignorance of the

Rhopalocera of the Oriental Region.

The day after landing we took train for Simla, and a

little south of Jhansi I was struck by the large numbers of

bright yellow butterflies along the railway banks—in all

probability Zerias hecabe, L. October 5th found us at Kalka,

at the foot of “The Hills.” Fortunately the new railway

was not yet open, so we had to be driven up the 58 miles

to Simla in a “tonga,” or post-cart, by a wild-looking

hillman who handled the ponies magnificently. ‘To one

fresh from Europe the sights on the road were truly mar-

vellous: long trains of wagons drawn by humped oxen

or by buffaloes; natives in divers strange costumes, or

lack of costume; flocks of goats and herds of cattle ; strings

of pack-mules, and, to crown all, long lines of solemn

camels, always hideous, yet always picturesque. However,

amid all these strange sights there was one other which

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

62 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

interested me if possible even more, I ean the multitude,

the variety, and above all the beauty of the butterflies.

The first sight of such a thing as the big Hypolimnas

bolina, L., black flashing with violet-blue, excited an emotion

better imagined than described. At all events, the

creatures took me fairly by storm: collect I must!

The resources of the bazar at Simla ouly produced a

child’s butterfly-net, a mere toy, scarce twelve inches in

diameter and of a pale yellow colour! Armed with this

and a tin cigarette-box filled with triangular envelopes I

took the field. To this scanty equipment was shortly

added a cyanide bottle. It was two months before the

toy-net was superseded by an umbrella-net from Watkins

and Doncaster. This last is a very convenient weapon for

use in towns, or when travelling or sight-seeing. It is

inconspicuous when rolled up, but can be quickly brought

into action ; it is however inadequate for serious work. In

Calcutta I purchased a large Y-net with jointed canes,

and had it fitted to the end of a landing-net stick that was

made in two pieces that were six feet long when joined.

A fair-sized net is required for large and swift butterflies,

while for the many that habitually fly high and settle far

from the ground, six feet is none too long a stick, though

in narrow woodland paths it will be found unwieldy.

Another time I should travel with a jointed stick of three

segments, each three feet long. J may here add that

mosquito netting is far more serviceable than leno, owing

to its superior power of resistance to thorns of all sorts.

Mr. Otto Moller, of Darjiling, told me that he found

it best to pinch all butterflies, even the smallest, but I

found that Blues and Skippers were best “ bottled.” No

doubt it would have been better to pin many moths, but

my things were all enveloped in the way usual for butter-

flies, and the dates, localities, and any remarks that sug-

gested themselves were inscribed upon the papers. [These

data are still attached to the specimens.] Since getting

back to England the insects have been serially numbered,

and the data copied into a note-book. On another

journey I should number the insects at the time, and

while putting the more important data on the papers as

before, copy these, amplified where necessary, into a book.

This would, I am quite sure, save much time and result

in a more complete record.

The insects were sent to England from time to time

Observed in a towr through India and Ceylon. 68

by parcel post in small cigar-boxes, each enclosing a ball

of naphthalene. In no case do they appear to have sus-

tained any injury on the way. They have been beautifully

set at Oxford by Mr. A. H. Hamm, and all that are worth

preserving will be placed in the Hope Collection, while

the explanatory note-book will be deposited in the library

of the Department.

The total number of specimens sent home was as

follows :—

All countries. India and Ceylon only.

Butterflies . ; 1867 . : ; 1494

Moths : : 206 . : : 125

Coleoptera . : 7 ee ‘ : 15

Hymenoptera. BT : : 27

Neuroptera ; i : ; 5

Diptera. 5 bar : : 5

Hemiptera . . LO" d : 8

Orthoptera . : is: : 3

2164 1692

In round numbers, I was five months in India and three

weeks in Ceylon—say, six months together; during this

time I took nearly 1700 specimens, of which 1500 were

butterflies belonging to 204 species.

To these may be added the results of a fortnight in

China, a month in Japan, and a fortnight in Canada, viz.

500 more specimens, and 64 additional species of butter-

flies, which are only incidentally alluded to at the end of

this paper.

Naturally in a rapid tour of this kind there is small

probability of turning up anything new, but it is hoped

that some of the observations made (even on the com-

monest species) may throw a glimmer of light on some

of those questions of Bionomics which are now attracting

attention.

Simla, lat. 31° N., alt. 7200 ft.

In reference to the seasonal variation of many species

it may be remarked that at Bombay on October 2ad and

3rd there was heavy rain, the tail-end of the monsoon.

It was held to be a very late season, the rain had lingered

and the cold weather was delayed.

My collecting at Simla was confined to a riding ‘expedi-

tion along the old Hindustan-Tibet road. This is an

64 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Motes on the Butterflies

excellent riding-path along the watershed of the Sutlej

and Jumna, cut at one time on the hot and dusty southern

side of the mighty ridge, where the terraced slopes are

covered with crops of maize, or ruddy millet ; anon crossing

to the northern side which is mostly clothed with fine

forest of spruce, deodar, holm-oak and rhododendron—thus

winding in and out, but for the 50 miles that we traversed

always maintaining an altitude of from 7000 to 9000 ft.

We went by way of Fagu, Theog, Matiana and Narkanda to

Baghi, returning by the same route, except that from

Baghi to Narkanda we walked over Mt. Huttu, 11,000 ft.*

The expedition occupied eight days, but for simplicity

of description I shall not distinguish between outward

and return journeys.

The general aspect was decidedly autumnal; the nights

were chilly and most flowers had gone to seed. There

was more cloud than usual, and there were occasional

slight thunder-showers. Most of the butterflies seen

appeared to have been out some time, and were much

battered. Two circumstances tended to restrict the bag—

one, the fact that collecting was for the most part confined

to a narrow mountain road, bounded by a precipice on the

lower, and a cliff upon the higher side ; the other, a limit-

ation of wide application, that a tropical sun is not

conducive to rapid pursuit.

Simla, alt. 7200 ft., to Fagu, alt. 8200 ft.

October 10th and 17th.

Gonepteryx rhamnt, L., var. nipalensis, Dbl., was abundant

throughout the journey, and so was Awlocera swaha, Koll.,

though in very poor condition ; both occurred in Simla

itself. The last named is a Satyrid having on the upper-

side a resemblance to our White Admiral, flying also with

much of the grace of that favourite butterfly. It loves

open spaces in woods, returning to the same spot when

disturbed. When it settles on the ground, a rock, a

flower, or a tree trunk, it often goes over on one

side as much as 45° or even 50°. I saw one of these

butterflies make three successive efforts, getting further

over each time! On two distinct occasions I watched a

butterfly settle twice, turning the first time over to the

* In Indian names “4” is pronounced as “a” in father, “wu” as

“oo” m boot, “a”? or “uu” as“u7 insbut

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 65

right, the second time to the left. I think there is no

doubt that this “list” makes the insect less conspicuous.

Pararge schakra, Koll. is another common roadside

butterfly in the Simla district; it closely resembles our

P. megera, L., but islarger. Chrysophanus phleas, L., var.

timeus, Cr., was also common ; Colias fieldii, Mén., is sufti-

ciently like our C. edusa to readily pass for that species ;

Polyommatus beticus, L., is also suggestive of our South

Downs, where it has been seen ; the same may be said of

Argynnis lathonia, L. Again, Pyrameis indica, Herbst., is

very like our P. atalanta, L., though not so handsome and

scarcely as graceful in its movements. So far there was

plenty to bring to mind the fact that one was still within

the Palearctic Region. There were however a few insects

to suggest the close proximity of the great Oriental Region,

for if Atella phalanta, Diu., is very like a Fritillary (at least

on the upper-side), and Jlerda sena, Koll., closely resembles

a Hairstreak, on the other hand, the under-side of Belenois

mesentina, Cr., is decidedly more brilliant than our Whites,

while there is no denying that Precis orithyia, L., is quite

Oriental in its aspect. This insect had struck me with

admiration at Solon on the way up to Simla, and is called

by the school-boys of India’s summer capital, “The Ladies’

Fancy.” With the habits of a Vanessa or Pyrameis, there

is something about the shape of the wings, the prominent

ocelli, the brilliant blue of the hind-wings, and the leaf-like

colouring of the under-side which gives it a very “ tropical ”

appearance. However, one soon learned to look upon it as

one of the most familiar butterflies of Northern India. At

Fagu it was common, but like most butterflies which have a

proclivity for settling on the ground, not too easy to catch.

At Fagu another buttertly of European aspect was

common, Vanessa kashmirensis, Koll.; this is no credit to its

name, but looks like an wrtica, L., that had been born and

bred in the “ Black country.” But the Chalcosiine day-

flying moth, Agalope hyalina, Koll., elegant in shape and

quiet in colour, white, shaded with grey towards the tips,

ochreous at the base, was quite a stranger.

Fagu, 8200 ft., to Theog, 7400 ft.

October 11th and 16th.

Before our start in the morning I found abundance of

Chrysophanus pavana, Koll, in dry weedy corners of

TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1905.— PARTI. (MAY) 5

66 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

cultivated ground; this is sufficiently distinct from C.

phiwas, but has no especial oriental glamour.

From the ground by the roadside I picked up a large

newly-emerged Bombyx with the awe-strikimg name of

Trabala vishnu, Lefevre ; it was unfortunately a good deal

damaged in the killing, through having no oxalic acid

available. Two Blues, Cyaniris vardhana, Moore, and Zizera

maha, Koll., var. diluta, Feld., together with the Hairstreak,

Llerda sena, completed the bag for this stage.

Theog, 7400 ft., to Matidna, 7700 ft.

October 11th and 16th.

At Theog, our first halting-place, Gonepteryx rhamni, var.

nipalensis, was especially common, and here I took my

first Athyma opalina, Koll., a Vanessid resembling on both

upper and lower surfaces Limenitis sibylla, L., an insect to

which it is closely allied in structure and habits.

On the road, besides Jlerda sena, Chrysophanus pavana,

Precis orithyia, and Argynnis lathonia, var. issva, Moore,

several things turned up. Of Pyrameis cardwi, L., a fresh

brood appeared to haveemerged onthe 15th or 16th October,

and was common at the flowers of a straw-coloured thistle.

I saw a few more Athyma opalina, and secured one. In

their elegant floating flight one seems to see through the

white markings of the butterflies of this genus. The

Simla school-boys call them “Sailors,” but to me the name

“Ghosts” would seem more appropriate. They settle on

the leaves of trees or shrubs, rarely affecting flowers. Here

I got my first Precis lemonias, L., an insect with the habits

(and structure) of a Vanessid, but with much the appearance

of Pararge xgeria, L. A specimen of Terias libythea, F.,

taken on the return journey, bears the note “easy to

catch,” which is true, but at the time I do not think that

I distinguished it from the much commoner 7. hecabe,

which it closely resembles.

At Matidna I found Chrysophanus phlxas, var. timeus ;

Vanessa kashmirensis; Precis orithyia ; and two specimens

of Huphina nerissa, F., both males. This last is a somewhat

glorified P. napi, L.; one of them appeared to have a

slight scent which I could not describe, but certainly it

was not that of the male napv.

Perhaps the most abundant butterfly at Matiana, and

indeed throughout the woods of the district, was Cyaniris

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 67

singalensis, Moore, very like our argiolus; it was in poor

condition, flying about the tops of tall shrubs, but not

seeming to affect either ivy or holly, although both were

there.

Pararge schakra was especially abundant at Matidna

and on the road thence to Narkanda, It differs from our P.

megzxra, L.,in being larger and having more striking ocelli,

though these are variable, one of my specimens, a female,

having the ocellus near the tip of the fore-wing far larger

than the rest. In its habits this insect sometimes reminds

one of P. megera, sometimes of Satyrus semele, L, It abounds

along roads and in bare places, alighting almost always onthe

earth or on rocks, with its wings expanded (as with megevra),

but when it settles down to rest the wings are raised, the

fore-wings drawn back within the hind-wings, all that

remains visible being the colour of dust. In no case did I

see it turn on one side as S. semele does, but three times I

observed it settle with its back to the sun, so as to reduce

its shadow to a mere line; unfortunately I made this

observation towards the end of my acquaintance with the

butterfly, so was unable to make sure whether this was a

mere chance or a definite habit. At any rate, I did not

observe any instances to the contrary. I suspected in

.P. schakra the existence of a very slight sweet scent, that

appeared to be unlike that of any other species.

At Matiana I beat out of alders a number of geometers,

three Philereme variegata, Warr., and one Cidaria niphonica,

Butl.; they had a jerky flight, which saved many of them

from capture. A Deltoid, Hypena tristalis, Leder., came to

light at night.

Matiana, 7700 ft., to Narkanda, 8800 ft.

October 12th and 15th.

Many of the same insects were met with as on the

previous stage, but the following may be noted: Terias

hecabe, my first specimen of the commonest species of a

very characteristic Indian genus; Ganoris canidia, Sparrm.,

a White like P. rape, L., but with bigger black spots; and

Lelenois mesentina, flying fast and going straight ahead in a

purposeful manner. Here I may remark that the swift

flight of the Whites generally has much impressed me;

it is evidently closely related to the fact that they are

68 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

quite the most conspicuous of all butterflies, especially at a

distance. Argynnis lathonia, var. issva, was again well to

the front; another Athyma opalina was securely “ papered,”

and a specimen of Precis lemonias was taken in which the

anal angle of both hind-wings had been bitten off nearly

symmetrically. Amongst many of the argiolus-like

Cyaniris singalensis, Moore, one C. vardhana, Moore,

was taken; also Chrysophanus pavana. Three geometers,

Philereme variegata, Warr., Docirava xquilineata, Walk.,

and the widely-distributed Polyphasia truncata, Hufn.

(immanata, Haw.), complete the list.

At Narkanda Argynnis lathonia, var. issea, was in

great numbers in the woods, so was the Chalcosiine moth

Agalope hyalina; this flies fast and always in the same

direction, in this case up-hill and against the wind, more

especially up certain gorges in the mountain side. It was

hard to catch, and on the wing looked much larger than it

is, but on settling vanished suddenly, burying itself in the

herbage.

Colias fieldii was common, but was not remarkable for

swift flight. Zerias hecabe was also to be seen.

Narkanda, 8800 ft., to Baghi, 8900 ft.

October 13th.

The road through the magnificent forest, whence gaps

in the towering spruces give inspiring glimpses of “The

Snows” lying far away across the deep valley of the Sutlej,

was at this season too dark and chilly to be the haunt

of butterflies. At Bagchi were Atella phalanta, Neptis

astola, Moore, worn specimens of Awlocera swaha, and

Agalope hyalina.

Baghi, 8900 ft., over Mt. Hutiw, 11,000 ft., to Narkanda,

8800 ft.

October 14th.

Baghi, our furthest point, is but 26 miles W.N. W. of

Simla, though by the winding mountain road it is fifty.

The steep footpath up Mt. Huttu, when it has attained an

elevation of a little more than 10,000 ft., emerges from the

forest on to a flowery clearing that bore evidence of former

cultivation. Here I saw Colias field, Atella phalanta,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 69

and Argynnis lathonia, and here I took two specimens of

Parnassius hardwickii, Gray, one worn, the other in beauti-

ful condition ; it is a lovely creature, but the under-side has

a curious resemblance to oiled paper. Delicate looking

though it be, it is strangely tenacious of life. The con-

currence of a“ Clouded Yellow,” a “‘ Queen of Spain,” and an

‘Apollo ” was very suggestive of the Alps. All too soon the

path plunged again into the now somewhat scrubby forest

to come out finally, at near 11,000 ft., on to the grassy,

flower-bedecked plateau in which the mountain culminates.

The Lha To, or rude altar of the degraded form of

Buddhism that is prevalent in “The Hills,” crowning the

highest peak, reminded one of the High Places of Baal.

The troops of butterflies seemed almost to rejoice in the

glorious panorama of “The Snows” spread far around.

The brilliant Argynnis lathonia was common, and the

dingy Vanessa kashmirensis quite abundant—probably

the more distant of yon white peaks to the left arises from

its name-place, Kashmir. Colias jieldii was also in large

numbers, a female exhibiting a symmetrical injury to the

hind-wings very suggestive of a peck by a bird. Precis

orithyia. was there too, but Aulocera swaha was conspicuous

by its absence. Of a humming-bird moth, much smaller

than ours, Rhopalopsyche nycteris, Koll., I netted three

specimens, one at the flowers of a delphinium, Herbula

cespitalis, Schiff., reminded me of home. The Blues were

represented by Cyaniris singalensis, Moore. A male Terias

hecabe was of the wet-season form. I noted that this

species is very easy to catch, and is brilliant on the wing ;

also that when settled on a shrub or flower it is usually

extremely conspicuous, but not so when it chooses as its

resting-place a certain low plant with oval leaves fading to

a yellow tint; then the rounded form of the wings greatly

aids its concealment. An old friend, Zwxoa corticea, Schiff,

was taken flying in the sunshine. I had several exciting

chases after a big yellow Swallow-tail, and eventually

secured one—my first Papilio! It proved to be our

machaon, L., var. asiatica, Mén. Here, as in Japan, it scorns

fens and dykes, glorying in mountain tops. b.

On the way down to Narkanda several Pyrameis indica

disputed the path with our party.

The great resemblance to European forms presented by

the bulk of the butterflies seen in this expedition cannot

fail to strike the reader,

70 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Solon, circa 5000 ft., to Kdlka, 2184 ft.

October 20th, 1903.

Starting from Simla by starlight, soon after 5 a.m., we

got to Solon by breakfast-time, and I there caught at 9

am. my first butterflies, two alsus-like Blues, Zizera

karsandra, Moore, and Z. maha, Koll. Also two flies, a

Musca of the domestica, L., group, and an Anthomyid.

On the drive from Solon to Kalka, by making the most

of stoppages to change horses, and by occasionally jumping

out of the carriage, I managed to secure quite a lot of

things. Among the commonest was the beautiful Precis

e@none, L., and with it P. orithyia and P. lemonias. Of Atella

phalanta, Belenois mesentina, 2, and Ilerda sena, I took

single examples. T'e7ias leta, Boisd., was rather common.

There were also Catopsilia pyranthe, L., the gnoma-form,

Terias hecabe, and Huphina nerissa. About two miles above

Kalka, say at about 2700 ft., I got a single Precis iphita, Cr.

At about the same place the great catch of the morning was

made, for I took my first Hypolimnas bolina, three males

and a female, believing them at the time to be two species.

Why does not this glorious insect retain its far more

poetical and more appropriate name, Diadema jacintha ?

Surely a black butterfly 34 inches in expanse with four

large glancing-blue spots, one on either wing, deserves to

be called after a gem. Anyway,I shall never forget the

impression produced by my first sight of its truly oriental

splendour; it was like Kingsley’s “ At last!”

On my way down I also saw Pyrameis indica, and missed

two Papilios, probably P. machaon.

At Kalka J got an hour and a half’s collecting late in

the afternoon ; it was partly on waste ground about the

station, but mainly in a field bearing a crop of some kind

of pulse with thin pods 4-5 inches long.

A black and brown Cantharid beetle, Mylabris sidx, Fab.,

was flying about flowers in the sunshine in large numbers.

The genus Precis was represented by orithyia and a@none ;

the genus Terias by hecabe, leta, and quite a number of

libythea. The inevitable Atella phalanta, never very

common, and Belenois mesentina were to the front again.

Ganoris canidia was fairly common; I noted that a male had

a “snuffy scent.” Single specimens of Jxias marianne, Cr.,

and Huphina nerissa, both males, were taken. Of Cato-

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon, 71

psilia pyranthe 1 took two females, one of which had

suffered a symmetrical injury to both hind-wings. Three or

four Hypolimnas bolina, both sexes, were disturbed in their

first sleep, and being drowsy fell an easy prey. The Blues

were represented by several species—Zizera maha, Koll.;

Z, otis, Fab,, var. indica, Murray ; Catochrysops enejus, Fab. ;

and Nacaduba noreia, Feld. Two Pyrales, Hymenia

recurvalis, F., and Bradina admizxtalis, Walk., and a worn

Acidalid were picked up, A Sphinx, Nephele hespera, Fab.,

was taken during the afternoon at the flowers of a Lryonia,

A little later on, an Arctiid moth, Artaxva lunata, Walk.,

came to the lamp of the railway carriage, to which a Sphinx,

probably another JV. hespera, also paid a momentary visit,

Peshdwar, lat. 34° N., alt, 1165 ft.

October 22nd—25th, 1903.

This city is finely situated in the extreme north-west

of the great plain of the Panjab, or Five Rivers; the

mountains of the Sufid Koh and the foot-hills of the

Hindi Kush bounding the view to the west and north

respectively.

In the hotel garden I took a few things; Terias hecabe

was common, two of them lacked “the dog’s head mark.”

Belenois mesentina was represented by a solitary male.

One of three males of Ganoris canidia yielded a decided

scent, hard to describe but certainly not that of G. napz.

That dingy Skipper Parnara mathias, Fab., was abundant

at the flowers of Duranta. I missed several specimens of

a yellow Papilio, probably erithonius, Cr., and I believe

one allied to podalirius, L. Of the Blues I took one

Polyommatus beticus, and three Zizera karsandra, Moore.

Two moths came to light, Oligochroa akbarella, Rag.,

and Harias tristrigosa, Butl.

Near the waterworks at Bara, amidst a wilderness of

stones, I netted a female Belenois mesentina, three Blues,

Tarucus theophrastus, Fab. (2 $,1 9), and my first Zeracolus,

a female etrida, Boisd. Dr. Dixey tells me that he had no

idea that this species ranged so far north. <A strange-

looking grasshopper, Zruvalis nasuta, L., seemed well

adapted to its stony desert surroundings.

From ‘Peshawar my most interesting expedition, from

every point of view, was to Ali Musjid in the Khaibar

Pass. This tiny white building, said to be the first

72 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Musjid erected in India by the invading hordes of Muham-

madan conquerors, stands about 2400 ft. above sea level.

Close to flows a little stream full of fish and frogs, which

produces an oasis among the hot dry rocks, where large

beds of a species of mint attracted a number of butterflies,

which I pursued under the strict and curious supervision

of those good-natured barbarians, the Afridis of the

Khaibar Rifles, who twice a week safeguard the caravans

as far as Lundi Kotal.

Limnas chrysippus, L., was fairly common. I took two

males and two females, one of the latter with pale ground-

colour of an umbreous tint and much shading along the

costa. Pyramets cardui was the commonest butterfly, mostly

in fine condition. I took one Ganoris brassice#, L., of the

form nipalensis, Gray, a female, and saw several CG. canidia,

which had all possibly strayed from a patch of cultivated

eround hard by. The Clouded Yellows were represented

by several Colias hyale, form erate, Esp. The beautiful Precis

orithyia was quite abundant ; P. almana, L., also occurred,

but was not common. I saw several Zerias hecabe.. The

Satyrids were the most interesting of all. A specimen of

Yphthima balanica, March, was my first acquaintance in

that elegant and delicately-made genus. Satyrus parisatis,

Koll, a handsome insect suggestive of Vanessa antiopa,

L., was rather common, but unfortunately much worn.

Very conspicuous on the wing it did not appear to be

attracted by the mint, but usually settled on the ground,

and was then very difficult to see. I also secured two

specimens of a very distinct pale Satyrid, much the colour

of C. pamphilus, L., but much larger and with dentate hind-

wings, Hpinephele davendra, Moore; they were both 2. I

took two Polyommatus beticus, but saw no Skippers.

Three of that widely-distributed beauty, Devopeia pul-

chella, L., were seen flying in the sun, and with them a

brilliant little Burnet, Zygena kashmirensis, Koll.

Among the outsiders were a locust, Pacilocera picta; a

beetle, Clinterta confinis, Hope; two bees, Bombus simal-

limus, Smith, f and 2; anda wasp, Vespa awraria, Smith (9).

Malakand, lat. 34° 30’ N., alt. circa 3000 ft.

October 28th and 29th, 1903.

By the kind hospitality of the Political Officer, Capt.

R. W. E. Knollys, I was enabled to get two days’ collect-

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 73

ing at this remote frontier post. Perched on a saddle,

where the old Buddhist road crosses the foot-hills, looking

forward over the Swat valley, back over the dusty plain

of the Panjab, this isolated fortress affords a picture of

rocky desolation. The Pass is closed every night by

chevaux de frise, and the garrison is always prepared for

attack. When I went collecting it was deemed prudent

that I should be accompanied by a gigantic chuprassi, a

Pathan of the tribe of the Jusufsai, or Sons of Joseph.

Moreover, when scrambling over the hillsides, in addition

to the usual Indian thorns in all their varieties, wire

entanglements have to be negotiated !

The rocky hills seemed too dry and burnt up to harbour

many butterflies, but on the parched slopes of the fortified

erag, nicknamed Gibraltar, the pretty little Melitxa trivia,

Schiff., was almost abundant; ona glaucous shrub at the

foot of the same hill were numbers of a glaucous green and

yellow locust, Pacilocera picta, which though conspicuous

enough on the wing was decidedly cryptic. Other Orni-

thoptera were Quiroguesia blanchardianus, Sauss., and

Truxalis nasuta, L. I also took three wasps, two Vespa

velutina, Lep. (var. “ des Indes,” Sauss.) 9, and a § Polistes

hebreus, F.

In addition to the above a long and hot walk only

yielded one Ganoris canidia, $; two Terias hecabe, a f of

the variety without the ‘“‘dog’s head,” and a large but

otherwise normal 2; two Blues, a Zizera karsandra,

Moore, and a Z. maha, Koll. var. diluta, Feld.; one

Precis orithyia ; a dingy Skipper, Gegenes nostrodamus, Fab.,

and a micro, 7inxgeria, sp. Some puddles of water at

the baggage-mules’ drinking-place proved very attractive,

ylelding Argynnis niphe, a 9, Tarucus theophrastus, F.,

a ¢, and the conspicuous Hipparchia parisatis.,

The next day (Oct. 29th) I lighted upon an oasis in the

desert in the shape of the staff-sergeant’s garden, where

irrigation had produced a brilliant mass of flowers, some

vegetables, and a small field of lucerne. Here butterflies

abounded : Zerias hecabe, without the “dog’s head mark,”

was in plenty among the lucerne as well as at the marigolds ;

the lucerne also yielded both Colias fieldit and C. erate,

the eastern form of hyale. Among the Danaids Limnas

chrysippus was common, and D. genutia, Cr., abundant at

the marigold flowers, at which also one Z%rumala limniace,

Cr., was taken. Athyma perius, Linn., was rather com-

74 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

mon, but preferred the wet mud left in the irrigation

channels to any flowers. Argynnis niphe was also com-

mon, but had more refined taste, and was usually taken

on the marigold beds; its female was observed during life

to resemble Z. genutia. Precis almana was common; P.

orithyia very abundant at the same flowers, together with

a few P. enone, one of them very fine and large. As

usual in India Atella phalanta and Belenois mesentina put

in an appearance, the first at marigold, the second (a 2)

among the lucerne. The Hairstreak J/erda sena occurred

alike at marigold and high up on the mountain-side. The

flowers of Gaillardia proved more attractive to the smaller

fry than the coarser marigolds ; the brown Skipper, Parnara

mathias, Fab., was in abundance, so were the dingy Blues,

Lizera karsandra, Moore, and Z. maha, Koll., but the

latter and its variety diluta, Feld., preferred mud to any

flowers.

Other small things were Polyommatus beticus, and the

Skipper Gegenes nostrodamus, Fab., which was common at

the flowers of Gaillardia and marigold. I saw this species

at Malakand only, and unfortunately secured but two

specimens. Two or three Melitwa trivia also turned up

at these favourite flowers. Not far from the garden I took

two more Hipparchia parisatis ; this does not appear to be

much attracted by flowers, but settles on the ground and

is then often very hard to see. I observed it lean over

from 20° to 30°, and even saw it walking about with a

“list” of 20°.

Lahore, lat. 31° 35’ N., alt. cirea 700 ft.

October 31lst—November 4th.

At the capital of the Panjab, a city of the plains, my

chief collecting ground was the extensive Lawrence

Garden, which though full of flowers is, in parts, so wild

that, not to mention a mongoose, I even came across a

jackal at midday. The class of butterflies found here

differed widely from those met with at Simla and further

north, the predominant forms being Oriental. Here I

first captured Papilio erithonius, Cr., the “ tailless swallow-

tail,’ which I had perhaps seen at Peshawar ; this butter-

fly has a wide range in India and might almost be termed

abundant, it especially frequents the flowers of Zinnia,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon, 75

Lantana, and Bougainvillea. When feeding it settles for

a few moments only, fluttering with its wings the while ;

then it is not hard to catch, but when rushing from place

to place it is far otherwise. In colouring it is very like

P. machaon, but far less handsome; the yellow ground-

colour is often quite pale and bright when the insect is

fresh, but it usually turns much darker and duller; I sus-

pect that cyanide hastens this process. At Lahore also I

first came across another very common Indian butterfly,

Papilio pammon, L.; its graceful form and flight and rich

velvety-black coat at first excited me so much that I

had great difficulty in catching it! Naturally enough I

followed Linnzeus iv taking the sexes for different species :

he called the male pammon, and the very different female,

Wallace’s second form, pelytes. At Lahore it especially

affected the flowers of Bougainvillea and a shrub with

blossoms like in colour and scent to, but much larger than,

those of white jasmine. Like P. erithonius it flew rapidly

from flower to flower and fluttered while feeding, The

female taken here was of Wallace’s second form (polvtes) ;

among the males was a dingy variety with scarcely any

orange on the under-side of the hind-wings.

Inmnas chrysippus was abundant, more especially at the

flowers of Asclepias (the food-plant); amongst them was a

dwarf female. Tirwmala limniace was scarcely common.

Of Catopsilia pomona, F., 1 only netted one female, but

believe I saw others; it visits flowers high up on trees.

C. pyranthe was abundant; it flies fast and high and is

hard to catch; it was fond of settling on the flowers of

duranta on the tops of high hedges, forming a pretty

contrast with the lilac-blue racemes.

Terias hecabe, both sexes, was fairly common; it flew

slowly and near the ground. The black and white

Teracolus puellaris, Butl., was also fairly common; perhaps

it owes its name to the child-like simplicity of itsdress. It

flies near the ground, but so jerkily as to be somewhat

hard to catch. It has the habit of flying into bushes, by

preference those well provided with thorns, and not coming

out again. Of 7. protractus, Butl., I could only get two

specimens; its salmon-pink colour with broad black margins

dusted with blue-grey make it one of the most beautiful

little butterflies that I came across; its dress is all in

exquisite taste, the under-side being a quiet greenish-

yellow that must greatly protect it when at rest.

76 = Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

White butterflies were not much in evidence; I took a

somewhat worn female of Appias libythea, Fab., also two

Belenois mesentina, both females. This last is another

common Indian butterfly; its upper surface reminds one of

P. daplidice, L., but beneath the hind-wings and tips of the

fore-wings are bright orange with brownish veins. _Experi-

ence at Lahore confirmed me in the opinion that “ Whites ”

of all sorts are most difficult to catch; they are shy, and

fly rapidly with a jerky vertical movement. ‘“ Whites”

are by far the most conspicuous butterflies, especially

when at a distance, and doubtless they need their swift

wings. The Catopsilias are nearly as conspicuous as the

true Whites, and they fly even more swiftly.

Among the Nymphalids the widespread Atella phalanta

was represented by a few specimens at marigold flowers.

Precis orithyia (an insect that suffers much loss of beauty

from grease) was not common, the same is true of P. almana ;

a few of each were taken at flowers. At zinnia flowers I

got my first Hypolimnas misippus, L.,a male ; it impressed

me as a most tropical-looking insect, though not so

gorgeous as H. bolina; it had both hind-wings clipped,

possibly by a bird.

The Blues were represented by two species—the neatly-

marked Tarucus telicanus, Lang., common at the flowers of

Plumbago, and the little greyish-blue Zizera maha, Koll,

abundant at the flowers of a species of millet and some herbs

of the labiate family; amongst them was a specimen of the

var. diluta, Feld. Blues swarm in India, many of the

species are small and dingy, so that they are hard to follow

on the wing, and their flight is even more jerky than that of

Whites. ‘They are often found on grassy banks as at home,

but are especially addicted to water-drinking and are

constantly present in irrigated fields and gardens. It

must be confessed that the abundance of bigger game often

led one to pass them by. Blues when killed are apt to

fold their wings the wrong way, and it is difficult to set,

them right; but if only kept a short time in the bottle

with a view to preventing this untoward result, they are

apt to recover and fly away when the paper is opened after

the day’s work.

The dull-coloured Skipper Gegenes nostrodamus, Fab.,

was common in the gardens, but I only took one female.

Small moths, especially Pyrales, were abundant in a patch

of long grass and herbage in a damp spot. One of these

Observed in a towr through India and Ceylon. 77

was Pyrausta incoloralis, Guen., another the tiny Gold-tail,

Porthesia marginalis, Wk., which was flying in the sun.

There was also the very widely-distributed Marasmia

trapezalis, Guen.; but by far the commonest was the pretty

little black-and-white Hymenia recurvalis, Fab. (very

suggestive of our H. cingulalis, L.).

In the gardens of the Shah Dara, Jehangir’s mausoleum,

four miles from Lahore, I saw at dusk a number of Hawk-

moths at the yellow tubular flowers of a small tree. My

short-bandled net only allowed me to catch two, which

proved to be beautiful specimens of Vephele hespera, Fab.,

and Cherocanvpa celerio, L.

In writing to Dr. Dixey from Lahore I made the

suggestive remark: “It is evident that being late in the

autumn many of the butterflies are old and much worn.

Curiously enough they are more often tattered and torn

than actually rubbed.” It is difficult to rightly apportion

the breaking of the wings between the work of thorns and

insectivorous foes. Certainly Indian butterflies fly into

and through bushes in a way that one does not see at

home.

In the Ajdib Ghar, or Wonder House of Lahore, Anglicé

Museum, well known to readers of “ Kim,” is a small

collection of insects. This was useful to me, but the

destruction wrought by Dermestes, etc., both among the

insects and the textile fabrics of the Industrial Collection,

is most sad to see. I trust Mr. Kipling will see to it.

Amritzar, lat. 81° 40’ N., alt. circa 750 ft.

November 5th and 6th, 1903.

At the sacred city of the Sikhs my collecting was

practically confined to two gardens close to the hotel.

Here a large dull brown butterfly, with somewhat of the

Vanessa habit, spread itself perfectly flat upon the surface

of the earth and more especially of the damp mud of the

little irrigation channels, lying so close to the surface as to

be with difficulty discerned, so exactly did it resemble the

tint of the mud. I secured three which proved to be

Euthalia garuda, Moore, all females.

Papilio pammon was common ; besides males I took one

female of Wallace’s Form I, which differs but slightly from

78 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Motes on the Butterflies

the male and is hence termed pammon pammon. Of

Precis almana 1 took one, of the ubiquitous Belenois

mesentina likewise one, a female, but I was somewhat

surprised to net a Colias fieldwi, 2, since the great plain of

the Panjab seemed an unlikely locality for a Colias.

Yphthima nareda, Koll, was scarcely common in the

hotel garden, it flew close to the ground. The list closes

with Polyommatus beticus and a grasshopper to which Mr.

Kirby cannot assign a name.

Delhi, lat. 28° 30’ N., alt. circa 700 ft.

November 7th—12th, 1903.

When collecting in the Kudsia Gardens at Delhi it was

impossible not to be impressed with the historic associa-

tions of the ground. Lying between the northern walls of

the city, the famous ridge, and the mighty Jumna, scarcely

more than a furlong from John Nicholson’s grave, stands,

nearly hidden by trees and flowering shrubs, all that is left

of the Summer Palace of the kings of Delhi. Its crumb-

ling walls, where not covered by Bougainvilleas or other

creepers, bear testimony by many a bullet-mark and round-

shot hole how fire-swept the place was during the long hot

days of 1857. Concrete blocks with suitable inscriptions

mark the sites of the breaching batteries of the last stages

of the siege—batteries placed strangely near the walls

when measured by the range of modern guns, for yon

breach in the Water Bastion is scarce two hundred yards

from the most advanced battery !

Here in a beautiful garden, the very ideal of quiet and

peace, where the numerous grey-striped squirrels are quite

tame and the greenest of parrots and the crested hoopoes

look as if war were unknown upon earth—here I watched

many gorgeous Papilio aristolochie, Fab., fluttering upon

the flowers, or sailing over the trees ; at one moment look-

ing like black crépe against the light, at another displaying

a circlet of brilliant rubies beneath. Once I had three

together in my net! With these were a few P. erithonius

and P. polytes, the latter females of Form II.

Limnas chrysippus was also common, one, a male, was

unusually small. Cvastia core, Cr., was common in shady

places under mango trees, but was rarely seen at flowers.

The pretty little black and salmon-coloured Teracolus

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 79

calais, Cr., was abundant alike in the Kudsia Gardens and

close to the hotel, flying near the ground yet not so

easy to catch. One of them was very small. Of 7.

puellaris I only saw two. The “wet season” form of

Terias hecabe was abundant, flying low and about bushes.

Of the brilliant yellow and orange Jxias pyrene, L., 1

took but one; the less gaudy Orange-tip, 7. marianne, was

rather common, but some of them were worn and none very

easy to catch. The genus Catopsilia was represented by

one worn male pyranthe, and I took my first Delias eucharis,

Dru., a very worn female. The common Whites were

Huphina nerissa, all males, and Belenois mesentina, which

was abundant at flowers. The slender little Nychitona

wiphia, Fab., flitted weakly along close to the ground,

reminding me irresistibly of Zewcophasia sinapis, L., in

' spite of all structural differences. One of these ghostly

creatures was taken flying over a tablet that marked

the site of “Battery No. IV. Left attack; mortars.”

One wondered whether there were any butterflies in that

place during the terrible summer of 1857.

Three or four Precis lemonias, L., appeared to be rather

fond of shade, they settled upon the ground in preference

to flowers and then were hard to see. Of the gorgeous

Hypolimnas bolina I saw one of each sex; it needed an

effort to believe that they were one species.

The Blues included Catochrysops cnejus, Fab. ; Tarucus

theophrastus, Fab. ; Chilades varunana, Moore; and Chilades

laius, Cr., this last was common. The only Skipper taken

was Telicota augias, L.

A little geometer, like a Macaria, was common among

herbage, Semiothisa fidoniata, Guen., and one specimen of

Tephrinia disputaria, Guen., was taken in like situation.

Semiothisa jfidoniata also came to light, along with

Oligochroa akbarella, Rag. Can M. Ragonot have intended

a deliberate insult to the memory of the great Emperor

when he named this dingy and insignificant little Phycid

after him ?

Other moths taken in the Kudsia Gardens were the

tiny Noctuids Metachrostis badia, Swinhoe, and Larias

tristrigosa, Butl., which was common among bushes near

a back-water of the Jumna.

In the verandah of the hotel I took a fine Sphinx orien-

talis, Butl, the eastern form of convolvuli, L.; it had

probably been attracted by the lights the night before.

80 ~——- Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Ldlkot. November 10th.

Eleven miles south of Delhi lies this glorious city of

ruins, and there, under the shadow of the Kutb minar,

flying over the stones and amidst the thorny vegetation

were many Whites and Orange-tips. The butterflies

appeared especially to delight in flying about inside the

thorniest bushes, or even flying through and through

them, so that torn wings were almost the rule. Prominent

in the countless crowd of Belenois mesentina so employed

were Jxias marianne and I. pyrene; a female of the former

was distinguished by the substitution of cream-colour for

white in the ground-tint of the wings. The delicate-look-

ing Teracolus etvida, lover of ruins, was in abundance,

flying close to the ground.

I saw one black Papilio, one Limnas chrysippus and one

Precis lemonias.

Ndini Tal, lat. 29° 30’ N., alt. 6500 ft.

November 16th—23rd, 1903.

Unlike Simla and Darjiling, which stand astride lofty

ridges, Naini Tal lies in a basin by a lake, a situation

which, however pleasant it may be in summer, gives it in

late autumn a dank feel. In summer it affords good

collecting, but in November I found but few insects and

those mostly battered and forlorn looking. The fauna,

though more Oriental than at Simla, a degree and a half

to the north, was much more Palearctic than at Lahore,

which is yet half a degree north of Simla, but of course

upon the plain.

A very clear picture remains with me of a bright

sunny afternoon, with a raw chill in the air very sug-

gestive of home. On the one hand were rhododendrons and

Thujas growing as forest trees, and hard by cactus-lke

Kuphorbias some fifteen feet in height ; on the other, poplars

were shedding their golden leaves in bright contrast to the

crimson of the wild Ampelopsis (I cannot call it “ Virginian”

creeper), a ‘“‘ Brimstone”* butterfly dashes wildly past,

then a belated “'Tortoiseshell” + or “Red Admiral” + darts

* Probably Gonepteryx rhamm, var. nipalensis, but possibly a

Catopsilia,

t Vanessa kashmirensis. t Pyrameis indica.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 81

up from the path only to return again to the same stone,

while several “Small Coppers” (Chrysophanus pavana)

disport themselves about the autumn flowers on the

bank. Quite a Palearctic picture surely !

In addition to these I found at Naini Zerias hecabe, the

Hairstreak Zlerda sena, Moore, and the Blue Zizera maha,

Koll., also the Fossor, Pompilus analis, Fab.. 2, while

Agrotis fammatra, Guen., came to light.

A climb to the top of China Peak (pronounced Cheena),

8568 ft. produced two more Palearctic forms, Argynnis

lathonia, var. issva, and Lycena betica.

Five days were spent on horseback in an expedition

into Kumdaon as far as Ranikhet and Chaubattia, some

twenty-four miles north of Nainias the crow flies. The road,

at first slippery with ice so as to compel us to dismount, falls

rapidly to Khairna (Khairana, or Khyrna, for the spelling

seems uncertain). At about 6000 ft. Zlerda sena was again

met with, at about 4000 ft. Meptis astola, Moore, and

Terias hecabe. When near the bottom our eye was caught

by the fluttering down of shells from a large pod-bearing

tree. On looking up we saw about a dozen charming-

looking greenish monkeys, their little black faces set off

with most becoming white frills. It did not take them

long to strip that tree of every pod.

At Khdirna, 3200 ft. a tiny village in a deep and

narrow valley, I had a little time for collecting, but it was

limited by the steady march of the great chill mountain

shadow, which sent all butterflies quickly off to bed.

Precis orithyia was common, but the specimens were very

small; P. wnone, P. lemonias and P. iphita were also seen,

the latter at flowers, not a usual habit: of the species.

Several Athyma perius were seen, also several Catopsilia

pyranthe; of those taken one was the gnoma, the other

of the pyranthe form. Of Ganoris canidia and Turucus

telicanus, Lang, I took one each, but’ Zizera maha, Koll., was

in abundance. In addition to these were Deiopeia pulchella,

flying for short distances about low herbage according to

its wont, and a fly which hovered at flowers just like a

Sphinx—a Bombylius not in the National Collection. The

widely-distributed locust, Zhisoicetrus littoralis, Ramb.,

which was very common, had the curious habit after its short

flight of settling so brusquely upon a shrub as to make its

branches shake, but then quickly making its way to the

ground. I missed a Macroglossa twice at the same bush.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 6

82 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Late in the afternoon I took a Papilio pammon, a female of

Wallace’s Form II. polytes, which was flying about and

into bushes, apparently seeking for a resting-place for the

night, but possibly seeking where to lay its eggs.

Close to the village of Khairna I saw upon the cliffs by

the roadside several beautiful lizards, grey-spotted, with

bright blue legs.

On the long and hot way up again from Khairna to the

ridge on which stand Ranikhet and Chaubattia, a dwarf

Precis orithyia and a Neptis astola, Moore, were taken at

about 3500 ft. and at about 4000 ft. Belenois mesentina,

Pyrameis indica, and Llerda sena.

At Ranikhet, 6000 ft. (where, by the way, the cooking at

the Dak Bangla was the best that we came across in India),

monkeys were not uncommon in the woods, but unlike

our legumen-loving friends of Khairna, of a revoltingly

ugly type; butterflies, however, were scarce, and were

represented by Pyrameis cardui, Vanessa kashmirensis,

Tlerda sena, and Lycena maha, Koll., var. diluta, Feld.

At Chaubattia, four miles to the east of Ranikhet, and

at a height of about 6200 ft., the officers’ quarters com-

mand a most glorious panorama of Nanda Devi, 25,749

ft., Nanda Kot, 22,491 ft., and Trisul, 28,581 ft., mountains

of unsurpassed grandeur of form and held most sacred.

by pious Hindus as sources of Holy Ganges. These stand

between fifty and sixty miles away, yet shine forth as clear

and bright as if close to. Here there were rather more

butterflies, viz. our old friends Terias hecabe, Precis anone

and P. lemonias, Pyrameis cardui, and Chrysophanus

pavanda, and in addition something quite fresh, the Erycinid

Dodona durga, Koll., of which I got three specimens ;

though a small insect it proved tenacious of life. A little

beetle, Oides sp., was taken flying over the road.

On descending again from Naini to the plains one found,

as at Simla, that butterflies got more numerous and more

Oriental in character. At the top of the road the Hair-

streak, Zlerda sena, was common; at 5000 ft. Yphthima

philomela, Joh., was met with; at the Brewery, circa 4500

tt., butterflies were very common at a flowery turn of the

road, and I took Pyrameis indica, several Precis iphata,

P. lemonias, and a male Hypolimnas bolina, while I missed

a brown-and-white Neptis-like butterfly which may have

been Rahinda sinuata, Moore.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 83

Lucknow, lat. 27° N., alt. circa 500 ft.

November 24th and 25th, 1903.

Lucknow possesses a museum containing a fair collection

of insects, which would have been more instructive to me

if a majority of the species had been named.

My scanty collecting was almost confined to public

gardens. Near the hotel was a small institution, either a

children’s orphanage or hospital, and in the garden attached

thereto Hypolimnas misippus, J, was rather common,

but shy and worn; I took a battered one. Of H. bolina

I took a female. Of Delias eucharis the males were

common at Zinnia flowers. Odd specimens of Papilio

aristolochiv and Parnara mathias, Fab., also occurred.

In the beautiful garden of the Dilkusha Palace, where

Havelock fell sick of the illness that was to prove fatal in

the very hour of triumph, there was a great wealth of

flowers and consequently a great assemblage of butterflies.

Besides such things as Papilio erithonius; Argynnis niphe

(a 2); Hypolimnas misippus, several males; Crastra

core, both typical and the variety vermiculata, Butl.; and

a Catopsilia which evaded capture, I took there my first

Rapala melampus, Cramer. This is a small copper-coloured

butterfly belonging to a genus which, with its robust body,

sharp-cut wings, and curious anal lobe to the hind-wing,

looks very different from our Hairstreaks or Coppers. It

is neither easy to see on the small flowers which it

frequents, nor to catch.

Other butterflies taken in the same garden were the

Blues Catochrysops strabo, Fab., and Tarucus telicanus,

Lang, the latter abundant; Mycalesis perseus, and the

brilliant tawny Skipper Zelicota augias, L. A beautiful

little Noctua with yellow under-wings, Hyblea puwera,

Cram., was taken at flowers in full sunlight. The Blue

Zizera argia, var. similis, Moore, was in abundance. I also

took a locust, Gastrimargus marmoratus, Thun., a species

of wide distribution.

By the roadside between Dilkusha and La Martiniere a

few Chilades putli, Koll., a very small brown Lyceenid,

were obtained.

At the Alumbagh, ever to be remembered in connection

with Colin Campbell, the dry-season form of Terias hecabe

was flitting quietly about, and I netted Jxias marianne

(not so vulgar-looking as its name might lead one to

84 Dr. G. B. Longstafi’s Notes on the Butterflies

expect), also a variety of the female of J. pyrene without

the orange-tip. A male of the wet-season form of Hu-

phina nerissa was also taken, while Delias eucharis was

common, a specimen feeding on Zinnia flowers close to

Havelock’s grave. Deiopeia pulchella was flying com-

monly in the sun amongst the grass, and with it a specimen

of Argina cribraria, Clerck. ‘The Coleoptera were repre-

sented by Mylabris sidxv, Fab., and the Micros by a Pyrale,

Pyrausta juncturalis, Wk.

In the Presidency garden I took only a worn Acidalid

and the common Cantharid beetle, Mylabris sidw, Fab.,

which was seen in some numbers flying about the flowers

of a species of Hibiscus.

Benares, lat. 25° N., alt. 270 ft.

November 28th—December 2nd, 1903.

The sacred city of the Hindus proved more remarkable

for the number and variety of its pilgrims than for its

butterflies. In the hotel garden, where jackals howled

loudly by night, a few battered specimens of Papilio

ertthonius were seen by day, and the males of both species

of Hypolimnas were fairly common. Of HH. bolina I took

a fine female, while of mzsippus I also sent home a female

which is marked “common.” It is, however, certain that I

did not know this insect to be a Hypolimnas at the time,

since I only learned from the Calcutta Collection that the

female of misippus was brown! There is therefore little

doubt that I took it for a variety of Limnas chrysippus which

it mimics in such a surprising manner, and which certainly

was common enough in the same garden. It is one of

the inconveniences of the method of enveloping that so

much is left to memory, and the chances of comparing

insects are so very few. Dwarfed specimens of Precis

orithyia were now very common; P. wnone and P.

lemonias were less common but almost as small. Several

P. almana occurred. But in spite of the excessive drought

and the consequent occurrence of dwarfs, one of my

specimens of Zerias hecabe taken at Benares was quite of

‘“wet-season”” type. Catopsilia pomona was represented

by a very large male of the typical form and a smaller

female in fine condition, exhibiting the transition to the

catilla, Cr., or extreme dry-season form. Similarly C.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 85

pyranthe was represented by a male of the typical and

a female of the gnoma form.

Together with the above were several smaller things:

among the Blues Polyommatus bxticus occurred, whiie

Catochrysops strabo, Fab., and the tiny Chilades putli, Koll.,

were both common. The Skipper Parnara mathias, Fab.,

was also common, and I took one Telicota augias, L. The

little Pyrale, Hymenia recurvalis, was in some numbers in

one small flower-bed. Of the long-waisted wasp, Humenes

esurtens, F., I saw but one 2.

APHNAUS ELIMA, Moore.

Enlarged from sketches from the living butterfly.

Vj (Sif ES

cn. Apex OF FW.

Mpex of FW. x.

PW iniclose apncsitior™’| Wim ap he (ETN h) 1 nee HW. in close apposition

Longitudinal fol

mm HW. Longitudinal

fold in HK : Anterror tails

Anterior Fajls_..-.....

Fverted anal lobe... ap a Posterior talls

SESS ves Everted aral lobe

Posterior tails.......

Diagrammatic view Diagrammatic view

from above. from behind.

Drawn at Benares, November 30th, 1903, by G. B. LoNnastarr.

But among the frequenters of the small garden adjoin-

ing the hotel those that interested me most were the

“lobed” and “tailed” Lyceenids, of which there were no

less than four species. Of Aphnaus ictis, Hew., I took

but one, a male, of 4. elima, Moore (which, however, De

Nicéville considered to be only a dry-season form of icézs),

I secured two, also males. Of the third species, Pratapa

deva, Moore, I took but one, and that had lost the anal

angles, with their appendages, and a large part of both

hind-wings, which had apparently been bitten off, abso-

lutely symmetrically, by a lizard. The fourth species,

Rapala melampus, Cramer, was common, and I secured

seven specimens, all, however, males.

86 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Concerning &. melampus I wrote to Dr. Dixey at the

time: “The Tailed Copper (or Hairstreak) first seen at

Dilkusha, Lucknow, and found commonly here to-day,

greatly interests me. Not only is it very beautiful, but it

is surprisingly hard to see, especially when at rest. Then

the structure of the hind-wing is most strange; posterior

to the tail (the next interspace but one) a portion of the

wing nearly circular, with a very obvious fringe of large

scales, is set at right angles to the plane of the wing and

to the direction of the veins.”

According to Schatz and Rober* this “anal lobe”

occupies the space between the sub-median and inner mar-

ginal veins; the second anal and third anal of Comstock ;

1b and 1e of Meyrick; but I have not found in these authors

any allusion to the striking fact that this lobe is quite out

of the plane of the wing. This omission may be due to

the fact that the process of setting usually flattens the

lobe out so that it is hardly seen in cabinet specimens.

Jt did not occur to me at the time (and the suggestion

arrived by letter too late) that the object of this structure

is possibly to produce the appearance of a head in a non-

vital part, the tails representing the antenne. However,

drawings made at the time strongly bear out the suggestion.

The resemblance would be still more striking if these

Lyceenids, like so many of the family, habitually rest with

the head downwards.

In another letter from Benares I said: “Thorns are not

specially bad here, only that one does not know the look

of many thorny plants until too late. But, on the other

hand, burrs of every sort and kind abound to an incredible

degree and tangle up the net; much of one’s time is

spent in freeing net and breeches therefrom.”

It might have been added that at Benares I first made

acquaintance (somewhat intimate) with “spear-grass,”

which is yet more provocative of bad language than

either thorn or burr.

Some three miles from Benares, on the way back from

Sarnath, where Buddha first taught, I found Delias eucharis

in extreme abundance in a small field of the tall marigold

which is so much cultivated for the service of the temples.

A truly gaudy sight it was to see crowds of these white,

yellow, and scarlet butterflies upon the orange-coloured

blossoms.

* Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfulter,

Observed in a towr through India and Ceylon. 87

Calcutta, lat. 22° 30’ N. Near sea-level,

December 4th—12th, 1903.

Naturally one could not expect to turn up anything new

at Calcutta, the capital of India, and long the home of De

Nicéville, that martyr to science who met his death in the

deadly Terai when in pursuit of his favourite butterflies.

However, I determined in the few days at my disposal to

get at any rate a sample of the fauna of Lower Bengal.

The Eden Gardens, abutting on the Maidan and close to

Government House, bear much the same relation to

Calcutta as Kensington Gardens to London, and from their

proximity to the hotel afforded a convenient collecting

ground for odd hours.

The Duranta was nearly over and the most attractive

feature proved to be a hedge of Lantana in full bloom.

These dissimilar plants both belong to the Verbenacew and

are both natives of the West Indies, although the latter

appears to have run wild in many parts of India. On that

hedge Limnas chrysippus was in abundance, accompanied

by L. genutia, which I had not seen since I was at

Malakand, while numerous Zirwmala limniace and Crastia

core completed the company of the Danaids. I was able

to confirm my Benares observation that the male of JL,

chrysippus has a slight but decided odour suggestive of

cockroaches, which is perhaps stronger when the scent

sacs on the hind-wings are opened, though of this I am

not sure. On the.other hand, the male of C, core has

a faint scent that suggested to me rancid oil, or old lamps,

So far as I could judge the scent is connected with the

hind-wings but not with the very conspicuous genital tufts,

At the Lantana flowers along with the Danaids were

abundance of Swastus gremius, Fab., a somewhat dingy

Skipper, also a few of the brilliant and conspicuous Delias

eucharis. The upper-side of the female of this species

faintly mimics 7irwmala; the male yielded on rubbing the

wings a sweet flowery scent, which I was not at first able

to describe, but later it struck me as resembling that of our

domesticated Ganoris rapx and suggestive of sweet-briar.

Dr. Dixey informs me that scent-scales are very numerous

in Delias.

In the shadier parts of the garden together with numer-

ous Zerias hecabe, one at least of markedly wet-season

type, and many Vphthima hiibneri, Kirby, several Mycho-

tona xiphia were found, which, as ever, reminded me of

88 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Leucophasia sinapis, a slender form and fragile appearance

being in each case associated with a weak flight close to the

ground. One of the Y. hiibnert had the whole hind margin

of both secondaries bitten otf nearly symmetrically.

Catopsilia pyranthe and C. pomona were both met with,

the former the more frequently. No Papilio turned up

although I was told that P. pammon occurs in the garden.

Amongst young palms the males of Hlymnias undularis,

Dru., were occasionally disturbed, and a very striking

thing it is. Then Nepheronia hippia, F.,came along, flying

strongly, the male looking on the wing, or more especially

when settled on a flower with wings expanded, much

bluer than its cabinet appearance might lead one to sup-

pose. Three Limenitis procris, Cr., required some catching,

preferring the leaves of tall shrubs to flowers; but it is

scarcely as graceful on the wing as our White Admiral.

I took two specimens of Catochrysops pandava, Horsf.,

var. bengalia, De Nicév. (being the dry-season form); the

female is a dingy creature, but the male is of an iridescent

blue, bordered with black. Hypolimnas misippus, f,

Precis almana and P. lemonias completed the list of twenty

species taken in four visits to the gardens. With them

was a bee Lis thoracica, Fab., a 9.

Baligany.

At the truly splendid museum (where, by the way, I saw

a native artist at work producing some of the very best

coloured figures of beetles and butterflies that I have ever

seen), Mr. 8. E. Peal, besides helping me in other ways,

put me on the track of one of the late Mr. De Nicéville’s

favourite collecting-grounds, a rus in urbe, at Baliganj, a

suburb only three miles from the hotel. I visited this

place twice, on December 5th and 9th. It consists of a

large deserted garden long run wild; weedy meadows and

jungly woods are all that is left of trim lawns and ordered

shrubberies, while a palm avenue and several tanks covered

with a floating flower of the convolvulus order, harbouring

countless dragon-flies, complete the tale of departed great-

ness. Altogether it is full of sad beauty. Palms and

crotons with an undergrowth of ferns were the char-

acteristic plants, flowers were few, yet in certain favoured

spots butterflies were in quite bewildering swarms. The

quiet charm of this old garden was greatly enhanced by

the absence of curious natives and the (comparative) absence

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 89

of burrs, that curse of ‘‘up-country ” collecting, thougli the

unsuspected prickles of innocent-looking palms to some

extent took the place of the latter.

Some of the species seen near the centre of the city, in

the Eden Gardens, were conspicuous by their absence,

e.g. Limenitis procris, Precis lemonias and H; ypolimnas

misippus.

The four common Danaids, Zirumala limniace, Crastia

core, Limnas genutia and L. chrysippus, were not so

common as might have been expected, probably owing to

the scarcity of the flowers they love. In the last-named

species I was able once more to confirm the presence of a

distinct, but not strong, odour suggestive of cockroaches.

A few Papilio polytes, both sexes, gave to the assemblage

that air of distinction which the genus always has. Among

the more sombre things, most frequent under the shade

of groves, were a number of Mycalesis indistans, Moore,

together with one JZ. perseus, Fab., which so far as observed

have no “list” when at rest. In the shade also were two

or three Melanitis ismene, Cr. Close down among the

herbage together with Yphthima hiibneri there were flying

large numbers of Y. philomela, certainly a gregarious

species.

Precis almana was noted and P. atlites, Joh., here came

under my observation for the first time, but in poor con-

dition ; it is then a rather ghostly-looking butterfly though

a somewhat strong flier; this last is also true of Atella

phalanta. A single specimen of my old Amritzar friend

Euthalia garuda was observed, as before, to settle with its

wings fully expanded and closely appressed to the ground.

Elymnias undularis was in abundance ; it is especially

addicted to the characteristically Indian butterfly habit of

flying into or through bushes, and even of flying about

inside bushes. It is clearly oregarious, several specimens

flying about and in one palm- bush, its food-plant. The

male is very striking on the wing, and when settled, even

though the under-side is somewhat leaf-like, it is yet

quite conspicuous. The female, on the other hand, ig on

the wing a very fair mimic of Limnas genutia, but its

flight is ‘weaker.

“Catopsilia pyranthe and C. pomona were both rather

common; TZerias hecabe was abundant, and, as usual,

gregarious,

In half-shaded spots an occasional Nychitona xiphia

flitted slowly along close to the ground, Lrgolis ariadne,

90 Dr, G. B. Longstaff’s Motes on the Butterflies

L,, was abundant, of HY. merione, Cr., two specimens were

secured. The butterflies of this genus settle with the

wings three-fourths expanded.

Nepheronia hippia was rather common; though its

female somewhat mimics Zirwmala limniace, the male,

when on the wing, looks much bluer than that insect.

A brilliant fulvous Skipper, Zelicota bambus#, Moore,

was the only representative of the group, but there were

several Blues, to wit Catochrysops strabo, Fab., which was

common ; Lampides celeno, Or., larger than usual, one being

of the form alewis, Stoll.; and Neopithecops zalmora, Butl.,

was common. A single example of Curetis thetys, Dru.,

fell to my net, apparently bitten by some enemy; its

silvery white under-side is very striking. But perhaps the

strangest-looking butterfly of the lot was Loxura atymnus,

Cr., of which I got two. Its wings are much plaited

longitudinally, and when at rest its extremely long tails,

crumpled look, and brown colour give it quite the look of

a dead leaf. A closer examination shows that the portion

of the hind-wing near the anal angle is bent down, or

back, nearly to a right angle; this bent portion is, how-

ever, relatively smaller, more oval and less sharply bent

than the rounder anal lobes of Rapala and Aphnxus ;

moreover it is not furnished with the very large marginal

scales which are so conspicuous in those genera,

Toliganj. December 7th, 1903.

About two miles from Baliganj, and due south of

Calcutta (about half-a-mile beyond the Sports Club), is the

locality referred to as Toliganj. Here too is an old

abandoned garden, but lacking the elements of departed

grandeur that give a poetic colouring to De Nicéville’s old

hunting-ground. The prominent features are a great

profusion of Lantana in full bloom, a bamboo grove and a

good deal of thorny jungle. The day that I was there the

Lantana was the chosen haunt of great numbers of the

bigger butterflies such as Delias ewcharis, Tirwmala limni-

ace, Limnas genutria, Papilio pammon, mostly worn, P.

arwstolochie, and a few P. erithonius, together with an

occasional Nepheronia hippia, with his broad wings proudly

expanded to view. ‘The sight of these big fellows, expand-

ing from three to four inches, quietly settled on the flowers,

or fluttering after the manner of Papilio, or grandly

sailing around gorgeous in their white, yellow and scarlet,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 91

black and grey blue, mahogany-brown and black, black and

cream colour, black and coral-red, black and yellow, or sky-

blue and black, afforded indeed a glorious sight not soon to

be forgotten. Alas! such a tropical glory takes much

colour out of the most vivid mental pictures of butterfly

life at home.

In.a shady grove not far from these flowers Limnas

genutia was simply swarming, as many as ten or even twenty

being in sight at once, for it is one of the most gregarious

butterflies that I have met with. A few observations on

this species and Z%irwmala limniace failed to detect any

odour, but it was far otherwise with Delias eucharis, of

which several specimens had a distinct sweet scent, very

like that of G. rape. My strong impression is that this

scent is confined to the male, but I cannot, unfortunately,

speak with certainty on the point. The male of Huphina

nerissa has a distinct scent, also like that of G. rape,

although the butterfly more resembles G. napi. The scent

of these two butterflies is neither so strong nor so unmis-

takably characteristic as that of G. napi, but its existence

is quite beyond question,

These scents are not easy to deal with. The human

nasal organ is but a poor affair at best, moreover scents

are very hard to describe, and these butterfly odours are

only suggestive of, certainly not identical with, those to

which I have, for want of any better standard, compared

them. Then the scents are transient and may easily be

scattered by the wind or overpowered by neighbouring

flowers. Again the scales, independently of any scent, are

irritating to the mucous membrane. Lastly, any one who

has tried to use the sense of smell for diagnostic purposes

must know how even the most volatile perfumeis apt to linger

on, lurking as it would appear in the cavernous recesses of

the nose. Of course it is much easier to determine in the

field whether or no a scent is sexual in those species in

which the sexes are distinguishable by very obvious

characters. Lastly, it should never be forgotten that in all

probability the scents described are far more obvious to

the insects themselves than to human observers.

Only a solitary representative of the Huplea group

appears among the Toliganj specimens, but its envelope

bears the note: “Common, has a slight peculiar scent,

rather disagreeable.” Most probably I believed this at the

time to be the common Calcutta species Crastia core, but

it turns out to be Pademma kollari, Feld., and it 1s now

92 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

impossible to say what those that I passed over or missed

were.

In variety the Toliganj flies were disappointing, but,

besides the above named, they included a very fine

female Jxias pyrene, the sole Orange-tip seen at Calcutta;

a few Catopsilia pyranthe; several Ergolis ariadne ;

Elymnias undularis, not common; plenty of that. very

distinct Blue, Neopithecops zalmora; a single specimen

of Loxura atymnus, and plenty of Yphthima hiibneri,

Y. marshalli, Y. philomela and Nychitona xiphia.

The list is closed by “ Melanitis ismene, lover of darkness,

as its name seems to say. It flitted about everywhere

dressed in all the tints of fallen leaves, or, alighting among

them, fell partly on one side and was one of them.” *

I quote the words of E. H. A., that keen observer and

telling writer. The few specimens that I saw that day

were very dark and of the “dry season” form. A note

made at the time says: “ This shade-loving species, which

only flies for a very short distance and settles on the

ground, has a ‘list’ to the right of 20-30°, making it very

like a dead leat.”

A parasitic bee, Crocisa histrio, Fab., was caught feeding

on the wing like a Sphinx.

On December 8th, I visited the grand Botanic Gardens

at Howrah, but it was too late in the day for many butter-

flies to be about. I noted, however, Zampides celeno, Cr. ;

Mycalesis indistans, Moore, a Delias and two or three Terias.

Late in the afternoon, just before leaving the gardens, I

noticed a few Limnas genutia fluttering about a palm-tree

prior to settling down for the night. On looking carefully

I noted on one of the huge leaf-stalks, some twelve or

fourteen feet from the ground, a cluster of the butterflies

hanging together like swarming bees. By pelting with sticks

and stones the cluster was broken up and proved to consist

of at least seven or eight individuals. Altogether there

were perhaps twenty in and about that tree. This cer-

tainly establishes for ZL. genutia the character of gre-

gariousness. Both Mr. 8. E. Peal and Mr. F. Moller told

me that they had never seen such a thing.

Darjiling, 27° N., alt. 7000 ft.

December 13th—22nd, 1903.

I set off to this celebrated hunting-ground with great

* “ A Naturalist on the Prowl,” p. 203.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 98

misgivings as to season, but still full of wild hopes. The

ascent by the cog-wheel railway took us through a most

interesting forest, where amongst other things we saw our

first tree-ferns. Near Tindaria, at about 3000 feet, I saw

several xias pyrene and succeeded in catching one from the

train while it was going at full speed—about seven miles

an hour! 'lhis was a male of the large form evippe, Drury.

Before reaching Kurseong, nearly 5000 feet, where I

had arranged to sleep with a view to getting a little

collecting, we got into the clouds, and at our destination it

was very cold, with an atmosphere only too like that of

the West of Scotland. During a gleam of sunshine I took

a Vanessa kashmirensis, a poor dull thing compared to

our urtice. At night two moths, an Acidaliid, Synegiodes

hyriaria, Walk., and Caradrina albosignata, Oberth.

(thought by Sir G. Hampson to be probably identical

with dincosa, Moore), came to light.

The following morning was brighter and we started

early to walk up to the next station, Toong, but though

the weather was more benignant, the railway ran through

a district devoted to tea-growing which did not promise

well. A few Vanessa kashmirensis, a Pyrameis indica and

a P. cardui flew along the road, the latter with both apices

of the fore-wings and one hind-wing near the anal angle

apparently bitten. Near 'Toong station, 5500 feet, in a

sheltered and flowery spot I took single specimens of the

Hairstreaks Jlerda epicles, Godart, a female, and Camena

cleobis, Godart; the latter on the upper surface like 7’.

quercus, but bluer, on the under-side almost white with a

practically black spot on the anal lobe. Here also I took

a male Hiposcritia lalage, Dbl., and a native caught in his

fingers a Dodona eugenes, Bates (an Erycinid), and the same

man brought me a fine Saturnid moth, khodia newarra,

Moore, 64 inches in expanse, apparently recently dead.

As the train rounded the last corner we came in full

view of the Kangchinjunga range, rising majestically full

four miles above us. No words can describe the grandeur

of the scene and we were fortunate indeed in having it

clear throughout our stay. Yet, entomologically speaking,

it was the saddest of disappointments, for it was as cold as

England in November and the local entomologists—Messrs.

Moller and Lindgren—assured me that Kallima was

hopelessly over, as indeed were most things. They, and

every one we met, spoke of the astonishing multitudes of

94 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

butterflies in the rainy season ; the harder it rained, they

said, the more insects there were in the short interludes

between the showers.

On the high ground I got little; Vanessa kashmirensis,

Pyrameis indica and cardui, none of them common, also

a brilliantly-coloured beetle, a species of Cassida. I saw a

school-boy catch Colias fieldit and a tailed “blue.” At

Jalapahar, 7500 feet, I got a female Huphina nadina,

Luce. [ =remba, Moore].

The only chance was to go down into the valleys, but it

takes long to descend, and as the butterflies are for the

most part only “at home” from 10.0 a.m, to 2.0 p.m., one

does not get many hours’ collecting ; moreover, from those

precious hours there are deductions to be made for cloudy

times, and for the shadows of woods, and the still deeper

shadows of lofty mountains.

My first expedition, lasting three days on horseback,

was to the Tista valley, lying to the east of Darjiling.

December 17th, we went to Pashdk, about 17 miles,

sleeping at the Public Works Department rest-house,

about 2300 feet above the river, and about 3000 feet

above the sea.

When we got down to about 4000 feet above sea-level

insects began to get fairly numerous, although it was late

in the day for butterflies. Vanessa kashmirensis was

common, and with them were several Pyrameis indica. I

secured two of the handsome White Hiposcritia lalage

[=argyridana, Butl.], both females. Several Neptis astola,

Moore, were seen, mostly worn. At a shady turn of the

road I got Lethe rohria, F., an xgeria-like Satyrid butter-

fly ; close by Arhopala areste, Hew., flashed azure in the

sunlight, but a specimen of another beautiful Lyczenid,

Spindasis vulcanus, F., was badly battered. Of <Abisara

flegyas, Cr., and A. fylla, Doub., I netted one each, and a

large bee, Bombus funerarius ?, Smith, a g, tempted me to

catch him.

In the wood in which the rest-house stands Mycalesis

indistans, Moore, was in abundance ; this is a typical shade-

lover; when kicked up from the herbage it flaps about

three yards, like Zpinephale janira, L., and then settles on

dead leaves or on the earth. Some of them had a shght

“list,” but this did not seem to be a marked habit, possibly

because this position is not so advantageous in shade as in

sunlight, though the habit was first noticed in Melanitis,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 95

a typical shade-loving genus. The existence of shade-

loving butterflies would seem to be correlated to a tropical

sun, but even in England P. wgeria and E. hyperanthus,

L., still more Z. sinapis, are what I should term “ partial

shade-lovers.”

In the same wood, also in the shade, Zerias leta and 7’.

hecabe were both common, and in sunnier glades the

common Indian Blue, ZLampides celeno, Cr., was both

abundant and gregarious. Ina young cinchona plantation

close by I found Ganoris canidia ; a Blue, Cyaniris puspa,

Horsf. ; and a handsome very large Skipper, Celenorrhinus

lewcocera, Koll. In the rest-house there was a dead

Pyrale, Lepyrodes geometralis, Guen.

The next day, December 18th, I sent my pony on ahead,

and walked down to the river collecting on the way. In

the cinchona plantation close to the rest-house I found

Zemeros flegyas ; lower down were Luthalia appiades, Mén.,

of which I saw several worn specimens; a Hairstreak,

Arhopala bazalus, Hew., like a glorified 7’. quercus; Lethe

verma, Koll.; and Melanitis ismene, the last as usual a

shade-lover.

A path leading off through the wood brought me to a

tea-garden, perhaps 1500 feet above sea-level, where I

lingered all too long. ‘Tea-gardens are not as a rule good

places for butterflies, and the flower of the tea-plant, then

just coming out, does not appear to have attractions for

them, but this particular garden, just at the edge of the

forest, and especially that corner of it where the little

stream runs in, was certainly very prolific.

Athyma ranga was in abundance, though worn; like-

wise its relatives of the genus Neptis, but the three

specimens that I sent home belonged to as many species:

NV. aceris, Cramer; N. astola, Moore; and N. varmona,

Moore ; the closely allied, but brown and black, Symbren-

thia hyppoclus, Cr., was almost as common among the tea-

bushes. Of the satin-winged Hiposcritia indra, Moore, I

took two females. Of the following I got single examples

only :—Caduga melaneus, Cr., and the very similar Par-

antica melanoides, Moore, two black and white Danaids ;

Athyma selenophora, Koll.; Yphthima philomela, Job. ;

Arhopala centauwrus, Fab.; and Castalius anawra, De

Nicév., 9, while another Blue, Zampides elpis, Godt., pale

and beautifully sheeny, was common. I also missed what

was, I believe, Lbythea rama, Moore. There were in

96 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

addition two moths, an Arctiid, Lewcoma submarginata,

Walk., and a Nyctemerid, the fuscous-and-white Zonosoma

cenis, Cram. ( = interlectum, Walk.), the former possibly,

the latter certainly a day-flyer.

At last I dragged myself away and an hour later reached

a most attractive flowery bank immediately above the

river. This was evidently a great place, for in a very short

time I secured two sadly battered Papilio memnon, L., of the

form agenor, L.; a large male Jaias pyrene with the fore-

wings almost symmetrically bitten near the tip of the costa ;

also an insect that I had greatly desired to take, the lovely

and delicate-looking “ map-butterfly,” Cyrestis thyodamas,

Bdv., in splendid condition. This, a Nymphalid, by the

possession of a well-marked anal lobe to the hind-wing

suggested the Rapala group of Lycznids, but a close

examination of the veins shows that neither lobe nor tail

is homologous in the two widely separated genera. In ad-

dition to the above I took a second Caduga tytia, Gray, the

first having been netted 1000 feet higher. This blue-and-

black Danaid is distinguished by having brown hind-wings.

Time was however getting on and my “sais” was waiting

with the pony by the little bridge, so I reluctantly mounted.

I had not ridden far when I caught a glimpse of Kallima

inachis, Bdv., flying by the roadside ; flinging myself out of

the saddle I was fortunate in netting the butterfly of all

others that I had wished to see alive. It proved to be a fine

female ; I could not afford to risk waiting to see her settle,

and alas! never saw another. A few minutes later my

sais brought me a damaged Huplwa with a lovely purple

gloss; seeing many about I foolishly did not keep it.

These things happened close to the Tista bridge, by which

the road to Lhasa crosses the river, here only some 650 feet

above the sea, so deeply are these Himalayan valleys cut

down. Sad to say in a few minutes the winding of the

road took me under the deep chill shadow of the mountain

and the purple-glossed Huplwas and nearly all the other

butterflies vanished for that day. <A solitary Neptis aceris,

Cr., together with a few Jxias pyrene, Huphina nerissa and

Lampides elpis, were all that I saw; with them was a.

Nyctemerid day-flying moth, 7rypheromera plagifera, Wk.

The rest-house at Riang was reached too late for any more

collecting, and I had to content myself with watching the

long trains of Colonel Younghusband’s bullock wagons

painfully dragging loads of compressed hay for the Tibetan

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon, 97

expedition. Alas for the once fair road, now a foot deep

in white dust !

December 19th. From Riang by way of Mongpu and

Saretl back to Darjiling. This was such along march that

little time could be given to collecting, moreover many

hours were spent passing along a beautiful forest track in

the deep afternoon shadow of the mountain. At the start,

close to the river, the silvery-white <Acropteris vagata,

Moore, was conspicuously spread out upon a leaf, this was

the only Uraniid that I met with. Near Mongpu, at about

3000 feet, Hrgolis merione was very common about Ricinus,

the castor-oil plant, upon which its larva feeds, A little

higher up I came across Ticherra acte, Moore, a Lycenid

with very long tails that wave with the wind; it has a

swift jerky flight. The hind-wing of this species is much

plaited but the anal lobe is rudimentary.

Other captures were Huphina nerissa, a male; Ganoris

canidia, a female with all the hind margin of the hind-

wing gone; Zachyris hippo, Cr..a male; Avrhopala rama,

Koll. ; Neptis astola, Moore; Jlerda epicles, Godart, with all

the hinder part of the secondary apparently bitten off by a

lizard ; Cirrochroa aoris, Dbl., which I had seen at Pashék

on the previous day ; Lethe rohria, very like P. xgeria in its

habits and liking for partial shade; and Argynnis niphe,

this last in the cinchona plantation at about 3600 feet.

A large white butterfly, bright yellow underneath, flutter-

ing at the sweet white flower of the cinchona led me to

dismount, and it was well that I did so, for it turned out

to be Prioneris thestylis, Dbl., and fortunately a female,

which must be very much the less common sex, at any rate

the Hope Collection contained no female of the genus.

The next day, December 20th, I rode down to the

Ranjit River, the boundary of Sikkim, the great Papilio

country. Distance however reduced my actual collecting

to less than four hours.

At about 3000 feet I took two of the Erycinid Zemeros

Jlegyas, also Symbrenthia hyppoclus. The chief collecting-

ground was near the suspension bridge leading into

Independent Sikkim, closed this year to all Huropeans,

including entomologists, on account of the Tibetan difficulty.

It was trying to one’s European temper to be stopped by

a coloured policeman, while natives passed freely over!

Here, some 8000 feet above the sea, the first thing that

I happened upon was Limnas chrysippus in extreme

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 7

98 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflres

abundance in a very limited locality, it was in fact

decidedly gregarious. By the way, pinching and cyanide

are both but very imperfect ways of slaying these tough-

skinned Danaids.

Elymnias undularis, both sexes, was common, but I did

not see any L. genutia for its female to mimic; although

the under-side of this butterfly is “leaf-like,” it is, as a fact,

usually conspicuous when settled.

I caught distant glimpses of two Papilios and I missed

my first Hebomoia, in fact the things that I missed that

day would have made quite a good collection !

The following were all common: Huphina nadina and

H. nerissa, both males; Jxias pyrene, large; Neptis aceris,

Cr.; Precis iphita, spreading out like a Hupithecia when

settled; Symbrenthia hyppoclus, and Lampides celeno, Cr.,

while Zerias hecabe was very abundant and large.

Other things taken were YVphthima marshalli and

Mycalesis runeka, Moore, this last a very dingy species.

In marked contrast was Jamides bochus, Cr., the male

iridescent dark-blue above, quite gem-like, beneath dull

grey with a metallic ocellus at the anal angle of the hind-

wing; the female comparatively dull in colour.

For some reason I that day missed a larger proportion

than usual but managed to catch the following :—Prioneris

thestylis, a male ; Cirrochroa aoris, looking on the wing like

a big Argynnis, but settling with wings half-expanded,

several seen, but only one netted; a Charaxes athamas

taken on a flower was the only individual of the genus

that I got in all my travels. Another specimen of this

very distinct and beautiful species was soon after seen

feeding upon human ordure! Fear of fouling my net

prevented me from striking down upon it, and it suddenly

darted up, went twice round with a swift jerky flight and

then disappeared. Mr. Moller had indeed told me that

Charaxes was a very foul feeder.

The elegant day-flying moth Zrypheromera plagifera,

Walk., must be added to ry list, as well as the little

Geometer Psilocambogia memorata, Walk., which I found

dead, caught and set out upon a burr (of some composite

flower). Lastly a beetle, Mimela horsfieldi, Hope, of

brilliant green with coppery tinge.

The extraordinary abundance of dragon-flies of many

kinds at the Ranjit River was remarkable, yet I did not

once see a butterfly attacked by any of them.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 99

I left Darjiling on December 22nd, with much regret,

and a strong desire to return at a better time of the year.

On the way down, at about 4000 feet, Zvias pyrene was

common, while close to Tindaria station, at about 2900

feet, I netted from the train a pale Blue with a whitish

patch on each wing, Cyaniris dilectus, Moore, as well as

another Blue, Cyaniris ladon, Cr., form pseudargiolus,

Boisd., and an Acidaliid, Jdxa vremotata, Guen.

At Tindaria I left the train and walked down to Sukna.

The following things were met with: (1) At altitudes of

from 2800 feet to 2000 feet :—

The Erycinid, Zemeros flegyas, Cram., almost abundant,

but rather worn ; A/ycalesis indistans, Moore; Precis lemonias,

a small specimen in fine condition, also large ones worn

[this and P. wphita were the only species of the genus met

with in the Darjiling district]; single examples of Neptis

aceris, NV. astola and N. varmona; Symbrenthia hyppoclus,

common; Lampides celeno, Cr. form alexis, Stoll., also

common; Ganoris canidia, a female; Huphina nadina, a

male, about 3000 feet; H. nerissa, a male, about 2500 feet ;

Tachyris hippo, a very fine female; Zerias hecabe, abund-

ant, two males, one of them dwarfed, were of the variety

without the “dog’s head.”

(2) At altitudes of 2000 feet to 1500 feet :—Here I

took Catopsilia pyranthe, a male ; Yphthima marshalli, two ;

Huphina nerissa, worn males were common ; Precis lemonias,

several; Zerias libythea, common; and the Blue, Zizera

otis, Fab.

At about 3.30 p.m., I watched a fine specimen of Papilio

aristolochiz flying very slowly about herbage, apparently

seeking for a resting-place for the night, just as I had seen

P. pammon doing at Khairna on November 18th; near

the same place I missed two specimens of a black-and-

white Danaid.

(3) A little way above Sukna, perhaps at about 700 feet

above sea-level Orsotriana [Mycalesis] runeka, Moore, was

in the greatest abundance in a deeply-shaded wood ; this, a

typical shade-lover, is sluggish but is on the move later

than most things (for it was just before sundown), but

when kicked up from ferns or other low herbage it did not

fly more than two or three yards. It varies greatly in the

pale streak on the under-side which may be white and very

conspicuous or almost obsolete. One specimen exhibits a

well-marked bite on the hind margin of both hind-wings

100 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Motes on the Butterflies

above the anal angle, the injuries on both sides corre-

sponding closely.

It was dark when I reached Sukna station, 500 feet

above sea-level, and fireflies, Lwciola sp., were flitting about

on all sides. <A “flare” lighted just before the arrival of

the train attracted many moths, of which I secured a

large sharp-winged transparent Pyrale, Cydalima conchyla-

lis, Guen.; and the Noctua, Prodenia littoralis, Bdv. In the

train, immediately after starting I bottled a strange-looking

gf winged ant, Dorylus guvenculus, Shuck.

Thus closed my short Darjiling campaign, and leaving

behind with much regret the awe-inspiring Himalaya, we

steamed away into the darkness over the monotonous

plain of Bengal.

Bankapwr, lat. 25° 30’ N., alt. c. 250 ft.

December 22nd, 1903—January 3rd, 1904.

In absolute contrast to Darjiling, Bankapur, the civil

station of the great city of Patna, is situated on the level,

monotonous, and highly-cultivated plain of the Ganges,

affording little harbour for butterflies, so that a fortnight’s

stay with old friends at the hospitable parsonage yielded

small entomological results.

In spite of these unpromising surroundings, Limnas

chrysippus was common, and in company with it Hypolim-

nas misippus, of which I saw several males and secured one

female, which latter so closely mimics the former species

that even the small white spots on the thorax and head

are reproduced !

Of Tirwmala limniace I saw a solitary example, of

Crastia core, two; but the other very common Danaid,

Limnas genutia, was abundant in a mango orchard, and

distinctly gregarious in its habits. It has rather an

unpleasant scent, but whether or no it is confined to one

sex I regret that I failed to notice.

The Satyrids were represented by a solitary Mycalesis

perseus; the Swallow-tails by Papilio pammon, worn,

P. aristolochiv, and P. erithonius, the last a flower-loving

species. Precis was represented by four species: almana,

one of them with large pieces, in part corresponding, bitten

out of each hind-wing ; wnone, one; demonias, several ; and

orithyia, several, the latter all small. Single specimens of

the common and generally distributed Atella phalanta and

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 101

Ergolis merione were seen in gardens. <A fine Limenitis

procris was taken sipping “toddy” from a palm; I missed

him at the first shot, but he foolishly returned to his fatal

liquor.

~ Of Catopsilia pyranthe I took two males and a female.

I held one of the former fluttering beneath my nostrils,

when it gave out a strong scent that instantly brought

greenhouses to my mind, then my own greenhouse, then

Polianthes tuberosa (barbarously termed by nurserymen

“tuberose ”), and lastly jasmine. I do not think that I

ever smelt so distinct a scent in a butterfly, always except-

ing the male of Ganoris napi. The other male pyranthe I

held under my nose while I stroked the “ feather-tufts ” of

the hind-wing ; this at once elicited the odour of jasmine,

further confirming the observation of Wood-Mason.

Two males of Huphina nerissa bear the following notes :

“Scented, not like napi, more like rape,” and “this

specimen had a scent like P. rape, i.e., of the sweet-briar

type.” Again a female of Delias eucharis (which was

common) bears the note, “has a scent much like rape,”

and the specimen appears to have been wilfully rubbed.

My observations on butterflies in England show that in

some cases females have a scent, but not like, or as strong

as the males. My strong impression is that the male of

D. eucharis has the rape, or sweet-briar scent.

The three species of Terias, viz. hecabe, libythea, and

lxta, were all common; one of the /xia appears to have

been bitten by a bird.

Nychitona xiphia was not uncommon, and several Jxias

marianne were seen. Chilades varwnana, Moore (according

to De Nicéville the wet-season form of C. laius, Cr.), was

common about irrigated flower-beds, indeed Blues are

wonderfully fond of water. The only butterfly seen at

Bankaptr that was at all out of the common, besides

Limenitis procris, was the large grey Lycsenid Virachola

isocrates, Fab., of which I took one at flowers in the

Commissioner’s garden. I noted that its hind-wings were

much folded posterior to the tails, the convexities of the

folds being towards the upper-surface. These foldings of

the wings are not well seen in set specimens.

Although Bankapur is far from being a good locality, it

will give some idea of the abundance of butterflies in India

when I say that in mid-winter, December 24th, I took in

a suburban garden within three-quarters of an hour no less

102. Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Noles on the Butterflies

than ten species, some of them represented by numerous

individuals.

Buddha Gaya, lat. 24° 42’ N., alt. c. 500 ft.

December 30th and 31st, 1903.

The vicinity of the shrine and its sacred Bo tree was not

productive. All the butterflies that I saw there were one

Terias libythea, a number of Huphina nerissa (the male

yielding a distinct, but not strong, flowery scent), together

with a lot of the Lyceenid Zizera karsandra, Moore.

The next day, on a steep hill of red trap rock overlook-

ing the town, I saw for the first time the Acreeid J'elchinia

violx, reminding one on the wing of Argynnis ewphrosyne ;

it was locally abundant and gregarious, its tone of colour-

ing harmonizing with the red igneous rock. On the same

hill were two or three Precis wnone and several small

P. orithyia, while Zizera otis, Fab., was abundant.

In the course of this walk I noticed a Fakir, or religious

mendicant ascetic, watching my operations with evident

suspicion, probably owing to the reverence in which some

of these folk hold all animal life. Presently a small native

boy threw a stone at a squirrel. I thought better of the

Fakir when he cursed the boy so fiercely that he fled in

terror as fast as the squirrel, while I rolled up my

umbrella-net and passed on, trying to elude observation !

Mozufferpur, lat. 28° 8’ N., alt. c. 300 ft.

On a flying visit, January 2nd, 1904, to this place, nearly

north of Bankapur, I took in my host’s garden two Zizera

otis, Fab., and one Zizera maha, Koll.

Allahabdd, lat. 25° 30’ N., alt. 370 ft.

Here on January 4th I saw a few of the very commonest

Indian butterflies in the public garden. The railway

carriage before leaving in the evening produced a grass-

hopper, Atractomorpha (Perena) sp., and Prodenia littoralis,

a Noctua that came to light. This last proved tenacious

of life, it laid a number of eggs in its paper which batched

on the voyage, the young larv perishing miserably.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 103

Shdnsi, lat. 25° 30’ N., alt. c. 750 ft.

January 5th—13th, also 21st, 1904.

Situated on a sandy plain, broken by precipitous ridges

of igneous rock, Jhansi, something like 750 ft. above the

sea, 1s characterized by dryness, heat, and sparsity of cover.

A couple of, Papilio aristolochiv taken at flowers near

the lake were the sole representatives of their family.

Several Belenois mesentina were taken, but it was scarcely

common; the male had a distinct but faint, sweet scent;

on the ridge of Retribution Hill (where Sir Hugh Rose in

1858 slew 2000 mutineers), | took a female B. mesentina

in which the hind-margins of the secondaries had been

symmetrically broken off, probably by the bite of a lizard.

Of three specimens of Zerias hecabe, one, a sinall female,

was of the variety without the “dog’s head” notch. Of

T. libythea a single specimen was taken, but 7’. /wta was

common and of gregarious habits. Zeracolus etrida was

locally rather common, especially the female. On the other

hand, the male of Jxias marianne was rather common.

Two Atella phalanta were taken; the only Precis noted

was orithyia, and that very dwarfed, one measuring only

1-4 inches across the wings.

Telchinia viole was abundant at the foot of Retribution

Hill, and scattered specimens occurred elsewhere. This

insect, like the Danaids, has a tough skin which enables it

to resist pinching, and doubtless makes it indigestible.

When injured a yellow juice exudes; a minute drop of

this placed on the tongue tasted somewhat bitter and

disagreeable, but the flavour was by no means strong.

The Jhansi Lycenids were fairly numerous, but not

very brilliant, the most striking was Chilades putli, Koll.,

actually smaller and darker than our alsws; other species

were Chilades laius, Cr., which appears to have been

common, but of which I unfortunately took but one

specimen, and Catochrysops contracta, Butl., of which I took

two; Turucus theophrastus, Fab., of which the two sexes

are, on the upper surface at least, very different, was

common, but of 7. telicanus, Lang, I only secured one of

each sex, though noting it as common. Blues are very

abundant in India, but they are very much alike, so that

being ignorant of the distinctions between allied species,

one was but too apt to neglect them while in the eager

104 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

pursuit of larger game. For these reasons too much

weight should not be attached to the observation that

such and such a species was common or abundant, but the

qualification, “or something superficially like it,” should be

added.

Two moths came to light, an Agrotid Huxoa spinifera,

Hiibn., and the AMacaria-like Semiothisa frugaliata, Guen.

I also took a brown beetle, Bolboceras quadridens, Fab.

After prolonged drought there was a heavy rainstorm at

Jhansi on January 14th, and there was slight rain at

Gwalior on the 16th and 17th. With the exception of a

very few days when there had been clouds and occasionally

a few drops of rain, there had been almost uninterrupted

sunshine for three months, 2. ¢. since October 8th. On

January 20th, writing to Dr. Dixey, I said, “ There has

been a very cold ‘wave’ in Northern India with a few

showers of rain, but scarcely enough of the latter to affect

either vegetation or insects.” On January 28rd there was

gentle rain at Jhansi lasting several hours.

On January 21st I had another day’s collecting at

Jhansi, but the species taken were not such as to show

any effect in the way of change of type due to the rain,

even if such change had been possible. The insects met

with were B. mesentina, I. marianne, T. etrida, A. phalanta,

and Tarucus theophrastus,

Orcha.

On January 9th I had an hour's collecting in this inter-

esting deserted city, some eight miles to the east of Jhansi,

and took or saw Limnas genutia, Precis lemonias, P. enone,

and P. orithyia (this last in abundance), Atella phalanta,

an Inias, Teracolus etrida, a Terias, and several female

Belenois mesentina. Monkeys were almost as common as

butterflies among the ruined tombs.

Burwa Sagar.

On January 14th I got a couple of hours’ collecting in

the neighbourhood of the interesting and romantically-

situated old castle of this name, which lies some twelve

miles to the east of Jhansi.

Here I observed in two specimens of Limnas chrysippus

(of which certainly one was a male) a distinct cockroach-

like odour, sufficiently strong to be perceptible when the

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 105

insect was fluttering in the net. Of Catopsilia pyranthe I

took a female of the gnoma form; of Terias hecabe a male,

the variety without the “ dog’s head” mark. 7. /wta was

quite abundant. ‘Two specimens of Huphina nerissa were

taken, one worn, the other a dwarf. The male of Belenois

mesentind was common, in two specimens I detected a

sweet scent like that of P. rapx, but more or less faint. A

Polyommatus beticus completes the list.

Agra, lat. 27° N., alt. 550 ft.

January 25th and 26th, 1904.

At the sight-seeing centre of India there was but little

time or opportunity for entomology. In the fair gardens

of the Taj Mahal Zimnas chrysippus was abundant, three

or four Papilio aristolochiw haunted the brilliant orange-

coloured flowers of Bignonia venusta, and a few Belenois

mesentina were flying around. In the Government garden

close by I also saw the Belenois, together with Huphina

nerissa, Precis orithyia, and P. lemonias, Limnas chrysippus,

and L. genutia, also. a Teracolus, and some Blues which

escaped capture.

Fathipur Sikre.

January 28th and 29th, 1904.

At the abandoned capital of Akbar the Great, the

Pompeii of India, some twenty-two miles west of Agra,

those ruin-frequenting butterflies, Belenois mesentina and

Tevacolus etrida, were both common, but all appeared to be

males. The Belenois had a faint, sweet, flowery scent,

which did not appear to me to be quite like that of any

other insect.

I also took one Zeracolus puellaris, a female, and a most

ferocious hornet, Ewmenes dimidiatipennis, Sauss., a ¢.

Jéipur, lat. 27° N., alt. 1600 ft.

February 2nd, 1904.

The fine public gardens of the enlightened Maharajah

are too well kept to be a good collecting-ground. Terias

leta was however to be had there [as well as at the

deserted capital Ambér, a few miles to the north and on

higher ground]; those taken were males; a very small

106 Dr. G. B. Longstaft’s Notes on the Butterflies

Limnas chrysippus seemed to bear evidence of the prolonged

drought. The genus Papilio was represented by avistolo-

chiv, and the Chrysid Stilbwm splendidum, Fab., did its

best to gratify the Rajputs’ love of brilliant colour.

Ajmir, lat. 26° 30’ N., alt. c. 1800 ft.

February 4th and 5th, 1904.

The most notable capture here was Teracolus fausta,

Oliv., of which I only got one male, a poor specimen,

missing two others; it has a very distinct orange look on

the wing, and I feel sure that I saw one on January 22nd

at Palipahari, the artillery camp near Jhansi.

Of 7. etrida I took two males, one of them had lost the

apex of the left fore-wing and all its hind-margin, as well

as the apex of the left hind-wing. This is notable as

possibly being an attack on a “direction mark.”

I saw several battered Precis wnone. The smaller fry

were represented by a very neat little chequered Skipper,

Hesperia galba, Fab. The emerald-like Stidbum splendidwm

again turned up.

On Taragarh, the precipitous hill that overtops the city

by perhaps 500 ft., I got only Belenois mesentina, Terias

lxta, and the long-waisted 2 wasp, Humenes dimidiatipennis,

Sauss.

Mt. Abu, lat. 24° 30’ N., alt. of civil and military

station c. 4100 ft.

February 6th—8th, 1904.

Insects were extremely scarce upon the sacred Jaina

mountain. The commonest butterfly was Terias leta ; ib

was abundant up to 4500 ft., and the only representative

of the genus seen. These, together with Belenois mesentina,

Huphina nerissa, a few Precis lemonias, and a couple of

tages-like Skippers (which I missed upon rocks at about

4400 ft), were the only butterflies that I saw on the

elevated plateau. One moth, the very widely-distributed

Crambus, Hromene ocellea, Haw., came to light.

At lower elevations, on the fine road up from the plain,

the following were met with: at about 3000 ft., Belenovs

mesentina, Taracus telicanus, and Polyommatus beticus, the

last. as usual in poor condition. From 3500 ft. down to

Observed in a towr through India and Ceylon. 107

2500 ft. a few Yphthima inica, Hew., were seen, and at

about the last-named elevation, among the rocks of a

nearly dry water-course, I saw two specimens of the

beautiful Nymphalid, Symphedra thyelia, Fab., but only

secured one. It has the habits of a Vanessa; unfortunately

time was pressing, or I might probably have taken more.

Bombay, lat. 19° N., near sea-level.

February 10th, 1904.

In an hour’s visit to the Victoria Gardens, where there

were a fair number of insects, I got Papilio erithonius,

P. aristolochix, Neptis varmona, and Nepheronia hippra, a

female, the last named mimicking 7vrwmala.

On February 15th I was much interested in watching

the movements of a solitary butterfly in the small public

garden of the University, in the heart of the city. It

appeared to be a large Catopsilia, possibly the catila form

of pomona, but at any rate of a general greenish-yellow

colour; when disturbed it invariably settled in one or other

of several small shrubs with yellow leaves, when it would

vanish quite suddenly. It was only after several attempts

that I succeeded in getting a glimpse of it when settled, so

strong was the protective resemblance.

Bijapur, lat. 17° N., alt. c. 1500 ft.

February 16th and 17th, 1904.

This was further south than I had yet collected, but the

scanty vegetation among the ruins seemed too parched to

yield very much. The most prevalent genera here, as at

so many places where thorns, burrs, rocks and ruins pre-

dominated, were belenois and Teracolus, the last a genus

which, though beautiful in the cabinet, is not effective on

the wing. .

Teracolus etrida was abundant, the males appearing to

be about twice as numerous as the females; they varied

greatly in size, so much so that among the males the

largest had nearly double the alar expansion of the

smallest. Of 7. dulcis I took one female, and of 7’. amatus,

var. modestus, two males.

The only Zerias seen was leia. Lelenois mesentina was

abundant; a slight sweet scent was detected in one

Specimen.

108 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Motes on the Butterflies

Catochrysops strabo, Fab., was common, also Polyommatus

beticus, one specimen having lost two-thirds of each hind-

wing, presumably the work of some enemy; of Zizera

karsandra, Moore, I took one.

At night several moths came to light, viz. the Ocneriad,

EHnome detersa, Walk., the Geometers, Tephrinia disputaria,

Guen., and Jdva fibulata? Guen. (worn), and the very

widely-distributed iiella zinckenella, Treit.

A ferocious-looking spider, a Solpuga, shared the Dak

Bungla with us.

Anantépur, lat. 14° 30’ N., alt. c. 1500 ft.

February 18th—238rd, 1904.

This small civil station, situated on an irrigated though

elevated plain devoted to the growing of cotton and rice, is

typical of Southern India.

A very hot walk to some small granite hills on the other

side of the lake produced little beside two males of Lvxias

marianne, and a solitary TZeracolus eucharis; the hills

seemed too hot, dry, and parched to harbour butterflies.

About the trees along the dam, or “ bandh,” were a few

Hypolimnas misippus, males, and abundance of Papilio

aristolochix,

In the cotton fields by the river Hypanis [Biblia] aithyra,

Dru., was to be got, but not plentifully.

The best collecting-ground was a very weedy nursery

garden and orchard. Here I one day had the advantage

of the assistance of my host, Mr. Edwin Scott, LC.S.,

whose keen appreciation of scents helped me greatly.

LIimnas chrysippus was abundant; of its scent Mr. Scott's

first impression was “some sort of dung,” then “a zoo” ;

later he said “ possibly like a cockroach, but more like a

musk-rat.” The scent is, I think, general, but is perhaps

stronger when the scent sacs on the hind-wings are opened :

a fact that I also observed at Calcutta.

Crastia core was common and gregarious, frequenting a

special mango-tree. When he smelt this insect Mr. Scott

at once cried out “acetylene,” adding that he would like

to put a lighted match to it to see whether it would burn!

Subsequent observations on the butterfly and the gas con-

vinced me of the accuracy of his comparison. The genital

organs appear to exude the scent, probably the long tufts

appended to them.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 109

At this place I confirmed in two specimens of Catopsilia

pyranthe the jasmine odour connected with the “scent

tufts” of the male, but did not find it as strong as in

specimens of the same species examined at Bankaptir six

weeks before. Mr. Scott agreed to the comparison with

jasmine, but thought the scent was perhaps even more

hke that of Polianthes tuberosa.

I also examined two males of Zirwmala limniace for

scent, but was unable to elicit any from the prominent sacs

on the under-side of the hind-wings, although I suspected

some to be emitted by the genital tufts.

Papilio erithonius was frequently met with, and P.

aristolochiz was common, but I only took a single P.

pammon. Although the male of Hypolimnas nvisippus was

fairly common, I only saw one worn female; this was of the

very marked variety inaria, Cramer, in which the white

marks near the apex of the fore-wing are entirely wanting,

and the black tip is reduced to a narrow border, so that it

closely mimics L. chrysippus, var. dorippus, Klug., a form

that is very rare in India. I several times saw the male

H. misippus reconnoitring L. chrysippus as if in doubt as to

its identity !

Of Precis enone I took but one, of P. almana two, but

P. lemonias was common. Of the following species I took

mostly single examples :—Limnas genutia; Hrgolis ariadne ;

Neptis varmona ; Polyommatus beticus ; Lampides celeno, Cr.,

form conferanda, Butl.; Catochrysops hapalina, Butl., two;

C. strabo, Fab.; Zizera otis, var. indica, Murray, two; and

the Skipper, Swastus gremius, Fab.

Of Melanitis ismene I took but a small fraction, for one

seldom sees a butterfly so battered, yet even this fraction

was found in the shade. In marked contrast are the habits

of Telchinia violx, since it haunts the most sun-scorched

places; it was not uncommon at Anantapur, but if

gregarious, as elsewhere, then I did not hit upon its

head-quarters.

I took one Terias libythea, and saw several 7. hecabe,

though it was but moderately common.

Hovering at flowers I two or three times saw, and once

caught, Cephanodes hylas, L., an insect very like Sesia

bombyliformis, Esp. There were also flymg in the sun

Deiopeia pulchella and Trigonodes hyppasia, Cr., a Noctua

very like Hydrelia unca, L, which reminded me of

Headington and old Oxford days,

110 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Out of the grass I kicked up Zephrina catalaunaria,

Guen.,a pretty little Macariid Geometer Semiothisa subalbi-

tarta, Swinhoe, and Sterrha paullula, Swinhoe. The

common dragon-fly, Orthetrwm sabina, Dru., and a bug,

Lysarcocoris guttigera, Thunb., completed the tenants of the

garden.

A number of things came to light, viz. :—Deiopeia

pulchella, the Ocneriad, Enome detersa, Walk., a Noctua,

Ericeia inangulata, Guen., a Pyrale, Schenobius binwnctifera,

Walk. and a tiny Quadrifid Noctua Raparna lactea,

Swinhoe, as well as two bugs, Acanthaspis apicata, Dist.,

and Dieuches wniguttatus, Thunb., the former apparently a

scarce insect since the national collection contains the type

only. There was in addition to these a small ochreous

narrow-winged Geometer to which I have not been able to

assign a name, and an ichneumon, Henicospilus, sp. In

fact one evening swarms of insects came to light, including

many mosquitos, but these appeared to be all Culez,

fortunately no Anopheles.

Bangalur, lat. 13° N., alt. 3100 ft.

February 23rd, 1904.

Thke change of trains at this large military station gave

me an hour or two’s collecting in the extensive public

gardens. There was rather a high wind which was against

a good day, but the afternoon proved interesting since it

gave me the first glimpse at the “ Ceylon” fauna. Here I

saw for the first time that very striking black, white, and

orange Lyczenid, Zalicada nyseus, Guer., as well as the

huge and magnificent Papilio polymnestor, Cram. [parinda,

Moore], a truly gorgeous monster in which a pale lilac is

the prevailing colour trimmed with black.

The only other things noted were more ordinary, to wit

Catopsilia pomona, a female, Crastia core, several Telchinia

viole, Nychitona xiphia, an abundance of Neptis varmona,

and one Neptis gumba, Moore.

The Nilgiris, lat. 11° N.

February 24th—March 8rd, 1904.

The Nilgiris, or Blue Mountains, rising abruptly from

the plain, itself nearly 2000 ft. above the sea, form a

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 111

rolling table-land with an average altitude of from 6500 ft.

to 7500 ft. This plateau consists for the most part of

grassy downs with here and there “sholas,” or thickets of

mixed growth, very beautiful at this time of the year

owing to the red colour of the young leaves of the pre-

ponderant tree. Unfortunately, alike for the entomologist

and the artist, these ‘“sholas”’ have been largely cut down

to make way for the extensive Government plantations

of eucalyptus, which are by comparison dreary and

monotonous.

On the way up the cog-wheel railway I saw on the side

of the cutting two beautiful blue-green Papilios, which

may have been either P. telephus, Feld., or P. teredon,

Feld. At about 4500 ft. I netted a Neptis varmona from

the train in motion.

It was evidently too early in the year to get many

butterflies at Utakamand, the elevation making the nights

cool, so it was necessary to seek out sheltered flowery banks

facing south, or preferably south-east. In two such spots

within a very circumscribed area Zalicada nyseus was

common ; a single example also occurred [along with the

inevitable Pyrameis carduc] onthe grassy top of an isolated

and exposed peak of about 8000 ft. This Lyczenid is quite

typical of “South India and Ceylon”; it is a conspicuous

insect on the wing, its tricolour of black, white and orange-

red, which should delight German entomologists, making

it look larger than it really is.

Terias hecabe was rather common, but worn. A female

Lycena betica and several Pyrameis indica were also old

friends, and the same applies to two or three Papilio

aristolochixy seen at flowers in the hotel garden, the latter a

good deal the worse for wear.

A few Yphthima chenut, Guér., occurred at about 7800 ft.,

the only Satyrid I met with at Utakamand. Ganoris canidia

flew up to 8000 ft.; a male had a distinct smell like that

of our Pieris rape. “I submitted ‘the living butterfly to

my daughter and her lady friend, who both noticed the

scent, though unable to describe it. When mignonette

was suggested for comparison they both said “No”; but

when sweet-briar was mentioned they said it was like

that, my daughter speaking the more confidently of the

two.

At about 7400 ft. I took a female Catophaga paulina, and

also a fine female of Hiposcritia narendra [Moore], quite a

112 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

Ceylon species. The specimen is labelled “flies fast :

rather common from 7400 ft. to 8400 ft.” It is but too

evident that I had not recognized that I was catching

anything out of the common, and it is more than probable

that I confounded the females of Catophaga and Tachyris

with Hiposcritia, so that I am not by any means disposed

to trust the statement that H. narendra was common then

and there. One necessary consequence of my complete

ignorance of the Indian fauna was that I did not know

what was most worth catching. These white butterflies

are as a rule by no means easy to catch and were often in

bad condition, but in each locality I used to endeavour to.

secure one or two good samples. Doubtless the Hiposeritia

passed for a very fine Zachyris.

Amongst herbage Mecyna polygonalis, Hb., was often

kicked up, having much the habits and appearance of my

old Bermuda and Mortehoe friend Stenopteryx hybridalis,

Hubn. (Nomophora noctuella, Schiff.), which too was fairly

common in exposed situations at about 8000 ft.; at a

similar elevation a single example of the Danaid Badacara

nilgiriensis, Moore, was taken.

Above the Botanic Garden on the road to Dodabetta, at

about 8000 ft., I several times saw, but missed, Vanessa

charonia, Dru., a butterfly that looks dingy in the cabinet,

but on the wing looks much brighter and bluer than would

be expected. It is sometimes called the Blue Admiral

(completing the trio), though in truth it is much more

like a tortoise-shell. Argynnis niphe was common at the

higher elevations, and in exposed situations up to 8500

ft., reminding one of A. aglaia, L. It flew up and down

the roads, returning again and again to the same spot.

_The commonest and most characteristic butterfly of

Utakamand was the pretty little Colias nilgiriensis, Feld.,

which was seen coursing over the grassy downs from 7300

—8600 ft. Its flight is moderately fast, but quite close

to the ground. It was somewhat startling, but in a way

refreshing, to come across this Arctic survival so far within

the tropics, associated moreover with species characteristic

of Ceylon. As it was especially abundant in the hotel

garden I took the opportunity of examining five males for

scent; in two cases I suspected the existence of a slight

scent, but_in the remaining three the result was negative.

From Utakamand I moved to Konur, which stands on

the southern edge of the plateau, overlooking the plain,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 118

It is at about 6500 ft. above sea-level, or 1000 ft. lower

than Utakamand. At this elevation Colias nilgiriensis was

not nearly so common as at the higher levels,

Worn Pyrameis indica, a few Neptis varmona and Precis

iphita turned up here and there. Of a pair of Terias

hecabe taken in copuld, the male proved to be of “inter-

mediate dry,” the female of “pronounced dry” type.

Opportunities of noting the pairing of the several forms

occurred very rarely. Here I secured one specimen of

Yphthima ceylonica, Hew., another foretaste of the great

southern island. Y. inica, Hew., turned up at about

5800 ft., but at about 6500 ft. in a clearing in a wood, I

found Y. hiibneri, Moore, together with Y. chenwi, Guér.,

and Y. philomela, Joh. There were swarms of these

Yphthimas on that sunny bank, but as I did not distinguish

the species at the time I cannot now say of what the bulk

of them consisted. Some of the specimens have injuries

to the wings, which from their shapes may have been

inflicted by birds, but I attach little importance to them,

especially as the injuries are unilateral, since the wings

of Yphthima (and to a somewhat less degree of Mycalesis

also) are so fragile that quite unbroken specimens are

exceptional.

The genus Papilio was represented by a couple of

ertthonius. As usual Argynnis niphe showed a preference

for lofty and bare places. On one occasion I watched a

female of this species for some time under the impression

that it was Limnas chrysippus ! The resemblance on the

wing is greater than might be supposed. Vanessa charonia,

Dru., which had before eluded me so often, fell a victim

at last; I secured two specimens on a shady road through

a wood. It settles on rocks or walls, a habit that makes

it hard to net, moreover it is shy and easily disturbed,

though usually coming back again to its resting-place.

Stenopteryx hybridalis was common in grassy places, and

I took the Boarmid Bilactis inceptaria, Walk., flying in the

hotel garden at dusk.

It was tantalizing to be told by the hotel manager at

Kontr of the immense number and variety of butterflies

there in the summer. I was, however, fortunate in

making the acquaintance of a dealer, named Solomon, a

coloured man, who told me that at that time of the year

it was no good collecting on the high ground, but for

a consideration he agreed to show me a very good place

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 8

114 Dr. G. B. Longstaft’s Notes on the Butterflies

near the foot of the hills. Accordingly I went with him

on March 2nd, and again alone on the following day.

This involved travelling by an early goods-train to Kallar,

the first station on the mountain railway above Mettu-

pilaiyam, about 2000 ft. above the sea, but only 200 ft. to

500 ft. above the plain. Here, as in other parts of India,

the best places for insects, at any rate in the winter season,

are to be found in the belt of jungle at the foot of the

hills, or in the woods on their lower slopes. But it is just

in these places where the dreaded Anopheles is as abund-

ant as the Rhopalocera, and the station-master at Kallar

told me that entomologists always slept at Kontr and

went up and down by train to avoid the nocturnal

terrors of the deadly malaria—the tiny, innocent-looking

Anopheles !

The collecting-ground was various, and included, besides

bushy jungle with plenty of flowers near the station, large

irrigated banana and betel-nut plantations as well as the

bed of the river with its bordering woods.

The first thing to catch the eye was Papilio hector, L.,

and very magnificent he looked fluttering at the flowers of

Lantana in his crimson-and-black suit set off with white.

This is indeed one of the most striking butterflies that I

met with in my travels, with its wings expanding four

inches and upwards. It proved to be distinctly common,

but one does not get within reach of every Papilio that

one sees, nor indeed does one succeed in netting all that

are struck at. PP. hector was accompanied by plenty of

P. pammon and a few P. aristolochie. One of the P. hector

brought home is remarkable for the fact that the whole of

the tips and half the hind-margins of both hind-wings

have apparently been bitten off, almost absolutely symmet-

rically, by some foe. If the red spots on the under-side

be really “ warning marks” this is the more noteworthy.

A boggy, but sunny, corner of an irrigated banana-

garden produced single specimens of the fine Skippers

Tagiades atticus, Fab. [? = TZ. menaka, Moore] and

Tagiades distans, Moore.

This same garden and the adjoining plantations of

betel-palm (Areca catechw) yielded a few Melanitis ismene,

a fair number of Jycalesis perseus, Fab., as well as

Yphthina marshalli and Y. philomela, Joh. [= baldus,

Fab.]; there was also abundance of the pretty and very

distinct Vphthima ceylonica, Hew., with its silvery-white

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 115

hind-wings, which tried, not without occasional success,

to pass itself off as a Blue. A few hasty observations on

this species when at rest failed to detect any such “ list ”

as is common in many members of the family.

I sent home two specimens of Mycalesis perseus, one an

ordinary example of the dry-season form in which the

ocelli are indicated by faint dark dots, the other (unfortun-

ately very tattered) in which the full complement of

ocelli on the under-surface is indicated by conspicuous

chalky-white spots of varying sizes, to wit, two large and

one small on the primaries and two large and five small

on the secondaries. Three of these spots are faintly

visible on the upper-surface. There are no rings and no

pupils to the spots. It would appear to be a unique

aberration of the dry-season form. In the shade along

with the above Satyrids was the inevitable NMychitona

xipia and a solitary male Hlymnias undularis.

A weedy neglected field near the river yielded besides

Limnas chrysippus and Atella phalanta plenty of the

“orange-tip” Jaias marianne, as well as a smaller number

of the more gaudy Jxias pyrene. One proved to be a worn

specimen of the female lacking the orange tip, a distinct

and well-marked variety ; another was of the racial form

cingalensis, Moore. The “whites” Huphina nerissa and

Catophaga paulina were in plenty. A single Catopsilia

pomona was netted, a somewhat papery-looking insect,

especially on the under-side, also several C. pyranthe of the

“transitional Gnoma” form. In one of the latter (a male)

I detected a faint scent, but less like that of jasmine than

in the Catopsilias examined at Anantdpur. In the same

field Telchinia viole was abundant, while Hrgolis ariadne

was, as usual, common among Lzcinus.

But all this time Solomon was most anxious to get me

down to the river. This is a rapidly-flowing stream,

occupying perhaps half its bed, and having on either bank

sloping woods of mixed growth. Solomon sought out a

place where a tiny tributary emerging from a rushy swamp

trickled over the damp sand. He forthwith stuck into

the wet sand a foot or so from the rill and well clear of the

herbage, three or four large butterflies of which he had

netted worn or broken specimens; then he stood by to

watch. Nothing much happened, for unfortunately clouds

had come up and the afternoon was only partly sunny,

whereas to get many things at water, whether decoys be

116 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butter flics

used or not, it needs, as Solomon put it, to be “ plenty hot.”

It was indeed hot enough for most Europeans, but not up

to the exacting butterfly standard. However, next day

the conditions were more favourable, and I found near

what was left of Solomon’s decoys a number of ‘ whites”

and “ orange-tips.” Accordingly I put down a few more

decoys and walked away. After spending some time in

vain endeavours to catch the conspicuous Hebomota glau-

cippe, L.—giant of orange-tips—which was careering wildly

about in all directions, I returned to the decoy-place and

sat down just within the reach of my six-feet net-stick,

Catophaga paulina were there in abundance, but all males,

mostly sitting quite close together, almost touching, with

wings erect so that the “hook-tip” of the fore-wing was

very conspicuous; in another cluster close by were from

six to eight Jaias marianne.

It will perhaps give some idea of the numbers when I.

say that I quite easily netted five C, paulina in one swoop,

and seven in another.

Then Hebomoia glaucippe came along, reconnoitred the

position with great circumspection, and settled warily for a

second or two, but darted swiftly off at the least movement

on my part. Nevertheless, with care and patience, I

managed to secure a couple of specimens, My old friend

Papilio erithonius came next and soon settled down a short

distance away from the “whites,” he was shortly followed

by another and yet another: they all settled close together,

within a hand’s-breadth, forming an exclusive community

and continued to drink steadily. All at once a blue-green

flash, and Papilio telephus, Feld., sailed close past me ; again

and again he came, and finally, looking askance at the

vulgar assemblage of “ whites” and “ orange-tips,” settled

quite close to the P. erithonius, evidently preferring their

more select company. This occurred several times. LP.

telephus, when settled with wings erect, displayed an

unexpected beauty, for, in place of the ebony and emeralds

on the upper-surface, it shows beneath nothing but sheeny

mother-of-pearl picked out with tiny rubies. By patient

watching and judicious swooping I secured three specimens,

and, be it remembered, these were all I saw that day. So

much for water; what share the decoys had in my success

it is hard to say, but Mr. E. E. Green, of Peradeniya, told

me that decoys were efficacious, and Mr. Denton, of Regent

Street, says that he has used even paper decoys with success.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 117

The congregation of butterflies at damp sand was

observed by Bates on the banks of the Amazon in 1849.

He noted that they were all males, mostly of the genus

Callidryas.* Indeed Sir J. D. Hooker had the year before

noted butterflies sitting on damp sand “in thousands” in

the Ranjit valley, Sikkim.+

Mr. E. André noted a similar thing in Venezuela in

1897, where the attraction was the foul mud of a farm-

yard: the butterflies were chiefly Callidryas, with some

Heliconius, Papilio, Metamorpha and Cwrois. He says:

“Each species tried to herd with its own kind,” but he says

nothing as to sexes. There is a capital photograph in his

book of a group of Callidryas.t

Doubtless this habit of butterflies is well known to all

tropical collectors. I myself in Germany some 385 years

ago, noted swarms of Blues at small puddles in the road

several species together, including, so far as I could see, L.

alsus, L. arion, and L. betiea. A few days afterwards near

the same place and similarly occupied I caught Apatura

aris in my hat! This summer at Mortehoe, on the Ist of

August, in the early afternoon, I saw 14 or 15 G. napr

sitting close together on wet mud; they were all males.

A piece of waste ground adjoining the plantation of the

singularly graceful Areca palms, covered with Lantana in

full bloom, was crowded with butterflies such as Crastia core

and Narmada coreoides, Moore, one or both of which (for I

did not distinguish them when alive) was abundant;

several Neptis varmona, and two or three Nepheronia

ceylonica, Feld., another southern species. More striking

than all these were the swarms of Zirwmala limniace, a

big and handsome black and bluish-white Danaid, which I

found all over India but never saw elsewhere in anything

like such numbers as on that mass of Lantana.

Other things that turned up in the course of the two

days’ collecting were Tachyris hippo, two; Teracolus etrida,

one; Hypolimnas bolina, two males ; H. misippus, one male ;

Precis iphita, common; Caprona ransonnetiu, Feld., one;

Parnara mathias, one; Castalius rosimon, and plenty of

Lampides celeno, Cr., including the form conferanda, Butt.

Of the above the fine Skipper, Caprona, was seen to

settle, in full’sunshine, on the under-side of a leaf, with its

* “Naturalist on the Amazons,” Ist edn., p. 249.

t “Himalayan Journals.”

t “Naturalist in the Guianas,” p. 142.

118 Dr. G. B. Longstafi’s Notes on the Butterflies

wings fully expanded like a Geometer. I do not ever

remember seeing a butterfly do this before, but then we

are perhaps wrong in calling Skippers butterflies. One

of the Lampides, a female (?), was found settled close to

the ground, with all its wimgs erect as usual and close

together; it was however moving its hind-wings alternately,

in a rhythmical manner, in the plane of the wing, about

10-15° forward and then back. No other specimen of the

species was near it.

On the occasion of my first visit to Kallar, as we were

walking back to the station, Solomon suddenly darted off

like the wind, and I found that he was after a very large

Papilio which he had caught sight of flying about a puddle

in the road, some hundred and fifty yards off. He waited

long and patiently until it settled to drink and then popped

his net over it. It was Papilio polymnestor in splendid

condition, black and French grey, 5$ inches in expanse!

This haughty beauty was not kind to me at Kallar; many

a time I caught a glimpse of her flying about in a super-

cilious sort of way, but she never gave me a chance of

closer acquaintance. Solomon had the advantage of me in

many ways, first and foremost in years, next in his keen

sight, but he was also wily and skilful with his net.

During the day he took among other things a specimen of

Papilio agamemnon, L., a fine black-and-green fellow that i

too had seen; also one of that grand diamond-beetle green

butterfly Papilio erino, F., which I missed the next day at

Lantana flowers, as I believe, through sheer excitement !

Trichindpali, lat. 10° 50’ N., alt. c. 400 ft. or less.

March 4th and 5th, 1904.

My collecting here was almost confined to the banks of

an irrigation canal, where the genus Papilio was repre-

sented by P. hector, P. pammon, and P. aristolochix, of each

of which I saw several.

Limnas chrysippus was common; in the male of Zirwmala

limniace I detected a very faint scent, suggesting old cigar-

boxes.

Catopsilia pyranthe was rather common, the specimen

preserved was of the intermediate form; I noted a scent

in the male, but it was not so strong as in some of the

Bankapur specimens. Of WDelias eucharis I took two

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 119

females, by far the less common sex, at all events in

collections. Of Huphina nerissa I took one of each sex.

Terias hecabe was abundant.

The most striking fact about the butterflies of Trichin-

apali was the predominance of the genus TZeracolus; of

these I met with three species: 7. ewcharis was in abund-

ance, but I find my specimens comprise eight males to

two females; of 7’. ctrida I took two males; and I was

greatly delighted to see here for the first time that truly

exquisite little gem the crimson-tipped 7. dande. It

proved to be rather common, and I secured two of each

sex. It is one of the most “elegant flies” that I have

ever seen alive.

Precis orithyia was common, the specimens small and

brilliant ; P. /emonias was in larger numbers than I met

with anywhere else, in fact quite abundant; Zrgolis

ariadne was common; I netted a pair of Hypanis ilithyia

in copuld, one was of the “wet-season” form, the other

“intermediate” tending to “wet.” As usual Telchinia

viole was common.

I took here one specimen of that beautiful Lyceenid

with the under-side striped like a tiger, Spindasis vuleanus.

This is one of the butterflies with an anal lobe to the

secondaries, but unfortunately I had not an opportunity of

observing it at rest. Lampides celeno, Cr., was common ;

some smaller and dingy Blues were abundant, Zizera otis,

Fab., var. indica, Murray, and Chilades varwnana, Moore,

thought by De Nicéville to be the wet-season form of

C. laius. I also took one specimen of a small bright

golden Skipper, Ampitiia mavo, Fab.

Tanjur, lat. 10° 47’ N., alt. 350 ft. or less.

March 6th, 1904.

The predominant genus of the plains of Southern

Madras would appear to be TYeracolus, which was repre-

sented in my envelopes from Tanjtr by a male 7’. etrida,

a pair of 7’. ewcharis, and five males and two females of

my favourite crimson-tip, 7. dande, which was quite

common.

Of Catopsilia pyranthe I took a dwarf male of the

intermediate form. Zertas hecabe was common, and I took

a very large female [over 1:8 inches in expanse, it was

120 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

“dry”]. Single specimens of the following were sent

home: Nychitona xiphia; Papilio pammon, male; Limnas

chrysippus, female ; Castalius rosimon and Lamprdes celeno,

Cr., of the form conferanda. Telchinia viole was common,

one being of a fine red colour.

Médura, lat. 9° 55' N., alt. 600 ft.

March 7th, 1904.

This was about the least productive place that I visited.

Limnas chrysippus was scarcely common. A male Huphina

nerissa gave out the sweet-briar scent quite strongly. I

saw several T'elchinia viole upon a railway bank. Precis

anone was fairly common, but P. almana was commoner

here, about the irrigation ditches bordering meadows, than

at any place I visited; they were of the “intermediate

dry” form. PP. lemonias was also abundant, some of them

being very brightly coloured.

In a grove of young palms near the river a singular

dragon-fly, Libellula variegata, Linn., was common; the

tips of its wings are transparent and colourless, but the

basal three-fifths of the primaries, and the basal five-

sixths of the secondaries, are light-brown with a bold

dark-brown pattern. I believe that I saw the same crea-

ture in the Kudsia Gardens at Delhi, flying near the tops

of trees, and then, as in the present case, took it for a

Helwonius-like butterfly, which it greatly resembles on the

wing. As I did not know that any butterfly of that shape

was found in India I was greatly excited at seeing it, and

proportionately disappointed when I at last effected its

capture. |

This was the last place at which I collected in India.

Ceylon, lat. 7° N.

All the places that I visited in this beautiful island were

within twenty miles north or south of the seventh parallel

of latitude. The luxuriance of the vegetation was an

immense relief after the parched plains of India. At the

lower elevations it was more distinctly tropical than any

that I had yet seen, but this character was lost at greater

altitudes.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 121

Peradeniya, alt. c. 1200 ft.

March 10th, 1904.

These justly celebrated gardens lie about four miles

south of Kandy near the centre of the island. Their

situation is beautiful and all the familiar “ hot-house

plants” grow luxuriantly. Splendid palms of many kinds,

huge bamboos almost as tall, Dracewnas, Crotons, Acalyphas,

Marantas, nutmeg, cinnamon, camphor, huge trees of

Ficus elastica with roots spreading far over the surface, etc.,

etc. Grass has been largely ousted by the sensitive-plant,

Mimosa pudica, which, introduced from South America,

has run wild. It grows about a foot and half high, and

when one walks through it a broad path is left owing to

the collapse of the leaves.

Here, well out of reach, I saw my first Ornithoptera,

truly it is well named ; I missed a second specimen through

sheer excitement. Several Catopsilia pomona were netted,

one was a female verging on the catila form, the others

were typical males, one of which had a slight scent. Of

three male Zerias hecabe two were wet-season, the other

of “intermediate wet” form. A male 7’. libythea was also

of wet-season type, a female was also taken. The only

Nymphalids noted were two Neptis varmona and several

Precis iphita. Here also I took my first Parantica

ceylonica, Feld., a Danaid found in abundance later.

Of Mycalesis mandata, Moore, I only saw one, but the

pretty little Yphthima ceylonica was swarming amongst

the sensitive-plants. Mr. E. E. Green, the entomologist

to the Ceylon Government, suggested that its colouring

might be indirectly protective, since on the wing it looks

much smaller than it is, only the white posterior two-

thirds of the hind-wings being conspicuous, and these the

least vitally important to the insect. The only Blue seen

was Zizera karsandra, Moore.

A second visit to the gardens, rather late one afternoon,

produced no insects, but gave me my only sight of a wild

cobra, about 24 feet long, with a very large “hood”; it

crawled quickly away into the roots of a “ travellers’ palm.”

Unfortunately for me Mr. Green was on the point of

going to England on leave, but though busy with his

preparations for departure, he was good enough to show

me several very interesting things, such as larve of the

122 Dr. G. B. Longstaft’s Notes on the Butterflies

leaf insect, young snakes, etc., and above all he gave me

some very useful advice. Peradeniya, he said, was not as

rich a locality as Kandy; and, as regarded the highlands

of Ceylon, he told me that, at any rate at that time of the

year, Lepidoptera were for the most part confined to

certain favoured spots, which it was unlikely that 1 should

hit upon. He therefore strongly recommended me to

concentrate my attention on “Lady Horton’s Drive” at

Kandy.

Kandy, alt. 1500 ft.

March 11th—15th, 1904.

On the south side of the artificial lake at Kandy stand

some low hills, covered for the most part with natural

forests, through which have been cut a number of roads

named after the wives of former governors. Lady Horton's

Drive is one of these, which runs about half-way up the

hill, winding around its southern and eastern slopes. A

wide road, bounded on either side with forest of rich

and varied tropical growth, lying fully open to the morn-

ing sun, commanding moreover a glorious view over

groves of palms to the bluest of distant hills, it affords an

almost ideal collecting-ground. The climate of Kandy,

so far as I experienced it, is delightful, tropical heat

tempered by elevation, and with a pleasant softness in the

air, yet free from the excessive damp of many places within

the tropics. Its vegetation is by far the richest that I had

seen. My pleasure in collecting in this earthly paradise

was greatly enhanced by the companionship of Mr. W. G.

Freedley, junr.,a Philadelphia gentleman who had been

collecting butterflies in Borneo, Celebes, Japan, Macao, etc.

In such a locality it was perhaps to be expected that

Pierines would not be dominant, at any rate so it was.

By far the commonest of the family was Catopsilia pomona,

ot which the males were very abundant, but strong fliers

and by no means easy to catch. We remarked that they

usually all flew in the same direction, and that uphill.

As the females were comparatively scarce one was not

surprised to see more than once signs of jealousy on the

part of the males. I detected a slight jasmine-like scent

in the male on stroking the “scent tufts” on the hind-

wings. A female Terias hecabe had apparently been

bitten in both hind-wings when at rest, the injuries being

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 128

more or less symmetrical. Delias ewcharis was scarce,

Catophaga paulina more common. In one case I saw a

bird try to catch a specimen of the latter on the wing ;

the bird missed its quarry, but I was more successful ; it

proved to be a male.

The Danaids were well to the front, the commonest

species being Parantica ceylonica ; it is smaller and greyer

than Tirumala limniace and varies considerably in size, a

small male measuring only 2°5 in., a large female as much

as: 3-4 in. across the wings. It was curious that this

species became quite abundant late in the afternoons, as

other things were retiring. I was surprised to find that a

male when fluttering in the net gave out a strong scent

like that of Crastia core, i.e. very like acetylene. This

was noted in two or three specimens, and was quite un-

mistakable. Danais septentrionis, Butl., appeared to be

rather common, A female has the hind-wings much

broken, perhaps from the bite of a lizard, but the breakage

is only in part symmetrical. Limnas genutia, of which I

took a very small one, was very scarce, and I did not see

L. chrysippus at all. The genus Crastia was represented

by many individuals. I took five C. asela, Moore ; of one

of them I noted at the time, “has a scent as in core.”

But the most prominent group of butterflies at Kandy

was assuredly the Papilzonidx ; | met with six species. The

most remarkable was Ornithoptera darsius, Gray, peculiar,

I believe, to Ceylon, an insect that I had greatly wanted

to take ; it appears to be fairly common, as I saw two at

Peradeniya, seven or eight at Kandy, and two at Haragdma.

It sails about somewhat slowly and in a dignified manner,

looking very distinguished in its rich yellow-and-black

livery and impressive by its size, five and a half to six inches

expanse of wings! When it comes within reach it is not

hard to catch, and I secured two males and a female, but it

is a formidable-looking creature in the net, with a thorax

suggestive of a Bombyx. Mr. Freedley told me that the

males have a scent like sassafras, but I learned this too

late for confirmation. The male Papilio pammon was

common enough, one specimen was unusually small, mea-

suring under three inches. ‘wo specimens of P. aristo-

lochie (a distasteful butterfly) were brought home; one of

them has the tips of the hind-wings up to the tails bitten

off quite symmetrically, thus much resembling the muti-

lated specimen of P. hector taken at Kallar. Of the tailless

124 Dr. G. B. Longstatt’s Notes on the Butterflies

P. dissimilis, L., 1 took three, but probably saw more, since

it so very closely mimics Zirwmala linuniace or a large

Parantica ceylonica, as easily to pass for one of those

insects; it is indeed most easily distinguished from them

by its habit of fluttering while feeding on a flower. One

of my specimens has the anal angle and a great portion

of both hind-wings bitten off in an almost symmetrical

manner, suggesting the bite of a lizard. It should be

noted, as was observed long ago by the President, that,

whatever the cause may be, it is in the great majority

of cases the hind-wings that suffer these injuries; doubt-

less the framework of the fore-wings is the stronger,

but that does not seem to be a sutticient explanation,

since from their greater length they must be more exposed

to chance injuries from thorns and the like. Mr. Freedley

took a Papilio that mimicked Huplea, but I believe that

P. dassimilis is dimorphic, one form mimicking each genus.

Indeed it would appear that the name dissimilis implies

that its bearer is like anything rather than a Papilio.

In a shaded glen down which a tiny stream and a foot-

path strove for the possession of the ground, I took close

to the water a faded specimen of my Kallar acquaintance

Papilio telephus, and missed another that was drinking at the

mud. But far more exciting than all the before-mentioned

species was Papilio polymnestor, or as Moore has it, P.

parinda, a truly magnificent fly that dashed about in all

directions. It measures about 54 inches across the wings

and is rendered most conspicuous by its colouring—French-

grey and black. It rarely settled and was very hard to

catch; Mr. Freedley and I were constantly striking at

it, but it almost always eluded us. After many fruitless

attempts I succeeded in netting two, one so battered that

its powers of flight were seriously impaired; Mr. Freedley

was even less fortunate, probably because he had a very

small net.

There was yet another Papilio which eluded me alto-

gether. It was black-and-green and I feel pretty sure

P. agamemnon [which I also missed at Kallar in the

Nilgiris]. It had the extraordinary and most aggravating

habit of flying up and down, or rather backwards and

forwards, just like a sentry, over some small trees below

the road. Its path, if one may so call it, was about a dozen

yards in length, and it always turned round at the same

place, moving by a succession of jerks. I once actually

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 125

watched it for twenty minutes so occupied, it then settled

for a moment on a Lantana flower; I struck at it and

missed, and the performance began again | Another day

T saw it at its post as before. Of all the Papilios that I

saw this species was by far the wariest.

In striking contrast to the Papilios in every way are

the Satyrids. A single Calysime [Mycalesis] perseus

[? = medus, Fab.] was a very dingy shade-lover. The bright

little Yj “phthima ceylonica was abundant; so far as obser ved

it sits upright. Nyssanga patnia, Moore, a very distinct

species, with leaden metallic lines on the under- surface,

was fairly common at the edges of woods, but I did not

meet with it on the “patnas” or grassy plains of the

highlands of Ceylon.

The Nymphalines met with included several interesting

species, notably Cynthia asela, Moore, of which I saw a

very fine example, but caught only a very tattered fellow.

It seems to like sailing about over the trees. With

Cethosia wietnert, Feld., Thad similar ill-luck. Of Cupha

placida, Moore, again I have but a very worn specimen

annotated thus: “ Has the swift flight and to some extent

the habits of Precis, but is fond of resting on the leaves

of trees.” These remarks are probably intended for, or

at least include, the allied Cirrochroa cognata, Moore,

which was certainly common, though very local; one of

my five specimens, otherwise in good condition, has two

snips taken out of each hind-wing, symmetrically, but it

appears to be an insect readily chipped. Both these

species have fulvous wings with black tips, so they are

readily confounded in the field.

Neptis varmona might be said to be abundant, while its

ally, the brown-and-black Rahinda sinuata, Moore, was

decidedly common. In this connection may be mentioned

the Erycinid Libythea rama, Moore, which appears to

mimic Rahinda. I secured one specimen at Kandy, and

believe that I missed another in the Pashdk tea-garden

near Darjiling.

I saw no females of Hypolimnas bolina at Kandy, but

took three males, one of which had lost both the anal

angles of the hind-wings, the injury being in part sym-

metrical. Precis iphita. was common, so was P. atlites,

looking on the wing like a dingy Neptis a new brood

appeared on March 14th. Zy ‘golis mervone Was common.

The Lycznids were not well represented, but I saw

126 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

several Lovwra atymnus, Cr., var. arcuata, Moore; as usual

Lampides celeno was common, almost spangling in the

sunlight, one specimen was so unusually brilliant as to

recall LZ. adonis; Talicada nyseus brought up the rear.

The Skippers were represented by single examples of

Parnara mathias, a dark fulvous Jambria salsala, Moore,

and the dingy Spalgis epius, Westw.

At rest on a fence outside the “ Queen’s Bath” I found

one morning a fine Sphinx, Meganotum melanomera, Butl.

A very distinct- looking Arctiid having a crimson body and

light pink fore-wings, P with a longitudinal fuscous streak,

Creatonotus interrupta, Linn., came to light, as also did

Eupterote diffusa, Walk., a Lasiocampid.

A few insects of other orders forced themselves upon

me, busily occupied as one was, ¢.g. a very large, black 2

carpenter-bee, Xylocopa tenuiscapa, West., with peacock-

green wings ; a very large, evil-smelling, brown bug, covered

beneath with a waxy substance that during life “clistened

like silver, Zessaratoma javanica, Thunb. Another bug,

Chrysocoris stockerus, L., was an intense metallic green with

black spots; yet more conspicuous than any of these was

the large Fulgorid Hotinus maculatus, Oliv., or so-called

Lantern-fly, expanding three inches across the wings. Its

fore-wings are black-and-white, the hind-wings light blue

with a very broad black border. This was fairly common,

flying high and settling on tree-trunks out of reach, but

easily disturbed, when it flies off to a similar resting-

place.

Haragama, 11 miles 8.E. of Kandy.

March 12th, 1904.

This appears to be locally recognized as a great place

for butterflies; the collecting-ground is along the course

of a rapidly-flowing stream with wooded banks, perhaps

500 ft. below Kandy, or say, 1000 ft. above sea-level.

Again, I had the advantage of Mr. Freedley’s company

on the occasion of my expedition. ‘The first thing to

catch our attention was ‘Hebomoia glaucippe careering

about in considerable numbers, but most unwilling to be

caught.

The pretty little Zalicada nyseus was literally swarming.

I cannot remember ever having seen a Lyczenid in such

numbers. I repeatedly observed this butterfly settle with

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 127

its head upwards and immediately turn round so that its

head looked downwards. This habit of resting with the

head down is common, if not general, in the family,

and has an obvious bearing on the protective use of tails,

anal lobes, and directive marks.

Zizera otis, Fab., was also in abundance, and Lampides

celeno, Cr., was common.

Tirumala septentriovis was not common, and the speci-

mens netted were tattered males; one had a symmetrical

injury near the anal angle of the hind-wings, possibly due

to the bite of a bird. I saw a few specimens of Crastia

asela, Moore, and secured two males, which exhibited the

“acetylene odour.”

Neptis varmona was common, and I took a specimen of

the elegant Nyctemerid day-flying moth 7rypheromera

nigrovenosa, Moore, which seems to mimic it. Of the

beautiful Nepheronia ceylonica | took one male. Cirrochroa

cognata, Moore, was noted flying about a particular tree

and did not appear to be attracted by flowers; I only saw

it in that one spot, and the two taken were in poor

condition. Itis very like Cupha placida, Moore [ = Messaras

erymanthis, Stgr.|, of which I took a fine specimen close by,

at wet sand. I again confounded the two species as at

Lady Horton’s Drive. A few Hrgolis ariadne and several

Nychitona xiphia were seen. A male Huphina nerissa

had the sweet-briar scent ; a female was in fine condition.

At the furthest point reached in our walk, by a little

bridge, two or three spots in the damp sand appeared to be

very attractive. Besides the Cupha already mentioned

there was [xias pyrene, var. cingalensis, and Papilio pammon,

the male, was rather common. [It was also seen flying

about bushes, but not at flowers.| My Kallar friend

Catophaga paulina was literally in crowds; they were all

apparently males, sitting in dense clusters, their pointed

white wings suggesting to me toy encampments. I easily

netted ten at one swoop, while Mr. Freedley by a more

cunning movement succeeded in getting as many as thirty-

four into his net! In the same place I saw six or seven

of the beautiful Papilio telephus, Feld., settled quite close

together, and managed to secure three. It is a black-and-

green species not easy to distinguish from P. jason, L.

The females of Catophaga paulina were common at

flowers. One of the males, by the way, had a symmetrical

injury to the ¢ips of the hind-wings, but I can hardly see

128 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

how it could have been inflicted by an enemy without

simultaneous injury to the fore-wings.

This day I saw two Ornithoptera darsius, one quite out

of reach, the other I missed badly.

Hatton, alt. 4200 ft.

March 16th—18th, 1904.

In going up-country from Kandy when near Ullapdne

station [alt. c. 2500 ft.] I caught, from the train, Nar-

mada montana, Feld., and a little further on, ec. 3000 ft.,

a male Catophaga paulina, a species that is very abundant

in the Ceylon highlands.

Before Hatton is reached the line enters the tea country,

whence the glorious primeval forests have disappeared,

having been ruthlessly and completely cleared out to make

way first for coffee and later for tea. Though doubtless

“orateful and comforting,” the tea-plant is most un-

picturesque, only slightly surpassing the potato in that

quality. The Grevilleas with their light feathery foliage,

planted in regular rows to slightly shelter the tea from

sun and wind, do but little to relieve its stiffness, and are

a miserable substitute for the departed woodland glories.

About Hatton there are but scraps of the forest left on the

tops of the highest hills, and we were told that the tea-

planters are constantly urging the Forest Department to

allow these to be improved away. It results that what once

was doubtless a grand entomological locality is now a very

poor one.

Here for the first time I examined Catophaga paulina for

scent, and was surprised to find that the three males tested

had a scent nearly as strong as that of P. napi; it was

described at the time as “like sweet-briar, but sweeter and

more luscious,” and I wrote to Dr. Dixey the same evening,

adding “I had no doubt whatever.”

About the hotel garden Argynnis niphe was common, a

male had the fore-wings notably shorter and broader than

usual.

A short walk in what is left of the old forest, towards

the top of a high hill, say at about 4500 ft. produced

several specimens of Lethe daretis, Hew., a regular sylvan

Satyrid, repeatedly settling on the path, apparently always

erect. Two of them have lost large portions of the hind-

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 129

wings near the anal angle, one symmetrically and in a way

to suggest the bite of a lizard. On the under-surface of

this butterfly the unusually large light-coloured scales on

a black ground near the hind margin of the hind-wings

are striking. In the same scrap of forest I took a single

specimen of another species of the same genus, L. drypetes,

Hew. | =embolina, Butl.]; also settled on a leaf of a tree

far from the ground, as is usual with the genus, a Limenitis

calidasa, Moore. Several Atella phalanta, a few Nepiis

varmona and Terias hecabe were also seen, a female of the

last-named being of the “ completely wet” form.

A specimen of Cyaniris singalensis, Feld.,is very like our

argiolus. With some ditticulty I secured a specimen of the

Jarge black-and-white Skipper, Celenorrhinus spilothrys,

Feld. This is the second Skipper [the other being Caprona

ransonnettii, Feld., at Kallar] that I have seen settle on the

under-side of a leaf during full sunshine, the wings being

expanded like a Geometer’s. Another specimen was

settled on a rock with its wings expanded in like manner.

Tn the hotel I found a fine Burnet (Syntomid) Huchromia

polymena, Linn., at rest on a wall, it has slender black

wings bearing orange spots, the body is blue, ringed and

collared with scarlet; and in my bedroom took a beautiful

little Tortrix-lke Noctua, Metachrostis incondita, Butl.,

measuring only 17 mm. across the wings; also a most

formidable-looking long-waisted wasp, Humenes jpetiolata,

F., a 2, and Pomasia psylaria, Guén., a pretty little yellow

Geometer with metallic markings, evidently attracted by

light.

"When coming down from Adam’s Peak on March 18th,

at the height of about 6000 ft., I saw several of the

Lithosiid, Aswra wnifermis, Hmpsn., but in the rough

scramble of the descent could only secure one; at about

4800 ft. were several Zalicada nysews, and a few hundred

feet lower down I bottled two green beetles, somewhat

resembling our Rose-beetles, but much more shiny,

Coryphocera elegans, Fab.

Nuwéra Hiiya, alt. 6200 ft.

March 18th—21st, 1904.

This Sanitarium is in some respects like Utakamund, it

is situated on a grassy plain forming a basin among

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905,—PART I. (MAY) 9

130 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

mountains. The “patnas” or grassy areas are bounded

by woods, which in their turn are fringed by somewhat

stunted scarlet rhododendrons. At the best season it

doubtless affords excellent collecting, but I found Mr,

Green’s statement, that I should be unlikely to light upon

the good localities, amply confirmed.

I saw several Papilio teredon, Feld., flying about, and

secured two that were drinking at wet mud. A female

Terias hecabe proved to be of the wet-season form. Of

Neptis varmona I took two. Ina sedgy place surrounded

by wood, a small “patna,” I took the Skipper Baracus

vittatus, Feld., curiously enough the only butterfly that I

had taken in a swamp up to that date. The streaky

markings of the under-side, following the veins, appeared

when the insect was settled on sedge to be strongly pro-

tective. Of Talicada nyseus I saw several, the only other

Blue seen was the argiolus-like Cyaniris lanka, Moore,

much battered.

Among moths I found one of the yellow Geometer

Corymica specularia, Moore, at rest on a tree-trunk, and

one Acidaliid Jdxa costata, Moore. Also on Mt. Pederuta-

lagalla, at about 8000 ft., the Skipper Baracus vittatus

among sedgy grass and Abraxas so1 ‘dida, Hmpsn., flying at

dusk, nearly uniformly dark fuscous. This last is

presumably a scarce insect since the British Museum

possesses the type only.

Hakgdla, alt. 4800 ft.

On March 19th and 21st I visited the beautifully-

situated and well-kept Botanical Garden at _Hakgala,

some five miles south of Nuwara Eliya and at a con-

siderably lower elevation.

Along the road Catophaga paulina was swarming, males

with their sweet-briar-like scent appeared to largely

predominate. They flew rapidly and always in the

same direction, roughly speaking from south-east to

north-west. They frequently flew in strings, just as

if they were tied together, and reminded me strongly

of the strings of floating stars that are dropped by a

certain kind of rocket; I often saw three, four or five,

and once even seven, so following their leader’s every

movement.

At a turn of the road close by the garden there was a

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 131

small patch of a tall, but small-flowered composite plant

(of the Thistle-head sub-order) ; this plant did not appear

to be common in the district, but it was especially attractive

to a black Danaid, which was quite abundant within the

limits of this plant’s distribution. Chittira fumata, Butl., is

very distinct and handsome on the wing, its flight is slow

and it is easy to catch, but like all Danaids it has a tough

integument and is very tenacious of life. The favoured

flower was so attractive to the butterfly that it would even

go into deep shade to visit it. Chittira fumata may be

said to be gregarious; it has the “acetylene” odour cf

Crastia core, but not so strong and with a difference. J

made no observation as to the relation of scent to sex in

this species, which, by the way, I believe I missed at

Hatton.

Near this same spot I took two Crastia asela, Moore, and

saw others. I also got one Danas septentrionis, Butl.

The inevitable Lycenids were worn Talicada nyseus ;

Jamides bochus, Cr., one; and Polyommatus beticus, which

was common.

It was interesting to watch the pretty little honey-birds

feeding at some tall spikes of flowers.

Horton Plains, alt. 7000 ft.

March 23rd, 1904.

This beautiful district gives one some idea of what

Ceylon was before the era of tea-planting. Situated

about 2500 ft. above the railway and approached by steep

zigzag paths through rather poor woods, are extensive

rolling plains of coarse grass, locally called “patnas” ;

these are surrounded by woods having a general temperate

zone character, but with here and there an epiphytal orchid

to remind one that the latitude is but 7° N. In the

swampier parts of the patnas the devastating work of

wild pigs was evident enough, while the paths through

woods, and unmistakable droppings, proved that wild

elephants had passed not many days before. It was how-

ever not the season for butterflies, the air being too

exhilarating for their luxurious ways.

About half-a-dozen Chittira fumata were seen at

elevations of 6000—7000 ft,, mostly at their favourite

132 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

composite. On the patnas and among sedges in the woods

were « few of the Skipper Baracus vittatus, they were not

easy to see. J was surprised to come across no other

butterflies on these patnas, which seemed the very

place for such a Fritillary as JZ, aurinia, Rott., or such a

Satyrid as C. pamphilus, L., or at least for a ‘Blue, but

no, even the eponymous Nyssanga patnia was not to be

found,

In the woods I took two specimens of the beautiful

Lethe darctis, Hew., and saw two or three others. They

frequented shady paths and flew but a short distance,

settling upon a trunk or branch, reminding me strongly

of P. xgeria in my own carden at Mortehoe. The

only Argynnis seen here (or indeed in Ceylon) was

A. niphe; it was rather common in open spots in woods,

the female looking on the wing very hke Zimnas

chrysippus; a specimen taken, a female, had the apices

of both hind-wings and the anal angle of both fore-wings

symmetrically bitten.

Of Terias hecabe I found a few in a wood, of the

intermediate dry form. Neptis varmona was not uncommon

in the woods, as usual flying in a ghostly manner, and

usually settling upon leaves of trees. In the same woods

Cyaniris lanka, Moore, was common, but it was astonishing

to see so few insects in such a locality.

Haputéle, alt. 4500 ft.

March 23rd, 1904.

At this beautifully-situated Rest-house, overlooking the

plain and the old Boer prisoners’ camp, a great many

moths came to light.

Owing to its large numbers the most prominent of these

visitors was the small Noctuid, Ploteia frontalis, Walk., an

extraordinarily variable species; another Noctuid was

Cosmophila wanthindyma, Boisd.; there were two Deltoids,

Olybama lentalis, Guen., and Rivula basalis, Hmpsn.; the

Lymantriad Dasychira inelusa, Walk., and the extremely

widely-distributed Plemyria fluviata, Hiibn:

The formidable-looking beetle, Yylotrupes gideon, L., was

an uninvited visitor to my bath-room.

On the same day an Acidaliid, Idea costat, Moore, flew

into my face in a tunnel near Ohiya station, alt. 5000 ft,

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 133

Colombo, at sea level.

March 25th and 26th, 1904.

Following Mr. Green’s advice I went to the Museum and

was well rewarded, though too pressed for time to reap all

that I might have got by a more deliberate examination of

the local collection of butterflies.

My collecting-grounds at Colombo were the Victoria

Park, much exposed to the sea wind; the old Cinnamon

Garden, said to be much worked for insects by the Museum

“boys”; and the old Dutch Cemetery. None of these

were very promising or very productive.

However, I saw here for the first time in Ceylon Limnas

chrysippus; I also netted one Parantica ceylonica, and

missed what I feel certain was a Hestia, probably jasonia,

Westw., which is, I believe, common at Colombo.

Precis atlites was common in the Dutch Cemetery but

worn, so was P. almana, nearly all of the wet-season form,

P. asterie, L.; one specimen however was dwarfed and

another was of the “dry” form with the ocelli rudimentary.

P. almana would appear to be the more prevalent species

in Ceylon and Southern India, where it replaces P. orithyia,

so universal in the North.

I saw several Delias ewcharis in the Victoria Park, and

once more noticed their fondness for lofty flowering trees ;

those taken were males. In the same place I missed what

I think must have been: the catilla form of Catopsilia

pomona; its congener pyranthe was common and I took

two males. Once more JVelchinia viole was common, but

of Papilio aristolochie I have only one to record. Of

Yphthima ceylonica I took two.

Of the Blues there were several species; Nacaduba

noreia, Feld., was very abundant and decidedly gregarious,

it positively swarmed in Victoria Park, though good

specimens were scarce. Lveres argiades, Butl., var. parhasius,

Fab., and Zizera karsandia, Moore, were also both of them

abundant. I took also a single worn specimen of Castalius

rosimun, Fab.

English is more spoken in Ceylon than in most parts of

India, but the Cingalese appear more noted for fluency

than accuracy; the inner meaning of the following

apparently strange request of a lad is easy to fathom:

“Master, buy some butterflies, ready-made.” On getting

back to the hotel from an entomological expedition one of

134 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

the messengers came up to me and said: “ Missie told you

to told me they had gone in.”

Animmature locust, Truzxalis nasuta, L., taken in Victoria

Park, completes the list of my captures in Ceylon, an island

that I was truly sorry to leave and that will always occupy

a treasured place in my memory.

SUMMARY OF BIONOMIC OBSERVATIONS.

Injurves by enemies.

Specimens of the following twenty-eight species were

taken which appeared to present injuries caused by the

bites of birds or lizards; save in the two cases specified the

hind-wings had borne the brunt of the attack.

Tirumala septentrionis, two.

Cirrochroa cognata.

Precis lemonias, two.

Precis almana.

Hypolimnas bolina, &.

Hypolimnas misippus, g.

Pyrameis cardui (fore-wings).

Vanessa hashmirensis.

Argynnis niphe, §.

Yphthima hiibnere.

Lethe daretis, two.

Curetis thetys.

Llerda epicles.

Pratapa deva,

Polyommatus beticus.

Colias fieldit.

Catopsilia pyranthe.

Ixias pyrene.

Tervas hecabe, two.

Terias leta.

Catophaga paulina.

Ganorts canidia.

Belenois mesentina.

Teracolus etrida (fore-wings).

Papilio hector

Papilro aristolochix

Papilio pammon.

Papilro dissimilis.

\ red marks on hind-wings attacked.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 1385

' It will be noted that this list includes no Zimnas, but

does include two Tirumala septentrionis, and two Papilios

with conspicuous red “ warning marks.”

In Ceylon a bird was seen to make a swoop at a male

Catophaga paulina, but missed it. I may here add that at

Yokohama, May 19th, 1904, I saw a dragon-fly of moderate

size, Orthetrum japonicum, Uhler, carry off a Blanaida

goschkevitschit ; this is a butterfly resembling a very large

Pararge megera ; it did not appear to struggle at all.

Sideways attitude or “list” when at Rest.

In December, 1878, Col. C. T. Bingham noticed this rest-

ing attitude in a species of JMelanitis, but the account was

not published till many years afterwards.* EH. H. A.’s

papers in the “Times of India,” which contained a refer-

ence to this habit in JZ. ismene (p. 203), reappeared as “ A

Naturalist on the Prowl” in 1894.

In the summer of 1903 Dr. Dixey and I noticed this

habit in several British Satyrids at Mortehoe, N. Devon.

In Epinephele janira the list may amount to 15°—30°; in

E. hyperanthus (G. B. L., 1894) to 20°; in Pararge xgeria

and P. megera to 25°; but in Satyrus semele it reaches 40°

or even 50°. This list may be to right or left in the same

individual. The insects appear to settle in the upright

position, then to draw the fore-wings partly within the

hind-wings, and by a third distinct movement to throw

themselves over to one side or the other.

To the above insects having this habit I can now add

the following Indian Satyrids :—

Mycalesis indistans, slight list.

Hipparchia parisatis, 20° to 30°.

Aulocera swaha, 45° to 50°.

In the last-named species the same individuals were

observed sometimes to go over to the right, sometimes to

the left ; one was seen to make three efforts, getting further

over each time. A specimen of H. parisatis was observed

walking about with a list of 20°.

To these observations I may add that at Yokohama, May

19th, 1904, Blanaida goschkevitschii, a Satyrid like a large

P. megera, was observed with a list of 40°.

There is no doubt that this sideways attitude makes the

insects less conspicuous when resting on a flat surface, but

* See extracts from Col. C. T. Bingham’s Diary for December,

1878, quoted in Trans, Ent, Soc., 1902, p. 363.

136 Dr. G. B. Longstaffs Notes on the Butterflies

I have satisfied myself from observations on English

Satyrids that the attitude is more often adopted by the

butterflies when sitting in sunshine than in shade. Now

if the list be away from the sun the shadow would be

increased, but if towards the sun it would be diminished,

in some cases even to extinction. Numerous observations

are required to determine whether the list has any relation

to the sun’s position. I would however remark that in the

case of a butterfly with cryptic colouring on the under-side

the shadow is in many cases far more conspicuous than

the butterfly itself, as I frequently observed in India.

Obviously, therefore, economy of shadow might be a

considerable protection. Now, near Simla in October,

1903, in the case of Pararge shakra, a butterfly closely re-

sembling P. megexra, I noted three individuals in succession

settled with their backs to the sun so as to reduce the

shadow to a mere line. This was unfortunately just as I

was leaving the locality where the species occurred, but I

did not observe any instances to the contrary. I should add

that in P. shakra I looked for, but did not find any list.*

Scents in Butterflies.

Owing to the imperfections of the human nose these are

very difficult to detect and to describe, nevertheless certain

definite results were obtained.

* Since the reading of the paper Prof. Poulton has called my

attention to the following interesting observation by Mr. E. E.

Green. “ M. ismene is an adept at concealing itself. It usually

pitches amongst fallen leaves where its form and coloration are

sufficient concealment. But even on bare ground the insect is often

extremely difficult to localize, though the approximate spot may have

been carefully noted. I have watched the fly, immediately after

pitching, alter its position so that its axis is directed towards the

sun, thus casting no shadow.”—“ Notes on some Ceylon Butterflies,

Spolia zeylanica,” vol. ii, pt. vi, Aug. 1904, p. 76.

For the following reference I am also indebted to Prof. Poulton :—

Prof. G. H. Parker has clearly established that in the United States

when Vanessa antiopa, L., after a flight settles in full sunshine with

wings expanded, it speedily so adjusts its position as to place the axis

of the body as near as may be parallel to the sun’s rays, with its head

turned away from the sun. Some of the genus Grapta have the

same habit. He thinks they do this to display their colouring to the

best advantage. The bearing of his interesting observations on the

cryptic attitude of Satyrids is that they prove decisively that a

butterfly can acquire the habit of definitely orienting itself. If one

can do this for one purpose, another species may do it for a different

purpose, e.g. concealment, Mr, Parker gives a Bibliography of the

subject.—“ Mark Anniversary Volume,” Cambridge University, Mass.,

U.S.A., Article xxiii, p. 453-469, 1903.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 137

(1) The rape scent. Dr. Dixey and I have observed a

slight scent in Ganoris rape well compared by Mr. Selwyn

Image to that of sweet-briar, though the comparison is not

exact. Curiously enough I have been able to prove to my

own complete satisfaction the existence of the same scent,

or one scarcely distinguishable therefrom, in several

Pierines, viz. Delias eucharis, Ganoris canidia, Huphina

nerissa, Catophaga paulina, and Belenois mesentina.

I think it is confined to the male sex, but cannot speak

very positively. .

(2) The brassicx scent. This is fainter than the pre-

ceding; 1 compare it to violet-powder. It is confined to

the male. This scent I did not find in any Indian

butterfly.

(3) The napi scent. Far the strongest, and quite

unmistakable. It is by common consent compared to

lemon-verbena, but it is not identical therewith. This I

did not meet with in India, but it was unmistakable in

the male of the Japanese Ganoris melete, Mén. [My

specimens were of what Leech calls the Japanese spring

form = G. aglaope, Motchulsky, = G. megamera, Butl.]

It proved equally distinct in the male of G. oleracea, Harr.,

a North American form of napi.

That three species of one genus have as many distinct

scents, but that one of these extends to members of several

widely-separated genera is very remarkable, and to me at

least totally unexpected. I cannot help thinking that

when these scents have been more studied and are better

understood they may prove of great value in the solution

of phylogenetic questions.

(4) Several Danaids of different genera have a strong and

distinct odour of a disagreeable character, very suggestive

of acetylene. That it is possessed by thie males I am

certain, but cannot say whether it is confined to that sex.

The species are Crastia core, C. asela, C. amymone (at

Macao), Lsamia midamus (at Hong Kong), Parantica

ceylonica, and Chittira fumata. A single specimen of

Pademma kollart had a somewhat similar odour. In

several cases (in at least three of the above), the scent

was so strong as to be distinctly perceptible when the

butterfly was fluttering in the net (as it is indeed in the

case of Ganoris napt).

(5) Limnas chrysippus has a faint unpleasant odour like

cockroaches, or musk-rats. I suspected it to come from

138 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

the pouches on the hind-wings of the male, but more

observations are needed.

In the case of Limnas genutia, Tirumala limniace,

Pararge shakra, and Colias nilgiriensis the existence of

scents was suspected, but the results were ambiguous.

(6) The observations of Wood Mason were confirmed

in Catopsilia pyranthe and C. pomona. The tufts on the

wings of the males gave out on stroking a scent that may

be compared to jasmine, though I think it more like

Polianthes tuberosa.

Seasonal Forms.

With a view to seeing what light, if any, my fragmentary

observations might throw upon this puzzling subject, I

have adopted the following method:

In the Register, or Index, of my captures I noted to

every Pierine Dr. Dixey’s estimate of its seasonal character,

and then made my own (far less weighty) estimates of the

seasonal characters of the genera Precis, Melanitis, Mycalesis,

and Vphthima, and then analyzed the results for localities,

or groups of localities. ‘The seasonal characteristics were

classed under the following five heads :—

(1) Wet-season form, including “ wet,” “very wet,” and

“extreme wet.”

(2) Somewhat wet form, including “intermediate in-

clining to wet.”

(3) Intermediate form.

(4) Somewhat dry form, including “intermediate in-

clining to dry.”

(5) Dry, including “ very dry” and “ extreme dry.”

Without prejudice, and for the purpose of this grouping

only, I took Catopsilia gnoma to represent the dry-season

form of C. pyranthe, and in like manner Catopsilia catilla

and pomona to be dry-season forms corresponding to a wet-

season form C. crocale.

It must be borne in mind that such a classification is

necessarily very vague, for while the extreme forms are

easy to place it is most difficult to assess the numerous

intermediate specimens.

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 139

® 3 a

ge /elel

~ S 2

Precis orithyia 22 4

»> @none ee ili cce 6

5, lemonias . all ef 3

», tphita a 1

Catopsilia pyranthe 1 a 1 Simla and Kalka,

Ieias marianne . ar 1 Oct. 10-20, 1903.

Terias heeabe alien Ti oe Slight showers.

» lxta “ae 2 21 1

Huphina nerissa Su | aSuallsroaet

Tora 14} a] 4| 1) 15

Precis orithyia 3

>> enone 2

>» almana ne 4 Peshawar and

Yphthima balanica 1 Ne pets | (ne ca Malakand, Oct.

Terias hecabe Pitas 2 24) al 22-29, 1903.

Teracolus etrida 1 No rain.

TOTAT Ss PO te: Zaller LO

Precis orithyia poe 1

», amana age cal ase

>, lemonias . ies 4

Catopsilia pyranthe (eo

op pomona iL Aeon este. |) ee

Ixias marianne . || 1 a B Dangsatiiaetban

ea FES ia and Delhi,

Terias ee 5 Been ecens || sche Oct. 31-Nov. 12,

Teracolus etrida | 2 7 || @ 1903.

ri protractus . Da epeems ered ence n\\Gcoc i eerey

» puellaris LGN eco fe 8! ih) 3}

a calais Calan ats

Huphina nerissa 2

Appias libythea aes 530 1

ToraL 18; 5 5 | 5) |) alts!

140 Dr. G. B. Longstaft’s Notes on the Butter flics

Naini Tal, Luck-

now end Benares,

Nov. 16-Dec. 2,

1903.

No rain.

Caleutta, Dec.

4-12, 1903.

No rain,

g|/E |e 4]

2 ge ieeamer |e

FPilg|/e|2|4

Precis orithyia DS ret

y, @none 2

5, almana i 1

5, lemonias . 1 | | 2 |

5» tphita | 3

| |

“phihima philomela . i

Mycalesis perseus 1 || | 1 |

Catopsilia pyranthe it} oa | 9"

| |

f pomona | ! 1 | 1 |

Ixias marianne . | | 1 |

yy pyrene | | | 1 |

Terias hecabe 1| ! | 1

Huphina nerissa He Ath !

Toran 3/3 | 2 || 4 | 16

ee cabrierin ; : 1 | | 1 if

», lemonias . | | nooeyh |

5 alates 1 1 | ies al | |

Melanitis ismene | | 4 |

Mycalesis indistans | 2

Catopsilia pyranthe 2 | I) al |

4 pomona 1 | 4 | |

Ixias pyrene } 1 | |

Terias hecabe 1 | a 9 |

Huphina nerissa 1 | |

ToTaL 5 Ba Ball | aa

Observed in aw tour

Precis lemonias .

Melqnitis ismene

Mycalesis indistans

Catopsilia pyranthe

Ixias pyrene

Terias heeabe

», leta

Huphina nerissa

3 nating

Tachyris hippo .

Prioneris thestylis

Hiposcritia lalage

ToraL

P Hinge ia

y» enone

», almana

», lemonias .

Yphthima imica.

Catopsilia pyranthe

Ivias marianne .

Terias hecabe

Pa ccebay

Trracolus etrida

oA puellaris

Huphina nerissa

TOTAL

through India and Ceylon. 141

8 Ree

2 | @ || 3 || @ | §

g a || @ a 3S

a | 5 | 8 We | a

S (ER NBS eet |p

Fla) 4 lala

el +| |

| || | iL

| |} 1

al |

i | 8

| h 3]

Yel Belge

| | |] |

| | | “ | Y Darjiling, Dee.

| 1] 9 |

| es | 13-22, 1903,

1B ee AE | are

| i y No rain.

| | eee 2

| ne 1 |

| ma

| 2 4

Tee, Us| So, Ue | 25

fae = = — ; ees Tal —t eo _ ——$$$_—$—=

| |

1 |

eae 2. |

| | 1 | Bankipur, Jhansi,

| i |

2 Agra, Jaipur,

| ‘

1 : a 1/2 ‘Ajmir and Mt.

| Nye

| 2; 5 Abu, Dec. 24,

ay. i | | eg

| Nasa al eel 1903-Feb. 8, 1904.

3) |) SGnh nO ‘ 3

A Shght rain Jan.

1 Dol 2 3 |

14-23.

3 2 8 | 41 37

142 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies

2iaié

S\E EES

2) 28 Wie wie |

Fla@a\|siesa

Precis anone i ig ie

» almana oa | D)

Melanitis ismene Heal nee

Hypanis tlithyia es AAllitee

Catopsilia pyranthe a Pa 3

E pomona | 1 Bijapur, Ananta-

Txias marianne . | 2 pur and Bangalur,

Terias hecabe | ox 1 Feb. 16-23,

» lata ‘ lie. 1904.

Teracolus etrida ? 2 Q9/| 5 No rain.

Pa dulcis He | ; 1

», amatus 2. ee

5, eucharis {sag Are 1

ToraL 3 4 || 11 | 12

Precis orithyia . (toes yl iieers

», @enone Hi) ee 1

», almane i ee

»» lemonias . ia Pe

Melanitis ismene 2

Mycalesis perseus 3

Yphthima hiibneri be | 1 é Mls

Hypanis ilithyia 1 laa fee Nilgiris, Trichin-

Catopsilia pyranthe 2/1 2 dpali, Tanjur,

cs pomone ce cM pe Madura, Feb. 24—

Ixias marianne . asf Veet) cise 1 March 7, 1904.

yy pyrene 9 || 2. 1 al Very slight rain

Terias hecabe a 2 Ill ax 2 in Nilgiris.

Teracolus elrida 1 a

i eucharis se {| Goo |h} Goo? IIe gba 1

an dance ‘ 5) 5 2 1

Huphina nerissa 1 3 ee

Catophaga paulina , 1 | asl 74

ToraL , 5 | 10 || 10 || 13 | 20

Observed in a tour through India and Ceylon. 143

sisi &

glaieial:

Precis almana . ; : £ 1

», atlites . ; Saal hee | AU See

Mycalesis mandata . Sh|| demaslal lege | goa) ill ane

Catopsilia pyranthe . : 2

A pomony . Sl) Ate wi diate 2 | ZN aa | Ceylon, March

Ixvias pyrene. : Mel eecien iss | Bee | Dll biees 10-26, 1904.

Terias hecabe ; ol) ie | 1 | 1 Several showers.

»» lata ; P 3 {eset Pear | sogullieees 1

Huphina nerissa : j ast eee | il | ea MiL all

Catophaga paulina | 2 | 2 |

ToTAL . : 8] 4] 6 ps)

There was a storm at Simla on October 10th, and a few

trifling showers during our expedition to Baghi, but we

saw no sign of rain after that, and indeed scarcely a cloud,

save at Kurseong, until January 14th, when there was a

thunderstorm at Jhansi. There were then several very

slight falls of rain terminating with a long but not heavy

rain on January 23rd. There was a very slight fall at

Konutr on the night February 29th—March Ist. Then no

further rain till Kandy, March 10th. There were several

showers in Ceylon.

At Simla the effects of the monsoon were not quite past,

and wet-season forms were slightly more numerous than

dry ; the same applies to Ceylon. At all the other places,

as might have been expected, dry-season forms predomin-

ated, Calcutta occupies an intermediate position.

It must however be admitted that to prove a species to

be dimorphic js not necessarily to prove that the forms are

associated with seasons, In the genus Precis, so far as my

very few observations (limited to the dry season) are worth

anything, the two forms ocellated and non-ocellated seem

144 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on the Butterflies, ete.

to be closely associated with wetness and dryness respect-

ively. Catopsilia pyranthe, as Dr. Dixey has shown,

occupies a far less clear position, and I may add that

Terias hecabe did not appear to me to follow any rule. The

two forms were taken together in most places.

Many dwarfed specimens of the genus Precis were met

with as the season advanced; with the exception of one

P. almana, var, asterve, they were all of the dry type, most

of them markedly so. The smallest Z'erias hecabe was of

the dry form, so was a dwarf Teracolus dulcis; four dwarfed

T. etrida were half dry, half intermediate. A dwarf

Belenois mesentina was dry, but a dwarf Catopsilia pyranthe

and a dwarf Huphina nerissa were intermediate, while a

dwarf Teracolus calais was actually of the wet-season form.

In conclusion I have to thank the President for much

valuable assistance in many ways; I am greatly indebted

to Mr. Hamilton H. Druce for most kindly naming all my

Lyczenids and Hesperids, to Sir George Hampson for much

help in naming my moths, to Mr. W. F. Kirby for kindly

naming my Orthoptera and Neuroptera, to Col. C. T.

Bingham, Mr. G. E. Austen, and Mr. Claude Morley; to

the Rev. F. D. Morice for naming my Hymenoptera; to

Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., whose practical experience

in many lands was of much assistance, and to Mr. W.

Holland of the Hope Department for constant help, while

to Dr. F. A. Dixey I am indebted not only for the names

of all my Pierines and much information about them, but

for continual encouragement and inspiration.

VII. The genus Criocephalus. By D. SHarp, M.A., F.R.S.

With Notes on the habits of Asemum striatum and

Criocephalus ferus. By F. Ginuerr Smiru.*

Prare 1x

In the Munich Catalogue of Coleoptera (vol. ix, 1872,

p- 2789) Criocephalus is allotted ten species. Another

species has since been added by Herr Edmond Reitter,

C. syriacus, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1895, p. 86. C. coriaceus,

Motsch., must be rejected as the description is totally

worthless (cf. p. 158), and no type is known. C. mex-

canus, Thoms., is treated as a synonym of C. obsoletus.

Great confusion has always existed as to the species,

and there are numerous errors in the Munich Catalogue.

A revision of the genus will therefore be useful as a step

towards the attainment of further knowledge.

I owe my thanks to Mr. Gahan for assisting me in the

examination of the specimens in the British Museum, and

to M. Réné Oberthiir, Herr Edmond Reitter, M. Louis

Bedel, Mr. G. C. Champion, and Mr. George Lewis for the

communication of specimens.

DISTRIBUTION.

The genus Criocephalus is distributed over the Northern

hemisphere, occurring in about equal numbers in the Old

and New Worlds; it does not pass the equator, and scarcely

touches the tropics, except in the highlands of their northern

parts.. This distribution is probably chiefly determined

by the distribution of coniferous trees, to which it is

believed the species of Criocephalus are confined, their

food being found in the wood of these trees. C. rusticus

has a natural distribution probably as wide as that of any

other Coleopterous insect, it is found from Norway to

* Although Mr. Smith has not had any part in actually drawing

up the systematic part of this paper, I have received very important

assistance from him in this matter. He first noticed the peculiarity

of the deficient spur in the group. The notes on the larve have

been made by us conjointly. I, of course, have had no part in Mr,

Smith’s account of his observations in the field. —D. 8,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 10

146 Mr. D. Sharp on

Algeria, and in the other direction to Japan, and even in

Yunnan. It is probably occasionally carried about with

timber, but this cannot have much affected its wide dis-

tribution. There is no reason for supposing that any of

the other species are increased in the area of their dis-

tribution by commercial means, as timber is not imported

into most of the countries in which the species live.

TAXONOMY.

Criocephalus has been placed in the group Asemina

of the great subfamily Cerambycides, a group of only a few

genera, but as to the composition of which systematists

have very widely differed. Lacordaire (Gen. Col. viii,

p- 205, as Asemides) assigns to it five genera, Asemum,

Nothorhina, Cyamophthalmus, Tetropium, Criocephalus.

Thomson (Syst. Ceramb., p. 463, as Asemitex) places in it

nine genera, excluding Tetropium, but adding five other

European genera. Leconte and Horn (Class. Col. N. Amer.,

ed. i, 1883, as Asemini) adopt Lacordaire’s view,

Cyamophthalmus being, however, unknown to them; and

the same remark applies to Schiddte (Danmark’s Ceramb.,

p. 507, as Aseminz), who also did not include Nothorhina.

Duval (Gen. Col. Kur. Céramb., p. 125, as Criocephatites)

associated Criocephalus, Cyamophthalmus, Tetropiwm, placing

Asemum and Nothorhina in a distinct group (Asemites).

Ganglbauer and Bedel, who have, each one, published an

excellent work on the European Cerambycide, have not

dealt at all with the question of minor groups. Kraatz

has recently added the genus Megasemum (Berlin. Ent,

Zeitschr., 1879, p. 97) without, however, giving any char-

acter that would distinguish the genus from Criocephalus.

On examination it appears that none of the genera

hitherto associated with Criocephalus are closely allied to it,

except Megasemum. Criocephalus possesses the very ex-

ceptional character of having only one spur on the front

tibia, while the other genera usually associated with it

have two.

Criocephalus syriacus, Reitt., is here made a distinct

genus, Cephalocrius; it and Megasemum agree with Crioce-

phalus in the unicalearate tibia and are extremely closely

allied to it.

Megasemum was distinguished by Kraatz solely on the

strength of shorter antennz. This however does not hold

the genus Crrocephalus. 147

good for the male which has longer antennz.* Even in the

female the antennz are not shorter than they are in the

N. American Criocephalus asperatus, to which species

Megasemum has a great resemblance. Megasemum differs

however in the form of the prosternum, which is concave in

profile instead of convex as in certain Criocephalus, or flat

as in other species. It has moreover the clypeus much

more elongate, the antennze more distant from the man-

dibles and the eyes not extended to the under-surface of

the head.

I describe also a new genus, Cephalallus, that is closely

allied to both MMegasemum and Criocephalus. The four

genera in question form a natural group to be called

Criocephaline, distinguished from the Aseminew by the

presence of only one spur on the front tibie.

The four genera of Criocephaline may be distinguished

as follows—

(1) Criocephalus. Terminal joint of palpi only moder-

ately broad at tip; prosternum protuberant in

front, or flat ; clypeus short.

(2) Cephalocrius. Terminal joint of palpi very broad at

the apex; prosternum nearly flat; clypeus very

short.

(3) Megasemum. Terminal joint of palpi only moder-

ately broad; prosternum slightly descending ;

eyes not extended on under-surface of the head,

(4) Cephalallus, n.g. Terminal joint of palpi not very

broad at tip; prosternum descending ; eyes ex-

tending to under-surface of the head.

The Criocephalinx should come at the beginning of the

subfamily Cerambycides, as being one of the most primitive

forms of Longicorn Coleoptera. The only other genus of

Longicorns that I have found to agree with Criocephaling

as to the unicalcarate tibize is the genus Philus, which

forms an annectant link between Cerambycides and

Prionides. This character is not to be looked on as

primitive. The primitiveness of Criocephalus depends not

on such points as this, but on the fact that it differs but

* The male of Megasemuwm has not yet been described, It is

similar to the female but has the antenne longer and much more

hairy. I have seen only one specimen of this sex, it is in the British

Museum Collection, For my knowledge of the female I am indebted

to Mr. George Lewis, who met with the species in Japan.

148 Mr. D. Sharp on

little from Coleoptera of other families; that it lacks all

the specializations that are so remarkable in other divisions

of Longicorns, while but little changes would suffice to

make it a member of other divisions, either of Cerambycides

or of Prionides.

CEPHALALLUS, n. g.

Caput brevissimum.

Palpi perbreves, articulo ultimo modice dilatato.

Oculi magni, subtus conspicui.

Prosternum descendens, parum elongatuin.

I have only a single example, of the female sex, and in

a very mutilated state, before me; but it represents a

specics of so much interest that I do not hesitate to name

it and call attention to it.

A slight modification of the prosternum of this insect

would transform it into a Ciriocephalus, while an elongation

of the head would apparently make it a Megasemum.

The labrum is small and has a pencil of hairs near the

front as in Criocephalus ferus. Mandibles extremely short,

each with a single, strong tooth in the middle. Palpi very

short, the terminal joint only slightly, but still distinctly,

dilated at the tip. Ligula extending on each side as far

as the middle of first joint of labial palpus. Eyes convex,

extending on to the under-surface of the head, but widely

separated there as in Criocephalus rusticus.

Prosternum margined in front; behind the margin ex-

tending obliquely downwards; only very slightly separating

the front cox. Metasternum elongate, terminal segment

of the female less elongate than in Criocephalus. Hind

femora hairy behind, but not densely so.

If the genus be not maintained as distinct it will be

necessary to unite Megasemum and it with Crrocephalus.

CEPHALALLUS OBERTHURIL, sp. n.

. Elongatus, angustus, convexus, piceus, elytris ferrugineis ;

5 o] DS ’ ) ) ro) d

prothorace angusto, convexo, asperato, sculpturato, peropaco, medio

late leviter impresso; elytris dense fortiter punctatis, subtiliter,

sex-costatis. Long. 22 mm.

Hab. TsEkovu in North Yunnan. (Coll. R. Oberthiir.)

The general form is that of a narrow Criocephalus, but

from all the forms of that genus it is distinguished by the

very dense punctuation of the elytra, which renders them

the genus Oriocephalus. 149

finely rugose. The eyes beara few fine but moderately long

sete between the facets. The clypeal suture is very

deep, and forms an acute angle inthe middle. The thorax

is a good deal narrower than the elytra, and only slightly

broader than the head and eyes; it is scarcely transverse,

but is convex transversely, it bears uumerous sharp,

elevated granules, between which it is minutely rugose,

and has some fine hairs; there is a vague, broad depression

on the disc, and behind this a feeble prominence in the

middle just in front of the scutellum. The elevated lines

on each elytron are not very distinct, the two on the

middle do not reach the apex, and the lateral one cannot

be seen either at the base or apex, the sutural angle is

minutely spinose.

The legs and antenne are very mutilated; all that

remains of the former are some portions of femora, and

one front tibia. Six joints remain of one antenna: these

are rather slender, and bear numerous erect hairs; the

first joint is rather more than twice as long as the second ;

the third is not quite three times as long as the second,

the fourth is about as long as the first, the fifth is shorter

than the fourth, and the sixth shorter than the fifth and

but little longer than the first.

CEPHALOCRIUS, n. g.

Antenne fere corporis longitudine, longius hirtella.

Palpi articulo ultimo ad apicem latissimo.

Type Criocephalus syriacus, Reitter.

Closely allied to Criocephalus, the C. syriacus of Reitter

is well distinguished by the above characters. I have

seen only one example and am not able to describe the

parts of the mouth more fully. Herr Reitter informs me

that in the female the antenne are less hairy than they are

in the male. The really important character of the genus

is the form of the palpi.

CEPHALOCRIUS SYRIACUS, Reitter.

Criocephalus syriacus, Reitter, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1895,

p. 86.

g¢. Angustus, subdepressus, ferrugineus, elytris bicostatis et crebre

punctatis, antennis corporis longitudine subtus hirsutis ; tarsis

posterioribus articulo tertio profunde fisso, articulo basali elongato,

Long. vix 15, lat. 3} mm.

150 Mr. D. Sharp on

This is very distinct by the strongly dilated terminal

joint of the palpi which is broadly securiform, both on the

maxilla and labium. The hind tarsi are long and slender,

with remarkably long basal joint. The eyes are rather

more prominent and have a greater extension on the

under-surface of the head than they have in C. rusticus.

The sculpture of the gular area is transversely rugose, the

impressed punctures not numerous. This insect was

kindly sent home by Herr Reitter with the locality “ Syria.”

In his description he mentions, Haifa, Akbés. There is also

a male example from Akbes in the Oberthiir Collection.

N.B.—The British Museum Collection contains a

specimen of this genus from the collection of Dejean. It

is in very bad condition, and I do not know whether it is

C. syriacus or another species. In Dejean’s collection it

was labelled “ rwsticws, Gall. mer.” The locality from

which this specimen really came is, I consider, extremely

doubtful.

CRIOCEPHALUS, Mulsant.

Criocephalus (Dej.), Muls, Longicornes, ed. i, p. 63.

I have already mentioned the characters that distinguish

this genus from the allied forms (p. 147).

The species present a great uniformity of appearance

and as they are fairly numerous it is not easy to distin-

guish them. Particular attention should be given to the

form of the thorax, the length of the small setz between

the facets of the eyes, and the form of the third joint of

the tarsus.

The genus has been subdivided by the eyes being

“hairy” or “bare.” But this is incorrect; all the species

have some sete between the ocular facets, and it is only a

question of longer or shorter. The same remark applies

to the lobing of the third joint of the tarsus, which differs

somewhat from species to species. The labrum apparently

offers a better character, but unfortunately it is not easy

to see without opening the mandibles and this it is some-

what difficult to do, as they are closed by very powerful

muscles, which cannot be ruptured after the insects are

dead and dried.

Group <A.

Labrum without pencil of hairs in fovea on the middle

of its area, Eyes with long hairs between the facets,

the genus Criocephalus. 151

CRIOCEPHALUS DECEPTOR, sp. n.

Depressus, fusco-niger, breviter griseo-pubescens, opacus ; thorace

fortiter transverso; elytris bicostatis fortiter punctatis, Long,

20 mm.

This species is an extremely distinct one, though it

looks at first sight very like a moderately-sized individual

of C. rusticus. It is however more depressed than that

species, and this character removes it from all the other

described species** From C. rusticus, OC. deceptor differs

strongly by the tarsal structure, the third joint being only

slightly lobed. The unique specimen is much damaged ;

the prosternum is not in the least degree protuberant or

convex, and the under-surface is remarkably flat. The

labrum is of the type of that of C. rusticus.

Hab. WESTERN TIBET, one specimen in the collection

of the British Museum,

CRIOCEPHALUS RUSTICUS, Dej.

Brunneo-ferrugineus, vel fusco-niger, subplanatus, elytris sat dis-

erete bicostatis, inter costas perspicue punctatis ; prothorace trans-

verso, ad latera fere regulariter rotundato, posterius plus minus

angustato. Long. 14-30 mm.

The male has the basal portion of the antenna, and the

legs markedly thicker than the female.

The synonymy of this species, as distinguished from

@. ferus, is very doubtful, Some of that given in the

Munich Catalogue is taken from writers who did not dis-

tinguish the two forms. The C. rusticus of Dejean’s

Catalogue and collection is however certainly this species,

as is also Mulsant’s C. rusticws, and var. B., |. c., p. 64, Also

C. rusticus, Woll. Cat, Col. Madeira (1857), p. 124 (nec

Col. Canar., for which see C. pinetorwm).

The species is readily distinguished by the strongly

transverse thorax, which is only one-fifth of the length of

the elytra, and by the gular area being very indefinitely

limited, rugose in front and feebly punctate behind, and

with only a few suberect long hairs, forming a strong

contrast to what exists in @. ferus. In finely-developed

* There is an undescribed (?) species in the collection of the

British Museum, coming from the Amanus mountains of Asia Minor,

which is also very depressed; but in other respects this insect is

very different from C. deceptor. .

152 Mr. D. Sharp on

specimens the sculpture of the gular area is more largely

developed, there being both more rugz and more punc-

tures, but the sculpture always retains the same character.

The sete between the facets of the eyes are so long that

they can be easily detected ; the third joint of the tarsus

is divided nearly to the base, and the lobes formed by the

division are large and symmetrical. The scutellum is

always a little impressed along the middle. The meta-

thoracic epimera are comparatively narrow.

The species is very variable in size, form and sculpture,

but after repeated examinations I fail to find any reliable

character to separate even the most extreme forms. The

length varies from 14-80 mm. and the width from

4-7} mm. The female is generally larger than the male

and is somewhat darker in colour, but is never quite black.

There are sometimes three depressions on the thorax, and

these in a few specimens are deep and well-marked. The

sculpture of the upper-surface also varies: it 1s sometimes

coarser and less dense, and the insect appears slightly

shining. The elytra usually lave the tip-sutural angle

sharp, or rectangular, but this also is variable. The rugee

on the gular area vary a good deal, but the sculpture there

never has the character of definite depressed punctures,

and it bears only an irregular, somewhat scanty pubescence,

never the regular dense pilosity of the C. ferus group of

species. The setosity on the labrum also varies.

I have examined the male organs in some of the most

remarkable of the varieties and find they agree. The two

closely appressed laminze that form the tip of the intromi-

nent organ are not of equal length, but the lower one is

the longer and is very sharp. In this respect C. rusticus

differs from C. ferus.

I think it quite possible that careful study of a series of

good examples of both sexes may show that there is really

more than one species mixed under C. rusticus. I should

recommend a thorough scrutiny of the labrum as likely

to give good results, but this is unfortunately attended

with great practical difficulties.

The species inhabits apparently all the temperate zone

of the Old World in the Northern hemisphere, wherever

there are suitable timbers; what species of conifer it may

prefer I donot know; but doubtless the Scotch fir (Pinus

sylvestris) is one of them. I have specimens before me

from Norway (Champion); Hanover; Vienna; S. France ;

the genus Criocephalus. 153

Spain, Bronchales, Tragacete, La Granja (Champion);

Corsica, Vizzavona (Champion); Akbés (Coll. Oberthiir) ;

Amurland ; Japan (Lewis); Tsekou in North Yunnan (Coll.

Oberthiir) ; and I have seen specimens from Madeira and

other localities.

The species has recently been discovered by Colonel

Yerbury at Nethy Bridge, near our wildest Highlands,

where the Scotch fir is still extant in its natural state.

The specimen he found was on a sprig of heather near a

large stump of the Scotch fir. It isa fine female and is

now in the collection at the British Museum,

This specimen is I think undoubtedly a native of

Britain, and it is of importance as showing that the dis-

covery for the first time of a Criocephalus m a locality is

not sufficient evidence of its being an introduction. Mr.

Gilbert Smith’s extremely interesting notes on the natural

history of C. ferws and Asemum striatum should also be

considered in this connection. There can however be

little doubt that this species is liable to be carried about ;

though probably this only occurs as an exception, even

when large blocks of timber are transmitted. A specimen

has been found in a coal-mine in Wales, where it was

pretty certainly carried in the wooden props; and _ if

foreign fir-wood be used for railway sleepers it may thus

be transmitted. The case recorded of its introduction by

means of timber for masts must also be noticed.

C. rusticus was not known to Wollaston when he wrote

the “ Insecta Maderensia” (published in 1854), but it after-

wards became common in the plantations of introduced

fir-trees, and in 1857 was recorded by him in the category

of “undoubtedly introduced ” species. [The “ C. rusticus”

of the Canary Islands is C. pinetorwm.] It appears to

have spread with rapidity in the Madeiran group, as in

1865 Wollaston recorded it from. the extreme summit of

the small island called Dezerta Grande. But this must

be received with some caution, as it 1s far from impossible

that C. pinetorwm occurs in Madeira as well as in the

Canaries.

CRIOCEPHALUS COREANUS, sp. 0.

Q. Fusco-niger, haud nitidus, antennis pedibusque piceis ; pro-

thorace parum transverso, densissime rugoso-punctato, ad latera

numerose muricato ; elytris costis duabus parum elevatis, punctisque

impressis per-numerosis, Long, 22 mm,

154 7 Mr. D. Sharp on

In this species the thorax is about one-fourth the length

of the elytra, whereas in C. rusticus it is about one-fifth.

On measuring two specimens of about equal size I find

them to be, C. coreanus: thorax 33, elytra 154 mm.

long. C. rusticus: thorax 2{, elytra 15 mm., and these

proportions persist (with some variation) in the individuals

of different sizes of C. rusticus. The head and thorax of

CO. coreanus are also considerably narrower, and the

antennz more slender. The length of the thorax is

42mm. The sculpture of this part is denser and finer

than it is in C. rusticus, The scutellum is narrower than

in ©, rusticus, almost flat, with a slender polished line

along the middle.

Although I have only one mutilated female of this form

I have little doubt that it represents a species closely allied

to C. rusticus but distinct, The structural characters

appear to agree with those of C, rusticus. It should be

noted that the Japanese form of C. rusticus is very

different from C. coreanus. :

CRIOCEPHALUS OBSOLETUS, Randall.

Criocephalus obsoletus, Leconte, J. Ac. Philad. ser. 2, II,

p- 196 [ =obscwrus, id. p. 36].

Criocephalus mexicanus, Thomson, Classif. Longic. 1860, p.

260; Bates, Biol. Cent. Amer. Col., V, p. 15.

This species is extremely near C. rusticus, but will

probably prove to be distinct. I have only one specimen

at my disposal. The sculpture of the upper-surface is

rather coarser. The thorax has a slight angulation at each

side ; the second joint of the antenna is a little longer,

and the scutellum is broadly impressed.

Hab. N. AMERICA: widely distributed and apparently

not uncommon in Mexico, “in pine forests at the higher

elevations.”

I have followed Mr, Gahan, in his arrangement of the

British Museum Criocephalus, in considering C. mexicanus

of Thomson and Bates to be a synonym of C. obsoletus.

For remarks on the North American species generally

see under C. nubilus.

GROUP 2.

Labrum with a pencil of hairs placed in a fovea in the

middle near the front,

the genus Criocephalus. 155

N.B.—I have not been able to examine the labrum in

C. exoticus and C. tibetanus, and one or both may therefore

prove not to belong to this division, Neither the hairs on

the eyes nor the lobing of the tarsi can be used as sectional

characters as there are intermediate conditions of both of

them. But in this section the ocular sete are usually

short, and the basal lobes short.

CRIOCEPHALUS PINETORUM, Woll.

g. Criocephalus pinetorum, Woll., Journ. Entom. II, p.

103 (1863); and Cat. Col. Canar., p. 388 (1864).

2. Criocephalus rusticus, id. Col. Atlant., p. 8345 (1865).

Wollaston first fell into the double error of considering

the sexes of C. pinetorum to be different species and of

determining the female to be C. rusticus. This was not

recognized by him in revising the work in 1865, and being

then baffled to distinguish the C. pinetorwm he sank the

species as being merely C. rwsticus, from which however it

is totally distinct. This does not complete the sum of

Wollaston’s confusion; for he considered the Madeiran C.

rusticus to be the same, though he noticed the different

habitat in the two islands. The insect found about

Funchal in Madeira in connection with the introduced,

lanted, conifers is really the C. rusticus of authors, while

the C. rusticus of Wollaston Coll. Atlant. (nec auctt.),

found in the native pinals of the Canary Islands, is

the female of C. pinetorum, Woll., and is a quite distinct,

precinctive species. As Wollaston found the two together

in the Canaries it appears remarkable that he should not

have considered them to be the sexes of one and the same

species. Probably he suspected them to be so, but not

having detected the characters that distinguish the female

from C. rusticus and C. ferus (which at that time were

generally confounded in collections), he finally came to the

erroneous conclusion that all were one species. Hence

this good species has since been lost sight of. Bedel how-

ever suspected some error; and in placing the name as a

synonym of C, rusticus added a note of interrogation.

This species has the eyes bare (2. e. with extremely short

setze between the facets) and the fourth jomt of the tarsi

intermediate between that of C. rusticus and C. ferus.

The sexes are very different, and hence Wollaston supposed

156 Mr. D. Sharp on

the female to be C. rusticus. The female differs from the

male by its large size, black colour, and the usual differ-

ences in the length of the antennz and the structure of

the apex of the abdomen.

“ Abounds in the Ancient Pinals of intermediate and

lofty elevations” (Woll. 1865), but nevertheless is exces-

sively rare in collections. Recorded from the islands of

Palma, Teneriffe, and Hierro.

The male is small (sometimes only 10 or 11 mm. long)

and of a brown colour, the gular area is very definitely

limited behind, almost semicircular, and is closely and

coarsely punctured, the bush of erect pubescence moderately

dense.

The female has not been described. I have seen only

two specimens of it, one in my own collection and one in

Wollaston’s Canarian collection, where it stands as C.

rusticus. It is more flat than the corresponding sex of C.

Jerus, and has a more transverse thorax. The punctuation

of the gular area is remarkably definite, and extends over

a large space ; the prosternum is but little convex in front,

and the metathoracic episternum is much narrower. In

these Jatter respects, as well as in the more deeply divided

third tarsal joints, it approaches (. rusticus.

CRIOCEPHALUS FERUS, Mulsant.

Transversim convexus ; mas fusco-niger, femina nigricans ; opacus,

elytris bicostatis, inter costas tantum subtilissime punctatus. Long.

10-30 mm.

The male is usually shorter and paler in colour than the

female and the prosternum is much less convex. This

species is rare in collections, and owing to this and to the

want of knowledge as to the sex-differences are due its

confusion with C. rusticus by entomologists. The two

forms are really profoundly different. The structure of the

labrum distinguishes the two absolutely, but there are

numerous other characters. In the male of C. ferus the

basal portion of the antenng is but little thicker than in

the female. In the female the front of the prosternum

is more convex, and the metathoracic episterna considerably

broader than in C. rusticus, The under-surface is altogether

more closely and finely punctate and pubescent and there-

fore less shining. The scutellum in C. ferus is never in

the least depressed along the middle; and the sculpture

the genus Crrocephalus. ta

and pubescence of the gular area are very different. In

C. rusticus the tarsi have the third joint divided almost to

the base, and the setz on the eyes are very conspicuous ;

while in C. ferus the eyes appear to be bare, and the tarsal

lobes are less perfect.

The species is extraordinarily variable in size, some

specimens of the female being quite three times as long as

the small males, and are broad in proportion; so that it

would take twenty or thirty of the small males to make up

the bulk of one of the largest females. There are also

some variations 1n the proportions of certain parts of the

body, so that I at first thought there to be more than one

species under the name of C. ferus. A series from Algeria

kindly communicated to me by M. Bedel has convinced

me that this is not the case. There is also great variation

in size independent of sex, some of the females being six

or eight times the bulk of other individuals of the same

sex. The distance between the eyes on the under-surface

of the head varies somewhat, and correlative with it there

is a difference in the sculpture of the gular area. I

distinguish the following variety with some doubt, having

seen only two examples.

C. FERUS, var. n. HISPANICUS.

Minor, praesertim angustior, elytris fere ecostatis. Long. ¢ 14,

? 16 mm.; lat. ¢ 9 4mm.

I have seen only a single pair found at Navalperal in

the Guadarrama range by Mr. Champion. They were in

company with Nothorhina muricata and are damaged by

turpentine. There is a slightly larger specimen from the

same locality in the Oberthiir collection. The sculpture

of the gular area appears to be more rugose and less definite

than in other forms of C. ferus, but the distinction in this

respect from certain other Spanish examples is not great.

It would take eight such females to attain the mass of a

well-developed female of C. ferzus.

C. ferus has a very wide distribution, but is rarely met

with, and then usually only in one or two individuals.

Lapland (Coll. Oberthiir from Coll. Thorey); Denmark ;

8. England; France (various localities including Fontaine-

bleau, in August 1898, Coll. Bedel); Portugal; Spain ;

Corsica; Algeria; Pireeus, Besika Bay ; Caucasus (Leder) ;

Akbes (Coll. Oberthiir) ; Madeira.

158 Mr. D. Sharp on

The synonymy of this species is a rather difficult

question. The oldest name that certainly applies to it is

that given by Dejean in his collection as a var. of C. rustacus,

and formally published by Mulsant in 1840. C. polonicus,

Motsch. (1845), is probably this species. As regards Calli-

dium triste, Fabr., Mant. Ins., p. 154, the brief description

gives no special reason for supposing it to be a Criocephalus,

except that he likens it to C. rusticus. The C. lugubre,

Gmelin, is simply an error; he copies Fabricius’ descrip-

tion of C. triste, and, as he gives no reason for changing the

name, he probably merely wrote “/ugubre”’ in error for

C. triste.

The following is therefore the only synonymy for which

I can venture to take any responsibility.

Criocephalus rusticus, var. ferus, Dej., Cat. Coll. (not

described) ; Mulsant, Long. France, ed. I, p. 4.

22 C7. coriaceus, Motsch, Bull. Mosc., 1845, 1, p. 89.

? C. polonicus, Motsch., l.c., p. 88.

C. epibata, Schiddte, Kroyer Tidskr. (3), ii, p. 521 (1864).

C. ferus, Kraatz, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., 1863, p. 107, and op.

cit., 1872, p. 319; Bedel, Faune Col. Seine, v, pp. 23

and 69,

CRIOCEPHALUS NUBILUS, Lec.

Criocephalus nubilus, Leconte, J. Ac. Philad., ser. 2, II,

p. 36.

This species has strong punctuation on the elytra lke

C. rusticus; the tarsi have moderate lobes like C. pinetorwm.

The labrum, I believe, brings the species in the C. ferus

group. The sculpture of the gular area is coarse and deep,

but occupies only a small area. The eyes bear long sete.

The prosternum is slightly convex in front.

Hab, N. AMERICA.

N.B.—The North American Criocephalus require a

thorough revision, for which the material does not exist

in this country, so far as I know. Leconte, new species

North American Coleoptera, Part II, 1873, gives no less

than seven species as North American. He divides the

genus into two groups: (1) tarsi feebly lobed, C. productus,

(7. agrestis and C. asperatus; (2) tarsi deeply divided with

long lobes, C. montanus, n. sp., C. obsoletus, C. nubilus,

C. wustralis. The matter stands practically as he thus left

the genus Criocephalus. 159

it thirty years ago. C. montanus is perhaps a variety of

C. nubilus. C.obsoletus and C. mexicanus are treated in the

British Museum collection by Mr. Gahan as being the same

species, and he is probably right. C. australis I do not

know; it is probably another genus, as suggested by

Leconte. '

In the Bull. Brooklyn Soc., vol. vii, 1884, pp. 63, 64,

there is given a table of the North American Criocephalus,

but it is not of any importance. It is taken from Leconte;

and some synonymy is added that is apparently taken from

the Munich. Catalozue; there is also a figure of “ C. pro-

ductus,’ which is certainly not representative of that

species, but is more like C. asperatus.

C. nubilus differs from the first Lecontian group of

species by having shorter hairs on the metasternum, and

longer setze on the eyes. It differs from C. tebetanus by

the less transverse thorax and the much larger lobes of the

tarsus,

CRIOCEPHALUS TIBETANUS, sp. n.

@. Major, fusco-niger opacus, prothorace sat transverso, elytris

bicostatis, fortiter punctatis. Long. 24 mm., lat. 6? mm.

Although this insect looks like C. rusticws, and has

sculpture similar thereto, it is allied to C. ferus. No setz

are visible on the eyes, there is a bush of erect pubescence

on the gular area, and the third tarsal joint is only slightly

bilobed. The labrum I have not been able to examine,

so that the position of the species is doubtful. The gular

area is not definitely limited behind, it is very broad,

densely sculptured, rugose in front, rather finely punctured

behind.

Hab, 'TIBET.

The type is in the British Museum, and was found in

Kast Tibet by one of the collectors of the late Mr. J. H.

Leech. A very similar insect from Tibet is the C. deceptor

described on a previous page.

CRIOCEPHALUS EXOTICUS, sp. 0.

¢. Angustus, niger, prothorace haud transverso, profunde bi-

impresso ; elytris obsoletissime costatis et punctatis. Long. 17 mm.,

lat. 5 mm,

Described from a single male in bad preservation in the

collection at the British Museum. The eyes have no long

160 Mr. D, Shatp on

hairs. The gular area is deeply rugosely punctate, and

bears a bush of long black hair. The front of the proster-

num shows some deep rugae. The second joint of the

antennz is elongate, about as long as the first joint. The

third joint of the tarsus is very little emarginate. Struc-

ture of labrum not definitely ascertained. The species is

no doubt quite distinct ; it looks like the North American

C. agrestis or productus, but appears to be nearer to C. ferus,

notwithstanding the intense black colour of the male.

Hab. NortH Cuin Hits, Burma. Lieut. Watson in

1894.

CRIOCEPHALUS AGRESTIS, Kirby.

Angustus, sat elongatus niger, elytris fusco-nigris ; prothorace

bi-impresso ad latera vix angulato; elytris bicostatis, inter cosias

subtilissime sculpturatis. Long. 184 mm., lat. 5 mm.

This North American insect in the male sex greatly

resembles C. ferws; it is rather more slender and shining,

and has a smaller thorax, which has a very shght angular

prominence at each side of the middle. I can give no

information as to the distribution of this species in North

America.

CRIOCEPHALUS PRODUCTUS, Lec.

Gracilis, elongatus, niger, elytris maris dilutioribus ; prothorace

haud transverso, disco inaequali, tri- vel quadri- impresso, ad latera

subangulato ; elytris elongatis, costatis, inter costas crebre perspicue

punctatis. Long. 20-26 mm., lat. 43, 65 mm.

Readily distinguished from C. agrestis by the more

elongate form, the less transverse thorax and the more

developed sculpture of the elytra. The sculpture of the

gular area consists of fine rugosities, and there is not much

beard.

Hab. N. AMERICA.

The species is, I believe, not uncommon in N.W, North

America, I have specimens from Montana (Morrison) ;

Vancouver (Mathew); California (Hepburn).

CRIOCEPHALUS ASPERATUS, Lec.

Latior, robustus, niger, elytris interdum dilutioribus ; prothorace

disco inzquali, ad latera numerose muricato-asperato, lateribus angu-

latim prominalis ; elytris bicostatis, sculptura inter costas obsoleta ;

antennis articulis ultimis quatuor abbreviatis. Long. 21-27 mm.,

lat. 7} mm.

the genus Ciriocephalus, 161

This very distinct species cannot be mistaken for any

other, the structure of the antennz being very peculiar.

The terminal four joints are abruptly shorter than the pre-

ceding, the eighth joint being scarcely half as long as the

sixth. There is not much difference between the sexes.

The male has the legs and antenne rather thicker and the

terminal joints of the latter not quite so abbreviate. The

bush of hair on the gular area is very remarkable in this

species. And the clypeus is considerably larger than in

any other species; in this last character it approaches the

genus Megasemum.

Apparently common in N.W. North America; it ex-

tends at any rate from Montana in the north of the United

States to Guaymas in Northern Mexico (Mathew).

LARV.

We have found larve of at least three species of Longi-

corn Coleoptera in the wood of the Scotch fir-trees in the

New Forest, viz. Rhagiwm bifasciatum, Asemum striatum

and Criocephalus ferus. These three larvee are extremely

similar. The characters of the three forms have been

described by Schiddte, so that it is only necessary here to

give diagnostic characters. Schiddte and the other writers

on the subject have given no information as to the habits

of the three larve, and as these exhibit very striking

differences, Mr. Smith’s notes on this subject will doubtless

be acceptable to a wide circle of entomologists.

The three larve, as already stated, are of three different

genera, Asemum, Criocephalus and Rhagiwm. Mr. Smith

has never met with all three contemporaneously associated,

but Asemum is frequently found in the same stumps as

Rhagium; and in the treesin which Criocephalus has been

found in this country it is also associated with Asemum.

Notwithstanding the extreme resemblance of the three

larvee, they may be readily distinguished by the spines at

the anal extremity of the body. In Rhagiwm there is

only one spine (Plate IX, fig. 9); in Asemum there are

two spines placed near one another*and divergent (Plate

TX, fig. 8); in Criocephalus there are two spines placed

at a little distance from one another (Plate IX, fig. 7)

and parallel, or even at the tips very slightly convergent.

In profile the two Asemum spines are straight; in

Criocephalus they are slightly directed upwards.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. -(MAY) 11

162 Mr. D. Sharp on

Asemum larva. The description and figures given by

Schiodte (Naturalist. Tidskr. (3) x, Plate xiv, pp. 443) are

correct so far as they go, but he has given of the whole

larva, and in his figure of the head has omitted all details

of sculpture and clothing. We have not been able to find

any other drawing of Asemwm larva, and have therefore

given a figure (Plate IX, fig. 6). Beyond the character

we have already mentioned, drawn from the spines, there

are only very slight marks of distinction from the larva of

Criocephalus ; Asemum larva has the surface slightly more

shining, the upper-surface of the head is conspicuously

shining, its colour is paler, and the whole head is less

robust and powerful than it is in Criocephalus.

Criocephalus ferus larva (Plate IX, fig. 5). Larva of

Criocephalus has been described by Schiddte, and some

of its parts figured by him, t.c., Plate xii, figs. 11-19.

His species he considered to be C. rusticus, and, notwith-

standing the confusion that has existed for so many years

as to C. ferus and C. rusticus, there is little doubt that he

was correct in his determination. The larva of C. ferus,

as found in the New Forest, agrees very closely with

Schiddte’s description of C. rusticus. If actual com-

parison could be made of the two larvee some distine-

tions would probably be found. The head of C. ferus

larva appears to be shorter than Schiddte’s figure, the

part behind the clypeus especially shorter, and destitute

of the peculiar lobe-like marks shown in Schiddte’s

figure.

The Jarvee of Asemum striatum (fig. 6) and of Cricoce-

phalus ferus (fig. 5) resemble one another extremely. C.

jerus larva is much larger when full-grown ; it attains a

leneth of 30 mm. or more, and a width across the thorax

of 9 or 10 mm.; the terminal segments are more ample ;

the mandibles and margin of the head are black; the

chitinized patches—darker in colour—are more definite

and conspicuous; the under-side of the head is rough

and pubescent, and darker in colour than in Asemwm ;

the antennze are shorter. in comparison; the two short

spines placed at a little distance from one another (Plate

IX, fig. 7) at the extremity of the body are, as already

pointed out, diagnostic. The spiracles of the Criocephalus

larva are more elongate (less circular) than they are in

Asemum. ‘There isa good deal of ditference in the way

these two larve distend their segments for the purpose of

the genus Criocephalus. 163

progression in their burrows, and for working at their

excavation.

Rhagium bifasciatum. This larva is abundant in the

New Forest, and unlike the larve of Criocephalus and

Asemum is easily obtained owing to its totally different

habits. The Rhagium lives only in the soft wood that has

commenced to decay.

I will here call attention to a very remarkable variation

that has been detected by Mr. Gahan during the progress

of this memoir. By the courtesy of the Director of the

British Museum (Natural History) I am able to figure it.

I have in the preceding pages formed the group Crioce-

phaline for certain forms that have only one spur on the

front tibia (Plate IX, fig. 14), instead of two as is usual in the

Cerambycidee (Plate IX, fig. 13). In the British Museum

collection Mr. Gahan has detected a female Criocephalus

rusticus having two spurs (Plate IX, fig. 15) on the tibia of

the left front-leg. Unfortunately the right front-leg is

missing in this specimen, but when the individual was first

observed it possessed both anterior legs, and Mr. Gahan

and myself are pretty certain that both legs possessed the

two spurs.

There appears to be nothing else abnormal about this

individual. It may be described in brief as a specimen

that departs from charactr of its species, genus and tribe ;

taking on the character of another tribe. The character

abnormal in this specimen is normal in Cerambycid

Coleoptera generally.

It would be almost useless to discuss the nature of this

variation without further information. Some will see in

it a case of “reversion.” Mr. Punnett has suggested to

me that it is probable that other specimens “similarly

“abnormal” may be found in the locality where this C.

rusticus comes from, and if so the case might be viewed as

one of more continuous heredity.

On the other hand, it must not be forgotten, that two

spurs are normal on the other legs of Criocephalus; so

that it is possible to view the abnormality as a case of

homeeotic variation (Bateson).

Summary of changes and additions made in the pre-

ceding paper :—

Criocephaline, new group separated from Aseminx.

Cephalallus, n, g., C. oberthuri, n. sp., Yunnan,

164

Mr. D. Sharp on the genus Criocephalus.

Megasemwm, defined and male of M. 4-costatwm described.

Cephalocrius, n. g. for Crio. syriacus, Reitter.

Criocephalus pinetorum, Woll., established as a valid species.

Female described for first time.

C. deceptor, coreanus, tibetanus, exoticus, n. spp.

C. ferus, var. hispanicus, n. var.

C. obsoletus, Rand. = (mexicanus, Th.), n. syn.

C. rusticus, description of an aberration.

FIG.

SO) See Nae

12,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Under-side of head of Criocephulus ferus.

” 22) nb 2) ” rustics,

Labrum of a ferus.

#4 a 65 rusticus

Larva of Oriocephalus ferus nearly full-grown.

» 3 Asemum striatum, profile.

Spines terminating the body of larva of Criocephalus ferus

seen from above and in profile.

Do. do. Asemum striatum.

Spine terminating body of larva of Rhagiwm seen from

above,

Portion of larva of Criocephalus ferus, showing form and

position of spiracles and the vestigial legs.

One of the legs more highly magnified.

Egg of Criocephalus ferus.

Portion of front-leg of Asemum striatwm 2 showing the

two spurs.

Portion of front-leg of Criocephalus rusticus 2 showing the

single spur.

Portion of front-leg of Criocephalus rusticus @ abnormal

specimen from Amanus mountains, showing the existence

of two spurs as in Asemwm.

Vila. The Habits of Asemum striatum and Criocephalus

ferus.

[Read February Ist, 1905.]

Asemum striatum was, prior to 1902, known in Great

Britain almost exclusively as an inhabitant of Scotch fir

(Pinus sylvestris) forests in Scotland.

Dr. Sharp recorded a specimen from Dumfriesshire in

1879. Messrs Rye and Skinner in recording the capture

of a specimen in 1898,in the New Forest, said—“ We

believe this to be the earliest record of the species from

the South of the Border” (“ Entom. Mo. Mag.” xxx, 1894,

p. 277). Nevertheless we have no doubt that it has been

abundant in the New Forest for a long period of years,

and has only failed to be detected because of its habits.

During May and June in 1902, while staying at Bourne-

mouth, I made several entomological excursions, with the

express purpose of obtaining Longicorn beetles in the

larval and pupal stages. It is well known to be very

difficult to rear these insects, and it may therefore be

well to explain my method.

My articles of equipment for this work included a thin-

edged teaspoon for picking up larvee and pup; a small

tobacco-box fitted up with short lengths of bamboo-cane

of different diameters to serve as artificial burrows for the

pup. The nearer the bamboo sections correspond with

the burrows from which pups are taken, the greater are

the chances of rearing them.

Also a number of cylindrical strong glass bottles with

metal screw caps, each one of which is intended for a separ-

ate larva. The bottles are filled tightly with two or three

pieces of wood and wood refuse taken from the larval

burrows; a suitable cavity is made between the pieces of

wood and the larva is inserted. Care is necessary in

order that the larva is not too tight nor yet too loose.

Once the larva is well established in its new burrow there

is not much risk of its dying. M. Valery Mayet advocates

the keeping of the Longicorn larve in galleries bored by a

large gimlet in solid wood (Bedel, Fauna Col. Seine V,

p. 77). For larvee in their last year or so, however, the

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

166 Mr. F, G. Smith on the Habits of

method I describe is very useful, and with care quite

satisfactory. The chief thing to guard against is empty

cavities which encourage mildew.

I secured and reared at this time several of the more

common species, and at a place near the South Coast I first

made acquaintance with Asemum striatum.

Emerging from a Scotch fir wood which I had been

working for some hours, and feeling tired, I sat down on

one of a great number of stumps of fir-trees which had

been cut down three or four years previously.

The tops of the stumps rose several inches above the

roots. JI immediately noticed a number of distinctly oval

and clean-cut holes on the table-like surface of the stump

and concluded that they were the work of a Longicorn

unknown to me.

While examining these holes I noticed a new hole

actually beginning to form, and through it a mandible

of a beetle appeared. With my knife I enlarged the hole

until the boring itself was laid open to view. The beetle

however had vanished down its burrow. I therefore

brought a small axe into play. I soon found however

that the stump was perfectly sound and almost as hard as

my axe; added to which, the roots radiating in all direc-

tions made it impossible to split off large pieces. How-

ever, after about an hour’s hard work I came in sight of

the beetle, but not of the bottom of its hole, for it seemed

to be able to retreat indefinitely. I at last laid down my

axe and sticking a pin into the end of a thin twig hooked

the beetle out minus two legs. This was my first Asemum

striatum taken from the bottom of its gallery thirteen or

fourteen inches long excavated in solid Scotch fir. This

concluded my day’s work, but I revisited the spot next day,

and after investigation I found that most of the stumps

were covered with holes almost all of which were quite

recent, and I also discovered that if I approached very

cautiously I could see the heads of the beetles at the

mouths of their burrows ; in many cases they were widen-

ing them to the required size of exit. In some stumps I

thus observed as many as twenty beetles at once. But

to secure them was quite a different matter; for as soon

as I touched a stump every beetle disappeared down its

hole not to appear again for an hour or so. I spent

several days carefully investigating the situation; during

which time I was only successful in securing about

Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus. 167

half-a-dozen maimed specimens. One stray specimen I

found on the ground among bits of bark. I did not see

one on the wing although there was brilliant sunshine.

During these two or three days I must have seen many

hundreds of the insect, all in their holes. The explanation

of this is that the insect is purely nocturnal in its habits,

taking refuge in its burrows during the daytime when

possible. It would appear however that though nocturnal,

it likes the sunshine, as most Longicorns do. The odd

specimens which subsequent to 1902 have been found at

different places have been stray insects most likely near

very strong colonies, seeing that from the colony I refer

to I only found one straggler. During the last day I

spent at this place at this time I devised a very simple

but effective method of obtaining specimens, and I took

in half-a-day about eighty. It would not, I think, be

fair to the insect to make this method generally known.

Among this number there were two of the var. agrestis,

which is a true variety and not an immaturity, as has been

supposed.

The normal insect, while undergoing the process of

hardening never assumes the brick-red tint of var. agrestis,

but rapidly changes from various hues of dull brown to

pitchy black; some however are not so black as others,

while var. agrestis having once arrived at the brick-red

colour retains that hue. Dr. Sharp has taken a stray

specimen of the var. agrestis on the wing, which proves

its maturity.

The situation I have referred to fulfilled at the time

the conditions necessary for a successful colony, which are

as follows :—

i. That the wood shall be dead or enfeebled, but not

have commenced to decay.

ii, The wood must not have ‘been attacked previously

by Lhagium bifasciatum, as the two are not

friendly, though the existence of Asemwm facili-

tates that of Lhagium.

Probably the insect exists in the same stump (not includ-

ing the thin rootlets) during a maximum period of five

years. My supposition is based on the following :—

Throughout the three years during which the first

brood is maturing, there are no visible punctures on the

168 Mr. F. G. Smith on the Habits of

flat face of the stump, consequently the rain does not pene-

trate into the wood in quantities sufficient to hasten decay.

Moreover, when the tree was felled a coating of resin was

formed on the surface, which prevented the water from

sinking in. For three years therefore the wood was per-

fectly sound and free from superfluous moisture and quite

unsuitable for the accommodation of Asemwm’s greatest

enemy, viz. Lhagiwm bifasciatum.

During these three years successive broods of larvie

entered upon existence.

When at the end of this period the first brood emerged

as perfect insects, the second brood had to live the final

year of their lives under far less favourable conditions

than the first; for every time it rained during that

year, the open burrows of the larvae that had already

developed conducted the water into the centre of the

stump, everywhere spreading decay, which had the effect

of driving some of the larve deeper into the roots while

many perished.

This was proved by the fact that when I revisited this

spot the following year with my friend, Mr. Willoughby

Ellis, although a fortnight later than in the previous

year, there were but few recent though many old

burrows.

The third brood exists under very unfavourable con-

ditions ; for, in the first place, they were tiny one-year

larvee when the rapid disintegration, caused by the open

burrows conveying the rain into the stump, commenced.

In the second place, these unfortunate larvee before they

were much older found that their burrows were repeatedly

crossed with the ever widening ones of their great rival

Rhagium, which species, owing to the decay caused by

repeated rains, has now completely gained the mastery over

the stump, so that the third brood of Asemwm has very

little chance of completing its development.

A few however succeed in finding their ways to the

thin rootlets, and I have found in upturned stumps in the

New Forest, the insect in all its stages ; the rootlets sound

but sometimes no thicker than one’s little finger, the

whole of the decayed part of the stump including the

larger roots being given over to Rhagium.

Since the discovery of this colony I have found a great

number of colonies of Asemuwm scattered all over the New

Forest and in remote corners of Hampshire and Dorset,

Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus. 169

and I have always observed that the insect is closely

followed up by Rhagium.

It is thus clear that Asemum striatum and Rhagiwm

bifasciatum together constitute one of the most potent

(though unobtrusive) helps to forestry. For there is good

reason for supposing that there is never a considerable

number of Scotch firs felled in the New Forest but these

two insects turn the opportunity to good account and

speedily reduce the stumps to manure.

The former ever retreats before the progress of decay

until retreat is no longer possible, while the latter delights

in decay and feeds on decaying wood until it thus reduces

the whole stump to powder, with the exception of the

thinnest layer of outer wood which hides its depredation

within. It often happens that a stump, the upper-surface

of which is covered with Asemum holes, and would appear

to contain larve of that imsect, when tapped, completely

collapses and appears but a mass of dust and manure.

Rhagium is not what we may call a hard-working insect

and does not make a hole of exit unless necessary, but

uses any convenient fissure, or the holes of Asemum, for

the purpose of exit.

The life-cycle of Asemwm is as follows, viz. :—

At the end of May or early in June, a number of eggs

are inserted between the scales of the bark on the sides of

the stump or exposed portions of the thick roots. The

young larve soon hatch and for some time feed on the

bark itself. Having worked their way through the bark

they do not bore between the bark and the wood as the

Callidiide do, but penetrate through the outer layer of

wood, when, if they were deposited in the side of the

stump, they commence working downwards, just under

the surface of the wood, making as they proceed galleries,

the calibre of which is in one direction slightly larger

than their own bodies and in the other direction much

wider. These galleries wind about and their margins are

more or less tortuous, The larvee when about half-grown

have proceeded some distance down the stump, and they

then connect the burrows with the outside by means of

small holes. Up to this point, as they progressed, their

galleries were completely and tightly filled behind them

with wood-dust and refuse, which they had compressed

so tightly that when dry it is almost as hard as the sur-

rounding wood. Till this period, the decay of the stump

170 Mr. F. G. Smith on the Habits of

has not been at all hastened by these larvae, for they have

left behind them no communications that would facilitate

the entrance and growth of mildew.

There are no punctures in the bark, and when this is

removed there are generally no traces of borings on the

inside of the bark, nor on the surface of the wood. The

small borings through which the larva entered the wood

itself are filled up and become almost imperceptible.

Owing to this absence of orifices, even though a stump

may contain a great number of Jarvee in this stage, one

not acquainted with their habits would be most likely to

overlook them.

But having made its communication with the exterior

the larva’s efforts have an additional object, for from hence-

forth they are partly directed towards making suitable

provision for itself during its later stages. It for a time

continues to bore downwards but with a more inward

direction, and instead of compressing the refuse behind

it as it previously did, it forces it through the orifice

alluded to.

After pursuing this method for some time it concludes

its downward course and enlarges the end of the burrow

so as to form a sort of turning-space. This may be

anything between eight to fifteen inches below the flat

surface of the stump. The larva now changes its direction

and strikes upwards, with a burrow which has a calibre

somewhat more corresponding with the shape of its body,

and also straighter than its downward burrow.

An upward burrow may at once be distinguished from a

downward one by the fact that the latter is almost imper-

ceptible on account of its being tightly filled with refuse,

while the former is visible as it is free from devs.

When the larva has brought its gallery very close to the

outside of the wood, it discontinues the gallery and pushes

into the dome-shaped termination thereof a number of

long wood-fibres, which it tightly compresses together. If

this be not done to keep out the rain, I cannot suggest

any other purpose.

In this completed and unobstructed upward-burrow, the

larva lives for a considerable time, for | have found com-

pleted burrows in October, while the insect does not

pupate till the following spring.

During this period it gradually ceases its activity and

becomes whiter in colour. Jt pupates in May, remaining

Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus. rt

in the pupa state about three weeks. The pupa is very

active. It has no cocoon, but can use the whole of its

upward-burrow (wp and down which it frequently travels)

for the purpose.

The extremity of its abdomen is provided with two long

sharp spines which assist in this operation.

The way it progresses is interesting. It curls the

extremity of its body underneath it, with the result that

one of the spines becomes fixed into the side of the

burrow. It then straightens itself. This operation con-

tinually repeated constitutes its mode of locomotion.

Minute down-curved spines on the dorsal side of the

abdomen prevent it from slipping down its burrow when

stationary. A noteworthy point in reference to these

spines is that they are the only hard and dark parts in

the pupa immediately after its metamorphosis from the

larva.

Apparently its object in travelling up and down its

burrow is to prevent the growth of mildew upon its walls.

I have observed that in glass tubes containing these and

other Longicorn larve the galleries when occupied by

healthy larva or pupa are immune from mildew, while the

other parts of the wood may be badly infested.

It will be recalled that the pupa of the clear-wing

moths are provided with serrations on the margins of their

abdominal plates to assist them in travelling up and down

their burrows in a similar manner.

These spines serve an additional purpose, for they assist

the pupa in the initial stages of casting its skin, by enabling

it to hold its body more rigid and in greater tension, while

splitting open the thin skin at the back of its neck. It

will thus be seen how necessary it is in rearing these and

allied pupee, to put them in tubes which afford them the

same facilities for doing this as their native burrows do.

I have lost more pupze from exhaustion in seeking to

split this thin skin than from any other cause.

After undergoing its final metamorphosis Asemwm

matures rather rapidly.

The imago opens the roof of its prison when almost

mature.

Seeing that their burrows are the only places where one

can hope to find these insects, it seems pretty certain

that when possible they always hide in them during the

daytime, affording as they do such excellent retreats,

172 Mr. F. G. Smith on the Habits of

Asemum sometimes attacks standing trees, but only

when the trees’ vitality has been impaired. In such cases

the upward borings are often much shorter than when the

insect attacks stumps.

There is no fear of Asenvum spreading from sickly trees

to healthy ones, and the greatest inducement for it to

attack is if the trees are burnt round the roots.

CRIOCEPHALUS FERUS.

My investigations in connection with Asemum striatum

led to my exploring the Scotch fir woods of the New

Forest.

In June 1902, in a grove of large trees, I observed a

number of conspicuous holes in the trunks between a foot

and fifteen inches from the ground. They were very like

Asemum holes, distinctly oval and clean-cut, but the

majority were much larger. Although it was raining

heavily I proceeded to investigate the cause. In an hour

or two I was rewarded by securing fifteen or sixteen large

larvee which looked much like Asemwm larvee but which I

clearly saw were different. I supposed that the insect

must be Hylotrupes bajulus. I was therefore much sur-

prised when early in August I reared from them a long

brown insect which certainly was not Hylotrupes. I at

once searched the Birmingham libraries for information, and

found in W. Rothschild’s “ Musée Entomologique Illustré ”

a short description and figure of Criocephalus rusticus, I

concluded that that was my insect, and accordingly so

labelled it in my collection. Towards the end of the same

month another emerged, and the only surviving larva,

showing no sign of pupation, continued to burrow in its

piece of wood. The reason I lost so many larve at this

time was that at the time of capture I had not sufficient

receptacles to enable me to, keep each one separate. The

larvee proved to be very active and irritable, and in con-

sequence before I arrived home all except three had

received injuries.

Early in 1903 I made the acquaintance of Mr.

Willoughby Ellis and informed him that I had taken

Criocephalus in the New Forest, and after seeing my

specimens and the surviving larva, he accompanied me to

the habitat. He subsequently wrote an article on the

subject which appeared in the “Ent. Recd.,” 1903, xv, 259.

Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus. 173

In setting forth what I know of the life history of this

insect, with which I subsequently became more fully

acquainted, I will, in order to avoid repetition, mention

chiefly those respects in which it differs from that of

Asemum striatum.

In the first place, it attacks large trees that are standing

and growing. When I discovered its habitat, the trees

appeared in no respect to differ from the surrounding

ones, but we now believe the vitality of these trees was

somewhat impaired by some cause or other,

~The wood in which the larvz were boring was by no

means dead; for when cut, sap freely exuded.

A careful examination revealed the fact that some of

the roots were dead or dying and inhabited by Asemwm.

The holes of Criocephalus are usually further from the

ground than in the case of Asemum, when that insect

attacks trees.

Judging from the length of time that the larva appears

full grown and lives in its completed burrow it would

appear to be much longer-lived than Asemum.

The following, in addition to other evidence I have

gathered, proves that this larva lives for a very considerable

time in its completed burrow, viz. : early in August of last

year I carefully opened two completed burrows which ran

side by side; the unobstructed portion of each was of

similar length, and I did not observe any difference. Each

contained a larva; one of these was about to pupate, while

the other, judging from its sluggish movements, appeared

to be rapidly approaching that condition. 1 concluded

that both would provide imagos last year. The former

however pupated, while the latter simply underwent a

larval ecdysis, and I hope to rear it this year; also the

largest larva I have ever seen I procured at that time,

but it will not mature till next August.

I am of the opinion that Criocephalus while in the larval

state always makes a hole for its exit asan imago and stuffs

up the entrance with gnawed-down bark. I do not con-

sider however that I have sufficient evidence to be quite

positive on this point. It is interesting to note however

that. Criocephalus forces a very much larger quantity of

material into the end of its burrow than Asemwm does,

the stopped-up part sometimes extending right through

the bet and into the wood itself where long wood-fibre

is used,

174 Mr. F. G. Smith on the Ialits of

This wood-fibre is quite different from any refuse found

Jower down its burrow and is only used for this purpose.

When the bark is very thick the larva pupates in the bark

itself, stopping up this portion of its gallery at each end.

When it pupates in the wood it reserves a considerable

portion of its burrow for its final stages and the pupa

travels up and down as that of Asemwm does.

Another interesting point about the burrows of these

larvee, and one which also shows that the larva lives for a

considerable time in that portion of its burrow which may

be termed its pupa-case, is that near the hole of exit the

larva makes a short off-shoot, into which it pushes one of

its discarded skins, and carefully covers over the entrance

to it with wood-dust. The result of this performance is

to place out of reach an object which would encourage the

growth of fungi. In one of my specimens of these pupa-

cases the annex containing the skin is full of mildew and

putrefaction, while the pupa-case itself is quite free from

any such thing.

Another noteworthy fact in the economy of this insect

is the extreme lateness in the season at which the perfect

insect appears. It apparently never undergoes its final

metamorphosis in this country till about the end of July,

although Dr. Sharp reared a specimen in June of last

year. I think there is no doubt however that this was

due to the high temperature of the room it was kept in

and to its proximity to the fire. Having cast its pupal

skin it is at the very least a fortnight before it is ready to

leave its hiding-place. In large, well-developed specimens,

it takes quite a considerable time for the distended abdo-

men to sufficiently contract not to be an impediment to

the insect and to come within the limits of the elytra.

Having matured, it leaves its prison as the twilight is

giving place to darkness.

It has been thought that it is a sluggish insect, but so

far is that from the case that I believe it to be second to

none of the British Longicorns for fleetness of foot and

agility of wing. There seems no difference between the

sexes in this respect. They both continue to fly and run

about at a great rate late into the night.

I kept several alive last year and they all died about

one month after maturing. They came from their hiding-

places regularly at the same time every night, and once

or twice I looked at them after 12 o'clock, and found

Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus. Wig

them still active. I succeeded in breeding with one pair,

and have at present some of their offspring in a piece of

bark.

I have on two or three different occasions observed them

flying about in their natural habitat, and noted that the

time at which they appeared was the same as in the case

of specimens in captivity.

The eggs look exceedingly like those of the common

blow-fly and are thrust deep down between the laming of

the bark to which they are cemented. A female does not

deposit many more than fifty or sixty eggs.

During the daytime the insect is perfectly inert, almost

to the point of feigning death. It may be said to be at

large from the middle of August till the middle of

September, although I have specimens which did not cast

their pupal skins till September.

I consider that the following considerations are re-

sponsible for this insect not having been observed

previously :—

i. The comparative rarity of suitable habitats.

i. The great difficulty in securing the perfect insect

(though the habitat may be known) on account

of its nocturnal habits and its great resemblance

to the bark among which it hides.

i. The difficulty in securing the larve owing to the

very hard wood into which they bore.

iv. The unusual lateness in the season at which it

appears.

v. Its probable confinement to one spet for a great

number of years.

vi. The fact that pine woods in S. England have till

lately been almost entirely ignored as unproductive

by Coleopterists.

Most of the above considerations are doubtless respon-

sible for the fact that Asemuwm up till 1902 was almost

unknown as an inhabitant of Great Britain south of the

Border. But as it does not appear ‘‘out of season” as

Criocephalus does, and is so very much more common than

that insect, it is indeed remarkable that it has not been

better known by British collectors before.

Before bringing these notes on the habits of these two

interesting insects to a close I must take this opportunity

176 The Habits of A. striatum and C. ferus.

of expressing my great indebtedness to Dr. Sharp, who

has put every possible facility in my way to help me to

complete my knowledge of these insects, and apart from

whose generous assistance it would have been impossible

for me to have contributed this very small item to the

stock of entomological knowledge.

My thanks are also due to Mr. Ellis, Mr. Colbran J.

Wainwright, and Mrs. Lamb of Brockenhurst, for help I

have received in various ways,

VIII. On the matrivorous habit of the species of HETERO-

GYNIS, Rmbr. By T. A. CHAapman, M.D., F.ZS.

[Read February Ist, 1905.]

IN presenting these notes in extension of my previous

papers on Heterogynis, Rmbr., the regret, I must acknow-

ledge, in having to correct an error I had fallen into but

slightly modifies the satisfaction I have in having at

length made certain observations, which I ought no doubt

to have made before, and in fact narrowly escaped making.

The satisfaction results not so much from the somewhat ~

remarkable nature of the observations themselves, as from

the circumstance that they appear to explain the object to

be attained by, and therefore the forces in action that

evolved, the very anomalous specialization of the female

imago in this genus, and relieves us from having to regard

them as isolated and inexplicable phenomena.

In my paper on H. paradowa in the Transactions of the

Society, 1902, pp. 717-718, I said that the young larvee of

that species “hibernate by spinning a small cocoon in

some crevice of the food-plant or elsewhere. H. paradoxa

does this, I find, in the second instar; Mr. Fletcher found

Hf, penella did so in the third. Whether there is here a

real specific distinction I cannot say, or whether there may

be an error of observation on my part, or Mr. Fletcher’s.

The newly-hatched larva of H. penella is certainly much

smaller than that of H. paradoxa.” Again, p. 726, I wrote,

“The newly-hatched larvae present very important differ-

ences that have perhaps more specific value than any

others.” I then proceed to describe certain differences in

the possession of stellate hairs by paradoxa which are not

to be found in H. penella until the second instar.

This year I met with H. paradoxa at La Granja; I was

too late for larve or moths, but found cocoons, from some

of which the larve had already hatched, from others of

which they emerged after I took them. Perchance the

want of the more interesting stages made me attend more

closely to the material I had. The result of my observa-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 12

178 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

tions is that the passages I have quoted above from my

previous paper on the species, are quite correct, if, by

“hatching,” one means the emergence of the young larvee

from the pupa-case and cocoon of their mother. But as

the true meaning of the word is emergence from the egg

they are all wrong. Hine ille lachrymx, though I rejoice

more over the correction than I weep over the error.

The actual facts are that in all the species the newly-

Fie. 1.

hatched larve are very similar; in all, their first pious

duty is to eat the remains of their mother.

Having done this, H. penella and H. canalensis perforate

the maternal pupa-case with various openings and make

their escape. An examination of the empty pupa-case

they have left shows it quite clean and containing only a

very few threads of silk entangling a small but varying

number of small greyish pellets, which I take to be urates

or some similar effete product of the dead mother. In

H., paradoaa, for some reason, the procedure is different,

probably because the mother is much larger than in the

Matrivorous habit of the species of Heterogynis. 179

other species, and the difference in size is largely expressed

not in the size or number of her eggs, but in the mass of

eatable materials she represents after her decease. At

any rate the young larvee get larger than do those of the

other species, and undergo their first moult before penetrat-

ing the pupa-case and cocoon and venturing to appear at

large.

A pupa-case of H. paradoxa §, from which the young

Fic. 2.

larvee have emerged, presents a dirty and muddled aspect

due to the presence of a good deal of spinning by the

young larve, amongst which the skins they cast at their

first moult are entangled.

A very interesting point is that there is no trace of

larval frass present in either species. This one can more

easily understand perhaps in the case of H. penella, where

the total amount of maternal tissue is small, and each larva

gets but little, as evidenced by their small size on emerging

from the parent cocoon. But in the case of H. paradoxa

the amount must be considerable, as the larvae grow very

180 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

appreciably, in fact about double their size, besides going

through a whole instar and making a moult.

I am afraid that in my previous observations, made in

the first place hurriedly in the field, and not afterwards

properly verified, I mistook the heads of the cast skins for

larval frass, and assumed some such amount of frass to be

what one would reasonably expect after their first meal of

the maternal tissues. In H. paradoxa one finds, however,

nothing but some threads, the cast larval skins (skins as

well as heads), and the pellets of urates, which from their

small number and comparatively large size are obviously

maternal and not larval débris. The young larve there-

fore go through a whole instar, more than double their

size, undergo a moult, and then perforate the pupa skin,

and make their way through the cocoon without ejecting

any frass or effete material. It seems to follow that the

maternal remains must consist almost entirely of com-

pletely assimilable materials. As the larve on facing the

world have to begin life in many cases by making a long

journey to find their food-plant, a meal before starting is

an obvious advantage, but this does not explain the

curious details of the process, or why it should differ in the

several species.

I should note that I have examined just now pupz of

paradoxa and canalensis, but have no adequate specimen

of penella by me. With regard to it, therefore, I merely

assume from my previous observations of it that it agrees

with canalensis.

It results that at corresponding instars the larvee of the

several species are very much alike, it also follows that

the discrepancy between Mr. Fletcher’s observations as

to the hibernating instar of H. penella and mine of

H. paradoxa does not exist, though it is my fault that

there appeared to be one.

The distinction I drew between the first instar larvee of

H. penella and H. paradoxa does not exist as a structural

difference at all ; nevertheless there is a difference between

them in habits and instincts, which is probably of quite as

great importance.

The only other matter I observed this year at La Granja

as regards H. paradoxa was that it had two widely-separated

habitats, one at about 5200 ft. elevation, where its food-

plant was <Adenocarpus hispanica, the other at about

7000 ft. on Cytisus purgans; the opportunity was wanting

Matrworous habit of the species of Heterogynis, 181

to determine whether there was any varietal distinction

between the two races, but this is very probable, as the

intermediate country and elevations were without any

“broom” capable of nourishing the species, so that the

two colonies were probably segregated with considerable

strictness.

The extreme development of the matrivorous habit in

H. paradoxa, and its obviously great importance in the

economy of the species, afford an explanation of the

remarkably aberrant habits and structure of the female

imago, and give us some hints as to the probable steps by

which they were evolved.

Though the latter are more or less hypothetical, and

therefore less certain than the former, we may take them

first, as they are so in point of time.

We may safely assume that the first steps in the process

of evolution were similar to those that obviously obtained

in Psyche and Orgyia. Firstly, apterousness of the 2 con-

sequent on laying the eggs, on or in the cocoon or close by.

Then eggs laid in the pupa-case. And somewhere at this

point the dominating conditions would probably be those

which I imagined still to obtain, as no doubt subsidiarily

they do, when I discussed this matter in connection with

Hf. penella (Ent. Trans., 1898, p. 46), viz. protection of the

eggs from enemies and from desiccation by the mother

dying in and blocking the open end of the pupa-case. At

this time the moth probably still retained some legs and

some scales or hairs. Both Psychids and Orgyias still

retain some hairs, so far as I know, in all cases.

The delicate nature of the eggs (as in the allied

Anthroceras) would make protection against drought a

strong selective agency, and there would now come in the

matrivorous instincts of the larva. These no doubt would

originate accidentally in the necessities of the larvze finding

a way of escape from the pupa-case, leading some of them

to do so by eating into, or at least nibbling the dead body

of the 2. So soon as matrivoracity became definitely an

instinct then several forces would come into action. As

these would be the same that now keep the arrangements

in their present perfection we may better consider them in

connection with the explanation they afford of existing

facts. The very complete closure of the pupa-case, so that

it looks as if it had never been opened, and no moth ever

emerged from it, becomes very important when we regard

182 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

the body of the moth no longer as a second line of defence,

but as a store of food to be kept from enemies gross or

bacterial, from drying up, and from other dangers. The

precautions for the moth getting safely back into the

pupa-case, apparently rather a hopeless matter considering

its maggot-like structure, become more obviously matters

of necessity, leading up to the organic connection the moth

has with the pupa-case at the sites of the atrophied legs.

The brief time the moth remains out of the pupa-case, less

probably sometimes than five minutes, is not only import-

ant as minimizing the period of exposure to enemies, but

also as a period of deterioration of the moth as a food

material.

We next come to the extraordinary structure (or want

of structure) of the moth itself. Everything aims at the

whole available forces and materials possessed by the larva

when it spins its cocoon being devoted to egg formation on

one hand and larval food on the other, and further that the

last object hardly takes a second place. If we compare

the female Heterogynis with those females of the Psychids

in which the structures have most degenerated, we find

that in the Psychids everything has given way to egg

development. The protection of the eggs is achieved

chiefly by mixing them with the hairs from the maternal

surface, and the female drops out of the case after she has

laid her eggs as a mere sciap of chitin, with considerable

masses of urate sand some little fluid. There is, in fact,

nothing whatever edible. In Heterogynis no hairs are

used to protect the eggs, and not only is the 2 devoid of

hairs and scales, but the cuticle is a simple membrane

without traces of the bases of hairs or scales, without any

skin points or other structures, and if I said actually

without chitin, I think I should commit no large error

demonstrable in a chemical balance. In the next place,

the urates are very small inamount. The quantity which

most insects void on emerging from the pupa is very

considerable, partly left in the pupa-case, partly voided

after the wings are expanded; it is usually in solid

particles suspended in fluid; there is usually some excess

tluid to be got rid of after the wings are expanded. Why

are these urates less in the case of Heterogynis? If 1 am

asked are they really so, I must admit that I am_ not

prepared to meet the question, as having weighed the

material in question. But the thing seems to me to be

Matrivorous habit of the spectes of Heterogynis. 183

so obvious, comparing the few pellets remaining from

Fleterogynis, with the deposits usual in most moths of

similar size, that the matter is self-evident. The urates

represent the amount of tissue waste that has taken place.

Now in Heterogynis this tissue waste is that involved in

the muscular exertion of spinning the cocoon, in casting

the larva skin, and in the emergence and retreat of the

moth, and in laying her eggs. The whole process of

histolysis and development by which the larval structures

are absorbed, and the imaginal (wings, legs, hairs, scales,

antenne, etc.) are built up from their embryonal condition

is completely saved ; this process must in ordinary Lepido-

ptera require a good deal of expenditure of tissue material.

In Heterogynis not only are no imaginal structures de-

veloped, but the larval skin muscles and the larval

colouring remain unchanged. I have already noted the

skin to be devoid of the usual skin points, but there are in

fact no hard parts whatever, no head plate, no prothoracic

plate, no appendages, no solid parts to the ovipositor, etc.

Everything is eatable, and all is eaten; I do not think we

can find in the imaginal composition any explanation of

why the larvee void no excreta during a whole instar, and

until, during the second instar, they have made their

escape from the parental cocoon.

This is probably a matter of hygiene, by which the

presence of such excreta would be most undesirable

amongst the crowded larve, especially if their emergence

were delayed by any climatic or other causes. The case of

such larvee as those of Cnethocampa, whose nests are loaded

with frass, are hardly parallel, since these nests are very

roomy, and the portion into which the larvee crowd are

more or less free from frass, whilst in the Heterogynis

pupa-case the larvee are solidly wedged together with no

spare space and very few threads of silk. That there shall

be no trass, however, that the larvz shall not require to

void anything, it is no doubt necessary that the pabulum

shall be of a most concentrated and digestible nature.

Summarizing the facts now advanced, there is first the

correction of the error as to first stage of H. paradoxa,

due to the recognition of the circumstance that it does

not emerge from the maternal pupa-case and cocoon till it

has moulted into the second instar. Secondly, the import-

ance in the economy of the genus, and especially in

H. paradoxa, of the matrivorous habit, all the details

184 Dr. T. A, Chapman on Heterogynis,

connected with which are elaborated to a degree, and of

which the remarkable structure of the female and her way

of life, are items which it very largely explains. I cannot

call to mind any other Lepidopteron with such a matrivorous

habit.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.

Pupa-cases of H. canalensis (fig. 1) and H. paradoxa

(fig. 2) longitudinally divided and placed on _ slides—all

contents preserved. Photographs by A. E. Tonge, Esq.

The amplification is four diameters,

The H. canalensis pupa has no contents, but a few grey

pellets of maternal urates.

The H. parodoxa has similar pellets, but also contains

larval skins, of which the heads are very conspicuous, cast

on their first moult by the young larve. There is no

larval frass. There is in neither case any trace of the

mother except the pellets of urates.

The more solid abdominal ends of the cases are split

irregularly,

185

IX. Descriptions of some new species of Satyride from

South America. By FREDERICK Du CANE Gop-

MAN, D.C.L., F.R.S., ete.

[Read March Ist, 1905.]

PLATE X,

I TAKE the opportunity of describing the following

apparently new species of South American Satyride, which

have been for some time unnamed in my collection, before

handing them over to the Natural History Museum.

Pierella chalybea, sp. n.

Very similar to P. lamia, Sulz., but differs in having rather more

than the basal half of the hind-wings in both sexes suffused with

steely-blue, the black rings round the submarginal row of white

spots is almost or quite absent, the outer margin of these wings is

very broadly infuscate, and the two inner lines crossing the disc are

faint,

Hab. Brazit, Chapada (H. H. Smith).

I have two males and one female of this Pierel/a, which

seems sufficiently distinct to require a separate name.

The steely-blue suffusion of the basal area of the hind-

wings is strongly marked in both sexes. This character

also distinguishes it from P. rhea, Fabr.

Euptychia analis,sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 1, f.)

dg. Very like EF. batesi, Butl. ; above faintly suffused with purple

and the hind-wings with a conspicuous patch of dark blue scales at

the anal angle, the two reddish-brown bands beneath broad and

visible from above.

Hab. AMAZONS, San Paulo and Tapajos (Bates); PERu,

Pebas (Hawksley).

Three males. This appears to be a form of H#. batesi,

which also occurs at Tapajos, differing from it as

indicated above.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

186 Mr. F. Du Cane Godman on Descriptions of

Euptychia stigmatica, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 2, f.)

¢. Very similar to £. cxrilea, Butl., but paler blue, the primaries

with an elongated brand about the middle of the inner margin

composed of intermixed white and reddish-brown scales, the broad

blackish border less sharply defined, the transverse blackish streak

beyond the cell distinct ; beneath bluish-grey, the lines crossing

the wings broader.

Hab. ARGENTINA, Entre Rios (HZ. H. Smith).

One specimen. This insect in size, colour, and marking

resembles the female of /. cvrulea, but wants the inner

submarginal line on the secondaries and the line crossing

the cell on the primaries. The male has a very con-

spicuous elongate brand at the middle of the inner margin

of the primaries, a character not found in £. cxrulea.

There is also a male of this species in the Hewitson

Collection at the British Museum; it is labelled “ Rio

River.” A female placed with it in the same collection

no doubt belongs here.

Huptychia penicillata, sp.n. (Plate X, figs. 3, 3a, $; 4, 2.)

¢. Greenish-plumbeous, the primaries with a dense pencil of long

coarse brown hairs below the origin of the first branch of the median

nervure ; beneath greenish-brown, crossed by two common dark

brown lines, and with the usual wavy submarginal line of the same

colour, the primaries with three small ocelli, the subapical one

conspicuous, the others indistinct ; the secondaries with a series of

five ocelli, the second and last large and the others small.

@. Uniform brown above ; beneath as in the male, but the

ground-colour pale brown, becoming grevish towards the outer

margin.

Hab, AMAZONS, Tapajos (Bates).

One pair, which I have had for many years unnamed in

my collection. The male has a tuft of hairs on the fore-

wings as in the same sex of £. pilata, Butl., the hairs

themselves being coarser than in 4. wmbrosa.

Luptychia scopulata, sp. n. (Plate X, figs. 5, 5a, f.)

4. Allied to E. penicillata and having a similar tuft of hairs on

the fore-wings, but of a browner hue above ; beneath greyish, the

two common lines crossing the wings broader and of a red-brown

colour, the primaries with two ocelli only.

some new species of Satyride from South America. 187

Hab. UPPER AMAZONS.

Dr. Staudinger has sent me a single male example of

this insect, which for some time has been placed with the

preceding species in my collection. Although very like

LE. penicillata it differs considerably on the under-side.

Euptychia mimas, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 6, 3.)

¢. Uniform dark-brown ; beneath paler, crossed by two dark-brown

lines and with a narrow, wavy, similarly coloured submarginal line,

the primaries with a series of two or three small ocelli, that nearest

the apex the most distinct, the secondaries dusted with ochreous

seales and with a series of five bipupillate ocelli, the second and fifth

black within.

Hab. Boutvia, Coroico, 6500 ft. (Gar 7g

Three examples. Near /. phineus, Butl., from Venezuela.

Euptychia boliviana, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 7, 2.)

¢. Bright-brown ; beneath paler, primaries with a broad ochra-

ceous band extending from the anal angle and becoming less distinct

towards the apex, a wavy submarginal dark line, and two or three

very minute white spots towards the apex ; secondaries, except at the

base and outer margin, thickly covered with whitish scales, crossed

by two irregular ochraceous submarginal bands, three strongly

angulate dark lines (two crossing the disc, the third submarginal),

and a series of minute white dots.

Hab. Bouivia, San Jacinto, 6000-8000 ft. (Garlepp).

Two specimens. This is a species of large size, uniform

bright brown above, and peculiarly marked beneath.

Euptychia (2) biocellata, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 8, %.)

¢. Uniform brown, the primaries with a double black ocellus to-

wards the apex enclosed in an ochreous ring; beneath paler, the

ocellus more conspicuous aud surrounded by a dark line, which

becomes faint at the apex and forms an angle towards the inner

margin, the space between it and the outer margin marked with grey ;

secondaries with two broad grey bands crossing the wing, one just

beyond the cell (bordered internally by a dark tiney the other close

to the margin and extending along the inner margin to the base, the

cell also crossed by a faint dark line about the middle.

Hab. Boutvia, Tanampaya, 6000-8000 ft. (Garlepp).

Three specimens of this small species have been sent

me by Dr. Staudinger. Jt will perhaps prove not really

188 Mr. F. Du Cane Godman on Descriptions of

to belong to Huptychia. There are, however, several

members of that genus similarly coloured on the upper-

side, but the present insect differs from all of them in the

marking of the under-side of the secondaries.

Lymanopoda maso, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 9, 3.)

¢. Uniform brown ; beneath as above, the primaries at the apex

and the secondaries towards the inner margin dusted with lilac

scales, the primaries with a submarginal series of minute white dots,

the secondaries with a curved series of six or seven whitish pupillated

spots running from the apex to the anal angle. Primaries truncate

at the apex, secondaries dentate on the outer margin.

Hab. Cotomsta, Frontino in Antioquia (7. K. Salmon).

Four specimens. The shape of the wings and the

conspicuous row of white spots on the secondaries beneath

readily distinguish this insect. L. albomaculata, Hew.

(= apulia, Hopff.), has a somewhat similar row of white

spots on the under-side of the secondaries, but in that

insect the wings are differently shaped.

Lymanopoda malia, sp. n.

Very similar to LZ. acreida, Butl., but the secondaries also with a

conspicuous submarginal row of fulvous spots.

Hab. PERv, Rio Colorado (Watkins and Tomlinson),

Pozuzo (Pierce).

This is a form of Z. acrvida, Butl., but as it appears to

be restricted to Peru I have ventured to give it a name.

LI. malia is not uncommon, though hitherto I have not

seen a female of it. The Ecuador specimens of L. acrexida

in my collection are much smaller than those from Bolivia,

though they do not otherwise differ.

Lymanopoda levana, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 10, ¢.)

¢. Dark brown, primaries and secondaries each with a small

pupillated black spot near the anal angle, and one or two minute

white dots above it parallel with the outer margin; beneath,

primaries as above, but with the apex broadly ferruginous, second-

aries ferruginous, an ochreous band (outwardly dentate, inwardly

evanescent) crossing the wing from about the middle of the costa to

the anal angle, the dots as above.

Hab. Cotomsta, Bogota (Chapman and Wheeler).

some new species of Satyride from South America. 189

Two specimens. ‘This is a small species, with somewhat

pointed primaries, very dark brown above, and with the

secondaries peculiarly marked beneath.

Pedaliodes albonotata, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 11, 2.)

g. Blackish-brown, primaries with a transverse quadrate white

patch crossing the cell obliquely, two spots beyond this (one towards

the apex, the other towards the anal angle) also white; beneath as

above, the apex of the primaries and the whole of the secondaries

mottled with white, the two outer spots on the primaries as above,

but smaller, the secondaries with an irregular transverse \W-shaped

mark at the apex, a spot about the middle of the costa and another

near the anal angle also white. The cilia of the primaries spotted

with white.

Hab. VENEZUELA, Merida (ex Staudinger).

Two males of this well-marked species were sent me

some years ago by Dr. Staudinger. One of the specimens

has, on the upper-side,a minute white dot between the

two submarginal spots on the primaries and another near

the apex of the secondaries. There are also two examples

of P. albonotata in British Museum, both from Venezuela,

one from Culata, the other from Pedregosa; these have

the two submarginal spots on the upper-side of the

primaries almost or quite obsolete.

Oxeoschistus duplex, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 12, 2.)

¢. Dark-brown, an ochreous band running from near the apex of

the primaries and widening till it reaches the anal angle of the

secondaries, the band marked with a series of large rounded dark

brown spots, its outer margin strongly dentate on the second-

aries, thus forming lunules, which are bordered externally

with ochreous; beneath, primaries paler than above, ferruginous

at the apex, the costa towards the tip streaked with white and

yellow, the outer margin also faintly spotted with yellow ;

secondaries obscure ferruginous, a transverse white line from the

costa crossing the middle of the cell and extending to near the inner

margin, the submarginal band darker than above and also bordered

on both sides with white, the black spots pupillate.

Hab, Boutvia, San Jacinto (Garlepp).

The single example I possess of this species was sent

me long ago by Dr. Staudinger under the MS. name of

190

O. duplex. It is a close ally of O. puerta, Westw., from

Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela, but differs from it

chiefly in the very strongly dentate outer margin of the

band on the secondaries, and in the large size of the spots

on both wings. There are also two males of this insect

Explanation of Plate.

in the British Museum, both from Bolivia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X,

Fie. 1. Euptychia analis, ¢.

2: A

os A

3a. A

4, 35

5. ”

da. aS

6. 4)

ie ‘5

”

stigmatica, 3.

penwcillata, g.

mi tuft of hairs on the fore-wing, ¢.

” 2:

scopulata, 3.

. tuft of hairs on the fore-wing, ¢.

mimas, ¢.

boliviana, ¢.

(?) biocellata, 3g.

9. Lymanopoda maso, ¢.

levanu, 3.

11. Pedaliodes albonotata, ¢.

12. Oxeoschistus duplex, g.

(, Tees)

X. Additions to a knowledge of the Homopterous Family

Cicadide. By W. L. Disranr.

[Read March 1st, 1905.]

PuatTE XI.

BEING engaged in an attempt to revise the classification

of the Cicadide and to prepare a synonymic catalogue of

the Family, I have been entrusted with much material

belonging to other collections in order that my purview

may be as extensive as possible. IJ have thus come across

a number of undescribed species, and this paper refers

only to those belonging to the subfamily Cicadine. Of

these I found in the collection belonging to the Paris

Museum, some beautiful species from Madagascar, which

are probably among the finest in the whole family

Cicadide. A striking species of Pycna from Natal, is from

the Stockholm Museum.

Family CICADID A.

Subfamily CICADIN_ 2.

Div. POLYNEURARIA.

Sadaka hyalina, sp. n.

2. Body brownish-ochraceous ; head with a large central spot, an

anterior transverse line and linear margins to front, and a somewhat

broken transverse fascia between eyes, black ; pronotum with the

lateral margins, a central longitudinal line widened anteriorily, a

central transverse spot in front of anterior margin, and the incisures,

black ; mesonotum with four obconical spots, the two central smallest,

a central lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior

angle of the cruciform elevation, black ; basal segmental abdominal

margins black ; the central sulcation to face, a fascia between

face and eyes, and apex of rostrum black; tegmina and wings

hyaline, venation ochraceous, inclining to fuscous outwardly ;

tegmina with the costal area and membrane ochraceous, the last

containing two piceous spots; upper half of basal cell, and

basal half of claval area piceous. Head including eyes about equal

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY)

192 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a

in width to base of mesonotum; head as long as pronotum exclud-

ing posterior margin, lateral pronotal margins angularly ampliate ;

rostrum reaching the posterior coxe.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 58 millim.

Hab. W. Arrica; Guinée Frangais (Paris Mus.).

Munza revoili, sp.n. (Plate XI, fig. 5, a, b.)

¢g. Head above piceous-black ; a spot at base of antenne, eyes,

ocelli, and a large transverse spot between area of ocelli and eyes,

ochraceous; pronotum ochraceous, the margins flavescent, a pos-

teriorily broad central triangular fascia to disk, the incisures, and

sometimes extreme lateral margins, piceous-black ; mesonotum

testaceous, with four large obconical black spots, the two intermediate

spots smallest ; abdomen above brownish-testaceous ; body beneath

and legs more or less testaceous ; an anterior black fascia between

face and eyes ; anterior tibiew piceous ; tegmina with about basal half

creainy opaque, with obscure pale fuscous spots or mottlings, basal

cell with its anterior and apical margins piceous, apical half of

tegmina subhyaline, tale-like ; a macula fascia exten ling across the

bases of 1-5 apical areas, a similar fascia at apices of apical areas,

broken on lower apical area, and more or less extending to outer

margin ; wings umber-brown and outwardly piceous for about

two-thirds their breadth from base, the anal area dark fuscous, the

venation piceous. Head including eyes slightly wider than base

of mesonotum, the lateral pronotal margins broad and medially

angulate ; abdomen much narrowed posteriorly ; rostrum reaching

the posterior coxe; opercula transverse, centrally overlapping,

margins moderately convex, just reaching base of abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab, SOMALILAND; Ouarsangueli (Revoil—Paris Mus.).

Platypleura spicata, sp. n.

Q. Body brownish-ochraceous, thickly and longly greyishly pilose ;

head with the area of the ocelli, two transverse lines on the lateral

margins of vertex, and an anterior marginal line to front, black ;

pronotum with two central lines fused posteriorly but not extending

across the posterior margin, and the incisures, black ; mesonotum

with four medial obconical spots on anterior margin, an elongate

lateral spot on each side, and a spot at each anterior angle of the

cruciform elevation, black ; tegmina and wings pale hyaline, a little

tale-like ; tegmina with a spot on costal membrane and area near

knowledge of the Homopterous Family Cicadide, 198

base, a small spot just beyond basal cell, some short shadings on the

longitudinal veins to ulnar and apical areas and the same on the

transverse veins at bases of most of the apical areas black. Head

including eyes about as wide as base of mesonotum ; the lateral

margins of the pronotum strongly angularly amplhated, their apices

acutely spinous and a little anteriorily recurved ; the greyish

pilosity particularly developed on the mesonotum and abdomen, on

the last forming distinct long segmental margins ; the face is more

or less piceous, very strongly longitudinally sulcated, its lateral areas

transversely ridged ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxa, its apex

piceous; intermediate and posterior femora longitudinally and

linearly streaked with fuscous beneath ; anterior femora obtusely

spined beneath.

Long, excl. tegm. 9 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim.

Hab. MapacascaAR; Majunga and Pays Mahafaly

(Paris Mus.).

This species is allied to P. polydorus, Walk., of S. and

E. Africa, from which, apart from other characters, it 1s at

once separated by the largely spinous character of the

lateral pronotal margins.

Platypleura seraphina, sp. n.

9. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous ; head with

two transverse black fascie, the first extending through area of ocelli .

to lateral margin in front of eyes, the other one connected with it,

a little more broken and passing through base of front ; pronotum

with the lateral and posterior marginal areas stramineous, a

central longitudinal fascia connected with an anterior transverse

curved line and the incisures black ; mesonotum with two central

anterior obconical spots, with a much longer fasciate spot on each

side of them crossing the whole of the lateral area, and a triangulate

linear spot in front of the cruciform elevation, black; abdomen

above pale castaneous with transverse segmental black fascize which

are mostly broken on disk ; body beneath and legs dull ochraceous,

sternum greyishly tomentose, lateral margins and striations to face,

and a fascia between face and eyes piceous or black. Tegmina

greyishly subopaque, the veins reddish-ochraceous, with pale fuscous

mottlings and shadings, a curved fascia crossing tegmina through

radial area, more or less connected with a large faciate spot which

more than occupies the whole of seventh, apical area, a transverse

spot at end of radial area, the transverse veins at bases of apical area

9-5, a double series of spots at apices of longitudinal veins to apical

areas, and basal cell, piceous; wings reddish-ochraceous ; a basal

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART I. (MAY) 13

194. Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a

costal spot, margins to the abdominal areas, and the outer margin—

very wide at apex, piceous; marginal membrane pale hyaline.

Head including eyes about as wide as base of mesonotum ; pro-

notal lateral margins ampliate and rounded, obsoletely centrally

angulate ; anterior femora in ? practically unarmed.

Long. excl. tegm. @ 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 54 millim.

Hab. Frencu Guinea; Rég. de Kouroussa (H. Por-

beguin—Paris Mus.).

Allied to P. severini, Dist.

Platyplewra esa, sp. n.

Head ochraceous, base and anterior margins of front, a spot above

base of antennze, a broad transverse fascia between eyes, and margins

of eyes connected with the transverse fascia near area of ocelli,

black ; pronotum with the posterior margin stramineous, the disk

with a central fascia subtriangularly ampliated anteriorly, less

ampliated posteriorly, the incisures, and sub-lateral margins (broadly)

black ; mesonotum black, with the margins of four obconical spots

—the two central shortest—ochraceous ; cruciform elevation ochra-

ceous; abdomen black ; segmental margins ‘castaneous, tympanal

flaps stramineous ; body beneath ochraceous, sternum greyishly

tomentose ; anterior margin and central sulcation to face, a fascia

between face and eyes, basal areas of opercula, abdominal segmental

margins, and under-surface of anterior tibia black ; tegmina and

wings pale hyaline ; tegmina, with more than half of basal venation

ochraceous, remainder black; basal cell and dividing line between

costal membrane and area, black. Head including eyes slightly wider

than base of mesonotum ; lateral marginal areas of pronotum moder-

ately ampliate, but the margins almost straightly truncate, not

angulate ; opercula in male broad, reaching the second abdominal

segment, their apical margins obliquely convex, their inner margins

overlapping ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe.

oD?

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and 9 22-24 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim.

Hab. SOMALILAND ; Ouarsangueli and Obok (Paris Mus.).

Yanga bouviert, sp.n. (Plate XI, fig. 2 a, 0.)

d. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish or brownish-

ochraceous ; front of head with anterior marginal lines and a

central spot widened and angulated posteriorly, black ; vertex with

the area of the ocelli, two transverse fasciz on its lateral area, and a

linear longitudinal spot on each side of disk, black ; pronotum with

the anterior margin, the incisures, and two central lines neither

knowledge of the Homopterous Family Cicadide. 195

reaching the anterior margin nor extending to the posterior marginal

area, black ; mesonotum with two short obconical spots on anterior

margin, a discal triangular spot and a transverse series of four small

spots across posterior area, black ; a long, pale castaneous obconical

spot on each lateral area which contains two small black spots at its

base and one at its apex ; abdomen above black, with a central basal

longitudinal ochraceous area, and the segmental margins more or less

greyishly pilose ; body beneath and legs greenish-ochraceous, the

sternum greyishly tomentose, the opercula palely piceous and

greyishly tomentose, their margins dull ochraceous; tegmina brown-

ish-ochraceous, costal membrane and area more or less greenish, radial

area with three pale spots, some obscure paler spots and mottlings

in ulnar and apical areas and alternate darker and paler outer

marginal spots; wings pale umber-brown, basal third blackish-

castaneous, a streak of the same colour both in and beneath radial

area, and much paler castaneous longitudinal rays between the veins

on the apical area, extreme outer margin also pale castaneous ; body

short, broad, and robust ; head including eyes as wide as base of meso-

notum ; lateral margins of pronotum angularly ampliate ; abdomen

about as long as space between apex of head and base of cruciform

elevation ; costal membrane of tegmina a little wider than costal

area ; rostrum extending to posterior cox ; opercula somewhat large,

their inner apical areas overlapping, their posterior margins slightly

convexly rounded, and their disks strongly foveately impressed.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 38-40 millim. Exp. tegm. 113 millim.

Hab. MADAGASCAR; Baie d’Antongil (Mocouerys—Paris

Mus.).

I have named this species after Prof. A. Bouvier, “Fon-

dateur et Conservateur ” of the Paris Museum, from whom

I have received much valued entomological assistance at

various times.

Yanga grandidiert, sp. n. (Plate XJ, fig. 3 a, 0.)

¢. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum green ; head with margins of

front, a spot behind anterior angles of vertex, the area of the ocelli

and a spot at inner margin of eyes, black; pronotum with the

incisures and two small central spots in front of posterior margin,

black ; mesonotum with a spot in front of cruciform elevation and a

transverse series of four spots behind it, black ; abdomen piceous, a

central longitudinal basal area, the tympanal coverings and posterior

segmental margins pale ochraceous; body beneath and legs pale

greenish or inclining to ochraceous ; tegmina green, much suffused

with bronzy-green, the costal area and membrane pale green, the first

196 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a

with a central fuscous spot, outer margin with distinct fuscous spots ;

wings ochraceous, posterior margin narrowly, and apex broadly,

castaneous.

Q. Larger than ¢, abdomen above more castaneous, and with the

apical and anal segments cretaceous; tegmina less suffused with

bronzy-green, especially on basal area, where there are two distinct

fuscous spots in radial area, and about four similar ones beneath

them, the apical half is also much more broken up with pale green ;

wings as in ¢, but sometimes with the apical castaneous area only

indicated by two inner spots.

Head, including eyes, about equal in width to base of mesonotum,

its length equalling that of pronotum—excluding its posterior

margin ; opercula in ¢ very strongly concavely sinuate inwardly,

the posterior angles overlapping, and thus exposing a circular space

of the metasternum ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxa, its apex

piceous.

Long. excl. tegm. g 27-32, 9 29-30 millim. Exp. tegm. ¢

70-90, 2 90-100 millim.

Hab. MapaGcascar; Région du Sud-est (Alluaud—

Paris Mus.).

Allied to Y. guttularis, Sign., from which it is to be

differentiated apart from its very distinct coloration by the

more produced frontal area of the head and the very broad

central longitudinal sulcation to face.

I have dedicated the species to Mon. A. Grandidier,

whose name is a household word in the zoological literature

of Madagascar.

Umjaba alluaudi, sp. n. (Plate XI, fig. 1 a, 0.)

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale virescent ; head with the

anterior margins of front, two spots on lateral margins of vertex, and

the area of the ocelli, black ; pronotum with two oblique lines on

disk, and eight small spots—three on each lateral area, and two

central on posterior area, black ; mesonotum with four pale sub-

obsolete obconical spots on anterior area, and a transverse series of

four black spots on posterior area ; abdomen above piceous, centrally,

longitudinally castaneous on basal area; body beneath and legs

greenish-ochraceous, ventral segments margined with piceous ; tegmina

very pale tawny brown, the costal membrane and area virescent ; on

basal half there are two spots in radial area, and two or three spots

in each of the ulnar areas beneath it umber-brown, on apical half

there are many umber-brown and greyish mottlings, and a prominent

subcostal greyish spot between radial area and apex of wing ; wings

knowledge of the Homopterous Family Cicadide. 197

pale ochraceous, with an umber-brown submarginal macular fascia.

Head including eyes considerably narrower than base of meso-

notum ; lateral margins of pronotum slightly and obscurely angulate ;

costal membrane of tegmina much narrower than costal area ; oper-

cula with their margins rounded, discally foveate at base, their inner

apical angles overlapping; rostrum reaching posterior coxe.

Long, excl. tegm. ¢ 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 112 millim.

Hab. Mapacascar; “Vallee d’Ambolo”; Foret de

Sakavalana (Alluaud—Paris Mus.).

Allied to U. evanescens, Butl., and although very dis-

similar in colour, the markings of the tegmina are very

similar in pattern. The two species, apart from colour,

can be thus identified :

U. evanescens, g. U. alluaudi, .

Greatest width of tegmina nearly Greatest width of tegmina little

equal to half their length. more than one-third of their

Rostrum passing anterior mar- length. Rostrum only reach-

gins of opercula. ing anterior margins of oper-

cula,

Pyena natalensis, sp.n. (Plate XI, fig. 4 a, 6.)

Body above ochraceous; head with two central fasciw to front

which are connected at centre, a transverse spot at anterior angles of

vertex, and a fascia between eyes, black ; pronotum with a transverse

spot on anterior margin, and two oblique lines from near eyes which

converge on disk, black; mesonotum with four short anterior

obconical spots, of which the central two are largest, a central

lanceolate spot much ampliated at base, two small spots in front of

cruciform elevation, and a submarginal fascia on each lateral area,

black ; abdomen greyishly-pilose, segmental margins, and two

central lines on first and second segments, black ; body beneath and

legs ochraceous, femora streaked with piceous ; central sulcation to

face and spot between face and eyes black ; tibia castaneous, the

tarsi more or less piceous ; tegmina hyaline, the venation castaneous,

costal membrane and area ochraceous; about basal third creamy

opaque, with two hyaline spots in radial area, two in base of both

third and fourth ulnar areas, and a long hyaline streak in lower

ulnar area ; remaining hyaline area of tegmina with scattered fuscous

markings ; wings hyaline, venation ochraceous, about basal half

ochraceous, opaque, which is partially margined both outwardly and

posteriorly with fuscous. Opercula in male broad, transverse,

strongly overlapping at their inner margins, their posterior margins

198 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a

convex ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; head including eyes

much less in width than base of mesonotum ; pronotal margins much

ampliated and medially angulate, reaching base of basal cell to

tegmina ; costal membrane prominently arched at base and broader

than costal area.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 30-31 millim, Exp. tegm. 90-92 millim.

Hab. NATau (Stockholm Mus.).

Div, CICADARIA.

Rihana martini, sp. 0.

Body above dark chocolate-brown, head, pronotum, and meso-

notum sometimes a little paler in hue ; head with the lateral areas of

front, a spot at apical angles of vertex, and a transverse fascia between

the eyes, black ; pronotum with the anterior margin and two central

longitudinal fasciz connected posteriorly, black ; mesonotum with

two anterior central obconical spots, a more indistinct lateral fascia

on each side, a central lanceolate spot, its base widened in front of

cruciform elevation, which has a spot on each of its anterior angles,

black ; abdomen greyishly-tomentose at base ; segmental margins—

very broad on second segment, and anterior margins of tympanal

coverings, black ; body beneath paler than above; head and sternum

greyishly-tomentose, legs and opereula brownish-ochraceous, abdomen

purplish-brown, margins of acetabule crimson; a transverse fascia

between eyes, central sulcation to face, and sometimes subapices to

femora, black; tegmina and. wings hyaline, extreme bases of

both sanguineous; venation ochraceous or greenish-ochraceous ;

tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second, third, fourth

and fifth apical areas more or less infuscate, and a small fuscous spot

near apices of longitudinal veins to those areas ; opercula about half

the length of abdomen, inwardly overlapping, their lateral margins

coneavely sinuate, their apical margins rounded; rostrum just

reaching the posterior cox ; anterior femora with two strong black

spines beneath.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and 2 34 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 millim.

Hab, Mapacascar (Coll. Dist.); Région du Sud,

Andranomana (Alluaud—Paris Mus.).

Rihana hova, sp. n.

Body above and beneath pale brown, thickly finely greyishly

pilose ; head with the lateral striz to front, area of ocelli anteriorly

emitting a transverse linear fascia, lateral margins of vertex, and two

knowledge of the Homopterous Family Cicadide. 199

transverse oblique fascia before eyes, black; pronotum with the

lateral and posterior margins virescent, the disk with two central—

sometimes broken, longitudinal fascize united posteriorly, black ;

mesonotum with two central obconical spots, on each side of which

are two small oblong anterior marginal spots, a broad sublateral

fascia, and a large spot in front of cruciform elevation anteriorly

lanceolately produced, black ; abdomen with the segmental margins

obseure olivaceous; a central anterior spot to face, ochraceous

margined with black, and a black fascia between face and eyes;

tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation brownish-ochraceous,

tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical

areas moderately infuscated ; length of head more than half the

breadth between inner margins of eyes, front moderately prominent ;

pronotum with the lateral margins angulate a little before the

posterior angles; opercula in male longer than broad, centrally

overlapping, their lateral margins a little sinuate, their apices

broadly rounded and not extending beyond basal abdominal

segment ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxs, its apex piceous ;

anterior femora armed beneath with two long spines and a smaller

one near apex.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab, MApaGcaAscaR; Ikongo and Morondava (Paris

Mus.).

Cicada pulverulenta, sp. n.

Pale brownish-ochraceous, shortly but thickly griseously pilose ;

head with the lateral areas of front, lateral apical margins of

vertex, and a transverse fascia between eyes, piceous ; pronotum

with two central longitudinal lines—united posteriorly, and the

incisures, piceous ; mesonotum with four obconical spots of which

the two central ones are smallest, a central lanceolate spot, and a

small spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation,

piceous ; abdomen above densely griseously pilose, the disks of first

and second segments distinctly darker in hue ; body beneath pale dull

ochraceous ; a fascia between eyes and a large spot on face, piceous ;

opercula greyishly tomentose; basal segmental margins pale cas-

taneous ; tegmina and wings pale hyaline; tegmina with the venation

and costal membrane ochraceous, both finely spotted with white ;

transverse veins at base of second, third, and fifth apical areas and

small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas, fuscous ;

wings with the veins ochraceous ; length of head not more than half

the width between eyes ; head including eyes about as wide as base

of mesonotum ; operculain ¢ not passing base of abdomen, sub-

200 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions to a

elongate, not overlapping internally, apical margins rounded, lateral

margins moderately concavely sinuate ; rostrum reaching posterior

cox,

Long. excl. tegm. g¢ and 9, 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 millim.

Hab. MADAGASCAR and SEYCHELLES (Paris Mus.).

Div. DUNDUBIARIA.

Cosmopsaltria alticola, sp. n.

6. Dull ochraceous ; head with the following black markings,

viz. a basal angulate spot, margins of pale central apical spot,

transverse striations, and basal lateral margins to front and area of

the ocelli, an oblique streak on each lateral area of vertex and a

basal spot before each eye ; pronotum with two central fasciw united

anteriorly and posteriorly, and the inner lateral margins, black ;

mesonotum with the margins of two central obconical spots, a central

lanceolate spot, and two small spots in front of basal cruciform

elevation, black ; abdomen with the segmental margins black, those

to the third, fourth and fifth segments more or less maculate ; body

beneath and legs ochraceous; a fascia between eyes, apex of face, sub-

apical annulations to anterior femora, anterior tibie excluding bases,

apices of intermediate and posterior tibiee, and apices of opercula,

black, the last posteriorly greyishly tomentose ; tegmina and wings

hyaline ; the venation ochraceous, transverse veins at base of second,

third and fifth apical areas to tegmina palely infuscate.

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 108 millim.

Hab. BoRNEO; Kina Balu (Brit. Mus.).

Allied to C. montivaga, Dist., but with the opercula only

reaching the fifth abdominal segment; markings also

different.

Platylomia juno, sp. n.

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous; head with a

large quadrangular spot on lateral margins of front, the area of the

ocelli connected with a transverse angulated spot on each side, and a

basal spot near inner margins of eyes, black ; pronotum with two

much angulated central fascia connected with a curved discal fascia

on each side, and a broad sublateral fascia, black; mesonotum with

two broken anterior obconical spots, connected with a central fascia

much widened posteriorly and occupying the whole anterior area of

the cruciform elevation, two sublateral fascia and a posterior

marginal spot, black; cruciform elevation centrally ochraceous ;

knowledge of the Homopterous Family Cicadide. 201

abdomen black, the anterior areas of the segments above somewhat

castaneous ; sternum and cox ochraceously tomentose ; transverse

striations and longitudinal area of face, a transverse spot between

face and eyes, and spots to cox black ; a basal spot to face, and the

rostrum excluding apex, ochraceous ; legs piceous or black, apices of

femora ochraceous ; opercula black with their disks dull ochraceous ;

tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation fuscous or brownish-

ochraceous, their bases narrowly piceous; tegmina with the

transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas a

little infuscated. Face prominently tumid; rostrum extending a

little beyond the posterior cox, opercula only reaching the third

abdominal segment, situate widely apart and occupying the lateral

abdominal areas, sinuate on each side near base, narrowed and a

little rounded posteriorly. ;

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 114 millim.

Hab. Se-TcHouEN; Ta-tsien-lou (R. P. Gros-Jean—

Paris Mus.).

Allied to P. umbrata, Dist.

Platylomia diana, sp. n.

Closely allied in general appearance and markings to P. juno, Dist.,

but larger, the opercula reaching the sixth abdominal segment

ro) d Pp to} 5 )

entirely ochraceous excepting their extreme margins and apex,

posteriorly globosely convex ; legs ochraceous, longitudinal streaks

to femora, bases and apices of the tibis, and the tarsi, black.

> ’ >}

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 126 millim.

Hab. St-TcHouEN, Ta-tsien-lou (R. P. Gros-Jean—

Paris Mus.).

Oncotympana virescens, sp. .

dé. Body above black ; head with a large spot at base of front,

and a small spot on each side of ocelli, ochraceous ; pronotum with

a central lunulate ochraceous fascia, the whole of the lateral areas

piceous, the posterior margin inwardly pale-greenish ; mesonotum

with the lateral margins, the margins of two central obconical spots,

and two small spots in front of cruciform elevation, ochraceous ;

abdomen with the posterior margins of the second and third

abdominal segments, the tympanal coverings, disk beneath, and

opercula, pale bright virescent, sternum thickly ochraceously tomen-

tose ; legs black, longitudinally streaked with virescent ; tegmina

and wings hyaline, extreme bases of both virescent, the venation

fuscous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second,

202 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Additions, ete.

third, fifth, seventh, and eighth apical areas broadly piceous, and a

series of small piceous spots near apices of longitudinal veins to

apical areas ; opercula in male, broad, centrally overlapping, and

reaching base of second abdominal segment; rostrum reaching the

posterior coxe,

Long. excl. tegm. ¢ and 9 19-20 millim. Exp. tegm. 107-112

millim.

Hab. Tiset ; Tsekoo (Paris Mus.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Umjaba alluaudi.

2. Yanga bouvieri.

3. 4, grandidieri.

4. Pycna natalensis.

5. Munza revoili.

May 20TH, 1905.

( .203 5)

XI. On the Pupal suspension of Thais,

By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.ZS.

[Read February 1st, 1905.]

PLATE XII.

IT is now some ten years since I ventured to question the

view quoted in Scudder’s great work on the American

Butterflies as to the suspension of the pupa of Thais

(Ent. Record, Vol. VI, pp. 125, 126), and somewhat later I

obtained (Ent. Record, Vol. VII, pp. 81, 82) tolerably

strong evidence that my opinion on the subject was correct.

Up till the present time, however, no one has chosen to

report actual observation of how the larva and pupa of

Thais actually manage to make the girth (incidentally

proving that it 7s the girth) leave its usual situation and

become attached to the nose-hooks. This Spring (1904) I

made an effort to supply the deficiency, and obtained a

number of larvae of Thais polyxena, Schiff., var. cassandra,

Mann, from Hyeres. I was successful in observing the

whole operation by one specimen or another; whether I

can successfully describe what I saw is I fear doubtful,

but I will make the attempt. I was so interested in the

matter, even someway outside the chief point in question,

that I also made a successful attempt to see Papilio

machaon and Pieris rape (as examples of Papilionide

and Pieridz respectively) make their silken holdfasts

for their pupee. Though there is no novelty about my

observations of these, there are one or two points that

may bear description again.

The first spinning done by the larva of Zhais is to form

what we must call a cocoon, though it consists merely of

three or four, or at most a dozen, rather strong silken

cables, sometimes simple, sometimes branching, tying

together the objects surrounding the position chosen for

suspension. This structure must be correlative with a

habit of retiring for pupation into a situation surrounded

by not very fixed materials, such probably as dead herbace-

ous material round shorter stems near the ground-level or

below it. Having prepared a carpet of silk of rather more

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART II. (JULY) 14

204 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

than its own length, either on a flat surface or by prefer-

ence on a round one such as a stem, 1t makes the anal

pad. It may be noted here that in Thais and the other

girthed pupze observed, when this is completed the larva

takes its station with the claspers just in front of it, the

little mound of silk forming the pad being unused, and

lying immediately behind the claspers and beneath the tip

of the anal plate. In suspended pupze this pad is held by

the claspers, whilst the larva awaits pupation.

Before describing the spinning of the girth, it may be as

well to explain its position on the larva when it is finished

and the larva rests before pupating.

The girth arises well forwards from the carpet of silk,

and passes over the back of the first abdominal segment.

Kach segment of the larva has on either side three tall

processes or warts, which with their colours and spines

give the larva its special and beautiful aspect. These

three warts are a subdorsal one (= I. + II.?), which is the

largest, then a somewhat smaller one (= IV. + V.?), which

arises below the spiracle though one is inclined before

examining it to think it is subdorsal also, 7. e. above spiracle.

The third one is still smaller, and is marginal Cas Vit)

In passing over the segment, the girth reaches backwards

from its attachment, to behind the marginal process, and

passes up in the same line behind the subspiracular one ;

then it turns forward, and gets in front of the subdorsal

process crossing the dorsum therefore rather on the front

of the segment, proceeding down the other side of the

larva, by, of course, a precisely similar route, to its attach-

ment to the carpet on the other side. In taking this

course it makes several bends. First it inclines rather

backward from its attachment, has a bend at the marginal

process where it turns upwards, and two more bends in

passing from behind the subspiracular to the front of the

subdorsal process. It is fairly taut, so much so as rather

to bend forward the marginal process, against the similar

process of the meta-thoracic segment. Nevertheless the

curved or angulated route ensures that it shall be of

considerable length, longer, that is, than a merely simple

trausverse course across the back of the larva.

I succeeded in seeing this cable or girth manufactured

on several occasions, but that does not seem to help me in

describing it in words. As in Papilionidx and Pieride, it

is not spun where we see it when completed, but in a

Pupal suspension of Thats. 205

position that may be described as in front of the larva,

the head being thrown back, so that the legs are used as

hands, one might say, to hold it up. Not, however, the

claws, but the thick bases of the legs are used, the silk not

being on the legs proper, but rather in the incision in front

of them. This is the position when the spinneret is at the

middle of the girth. But as the head goes from one side

to another, the relations of parts is much changed, though

quite gradually and automatically. It is this that makes

it difficult to give a description easy to understand.

The actual line of the girth, at the middle of the move-

inent, when the larva is straight with the head and legs

well raised, is behind the marginal process of the Ist

abdominal segment, then forwards above the marginal

processes of 2nd and 3rd thoracic, and then across the

larval venter to the other side in the incision between the

first and second pair of legs. I have said the head is well

raised, and so it is, by the Sphinx attitude of the first

segments, but it is strongly bent forwards, so that the tip

of the spinneret reaches very closely to the position of the

girth in the incision behind the first pair of legs. I say

very nearly, for the girth when completed consists of a

number of quite separate threads, showing that each

thread is not spun along, and glued to those that preceded

it, and that therefore the extremity of the spinneret does

not actually reach and touch the previously spun threads,

which lie deeper in the incision between the segments.

As the larva moves its head from side to side in adding

each thread, the position of the girth differs from this

central position by being stretched along one side and all

but relieved from the other; when the head is round to the

left and the left end of the tliread is being fixed, the thoracic

and first two abdominal segments have their right sides

stretched so as to form the margin of nearly a circle,

whilst their left sides are so approximated as to be close

together at the centre of the circle. In this attitude the

line occupied by the girth above the marginal tubercles on

the stretched side of the larva is raised above the surface

on which the larva rests, and is on what for the moment is

rather the upper-side of the larva, though it would be

rather the under-side if the larva were im a natural resting

attitude, since, as I have above called attention to, the

larval warts are,and look, higher up on the larva than their

real anatomical positions would indicate.

206 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

The following notes made whilst actually watching the

larva may help to explain the spinning of the girth, though

they have some incoherence from the circumstances of their

production.

Cassandra, when building its loop, has it quite ventral,

it passes round above the marginal wart of 2nd and 3rd

thoracic and 1st abdominal and between the Ist and 2nd

pairs of legs. ‘There is, however, only one phase in this

process to which this applies, viz. when a thread of silk is

being added to the loop at exactly its highest point. When

the spinneret is against either side of the loop or working

at the point of attachment, the loop is free from all contact

with that side of the larva, or just touches the marginal

wart of Ist abdominal, whilst it is fully stretched on the

other side, over the 2nd thoracic leg, the three warts (2nd,

3rd_ thoracic, Ist abdominal), and touches the ventral

prominence of Ist abdominal. The attitude of the larva

being that of a curve or twist that brings these parts

directly away from the twig of attachment, whilst those

that the loop is free from are crowded together towards

the twig, the three warts having their apices close together,

and so that on the curvature relaxing they expand

again into that side of the loop and hold it whilst the

other side contracts and frees itself from the loop in its

turn.

The larva moves very leisurely, and with some to and

fro movement, so that one traverse of the loop takes about

three minutes and the movements of fastening the end of

each thread to the twig about one minute; but between

each complete traverse usually at least one partial journey

is taken, 7.¢. from the twig for about one-third of its

length and then back again, and along this piece especially

towards the end of the process a good deal of local spmning

is done which covers this thicker portion of the loop with

an outside binding. When the loop is finished, the central

third consists of a number of threads more or less separate,

or at least apparently separate, straight, parallel and

uncomplicated. The end portions are thi¢ker, and bound

together as one strong strand.

As the larva moves its head from side to side, the loop

slips to and fro, or rather perhaps the larva slips to and

fro on it, the loop always taking the position described on

the convex side of the larva, and lifting out of it on the

concave, as the warts and legs are contracted together into

Pupal suspension of Thais. 207

one eminence. The head and prothorax are stretched out

when the attachment of the loop is being worked at, the

first pair of legs being one on each side of the strand ; when

the centre of the loop is under the spinneret the thorax is

bent back from the twig, but the head is bent down to

bring the spinneret against the loop in front of the 2nd

legs, and the Ist pair of legs become practically invisible.

In two specimens watched the whole process took about

an hour and a half,ina room at about 64°. One wondered

all the time how the loop when finished was to get back

to its place. This however is managed very simply and

very quickly. After finishing, as it had appeared to finish

several times before, one of the lappings of the side of the

loop with binding threads, instead of sliding slowly round

and bending the head down slowly as it went, to the posi-

tion it takes when at the central point, it gave it this

position at once, 7. ¢. before moving round, so that the head

went under the loop somewhat to one side, and as it then

gradually assumed the median position, the thread lay

across the middle of the front of the head. At the same

time, however, as it assumed the median position, it bent

back the head and curved the thoracic segments back wards,

so as to bring close together the back of the head and the

dorsal thoracic humps. Then the thread became slack

over the head, and slipped back into its place. In one

instance, the thread caught, on the side on which the

manoeuvre was made, the tops of the subspiracular warts

of the meso-and meta-thorax, bending them back, the larva

rested here a little, probably from some inadvertent move-

ment of mine that alarmed it, and then by asimple turning

and stretching movement the loop fell into its place. One

asks, Why does the loop always fall to this identical spot,

how does the larva manage to make the necessary move-

ment so exactly? This question is justifiable as an

expression of admiration that the larva should always

make precisely the same movement, but is foolish in not

seeing that the same movement will always produce the

same result. In fact a little, but very little, latitude is

possible, as one could see that the result would be the

same had the movement been a little more or less ample,

etc. Nevertheless, the length of the loop and the place

from which it starts must be very exactly related to the

length, thickness, and movements of each larva.

Another point may be noted, whilst the larva is at work

208 ' Dr, T. A. Chapman on the

on the loop, the thoracic segments are rather contracted

and the abdominal somewhat full, and when first the loop

falls into place, it runs more directly backwards than it

does later; the head of the Jarva being rather in front

of the points of attachment of the loop. But gradually

the abdominal segments shrink, the thoracic enlarge and

bend forwards, the whole larva thickens and shortens so

that the loop has the position described in my first note.

The amount of spinning for the anal hold varies a good

deal, but in two specimens in which it appears to be well

elaborated, it stands up as a somewhat flocculent little

mass, and the prolegs take hold not of this, but a little

way in front of it, suggesting that the pupa shall have

a freer access to it than if the prolegs held it

My special object being to see how the girth, now of

course clearly seen and proved to be a girth, as in other

Papilionide, got moved to the position and function of

a nose-cable, I watched carefully for the moult to pupa,

to see how this occurred. My notes on this throw no light

on the critical question, but may be worth giving on their

own merits.

A larva that was very close to the change was watched

on—

May 26, 9a.m. No very definite change noticeable.

10 a.m. Some movements observable and a slight change of

colour, 10.30am. All the red has gone from the warts,

except those of 8 and 9 abdominal. The others are shrivelled

and show no colour, except their black points, the rest

of the larva is slaty-grey, quite different to what it was

an hour or two ago, No trachea drawn out yet, 3rd

thoracic and 1st and 2nd abdominal are very narrow and

shrunk. 2nd thoracie large. A good many little wrink-

lings of empty skin are visible round warts as well as

elsewhere on segments. Girth hangs heavily on marginal

wart of 3, pressing it forwards, that of Ist abdominal seems

to have slipped behind it on one side, collapsed against

that of 3rd thoracic on the other. Wart of 9 still full and

red, the red would almost seem to depend on the contained

fluid, as it disappears with the shrinking and collapse of

the warts, which has just occurred. The fluid which filled

them must have been absorbed or evaporated very rapidly.

Disturbed the larva by placing it in a better position for

observation. 10.40. A few slight movements. 4th, 5th

and 6th abdominal seem large as also 7th and Sth; 3rd

Pupal suspension of Thars. 209

about normal, intermediate between these and the shrunk

Ist and 2nd.

10.45. A few more movements, the changes of dimen-

sions of segments have placed the mouth parts and the

legs below the girth. They were not very definitely

above or below it before, but rather unrelated to it, but

: strictly lateral view made it cross over 2nd pair of

egs.

11.35. Colour all but gone from warts of 9th abdominal

and claspers are almost collapsed, no other very obvious

change. Th. 64° Fahr. 11.50. Some movement occurring.

The large size of abdominal 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th very

conspicuous, the incisions being much expanded. The

appearance is as though the girth was holding up the skin

on Ist and 2nd abdominal and meta-thorax, but the

contents had gravitated back and distended these lower

segments. In this specimen the silk for the tail grip is a

little tag, a little loose and flocculent, shaped like a short

blunt thorn, of which the apex is at present opposite the

middle of the dorsal surface of 10th, the prolegs holding

the stem to which the larva is attached some 2°5 mm.

above it.

12.30 p.m. Length of different portions of larva:

Head and Ist and 2nd thoracic = 3 mm., but these are

curved and are much more along dorsum, 3rd thoracic,

Ist abdominal = 2 mm.,, 7.¢. 1mm. each. 2nd and 3rd

= 3 mm. = 1°'5 each. 4th, 5th, 6th = 7 mm,, 22.

2:3 mm. each; 7th, nearly as much. 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th

= .5) om,

12.45 p.m. Strong movements of contraction in 2nd, 3rd,

4th abdominal segments, but quiescence elsewhere. No

definite vermicular movements.

12.55. Regular vermiform movement from behind for-

wards, one every five seconds without so far much change

in skin. .

12.58. Tracheze drawn out along abdominal segments

2-7, loop drawn back, front segments straight.

1.2 p.m. Split down back in usual way. Skin slips back

under loop.

1.5. Skin behind loop. Scrap of broken-off tubercle

sticks to it; loop lies in 3rd and 4th abdominal incisions.

1.10. Skin gone. The movements of getting hold by

the cremaster move the loop to the thoracic abdominal

incisions, where it deeply indents wings during movements

910 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

for getting rid of skin. Wings not yet descended fully

on to 4th abdominal.

1.15. Various movements apparently for forcing fluid

forward and expanding wings, etc.

1.18. The attachment of the loop is just opposite the

eyes of the pupa; wings, etc., and head above loop swollen

and knobbed, below smooth and tapered.

1.22. Occasional movements, but on the whole resting,

wings not quite down. Hangs much like an ordinary

Papilio, except for appareut strangulation of front.

1.24, Wings to place.

1.35. Ist spiracular hollow (with black spiracle at bot-

tom) sinking, dorsal eminence of meso-thorax and wing

angles becoming of more mature form and less like swellings

from strangulation, but loop still cuts deeply into wing

and across base of hind-wing.

1.50. The wings are much straightened out and the

loop cuts into them very little to what it did. Abdominal

segments are shortening and closing up, not yet quite so

much as in a mature pupa.

1.54. Is hanging with a strong sag (or bend) in

abdomen.

2.3. From head to end of 4th abdominal, now very long

and abdominal segments diminished. The loop is now

hardly buried and is seen to be on top of 3rd thoracic (not

in 3rd thoracic to 1st abdominal incision) at about 4 or}

of its width from front border.

2.15. Straightened itself a little and then fell back

again. Meso-thoracic dorsal ridges becoming sharper,

anterior end still obviously somewhat soft.

2.25. Straighter,—no deformity of wings can be seen

either where loop now crosses, or where it did before,

except it seems a little impressed on one ridge of the

venation.

2.30. A. lateral jerk or two.

3.40. Loop is still a girth, though pupa is apparently

mature as to form, and much dark shading has appeared.

5.45. No further change, still slung as a Papilio.

In both this and following specimens the girth is quite

loose and at liberty to slip in any direction. Moving the

pupa by touching the head enough to show the girth to be

quite free does not in any way alter its position.

It does not look possible for it to slip forwards, but a

twist of the pupa might catch it by the wing-spine and

Pupal suspension of Thais. 211

throw it forward. Something of this sort must occur,—

when ?

May 27. This specimen escaped observation but moved

the girth to nose-hooks some time between 1.15 and 3 p.m.,

twenty-four hours after moulting to pupa.

SECOND SPECIMEN.—May 26, 12.35 p.m. Subspiracular

tubercles of Ist, 2nd, 3rd and 4th abdominal are now colour-

less and collapsed, dorsal and marginal of same region also

changing. 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are beginning

to enlarge. Incisions 4th to 5th abdominal getting wide;

up till half-an-hour ago no change was visible and segments

were not of very unequal lengths.

1.16. Only a few anal warts still coloured.

1.35. Only wart of 9th abdominal segment still coloured

red.

1.50. Thermometer 74° Fahr. Abdominal segments large

and incisions wide, 3rd thoracic and Ist abdominal very

small. The higher temperature seems helping this

specimen on more rapidly than No. 1.

2 p.m. Abdominal incisions wide, lower end looks like

end of pupa with larva skin overlaid and claspers (shrunk)

stuck on outside.

2.20. 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal very large, incisions

wide ; some stretching, almost vermiform, movements.

2.43, Genuine rhythmical vermiform motion begins

and head rises a little.

2.50. Quiet again, the three free incisions (of pupa)

very wide; from abdominal 4th to 5th incision to head,

11 mm., to claspers, 9 mm.

2.59. Movement beginning again, in Ist, 2nd and 35rd

abdominal segments.

3.5. Regular vermiform movement from end to end.

3.6. Skin accumulated at tail.

3.7. Thoracic skin split, it slips down, the collapsed

warts passing under loop.

3.15. Process finished. The getting rid of larval skin

is delayed a little by its fluid adhesion to pupa. The

cremaster got hold at second try, and skin was shoved off

at two twists, after fluid adhesion gave in. Loop fell into

abdominal 3rd—4th incision as soon as skin left it, but in

twistings for shoving off skin it slipped quickly to back

of prothorax. To end of wings 8 mm., wings to cremaster,

12 mm.

3.22. Wings getting rapidly down to place. There are

212 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

contracting and expanding (lengthwise) movements of

thorax.

3.30, Wings into place. 9 mm. head to end of wings,

11 mm. wings to cremaster = 20 mm.

3.40. Top of wings and meso-thorax, etc, have the

appearance of being ‘strangulated above loop, being swollen

out and lumpy.

3.45. On lateral view, pupa has very Papilio-like out-

line, say podalirius, head thrown back, curvature with

ventral projection of wings, etc., very different from the

straightness of the mature Thais pupa.

4.3. Is now hanging very much sagged and bent.

5.45. Seems nearly mature and has more dark colouring.

Head to end of wings 12 mm. Wings to cremaster 9°5,

May 27, 4.50. Was not looking at specimen but at

another two inches from it, when a sudden movement

attracted my attention to it.

I was in time to see the girth take hold of the nose-

spines, and see the pupa complete what appeared to be

two revolutions on its axis, but might have been one, or

three; the whole taking place in less than a second, per-

haps a third of a second, apparently as. rapidly as an

active pupa rotates his tail.

A very unexpected movement, as the pupa looked so

straight and stiff (and it is fairly stiff when one receives it

in autumn), and for a pupa with a girth to rotate on its

axis seems so unlikely, the way in which the girth is

twisted round the nose-hooks Jed me to expect a rotatory

movement, but without any change of orientation. What

struck me afterwards as remarkable was how in such a

sudden movement the pupa came to rest again exactly

facing its attachment. An examination of these two

pup shows that they made at least two revolutions, as the

girth has reached the nose-hook and one further revolution

has been made twisting it round once (quite) after it had

caught, and the cremastral silk also shows twisting.

I have not made it very clear how the revolution is

effected. It is by bending the tail to one side and then

twirling it round ; when I say to one side, I should in this

case say forwards, as the attitude during the movement

was that of bending away from the supporting twig.

Another specimen was observed to make a second

rotatory movement, on one occasion, some hours after the

cable had been moved forwards, but it would seem to be

Pupal suspension of Thais. 213

the rule that rotation is made once only for a fraction of

a second, about twenty-four hours after the moult.

The rotation is on an axis, z.¢. it does not sweep the

head round in a circle, maintaining the venter towards the

stem of attachment all the time, but presents towards the

stem successively one side, the dorsum, the other side, and

so on. The rotation is effected by the abdominal seg-

ments being bent forwards, 7.e. virtually making the pupa

preseat a deep curve towards the stem. Then by sweep-

ing round the abdominal segments in a way that is common

to many pupze the hollow of the curve remains towards

the stem, but affects successively each aspect of the pupa

as it rotates.

The mature pupa a few days later is very stiff and

straight, and its possessing such motility twenty-four hours

after moulting is somewhat unexpected.

In order to observe the way in which the girth is made

by the larva of Papilio, I obtained a few larva of P.

machaon, and kept rather a close watch on them, but four

succeeded in suspending themselves, girth and all, without

my having surprised them at work. They do it apparently

somewhat quickly, and give no clear indication beforehand

of when they are likely to do so. With the fifth I was

more fortunate, happening to look at it when the making

of the girth was under way, indeed more than half-finished ;

he was working at one end, passing the spinneret too and

fro about the attachment of the loop. The loop itself,

consisting of a number of quite detached threads, passed

between the fore-legs of the larva, forwards, the larva being

so bent round that its head and prothorax were directed

backwards. Then well above the meso-thoracic leg and

rather higher on the meta-thorax, then well above the

spiracle of the Ist abdominal, not quite so far above that

of the second, and then passed down to its other attach-

ment. The most anterior portion of the larva in this

position was the side of the meta-thorax and Ist abdominal

segment just below the loop. Then the larva began to

add another thread to the loop. The head and front seg-

ments are well raised and the loop falls into the incision

between the Ist and 2nd pair of legs, the head is pressed

down and the spinneret lies between the first two legs

and reaches very close to the loop; the larva sweeps the

head across from the one end of the loop to the other

slowly and by short jerks and stops, as though the silk

214 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

had to be drawn out. As it does so, the loop which was

stretched over the sides of the four segments (2nd, 3rd

thoracic, Ist, 2nd abdominal) on one flank, gradually leaves

them and becomes stretched over the same line on the

opposite side. Then the process of fastening it and

spinning various sinuations of silk over the other place

of attachment of the loop is repeated. I saw it do this

several times, and then at one end it delayed a little, and

came up with the head not above the loop, still less the

front-legs, but with the loop across the front of the head

at the base of the labrum. When about the middle, it

made some movements and I thought it was going to

throw the loop backwards into place ; this, however, it did

not do, but continued to the other side ; so far as I could see

it spun no thread this time, it then twice repeated the

ordinary process of adding a thread, and again repeated

the passage with the thread above the labrum. It was

now making a good many contortions with the effect that

the anterior segments became decidedly diminished in

bulk ; as soon as it reached the end of the loop with it

above the labrum, it put the head with little difficulty under

the loop so that the loop was across the vertex, and then

making the passage across and raising the mouth end of

the head, the loop easily slipped backwards. It was not,

however, before some little time spent in twistings and

contortions, that looked as if intended to push the loop

back, but were really effective in again distending the

front part of the larva and diminishing the posterior that

the loop fell into its place between the 2nd and 3rd

abdominal segments, and the larva rested as quite satisfied.

Though the larva was slow and deliberate in its move-

ments this was all done ina very few minutes; the threads

of the girth seem to remain distinct and separate, and do

so to much nearer their attachment than in 7’. cussandra,

where the spreading of silk over the attachment includes

the lapping of the adjacent portion of the loop.

It may be noted that the position of the loop in the

larva between the 2nd and 8rd abdominal is constant, as I

saw it in all specimens, though I did not see it made. In

the pupa it is different, viz. just behind the middle of Bue

meta-thorax.

It sinks into the soft chitin of the newly-moulted pupa

which, as it were, flows over it in two places on each side,

there is in fact a lappet formed at each of these places,

Pupal suspension of Thais. 215

that passes over the loop and encloses it in a short tunnel,

Sometimes it is quite fixed here, at others it can be drawn

through these tunnels and removed, if it is first cut. The

two places where these lappets are found are on the hind-

wing, and on the fore-wing just below the cell some little

way basal to vein 2.

It is perhaps erroneous to say that the loop sinks into

the soft chitin, at least to say so may produce the false

impression that there is something accidental about it; it

is, however, a constant arrangement, and the lappets are

no doubt structures specially arranged for the purpose.

To test this a larva suspended for pupation was treated

by cutting the loop away. It was seen very shortly after

pupation, before the pupa had quite assumed its permanent

form and was still very soft. The very striking fact

appeared now, that across the wings there was a very

distinct depression marked by a central linear mark, as

if the girth were present and indenting the soft pupa.

When the pupa had attained maturity with a firm skin,

this appearance had gone, and at first glance there was no

evidence of the overlapping chitin that bridges over the

girth. A closer look, however, showed the prominence at

the base of the under-wing that forms the anterior over-

lapping margin, with a linear groove just behind it, and on

the middle of the fore-wing at the position of the tunnel for

the girth is a glazed line, but no definite overlapping. It

therefore seems that the pupa is prepared for the girth tak-

ing its proper position by a definite channel occurring across

the wings whilst the cuticle is still plastic; that the two

special places (on fore- and hind-wing) are prepared for

its inclusion beneath the surface; that of the hind-wing

which is a very strong lappet forms even if the girth is not

there; that on the fore-wing, the overlying lappet does

not form, unless it has the assistance of the downward

growth of the wings, which occurs during the maturing of

the pupa just before hardening, and as the lappet is not

formed, the walls of the tunnel that would contain the

girth are left exposed as a glazed line in this position.

As a subsidiary effect of cutting the girth the pupa did

not succeed in fastening the cremaster on the provided

anal pad of silk. When at rest for pupation the claspers

hold the silk in front of the pad, which stands up un-

secupied just behind the pupa, or rather behind the

claspers and under the end of the anal plate, and in

216 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the

moulting the cremaster is thrust back over the skin to

reach the pad. The loss of the girth, however, deprives

the pupa of the power of preserving a correct alignment,

and so the fulerum provided by the skin held in place by

the claspers cannot be efficiently utilized.

The whole process of spinning the girth seems therefore

to be identical in Papilio and Thais.

P.S.—The abortive journeys across the loop, between

the spinnings of its separate threads and the final journey,

in which the loop is thrown back, may be speculated on as

showing that the movement for spinning and that for

throwing back are variations of one and the same move-

ment, and that the definite distinction between them is

not so fixed, but that an intermediate movement may

occur, either as not being yet entirely eliminated or by

reversion.

The larva of rape makes the girth in a way that is

essentially the same as in Papilio, but yet with an amount

of variation that renders it actually very different.

Ersentially the girth is made in front of the larva and

between the head and first pair of legs (not between the

Ist and 2nd pair of legs, as in Papilio), but the raising of

the front segments of ‘the larva, which in Papilio may be

likened to the ‘ ‘Sphinx ” attitude, is In vapex carried to an

extreme, so that when the larva is adding to the middle

point of the girth the head is bent back so that the back

of the head touches the dorsum of the abdomen, about

the incision between 2nd and d5rd abdominal segments,

the ventral face of head and first thoracic segment beimg

directed exactly dorsal, the legs of 2nd and 38rd_ thoracic,

forwards. As the head is carried to either side, these for-

ward segments so rotate that the venter becomes ventral

over all segments, but the forward segments instead of

being bent dorsally, are bent laterally, and the head is

against the side of the 2nd and 8rd abdominal segments.

Tn all these positions the loop seems to be fairly tense.

When the head is bent to one side, the girth passes over

the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment and the middle

of the Ist thoracic, the portion of the larva between

these two positions being in front of the loop, the rest

behind it. In the median position, there is perhaps a

large proportion of the Ist thoracic segment in front of the

loop. Indeed the head only might be regarded as behind

the loop. It is observable, that during this process the

Pupal suspension of Thais. yA §

2nd abdominal segment seems small and contracted, the

abdominal segments behind and the thoracic in front

seeming relatively swollen.

The completion of the process, when the spinning is

finished, is really very different from that in Papilio. In

Papilio the front of the head is put forward under the loop

and it is slipped back into its place by a movement very

similar to that by which a thread is added to the girth,

In rape, at the end of fixing the last thread at the side,

the head is merely drawn forward from under the loop.

The references to the spinning of the loop in Pieridx

that I have met with, give the idea that it is spun from

the outside across the abdominal segments, the spinneret

being carried to and fro across the surface of the

segment—a feat that a moment’s reflection on the details

of such a process will show to be impossible. It is made

across the 2nd abdominal segment, but the larva is so

bent back that the loop passes at the same time round

its neck and the spinning is from the inner- or under-side.

When I say that the spinning from the outside 1s

impossible, it is perhaps going too far, for there is no

necessary limit to the amount of bending a larva may do,

but when one sees the amount of strain on the full-fed

larva of rapx to get the head as far back as it does, it is

seen that whatever it might be for some hypothetical larva,

it would be impossible for rapx to bend further back till

the spinneret touches the abdominal dorsum. Or if we

take the actual position when the larva is fastening one

end of the loop, if it thence carried the spimneret up the

side of the segment towards its dorsum, the combination

of lateral bending and longitudinal twist would stop the

process before the spinneret reached the dorsum, much less

reached the other side.

218 . Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE XII.

SUSPENSION OF Z'HAIS.

Three several figures of the larvee of different individuals sus-

pended for change to pupa to show (which the smallest specimen

does most successfully) the position of the “ girth” at this stage,

and three of pupa, the first with the girth in the Papilio position it

oceupies during the first twenty-four hours after moult, the other

two with it in the well-known Thais position attached to the

nose-horn.

( 24901)

XII. Notes on New Zealand Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick,

B.A, E.RS., F.ES.

[Read February 1st, 1905. |

For the material of the following notes and descriptions

Iam again indebted to the kindness and energy of Mr.

G. V. Hudson, of Wellington, except where it is otherwise

stated. In addition to describing the new species I have

made some corrections of synonymy and other notes.

HYDRIOMENID A.

Chloroclystis sandycias, sp. n.

Chloroclystis plinthina, Huds., N. Zeal. Moths, 41,

pl. vi, 8, nec Meyr.

49. 14-16 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white, seldom

mixed with green, palpi 2%. Antennz white ringed with dark

grey, in ¢ ciliated with fascicles (3). Thorax whitish-ochreous

sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, more or less

tinged with reddish-ochreous towards base and apex, and variably

sprinkled or mixed with blackish. Fore-wings somewhat elongate-

triangular, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather

oblique ; ochreous-whitish to white ; basal area more or less tinged

with reddish-ochreous and suffusedly striated with blackish irroration,

usually extending considerably further on costal area than on dorsal;

median band almost always conspicuously pale, sometimes mixed

with green, generally striated with dark irroration on costa and

dorsum but seldom indistinctly throughout, posterior edge formed

by a double pale line prominently angulated in middle, more

than usually approximated to termen on lower half ; when a series of

blackish neural dots precedes this, it follows the angulation of the

line ; a blackish linear discal dot, sometimes indistinct ; terminal

area reddish-brown, seldom mixed with green, interrupted by a

pale patch opposite angle of median band, subterminal line pale,

waved ; an interrupted blackish terminal line: cilia whitish more

or less suffused with fuscous-reddish, basal half barred with

blackish, apical half less distinctly with grey. Hind-wings with

termen sinuate, rounded-prominent below middle ; whitish, towards

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IL. (JULY) 15

220 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

dorsum obscurely striated with reddish and blackish irroration ; a

rather large blackish-grey discal dot ; terminal area with indistinct

grey lines, sometimes reddish-tinged ; cilia as in fore-wings.

Twelve specimens, Wellington. Although very variable,

this is a neat and easily recognised species; it is one of

the smallest, and the almost constantly conspicuous paler

median band is a striking feature; it is perhaps nearest

to C. plinthina, but in that species the palpi are much

longer (especially in the ?, in which sex they are 42), the

expanse of wing greater (19-20 mm.), termen of fore-

wings more oblique, post-median series of black dots

gently curved in disc, not angulated.

Xanthorhoe chlorias, Meyr.

Venusia princeps, Huds., Trans, N. Zeal. Inst. 1902,

244, pl. xxx, 1, 1s a synonym of this.

Aanthorhoe occulta, Philpott.

Nanthorhoe occulta, Philpott, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 1902,

248, pl. xxxii, 5. A specimen received ; it is a good

species, apparently allied to Yanthorhoe mnesichola.

NXanthorhoe periphea, sp. n.

dé. 26mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous sprinkled with

whitish. Fore-wings triangular, termen slightly bowed, oblique ;

light fuscous, sprinkled with darker fuscous and whitish ; two very

obscurely darker fascie indicating median band, first curved, pre-

ceded by several white dots, second irregularly curved outwards

on upper 3, followed by a series of white dots; some whitish dots

indicating subterminal line, edged with obscure darker shades : cilia

fuscous-whitish, with two fuscous lines. Hind-wings rather elongate,

light fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings

One specimen; Humboldt Range, Lake Wakatipu, at

4000 ft. An obscure species, apparently nearest to

A. chionogramma.

Notoreas synclinalis, Huds.

Notoreas synclinalis, Huds., Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 1902,

244, pl. xxx, 6.

¢d 2. 25-26 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish, more or less

mixed with fuscous ; thorax with a blackish stripe on each side of

back. Fore-wings rather elongate-triangular, costa sinuate, termen

bowed, rather strongly oblique ; ochreous-brown ; a broad grey

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 221

streak along costa, in 2 mixed with whitish, connected at base with

a white longitudinal median streak reaching to ? of disc ; two longi-

tudinal black streaks above and below middle, curved upwards

posteriorly, not reaching termen, upper interrupted near base and

more broadly posteriorly, lower indented above on veins, margined

beneath by a white streak curved up round its extremity, indented

beneath extremity of upper and continued round it toapex of wing ;

a slender dark grey terminal streak, in Q mixed with whitish : cilia

dark grey, more or less mixed with white, especially in 9. Hind-

wings blackish-grey, with faint pale post-median shade.

Three specimens ; Seaward Moss, Invercargill. Allied

to V. insignis, but very distinct.

Notoreas mechanitis, Meyr.

Three specimens sent of a well-marked local form

occurring on Mt. Holdsworth, Tararua Range, north of

Wellington, at 4000 feet, characterized as follows :

25-27 mm. (typical form does not exceed 23 mm.) ; duller, with

less yellow intermixture ; specially characterised by the obsolescence

of the black lines on under-surface of hind-wings, which are strongly

marked in all South Island forms.

Notoreas isoleuca, Meyr. (the locality for which should, I

am informed, be Castle Hill, not Wellington), is, as I am

now satisfied from further material, only a form of J.

mechanitis, the chief differences being due to a diminution

of the yellow suffusion. The species is however in all

its forms always quite distinct from NV. paradelpha, in

which the wings are differently formed, the fore-wings

being somewhat more elongate, with the costa straighter,

and the hind-wings obviously more elongate in proportion

to the fore-wings, the cilia sharply barred, the median

band of fore-wings narrower and differently formed, its

anterior margin much less curved, and posterior less

angulated in middle, and regularly indented above and

below middle.

Notoreas ischnocyma, sp. Nn.

Notoreas isolewca, Huds., N. Zeal. Moths, 72, pl. viii,

27, nec Meyr.

¢. 20mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Fore-wings trian-

gular, costa slightly arched, termen obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous,

with some scattered yellow-whitish scales ; subbasal, first, median,

229 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

second, and subterminal lines slender, whitish, subbasal straight,

first nearly straight, somewhat irregular, median indistinct, curved

outwards in disc, second waved throughout, angulated in middle,

indented beneath middle, subterminal irregularly waved: cilia

white, basal half barred with dark fuscous. Hind-wings with

ground colour, median, second, and subterminal lines, and cilia as

in fore-wings.

One specimen, Castle Hill. This is easily known from

the allied forms by the slender waved second line.

Notoreas omichlias, Meyr.

36 2. 22-27 mm. In fresh specimens the fore-wings show a

bluish-slaty gloss; in Mt. Holdsworth examples the edge of basal

patch and margins of median band are marked by slender light dull

ochreous fascie, but these are hardly perceptible in my other

specimens,

Seven specimens, Humboldt Range, and Mt. Holdsworth.

MONOCTENIADA.

' PARAGYRTIS, gen. n.

Face obliquely prominent. Tongue developed. Antennz %, in ¢

bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi moderately long, porrected,

rough-sealed. Thorax not hairy beneath. Fore-wings: 10 anas-

tomosing with 9 above 7. Hind-wings: 6 and 7 approximated, 8

approximated to cell to beyond middle.

Allied to Theoxena.

Paragyrtis inostentata, Walk.

Panagra inostentata, Walk. Cat. Geom. 1012; Dichro-

modes griseata, Huds. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 1902,

244, pl. xxx, 5.

& @. 15-23 mm. Head and thorax white, more or less irrorated

with fuscous. Fore-wings rather elongate-triangular, costa straight,

termen straight, rather oblique, strongly rounded beneath ; ground

colour formed by fine transverse rows of dark fuscous scales tipped

with white, appearing grey, sometimes broadly suffused with white

beneath costa and beyond second line; a black discal spot ;

second line represented by a sinuate dark fuscous shade from

beneath costa near apex to dorsum beyond middle, sometimes

broadened on lower portion, more usually faint or wholly obsolete ;

in one specimen a dark fuscous pretornal suffusion : cilia dark

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 223

fuscous, tips white, round tornus lighter. Hind-wings elongate,

varying from whitish to grey, towards termen usually darker-

suffused ; in the most strongly marked specimen there are suffused

darker post-median and preetornal shades as in fore-wings; cilia grey,

extreme tips white.

Seaward Moss, Invercargill; described from one New

Zealand and twelve Australian examples. This species

was accidentally omitted from my paper on the Australian

species of this family, but it has long been known to me,

being in fact one of the commoner Australian species,

occurring at Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland ; Sydney

and Blackheath, New South Wales; Melbourne, Victoria ;

Blackwood, South Australia; Perth and Albany, West

Australia; from September to January. I have not

however previously seen it from New Zealand. It is

extremely variable in the depth of colouring and intensity

of marking.

SELIDOSEMID &.

Selidosema pungata, Feld.

Selidosema pungata, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. cxxxi, 23 ; S.

Jascialata, Philpott, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 1902, 248,

BL xcs

¢. 40 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous. Fore-wings

somewhat elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, termen bowed,

little oblique ; light ochreous-brown, with scattered short fuscous

strigula marked with a few black scales; a rather broad dark

fuscous median band, edged narrowly anteriorly and more broadly

and suffusedly posteriorly with ochreous-whitish, anterior edge

slightly curved, posterior rounded-prominent near costa and more

broadly below middle, thus concave above middle ; subterminal line

waved, ochreous-whitish, edged with dark fuscous suffusion, rather

broadly interrupted in middle, posterior marginal suffusion running

to termen beneath apex instead of to costa. Hind-wings light

ochreous-yellow, towards termen deeper and more ochreous.

One specimen; according to Mr. Philpott, this species

occurs in several localities in Southland in February and

March, and the female does not differ from the male ex-

cept in being somewhat paler. It is very similar to

S. productata, but constantly distinguished by the peculiar

form of the posterior margin of median band of fore-wings.

Not knowing of the existence of this species, I formerly

attributed Felder’s figure to productata,

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

PHYCITIDA.

SPOROPHYLA, gen. n.

Face rounded; tongue developed. Antenne 3, in ¢ simple,

shortly ciliated, basal joint moderate. Labial palpi moderately

long, obliquely ascending, second joint much thickened with dense

scales, terminal joint short, obtuse. Maxillary palpi rudimentary.

Fore-wings: 4 absent, 3 and 5 connate, 8 and 9 stalked. Hind-

wings : 2 almost from angle of cell, 4 absent, 3 and 5 stalked, 6 and

7 connate, 8 closely approximated to cell and anterior portion of 7.

Allied to Crocydopora, but distinguishable by the simple

antennz of the male; the labial palpi are also shorter

and stouter.

Sporophyla anospora, Meyr.

Crocydopora enospora, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1897, 388.

Having now received additional specimens, including

the male, which was previously unknown, I am enabled

to characterize the genus as above, and also to add the

following particulars to my specific description :

¢ ?. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax dark grey mixed or densely

irrorated with white, sometimes mixed with ferruginous, Fore-

wings as described, but more usually without ferruginous admix-

ture, varying considerably in the preponderance of white or blackish

scales, in one specimen densely irrorated with white throughout so

as to obscure the markings. Hind-wings varying from grey to dark

fuscous, usually darker terminally.

Three additional specimens, Ida Valley, Otago, taken

by Mr. J. H. Lewis. This species is evidently very

variable,

CRAMBID/L.

Orocrambus machexristes, sp. D.

49. 21-24 mm. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with

blackish, centre of crown and of thorax anteriorly and in @ face

whitish. Palpi blackish-fuscous, whitish internally. Antenne dark

fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, somewhat whitish-sprinkled. Fore-

wings elongate, moderately dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse,

termen rather oblique, straight, rounded beneath ; brown, more or

less mixed with dark grey and grey-whitish (more strongly in @) ;

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 225

an ochreous-white median longitudinal streak from base to 4, dilated

and obliquely truncate posteriorly, edged beneath by a thick black-

ish streak which curves up round posterior extremity, where it is

interrupted by interneural lines of ground colour, and continued as

a series of diminishing spots to near costa; a black subdorsal

streak from base to }; a curved series of blackish marks on veins

from ¢ of costa to tornus: cilia grey, with darker basal shade, tips

ochreous-whitish. Hind-wings dark grey, becoming blackish-grey

towards termen ; cilia as in fore-wings.

Two specimens, Mount Earnslaw (5300 feet). <A

striking and distinct species.

Crambus xthonellus, Meyr.

The female differs considerably from the male, and may

be described as follows:

9. 20mm. Fore-wings brassy-bronze, suffused with dark fuscous

in disc and on veins posteriorly ; a narrow white sub-costal streak

from base to near apex, sometimes interrupted obliquely beyond

middle, broader and more suffused posteriorly, connected at base

with a moderate straight white median streak from base to termen ;

a white dorsal streak from near base to tornus, dilated posteriorly :

cilia white, mixed with fuscous at apex and below middle of termen,

Hind-wings rather dark fuscous, darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish-

ochreous, with a fuscous line.

I took both sexes in company at Invercargill, and have

since received a female taken in the same district by

Mr. Philpott.

Crambus heteraulus, sp. n.

g. 35mm. Head white, behind eyes and in centre of face

brownish-ochreous. Palpi nearly 4, bronzy-ochreous, white above

and at base beneath. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax bronzy-

ochreous, with broad white dorsal stripe. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, moderately dilated, costa moder-

ately arched, apex nearly rectangular, termen obliquely rounded ;

brownish-ochreous, with strong brassy reflections ; a rather narrow

white median longitudinal streak from base to beyond 4, thence

continued as three undefined white interneural lines to termen,

edged with some darker scales posteriorly above, and towards middle

beneath; dorsum narrowly white towards base; two elongate

wedge-shaped white interneural streaks resting on termen beneath

apex, uppermast longer ; cilia white. Hind-wings fuscous-whitish ;

cilia white,

226 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Motes on

One specimen, Humboldt Range (3600 feet). Nearest

to C. crenwus, from which it ditfers by the fore-wings being

broader, with more arched costa, the median white streak

incomplete posteriorly, and the white interneural streaks

between this and apex; from all other nearly allied species

it differs by the absence of any white costal or sub-costal

streak,

Crambus sophistes, sp, 0.

d.17 mm, Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous, suffusedly mixed

with whitish ; palpi5. Antenne dark grey. Abdomen whitish,

basal half brassy, Fore-wings very elongate, narrow, gradually

dilated, costa gently arched, apex somewhat acute, termen rounded,

rather strongly oblique ; fuscous, irregularly irrorated with grey-

whitish ; a short suffused dark fuscous mark along dorsum towards

base ; a slender white streak, edged with scattered dark fuscous

scales, along fold from base to middle, thence acutely angulated in-

wards to near dorsum, this portion edged posteriorly with some dark

fuscous suffusion ; two dark fuscous dots longitudinally placed in disc

about 3; two sub-terminal series of short blackish dashes on veins,

and a third less complete on termen: cilia whitish, with two inter-

rupted fuscous lines. Hind-wings fuscous-whitish ; cilia ochreous-

white.

One specimen, Ida Valley, Dunedin, taken by Mr. J. H.

Lewis. The species is intermediate between C. cyclopicus

and harpophorus, but cannot be confused with either,

Argyria strophea, sp. n.

d @. 15-18 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, partially

yellowish-tinged, and sprinkled with dark grey. Palpi 4, grey,

darker-sprinkled, whitish above and towards base beneath. An-

tenne ochreous-whitish, obscurely ringed with dark fuscous.

Abdomen ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark grey. Fore-wings

elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, oblique, faintly waved ; pale brassy-ochreous, suffusedly

mixed with white, and irrorated with dark grey ; subbasal line

white, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, angulated near costa,

obsolete towards dorsum ; first and second lines white, more or less

edged with dark fuscous, first obtusely angulated above middle,

second sinuate inwards towards dorsum, preceded on costa by a small

dark fuscous spot ; a small roundish dark fuscous spot in disc before

middle; a narrow white transverse mark in disc beyond middle;

a terminal series of dark fuscous lunulate marks: cilia whitish, with

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 227

a fuscous subapical line, basal half barred with fuscous, Hind-wings

grey, darker posteriorly; cilia as in fore-wings.

Five specimens, Wellington. It is extremely distinct,

bearing very little resemblance to the other New Zealand

species, A. pentadactyla, yet probably more allied to it

than to any other known to me.

Tauroscopa trapezitis, sp. n.

¢. 22mm. Head and thorax blackish-fuscous mixed with white,

orbits and cheeks naked, orange. Palpi dark fuscous, white on

upper longitudinal half and at base beneath. Antenne blackish,

towards base whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen bronzy-fuscous sprinkled

with white. Fore-wings elongate-triangular, costa faintly sinuate,

apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ; grey, partially

slightly ochreous-tinged, densely and suffusedly mixed with whitish;

markings blackish, somewhat irregular-edged ; a streak along basal

third of dorsum, and a streak from base of costa equal and parallel

to this ; two small costal spots before and one beyond middle ; an

oblique narrow-trapezoidal spot in dise before middle, its posterior

edge formed by whitish first line, which is very acutely angulated

below middle; a reniform discal spot slightly beyond middle ;

second line whitish, obtusely angulated in middle and indented

beneath costa, edged with black anteriorly and by an oblique

black spot on costa posteriorly ; a terminal series of small black

spots: cilia grey, with dark grey basal shade, tips white. Hind-

wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey, mixed with white towards tips.

One specimen, Mount Earnslaw, at 5300 ft. This, the

second discovered species of the endemic genus 7'awroscopa,

bears a general resemblance to 7’. gorgopis, but is very dis-

tinct, especially by the peculiarly formed first line ; whilst

the singular naked orange cheeks and orbits are quite a

unique feature, of which there is no trace in the other

species,

Diptychophora microdora, sp. n.

g 2. 10-12mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

dark fuscous ; palpi mixed with yellowish towards base. Fore-

wings triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen bisinuate,

oblique, rounded beneath ; dark fuscous, bronzy-tinged ; first. and

second lines dark, angulated, edged on costa with yellow strigule,

first edged on dorsal half anteriorly by two confluent yellow spots

and posteriorly by a yellow line, second edged posteriorly towards

228 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

dorsum by a wedge-shaped yellow mark ; a yellow costal strigula

just before apex, terminated by a white dot ; cilia dark grey, with

an irregular white basal line round apex and upper part of termen

(imperfect). Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

I took a specimen on Mount Arthur at 3000 feet in

January, and have received a second from Mr. Hudson,

but neither is in very good condition. The species is

nearly allied to pyrsophanes, but much smaller, darker,

and with more developed yellow markings.

PYRAUSTID.

Scoparia meliturga, sp. 0D.

¢ 2. 17-19mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white irrorated with

dark fuscous. Palpi 3, dark fuscous, whitish-mixed, white towards

base beneath. Antenne dark fuscous, ciliations in ¢ 4. Abdomen

pale grey, more or less suffused with ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings

elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

sinuate, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; ochreous-whitish, more

or less suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish in disc, sprinkled with

dark fuscous ; first line ochreous-white, edged posteriorly with dark

fuscous suffusion, slightly curved, indented in middle; orbicular

and claviform usually quite undefined or represented only by some

dark fuscous suffusion, seldom orbicular centred with an ochreous-

whitish dot; discal spot 8-shaped, ochreous-whitish or whitish-

ochreous, more or less outlined finely with dark fuscous ; second

line ochreous-white, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, moderately

curved outwards from } to }, sharply indented at } ; terminal area

irrorated with dark fuscous, subterminal line thick, suffused,

ochreous-whitish, touching second line in middle, sometimes

slenderly interrupted above this; an interrupted ochreous-white

terminal line: cilia whitish, with dark grey interrupted anterior

and light grey posterior line. Hind-wings without long hairs in

dise ; pale whitish-grey, suffused with grey posteriorly ; cilia whitish,

with grey subbasal shade.

Six specimens, Auckland and Wellington, taken by

myself in December and January; I have also received

the species from Mr. Hudson. Until lately I had mistaken

this for a form of S. philerga, but am now satisfied of its

distinctness; it is a neater and smoother-looking insect,

always recognizable by the well-marked yellowish tinge ;

moreover in S. philerga the orbicular is normally white

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 229

edged with black, and the subterminal line is more broadly

interrupted.

Scoparia thyridias, sp. n.

dg. 18mm. Head fuscous. Palpi 2, fuscous, white towards base

beneath. Antennz dark fuscous, ciliations }. Thorax brownish,

mixed with whitish and dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-fuscous.

Fore-wings very elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen rather oblique, rounded ; brownish, densely

and suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous ; first line white, nearly

straight, rather oblique, irregular-edged, becoming double towards

dorsum; an oblong pellucid patch in middle of disc, preceded and

followed by blotches of orange suffusion, anterior extended down-

wards along first line ; second line slender, waved, white, curved

outwards from 7 to ?, forming a spot on dorsum ; subterminal line

very undefined, whitish, broadly interrupted above middle: cilia

whitish-fuscous, with two darker shades. Hind-wings without hairs

in disc ; light grey, darker terminally ; cilia as in fore-wings.

One specimen, locality not specified but probably

Wellington. This is distinguished from all other New

Zealand species by the naked discal patch (possibly not

developed in @); a similar structure is found in certain

Hawaiian species, but I think it improbable that they are

nearly allied specifically, and regard the character as having

been developed independently in each ‘case. 8. thyridias

belongs apparently to the neighbourhood of S. philerga.

Scoparia dochmia, sp. n.

¢. 20 mm. Head brownish-ochreous, somewhat whitish-sprinkled,

Palpi 3, dark fuscous, white towards base beneath. Antenne dark

fuscous, ciliations }. Thorax fuscous, whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen

pale ochreous-grey, whitish-mixed. Fore-wings elongate-triangular,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, rather

oblique, rounded beneath ; light brownish irrorated with darker,

veins and margins suffusedly irrorated with blackish, median area

irrorated with white ; first and second lines well-marked, white,

interiorly blackish-edged, first somewhat curved, rather oblique,

sinuate in middle and rather abruptly rounded-prominent below

this, preceded in middle by a spot of white and blackish irroration ;

second parallel to termen, slightly curved from } to 2; orbicular

and elaviform forming undefined spots of blackish suffusion resting

on first line ; discal spot X-shaped, blackish, ill-defined ; subterminal

line indicated by whitish irroration, entire, approximated to termey,

230 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

and not touching second line: cilia whitish-fuscous, with two rather

dark fuscous shades. Hind-wings without long hairs in dise; pale

whitish-fuscous, with a slight brassy tinge ; a grey discal spot ; an

undefined grey postmedian line ; termen suffused with grey ; cilia

whitish, with fuscous subbasal shade.

One specimen, Lake Wakatipu, at 1300 feet. Although

an ordinary-looking insect, without striking characters,

this species does not in fact at all nearly approach any

other ; possibly it has most resemblance to the Australian

S. eremitis,

Scoparia triclera, sp. n.

Q. 12mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey sprinkled with

whitish. Palpi 2?, dark fuscous, white towards base beneath.

Antennz dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa poste-

riorly gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather oblique, faintly

sinuate, rounded beneath ; blackish-fuscous mixed with whitish ; a

small pale ochreous elongated subbasal spot in middle; a broad

ochreous-white postmedian band parallel to termen, somewhat

narrowed towards costa, mixed with ochreous in disc ; subterminal

line undefined, whitish : cilia dark fuscous, somewhat whitish-mixed.

Hind-wings without long hairs in disc ; dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous,

base pale.

One specimen, Wellington. In size, shape and general

markings so like S. chlamydota that 1 should have thought

it one sex of that species, of which however I have both

sexes, not differing at all from one another; I am there-

fore obliged to regard it as distinct. It is easily separated

by the dark fuscous terminal area of fore-wings, and the

dark fuscous hind-wings.

Scoparia phalerias, sp. n.

@. 23mm. Head ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi

2%, ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous, white towards base beneath.

Antenne ochreous spotted with dark fuscous. Thorax brown mixed

with dark fuscous, edged laterally and posteriorly with ochreous-

white. Abdomen light greyish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate,

gradually dilated, costa slightly arched posteriorly, apex obtuse,

termen rather oblique, faintly sinuate, rounded beneath ; dark

fuscous, with fine seattered whitish scales ; a pale ochreous patch,

mixed with ochreous-brown, extending along costa from 4 to , and

reaching nearly half across wing; a small round pale ochreous sp o +

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 231

beneath this before middle, and a narrow elongate one beyond middle:

cilia ochreous-white. Hind-wings without hairs in disc; pale grey,

darker towards apex ; cilia whitish.

One specimen, Wellington, in April. Not at all like

any other, but perhaps allied to S. swbmarginalis.

Scoparia siderasprs, sp. n.

& 2. 25-28 mm. Head dark grey mixed with whitish. Palpi 3,

blackish mixed with white, towards base white beneath. Antenne

dark fuscous, in ¢ pubescent-ciliated on whole surface. Thorax

shining bluish-bronze. Abdomen bronzy-fuscous, in ¢ suffused

with yellow-ochreous on sides and posteriorly. Fore-wings elongate,

moderate, suboblong, in ¢ more dilated posteriorly ; shining slaty-

bluish fuscous ; a faint darker undefined discal spot: cilia fuscous.

Hind-wings with long hairs in disc ; fuscous, darker posteriorly, in

2 more or less tinged or suffused with ochreous-yellowish anteriorly ;

cilia whitish-yellowish, with two fuscous lines. Under-surface,

especially of hind-wings, more or less wholly suffused with ochreous-

yellow.

Three specimens, Mount Earnslaw (5300 feet) and

Humboldt Range. The slaty-bluish colouring recalls 8.

cataxesta, to which however the species is not really allied,

but rather to the neighbourhood of S. nomentis, though

very distinct ; the ochreous-yellow suffusion of the under-

surface is a peculiar characteristic.

PTEROPHORID.

Platyptilia epotis, sp. n.

9. 25mm. Head white. Palpi 24, greyish-ochreous sprinkled

with dark fuscous, white above. Antenne grey. Thorax whitish

suffusedly sprinkled with brownish-ochreous, patagia becoming clear

white posteriorly. Abdomen white, partially suffused with pale

brownish-ochreous except towards base. Legs white, anterior femora

and tibie fuscous. Fore-wings with apex pointed, subfalcate, termen

rather deeply concave ; pale brownish-ochreous densely irrorated

with white, broadly suffused with white towards costa and dorsum

on posterior half ; basal } of costa irrorated with dark fuscous, thence

a narrow dark fuscous costal streak reaching to #; a dot of two or

three dark fuscous scales in disc at 2; a short transverse blackish-

fuscous mark before cleft; a strong oblique blackish streak from

apex to anterior half of lower margin of first segment, where it is

232 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

broadest ; an undefined blackish-fuscous longitudinal dash in centre

of basal half of second segment: cilia whitish, with a dark fuscous

spot above apex, an interrupted blackish basal line on central third

of termen, and two or three blackish scales on dorsum at 3. Hind-

wings pale fuscous, second segment whitish-tinged ; cilia whitish-

fuscous ; two or three fine blackish hair scales in dorsal cilia of third

segment beyond middle.

One specimen, Humboldt Range, at 3600 feet. The

stalk of veins 8 and 9 of fore-wings is very short. The

species resembles generally Stenoptilia leucoxesta and S.

charadrias (probably with real genetic affinity), but is

distinct from everything by the well-defined blackish

subapical bar.

EPIBLEMID.

Noteraula sideritis, sp. n.

¢@. 15mm. Head aud thorax brownish-ochreous. Palpi moder-

ately long (23), ochreous-brown. Antennze whitish-ochreous, with

dark fuscous serrations. Abdomen grey, darker posteriorly, anal

tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, somewhat dilated

posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

sinuate, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; whitish-ochreous finely

strigulated with dark fuscous, mixed in dise and towards apex

wholly suffused with ferruginous-ochreous ; two curved posterior

oblique purplish-leaden-metallic striz from costa at 3 and 3, terminat-

ing before and beyond tornus ; a series of undefined blackish marks

between these, starting from an oblique leaden-metallic costal streak ;

a short direct leaden-metallic costal streak before apex : cilia grey,

basal third with a blackish-grey line broadly interrupted with

brownish-ochreous, at tornus whitish-ochreous, Hind-wings grey,

terminal edge whitish ; cilia light grey, with darker basal line.

One specimen, Wellington (?). The discovery of a

second species of this genus is interesting ; the palpi are

much shorter and the termen of fore-wings much less

oblique than in J. stramanea.

Strepsicrates dolopxa, sp. n.

¢. 18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale greyish-ochreous

irrorated with whitish. Antenne grey, suffused with whitish above,

notch at about } from basal joint. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-

pointed, termen sinuate, oblique, rounded beneath, costal fold reach-

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 233

ing 2; pale greyish-ochreous, irrorated with whitish and strigulated

with fuscous, posteriorly more ochreous; an undefined patch of

fuscous suffusion extending along costa from 3 to ¢; margins of

ocellus, and an angulated stria beyond it leaden-metallic : cilia

pale grey irrorated with whitish. Hind-wings with 3 and 4 coinci-

dent ; whitish-grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with faint grey subbasal

shade.

One specimen, Wellington, Structurally similar to

S. zopherana, but much paler, and without any of the

dark markings of that species.

TORTRICIDA.

Dipterina hemiclista, sp. n.

¢. 15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey mixed with dark

fuscous, palpi short, 13. Fore-wings elongate, considerably dilated

posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded ; rather dark slaty-grey, with irregular angulated dark

fuscous striz, tending to break up into strigule ; edge of basal patch

dark fuscous, right-angled in middle ; an oblique dark fuscous blotch

on costa before middle, another at #, and a third apical: cilia grey

mixed with dark fuscous. Hind-wings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

One specimen, Wellington. Not like any of the other

New Zealand species (which also differ much among them-

selves), but with considerable resemblance to an undescribed

Tasmanian species.

Eurythecta zelea, sp. n.

@. 10-11 mm. Head ochreous, face and a central longitudinal

streak on crown suffused with white. Palpi 2, white, externally

suffused with ochreous. Antenne dark grey. Thorax fuscous mixed

with ochreous and whitish. Abdomen fuscous. Fore-wings lanceo-

late, round-pointed, obviously more elongate and narrower than in F.

robusta ; fuscous, more or less mixed irregularly with pale yellowish-

ochreous and white ; costa suffused with white, and marked with a

quadrate dark fuscous spot before middle, and three smaller posterior

spots ; a dark fuscous dorsal spot before middle, another on tornus,

and several more or less defined dots on termen: cilia fuscous, basal

third mixed with whitish, tips pale. Hind-wings rather dark fuscous,

darker posteriorly ; cilia fuscous, paler towards tips.

Two specimens, Ida valley, Otago, taken by Mr. J. H.

Lewis. This is closely allied to #. robusta, but differs in

234 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

the absence of the two dark fasciz, which though often

interrupted are always present and well-marked as fascize

in H. robusta, whereas in LH. zelea they are represented only

by small costal and dorsal spots; and also structurally in

the considerably narrower and more elongate fore-wings.

LE. robusta may be extinct; I believe it has not been seen

for very many years, though formerly locally abundant.

ASCERODES, gen. n.

Palpi moderately long, porrected, triangularly scaled with long

rough projecting hairs. Antenne in ¢ biciliated with fascicles of

long cilia. Thorax without crest. Forewings in ¢ without costal

fold ; 7 and 8 separate. Hind-wings without pecten of hairs on

lower margin of cell; 3 and 4 approximated at base, 5 somewhat

approximated to 4, 6 and 7 approximated at base.

Apparently most allied to Harmologa, from which it

differs by the absence of the costal fold; separable from

Proselena and Prothelymna by veins 6 and 7 of hind-wings

not being stalked.

Ascerodes prochlora, sp. n.

g. 18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous mixed with

ferruginous-orange, palpi 3. Antenne blackish spotted with white,

ciliations 3. Abdomen dark grey, with whitish lateral streaks.

Fore-wings elongate, suboblong, costa moderately arched towards

base and apex, apex rounded, termen somewhat rounded, rather

oblique ; dark grey, densely overlaid with ferruginous-brown ; costa

broadly and dorsum narrowly suffused with pale yellowish-ochreous :

cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half suffused with dark grey. Hind-

wings dark grey, more blackish-grey posteriorly ; cilia whitish, basal

half greyish-tinged, with blackish-grey basal line.

One specimen, Humboldt range, at 4000 feet.

Tortrix indigestana, Meyr.

Tortriz indigestana, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S Wales,

1881, 520.

Of this widely distributed Australian species, not

previously recorded from New Zealand, I took a good

specimen at Whangarei in December, which I cannot

distinguish from Austrahan examples.

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 235

PHALONIAD.

Heterocrossa contactella, Walk.

Tinea contactella, Walk. Suppl. 1813.

‘9. 14-15 mm. Head white. Palpi 24, white, lower longitudinal

half blackish. Antenne white, obscurely ringed with fuscous.

Thorax whitish-ochreous mixed with dark grey, collar and patagia

white. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very

oblique, almost straight, rounded beneath; grey, irregularly irrorated

with dark grey and white ; a broad irregular-edged white suffusion

extending along anterior half of costa, and reaching 3 across wing ;

three or four small black dots on costa anteriorly, second forming a

short strigula ; a narrow oblique-transverse pale ochreous spot edged

with black below middle at }; a black dot above middle of disc, and

a small pale ochreous sometimes blackish-mixed spot below it ; three

small faint whitish-ochreous spots arranged in a triangle in disc

beyond middle; all these ochreous spots are ringed with white

suffusion ; an undefined angulated dark subterminal shade, marked

with black on veins ; a series of blackish dots on posterior half of

costa and termen: cilia light grey irrorated with white, basal half

obscurely barred with whitish. Hind-wings grey, paler anteriorly ;

cilia whitish.

Two specimens, Wellington. I have not actually com-

pared these specimens with Walker’s types, but from notes

I made on a previous inspection J think there is little

doubt of their identity; the species had not hitherto been

rediscovered. It is intermediate between adreptella and

the rest.

(ECOPHORID A.

Hypercallia aletis, sp. n.

¢d.13 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous sprinkled with

whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, a subapical ring of second

joint, and terminal joint except apex somewhat infuscated. Antenne

greyish-ochreous, ciliations 3. Abdomen fuscous, Fore-wings elon-

gate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

somewhat rounded, rather strongly oblique; greyish-ochreous

irrorated with fuscous ; some dark fuscous scales towards base of

costa ; first discal and plical stigmata very obscure, darker, plical

rather obliquely beyond first discal; second discal distinct, dark

fuscous, with some whitish scales beneath it: cilia greyish-ochreous

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART II. (JULY) 16

236 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

mixed with fuscous. Hind-wings rather dark fuscous, lighter ©

anteriorly ; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal shade, tips

whitish.

I took one specimen on Arthur’s Pass at 3000 feet, in

January. It is an insect of the most obscure appearance,

probably allied to the other New Zealand species of the

genus, H. amenena, but differing obviously in the very

much smaller size and dark hind-wings. These two out-

liers of a characteristic Australian genus are probably

amongst the few indications of an immigration by way of

Tasmania.

Proteodes profunda, sp. ua.

¢. 20mm. Head ochreous, mixed on sides with dark fuscous.

Palpi dark fuscous, extreme apex of second and terminal joints pale

ochreous. Antenne fuscous. _Thorax dark fuscous, somewhat

mixed partially with whitish-ochreous, Abdomen dark fuscous

mixed with ochreous-whitish ; at base a pair of oblique narrow

bladder-like membranes above. Fore-wings broad, suboblong,

rather dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen faintly sinuate, little oblique, rounded beneath ; fuscous,

with series of cloudy dots of black irroration on veins; markings

formed by whitish-ochreous suffusion, irregularly sprinkled with

dark ferruginous ; about six irregular subconfluent spots towards

base and anterior half of costa; a triangular subterminal patch

extending from apex to tornus and leaving a narrow terminal streak

of ground colour, its apex extending inwards to lower angle of cell ;

small discal spots of blackish suffusion before and beyond middle :

cilia whitish-fuscous, basal half mixed with dark fuscous and whitish-

ochreous, on costa with four pale dots. Hind-wings grey ; cilia

whitish-grey.

One specimen, Mount Holdsworth, in forest, at 2000

feet. This, the second discovered species of Proteodes,

differs a good deal superficially from P. carnifex, and has

a very Tortriciform appearance.

Trachypepla pheoptila, sp. n.

g. 15mm. Head ochreous-white, face and crown mixed with

dark fuscous. Palpi white, basal third and a subapical band of

second joint, and two bands on terminal joint blackish. Antenne

dark grey, ciliations #,even. Thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish,

mixed with dark fuscous anteriorly. Abdomen rather dark fuscous.

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 237

Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

oblique, rounded beneath ; fuscous, irregularly strewn with white,

ochreous-brown, and black scales; markings very undefined ; the

black scales indicate an angulated basal patch, a large irregular

blotch on middle of costa, some raised tufts in disc, and an apical

patch ; the anterior edge of the costal blotch is margined with white

suffusion ; an obscure roundish spot of brownish-ochreous suffusion

beneath dise beyond middle : cilia fuscous, basal half mixed with

white and blackish. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with

dark fuscous subbasal shade.

One specimen, Mangaterera River, Mount Holdsworth.

Comparable with 7’. anastrella from the dark fuscous hind-

wings, but apart from the more blackish mixture of fore-

wings (which are also more elongate), differmg widely in

the antennal ciliations of ¢, which are short (#) and even,

whilst in anastrella they are long (3) and whorled; this

character 1s not noticed in my description of anastrella.

The length of ciliations differs considerably in various

species of Z’rachypepla, and appears to afford here specific

characters only.

Trachypepla lathriopa, sp. n.

gd. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax brown. Palpi brownish-

ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, extreme tips of second and

terminal joints whitish. Antenne dark fuscous, ciliations 14, even.

Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, costa moder-

ately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;

light reddish-fuscous, irregularly sprinkled with brown aud dark

fuscous ; edge of basal patch indicated by a very obscure pale acutely

angulated narrow fascia; stigmata. dark fuscous, very undefined,

plical rather obliquely beyond first discal ; a subterminal series of

undefined dark fuscous dots, indented beneath costa; a series of

undefined dark fuscous dots along posterior part of costa and termen :

cilia whitish-fuscous, tinged with reddish, with a grey postmedian

shade. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia grey,

with dark grey basal shade.

Six specimens, taken by myself at Wellington, Nelson,

and on the Mt. Arthur plateau in January, and also

received from Mr. Hudson. Very like obscure examples

of anastrella, with which I have hitherto confused it, but

obviously longer-winged, and certainly distinct by the

much shorter and evenly-arranged ciliations of antenne.

238 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Motes on

Izatha (Semiocosma) metadelta, sp. n.

¢. 17mm, ¢. 19-25 mm. Head fuscous sprinkled with whitish,

with well-marked conical horny frontal prominence concealed in

scales. Palpi white, second joint mixed with dark fuscous, with

dark fuscous basal and subapical bands, terminal joint mixed with dark

fuscous at base, with dark fuscous median band. Antenne dark

fuscous ringed with whitish. Thorax whitish, mixed with fuscous

in ¢, on patagia ochreous-tinged, anteriorly suffused with dark

fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous mixed with whitish, two basal

segments ferruginous-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, moderate,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique,

rounded beneath ; brownish-ochreous or fuscous, more or less

sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous, darkest in ¢, towards costa

and dorsum suffused with whitish in ? ; dark fuscous marks at base

of costa and dorsum ; a small fuscous spot on costa at }, and a larger

triangular one on dorsum at 3, latter followed in 9 by a patch of

ochreous suffusion ; a dark fuscous subquadrate spot on costa before

middle, and a larger subtriangular one extending on costa from

middle to }; two dark fuscous transverse discal spots before and

beyond middle, touching these costal spots respectively, partially

edged with black and then with white, first suboval, mostly filled

with raised scales, second curved-reniform, lower posterior margin

broadly interrupted ; in ¢ two undefined longitudinal discal black-

ish streaks traversing these spots; an ill-defined cloudy whitish

curved subterminal line; a terminal series of small dark fuscous

spots: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Hind-wings in ¢ black-

ish-fuscous, in 2 dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; cilia fuscous, with

darker basal shade.

Three specimens, Wellington. Nearest to I. epiphanes,

but very distinct ; the conical horny frontal prominence is

a noticeable structure; it recurs (though previously un-

observed because slight and concealed) in a less developed

form in some but not all of the other species, and is

doubtless adaptive.

Gymnobathra bryaula, sp. n.

¢. mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, somewhat mixed

with pale greenish-yellow, thorax with two small anterior dark

fuscous spots. Palpi whitish, base and a subapical ring of second

joint, and subbasal and subapical rings of terminal joint dark

fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish, basal joint dark fuscous above,

ciliations 2. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, second segment more

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 239

ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique, rounded

beneath ; ochreous-whitish, mixed with light greenish-yellow and

sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially on veins ; markings fuscous

mixed with dark fuscous ; small spots on base of costa and dorsum,

a small double spot near base in middle, and three small double spots

representing stigmata, plical obliquely beyond first discal ; two

elongate marks above tornus ; a subterminal series of small subcon-

fluent spots, approximated to termen, acutely indented beneath apex;

five small spots on posterior half of costa: cilia ochreous-whitish,

basal half spotted with dark fuscous (imperfect). Hind-wings

ochreous-grey-whitish ; cilia whitish, with grey basal dots on veins.

One specimen, Wellington. Very distinct; might be

placed between sarcoxantha and thetodes.

Lorkhausenia (Ccophora) penthalea, sp. n.

d 9. 15-17 mm. Head pale brownish-ochreous, whitish-

sprinkled. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with basal half

dark fuscous and a subapical ring of dark fuscous irroration, terminal

joint with subbasal and subapical rings of dark fuscous irroration.

Antenne grey, ciliations of ¢ 1. Thorax pale brownish-ochreous

sprinkled with fuscous, anteriorly suffused with dark fuscous.

Abdomen light grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately arched,

apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous,

irrorated with light brownish, with some dark fuscous scales towards

margins, sometimes forming distinct patches of dark suffusion on

costa at base, +, and middle ; an oblique dark fuscous mark above

dorsum before middle; discal stigmata crescentic, dark fuscous,

hollow beneath, often ill-defined ; a moderately broad subterminal

fuscous or brown fascia, irrorated with dark fuscous, narrowed

towards costa and on tornus: cilia whitish-ochreous irrorated with

fuscous, at tornus with a darker bar above a pale spot. Hind-wings

light grey, darker towards apex ; cilia grey-whitish, with grey basal

shade.

Three specimens, Wellington. Allied to griseata; readily

distinguished by the smaller size and well-defined dark

fuscous subterminal fascia.

Borkhausenia chloradelpha, sp. n.

¢ 9. 18-20mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whit-

ish, basal half of second joint sometimes irrorated with dark fuscous.

Antenne whitish ringed with dark fuscous, ciliations of ¢ 1,

240 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

Thorax whitish-ochreous, with brown subdorsal stripes. Abdomen

ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately arched,

apex pointed, termen faintly sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; pale

whitish-ochreous, along dorsum and on posterior half more or less

partially brownish-tinged and sprinkled with brown and dark brown ;

a suffused brown streak, mixed with dark brown, along submedian

fold from base to tornus ; stigmata fuscous, often indistinct, plical

obliquely beyond first discal ; a subterminal line of dark fuscous

scales very indefinitely indicated : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, more

or less sprinkled with fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia ochreous-

whitish.

Four specimens, Wellington. Intermediate between

griseata and politis, but easily distinguished from both by

the whitish-ochreous colouring, brown submedian streak,

and whitish hind-wings.

Borkhausenia thranias, sp. n.

¢.10 mm. Head and thorax orange-yellow. Palpi whitish-

yellow, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except towards

apex. Antennee dark fuscous, ciliations 1. Abdomen light silvery-

grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-

pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; deep yellow, towards base

orange-tinged ; a well-defined rather dark fuscous streak along costa

from base to middle ; a few fuscous scales in dise beyond middle

and towards tornns: cilia light ochreous-yellow. Hind-wings light

grey ; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous.

‘One specimen, taken by myself at Whangarei in

December. Nearest horwa; characterised by small size,

well-defined costal streak reaching middle, and absence

of dark colouring on thorax.

Borkhausenia melanamma, sp. n.

@. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey irrorated with white.

Antenne dark grey ringed with whitish, ciliations 1. Abdomen

grey, more or less mixed with ochreous-yellowish. Fore-wings

lanceolate, costa bent at 4; fuscous, irrorated with white, with a few

seattered dark fuscous scales; four oblique fasciz of dark fuscous

irroration from costa at base, 4, ?, and $ indicated or obsolete : cilia

light fuscous, some irroration and tips whitish. Hind-wings grey;

cilia light grey, with darker basal shade.

Two specimens, Ida Valley, Otago, taken by Mr. J. H.

Lewis. Near siderodeta; similar in form of wing but

differs by the white irroration (causing grey appearance),

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 241

absence of ochreous-yellow or ferruginous suffusion, and

lighter hind-wings. Both species evidently vary con-

siderably, but I have taken siderodeta in plenty, and in

all its forms it is clearly distinct from melanamma.,

Borkhausenia loxotis, sp. n.

dg. 11-12 mm. Head and palpi dark fuscous irrorated with

ochreous-whitish, Antenne dark fuscous, pale-ringed. Thorax and

abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately

arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; dark

fuscous ; some scattered pale yellowish scales along submedian fold ;

a narrow straight pale ochreous-yellowish fascia, edged with some

black scales, from } of costa to 2 of dorsum ; a pale ochreous-yellow

dot in dise at ?, and sometimes others on costa beyond middle and

at tornus ; a more or less indicated subterminal line of pale yellowish

scales, starting from a small costal spot: cilia fuscous, irrorated with

yellow-whitish. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with

darker basal shade.

I took one specimen at Wellington in January, and

have received another from Mr. Hudson. It is inter-

mediate between siderodeta and chryssgramma, but quite

distinct from either.

Borkhausenra pharmactis, sp. n.

g. 15mm. Head fuscous, sprinkled with pale yellowish hairs.

Palpi whitish-yellowish, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne

whitish-yellowish, ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-

yellow, anteriorly suffused with fuscous. Abdomen grey, Fore-

wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, rather strongly oblique; deep ochreous-yellow, finely

sprinkled throughout with brown; extreme costal edge dark

fuscous towards base: cilia ochreous-yellow, somewhat sprinkled

with brown. Hind-wings dark grey ; cilia whitish-grey, with grey

basal shade,

I took one specimen on the Mount Arthur plateau, at

an elevation of 4000 feet, in January. Perhaps allied to

anema, but much deeper-coloured, and quite without the

dark costal streak and other markings.

PLUTELLIDA.

PHYLACODES, gen. n.

Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed.

Antenne 3, in ¢ shortly ciliated, thickened above with scales on

242 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on

basal half, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long,

recurved, with appressed scales, second joint somewhat roughened

beneath towards apex, terminal joint longer than second, acute.

Maxillary palpi short, slender, acute, porrected. Posterior tibize

smooth-scaled above, loosely haired on apical half beneath. Fore-

wings: 2 from very near angle of cell, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen,

11 from middle of cell. Hind-wings slightly over 1, subtrapezoidal,

termen slightly sinuate, cilia #; 3 and 4 rather approximated at

base, 5, 6, 7 parallel.

Not obviously near to any described genus.

Phylacodes cauta, sp. n.

¢.°14mm,. Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous, slightly

purplish-tinged. Palpi whitish-ochreous, slightly fuscous-sprinkled,

especially beneath apex of second joint. Antenne pale greyish-

ochreous. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft'white. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very

obliquely rounded ; light greyish-ochreous, on costal half suffused

with ochreons-white, especially on veins ; several minute black dots

along submedian fold, dorsum, and termen, and towards apex ; a

larger round dot in dise at #: cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind-wings

grey, becoming blackish-grey towards apex ; cilia light grey, with

dark grey basal shade, tips whitish.

One specimen, Ida Valley, Otago, taken by Mr. J. H. Lewis.

Orthenches drosochalea, sp. n.

@4@.11mm. Head and thorax leaden-grey. Palpi dark fuscous,

inwardly and towards base white, terminal joint half as long again

as second (14), Antenne dark fuscous, ringed with white. Abdomen

grey, towards base pale ochreous, apex in ¢ whitish. Fore-wings

elongate, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate,

rather strongly oblique, rounded beneath ; 7 to termen; shining

coppery-bronze; four oblique fascia of white irroration, first

slender, second antemedian, broader, third angulated, considerably

enlarged towards costa, fourth forming an apical patch extended

along termen ; a spot on base of costa, an interrupted streak along

submedian fold, and a spot above middle of dise purple ; a dark

fuscous-purple transverse mark in dise at %,in third fascia: cilia

light grey, above apex spotted basally with purplish. Hind-wings

ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, termen sinuate; light grey, darker

posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey.

I took a specimen in the Otira Gorge in January, and

have received another from Mr, Hudson, taken in Welling-

New Zealand Lepidoptera. 243

ton. Allied to porphyritis, and similar in form of wing,

but structurally distinct by vein 7 of fore-wings run-

ning to termen, not apex, and terminal joint of palpi 13

instead of 2, as well as by the clear coppery-bronze colour-

ing and lighter hind-wings.

Compsistis orthophanes, sp. n.

9. 9-10 mm. Head, antennex, and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous.

Palpi rather dark fuscous, internally whitish-ochreous, terminal

joint as long as second. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex whitish-

ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; fuscous, slightly

purplish-tinged, irrorated with dark fuscous and blackish ; a straight

rather narrow fascia at }, a small spot in middle of disc, and opposite

subcostal and subdorsal spots at } pale ochreous-yellow, irregular-

edged : cilia fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous towards base. Hind-

wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal shade.

Two specimens taken by myself at Auckland and Nelson,

in December and January.

TINEIDZ.

Dryadaula myrrhina, sp. 0.

g¢. 9mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous-whitish.

(Abdomen broken.) Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen faintly sinuate, extremely

oblique; 7 and 8 separate ; shining, whitish-yellowish ; two very

oblique triangular fuscous spots on costa about } and before middle ;

a fuseous dot above dorsum at +; an inwardly oblique fuscous strigula

on dorsum at 2; a fuscous costal dot at 3}; some indistinct brownish

suffusion on dorsal half posteriorly and towards apex; a_ thick

black terminal line, interrupted below apex and in middle: cilia

whitish-yellowish. Hind-wings trapezoidal, termen faintly sinuate

below apex ; light grey ; cilia grey-whitish.

One specimen, probably from Wellington. Nearly allied

to the Australian D. glycinopa, under which name I now

believe I confused two distinct species; I therefore add

diagnoses of these, to show that all three are distinct.

Dryadaula glycinopa, Meyr.

Dryadaula glycinopa, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.

Wales, 1892, 559 (part).

¢. 9-10. (Antenne broken.) Fore-wings with 7 and 8 stalked ;

shining whitish-yellowish ; very oblique ochreous-yellow fascia-like

244 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes on New Zealand Lepidoptera

streaks from costa at 1 and before middle, and a blotch on costa

about 2, all marked with dark fuscous on costal edge ; a suffused

ochreous-yellow streak along submedian fold, and indications of two

or three oblique streaks from dorsum coalescing with it ; an incom-

plete fine dark fuscous line from about ? of disc to apex ; an irregular

blackish line along termen, tending to be interrupted below apex and

in middle. Hind-wings subtrapezoidal, termen not sinuate ; grey,

lighter toward base.

Two specimens, Blackheath, New South Wales, in

February.

Dryadaula napa, sp. n.

Dryadaula glycinopa, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.

Wales, 1892, 559 (part).

9.8mm. Antenne towards apex with three dark fuscous bands.

Fore-wings with 7 and 8 short-stalked; white; very oblique

ochreous-yellow fascia-like streaks from costa at { and 4, marked

with fuscous on costa, meeting in dise two shorter oblique ochreous-

yellow streaks from dorsum ; a deep ochreous-yellow streak along

submedian fold from base ; a triangular fuscous blotch extending

on costa from middle to 4, connected with termen by a yellow-

ochreous suffusion ; a fuscous spot on costa near apex ; an incomplete

line of dark fuscous scales from 2 of dise to termen beneath apex,

space beneath this mostly suffused with yellow-ochreous ; blackish

dots at apex and tornus, connected by an incomplete row of blackish

scales along termen. Hind-wings broadly lanceolate, pale grey.

One specimen, Deloraine, Tasmania, in November,

( 245 )

XII. On three remarkable new genera of Microlepidoptera.

By Sir Greorce F, Hampson, Bart., B.A.

[Read March Ist, 1905,]

PYRALIDA.

CHRYSAUGINA.

Genus PACHYPODISTES, nov.

Proboscis aborted ; palpi not projecting beyond frons and very

thickly clothed with hair; maxilliary palpi absent; frons with

thick tuft of hair; antenne ciliated ; legs of male thickly clothed

with hair, the fore tarsi fringed with hair, the mid and hind tarsi

with immense tufts of hair on upper-side, the spurs absent, female with

the tibize and tarsi smoothly scaled and very much swollen, the tarsal

joints indistinct, the spurs absent ; abdomen very long, especially in

female where the anal segment is twice the length of the others.

Fore-wing with the costa concave and the apex produced upwards,

especially in male, the termen strongly excurved ; vein 3 from angle

of cell; 4-5 stalked in male, approximated for some distance in

female ; the upper angle of cell produced, especially in male, 6 from

angle in male, in female shortly stalked with 7, 8, 9,10; 11 from

cell. Hind-wing with the inner angle thickly clothed with hair ;

vein 3 from angle of cell; 4,5 stalked in male, approximated for

some distance in female ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

The genus is best placed in the Chrysauginz in spite of

the absence of proboscis.

Pachypodistes goeldit, n. sp.

¢. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous mixed with fuscous-brown ;

patagia dull vinous-red irrorated with grey and edged with ochreous ;

hind tarsi tinged with vinous-red, the fringe of hair dark brown at

tips; abdomen ochreous-brown, the ventral surface tinged with

vinous-red. Fore-wing vinous-red irrorated with greyish-ochreous

especially on costa and inner margin ; an oblique grey antemedial

line joined at inner margin by a very obliquely curved line from

costa near apex below which it is slightly angled ; cilia brownish-

ochreous, Hind-wing vinous-red irrorated with greyish-ochreous,

TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND, 1905.—PART II. (JULY)

46 Sir G. F. Hampson on three

an indistinct very obliquely curved postmedial greyish line ; cilia

brownish-ochreous ; the inner margin clothed with long brownish

hair.

?. Wings much brighter vinous-pink ; fore-wing with the post-

Pachypodistes goeldti, +

medial line oblique, not curved and well separated from the ante-

medial line at inner margin.

Larva a whitish stoutly-built grub with red-brown head, evidently

an internal feeder. Cocoon; red-brown, flattened, bivalvular, formed

remarkable new genera of Microlepidoptera. 247

in layers and rather resembling a mussel-shell, probably attached

to bark or between leaves.

Hab, AMAZONS, Pard (Goeldi), 1 f, 2 2, larva, pupa and

cocoons. Exp. ¢ 38,250 mm. Type in B. M.

ORNEODID.

Genus TRISCADECIA, nov.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint porrect about

twice the length of head and broadly fringed with hair below, the

3rd oblique, moderate ; antennze of male ciliated ; tibia with pro-

Jecting tufts of hair at the spurs. Fore-wing divided into six plumes

to rather more than one-third length; the costa with six tufts of

scales ; the scaling rough ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ;

Triscedecia dactyloptera, & 2.

4-5 from angle; 6 from below upper angle ; 7-8 stalked ; 9, 10, 11

from cell. Hind-wing divided into seven plumes to half length ;

veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 absent ; 6-7 from upper angle ;

8 free, from base.

This is the third known genus of the family, the others

being Orneodes, Latr., and Pelia, Wik.

Triscedecia dactyloptera, n. sp.

6. Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with whitish, pale brown

and black scales; antennee and legs mixed with whitish ; abdomen

with diffused blackish bands. Fore-wing clothed with greyish, pale

brown and black scales; the costa with whitish spots between

the black tufts of scales ; the cell with small black lunules followed

by whitish spots at middle and extremity ; traces of a diffused

oblique whitish band from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; an

indistinct slightly waved whitish postmedial line ; the plumes with

248 Sir G. F. Hampson on three

white spots at base and subterminal and terminal series of white

lunules. Hind-wing with the basal half white with diffused irregular

black antemedial and two medial lines on it, the 1st of the medial

lines arising from a discoidal bar ; a slightly waved whitish post-

medial line; the plumes with white spots at base and subterminal

and terminal series of white lunules.

Hab. CrYLon, Maskeliya (J. Pole), Ohiya (Gossage).

Exp. 26 mm. Type in B. M.

PTEROPHORID&.

Genus TITANOPTILUS, nov.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, slender, projecting about

the length of head; antennee with the shaft roughly scaled, the

basal joint with large tuft; fore femora with tuft of scales near

Titanoptilus melanodonta, & 3.

extremity, the tibia with large tuft at extremity ; mid tibia with

tufts at middle and extremity ; hind tibize with three tufts ; abdomen

very long with lateral tufts of scales at extremity of segments.

Fore-wing bifid to near middle, the lower plume falcate at extremity ;

a very large scale-lobe on inner margin below end of cell; vein 3

absent ; 5 absent; 6 from. below upper angle of cell ; 7-8 stalked ;

9-10 absent; 11 from cell. Hind-wing trifid, the upper excision to

two-thirds, the lower to near base; the inner margin with large

remarkable new genera of Microlepidoptera. 249

scale-tooth at one-third and very large scale-lobe at two-thirds ;

veins 3, 5 and 6 absent.

Nearest to Z'richoptilus, Wlsm.

Titanoptilus melanodonta, n. sp.

¢. Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with grey, brown and

black scales. Fore-wing greyish suffused with dark brown and

irrorated with rough black scales ; a whitish mark at base of excision,

the fringes of scales below upper plume and above lower black and

whitish ; the lobe on inner margin formed of large black scales, the

lower plume fringed below with black and whitish scales and with a

scale-tooth before its falcate extremity. Hind-wing greyish suffused

with dark brown ; a few black scales in the fringes below and at

extremity of the two upper plumes; the inner margin with the

long spatulate scales of the scale-tooth and lobe pale at base, black

at extremities ; a tuft of black scales at extremity of plume with

the fringe on inner margin before it white.

Hab. British E. Arrica, N’dimu, Uganda Ry., mile

469. (Betton), f. Exp. 42 mm. Type in B. M.

(i: ADabiew)

XIV. Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal Lepido-

ptera, collected by Mr. Harold Cookson, in Northern

Rhodesia, in 1903 and 1904. By HERBERT

Drucsz, F.L.S. Lycznide and Hesperiide, by

Hamitton H. Drucez, F.Z.S.

[Read March Ist, 1905, ]

PLATE XIII.

THE collection contains a large number of species, the most

interesting being Planema pogget, Precis touhilimasa, Crenis

rosa § and 9, Pseudacrxa poggei, Huryphene plistonax,

Buryphene letitia fand 2, Crenidomema concordia & and 9,

Charazxes macclouni g and §, Teracolus regina, Papilio

ridleyanus, Papilio toboranus.

We have described 11 as new species, leaving several

others, of which only one specimen has been sent, for future

determination.

Family SATY RIDA.

Mycalesis cooksoni, sp. nov. (Plate XITI, fig. 1.)

d. Upper-side. Primaries and secondaries dark brown, the

fringes of both wings lighter brown. Primaries with a small in-

distinct apical ocellus, a large black ocellus near the anal angle with

a small white dot in the middle, a short oblique cream-coloured band

erosses the wing from the costal margin to the upper-side of the

black ocellus.

Under-side. Primaries greyish-brown crossed beyond the middle

by a narrow yellow curved line, the cream-coloured band as above but

smaller, the ocellus more distinct, two fine yellow lines close to the

base. Secondaries greyish-brown mottled with darker brown, a

blackish-brown line crosses the middle of the wing from near the

apex to the inner margin above the anal angle, a submarginal row

of minute black dots extending from near the apex to the anal angle

those near the anal angle the largest.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. NORTH-WEST RHODESIA.

This species is allied to A/ycalesis sciathis, Hew., from

Old Calabar, and MM. selous?, Buti.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905,—PART 11. (JULY) 17

Mr. H. Druce’s Descriptions of

Mycalesis haroldi, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 2.)

d- Head, antenne, palpi, thorax and abdomen brownish-black,

under-side of the abdomen and the legs pale brown. Upper-side :

Primaries cream-colour broadly shaded with brown at the base, the

costal margin apex and outer margin dark brown, a small indistinct

ocellus close to the apex, a large ocellus nearest the anal angle, a

faint submarginal line extends from the apex to the anal angle.

Secondaries cream-colour, the base and inner margin clouded with

brown, the apex and outer margin dark brown with a faint sub-

marginal line extending from the apex to the anal angle.

Under-side ; both wings pale brown. Primaries crossed beyond the

middle of a cream-coloured band which widens out to the anal

angle, two large ocelli close to the outer margin, the first near the

apex, the second above the anal angle ; a marginal and submarginal

pale greyish band extends from the apex to the anal angle. Second-

aries crossed about the middle bya rather wide cream-coloured band,

a submarginal row of six ocelli extending from the apex to the anal

angle, the first large, second and third very small, four and five large,

six small, The marginal lines the same as on the primaries.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. NORTH-WESTERN RHODESIA.

LYCANIDA.

Amongst the Lycwnide are many interesting species,

showing an admixture of Western and South Tropical

forms. The collection contains Alxna oberthuri, Auriv., a

species with uniform black hind-wings on the upper-side,

a good series of Pentila amenaida, Hew., showing consider-

able variation as regards the richness of colour and the

number of black spots : Mimacrea marshalli, Trimen, in

fine condition ; a largé series of the little-known Terias-

looking Liptena homeyeri, Dewitz.* A 9 specimen agree-

ing exactly with Dr. Trimen’s figure of Epamera trimeni,

Walleng., which if this is the true Zrimeni makes one

doubt whether the insects from the Transvaal referred by

Mr. G. A. K. Marshall to this species are correctly deter-

mined or whether Dr. Trimen’s figure really refers to

Triment or some other unnamed form. Zeritis sorhagent,

Dewitz, and Z. neriene, Boisd., agreeing exactly with

Boisduval’s figure, and in my opinion quite distinct from

Dr. Butler’s Z. amine. Aphnwus erikssoni, Trimen.

* Homeyeri, Dewitz, D. E. Z., 30, p. 429, t. 2, f. 5, 5a, 5b, 5e.

some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 253

Spalgis lemolea, H. H. Druce, known from the Gambia.

Lycexenesthes adherbal, Mabille, Z. lasti, S. and K., LZ. Modes,

Hew., LZ. crawshayi, Butl, ZL. defina, Butl, and LL.

monteironis, Kirby, agreeing exactly with the type in the

Hewitson collection.*

Uranothauma autinorii, Oberth, U. falkensteinii,

Dewitz, and a large series of U. poggei, Dewitz, showing

scarcely any variation. Custalius hintza, Trimen, C. calice,

Hopff., and C. melena, Trimen. Catochrysops glauca,

Trimen, a good series, C. peculiaris, Rogenh., and the giant

C. stormsi, Robbe.

I recognize in all about sixty species, including the new

forms hereafter described.

Liptena eukrines, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 7.)

¢. Allied to L. prestans, Grose Smith,t from which it differs on

the upper-side by the black costal margin on the primaries being

broken beyond the end of the cell, and projecting downwards, thus

freeing the black apex ; the outer margin has only a linear black

edge and the secondaries are unmarked excepting at the base of the

cilia, where there appears to be a very narrow black line. Under-

side : primaries differ from those of L. prestans, as on upper-side ;

secondaries, ground colour pale grey dusted with brown and crossed

by numerous broken bands composed of irregular brown spots.

Head black ; eyes ringed with white ; legs yellowish ; abdomen

yellowish above, grey beneath ; antennw white-ringed, with black

clubs.

Expanse 1,', inch.

Hab. NORTH-EAST RHODESIA.

Three specimens showing no variation. This species

agrees in venation with Z. libyssa, Hew. {; the upper

radial on fore-wing originating at end of cell as in that

species. It has close superficial resemblance to Teriomima.

* Since the above was written, Mr. Bethune-Baker has shown me

M. Mabille’s type of L. adherbal, and pointed out that it is identical

with L. monteirowis, Kirby, and has priority. With this conclusion

I quite agree. The species I have in this paper referred to as L.

adherbal should be known as L. lamuwlata, Trimen.

+ Liptena prestans, Grose Smith, Rhop. Exot. African Lycenide,

pl. xxix, f. 15, 16, p. 141 (1901).

£ Liptena libyssa, Hew., Exot. Butl., Pentila and Liptena, t. 1, f.

5, 6 (1866).

254 Mr. H. Druce’s Descriptions of

Iridopsis cuprepes, sp. nov. (Plate XITT, fig. 8.)

gd. Closely allied to I. exquisita, Grose Smith.* Upper-side :

black margins more distinctly defined and rather narrower. Under-

side: primaries with four pale spots beyond the cell, the upper one

small, the two median quadrate, large and distinct, the lower spot

rounded and less distinct, below these there is an indication of a fifth

spot. There are three pale patches at the outer angle, large and

distinet. Secondaries ; the median band appears wider and more

broken, and the marginal coloured band containing the metallic

lunules is wider.

Expanse 132 inch.

Hab. NoRTH-weEst RHODESIA.

Mr. Cookson only sent one specimen. Although this

insect is undoubtedly very close to J. exquisita; I believe

that, judging from analogy in the genus Phytala, it will

prove to be distinct.

The species of this genus are very little known and

seldom seen in collections. We have in our possession a

specimen from Sierra Leone, which is exactly like Mr.

Grose Smith’s figure of J. ansorgei,t and I have no doubt

that it is the 2 of LZ. ineredibilis, Staud., the ¢ of which

is figured in Iris 4, t. 1, f. 7, 1891.

Spindasis kallimon, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 9.)

Q. Upper-side. Primaries blackish-brown with distinct orange

bands formed of quadrate spots. The Ist in, and at the end of the

cell, consisting of a quadrate spot and a triangular spot below it ; a

large quadrate spot beyond, joining at the median nervule to an

irregular band consisting of six confluent spots which reach from the

apex to near the outer angle. The inner margin from the base for

about two-thirds its length and extending to the lower median

nervule pale silvery blue. Secondaries pale grevish-brown with the

under-side bands showing through as darker grey patches ; a deep

black outer marginal line. Anal angle largely deep orange, contain-

ing a small black spot and two small patches. of metallic scales,

Cihe of both wings distinctly and evenly deep orange, except at the

anal angle where it is deep black. The tail on the lower median

* I. exquisita, Grose Smith, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 353 (1898), Rhop.

Exot. African Lycenidx, pl. xxviii, f. 12, 13 (1901).

+ I. ansorgei, Grose Smith, id. p. 354, Rhop. Exot. id. f. 10, 11.

some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 255

nervule is black, tipped with white, that on the submedian nervures

being orange tipped with black. Under-side: Both wings pale yellow

with dark orange red-bordered bands, which incline to rounded

spots, thickly lined interiorly with metallic scales. At the base of

the fore-wing is a bright orange costal dash. There is a marginal

narrow red line and two submarginal more prominent red lines to

both wings.

A rather large marginal black spot at the anal angle below the

submedian nervule and a smaller one crowned with metallic scales

in the submedian interspace. Head dark orange without any

black markings. Thorax and abdomen blackish above, pale yellow

below; abdomen ringed with whitish.

Legs pale yellow; palpi pale yellow below, darker above with

black tips.

Expanse 1,3; inch.

Hab. NortH-west RuHopesIA, January 1903.

A very beautiful and distinct species, not nearly allied

to any that I can find described, but perhaps nearest to S.

homeyeri,* Dewitz, Mr. Cookson sent four specimens,

all females.+

Erikssonia cooksoni, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 4.)

¢. Allied to Hrikssonia acrxina, Trimen.{ Upper-side uniform

reddish-brown. Primaries with the costa (except at the base, which

is reddish-brown) increasingly broadly black for about three-fourths

its length when it becomes suddenly narrow and joins the broad evenly

black outer margin. An elongate black spotat the end of the cell. Cilia

deep black. Secondaries with a gradually increasing outer marginal

-black band, commencing beyond the middle of the costa and be-

coming narrow and ,broken about the region of the median nervure,

* Spindasis homeyeri, Dewitz, D. E. Z., 30, p. 429, t. 2, f. 5, 5a,

5b, 5e.

+ Since the above description was written, Professor Poulton has

sent me for examination a ¢ captured at Rabai, 14 miles N.W. of

Mombasa on June 18th, 1908, by Rev. K. SAubyn Rogers, and

presented by him to the Oxford Museum. It differs from the ? on

the upper-side by the orange bands on the primaries being narrower

and rather less conspicuous and by the hind-wing being suffused

with rich purple from the subcostal to the submedian nervure ; in

this respect somewhat resembling spindasis natalensis, Westw., which

has the inner margin of the fore-wing also broadly sutfused. On the

under-side it is identical with the 9.

t Hrikssonia acreina, Trimen, P. Z.8., 1891, p. 92, Pl. IX, f. 18,

19, 20.

256 Mr. H. Druce’s Descriptions of

and continuing narrowly to the anal angle where there is a black

line placed obliquely just above it. The cilia is black, whitish at

the base between the nervules. Under-side: Primaries rich orange,

paler along the inner margin; black spots arranged as in H. acreina

with an additional black spot below the cell placed below the central

cell spot. The outer margin is broadly paler, bordered inwardly

with a black line, heavily covered with metallic silver scales and

divided by the black nervules. Cilia black. Secondaries: Ground

colour pale buff with the black spots large and distinct, the basal

area suffused with bright carmine, and a bright carmine band placed

between the ultra-median row of black spots and the sub-marginal

black line. Outer margin and metallic scaling as in primaries.

Legs reddish-orange ; palpi orange below, black above. Antenne

black; brownish at the extreme tip. Head black, yellow between

the eyes. Abdomen deep orange-red above with a row of black

spots ; sides deep black with white spots ; under-surface clothed

with more or less orange hairs.

Expanse 1,'5 inches.

Hab. NortH-wEsT RHODESIA.

Although doubtless allied to #. acrxina this insect

appears to have many points of distinction, notably the

broad black outer marginal border to the fore-wing above;

the deep black cilia; and the carmine on the under-

surface of the hind-wings. It is also a larger insect.

COOKSONIA, gen, nov.

Allied to Hrikssonia,* Trimen, from which it differs in the fore-

wing by the 4th subcostal nervule being emitted nearer to the base

and by the subcostal nervure reaching the margin further below

the apex; and in the hind-wing the stalk of the submedian

nervure is much shorter. The antenne are longer and when viewed

from above appear to be but slightly thickened at the extremities,

but when examined from the side they present a broadly spatulate

club, in this respect entirely differing from Hrikssonia.t The palpi

which are not clothed with thick scales to anything like the

same extent have the terminal joint less than half as long ; almost

minute.

* Hrikssonia, Trimen, P. Z.8., 1891, p. 91. ‘

+ This may possibly be due to pressure in packing the specimen,

which, however, shows no signs of flattening as regards the abdomen

or thorax, and is in very perfect condition.

some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 250

Type. Cooksonia triment, sp. nov.

I have compared this genus to Dr. R. Trimen’s Zriks-

sonia, but it presents important differences which may

prove more remarkable when the male sex is examined.

I dedicate it to Mr. Cookson, its discoverer.

Cooksonia triment, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 3.)

2. Upper-side. Orange-ochreous, suffused with reddish-ochreous,

deepening in colour towards the bases, brightest in the fore-wing.

Primaries : Costal margin narrow and evenly black, outer margin

rather more broadly black; apical third pure white, inwardly

bordered with a rather broad black band, comparatively straight and

even on its inner edge, and much suffused and irregular on its outer

edge, reaching from the costa to the outer margin, where it is

broadest ; the nervules crossing this white apex being distinctly

black and being more decidedly conspicuous as they recede from the

apex. A large black spot at the end of the cell and a smaller black

spot beyond the middle of the cell placed near to but apart from its

upper wall.

Secondaries ; With a black border, commencing very narrowly be-

yond the middle of the costal margin, gradually and evenly widening

towards the apex whence it becomes broken and though thickening

at the extremities of the median nervules is very narrow along the

inner margin and disappears before the base is reached. <A distinct

black spot at the end of the cell placed well above the median

nervure.

Under-side. Primaries brownish-ochreous, reddish in the cell ; a

distinct black spot at the end of the cell. The apical third consists

of a series of five narrowly black-bordered greyish conical spots placed

between the nervures, each one containing at its marginal base an

indistinct ochreous patch. The outer margin has a linear black

border.

Secondaries pearly-grey, with the inter-nervular spaces more or

less suffused with reddish-brown scales which are most conspicuous

just beyond the middle. The basal half contains about twelve large

black irregular white-ringed spots, several of which, close to the

base are confluent, and a median row of irregular black dots. The

outer margin is bordered with a linear black band; beyond which

are two rows of angular black markings placed between the

nervules, the outer row enclosing ochreous patches, the inner pale

grey.

Head black, with two white spots behind the bases of the antenne

and two white streaks between the eyes,

258 Mr. H. Druce’s Deseriptions of

The upper part and the sides of the abdomen are oclireots, but on

the under-side of each segment there is a large distinct, white, black-

margined spot. There are also white spots on the under-side of the

thorax. The legs are black with yellow tufts at the base,

Antenne black ; the shafts minutely spotted with white on the

under-surface.

Expanse 2} inch.

Hab. NortH-EAST RHopESIA. October 1903.

On the under-side this insect has a remarkable Acrxine

appearance, but although the upper-side has a general

likeness to that group I know of no species of the genus

Acrea which has the large white apex to the fore-wing.

Lycenesthes anadema, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 6.)

¢. Allied to L. lasti,* Smith and Kirby, but smaller. Upper-side:

dark purple with indistinct black marginal spots between the lower

median nervules on hind-wing. Under-side: ground colour rather

deeper in tone with the whitish chain-like bands less inclined to

break up into spots and with their enclosed spaces scarcely darker

than the surrounding ground colour. The red spots on the hind-

wing, with the exception of the one below the costal nervure near

the base, which is entirely absent, are dark, clearly defined, and con-

spicuous. The black, yellow-crowned marginal spot placed between

the lower median nervules is smaller, as is the orange anal-angular

streak. Thorax, abdomen, head and legs as in L. lasti. Cilia on

upper-side pale brown, whitish towards tip.

Expanse 17 inch.

Hab. NoRTH-WEST RHODESIA.

Can be distinguished by the smaller size and by the

absence of the red basal spot on hind-wings below.

It is also allied to L. hobleyi,+ Neave, but that species

had a red basal spot and also a red cellular spot in hind-

wings.

Catochrysops pampolis, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 11.)

¢. Upper-side: pale opalescent bluish brown witha linear brown

margin and brown nervules to both wings; a slightly darker brown

patch at the end of the cell of the fore-wing, containing a still darker

streak, A medium-sized round black spot close to the margin of the

* L. lasti, Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 27. Afr. Lye., p. 109,

t. 24, f. 1, 2, 1894.

{ L. hobleyi, Neave, Nov. Zool., v. xi, p. 339, 1904.

some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 259

hind-wing, placed between the two lower median nervules. Cilia

white, indistinctly darker at the extremities of the nervules. Under-

side ; ground colour of both wings pure white with broad blotches.

Primaries ; a large quadrate blotch at the end of the cell ; costal margin

pale brown; an ultra-median brown band composed of confluent

quadrate spots, semi-circular in form, reaching from the subcostal

nervure, where it is widest, to lower median interspace where it is

narrowed ; beyond this a rather narrow brown band of confluent

inter-nervular patches, followed by a somewhat paler and narrower

brown band reaching only to the lower median nervules, and beyond

this a clearly defined, narrow, marginal line. Cilia white; dusky at

the ends of the nervules. Secondaries: costal margin pale brown ;

two large black spots close to the margin, one about the middle, one

half-way between this and the base ; a triangular black spot at the

base of the cell, and two more along the anal margin ; a large irregular

dark brown blotch, with several smaller blotches more or less

attached to it, occupying the central area, and a double submarginal

brown band more inclined to become fused towards the anal angle.

Close to the margin between the lower median nervules is a large

oval orange spot centered by a black spot which is crowned exteriorly

by rich metallic-blue scales. In the submedian interspace, close to

the submedian nervure is an orange streak bordered on either side

by a small black spot; cilia white, brownish at the extremities of

the nervules.

Head, thorax and abdomen brownish-grey above, white beneath,

Legs white ; palpi white, with black tips. Antenne black, white

ringed,

A short linear brown tail on the lower median nervule.

Q. Upper-side paler and brighter blue than ¢, fore-wing with

apex and outer margin broadly pale brown ; hind-wing with an

ultramedian, semicircular, irregular whitish band. Under-side: the

white areas more extensive than in ¢, causing the brown blotches to

appear more distinct; the costal margin and the basal area are more

broadly pale brown and the black spots appear white ringed.

Expanse ¢ 134 inch, ? 1,3, inch.

Hab. Norta-west RaopeEsia, November 1903.

Not very closely allied to any species that I can find

described.

Catochrysops skotios, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 12.)

d. Upper-side uniform dark olivaceus-brown, primaries with a

darker streak at the end of the cell. Cilia slightly paler brown.

Underside : ground colour olivaceus-brown, but slightly paler than

260 Mr. H. Druce’s Descriptions of

upper-surface, with sordid white-ringed spots and markings. Prim-

aries : a large spot at the end of the cell ; an ultramedian band of six

chain-like spots running almost in a straight line from the subcostal

nervure to the submedian nervure, the two lower links being placed

slightly nearer to the base, then two submarginal rows of pale

sagittate lunules and a pale marginal line. Secondaries: two

distinct black spots on the costal margin, another about the middle

of the cell, and two more on the anal margin, one about the middle,

the other near the base. A large sordid white-ringed brown spot

near the end of the cell, then an irregular, much broken band con-

sisting of sordid white-ringed spots, commencing below the black spot

near the middle of the costal margin and reaching to the submedian

nervure ; beyond this band are two rows of sagittate pale markings

and a pale marginal line as in the primaries. A deep black spot,

bordered outwardly with rich metallic scales and broadly crowned

and partially surrounded by rich orange, is placed between the lower

median nervules close to the base. Cilia of both wings brown.

Abdomen brown above, paler below; legs brown ; head brown,

eyes white-ringed. Palpi white, with black tips.

?. Differs only from the ¢ on the upper-side by having a large,

black, orange-crowned spot on the hind-wing near the margin, placed

between the lower median nervules. On the under-side of the fore-

wing there is a minute dot above the subcostal nervure at the end

of the chain-like band. The orange-crowned spot on hind-wing is

more conspicuous and there are traces of orange scales near the anal

angle.

Expanse ¢ 14 inch, 9 1% inch.

Hab. NorRTH-westT RHopESIA, October and November

1903.

This species, which at first sight appears of a general

type, is not very closely allied to any with which I am

acquainted,

HESPERIID.

Cyclopides cooksoni, sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 10.)

Allied to Cyclopides formosus, Butl.* Upper-side blackish-brown

with bright yellow spots. Primaries: the basal third and the inner

margin thickly dusted with yellow scales. A minute spot about the

middle of the costa, and a rather larger one in the cell, below it. An

ultra-median band, consisting of various sized irregular spots, reaching

from the costa to the inner margin, the spot next to the costal spot

* Cyclopides formosus, Butl., P..Z..S., 1893,.p. 670, pl. Ix, £8:

some new species of Diwrnal Lepidoptera. 261

being placed right beyond the band, nearer to the outer margin.

Secondaries : a semicircular median band consisting of three large

irregular spots, beyond which, is a submarginal row of six (sometimes

seven) smaller spots. Cilia of fore-wing black ; of hind-wing black,

but bright yellow at apex and anal angle. Under-side. Primaries ;

costal margin yellow, divided just beyond the cell; a broad yellow

streak and a spot in the cell. The band of irregular spots as on

upper-surface is present with the addition of a large spot in the

interspace below the costal spot. Yellow marginal internervular

radiations and spots as in C. formosus, but more pronounced.

Secondaries much as in C. formosus, but the dark yellow spots deeper

in tone and larger.

Antenne, legs, palpi and head much as in OC. formosus.

Expanse 1%; inch.

Hab. NortH-wrEst RHopDESIA, December 19038.

One specimen which I take to bea ? has a submarginal

series of about eight minute yellow dashes on the upper-

side of the fore-wing, and on several other specimens I

can detect traces of some of these markings.

The hind tibiz have the two pairs of spurs, the upper

pair being smallest.

Mr. Cookson procured a good series of this species,

which appears to be quite distinct from any hitherto

described.

Fig. 1.

Huplanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Mycalesis cooksoni, sp. n., p. 251.

“4 haroldi, sp. n., p. 252.

Cooksonia triment, sp. n., p. 257.

LHrikssonia cooksoni, gp. n., p. 255.

Liptena homeyeri, Dewitz, p. 252.

Lycenesthes anadema, sp. n., p. 258,

Liptena eukrines, sp. ty p. 253.

Tridopsis ewprepes, sp. n., p. 254,

Spindasis kallimon, sp. n., p. 254.

Cyclopides cooksoni, sp. 0., p. 260.

Catochrysops pampolis, sp. N., p. 258.

skotios, Sp. N., p. 259.

(9fQGBe a

XV. Pseudacrea poggei and Limnas chrysippus; the

numerical proportion of mimic to model. By

Horace A. Byatt, B.A., F.E.S. With a note by

Professor E. B. Pouuton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., ete.

[Read April 5th, 1905. ]

PLATE XIV:

THESE butterflies were found among a collection of some

1200 specimens given to me by Pére Guillemé of the

White Fathers’ Mission to Central Africa, under whose

direction they were collected at his station at Kayambi,

in Awemba country, N.E. Rhodesia, near the sources of

the Congo, locally called the Chambezi, between October

1898 and January 1899.

His system was to send out a number of native school-

boys—his “ gamins,” as he called them—each armed with

a net and a book, and orders to capture anything and

everything that came in their way, placing their captures

between the leaves of the book for safe carrying home.

He particularly mentions that he told his boys to take

“des spécimens aussi variés que possible ;” and that they

would do this literally I know from my own experience of

natives, for I have fond them generally unable to dis-

criminate between species, and when sent out by me on

similar occasions they have returned with large numbers

of the msect most in evidence at the moment, and a pro-

portionally smaller number of others. It is, therefore,

allowable to suppose that the whole lot which came into

my possession gives a very fair idea indeed of the numerical

strength of the several species found in the locality.

On opening the papers and examining the specimens—

which have suffered a good deal from the damp and

neglect of seven years—it was found that roughly one-

third of the whole collection consisted of Limnas chrysippus,

L., and its mimics ; and among these latter were seventeen

specimens of Pseudacrea pogger, Dewitz,—many of them

in a fair state of preservation, though, with the rest, they

show signs of being unduly pressed between the pages of

the book, and are somewhat dulled in colour by damp.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART II. (JULY)

264 Mr. Horace A. Byatt on

It is due to the suggestion of Professor Poulton that

this would be an excellent opportunity to ascertain what

numerical relation the Pseudacrea bears to its model

chrysippus that this paper has been hastily prepared in

the Hope Department at Oxford before my return to

Central Africa.

The country in which Kayambi is situated does not

differ greatly from the rest of the plateau to the W.

of Lake Nyassa and N.E. Rhodesia. Large stretches

of undulating plains, covered with thin scrubby bush

or dense tall grass, are intersected at intervals of 5-20 miles

by streams and rivers. In the latter months of the year,

when these insects were mostly collected, these plains

are bare, dry, and dusty, grass and bush bemg burnt up

by the annual bush-fires: and only along the streams is any

verdure found. Pére Guillemé describes the soil as fertile

along the course of the rivers, but elsewhere the district

is generally poor and sandy, and for this reason sparsely

inhabited, and he remarks on bush-fires being the cause

of the general scarcity of insect-life except along the

water-courses, where the vegetation is untouched by fires,

and where forest-giants, trailing creepers, and tree-ferns

flourish.

The altitude of Kayambi is about 3950 ft. above sea-

level; and its position roughly 9° 20'S. and 31° 50’ E,,

some two days’ march from Fife, and three from Abercorn,

on the Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau.

The respective numbers and species in the collection

were worked out in the Hope Department and are stated

in tabular form below :—

SPECIES. ' 3 Q |ToTAL

Limnas chrysippus ; «1 "288 TO 367

do. do. var. dorippus 8 a 12

Pseudacrexa pogger ; . — — 17

Hypolimnas misippus . = 36 7 ; p

“ BREED on V3 45

a » §@ Var. maria 2

Total number in group 441

From this table it will be seen that Pseudaerva pogger

is by no means so rare as has been hitherto supposed ;

its proportion to LZ. chrysippus is no less than 4°72 per

cent. The dorippus, K1., or klugit, Butl., form of chrysippus

Pseudacrxa pogge and Limnas chrysippus. 265

is found, but in this whole series of seventeen specimens

of pogget no individual shows any resemblance to dorippus :

it is purely a mimic of chrysippus and shows no approach

to dimorphism. This is explainable on the ground that it

is found only where chrysippus is the largely predominant

form, and, so far as is known, it does not occur in, or has

not yet reached, the parts where dorippus is relatively

abundant—that is, the desert strip along the E. Coast,

extending in the E, African Protectorate inland at least to

the shores of Victoria Nyanza. In this respect it com-

pares in an interesting manner with misippus ¢, of which

the inaria fori, mimicking dorippus, is found all over

Africa (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 473-484): and

also with Acrwa encedon, L., var. daira, G. and S., which

is only frequent in localities where its type dorippus 1S

predominant (l.c. pp. 473-484).

This occurrence in considerable numbers of what has

hitherto been regarded as the rarest species of Psewudacrea

supports the hypothesis that the mimics of this group are

Miillerian rather than Batesian. This has already been

argued for HH. misippus (cf. Rep. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.—

Detroit, 1897; and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 480

and 483, with references) as well as for the genus Psewda-

crea and for A. encedon (pp. 480, etc.). The fact that

the latter species, belonging to a protected and much-

mimicked subfamily, is far more coincident geographically

with the corresponding forms of its model A. misippus

2 is obviously a powerful argument in favour of the

Miillerian interpretation.

Note sy Proressor E. B. Pouuton, F.R.S.

Ir is deeply interesting to compare the details of the

mimetic resemblance borne by Pseudacrea poggei to

Limnas chrysippus with those of the other great Nympha-

line mimic—Hypolimnas misippus 9. Almost all the

points in the following statement can be verified by

means of the half-tone reproductions of the three species

on the accompanying Plate XIV. It is to be observed,

however, that Fig. 1 represents a 2 chrysippus with five

wings, a second smaller left hind-wing concealing the

central portion of the normal hind-wing of the same side.

266 Mr. Horace A. Byatt on

As this rare monstrosity was found among the large

number of specimens tabulated by Mr, H. A. Byatt it

was thought well to select it for representation, inasmuch

as the teratological interest is simply an additional

advantage which in no way interferes with the bionomic

interest of the plate.

The subapical white bar on the fore-wing of chrysippus

is prolonged downwards and outwards with a slight in-

ward trend by means of a few small marginal spots and a

local intensification of the white elements in the fringe.

This character is very persistent, and is traceable in the

dorippus form when the band itself has, except for its

costal end, disappeared (compare Fig. 4 with 1). A similar

effect is produced in the 2 misippus (Fig. 2) by the

position of the last or fifth spot of the band, by a local

strengthening of the two rows of whitish hind-marginal

lunules, aud by the white elements of the frmge. The

three narrow interrupted white lines which are thus

formed parallel with the hind-margin, persist in the

inaria form when the band itself is only faintly trace-

able (compare Fig. 5 with 2). In both chrysippus and

misippus it is obvious, especially in the latter, that this

prominent subapical marking is in large part prolonged by

the local strengthening or the local persistence of elements

which are not part of the bar itself, but belong to the

category of marginal markings. In this respect Pseuda-

crea pogger (Fig. 3) stands in considerable contrast with

the other two members of the group; for its bar is

prolonged—and much more fully prolonged than in the

other species—by elements which have the appearance of

continuity with the bar itself. If these elements are

marginal markings as in chrysippus and misippus they

have been far more subordinated to the subapical bar

than in these species. The local strengthening of white

elements in the fringe is also somewhat less marked, and

plays a less important part in poyger than in the others.

As regards the few minute spots at the extreme apex

of the fore-wing of chrysippus, mimetic resemblance is

more honoured in the breach by poggei than in the too

emphasized observance by misippus ?—to say nothing of

the very different position of the marking in model and

mimic,

In spite of all these differences in detail, the two

mimics are by no means unlike; and in general effect

Pseudacrea pogge: and Limnas chrysippus, 267

each of them resembles the other more closely than it

resembles the model.

The internal contour of the black hind-marginal border

of both wings is prolonged inwards along the veins, produc-

ing a festooned appearance in pogget (Fig. 3) and, to a far

smaller degree, in the model (Fig. 1). In the 2 misippus

(Fig. 2) this feature is almost wanting. Apart from the

contour, the narrow black border of the hind-wings

of pogget more closely resembles the model than the

broader more interrupted and less sharply outlined border

of the 2 msippus. At the same time, the two mimics

resemble each other in this character more fully than

either of them resembles the model, which is widely

separated by the row of distinct white spots, which

however are very variable, and not infrequently barely

traceable. On the under-side of both wings the border

of misippus (Fig. 2a) reproduces the black and white

effect of the model (Fig. 1a), far better than poggei (Fig.

3a), in which the white marginal elements are confined

to the fringe. On the other hand, in the lighter tint of

the veins of the hind-wing under-side and in the colour

and texture of the ground-colour, pogget is by far the

better mimic of the two, while msippus is equally superior

in the tint of the apical area of the fore-wing under-side

beyond the bar. As regards the black discal spots of

the hind-wing under-side poggei is the closer mimic. The

development and shifting outwards of the peripheral spots

is an evident special modification, in the direction of the

model, of a characteristic feature of the genus Pseudacrea.

The two small spots nearest to the centre of the wing

(see Fig. 3a) were only seen in a single specimen out of

the seventeen, They indicate the existence of material

which may be developed into a still closer likeness to the

Danaine model.—E. B. P.

TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1905.—ParT Il, (JULY) 18

268

Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.

All the figures are two-thirds of the natural size.

Limnas chrysippus with its two chief mimics, from the sources of

the Congo.

1 eS ile

Limnas chrysippus, 9, wpper-side. The specimen possesses

a second smaller hind-wing on the left side.

1. Limnas chrysippus, 3 , under-side.

Hypolimnas misippus, 9 , upper-side.

* #4 © , under-side.

Pseudacrxa poggei, upper-side.

ss » under-side.

Limnas chrysippus, form dorippus (Klugii), g, wpper-side.

Hypolinnas misippus, 9 form inaria, upper-side.

JuLy 15TH, 1905,

( 269 )

XVI. A monograph of the genus Ogyris. By GrorGcE T.

BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

[Read April 5th, 1905.]

PLATE XV;

THIS genus was established and described by Doubleday

and Westwood in their Gen. Diurn. Lep. II, p. 472, 1850,

where they figured the ? of 0. abrota and used this species

int heir description of the family. It is a well-marked

genus, and as a consequence later authors have had no

difficulty in their descriptions of new species, all having

been described under the one genus. Hewitson described

and figured his several species in his Exotic Butterflies, vol.

I, and his Spec. Cat. Lye. B. M.; whilst in his Ill. Diurn.

Lep. Lycenide, he again refers to the group and sinks his

orontas under his idmo. The Felders also use the genus

in the descriptions of their two species, whilst all later

authors have likewise used it.

The genus is confined to the Australian sub-region, all

the species but one being found on that continent

(Australia) : one species has been recorded from Kangaroo

Island as well, whilst one is confined to New Guinea. All

the species are beautiful in,colour, whilst several rival the

Morphos in the brilliancy of their blues.

I am indebted to Mr. G. A. Waterhouse of Sydney for

very many particulars relative to the life histories of the

species and also for the loan of a large number of specimens.

Mr. F. P. Dodd has also furnished me with many interest-

ing facts about O. zosine, Hew., and hewitsoni, Waterh.,

whilst Mr. R, E. Turner and Mr. H. H. Druce and Mr.

Tepper have kindly lent me specimens of 0. gxnone,

Waterh., O. barnardi, Miskin, and O. halmaturia Tepper.

The ova are either nearly spherical, or somewhat com-

pressed at each end of the axis, whilst some are strongly

reticulated. The larve, so far as is yet known, are all

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART II. (ocT.) 19

270 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

Loranthus feeders, and all feed either at dusk or at night

all are attended by ants of various species, some apparently

by different species in different neighbourhoods, whilst Mr.

Dodd informs me that 0. zosine G genoveva) i is attended by

two species of Camponotus and also by the small black ant.

He adds also that both it, orwtes, Hew., and hewitsoni,

Waterhouse, emit sounds when in the pupa state and when

accompanied by ants; if however the ants are taken away

the pupze remain silent—whilst if a pupa be found

unattended by ants, it is an almost certain indication that

it is dead; the sound is described as a distinct ticking,

occasionally accompanied by a soft humming. The pupz,

of which I have several before me, are of the usual Lyczenid

shape, and are found under stones or under loose bark,

fastened at the anal extremity and supported by a girdle

of silk around the middle, and generally assimilating in

colour with their surroundings.

The species of the parasitic genus Loranthus, on which

the larvee feed, generally grow high up on the tallest trees,

and as a consequence the perfect insect flies high and is a

strong flier; this fact possibly accounts for the scarcity of

the group in collections generally. The species are

probably on the increase, as Mr. Waterhouse informs me

that he now breeds ianthis in a spot over which during his

younger days he collected for years, and of which he knew

every inch of the ground, and during this time he never

saw a single specimen of this genus; this is however what

might be expected, for it appears quite certain that the

larvee and pupz are protected by the ants, in which case

they would be immune from a certain class of enemies, and

we might therefore look for the various species to increase

in numbers.

The various species form themselves into two obvious

sections, the females of which have a pale spot in the

primaries, or are without that spot; and in like manner

they fall into sub-sections also; the whole being closely

verified by the form of the genitalia of the males, descrip-

tions of which I append in the form of a table, though in

a few species that have been lent me I am unable to do

this.

The tegumen of the whole of the Lycwnide is furnished

with a pair of hooks at the lower extremities of the lateral

lobes, these I have designated by the term “ Falces”

(falx, a reaping-hook).

The genus Ogyris. 271

Key.

A. Upper-side generally purple; 2 with pale spot on the

primaries.

a. Sexes nearly the same colour.

al, Termen broadly brown, strongly

arched. : E é . waterhouseri.

a2. Termen quite narrow, nearly

straight . : : : . amo.

a3. Smaller, lighter purple, termen

narrowly brown, pattern of

secondaries beneath nearly

obsolete . : : : . otanes.

a4. Like 3, but termen broadly

brown, broader at apex and

tornus . : F : . halmaturia

b. Sexes dissimilar in colour.

b 1. Dull brownish-purple, termen

broadly brown at apex tapering

to tornus, anal angle of second-

aries produced into a short

broad tail : ; : . genoveva.

b 2. Brighter purple, termen nearly

uniform in width . : . genoveva-duaringa.

b 3. Rich purple, larger in size with

very large females . : . geivoveva-magna,

b 4. Very dark velvety-purple (almost

brown) with long tail, slightly

spatulate, pattern below strongly

spotted, no metallic markings

in the cell of primaries. . meeki.

b 5. Smaller, very deep velvety-blue,

termen black very broad, pale

large subovate lemon spot in

primaries : . 4 . abrotu.

b 6. Brilliant metallic-blue with broad

black costa and termen; @

primaries bright orange, with

broad borders . : : . ianthis.

272 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

B. 2 without a pale spot on the primaries.

a. 2 with no red spot beneath in the

primaries.

b. Both sexes dark purple.

a1. Purple area very small, nearly the

same in both sexes . . olane.

a2. Purple area brighter extending

up to termenin g . : . barnardi.

ce. Both sexes brilliant metallic-blue.

al. Discal band of primaries beneath

not fractured . : A . oretes.

d. Brilliant metallic-blue; 9 with red

in the primaries beneath.

al. Discal band of primaries beneath

fractured . : ; ; . hewitsoni.

a2. Smaller, deeper blue, with pale

metallic-blue spots in cell

beneath . : ; : . hewitsoni-meridionalis.

a 3. Primaries with very broad black

apex and termen, and very dark

under-surface . ; 4 . amaryllis.

a4, Brilliant silvery-blue with costa

and apex broadly black, be-

neath very pale grey, with

pattern small and isolated . enone.

See Tables, pages 290, 291.

Oayris, Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson.

Ogyris, D. W. and H., Gen. Diurn., Lep. II, p. 472

(1850-1852).

Primaries broad, with costa slightly arched ; apex subacute, some-

times produced ; termen sometimes slightly excavated below the

apex, or nearly straight, or slightly convex ; inner margin straight.

Neuration, vein 1 waved, vein 2 arising beyond the middle of the

cell, 3 from nearer the lower angle of cell than from 2, 4 from the

lower angle, 5 from above the middle of the discocellulars, 6 from

the upper angle, 7 absent, 8 from directly behind the upper angle

of the cell, 9 from about midway between the end of the cell and

the apex of the wing, or from nearer the apex, 10 and 11 with bases

The genus Ogyris. 273

equi-distant from each other and the upper angle of cell, 11 short,

12 short never as long as the cell. Secondaries broad, sometimes

with a short broad spatulate tail at the end of vein 2, sometimes

with a short tail at end of vein 1b, or with termen crenulate— ?

sometimes with a short tail at the end of vein 4, with two internal

veins—vein 2 rising from just below the middle of the cell, 3 from

near the lower angle, 4 from the lower angle, 5 from the middle of

the discocellulars, 6 from the upper angle of cell. Palpi curved,

with middle segment long, end segment very short and slightly

deflexed.

The genus was created for the reception of two species

0. abrota, D. W. and H., and O. idmo, Hew., the diagnosis

being evidently made from the former species. It is

nearly related both in structure and pattern of wings to

the genus Arhopala, Feld.; both genera are arboreal, rarely

coming down to the ground, and when disturbed from

their resting place, they will frequently return to it

after the lapse of a little time; this, however, is a habit

well known to occur in other genera also.

OayRIs WATERHOUSERI, spec. nov.

¢. Both wings very dull brownish-purple, almost greasy look-

ing. Primaries with a broad even brown costa and a broad termen

likewise of even width. Secondaries with a broad dark brown costa,

and a broad brown termen of uniform width. Fringes white broadly

intersected with brown at the veins. Under-side. Primaries brown,

with three increasing cell spots, the first two divided by an obscure

bluish-white line, beyond the third a short broad oblique pale grey

stripe, beyond which is the catenulated, very irregular, dark brown

stripe, slightly curved extending from the costa to very near the

termen at vein 2; the apical area up to this stripe is densely

irrorated with whitish-grey fine scales. Secondaries, brown, finely

irrorated with brownish-grey, the three basal spots are confluent,

in the median row of three spots the two upper ones touch, the

second occupying the central part of the cell is large, the third on

the inner margin is isolated, the third row is very irregular, first

spot on the costa subreniform, the second spot very large, touching

the exterior edge of spot 1, <-shaped on its exterior margin, a large

spot beyond the cell touching the inner edge of spot 2, the fourth

spot angled with the third and receding inwards, the fifth spot

again angled internally confluent with spot 4, the posterior row of

four spots touches the exterior edge of the second large spot in the

274 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

previous row, and each spot is angled externally but is rounded in-

ternally, the upper three touch each other, the fourth being isolated on

the inner margin, the subterminal row is obscure consisting of little

more than an indefinite stripe.

2. Both wings brightish-purple with a blackish spot at the end of

the cell, that on the primaries being much larger than the one on the

secondaries, Primaries with a broad brown costa and termen and a

small (comparatively) lemon-coloured spot beyond the black spot

terminating the cell ; secondaries with a very broad brown costa and

a broad brown somewhat irregular termen. Underside primaries

as in the male, but the divisions between the cell spots are pale

blue and the lemon spot shows through, Secondaries as in the

male but greyer, the pattern therefore shows more distinctly and

the spots in the median area are more confluent.

Expanse ¢ 53, 9 52-53 mm.

Hab. Victoria.

This species is distinct from 0. idmo, Hew., to which it

is very nearly allied, the shape of the wings in the % is

quite different, the costa of the primaries is more curved,

and the termen is distinctly produced outwards between

veins 2 and 5; in idmo the termen is nearly straight,

receding from near the apex to the tornus, the shape and

width of the brown costa and termen are very different,

and below the posterior catenulated stripe is different in

position and shape whilst the under-side of the secondaries

differs considerably in pattern also.

OagyRis IpMo, Hew.

O. idmo, Hew. Cat. Lyc. B. M., p. 2, pl. I, figs. 3,4, 1862.

Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 2, 1863; zd. Kirby, Cat. D. L.,

p. 425, 1871; id. Semper, Journ. Mus. God., p. 55, Heft

14, 1878; wd. Miskin. Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., p. 24,

1890; id. idem. Ann. Queensl. Mus, p. 72, 1891; id. And.

and Spry. Vict. Butt, p. 104, 1894; id. Waterhouse,

P.L.S., N.S.W., p. 248, 1908; id. idem. Mem., N.S.W.

Nat. Club, p. 29, 1903; O. orontas, Hew., Cat. Lyc., B. M.,

p. 2, pl. I, figs. 8 and 9, 1862.

¢. Both wings dull brownish-purple or purplish-brown, in

certain lights the purple has an almost red lustre. Primaries with a

very narrow almost linear-brown termen. Secondaries with costa

brown to vein 7, termen very narrowly brown. Under-side, both

wings brown finely irrorated with pale grey. Primaries with three

The genus Ogyris. 275

increasing cell spots, edged with pale blue or blue and white lines ;

beyond the third spot, which is very large, is ‘a broad fascia of

greyish-white scales, followed by the posterior catenulated stripe

from the costa to vein 1, the spots on the costa being large and

tapering rapidly to the third spot, the least trace of a subterminal

line. Secondaries more thickly covered with pale grey irrorations,

the basal spots are obscure and only indicated by the very fine

darker encircling lines, the median row of three spots irregular

that in the cell very obscure ; the third series of spots is very con-

fluent, the one on the costa being isolated and the rest all confluent ;

the posterior row of four or five spots is irregular and fractured,

the first and second below vein 6 being confluent and touching the

previous series, together they form a reniform spot, spots 3 and 4 are

projected outwards, detached from 1 and 2, but touching each other,

spot 5 shifted inwards and isolated.

2. Both wings brown with a dull purplish lustre over a portion

of the wings. Primaries with the purplish lustre over half the cell

and extending broadly for two-thirds of the inner margin, a dark

large spot at the end of the cell followed by a larger lemon cream-

coloured spot. Secondaries with the purplish lustre over three-

fourths of the wing leaving merely a very broad brown border to the

costa and termen. Under-surface similar to the male but in the

primaries the pale cream spot shows through, and in the secondaries

the pattern is much more distinct.

Expanse ¢ 52-57, 2 57-60 mm.

The distribution of this species issomewhat uncertain,

but I believe that it is confined to Western Australia,

and that the species found in South Australia and Victoria

will all prove to be halmaturia and waterhousert, Br

I have seen no true idmo from either of these localities.

I have before me now Hewitson’s type specimen of orontas

and it is identical with idmo. I have pointed out the

differences between these species, and I would further state

that I regard Tepper’s species as distinct from ofanes, Feld.,

both of which types are now before me.

OGYRIS OTANES, Feld.

Ogyris otanes, Felder Reise. Nov. Lep. II, p. 217, taf. 28,

fig. 1-3, 1865 ; id. Kirby, Cat. D. L., p. 425, 1871; 2d.

Semper, Journ. Mus. God. p. 55, Heft 14, 1878 ; 7d. Miskin.

P.L,S8., N.S.W., Ser. 2, V, p. 23, 1890; zd. tdem. Ann.

Queensl. Mus. No. 1, p. 71, 1891; id. Waterh. (in parte)

276 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

P.L.S.,N.S.W., p. 249, 1908; cd. idem. Mem, N.S.W. Nat.

Club, No. 1, p. 29, 1903.

¢. Both wings dull reddish brown purple, primaries with the

brown termen narrow straight and of uniform width. Secondaries

with the costa and apical area very broadly brown, the latter taper-

ing into the wide brown termen, the tail at the tornus is somewhat

developed, but not sufficiently as to be called a tail. Under-side.

Both wings pale brownish, primaries with two obscure spots in the

cell, finely divided by bluish white lines, followed by a large black-

ish patch with an irregular pale bluish pupil. The posterior

catenulated stripe is composed of five irregular dark spots palely

edged, followed by an obscure trace of a sixth shifted inwards.

There is no trace of any subterminal or terminal line. Secondaries with

pattern very obscure, the basal series of spots is barely discernible, in

the median series the costal spot is very large, that in the cell much

smaller and irregular, that on the inner margin smaller still, the

series at the end of the cell is confluent irregular extending from the

costa to the inner margin, the second spot (from the costa) being very

large and touching the posterior series which is composed of a pair

of confluent spots followed by a second pair of confluent spots shifted

outwards, beyond which is an isolated spot shifted well inwards.

?. Both wings brighter purplish, primaries with the wing beyond

the cell and above vein 3 brown. A darker patch at the end of the

cell followed by a pale lemon-coloured smallish patch. Secondaries

with the costa above vein 6 brown and a broad brown termen.

Under-side like the male but irrorated with grey so that the pattern

is more distinct and the pale spot shows through in the primaries,

Expanse ¢ 45, 2 48 mm.

Through the kindness of Mr. Rothschild I have Felder’s

types before me and am therefore enabled to compare

them with specimens sent me from South Australia.

The shape of the insect is that obtaining in 7dmo, Hew.,

the apex of the primaries being somewhat acute and the

termen straight ; the colour also is nearest to that species,

but is paler and somewhat brighter, it is however smaller

and the under-side pattern is quite diverse. Mr. Water-

house has kindly sent me for examination two specimens

from Kangaroo Island with a query as to whether they

are Felder’s insect, but after a very careful comparison I

believe them to be distinct, and they are the form named

by Tepper halmaturia. I have now before me the type of

this species as well as Felder’s type (I must here express

The genus Ogyris. 277

my best thanks to Mr. Tepper for the loan of it), and I

consider that they are distinct forms; more material may

prove them to be sub-species, but they differ sufficiently to

warrant them being named. The locality for ofanes will

therefore be South Australia only.

OGYRIS HALMATURIA, Tepper.

0. halmaturia, Tepper Com. Ins. 8. Aust. II, p. 12,

1890. O. otanes, Feld., Waterh, P. L. S., N.S.W., p.

249, 1903 (part); id. idem. (part) Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club,

p. 29, No. 1.

¢@. Both wings brighter purplish. Primaries with the termen

broadly brown, broadest at the apex and tornus, the purplish area

terminating in an even curve from the costa to the inner margin.

Secondaries with the purple area almost confined to the cell and

about two-thirds beyond it. Under-surface like otanes, Feld., but

much greyer. In the primaries the catenulated posterior stripe is

curved, not straight as in Felder’s species. In the secondaries the

pattern is more obscure and there is a broadish indefinite band of

darker shading outside the posterior stripe which is more marked in

the female than in the male.

Q. Like the male in all respects except that the colour is brighter

and there is the pale spot on the primaries.

Expanse ¢ 46, 2 50 mm.

The types from Kangaroo Island are in the 8. Australian

Museum. Mr. Waterhouse also has specimens from the

same locality.

This species may be distinguished from otanes, Feld., by

the marked arched and broad termen to the primaries, by

the broad brown termen in the secondaries, and by the

shape of the wings, the termen being arched and the

apex rounded.

It is very desirable that a trip should be made to

Kangaroo Island and also to the localities in South

Australia from Cape Willoughby to the south-west corner.

The species frequents broken country, thinly studded

with Melaleuca shrubs, between which, Mr. Tepper tells

me, they sailed in couples but were very wary and difficult

to approach. It is however much to be wished that a

good series of both these closely-allied species could be

obtained, so that we could see whether the distinctions are

constant,

278 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

OGYRIS MEEKI, Roths.

O. meeki, Roths. Nov. Zool. VII, p. 274, pl. V, fig. 1,

1900.

The female of this species is as yet unknown; we may

expect it to have three tails and to have a pale spot on the

primaries; the male is the largest of the genus and the

only species that has fully developed tails; the outline of

wings is different to all others inasmuch as the costa of

the primaries is more strongly arched and the apex

produced, with the termen slightly excavated below it,

thus giving it a very distinctive appearance from the rest

of its allies ; it may also be recognized by the uniform deep

purplish tone of its upper-side which is quite different from

the colour of any other species of the genus.

OGYRIS ZOSINE, Hew.

O. zosine, Hew., Exot. Butt., I, pl. I, figs. 3, 4, d, 1853.

id. Kirby, Cat. D. L., p. 423 (1871). id. Semper, Journ.

Mus. Godef. Heft 14, p. 55, 1878. id. Hew., Cat. Lye.

B. M., pl. I, fig. 7, ¢ (mec 2), 1862. 2d. idem. Ill, Diurn,

Lep., p. 2, 1863. 7d. Miskin, Ann. Queensl. Mus., No. 1,

p. 71,1891. 0. genoveva, Hew., Exot. Butt. I, pl. I, figs.

5, 6, 9, 1853. id. Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. Heft 14,

p. 55, 1878. zd. Hew., Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 3, 1862, ad. Il.

Diurn. Lep., p. 2,1863. id. Staud., Exot. Schmett. taf 96,

1888. id. Miskin, P. L.8., N.S.W., p. 23,1890. zd. Miskin,

Ann. Queensl. Mus., No.1, p. 71, 1891. 7d. Waterh., P. L.S.,

N.S.W., p. 245, 1908. id. idem. Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club,

p. 29, 1903.

This species is probably the best known of the genus,

and is apparently becoming a dominant species; there are

already three distinct local races in different parts of the

country, that in the south being the brightest of all,

whilst the type form obtaining in Townsville and its

neighbourhood is the most sombre in colouring.

It has hitherto been known in all collections with which

IT am acquainted as O. genoveva, Hew. It is difficult to

discover how this has arisen, because Hewitson described

zosine (l.c.) previously, and also figured it previously on

the same plate. It is perhaps commoner in Queensland

than elsewhere. The § is dimorphic. I have therefore

retained the name genoveva for the pale blue 2 as described

The genus Ogyris. 279

by Hewitson. There are however two other easily recog-

eae forms obtaining in other localities in Australia, the

one from Coomooboolaroo, N. Queensland, and the other

from Brisbane; these appear to be good constant local

races, so I have no hesitation in naming them. Mr.

Waterhouse tells me that he has taken this species feed-

ing on Loranthus linophyllus, Feu., at the Richmond

River, and on JL. celastroides, Sieb., at Sydney, The egg is

plain, spherical, flattened at the top, and is usually laid on

the mistletoe stem near its origin with its host. The

young larvee are uniformly light brown (F. P. Dodd), and

subonisciform ; when full grown, however, iBey become less

woodlouse- like, as they then measure from 25 to 32 mm.,

but when in motion they are considerably longer ; in colour

they are dirty cream colour to ochreous yellow above, and

purplish below, with black spiracles, this being the form

that is found in North Queensland ; those found in the

South however differ, and are, according to Waterhouse,

brownish-red above and yellowish below. They hide in

the cracks of the bark of the host tree or in holes in the

mistletoe during the day, or beneath the surface of the

earth, coming out at dusk and feeding at night, at which

time I am informed the ants associated with them are

likewise on the move; the species of ants that Dodd has

found them with most commonly is Mcophylla virescens,

but several other species also associate with them. They

evidently protect the larvee, and have been observed to

milk them; in one instance an ant was observed to

approach a larva and wave its antennz over its terminal

segments, ae then to lightly touch it with its fore-leg

when a small globule of liquid was emitted from a small

retractible nipple-like organ on the dorsum which was at

once sucked up by the ant. The process was then repeated

on the other side, there being two of these organs, one on

each side of the dorsum ; this happened two or three times,

and the larva seemed quite composed and in no way

incommoded by the incident. I possess larvae in spirit

both from Queensland and from Sydney, and the form

from Sydney is darker and more highly coloured than that

from the North. The pupa, some of which I have before

me, is very dark brown, almost blackish, of the usual

Lycxnid form ; it attaches itself by its terminal segments

to the under-side of stones or loose bark and spins a girdle

of silk across its back about the end of the wing cases and

280 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

so undergoes its transformation, and is quite undisturbed

and unmolested by its ant hosts.

Mr. Waterhouse tells me that the form found at the

Richmond River (N.S.W.) is distinctly smaller than that

found both to the North and to the South of that locality,

he says also that he never sees males on the wing until

about 2 p.m. in the day, when they fly high (about thirty

feet) around the Hucalyptus trees, and are very difficult to

catch ; the females are very rarely seen on the wing.

This year the species has been recorded from South

Australia, Mr. Lyell having recorded it in the Victorian

Naturalist, vol. xxi, p. 166 and 167; from Dimboola,

larvee and pupz were taken in November and December

last, the perfect insect emerging in the latter month. Mr.

Lyell and his friend Mr. Fricot were hunting for the larvee

of O. idmo, but instead of finding it they discovered

caterpillars of this species; they confirm the observa-

tion that it feeds by night, and they also state that it

pupates at the foot of the tree below the surface of the

ground. In order to test the action of the attendant ants

one or two larvee were placed a couple of feet or so away

from the tree; they were however soon discovered and

dragged carefully back to the tree by the ants at a pace

much more rapid than their own rate ; pupz were likewise

carried back to the tree.

OGYRIS ZOSINE-DUARINGA, sub spec. nov.

Ogyris genoveva, Miskin, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 343,

pl. xv.

¢. Both wings brightish purple. Primaries with a broad darker

but equally bright suffusion across the median area of the wing, the

brown termen is much narrower than in zosine and of equal width

from the apex to the tornus. Secondaries with a very narrow brown

termen, little more than linear. Under-side as in the type but with

the spots more distinctly outlined and with a velvety clouding near

the tail at vein 4.

?. Similar to the female of the form genoveva, Hew., but the blue

instead of cerulean is brilliant greenish-blue much more lustrous

than in Hewitson’s insect.

Expanse ¢ 54-58, 2 56-58 mm.

This subspecies was taken by Meek at Coomooboolaroo,

where it appears to be a constant race; there is a long

The genus Ogyris. 281

series of it in the Tring Museum; it is also the form

figured by Miskin (I. ¢.).

OGYRIS ZOSINE-MAGNA, sub spec. nov.

¢@. Both wings rich purplish-blue. Primaries with the apical third

of the costa and the apical half of the termen hoary. Secondaries

dark brown to vein 6. Tail at vein 4 not developed, the scallop

being but little longer than that at the end of veins 3 and 5.

Fringes white, interrupted at the veins, antennz bright chestnut,

very finely dark on the upper-side, the club being bright orange

chestnut. Under-side as type species but darker grey.

@. Both wings velvety black. Primaries with the basal area to

about half the cell and half the inner margin brilliant silvery

lustrous greenish-blue more greenish than in duwaringa, and with the

usual pale spot. Secondaries with the silvery lustrous greenish area

more reduced extending only to just beyond the cell and tapering in

an arc to three-fifths of vein 2. Veins 2 and 4 are developed into

strong broad tails, and vein 3 into a prominent tooth, at each of the

latter is a lustrous greenish blue spot. Under-side similar to the

type species but more strongly marked.

Expanse ¢ 66, 2 70 mm.

The types are from Brisbane, and are in my collection,

Mr. Waterhouse also has it from the same locality.

OGyRIS ABROTA, Doub. and Hew.

Ogyris abrota, Doubleday and Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep.,

pl. 75, fig. 8 , 1850; zd. Hew. Exot. Butt. I, pl. I, figs. 1

and 2 f, 1853; id. zdem. Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 2, 1862; 2d.

idem. Il, Diurn. Lep. Lyc., p. 2, 1863; id. Kirby, Cat.

D. L., p. 425, 1871; 2d. Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef., Heft

14, p. 55, 1878; zd. Miskin, P. L: S., N.S.W., p. 25, 1890;

id. idem. Ann. Queens. Mus., No. 1, p. 72, 1891; 7d. And.

and Spry., Vict. Butt. p. 109, 1894; id. Waterh.,

P.L.8., N.S.W., p. 247, 1903; zd. idem. Mem. N.S.W.

Nat. Club, p. 28, 1903. 0. damo, Doubld. List. Lep., B. M.,

pt. 2, p. 20.

This species is recorded from Victoria, New South Wales

and South Queensland. Anderson and Spry have described

its metamorphosis, they say that the ova are dull white and

quite globular and are laid on the inside of loose bark by

282 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

the food plant or upon its stems. The larvee feed chiefly

upon Loranthus pendulus, and are onisciform, broadened

and flattened at the anal segments and with a dorsal ridge ;

the general colour is dark fulvous paler along the ridge

with a series of oblique (? lateral) stripes; on the tenth

segment is a black irregular diamond-shaped patch pupilled

with greyish-white, the last segment having a dark T-

shaped mark, the spiracles are white encircled with black,

the surface generally being rugose and punctated with

minute bristles, with a subspiracular series of short bristles.

‘The larval state is said to last for some months and to be

delicate and difficult to rear; ants are always with them,

and whilst they appear to be free from attacks of insect

parasites, a fungoid disease at times kills large numbers

of them. When full grown the larva measures from 20

to 25 mm.

OGYRIS IANTHIS, Waterhouse.

O. ianthis, Waterhouse, P. L. 8., N.S.W., pp. 52-54,

pl. I, figs. 1-4, 1900; id. cdem. p. 841, 1902; id. p. 247,

1903; Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, No. 1, p. 29, 1903.

This species can readily be recognized from Water-

house’s description and from its rich orange-chrome-

coloured female; it is apparently confined to the neigh-

bourhood of Sydney. The ova are pale pinkish in colour,

in shape they are flattened somewhat at the top, and

reticulated all over. The larva, which hides at some depth

in ants’ nests during the day, does not move until night, and

feeds on Loranthus celastroides in the dark, always making

for a dark corner should a light be turned on it; it is

pinkish-brown with a much darker dorsal line and paler

lateral bands, one on each segment; the under-side is pale

cream colour. The pupa is reddish-brown of the usual

shape. I find that the organs on the last segment but one

through which the fluid so greedily sucked by ants is

passed are very marked in this species. I have a young

larva in formalin now in front of me, and I notice that

these organs (a pair) are situated on each side of the

dorsum, and consist of a prominent tubercle shagreened all

over, with a deep orifice in the centre from which the

retractile tube is everted or withdrawn at will; when at

rest the tube is contracted, and is apparently only emitted

when the larva is induced to do so.

The genus Ogyris. 283

OGYRIS OLANE, Hew.

Ogyris oiane, Hew., Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 2, pl. I, figs. 10,

11, 1862; 7d. Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 2, 1863; zd. Miskin,

Pobirs, NS. W., p. 27, 1890° cdi Karby, Cat” D! T., p.

425, 1871; id. Semper, Journ. Mus. God., Heft 14, p. 55,

1878; id. Miskin, Ann. Queensl. Mus. No. 1, p. 72,

1891; O. catharina, Feld. Reise, Nov. Lep. II, p. 218,

1865.

d+. Both wings darkish-brown. Primaries with a patch of dull

brownish-purple occupying the area between the median and sub-

median veins extending slightly into the cell and one-third the

space beyond below vein 2. Apical area and half down the termen

paler brown. Secondaries with the purple occupying the cell and’

one-third the space beyond, termen strongly crenulate.

Fringes white interrupted at the veins.

Under-side primaries dark brown with the cell spots defined by

five pale metallic-blue lines, a dark irregular oblique line midway

between the cell and the apex, beyond which the wing is suffused

with whitish-grey scales, an obscure subterminal band tapering

towards the apex extending into the grey area. Secondaries grey

darker towards the inner marginal and tornal area, spots slightly

darker defined by fine dark lines. Basal spots small, median series

large, the first below the costa narrow touching the large spot across

the cell which is confluent with the one below it, an isolated long

oblique spot from the costa to the large cell spot just mentioned,

third series, with the first and second spots confluent, the first

strongly oblique, the second an inverted A-shape confluent with the

two smaller spots below it, posterior series from vein 6, the second

and third spots confluent shifted outwards, the fourth still outwards

and slightly darker, fifth and sixth smaller and shifted inwards, a

trace of a subterminal dark irregular line, lower terminal area

darkly suffused.

Q. Like the male but with the purple area very slightly less in

extent, whilst the secondaries on the under-side have the spots

larger and darker thus forming a strong contrast with the grey

ground-colour.

Expanse: ¢ 42-44, ? 44-49 mm.

Hab. S. AUSTRALIA, VicToRIA and N. S. WALES.

This description is of the form now found in Australia ;

it does not agree with the colour on the upper-side of

Hewitson’s type, which is paler and bright blue, the under-

284 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

side agrees, however, fairly closely. I have no doubt that

the two insects are the same species, but that Hewitson’s

type may have undergone some change (possibly chemical)

which has effected the difference in colour. In my study

of the genus Arhopala I became convinced that the blues

of that genus, hitherto considered so very constant and

unchangeable in colour, are liable to alteration, this being

especially so where the colours are apparently aniline, and

further experience tends to confirm that opinion, though I

am not prepared to say in what manner the change of

tone is effected, but it apparently does not affect the scales

themselves. ;

Anderson and Spry describe the ova as of a pearly lustre

and flattened at the poles; they are laid on the edges of

loose bark, or on the stems of Loranthus pendulus and some-

times on the galls which furnish hiding-places for the

larvee ; these closely resemble the larvee of 0. abrota, Hew.,

but have a small black patch on the anal plate; they are

at times great wanderers, and are strictly nocturnal feeders

and have to travel long distances from their hiding-places

to their food, which in the summer months is often scarce,

as the Loranthus loses most of its leaves then; they appear

to be able however to withstand prolonged abstinence

and yet to undergo safely their metamorphoses, in these

cases however the imagines are of course smaller than

usual, The larve are also greatly subject to parasites, their

worst enemies being two species of Diptera, one of which

lays its eggs in its host, whilst in the case of the other fly,

apparently the larve is not a parasite, but is furnished

with pointed mandibles and is said to suck its victims dry.

This dipterous caterpillar being very active and voracious

works serious destruction amongst the larve of olane.

The pupa is somewhat delicate and sutfers from the rays

of the sun if in too exposed a situation; it remains about

a month in this state before emerging as the perfect insect.

Isolated specimens may be caught throughout the year,

but October and November, and February and March are,

according to Anderson and Spry, the months when they

usually fly, though it is difficult to take, owing to its habit

of flying around the topmost branches of the gum trees.

Mr. Spry informs me that he has never once seen this

caterpillar attended by ants, though he has studied it and

known it for years, the fact also that it is subject to the

attacks of parasites no doubt corroborates his observations.

The genus Ogyris. 285

OGYRIS BARNARDI, Miskin.

Ogyris barnardi, Miskin, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 27,

1890 ; ad. idem. Ann. Queensl. Mus., No. 1, p. 72, 1891;

id. Waterhouse, idem. p. 248, 1908; id. Waterhouse, Mem.

N.S.W. Nat. Club, p. 28, 1903.

3. Both wings dull purple. Primaries with termen narrowly

brown, slightly broader at the apex. Secondaries with costa some-

what broadly brown and very narrow brown termen ; termen very

slightly crenulate. Under-side like olane, Hew., but the primaries

are paler brown, and in the secondaries the spots are smaller and

there is no dark suffusion.

Expanse ¢ 41-45,

Dawson River, Peak Downs (QUEENSLAND).

OGyRIS ORG@TES, Hew.

O. oretes, Hew., Cat. Lye. B.M., p. 3, pl. I, figs. 12

and 13, 9, 1862; dd. idem. Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 2, 1868;

id. Kirby, Cat. D. L., p. 425, 1871; 7d. Miskin, P. L.S.,

N.S.W., p. 25, 1890; 2d. idem. Ann. Queens]. Mus., I,

p. 71, 1891; id. Waterh. P.L.S., N.S.W., p. 335, pl. XIV,

figs. 1 and 2, 1902; id. idem. p. 246, 1903; id. idem.

Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, I, p. 29.

The only locality of which we are certain at the present

time is Queensland. Mr. Waterhouse informs me that the

specimens mentioned by Miskin (l.c.) from W. Australia

and Victoria are hewitsoni, whilst the ? in the Australian

Museum is a f amaryllis. Dodd has bred the species

plentifully, and he tells me that the full-grown larve are

light yellowish-brown faintly tinged with green, and that

he has always found them among or close to communities

of ants. The pupz are dark brown, and are of the usual

shape; I have specimens now before me, but there is

nothing worthy of note in them. Dodd says they “ tick”

in the same way as genoveva, only decidedly more slowly

and not so loudly.

OGYRIS HEWITSONI, Waterh.

O. hewitsoni, Waterh., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 338,

pl. XIV, f. 5-8, 1902; id. idem. p. 246, 1903; id. idem.

Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, p. 29, 1903; O. amaryllis, And.

and Spry, p. 102, 1894.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART III. (00T.) 20

286 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

The female of this insect is unrecognizable on the upper-

side from the ? of the oretes, except that in the present

species the brilliant blue extends over the upper margin

of the cell, whilst in Hewitson’s species it does not.

Under-side, like the male, except that the pattern is

generally more distinct and isolated. In the cell of the

primaries are two large vermilion red spots edged on each

side with pale metallic bluish, and with traces of red

further along the cell.

This species seems to be the commonest of all the genus

with the exception possibly of genovera. It has been

recorded from al] the Australian States except Tasmania.

I am again indebted to that careful observer, F. P. Dodd,

for information as to the life history. He finds the larvee in

the same localities as orwtes always among or near ants;

when full fed they are grey or greyish-brown, and are

duller in colour than the other species he has taken; the

pup emit similar sounds, and like the preceding insect

“tick” more slowly than genoveva. ‘These sounds are not

continued for any length of time, but a gentle touch or

a shake will generally set them going again, and when

one specimen begins others in the vicinity. as a rule follow

its example. Mr. Dodd tells me that each of the three

caterpillars of this pens that he is acquainted with feed

at night only.

OGYRIS HEWITSONI-MERIDIONALIS, sub spec. nov.

¢. Both wings with the blue decidedly deeper and less silvery in

tone. Under-side altogether darker, the cell markings larger and the

white edgings tinged with blue. Secondaries browner, with none

of the strong contrasts that are so conspicuous in hewitsoni; the

spots are browner and not so broken up as in Waterhouse’s type

race.

9. Both wings with the blue of a lilac lustre, not silvery.

Under-side similar to the type form.

Expanse ¢ 40-41, 9 42 mm.

The Southern form from Victoria is very decidedly less

brilliant than Waterhouse’s species, it is also much smaller.

I have it from several localities, and as Mr. Waterhouse

says that these differences are constant, it seems to be

advisable to name the local race.

The genus Ogyris. 287

OGYRIS AMARYLLIS, Hew.

0. amaryllis Hew., Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 3, pl. I, f. 5 and

6, 2, 1862 ; ad. adem. Il. Diurn. Lep., p. 2, 1863 ; ad. Kirby,

Cat. D.L., p. 425, 1871; id. Miskin, P.L.8., N.S.W., p.

26, 1890; 2d. idem. Ann. Queensl. Mus., p. 72, 1891; id.

Waterh., P.L.S., N.'S.W., p. 336, pl. XIV, f. 3, 4, 1902;

id. idem. Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, p. 29, 1903.

This species can easily be recognized from its pre-

decessor by the very broad borders to the primaries and

by the deeper tone of blue in both wings.

The range of the species appears to be restricted to the

neighbourhood of Brisbane (S. Queensland) and the

Richmond River in New South Wales, from which latter

locality Waterhouse has bred it. The ova are pinkish

grey, somewhat flattened with raised reticulations, and are

laid on the mistletoe knobs. The larvee feed on Loranthus

linophyllus, and when young are greenish, but later they

become dark grey assimilating very closely with the host-

plant of the Loranthus.

OGYRIS ZNONE, Waterhouse.

O. xnone, Waterh. P. L. 8., N.S.W., p. 339. pl. XIV, fig.

9 g, 1902; id. cdem. p. 246, 1908 ; id. idem. Mem. N.S.W.

Nat. Club, p. 29, 1903.

¢. Both wings brilliant lustrous morpho-blue, more brilliant and

lustrous than in any other of the genus, in certain side lights having

a metallic mauve lustre. Primaries with the costa broadly blackish

increasing at the apex, termen narrowly blackish increasing rapidly

towards the apex, and decreasing slightly towards the tornus.

Secondaries with the costa broadly dark greyish and termen very finely

black. Under-side. Both wings pale whitish dove-grey. Primaries

with three increasing cell spots palely edged, the basal spot pale

brownish, the second and third deep black with bluish white

margins ; below each of these latter a black spot, catenulated stripe

very irregular consisting of seven spots, the first two below the costa

quite pale, the third blackish and small, fourth slightly larger shifted

outwards, fifth shifted inwards, sixth very large and ovate inclined

outwards, seventh oval rather smaller shifted and inclined inwards,

a trace of a subterminal line. Secondaries rather darker than the

primaries with three basal spots, the first and third very small

median series widely isolated, a small darkish spot below the costal

288 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

vein, a larger pale grey spot on the inner margin of the cell with

two small spots below it (one on each side) followed by another pale

spot on the inner margin, third series very irregular, a longish

narrow spot below the costal vein, a pale round one in the angle of

vein 7, a large irregular one closing the cell below which is an

indefinite trace of a fourth followed by a larger and more distinct spot

on the inner margin, posterior catenulated series, irregular and

somewhat indefinite on its inner margin, the first spot large below

vein 7, second and third shifted right outwards, fourth and fifth well

inwards, sixth spot obscure, shifted inwards, an indefinite subter-

minal slightly dentate stripe, a trace of a brownish spot on the

slightly developed lobe at the tornus.

2. Both wings less lustrous and not quite so pale a blue as the

male with broader margins. Primaries with a black invading spot

at the end of the cell and a creamy yellowish costal patch in front of

the apex. Under-side. Primaries like the male but with all the

spots larger and darker, and between the cell spots large patches of

very pale (washed out) orange. Secondaries similar to the male but

with the spots darker, and a white oblique broken stripe right across

the wing across the middle of the cell edged by a broad indefinite

suffusion of golden brownish, termen with a similar suffusion.,

Expanse ¢ 52, 9 54 mm.

This species is only recorded from Cooktown; the

brilliancy of its upper-side and the paleness of the under-

side, together with the small and isolated arrangement of

spots beneath, will enable it to be readily separated from

any other of the group.

289

The genus Ogyris.

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291

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Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Janey te

La.) ie

ade 9

2a. +

”

9a.

10a: =, 4;

lla.

Ogyris amaryllis, genitalia profile

= penis.

otanes, genitalia.

» penis.

halmaturia, genitalia.

i penis.

oretes, genitalia.

» penis.

zosine, genitalia.

9 penis,

abrota, genitalia.

» penis,

barnardi, genitalia.

diz)

ff penis.

olane, genitalia.

» . penis:

ianthis, genitalia,

» penis.

idmo, genitalia.

» ~~: penis,

hewitsoni, genitalia

i, f eNIC,

( 9889

XVII. The structure and life history of Psychoda sex-

punctata, Curtis. By JoHN ALEXANDER DELL,

B.Sc. Communicated by Prof. L. C. MIALL,

F.RS., F.ES.

[Read May 3rd, 1905.]

Halitat and Mode of Life.

Psychoda in all stages of growth abounds throughout

the year at the Leeds Sewage Works, and advantage has

been taken of this circumstance to investigate more fully

the life history of the insect. It obtains its food from

heaps of coke, over which crude sewage is sprayed during

the purifying process. The life which flourishes on the

coke-heaps, and especially the bacterial life, effects the

reduction of the sewage to a harmless liquid. Alga,

among which Stigeocloniwm tenue is conspicuous, find here

congenial conditions, and supply nutriment to insects of

more than one kind. Besides Psychoda, a Chironomus and

a beetle (Platystethus) occur. A Scolopendra, Mites, and

Nais have also been observed on the coke-heaps.

The Psychoda-larva is minute, cylindrical, tapering

toward the hinder end, and bluntly rounded in front. It

may attain a length of 75 mm. The larva bears no

locomotor appendages, but moves in a vermiform manner.

On the fore part of the head are a pair of jaws, probably

mandibles, which can be extended forwards, or folded

backwards. By means of these and the recurved labrum

food is crammed into the mouth. The last segment is

usually bent upwards so as to keep its tip, which bears the

only functional spiracles, clear of the semi-liquid filth in

which the rest of the body is usually immersed. ‘lhe

pup are found together with the larvee in the sewage.

The fly is small and of grey colour. The female is 4 to

4°5 mm. long, the male only 25 to 3 mm., including the

wings. The male is further distinguished by the large

genital appendages, which project from the extremity of

the abdomen. The wings are longer than the body, which

they completely cover, and slope when at rest. Both

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART III. ( OCT. )

294 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

body and wings are abundantly covered with grey hairs,

which give the fly at first sight the appearance of a small

moth, hence the name Psychoda. Round the edges of the

wings are a few black tufts, and the veins are thickly

covered with hairs. The hairy surface protects the body

from accidental wetting. A fresh-killed fly, when pressed

below the surface of the water, carries down with it so

large a quantity of air, that on being released, it shoots at

once to the top and remains floating. The flies may often

be observed resting on the windows of empty houses, and

are also abundant in privies, urinals, ete. At the Leeds

Sewage Works they cluster on the under-side of the pieces

of coke upon which the sewage is sprayed. They are

sluggish, and do not readily take to flight. In returning

from the sewage works to the University I have often

found that the walk of three or four miles was insufficient

to dislodge Psychoda flies which had clung to my dress.

They can, however, run fast, and they are sometimes

carried far by wind. The fly does not, so far as is known,

feed at all.

In copulation the male runs alongside the female,

stroking her with his antenne, while the wings, antennz

and halteres are thrown into spasmodic vibration. The

large forceps is then extended directly backwards, and the

abdomen of the male bent round so that the hinder ends

of the two bodies are brought into apposition. The

forceps then close upon the body of the female, unless

they miss, which not infrequently happens, as the male

fly is unable to see what he is doing. In such a case the

whole manoeuvre is repeated. The males are apparently

unable to distinguish which of their companions are

females, as they very frequently attempt to copulate with

one another. They have often been seen to die while

still attached to the female.

As usual in Nemocera the eggs are deposited in an

elastic, jelly-like mass. They are irregularly arranged in

it, and unconnected with one another. The egg-mass

thus formed is indefinite in shape, and may be fixed to a

stone or other solid object. The total length of an egg-

mass may be 1-2 mm., and such an egg-mass commonly

contains 35-40 eggs. The eggs are small (‘2 mm. to 3

mm. in length) and sausage-shaped ; they are opaque, and

loaded with yolk-granules. Hatching takes place 10-14

days after laying, but may possibly be more rapid in a

and Life History of Psychoda seapunctata. 295

warmer season than that in which WAN

my observations were made.

Systematic position of Psychoda

sexpunctata.

The long antennee of many similar

joints, and the slender flexible maxil-

lary palps, at once place Psychoda

among the Nemocera. The absence

of ocelli, the short and fleshy mouth-

parts, the bead-like joints of the

antenne, the prominent genital

forceps, and the structure of the j

wings characterize the Psychodide.

The pattern of the wing-veins suffi-

ciently indicates the genus Psychoda, /

while the black tufts on the margin

of the wing distinguish the species

sexpunctata.

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External features of the Larva

(Fig. 1).

The body consists of a head and

eleven segments. Lach of the first

three segments is imperfectly

divided into two annuli, and each

of the remaining ones into three.

The last segment is the only one

which is extensively modified. The

integument is covered with a thick

layer of chitin, which is in places

thickened into special protective

plates. In general there is a thin

membrane between the adjacent

segments, and a longitudinal thin

strip separating the dorsal from the

ventral armour. The cuticle of a

larva which has recently shed its

skin is white and transparent, and

such larvae can be easily studied

IN WNT ne

alive as transparent objects. As rey

time goes on, however, the cuticle 4

thickens, and a larva which has a Fic. 1( x 20).

moult in prospect becomes com- Dorsal view of larva.

296 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structwre

pletely brown and opaque. From the middle of each

segment a pair of lateral sete project, which are more

or less curved. There are also on all the segments

except the first and second numerous short, rather blunt

sete, arranged in transverse bands; there are two of these

bands on the third segment, and three on each of the

others. In the mid-dorsal line of the ninth and tenth

segments occur a series of black, oval, shining plates,

transversely elongated, but not reaching the sides of the

body. There are usually three on each segment, but they

are irregular in form and size, and occasionally one is

found on the eighth segment. The last or eleventh

segment is smooth and hard, and tapers backwards, though

Fig. 2 ( x 80).

Dorsal view of head of larva (to left); ventral view (to right).

the extreme tip is truncated. The anus opens on its

under-side, in a recess at the attached end of the segment.

There are two small appendages arising from the truncated

terminal surface of this segment. They are short, fringed

with setae, and somewhat like the corresponding structures

in the Pericoma larva, but not so much developed. As in

Pericoma, the larvee can hang from the surface-film by

means of the anal appendages. If depressed beneath the

surface, the anal appendages do not carry down a bubble

of air, with which the spiracles communicate, as in the

Pericoma larva, though small air bubbles often adhere to

the sete. When floating at the surface, the larva, if it is

able to reach the bottom, can drag itself along by means

and Life History of Psychoda seapwnctata. 297

of the mouth-appendages, which are rapidly extended and

closed, so as to scrape the bottom.

The head (Fig. 2) is subconical, much reduced, and

partly retractile. It can be withdrawn into the prothorax,

so that the head is concealed as far forward as the eyes.

This position is temporarily assumed during crawling, and

is normal in larve about to pupate. The head nearly

resembles that of Pericoma* and Maruina.t In each case

the mid-dorsal surface is occupied by the roughly triangular

clypeus, flanked on either side by the large epicranial

plates, which bear the black, shining, simple eyes, and the

antenne. The antennz are even more reduced than in

Pericoma, and are little more than knobs. The forward

prolongation of the clypeus is the labrum. This is an

elongated triangular organ ; its apex is turned underneath

in such a way that the tip lies almost directly beneath its

junction with the clypeus. A few hairs arise from its

anterior edges, and on the surface of the apical part, which

is morphologically dorsal, but actually ventral, there occur

a large number of backward-directed spines. On each

side of, and immediately behind the labrum is an appen-

dage, probably the mandible, which is short, and ends

bluntly. From each appendage arise two large plumose

sete, one running forward, the other outward. There are

also two bunches of shorter setae. Immediately behind the

supposed mandibles is a pair of semi-circular, plate-lke

appendages, which probably represent the maxilla.

Between them and in the median line is a comb-lke

organ with its teeth projecting forwards. A similar plate

is common in Nemoceran larvee, and has been identified

with the submentum.t

Nervous System of the Larva.

The nervous system (Fig. 3) consists of the usual cere-

bral ganglia and the ventral chain. The cerebral ganglia

are pear-shaped, and from their pointed ends arise a pair

of nerves, which run forwards into the head. The sub-

cesophageal ganglia are, as usual, connected with the

cerebral so as to form a ring round the cesophagus, through

which runs the dorsal vessel. Behind these is a series of

* Miall and Walker (1895). + Miiller (1895).

+ Miall and Hammond (1892 and 1900).

298 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

eleven ganglia, not segmentally arranged. The hindmost

of the chain is small, and close to the one immediately in

front of it. The first body-segment contains, in addition

to the first ganglion of the ventral chain, the cerebral and

sub-cesophageal ganglia, which in most insects lie in the

head. The shifting of these ganglia into the thorax is no

doubt explained, as in the case of Chironomus, by the

reduction of the larval head. The large and complex

head of the fly cannot be developed within the

small larval head, and its rudiments, besides the

brain, which it will ultimately enclose, are trans-

ferred to the much more spacious prothorax.*

Alimentary Canal of the Larva.

The alimentary canal resembles that of

Chironomus + so closely that I shall merely

describe the points of difference between the

two. ‘The fore-part of the stomach is separated

as a cardia, but has no ceca. Between its wall

and the reflected wall of the cesophagus arises

a thin chitinous membrane, the “ peritrophic

membrane ” of Balbiani.+

The function of the peritrophic membrane is

to protect the mesenteric epithelium from

abrasion by inorganic particles, which the larva

swallows along with its food. It is apparently

cast periodically. In a living Psychoda larva

reversed peristaltic contractions have been

observed. The digested food has been seen to

be carried up into the space between the

peritrophic membrane and the mesenteric

epithelium by these peristaltic contractions. At

ae the hinder end of the mesenteron is a slight

‘dilatation, into which open the five Malpighian

Nerve-cord tubules. Five is an unusual number of tubules

ormve among insects, but it is found in Blepharoceride,

Culew, and Ptychoptera.§

There is a pair of salivary glands situated in the fore-

part of the thorax. They are roughly bean-shaped, and

the duct arises from the part corresponding to the hilum

* Miall and Hammond (1892, 1900).

+ Miall and Hammond (1900). { Balbiani (1890).

§ Miiller (1895).

and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. 299

of the bean. They are placed one on each side of the

alimentary canal, which they partly encircle. The two

ducts run forward beneath the alimentary canal, and unite

in the posterior region of the head. The structure of the

glands is very simple. They are hollow, the wall being

only one layer of cells thick. The cells are very large,

and possess very large nuclei, in which by suitable methods

a distinct chromatic filament and nucleus can be made

out. I have not been able to detect the elaborate

nuclear structure of the salivary cells of the Chironomus

larva.* Outside the cells there is a thin basement-

membrane.

Respiratory System of the Larva (Figs. 4-6).

The respiratory system of the larva is well developed.

The air is renewed mainly, if not altogether, by means of the

large posterior spiracles (Fig. 6). These are situated at the

apex of the last segment, close to the bases of the minute

analappendages. ach spiracle communicates with a large

longitudinal trachea. Immediately within the spiracle the

trachea is slightly dilated into an oval chamber, and the

centre of this is occupied by an ovoid mass of chitin, attached

to the walls of the chamber by chitinous threads. The

whole arrangement forms a kind of loose spongy plug. In

addition to this pair of large posterior spiracles, there are

an anterior pair borne by two short processes on the sides

of the prothorax (Fig. 4). They are not open, and pro-

bably not functional, since they are always immersed in

water or mud. Leading into each spiracle is a trachea,

which, as it passes into the process on which the spiracle

is borne, gradually becomes spongy and takes on a black

appearance as seen by the microscope, probably due to

contained air. |

There are two very large trachee (Fig. 4), each arising

from one of the posterior spiracles, and running forward

along the back. They are connected by a series of

commissures, one of which occurs at the hinder end of

every segment, except the last. In many cases small,

forward-directed branches arise from the commissures.

Some of these are connected with the alimentary canal,

and on this account the commissures are very slack,

especially those near the middle of the body. During the

* Balbiani (1881).

300 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

Fre. 4 ( x 20).

Tracheal system of larva,

vermiform movements of the animal

there is a considerable amount of

sliding of the alimentary canal and

body-wall on one another, and a tight

commissure would be liable to be

snapped, or to tear the tissues. In

each segment, besides the commissures,

there is found a lateral branch running

downward and_ forward, and soon

splitting into three. Of these three

each posterior branch unites with the

fe HN MS A TEE

Fie. 5 ( x 20):

Anterior part of tracheal system of larva,

in side view.

anterior branch of the segment behind,

thus forming a loop, while the middle

branch breaks up into branches of

distribution. In the last segment,

immediately dorsal to the hinder part

of the heart, there arise from each

Fic. 6 ( x 100).

Posterior spiracles of larve,

and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. 301

Hie. 7 ( x 20).

Ventral view of pupa (to left) ; side view (to right).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART UI. (00T.) 21

302 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

longitudinal trachea a number of small branches, which

break up into branches of distribution in the neighbour-

hood of the pericardium.

Pupation: Haternal Features of the Pupa.

After reaching its full size, the larva becomes sluggish

and ceases to feed ; the head becomes retracted, so that the

part behind the eyes is concealed by the first body-

segment ; the last larval skin is then shed, and the pupa

emerges. This takes place while the animal is still buried

in slime. Ina short time the pupa makes its way to the

surface, where it les with the respiratory appendages

exposed, This facilitates respiration, and the escape of

the fly.

The pupa (Fig. 7) is, as usual, shorter and thicker than

the larva. When it first appears it is white, but the

cuticle soon thickens and turns brown. The head is not

externally marked off from the rest of the body, but the

compound eyes of the fly can be seen through the pupal

skin. From the front of the prothorax arise the two

respiratory appendages (Prothorakalhorne of De Meijere*).

They are rather less than one-third of the length of the

body, and transversely wrinkled. Scattered over their

surfaces, especially towards the distal end, occur numerous

transparent circles, which appear to be holes, but are really

thin spots in the cuticle. A shallow transverse furrow

separates the prothorax from the mesothorax. The three

pairs of leg-sheaths are straight, and reach the beginning

of the third abdominal segment, where the tips of the wing-

sheaths are also situated. All the exposed abdominal

segments, except the eighth or last, are protected by

dorsal and ventral plates, whose hinder margins end in

rows of backwardly-directed spines. There are also a few

scattered spines on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Each

spine is a pointed process of the body-wall. Its apex bears

aspike set in a socket. The last segment bears four large

spines, two terminal and two subterminal. The spines

assist the pupa to move about in the filth in which it

is buried, and so keep the respiratory appendages exposed

to the air.

* De Meijere (1902).

and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. 303

Tracheal System of the Pupa (Fig. 8).

The tracheal system of the pupa is closed, the contained

Fic. 8 ( x 20).

Tracheal system of pupa.

air being renewed by means of the

prothoracic respiratory appendages,

a pair of hollow finger-shaped

processes, which project forward

from the prothorax. <A tracheal

extention (Fig. 9)—Hornfilzkammer

of De Meijere—lies within the

respiratory appendage. The structure

of the wall of the pupal respiratory

appendage is not unlike that of

Ptychoptera. In places the tracheal

extension bulges through the wall

of the respiratory appendage, giving

Fic. 9 ( x 40).

Tracheal extension of pupa.

Fia. 10 ( x 100).

Transverse section of tracheal extension of pupa,

304 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

rise to the clear circular spots previously mentioned.

Except at these places the tracheal extension is separated

from the wall of the respiratory appendage by a space, in

which sections show the presence of a tissue, affected by

ordinary staining re-agents (probably the epithelium which

secreted the tracheal extension), A transverse section

shows scattered sete projecting inwards from the wall of

the tracheal extension (Fig. 10). Traced backwards, the

tracheal extension passes through the space between the

body of the fly and the pupal skin, and finally enters the

body in the fore part of the mesothorax. There are two

large, longitudinal tracheze (Fig. 8) communicating directly

with the tracheal extensions just described. They are

connected by a series of nine commissures, one in the

mesothorax, two in the metathorax, and one in each ab-

dominal segment, except the seventh and eighth. There

is also a series of lateral loops exactly like those of the

larva. The first, however, which arises in the metathorax,

runs through two segments; all the others run from one

segment to the next. The longitudinal trachez end in

tapering extremities in the last segment.

The tracheal system of the pupa is formed around that

of the larva, and consequently in a larva about to pupate

the walls of the tracheze appear double. The longitudinal

trachee of a late larva communicate with the pupal respi-

ratory appendages, which are formed during this stage.

The respiratory appendages are not modelled on any pre-

existing larval organ, hence it is not surprising to find that

the larval trachea, just behind the respiratory appendage,

comes out through the wall of the pupal traches, and

makes its way to the prothoracic spiracle of the larva. It

is also continuous with the base of the respiratory append-

age. This makes a sharp angle with the larval trachea,

and can be seen through the larval cuticle just in front of

the larval prothoracic spiracle. Its distal end turns down-

wards, and almost touches its fellow of the opposite side

in the mid-ventral line. In the pupa which has just shed

the larval skin, the respiratory appendages lie close to the

body, much as they do in the larva; but when the pupa

makes its way to the surface of the mud, the respiratory

appendages stiffen, and stand out clear of the surface.

Pupz can be easily detected in a’sample of sewage, by

their projecting respiratory appendages. A pupa, when

kept in a bottle of water, is unable to rise to the surface,

and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. 305

or to breathe the air dissolved in the water, and dies in a

few days. .

The Head and its Appendages in the Fly.

The head is almost vertical. (Figs. 11 and 12.) Seen

from above it is transversely oval ; the front surface is pear-

shaped, narrowing downwards to the labrum. The com-

Fic. 11 ( x 80).

Head of fly.

pound eyes are horse-shoe shaped, and nearly meet above.

They contain comparatively few ommatidia, not more than

five or six rows in the widest part, and possibly about

eighty in all.

Immediately within the lower ends of the horse-shoe-

shaped compound eyes can be seen in the openings of a

pair of chitinous tunnels which perforate the head. They

run through it obliquely, and their openings on the back of

306 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

the head are nearer to one another than the openings on

the face. The tunnels are not of absolutely . uniform

diameter, though their variations are nowhere very great.

The antennary muscles, which are the only important

muscles in the head, are attached close to the hinder

openings of the chitinous tunnels, which seem to act as

struts, and prevent the head from yielding when a strain

Fie. 12.

Ventral view of mouth-parts of fly (to left); maxilla

in side view (to right).

is put upon it by the contraction of the antennary muscles.

Similar structures have been described in Anopheles,

where a pair of straight chitinous tunnels perforate the

head, and in Chironomus, where a pair of small openings

on the face open into a pair of somewhat irregular cham-

bers, which in turn open to the exterior by a pair of slit-like

apertures on the back of the head.*

* Miall and Hammond (1900).

and Life History of Psychoda sexpwnetata. 307

In the Chironomus fly the antennary muscles are

attached to the walls of the chitinous invaginations them-

selves, an interesting point of difference from Psychoda.

A somewhat similar pair of structures has been described

in some other insects, notably in Corydalis.*

Each antenna consists of fifteen joits; of these the

first is cylindrical, the second globular, and the others

flask-shaped, with the exception of the last three, which

are globular. From the globular part of each joint arise

a number of curved, radiating sete.

The fly apparently does not feed at all, since no traces

Hircomian (x20):

Side-view of male fly. The wing is extended and cut short; the legs cut

short. The lower figure shows the genital armature in plan.

of food have been observed in its reduced alimentary

canal, nor has it ever been seen to take in food. The

mouth-parts (Fig. 12) are somewhat similar in arrange-

ment to those of Culex, but are very largely atrophied. As

in most Diptera, there is a roughly conical rostrum, which

bears an elongated, triangular labrum, behind which is

the short, bilobed labium. This is fringed with numerous,

* Waterhouse (1895).

308 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

short, finger-like processes, and its edges are rolled for-

wards so as to enclose a pair of maxilla, The maxille

are short, styliform, and fringed with sete ; near the base

they give rise to a pair of long, four-jointed maxillary

palps. The styliform maxilla probably corresponds to the

lacinia of typical forms; there does not appear to be any-

thing to correspond to cardo and stipes. On the front of

the labium is a minute, triangular hypopharynx or lingua.

The Thorax of the Fly.

As usual in Diptera, the thorax of Psychoda (Figs.

Fic, 14.

Longitudinal section of thorax of Psychoda (upper fig.); ditto of

Chironomus (lower fig.).

13, 14) consists of a small prothorax, an enormous meso-

thorax, and a small metathorax. ‘The prothorax is little

more than a ventral hoop, containing the muscles of the

first pair of legs. Ventrally and laterally its hinder

margin is indicated by a suture. Dorsally its boundary

is uncertain ; it certainly, however, lies in front of the

first spiracle,

and Life History of Psychoda sexpwnetata. 309

The relations of the component parts of the mesothorax

are peculiar, as will be seen by comparison with the cor-

responding structures in Chironomus (Fig. 14). In that

type the dorsal region of the mesothorax consists of a

large shield-shaped piece, the scutum; a transverse, semi-

cylindrical ridge, arching across the back, the scutellum ;

and behind this a large postscutellum, to which the

hinder ends of the longitudinal mesothoracic muscles are

attached.*

In Psychoda the same parts are found with the following

points of difference -—

(1) The scutum extends forwards above the head, so

that the head and prothorax are depressed to the ventral

side, and the face looks downwards.

(2) In Chironomus the post-scutellum has extended

backwards so far as to obliterate the dorsal part of the

metathorax. In Psychoda the post-scutellum extends back

quite as far as in Chironomus, but underlies the metathorax

and the dorsal part of the first and second abdominal

segments. It thus appears in longitudinal section as an

enormous dorsal invagination of the cuticle, running back-

wards and downwards into the body as far as the hinder

end of the second abdominal segment. J am informed

by Mr. T. H. Taylor that a somewhat similar state of

things is found in Stmulium.

The dorsal part of the metathorax is a narrow strip,

arching across the back immediately behind the scutellum.

At the sides of the metathorax are the club-shaped

halteres, or rudimentary second pair of wings, and the

metathoracic spiracles.

The mesothorax is chiefly occupied by the muscles of

flight, which are of extraordinary size, the longitudinal

muscles, for instance, being half as long as the body.

There are two pairs of spiracles. The anterior, which is

mesothoracic,} is formed at the place where the tracheal

extension from the pupal respiratory appendage enters the

imaginal body. Just at this point the cuticle of the fly

thickens into a partial ring, while immediately distal to it

* Miall and Hammond (1900).

+ Voss (1905, p. 739) concludes from his study of Gryllus

domesticus that the thoracic spiracles are probably prothoracic and

mesothoracic. Mial! and Hammond, on the other hand, find that

they are mesothoracic and metathoracic in Chironomus, while Taylor

(1902) comes to the same conclusion in his paper on Simuliwm,

310 Mr. J. A. Dell on the Structure

the tracheal extension is thinner than anywhere else, and

lacks the annular thickenings. This appears to be an

arrangement for snapping the tracheal extension just at

the required spot. Whether the pupal trachez persist as

those of the adult, or whether all those of the thorax are

withdrawn through the adult metathoracic spiracle, I am

unable to say, but in all pupal skins hitherto examined no

trace of trachez could be discovered, while the end of the

tracheal extension always appeared to have been snapped

across just where it originally entered the imaginal thorax.

The metathoracic spiracle is a small, circular opening

immediately below the base of the haltere.

The Abdomen of the Fly and its Appendages (Fig. 13).

The abdomen consists of eight segments. The first of

these is only distinguishable dorsally, being ventrally

obscured by the bases of the metathoracic legs. The

seventh segment shows some indication of being divided

into two parts. The last (eighth) segment in the male is

flattened from above downwards, and slightly bifurcated at

its hinder end, from which arises a long forceps, reaching

forwards when at rest as far as the middle of the seventh

segment. It is composed of two joints, a large basal and

a small terminal one. From the fore end of the eighth

segment arises a second forceps, also two-jointed. This runs

upwards and backwards, and is enclosed by the other.

There are also two processes arising from the hinder end

of the seventh segment in the middle line; one is dorsal

to the other. They are possibly analogous in function to

the penis and titillator of a cockroach,

In conclusion, I desire to express my indebtedness to

Professor Miall, at whose suggestion the work was first

taken up, and without whose assistance and encouragement

it could never have been carried out, and also to Mr. T. H.

Taylor for much helpful advice and criticism.

Libliography of Psychoda.

Baliani, #. G. (1881.) Sur la structure du noyau des

cellules salivaires chez les Jarves de Chironomus,

Zool. Anz. pp. 687-641 and 662-666, with figs. in

text.

(1890.) Etudes anatomiques et histologiques sur

le tube digestif des Cryptops. Arch. Zool, Expér.,

2° ser., VIII, pp. 1-82, Pl. I-VI,

and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. 311

- Bouché, P. F. (1834.) Naturgeschichte der Insecten,

Psychoda phalenoides, Meig. Pl. II, fig. 20-23.

Curtis, J. (1823-40.) British Entomology, XVI, p. 745.

Haton, fev. A. H. (1895.) Supplementary notes on Dr.

Fritz Miiller’s paper on a new form of larvae of

Psychodide from Brazil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

Part IV, p. 489.

De Meyere, J. C. H. (1902.) Ueber die Prothorakal-

stigmen der Dipteren-puppen. Zool. Jahrb., XV,

pp. 623-692, Pl. XX XII-XXXV.

Leewwenhoek, A. (1692.) Figures the wing and antenna

of Psychoda. Arcana Nature Detecta, Ed. Leyden,

1722, vol. II, 283, and the opposite plate (un-

numbered), figs. 2, 3, 4.

Miall, L. C., and A. L. Hammond. (1892.) The develop-

meut of the head of the Imago of Chironomus. Linn.

Trans., Zool., 2nd ser., V, pp. 265-279, Pl. XX VIII-

XXXI.

(1900.) The Structure and Life-history of the

Harlequin fly.

Mall, L. C., and. N. Walker. (1895.) Life-history of

Pericoma canescens (Psychodide). Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., pp. 141-153, Pl. III, IV.

Miller, Dr. Fritz. (1895.) Contribution towards the

history of a new form of larvae of Psychodide from

Brazil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 479-481, Pl.

x, XI.

Osten Sacken, C. FR. (Baron) von. (1895.) Remarks on

the homologies and differences between the first

stages of Pericoma, Hal., and those of the new

Brazilian species. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 483-487.

Taylor, T. H. (1902.) The Tracheal system of Stmuliwm.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 701-716.

Voss, F. (1904-5.) Ueber den Thorax von Gryllus

domesticus. Zeits. fur wiss. Zool., Bd. LXXVITI.

Waterhouse, C. O. (1895.) Labium and submentum of

certain Mandibulate Insects.

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. PNG),

XVIII. New African Lasiocampide in the British

Museum. By Cur. AuRIVILLIUS, Hon. F.E.S.,

F.M.Z.S., etc. .

[Read June 7th, 1905.]

PLATE XVI.

In a collection of seventy African Lasiocampide kindly sent

to me for determination by Sir G. F. Hampson, I have

found some new species described in this paper. Three of

the species belong to new genera, of which Haplopacha

and Chondrostegoides are of interest as representing the

aberrant genus Chondrostega in the Ethiopian region.

I have to thank the Entomological Society of London

for the beautiful figures illustrating my papers.

GONOMETA REGIA, Dn. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 3.)

¢. Ochreous-brown or yellowish-brown ; patagia, mesonotum,

legs and under-side of abdomen with a distinct violaceous or

purplish tint ; fore-wing ochreous-brown the basal fourth and four

transverse sinuous bands violaceous-brown, the outermost band end-

ing at vein 2, the median space between band 1 and 2 more or less

suffused with violaceous, outer margin darker than the ground-colour

between the bands ; hind-wing reddish-brown, broadly yellowish at

base of inner margin; under-side of both wings ochraceous, vio-

laceous-brown at costal margin, fore-wing behind middle with an

obsolete brownish transverse band.

Expanse 155 mm.

UcanpDa: Hoima (8S. C. Tomkins).

This giant moth is most nearly allied to G. titan, Holl,

which, however, has a much darker ground-colour without

violaceous tint and obsolete transverse bands of fore-wing.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART III. (OCT.)

314 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on New African

GASTROPLAKHIS RUFESCENS, n. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 10.)

Q. Head, thorax, legs and under-side of abdomen pale greyish-

brown with a pinkish tint ; abdomen above ochraceous-yellow darker

at base and without black transverse bands ; fore-wing pale greyish-

brown with a pinkish tint, two waved brown transverse lines before

middle and two such lines about middle, an obsolete angulated

brown submarginal line and a black dot at apex of cell, hind

border with long grey or blackish hairs and scales ; hind-wing pale

yellowish broadly suffused with fawn colour at apex and outer

margin ; wings below pale fawn colour, yellowish towards base

without markings.

Expanse 97 mm.

W. Arrica: Asaba.

PSEUDOMETA PATAGIATA, N. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 1.)

Dark umber-brown, with the patagia yellow ; fore-wing with a

white dot at end of cell and two yellow patches mottled with

reddish-brown, one at base of hind margin occupying the base of

the areas la, 1b, 2and 3, the other beyond the cell between veins 5

and 6 ; an irregular submarginal series of fuscous spots.

Expanse 37 mm.

Riv. Nicer: Sapele (2. W. Sampson).

This species differs from Ps, viola in the more elongate

hind-wings. Veins 9 and 10 of fore-wing are somewhat

longer than their common stalk.

«¢ ANADIASA CERVINA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 5.)

Fawn colour; abdomen paler, testaceous. ¢. Fore-wing fawn

colour with three fine, simple, fuscous transverse lines, the first sub-

basal nearly erect and very indistinct, the second a little behind

middle, evenly excurved from costa to vein 5, thence incurved to

middle of hind margin, third line submarginal, uneven and more or

less dissolved into spots, a small whitish dot at end of cell ; hind-

wing pale testaceous. @ differs by the fore-wing being darker and

Lasiocampide in the British Museum. 315

suffused with grey at hind margin and outer margin and by the hind-

wing being nearly as dark as fore-wing.

Expanse 33-35 mm.

NataL: Brit. Musewm; NYASSALAND and GERMAN

East AFrrica: Musewm Holmiez.

Nearly allied to A. (“Philudoria”) distincta, Dist., but

differing in the simple transverse lines of fore-wing and

by the median line not being strongly incurved at costal

margin.

TARAGAMA CAPENSIS, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 11.)

Abdomen, under-side of thorax and legs greyish-brown ; palpi

yellowish ; head and upper-side of thorax whitish, the latter with

pale brown patches ; fore-wing fuscous-brown with two oblique,

very irregularly sinuated, white transverse lines, inner line from

middle of costal margin to hind angle of cell and thence following

the median vein to middle of cell and ending at hind margin near

base, outer line from costal margin to vein 3 nearly parallel to outer

margin but forming two distinct projections on inner-side at veins

5 and 8, from vein 3 running obliquely to middle of hind margin

and forming two lunules, a spot at base in 1b, a spot at end of cell

and a submarginal series of spots yellowish ; hind-wing fuscous with

transverse white line and a vellow spot at anal angle ; wings below

fuscous with an irregular transverse submarginal white line and one

or two yellowish spots near anal angle.

Expanse 45 mm.

Cape Cotony : Brak Kloof, April (White).

Allied to Targama cristata but smaller and also differing

in the yellow spots and the darker ground-colour of the

wings.

—TARAGAMA DISTINGUENDA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 13.)

¢. Body brown, darker on upper-side ; patagia deep castaneous

brown ; fore-wing dark castaneous brown paler towards outer margin,

an obsolete blackish dot at end of cell and beyond it two transverse

blackish-brown lines, the first arched and bent basally at costal margin,

the second nearly straight running from costal margin just before

apex to last third of hind margin ; the usual hind marginal area

316 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on New African

lanceolate slightly curved on fore-side, and terminated by a greyish

line ; very strongly suffused with blackish except at hind margin ;

hind-wing and under-side of both wings dark brown with pale veins.

Expanse 44 mm.

9. Body fawn colour with the patagia deep castaneous ; fore-

wing castaneous, paler behind middle, a very strongly curved trans-

verse median line and another nearly straight oblique line from

costal margin just before apex to last third of hind margin, an

obsolete angulate submarginal line, hind marginal area lanceolate,

fawn colour without silvery streak at front side; hind-wing and

under-side of both wings fawn colour.

Expanse 63-65 mm.

Natau: Durban, October (G. F. Leiyh). A bred male

and female. Also a female from Manau, Nyassaland, in

Museum Holmie.

Very nearly allied to 7. grabert, Dewitz, and perhaps

only a southern form of that species. The female of

grabert has the body greyish, the fore-wing fuscous, greyish

at termen with the second transverse line running exactly

to apex and bent at vein 8; hind-wing and under-side

greyish, not fawn-coloured.

T. cuneata, Dist., has the same ground-colour, but is

easily distinguished by the cuneate form and the silvery

line at front-side of the hind marginal area of fore-wing.

The male has a greater resemblance to the male of

T. sjostedti, Auriv.

(Larva dark brown with numerous pale reticulate striz ;

the thoracic somites dorsally yellow in front, the abdominal

somites dorsally yellow’behind and with ill-defined dia-

mond-shaped dorsal marks; two fine rather irregular sub-

dorsal yellowish lines; the hair on dorsum black, the

lateral tufts white.—G. F. H.)

TARAGAMA FUSCA, n. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 8.)

¢. Dark blackish grey; patagia blackish brown; fore-wing

blackish, along hind margin with a lanceolate dark greyish patch,

which on its fore-side near base has a silvery angulated line, behind

middle a slightly curved, nearly parallel 3 mm. broad, blackish

band, an obsolete irregular curved angulated blackish submarginal

line ; hind-wing and under-side of both wings dark blackish grey

without markings.

Expanse ¢ 33, 2 50 mm.

Lasiocampide in the British Musewm. 317

Brit. EK. Arrica: Ndimu (C. 8S. Betton); Kikuyu

(Crawshay) ; Uganda, Kampala (Christy).

(2. Fore-wing more uniform in colour, the patch on

inner area paler.—G. F. H.)

The darkest species of Zaragama known to me.

OCINAROPSIS, 0. sp.

Eyes hairy. Palpi rather long, porrect, reaching beyond

the frons; last joint short, pointed. Antenne nearly alike

in both sexes, bipectinate to the apex; branches much

longer before middle, suddenly shorter behind middle, hind

row of branches at base much longer than the front row.

Legs hairy; tarsi scaled; front tibie unarmed; spurs of

hind tibiz wanting. ore-wing triangular, rather short ;

outer margin angled at vein 5; vein 2 from near base, 3

nearly from middle of cell, 4 and 5 from angle, 6, 7 and 8

stalked, 9 and 10 on a very long stalk, 9 running to the

outer margin well below apex. Hind-wing: costal margin

nearly straight, lobed at base; outer margin distinctly waved

with a longer tooth at vein 2; vein 2 from behind middle of

cell, 3 from before angle of cell, 4 and 5 on a short stalk ;

cell obliquely closed, vein 8 anastomasing with 7 near its

base and thus forming a small precostal cell, which has no

accessory veinlets.

Ocinaropsis obscura, 3 4.

- OCINAROPSIS OBSCURA, n. sp.

Dark blackish grey (9), or blackish brown (¢), thorax and fore-

wing with a reddish tint in the male ; fore-wing with very minute

white point at end of cell and a double submarginal row of obsolescent

black and yellowish minute dots ; hind-wing paler, blackish at anal

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART In. (ocT.) 22

318 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on Mew African

angle ; terminal tooth of both wings much longer in male than in

female.

Expanse ¢ 27, 9 33 mm.

Nata: Durban (Leigh).

PHILOTHERMA SORDIDA, 0. sp.

(Pl, XViwis.<2.)

4. Very pale fawn colour or isabelline ; fore-wing pale fawn

colour, darker at base and behind discal line, whitish between dis-

cocellular spot and discal line, a nearly erect slightly waved blackish

line before middle and behind middle, a distinct oblique nearly

straight black discal line, which at vein 9 is suddenly bent towards

costal margin, a submarginal series of small black dots between the

nervules, a white, black-ringed spot at end of cell; hind-wing pale

fawn at costal margin, whitish towards inner margin, a fine discal

black line from costa to vein 6 and a submarginal series of small

black dots; under-side of both wings whitish isabelline with a

submarginal series of black dots on hind-wing, discal transverse line

wanting or obsolete, brownish.

Expanse 62-70 mm.

9. Differs from the male in both wings being more or less densely

sprinkled with blackish scales, especially at outer margin and

behind discal line ; transverse lines more distinct ; discal white

black-ringed spot of fore-wing wanting ; tarsi black.

Expanse 96 mm.

SrerRA LEONE: (Brit. Mus. and Staudinger’s Collection);

NIGER: Onitsba (Brit. Mus.).

Nearly allied to Ph. jacchus, Méschl., and rosa, Druce,

differing from the latter in the paler ground colour and

the straight discal line of fore-wing.

LECHRIOLEPIS PULCHRA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 12.)

Ochraceous yellow ; head, thorax and fore-coxz densely clothed

with long reddish brown hairs; antenne at tip with blackish

branches ; fore-wing yellow (nearly lemon yellow), base, a transverse

line before middle and another behind middle, and a submarginal

irregular row of eight large spots reddish-brown, the discal area

between the transverse lines except in cell and at costal margin

largely suffused with reddish-brown, a reddish-brown spot at end of

Lasiocampide in the British Musewm. 319

cell and between the discal line and the submarginal row, another

row of six reddish-brown spots from hind-margin to vein 7; veing

blackish in marginal area; hind-wing yellow with five reddish-

brown spots from vein 2 to 7, becoming larger and more distinct

towards costal margin, veins 4-7 blackish at termen ; wings below

yellow with submarginal row of brownish spots.

Expanse 72 mm.

Brit. CENTRAL AFRICA: Fwambo.

Nearly allied to Z. varia, Walk., but differing in the

reddish suffusion of the fore-wing and probably distinct.

BERALADE, Walk.

The genera Chilena, Walk. (1855), and Lahea, Wallengr.

(1865), are not structurally distinct from Beralade. Sena,

Walk. (1862), is also probably founded on a species of this

genus.

Some of the species of Beralade are very nearly allied,

and may perhaps only be colour-varieties. At present we

know however but little of their variability. The species

of Beralade are found in dry regions, and the larve feed

probably on thorny bushes in the desert.

I give here a key to the African species known to me,

including also the new ones described below.

KEY TO THE AFRICAN SPECIES.

A. Tarsi ringed with black. Fore-wing without silvery

mark at the end of the cell. Fore-wing with (1)-2

oblique dark stripes, one discal, the other submarginal

or marginal.

a. Costa of fore-wing distinctly but

narrowly ochreous yellow. Palpi

orange, black or blackish on outer

side.

*, Body and fore-wing whitish.

a, Stripes of fore-wing macular, com-

posed of small streaks on the

veins, or dentate. Discal stripe

ending at the apex of vein9 . 1. B. perobliqua,Walk.

320 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on New African

b. Stripes of fore-wing continuous

and even.

1. Discal stripe of fore-wing very

oblique, ending at apex of vein

8; veins of fore-wing white,

distinctly paler than the

ground , : Yang me . 2. B. continua, Auriv.

2. Discal stripe of fore-wing less

oblique, ending at apex of fore-

wing. Veins of fore-wing not

paler than the ground . . 3. B. obliquata, Klug.

* *, Body and wings fuscous, mouse-

colour . ‘ . ; . 4. B. fumosa, Dist.

B. Costa of fore-wing not yellow. Palpi

not, or only pale orange. Discal

stripe oblique.

*, Body and wings milky-white or

greyish. Outer stripe narrow,

submarginal .. . . 5, B.wallengreni, Auriv.

**, Body and wings dark fuscous.

Stripes of fore-wing blackish ;

outer stripe broad marginal,

composed of large spots . 6. B. bettoni, Auriv.

B. Tarsi not ringed, unicolorous.

a. Fore-wing with a white or silvery

mark at end of cell.

*, Fore-wing reddish-fawn colour,

with three oblique darker

stripes. Discocellular white

mark of fore-wing short and

straight. 3 ‘ , . 7. B. prompta, Walk.

**, Fore-wing greyish or cinereous,

with only one oblique, nearly

submarginal stripe. Disco-

cellular mark angulated.

a. Discocellular white mark short,

not produced at hind angle

to the middle of cell; ob-

lique stripe waved and dent-

ate, not bordered with white. 8, B. levenna, Wallengr.

Lasiocanvpide in the British Musewm. 321

b. Discocellular white mark pro-

duced at hind angie towards

the base along the median

vein nearly to middle of cell ;

oblique stripe nearly even,

bordered with white on

inner side,

1. Fore-wing more or less

tinged with fawn ; oblique

stripe curved towards the

middle of hind margin.

Hind-wing without black-

ish patch at analangle . 9. B. donaldsoni, Holl.

2. Fore-wing brownish-grey or

greyish ; oblique stripe

nearly straight. Hind-

wing with a distinct black-

ish patch at analangle . 10. B. marshalli, Auriv.*

B. Fore-wing without white mark at

end of cell. Wings yellowish-

brown, fore-wing with two, hind-

wing with one dark transverse

line . ‘ 5 : : . 11. B. simplex, Auriv.

BERALADE CONTINUA, N. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 14.)

Milky-white or greyish-white ; palpi orange, black on outer side ; a

yellow hair-pencil at base of antennz ; antennze whitish with yellow

branches ; fore and middle tibiew yellow on inner side ; tarsi orange

ringed with black ; upper-side of fore-wing whitish (¢) or more

greyish (9), with the costa narrowly edged with yellow, two even

and continuous oblique darker stripes, one discal from the hind

margin before middle to apex of vein 8 (or 9) nearly straight or

slightly curved, the other submarginal more curved and sometimes

obsolete ; the areas between subcostal veins usually suffused with

fuscous especially in the female, a short blackish streak at the root ;

under-side suffused with dark fuscous, at least in anterior part.

Hind-wing on both sides whitish (¢) or fuscous grey (@).

Expanse 32-34 mm.

Macuakos (2. C. Crawshay); Muant (Betton); ATHI-

Y-MAWE (Betton); TAKAUNGA (Thomas); UGANDA (Christy).

* May be a local race of B. Donaldsont.

322 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on New African

° BERALADE BETTONI, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 9.)

Dark fuscous grey, upper-side of thorax somewhat paler; tarsi

ringed with black ; fore-wing fuscous, veins paler, a blackish stripe

in cell, a broad oblique, nearly straight, blackish stripe from apex to

middle of hind margin, a similar marginal stripe ; hind-wing and

under-side of both wings dark fuscous, unicolorous.

Expanse 32 mm.

Brit. East Arrica: Nakuro (C. S. Betton), February.

BERALADE (CHILENA) SIMPLEX, n. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 6.)

Bright yellowish brown ; fore-wing with two transverse, slightly

curved, somewhat oblique and nearly parallel blackish brown lines,

a minute brown dot at end of cell, cilia brown ; hind-wing with a

distinct, median, slightly curved, dark brown transverse line ; both

wings beneath with a transverse median brown line.

Expanse 27 mm.

NataL: Durban (Col. Bowker).

Differs from typical Chilena in vein 8 of hind-wing

anastomosing with vein 7 from its origin.

. BoOMBYCOPSIS CONSPERSA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 4.)

d. Yellowish, thorax above darker greyish yellow; fore-wing

greyish flesh-colour suffused with fuscous grey, with two nearly

straight transverse pale lines, one before middle very indistinct, the

other beyond apex of cell distinct and followed on outer side by a broad

fuscous grey transverse diffused band ; a very broken submarginal

fuscous line terminating on inner side the marginal area, which is

densely suffused with olivaceous grey, no dot at end of cell, the cell,

darker than the surrounding parts ; hind-wing pale yellowish with

an obsolescent pale flesh-coloured transverse shade in the middle.

Wings below ochreous yellow, slightly suffused with brownish or

fuscous at costal margins.

Expanse 45 mm.

Brit. Easr Arrica: N’gong (2. C. Crawshay).

Nearly allied to Bombycopsis indecora, Walk., and

b. venosa, Butl., and somewhat intermediate between

Lasiocampide in the British Museum. 323

these two species. B. conspersa is larger than indecora and

has a yellowish and not a grey ground-colour; from venosa

it differs in having the thorax and the fore-wings much

darker and suffused with grey or fuscous; the veins are

not so distinctly yellow as in venosa.

OLYRA RECTILINEATA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, fig. 7.)

Q. Dark reddish brown ; abdominal segments above with pale

hind marginal borders ; fore-wing above with two entirely straight

and erect transverse parallel pale yellowish lines, one before the

other behind middle, an irregular submarginal series of short

yellowish erect lines between the veins; hind-wing with a fine

yellowish line from costal margin at least to end of cell (sometimes

obsolete) ; fore-wing below much paler yellowish, reddish brown at

apex and at termen ; hind-wing below reddish brown with two, in

the middle very angulate, transverse, pale yellowish lines.

Expanse 39-40 mm.

GAZALAND: Mt. Chirinda (G. A. K. Marshall), Decem-

ber. MASHONALAND (Dobbie).

Two females, one in Brit. Museum, one in Museum

Holmiz.

HAPLOPACHA, nov. gen.

Palpi entirely hidden by long hairs ; frons with slight corneous pro-

minence. Antenne of male bipectinate to apex ; branches moder-

ately long. Head, thorax and legs clothed with hairlike scales,

Fore-legs slender, unarmed ; middle and hind tibiz with two apical

spurs. Abdomen short not reaching beyond tornus, Cell of both

wings open. Fove-wing short, triangular ; vein 2 from behind middle

of cell, slightly curved, 3 from slightly nearer to 4 than to 3, 4 and

5 from hind angle, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from the long stalk of 9 and

10, 9running to termen near apex. Hind-wing short, obtuse ; costal

margin nearly straight; vein 2 from middle of cell, 3 nearer to 4, 4

and 5 from the same point, 7 well separated from 8, 8 anastomosing

with cell near base, forming a very narrow pre-costal cell, one

thick, curved accessory veinlet at base.

A very distinct genus, allied to Chondrostega and Chon-~

drostegordes, but differing from both in vein 8 of fore-wing

being emitted from the long stalk of 9 and 10 and vein 8

of hind-wing not anastomosing from base with the cell,

but forming a narrow precostal cell.

324 Mr. Chr. Aurivillius on Mew African

HAPLOPACHA CINEREA, 0. Sp.

¢. Cinereous grey ; fore-wing with two obsolete transverse fuscous

lines or shades, a dark dot at end of cell and a submarginal series of

Haplopacha cinerea, 6 }.

black dots ; hind-wing on both sides and fore-wing below unicolorous

fuscous grey. Antenne with the branches yellowish-brown.

Expanse 26 mm.

RHODESIA: Sebakwe.

A single, rather badly damaged specimen.

CHONDROSTEGOIDES, nov. gen.

Palpi very minute. Hyes small, hairy. Antenne bipectinate to

tip in both sexes, branches rather long in male, shorter in female.

Frons with a conical corneous prominence, short in male, much

longer in female. Fore tibi# normal, unarmed ; middle and hind

tibie without spurs. Cell of both wings open. Fore-wing with

costal and hind margins straight, outer margin regularly curved ;

vein 3 from middle between 2 and 4,6 and 7 stalked, 8 free from

middle between 7 and 9410, 9 and 10 stalked both running to

termen, 11 to apex. Hind-awing with vein 3 from middle between

2 and 4, 8 entirely anastomosing with cell to middle between

base and vein 7, two short accessory veinlets at base.

Nearly allied to Chondrostega (Led.) differing, in the

normal, unarmed tibize and the winged female. Frons

with a single conical prominence only.

CHONDROSTEGOIDES CAPENSIS, 0. Sp.

g. Ashy-grey, fore-wing above, with two white spots at costal

margin near apex, cilia of both wings chequered with whitish ;

Lasiocampide in the British Museum. — 325

under-side of fore-wing fuscous grey, with three white spots at costal

margin near apex separated by blackish streaks ; under-side of hind-

wing white, a spot at base of costa, the cell and the base of the

areas 2-4 brown ; two angulated blackish lines across the middle,

inner line indistinct in the cell.

Expanse 18 mm.

Chondrostegoides capensis, $ 4.

Q?. Unicolorous, dark grey. Hind-wing below with an obsolescent

fuscous median band. Abdomen without terminal tuft.

Expanse 22 mm.

Care CoLony: Deelfontein, October.

The male is in beautiful condition, but the female is

rather rubbed.

326 Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

1. Pseudometa patagiata.

2. Philotherma sordida.

3. Gonometa regia.

4. Bombycopsis conspersa.

5. Anadiasa cervina.

6. Beralade simplex,

7. Olyra rectilineata.

8. Taragama fusca.

9. Beralade bettoni.

0. Gastroplakexis rufescens.

1!. Taragama capensis,

12. Lechriolepis pulchra.

13. Taragama distinguenda.

i4. Beralade continua.

(SRE)

XIX. Memoir on the Rhynchota collected by Dr. ARTHUR

WILLEY, F-.R.S., chiefly in Birara (New Britain)

and Lifu. By G. W. KirKaxpy, F.E.S.

[Read June 7th, 1905.]

PEATE: XV EE.

ALTHOUGH of an extremely interesting character, the

collection of Rhynchota made by Dr. Willey * is too

small, and too many of the forms described from neigh-

bouring localities are as yet insufficiently known to me,

to render a discussion upon their geographical distribution

profitable. However, as might have been expected, the

Rhynchotal fauna of Lifu partakes very closely of the

nature of that of New Caledonia, while that of Birara is

equally intimately related to the fauna of Papua (or

New Guinea), at the same time all these are closely inter-

related. Throughout I have employed the terms Lifu and

Birara, as it appears expedient to retain the native names

of such islands wherever these are distinctive, except

those which are extensively colonized by Europeans, as,

for example, New Zealand and even New Caledonia.

Birara (also spelt Berrara) was formerly known as New

Britain, and it was under this term that the bulk of Dr.

Willey’s researches have been published. The present

official term, since the acquisition of the group by Germany,

is Neu Pommern (or New Pomerania). The island of

Murua, frequently alluded to in the following pages, is

also known as “ Woodlark” and is termed “ Moiou ” by

Montrouzier.

The chief difficulty in the specific determination of

this fauna as regards the Ahynchota, is its close relation-

ship with that of Papua (or New Guinea), the latter being

as yet very imperfectly known, the latest descriptions

dating in some cases from Guérin-Meneville’s contribution

to the “Voyage of the Coquille,” and Boisduval’s

* This Memoir may be regarded as a supplement to the ‘ Zoolo-

gical Results based on material. . . collected by Dr. Willey,” published

in five volumes by the Cambridge University Press, 1898-1902.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART III. (OCT.)

328 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

volumes on the ‘‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe.” The exami-

nation of large series of Rhynchota from the multitude of

islands comprising the Bismarck, Solomon, New Hebrides,

and Loyalty Archipelagoes would be exceedingly interest-

ing from a distributional point of view. Our principal

knowledge of these faunas is derived from the works of

Montrouzier (or Montrousier as he also terms himself), a

French priest, who resided in New Caledonia jand the

surrounding islands for many years. Dr. Willey has col-

lected some seventy-six species, falling into sixty-five genera.

Of these I have described as new five genera, one sub-

genus, twenty species and one variety, but the principal

interest of his labours lies in the large proportion of

immature forms, the consideration of which. is reserved

for a future paper.

My thanks are due to Mr. W. L. Distant, for kindly

assistance in the determination of several species, and for

help with the proofs in my absence from England; and

to Dr. D. Sharp for allowing me the opportunity of

examining so interesting a collection.

Sub-order HOMOPTERA.

Family CICADID.

Genus Urana, Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, p. 28.

Dr. Willey has collected fourteen specimens, which I

have ventured to divide into two species—though somewhat

doubtingly—neither of which can I refer to Cicada lifuana,

Montrouzier, though one of them is certainly the Ueana

lifuana as identified by Distant.

1. UEANA LIFUANA, Montr.

(2) Cicada lifuana, Montr., 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4, 1,

p. 70.

Veana lifuana, Dist. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, p. 29.

Montrouzier says, “ Veines de la premiere moitié des

elytres vert-bleu. Elytres irisées,”. . . . which does not

in the least apply to any of the specimens before me.

Montrouzier records it from Lifu.

Ehynchota collected in Birara and LInfu. 329

2. UEANA HARMONIA, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 1.)

(2) Tibicen (?) lifuana, Dist., 1888, P. Z. S., p. 190.

Pale Iuteous, markings on head and pronotum, lateral third of

scutellum, a W-mark on anterior margin of scutellum, abdomen

above at base—pale luteo-ferruginous ; posterior margin of pronotum

pale lutequs. Costa, except lateral margin and basal nervures, pale

luteous; lateral margins of costa very narrowly, basal cell and

apical nervures fuscous. Tegmina immaculate. Ocelli yellow.

¢. Rostrum reaching scarcely beyond base of posterior coxee ;

opercula larger, distinctly reaching well beyond apical margin of

Ist (? 2nd) abdominal segment—genital segment apically narrowed,

acutangular. Metasternal process, roundly and smoothly tubercular.

@. Opercula smaller, not reaching to apical margin of first

segment, Ultimate segment acute.

Long. 234 mm, Expanse of tegmina 61 mm.

Liru (Willey).

3. UEANA POLYMNIA, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 2.)

(2) Tubicen (?) lifuana, Dist., 1. ¢.

Darker, the luteous replaced by furruginous on head, pronotum

and ce except posterior margin of, and longitudinal stripe on,

pronoti®n, etc.

d. Rostrum reaching to apex of posterior coxe. Opercula smaller,

not reaching to apical margin of Ist segment. Metasternal tubercle

smaller, not smooth. Genital segment not apically truncate or

slightly rounded.

Q. Opercula as in g.

T. polymnia thus seems to differ—beyond coloration——

by the longer rostrum, the larger opercula (at least in the

male), the differently formed metasternal tubercle, and the

stronger nervures.

While in some specimens the ulnar nervures are quite

contiguous close to the base, they are clearly apart in others.

Distant records “ 7’. lifwana” from New Caledonia.

Genus BzTurRiA, Stal.

Beituria, Stal, 1866, Hem. Afr., IV, p. 9.

Distributed through the Malayan Archipelago and the

South Pacific Ocean.

330 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

1. B. EXHAUSTA, Guérin.

Cicada exhausta, Guérin, 1838, Voy. Coquille, p. 181.

[Plate 10, fig. 6 (1831). ]

Beturia exhausta, Distant, Orient. ies py ee err a,

fig. 13.

Brrara (Willey); also recorded from New Guinea, Amboina,

Ceram and Buro (Distant); Ternate and Ulasser

(Breddin).

Genus DUNDUBIA.

Dundubia, Amyot and Serville, 1843, Hémipteres, p. 470.

Cosmopsaliria, Stal, Hem. Afr., IV, p. 5.

Distributed throughout Oriental and Australian regions.

DUNDUBIA OBTECTA, Fabr.

Tettigonia obtecta, Fabricius, 1803, Syst. Rhyng., p. 35.

Cosmopsaltria obtecta, Distant, Orient. Cic., p. 67. Pl. 5,

fig. 13.

BirARA and Liru (Willey); I have also seen it from

Ternate, Batchian, Amboina and Aru, and Distant

further records it from Salawati, Halmahera (or Jilolo),

Ceram, and Duke of York Island (in the Bismarck

Archipelago, I presume) ; Obi (Breddin).

Family CERCOPIDA,

Genus CLOVIA.

Clovia, Stil, 1866, Hémipt. Afr., IV, p. 65.

Distributed over the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian

regions,

CLOVIA BIRARENSIS, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 3.)

Closely allied to OC. separata, Walker, but differing in pattern,

which seems constant.

Shining black, whole surface covered with short yellowish pilosity,

more thickly on the vertex. The posterior margin of vertex and a

slightly rounded stripe connecting the intero-apical ocular angles ;

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 331

a sub-anterior stripe across pronotum (not reaching lateral margin) ;

a stripe reaching from posterior angle of scutellum across clavus and

Corium, narrowing outwardly and not quite reaching externo lateral

margins of corium; a slightly curved stripe from externo lateral

margins of corium—a little posterior to the stripe last described—

almost to apex of tegmina (roughly at right angles to the clavo-corial

stripe) ; a stripe (broadening posteriorly) from postero lateral angle

of mesopleura, running sublaterally beneath the eyes and round the

antero-lateral margin of the frons, bright yellow. Lateral mar-

gins of posterior third of tegmina exteriorly, and posterior half in-

ternally, brownish hyaline ; abdomen above and connexivum beneath

dark brownish ; wings brownish hyaline. Frons, clypeus, rostrum,

anterior legs and intermediate and posterior tibia, abdomen more

or less, ferruginous. Sterna, coxee, posterior femora, pale yellow.

Spines and tarsi black. Genz, except the yellowish parts, black ;

a sublateral stripe on mesopleura interior to the yellow, and apex of

rostrum black. Head slightly declivous. Frons much swollen,

rostrum reacting to apex of mesocoxee. Ocelli very slightly nearer

to one another than to the eyes. Pronotum and tegmina strongly

and closely punctured, the former somewhat convex, nearly twice

as long as the head. Tegmina rounded laterally, apically sub-

rotundately acute.

¢. Genital plate long.

¢. Valves five or six times as long as the last abdominal segment.

Long. 12-12 mm. Breadth across pronotum 4 mm. ; across

tegmina 52 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Var. The scutellum may be either partly or entirely

ferruginous.

CLOVIA DRYAS, sp. nov.

Pale ferruginous. Vertex and pronotum with similar markings

to O. birarensis, but apical margin of vertex (to eyes) also pale

yellowish. Anterior margin of scutellum pallid. Tegmina similarly

marked to C. birarensis except that the clavo-corial stripe practically

reaches the extero-lateral margin, the apical stripe is straighter, and

these marks are clouded exteriorly with dark brownish, instead of

being clear-cut as in C. birarensis. Beneath paler ferruginous, the

yellow stripe in ©. birarensis only faintly indicated here. Anterior

tibiz and all the tarsi blackish. Head with eyes wider than the

pronotum ; head and pronotum not or scarcely convex. Surface of

frons much flatter than in the other species. Pronotum striate-

punctate, very slightly longer than vertex. Ocelli a little closer

332 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

together than to the eyes. Tegmina more parallel-sided, striate-

punctate.

Long. 10: mm. Width 3 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Genus AUFIDUS, Stal.

Aujsidus, Stil, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1863, p. 594.

AUFIDUS HYPERION, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 4.)

Allied to A. tripars (Walker).

Head, thorax and basal third of tegmina, ventral surface, legs,

abdomen, etc., stramineous. Base of frons proper, extreme apex of

vertex, a small spot enclosing each of the ocelli, eyes, tarsi

apically, exterior margin of anterior tibiz, black. Apical two-thirds

of tegmina (except lateral margin of their basal two-thirds) blackish

fumate. Posterior margin of pronotum widely (except postero-

lateral angle) and pallid parts of tegmina, suffused with sanguineous.

Abdomen above, femora and posterior tibize more or less sanguineous.

Tegmina and pronotum posteriorly yellowish pilose ; head and pro-

notum anteriorly blackish pilose. Frons swollen, medianly flattened

and suleate; rostrum apically black, reaching a little beyond the

base of intermediate coxe.

Long. 103 mm. to apex of tegmina. Breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

The abdomens of the two specimens (1 f 12) are

unfortunately a little distorted by alcohol.

Family TETTIGONIID.

Genus TErricontA, Geoffr.

Tettigonia, Geoffroy, 1762, Histoire abrégée, I, p. 429.

Tettigonides (part), Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1853,

p. 13.

The most satisfactory arrangement of this huge genus

or collection of genera yet made is that by E. D. Ball, but

it only applies, unfortunately, to North American

forms. So little is known of the Asiatic and Australian

Ethynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 333

species that I have preferred to describe fully, as a

Lettigonia the following interesting. form, which appears

to be so far unknown. Tettigonia in its wide sense is

practically cosmopolitan.

T. WILLEYI, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdominal sternites, rostrum and legs, testaceous,

abdominal tergites a little darker. A black elongate spot on each

side of the middle line of the head, at the junction of frons and

vertex almost meeting in the middle and extending laterally as far

as the antennal ledges ; also a black spot immediately posterior to

each ocellus reaching from thence almost to the base of the vertex.

Apical margin of pronotum medianly black, also a number of

blackish-brown spots on the anterior quarter of pronotum ; scutellum

with a sublateral longitudinal black stripe on each side. Tegmina

dark purplish brown, interior fourth of membrane hyaline, more or

less fumate. Wings purplish brown, fumate. Anterior intermediate

tarsi more or less fuscous, anterior tibial bristles black. Abdomen

above medianly blackish. Head triangular, sub-convex, apically

acutangular ; vertex and pronotum forming an obtuse angle at their

junction. Seen laterally, the head from base of eye to apex of vertex

is distinctly longer than the pronotum; the antennal socket is

protected by a somewhat strong ledge, part of which is distinctly

visible from above, interrupting the curve of the head. Ocelli large,

about twice as far apart from one another as from the nearest eye.

Base of vertex roundly emarginate, carinately margined through its

entire breadth. Frons slightly swollen, the surface flattened, some-

what obsoletely granulate. Anterior tibia not (or exceedingly

slightly) dilated, not sulcate. First segment of posterior tarsi longer

than the other two together. Head and eyes scarcely so wide as the

base of pronotum. Vertex between the eyes two-thirds wider than

the eyes together. Pronotum quadrilateral, anterior margin rounded,

posterior margin slightly obtusangularly emarginate. Pronotum

obsoletely impressed transversely at its anterior third ; strong and

finely punctured (on posterior two-thirds at least), Elytra extending

far beyond apex of abdomen, apically rounded.

¢. Male plates much longer than the ultimate abdominal segment,

apically angular, the extero-lateral margins rotundate basally,

obliquely subtruncate apically, provided with short bristles basally

near the lateral margins. Pygofers dark, more than twice as long as

the plates, bristly.

?. Ultimate abdominal segment bisinuate apically, valves about

four times as long as the preceding, bristly.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART Ill. (OCT.) 23

334 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Long 8°4 mm. to apex of abdomen, 9°8 to apex of tegmina, width

across pronotum 2°3 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

THALATTOSCOPUS, gen. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 5.)

Very similar to Bythoscopus, Germ. (=Macropsis, Auctt.), but

frons, clypeus and gene anastomosed or only obsoletely sutured off.

Postmargin of eyes beneath, emarginate. Apical margin of head

widely rounded. Ocelli distant about two and a half times as far

from each other as from the eyes. Vertex very short, seven or eight

times as wide between the eyes as long, about twice as wide as the

eyes together, acutely margined basally. Antennal ledge truncate.

Pronotum and scutellum very distinctly transversely striated,

pronotum at base slightly wider than the eyes, lateral margin

somewhat rounded.

T. DRYAS, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 5.) —

Above pale Iuteous, beneath testaceous. Eyes reddish-brown.

Apical margin of vertex widely rounded, rostrum slightly passing

anterior coxe. Anterior and intermediate femora incrassate, posterior

femora a little dilated, tibiz subobliquely flattened, sulcate beneath.

First segment of posterior tarsi equal to the other two together.

Tegmina reaching well beyond apex of abdomen.

2. Valves four times as long as preceding segment, exteriorly

subrotundate, five-eighths longer than maximum width, each valve

apically subacute, covered sparsely with short, pale luteous, bristles.

Long. 10} mm. to apex of tegmina, 9 to apex of abdomen, width

3} mm. across base of pronotum.

Hab, BIRARA (Willey).

Family FULGORID&.

Genus PHYLLYPHANTA, Am. Serv.

Phyllyphanta, Amyot and Serville, 1843, Hémipteres, p.

528. Melichar, 1902, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, XVII,

p. 54.

Cromna, Walker, 1857, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., I, p. 85.

Distributed over the Southern Oriental Region and

Malayan Isles.

Ehynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 335

P. BIRARA, sp. nov.

Allied to P. producta (Spinola), but smaller and differs as

follows :—

Apparently immaculate, Frons distinctly carinate along the

middle. Pronotum and scutellum distinctly 3-carinate. Tegmina

narrower, intero-apical angle somewhat obtuse—not strongly acute as

in P. producta (Spin.) and P. dubia (Kirby).

Preserved in alcohol and not in good condition.

Long. 7 mm. (exclusive tegmina); 114 mm, (with tegmina) ;

expanse about 234 mm.

Hab. BrrARA (Willey).

Genus EuricantA, Melichar.

Huricania, Melichar, 1899, Ann. Hof. Wien, XIII, p. 255.

Distributed over the Oriental region up to Japan and

over the Pacific Islands.

EK. SPLENDIDA, Fabr.

Flata splendida, Fabr., 1803, Syst. Rhyng. p. 50.

Fiicania splendida, Guérin, 1838, Voy. Coquille, p. 191,

[Pl. 10, fig. 10 (1831)].

Huricania splendida, Melichar, 1899, Ann. Hofmus. XIII,

p- 262 (PI. 10, fig. 8).

Hab. BrrARA (Willey), two examples without the white

tegminal spots; also recorded from New Guinea, Dorei,

Triton Bay, Kimgunan, Meisol, Key and Sula (Jelichar).

Genus TARUNDIA, Stal.

Tarundia, Stal, 1859, Berlin Ent. Zeit. II], p. 325;

Melichar, 1899, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, XIII, p. 265.

Distributed over South Africa, the smaller Mascarene

Islands, New Guinea, the Solomons Islands.

T. GLAUCESCENS, Melichar.

Tarundia glaucescens, Melichar, 1899, Ann. Hofm. Wien,

XIII, p. 267.

Hab. Brrara (Willey), also recorded from New Guinea.

Hagar, gen. nov.

Allied to Tarundia, Stal, and Pochazina, Melichar, but dis-

tinguished by the basal cell emitting four nerves and by a different

disposition of basal nerves.

336 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memowr on the

Frons not narrower than long, lateral margins of clypeus not

carinate, laterally rounded, subperpendicular. Tegmina wide tri-

lateral. The two claval nerves uniting at the middle of the clavus ;

six or seven tranverse nerves in clavus ; great claval nerve uniting

with the claval margin at the apex of the clavus. Radial and sub-

radial veins springing at the same point from the basal cell, both

running subparallel as far as stigma. Costal membrane much wider

than costal area, slightly arched exteriorly, several of the costal

nervures furcate. Longitudinal nerves in corium somewhat far

apart, few transverse nervures. Those always simple. Interior

ulnar nerve arising out of the basal cell at the opposite apical angle

to the exterior ulnar nerve.

HAJAR FORNICATUS, sp. nov.

Pale luteo-testaceous (greenish ?), Abdomen with some black

spots dorsally ; a few of the transverse corial nerves fumate. Tegmina

a little longer than wide, apically rounded. Vertex a little produced,

truncate apically, lateral margins carinate, at right angles to apical

margin, posterior margin excavated, pronotum short, but strongly

carinate medianly longitudinally. Scutellum tricarinate the lateral

keels meeting the middle keel apically at an acute angle. Frons

obscurely carinate longitudinally, strongly carinate laterally and

apically. Posterior tibiae with two spines.

Long. 5°2 mm. to apex abdomen ; expanse tegmina 18 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey), 1 2 damaged by alcohol.

PEGGIOGA, gen. nov.

Allied to Dictyophara, Germ., but differs by the acutangularly

emarginate bases of head and pronotum, the numerous transverse

nervures in the very narrow costal membrane, and the less reticulate

apical third of tegmina. rons tricarnate, clypews very short,

strongly tricarinate, posterior tibie 3-spinose. Anterior femora

unarmed.

PEGGIOGA FORMOSA, sp. n.

(Plate XVII, fig. 6.)

Stramineous (greenish ?) ; apex of head black, median line of the

various keels of the head; pronotum, scutellum, and elytral nervures,

more or less pale ferruginous. Stigma, intero-apical margin of

tegmina, exterior half of the transverse series of nerves leading from

the stigma, and the nerves in the costal membrane (and the nerves

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 337

in the dark apical part aforementioned) blackish-brown or blackish,

Apex of femora and base of posterior tibia very narrowly blackish.

Abdomen above more or less blackish.

Vertex subfiliform, apex subrotundate-truncate, 24 times as

long as width of head including eyes—more than twice as long

as scutellum—slightly compressed medianly, as wide between the

eyes as the length of an eye (as seen from above), one-third wider

than the eyes together. Posterolateral margin of pronotum truncate,

at right angles to the insect’s longitudinal plane ; at its meeting with

the convex lateral margins of scutellum, it abruptly turns forward at

an obtuse angle, the two sides almost meeting at a right angle when

they abruptly turn forward again acuminately ; between the postero-

lateral angle and the apex of pronotum it is medianly and strongly

elevately carinate. The upper lateral margins are roundly sinuate

and do not quite reach the base, the lower lateral margins commence

carinately close to the eyes and reach the posterolateral angle

acuminately, Lateral part of scutellum between lateral margins and

the exterior keels is strongly punctured. Interior (great) claval

nerve meets the commisural vein almost at the same place as it

meets the claval sutural vein, forming a very long narrow cell.

Basal cell elongate gives off three nervures, the radial and subradial

arising at the same spot and proceeding somewhat divergingly to the

transverse veins, a little before which the radial forks; the ulnar

nerve arises at the opposite apical angle of the cell and continues

to the transverse veins, forking a little before them. All the apical

veins are furcate, sometimes reuniting ; all the veins are shortly,

somewhat sparsely, pilose, Rostrum reaches the base of posterior

coxee,

Long. to apex of abdomen 13 mm., to apex tegmina 17 mm.,

expanse tegmina 245 mm.

Hab, Liru (Willey).

Sub-order HETEROPTERA.

Family CAPSID/L.

IMOGEN, gen. nov.

Elongate. Head vertical, shining, polished, smooth, logitudinally

impressed near the base. Eyes shortly pedicillate and very promi-

nent, nearly twice as broad in profile as high, posterior margin

sinuate, Antennze inserted close to the inner angle of the eye, first

segment a trifle shorter than the profile-width of the eye. Second

incrassate towards the base, third segment very slender. Pronotum

338 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

smooth, shining, and polished, deeply impressed and constricted in

the middle, with a distinct annuliform collar, lateral margins of

anterior lobe rotundate, obtusangular, not reaching laterally as far

as the eyes, subtuberculate. Posterior lobe laterally subcarinate,

straight, widely diverging posteriorly. Scutellum smooth, shining,

anteriorly depressed. Elytra long, subparallel, clavus and corium

coarsely and thickly punctured ; cuneus somewhat deeply excised,

much longer than wide ; membrane with two cells. Femora not

incrassate ; third segment of posterior tarsi longer than the other

two together.

This genus probably belongs to the Capsaria, but has

apparently no near relations.

IMOGEN FORMOSA, sp. nov.

Head above and beneath (except at base of vertex), basal two

segments of antennz, posterior half of scutellum, elytra, posterior

margin of pronotum except medianly, basal two segments of rostrum,

abdomen above and beneath, sterna more or less, femora, ete. black-

ish or blackish-violet. Base of vertex, pronotum, anterior half of

scutellum, propleura, etc., apical two segments of rostrum, yellowish-

orange; anterior tibie, tarsi and third segment of antenne

pallid yellow. Posterior tibize and tarsi black annulated with whitish.

Vertex, between the eyes, about two-sevenths wider than the two eyes

together. Rostrum reaching to about the middle of the mesosternum.

Second segment of antennz three times as long as the first which

is two-fifths longer than the third.

Long. 5 mm. (to apex of elytra6 mm.). Breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Birara (Willey).

Family NAUCORID.

Genus Mononyx, Laporte.

Mononyx, Laporte, 1832-38, Essai, p. 16; Montandon,

1899, Bull. Sci. Bucarest, VIII, nos. 4 and 5, pp. 4 and 5.

Not found in America, north of Mexico; or in the

Palearctic Region.

M. mrxtus, Montandon.

Mononyx mixtus, Montand., op. cit. p. 15.

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 339

Hab. BrrARA (Willey); also recorded by Montandon

from Australia, Amboina, and New Guinea.

Family NOTONECTID.

ENITHARES, Spinola.

Enithares, Spin., 1837, Essai, p. 60.

Distributed over Australian, Ethiopian, and Oriental

Regions. Also in Brazil.

ENITHARES, sp. nov.

A new species, scarcely in sufficiently good condition to

characterize, allied to ZL. abbreviata, Kirby.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Family REDUVIID Ai.

Genus PoLypbipus, Stal.

Polydidus, Stal, 1858, O. V. A. F., p. 448.

A few species distributed over Oriental, Australian,

and Ethiopian Regions.

POLYDIDUS ARMATISSIMUS, Stal.

Polydidus armatissimus, Stal, 1859, O. V. A. F., p. 376.

Hab, Brrara (Willey); also from India, Ceylon, China,

and the Philippines.

Genus PHysopERuS, Westwood.

Physoderus, Westwood, 18, Journ. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1844, p. cxv.

Epirodera, Westwood, 18, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1847,

p. 247; Leth. and Sev., l.c., III, p. 96.

Madagascar, Philippines, and the Indomalayan Islands.

PHYSODERUS AZRAEL, sp. nov.

Belongs to Stal’s div. a.

340 Mr, G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Head, pronotum, scutellum (except the produced posterior part),

membrane, sterna (in great part), dark purple-brown, almost black,

dull. Scutellum posteriorly, abdomen above, etc., clear luteous.

Coriaceous part of elytra fulvofuscous. Connexivum blackish,

spotted with Iuteous. Abdomen beneath sordid yellowish-brown

with two sublateral (or submedian) subparallel longitudinal lines

formed of blackish-brown spots, the spotted connexivum forming a

third line. Legs pale, sordid yellowish-brown, somewhat obscurely

annulated with dark brown. Antenne pallid yellowish-brown.

Long. 8 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Genus DARBANUS, Am. Serv.

Darbanus, Am. Serv., 1843, Hémipt., p. 370.

Huagoras, Leth. Sev., l.c., II, p. 184.

Distributed over the Oriental and Malayan Islands.

D. poLosus, Stal.

Huagoras dolosus (Stil), 1863, Ann, Soc. Ent. France,

p. 28.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); Ké Island (Stal); Aru (Distant).

Genus ONCOCEPHALUS, Klug.

Oncocephalus, Klug, 1830, Symb. Phip., p. 2, almost world-

wide in distribution.

ONCOCEPHALUS AMEN, sp. nov.

¢. Apparently allied to O. assimilis, Reuter, but differing by the

proportions of the antenns, pronotum, etc. Elongate, sordid

testaceous, head with a large black spot on the posterior area, prono-

tum with three double longitudinal lines which are fainter on the

posterior area. Scutellum with a pallid irregular central longitudinal

line. Head, pronotum, and abdomen irregularly marked with black

laterally. Antenne pallid, apex of first and of second segments black,

third and fourth fumate. Apex of the second and third rostral

segments black. Anterior and intermediate legs pallid, anterior

femora banded irregularly with brown beneath, anterior and inter-

mediate tibize with three blackish rings; intermediate femora apically

black. Posterior femora brownish-black, a little clouded with

pallid ; posterior tibize pallid, with two brownish rings near the

base. Elytra brownish testaceous, obscurely irrorated with brownish,

with two large velvety blackish-brown spots, the apical one with

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. d4]

a whitish wedge anteriorly. Head long and narrowed in profile,

anterior spines not very prominent; anterior area and first segment

of antennze subequal in length, the former distinctly longer than the

posterior area plus the eyes. Second segment of antennae one-third

longer than the first, 2} longer than the third, and a little more than

twice as long as the fourth ; first segment glabrous, second slender.

Eyes beneath strongly convergent, width of eye (as seen from beneath)

about three times (or more) as wide as the intraocular space. Gula

not tuberculate. Rostrum incrassate, first segment reaching to

anterior margin of eye. Eyes very large, occupying almost the entire

width of the head in profile. Anterior lobe of pronotum destitute

of discal spines, anterior angle minutely spinose. Pronotum about

the middle of the lateral margins with a small tubercle, a little

posterior to this somewhat deeply impressed transversely ; the lateral

margins of the anterior area are subparallel, of the posterior area

widely divergent. Posterolateral angles acute, subvertical, not ex-

tending anteriorly beyond apical margin of posternum, Scutellum

distinctly recurved posteriorly. Anterior femora, with a single row

of eleven to twelve small spines inferiorly, trochanters with two or

three small spines. Posterior tibia slightly pilulose, distinctly

longer than femora.

Long. 15 mm.

Hab, Brana (Willey).

LUTEVA, sp. nov.

Genus LutTEvA, Dohrn.

Luteva, Dohrn., Linn. Ent., XIV, pp. 218 and 242.

Two or three specimens in indifferent condition from

Lifu, probably referable to a new species.

Family GERRID.

Genus GERRIS, Fabricius.

Gerris, Fabr., 1794, Ent. Syst., IV, p. 188.

Limnometra, Mayr., 1866, Novara Reise, Hem., p. 174.

Cosmopolitan; the subgenus Limnometra occurs in

every region except the Palzearctic.

GERRIS, sp. (?).

Hab. Brrara (Willey). |

342° Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Family NEPID&.

Genus RANAtTRA, Fabricius.

Ranatra, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng, p. 108.

Cercotmetus, Amyot and Serville, Hist. Hém., p. 441.

Practically cosmopolitan.

RANATRA PARMATA, Mayr.

anatra (Cercotmetus) parmata, Mayr., Novara Reise, p.

192° Hab, Vot. 60.

Hab. Java, Tspopas (Willey).

Family ARADIDA.

Genus BraAcHyRuyncuus, Lap.

Brachyrhynchus, Laporte, Essai, p. 54.

Almost world-wide in distribution.

BRACHYRHYNCHUS TAGALICUS, Stal.

Arietus tagalicus, Stal., 1870, O. V. A. P.; p. 672.

Hab. BrrARA (Willey), also recorded from Philippines,

Burma, Java and Nias Island.

BRACHYRHYNCHUS MEMBRANACEUS, Fabr., var.

BRACHYRHYNCHUS ORIENTALIS, Laporte.

Aradus membranaceus, Fabr., 1803, Syst. Rhyng, p. 118.

Var. Brachyrhynchus orientalis, Lap.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); also recorded from South

Oriental region, New Guinea, Vanikoro, ete.

Genus NrEuROcTENUS, Fieber.

Neuroctenus, Fieber, 1861, Europ. Hem., p. 34.

Similar distribution to Brachyrhynchus, except the

Palearctic Region.

NEUROCTENUS, sp. (2).

Two specimens in indifferent condition (Wiley)

Ethynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 343

Family PYRRHOCORIDA.

(= Pyrrhocoride + Lygacidx, Leth. and Sev.)

Genus PHYSOPELTA.

Physopelta, Ann. Serv., 1843, Hémiptéres, p. 271.

Tphita, Stal, 1870, Sv., Akad. Handl., 9, No. 1, p. 99.

Distributed through the Oriental, Ethiopian, and

Australian Regions.

PHYSOPELTA FIMBRIATA, Stal.

Physopelta fimbriata, Stal, 1863, Berl. Ent. Zeit., VII, p.

392.

Hab. Brrara (Willey) ; previously recorded from Timor.

P. FAMELICA, Stal.

Physopelta famelica, Stal, 1862, Berl. Ent. Zeit., VI, p. 391.

(?) Lygaeus woodlarkianus, Montr., 1855, l.c., p. 105.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); recorded also from Australia,

New Guinea, Ceram, ete., scarcely distinguishable from

P. gutta, Burm.

DYNAMENAIS, gen. nov.

Allied to Aschines, but distinguished by the glabrous

abdomen and prominent eyes; also allied to Lctatops, Bo.,

distinguished by the form of the head, the much more

prominent bucculze and the glabrous abdomen.

Head almost vertical in the front of the eyes, transversely im-

pressed behind them but not narrowed ; eyes large and very promi-

nent, shortly stylate, projecting above the surface of the vertex, as

seen in profile; base of eyes touching or slightly overlapping

pronotum. The base of the head between the eyes is also sulculate,

slightly obtuse angulately emarginate. Pronotum, with a well-

marked collar, divided from the anterior area by a punctured deeply

impressed line, anterior area separate from posterior area by a very

deeply impressed line, also punctured. Lateral margins and prono-

tum subvertical. The collar and the lateral margins are smooth and

polished, the rest of the pronotum is dull and sparsely punctured,

except the posterior margin which is polished and sparsely punctured.

First segment of antennz longer than second and third together

and longer than fourth. Buccule very prominent, acute. First

344 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s 2Zemotr on the

segment of rostrum reaches to the base of head, or at least not

beyond base of collar. Stink-gland orifices with a short sulcus,

reaching along half the width of the pleuron, but very distinct ;

margins curved, callose. Wings with a hamus. Legs unarmed.

Abdomen glabrous beneath,

DYNAMENAIS VENUSTUS, Walker.

Ectatops venustus, Walk., 1873, Cat. Hem., VI, p. 17.

Dull black, marked with yellowish white. Head, except apex ;

pronotum, except collar, lateral and posterior margins ; scutellum ;

elytra, except costal margin, and the apical margin of corium—the

latter widely—and the apical margin of membrane; antenna, ex-

cept extreme base of first segment, and basal two-thirds of the fourth ;

first segment of rostrum; basal two-thirds of the femora ; apical

abdomen tergites ; sterna and pleura, the collar and the posterior

margin of pro- and metapleura excepted ; ambulacra ; basal half of

abdominal sternites in the middle and one or more of the other

abdominal sternites entirely ; black more or less dull, except the

more or less shining abdominal segments, the above exceptions are

all more or less yellowish-white except the sanguineous abdominal

tergites. Second, third and fourth rostral segments castaneous-

brown ; tibize and tarsi pallid or brownish. The prominent parts

of the buccule are ivory-white. Head dull, somewhat obscurely

rugulose, first segment of antennze a little more than twice as

long as the second, and one-sixth longer than the fourth ; second

one-third longer than third. First rostral segment a trifle longer than

the second ; the fourth reaching a little beyond the posterior coxa,

Lateral margins of pronotum sinuate; posterior margins of pro- and

metapleura, and the ambulacra smooth, polished, and punctured.

Elytra, exteriorly at least, punctured. Anterior and intermediate

femora somewhat incrassate. First segment of each tarsus longer than

the other two segments together ; third longer than the second.

Long. ¢ 7mm., 2? 9 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); New Guinea (Walker).

Genus DinDYMUS.

Dindymus, Stal, 1861, O. V. A. F., p. 196.

Distributed throughout Oriental, Ethiopian and Austra-

lian Regions.

DINDYMUS FAMOSUS, Distant.

Dindymus fanosus, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1901,

p- 589.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 345

DINDYMUS PYROCHROA, Boisduval.

Dysdercus pyrochroa, Boisduval, 1835, Astrolabe Ent. IH, p.

642, Pl. XI, fig. 9.

Hab. Brrara (Willey), Aru, Moluccas, New Guinea,

Myso, ete.

Genus DysDERCUS, Serville.

Dysdercus, Serville, 1835, in Boisduval, Astrolabe, I, p. 64.

Laporte fixed the type of the genus Astemma in 1838,

“ Kssai,” p. 38.

“Le genre Astemma a été établi sur la Salda pallicornis

de Fab.”

Astemma, Kirk., olim.

DyspERCcUS sID&, Montrouzier.

Dysdecus (sic !) sidx, Montr. and Sign., 1861, l.c., p. 68.

In the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, I lumped

together a number of forms under the name “ cingulatus.”

Dr. Breddin has since kindly sent me specimens of cingu-

latus and poecilus, and has explained the difference in the

Wiener. Ent. Zeit.

I now find among Dr, Willey’s captures what I believe

to be the true side. D. cingulatus is distinguished by the

shining, polished, immaculate head (except the base

behind the eyes which is generally very narrowly blackish),

while poecilus and sidx have dull heads. In both of the

latter the base of the head beyond the eyes is blackish,

though generally more largely in sidz. While in poecilus

(as in cingulatus), the tylus is red, in sidx it is blackish, the

black colour often encroaching well over the juga, etc. ;

the rostrum is also entirely black (except sometimes the

extreme apex of the first segment) in sidx, while in the

other two, at least the first segment is red. The red

colour in sidz is also darker and browner. These characters

seem constant, other colour characters are however un-

reliable in cingulatus and poecilus, particularly that of the

levigate anterior transverse band on the pronotum, Sida

is perhaps also more strongly punctured.

Dr. Willey has taken A. side at Lifu, the original

habitat noted by Montrouzier. I have it also in my

collection from New Hebrides, New Caledonia and Loyalty

Islands. Stil records it from North and West Australia.

346 Mr. G. W. Karkaldy’s Memoir on the

DYSDERCUS CINGULATUS, Fabricius.

Cimex cingulatus, Fabr. 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 719.

Dysdercus cingulatus, Kirk., J. Bombay Soe., XIV, p. 301,

pl. A., figs. 11 and 12 (except some of the synonymy).

Hab. Brrara (Willey). Widely distributed over the

Australian and Oriental Regions.

DyYsDERCUS POECILUS, Herr Schiff.

Pyrrhocoris poccilus, Herr Schaff., 1844, Wanz. Ins., VII,

p. 17, fig. 699; Breddin, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, p. 84.

Hab. BrrsARA (Willey). A very similar distribution to

that of cingulatus. 5

Genus PTocHIoMERA, Say.

Ptochiomera, Say, 1832, Descr. Heteropt. (New Harmony).

Plociomera, Leth. and Sev., |. c., I, p. 194.

Distributed over America; also Japan, ete.

PTOCHIOMERA KYDIPPE, sp. nov.

Belongs to Stal’s divisions dd. Covered all over, more

thickly on head and pronotum, with silvery hair.

Head, pronotum, scutellum and under-side dull black ; a silvery

posterolateral spot on anterior lobe of pronotum. Posterior margin

of pronotum narrowly fulvescent. Elytra pale yellowish-brown,

clouded and punctured with blackish-brown, Connexivum pallid

brown. Membrane fumate, irregularly marked with pallid. First

and fourth antennal segments, more or less blackish, 3rd and 4th

fulvous. Legs brownish, apical half of femora black. Rostrum

fulvous, first and fourth segments darker. Stink orifices black.

Head and eyes wider than anterior margin of pronotum. Fourth

segment of antennze twice as long as the first, a trifle longer than the

second, which isa quarter longer than the third. Pronotum somewhat

deeply impressed transversely, anterior areathree-fifths longer thanthe

posterior ; lateral margins rounded, lateral margins of posterior area

widely divergent roundly, base slightly sinuately emarginate.

Long. to apex of elytra 5 mm.

Hab. Liru (Willey).

Genus PacHyMERus, Auctt., olim.

Pachymerus, Lep. and Serv., 1895, Encycel., X, p. 322."

Aphanus, Leth. and Sev., |. ¢., I, p. 215 (nec Laporte).

Distributed throughout the Old World.

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lif. 347

I have used the preoccupied name “ Pachymerus” be-

cause I do not know what the correct name of the genus is.

PACHYMERUS NEREIS, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 7.)

Although the fourth segment of the antenne is partly

pallid, this species seems to be a Pachymerus, but I have

seen only 3 $9.

Head, first segment of antennz (except extreme apex), extreme

apex of 2nd segment, the third (except extreme base) and apical

half of the fourth, disk of anterior lobe of pronotum, two spots (one

near apex, one near base) on the explanate lateral margin of pro-

notum, scutellum (exeept a proportionately long Y-mark at posterior

angle), two spots near and at apex of costal area ; abdomen above

entire ventral surface (except rostrum, trochanter, 2 ovipositor,

ambulacra and pleural lateral margin and connexivum), black or

blackish ; the exceptions all pale yellowish-brown except lateral

margins of pleura which are yellowish-white. Stink orifices black.

Ocelli close to the eyes, first segment of rostrum reaching to base of

head, 4th to about middle of intermediate coxes.. Second and fourth

segments of antenne sub-equal, each a trifle more than twice as long

as the first, and a quarter longer than the third. Disk of posterior half

of pronotum, scutellum, elytra, etc., very strongly punctured. Elytra

pale yellowish-brown, strongly and somewhat closely punctured

with brownish-black. Clavus triseriate punctured, also with some

irregular punctures between the two interior rows. Membrane

pale yellowish-white marbled with pale yellowish-brown. Lateral

margins of pronotum rounded, sufficiently widely explanate, more

narrowly posteriorly ; base truncate. Femora unarmed, except a

spine near apex of anterior pair.

?. Long. 6 mm.

Hab. Liru (226a Willey).

Genus OxyYCARENUS, Fieber.

Oxycarenus, Fieber, 1837, Weitenweber’s Beitrage, p. 339.

Distributed throughout the Old World; occurs also in

Peru.

OXYCARENUS ‘LIFUANUS, Sp. nov.

Is intermediate between Stil’s divisions b and bb.

Head, rostrum, antenne, pronotum, scutellum and clavus, black ;

orificial callosities white, orifices black; abdomen above black,

medianly sanguineous. Corium white, with a large black spot in

348 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

the middle and a black spot at apical angle of corium. Membrane

whitish hyaline with a large brownish-black spot. Legs black,

except posterior tibize which are white except at base and apex.

Ambulacra and posterior margin of metapleura white. Abdomen

beneath sanguineous along some of the sutures covered with stiff

whitish hairs, Head, pronotum, etc., strongly punctured. Clavus

punctured in three parallel rows, and there is also a row of black

punctures dividing the corium from the exocorium. First segment

of antennz scarcely reaching beyond the head, second segment half

longer than the first, a trifle longer than the fourth, which is a trifle

longer than the third. Rostrum reaching well beyond base of

abdomen.

Long. 3} mm.

Hab. Liru (Willey).

This may be Macroplax luctwosis, Montr., but that species

is described as finely granulated, with the clavus whitish

and the membrane brown. It is also a little larger than

0. lifuanus.

Genus Astacops, Boisduval. |

Astacops, Boisduval, 1835, Voy. Astrolabe, IT, p. 637.

Australia and the Malayan Archipelago.

ASTACOPS DoRYCUS, Boisduval.

Astacops dorycus, Boisd., l.c., p. 638, pl. xi, fig. 16.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); also from New Guinea and Mysol.

ASTACOPS, sp. nov.

Hab. Liru ( Willey).

This is most probably a good species, but I have re-

frained from describing it, as it belongs to a difficult group

largely characterized by colour-markings, and there is but

a single specimen before me.

Genus STALAGMOSTETHUS, Stal.

Stalagmostethus, Stal, 1868, Svensk. Vetens. and Akad.

Handl., 7, No. 11, p. 72.

Sub-genus Spilostethus, Stal, op. cit. = Lygaeus, Auctt.

nec Fabr.

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 349

S. FAMILIARIS, Fabr., var. HOSPES, Fabr.

Cimex familiaris, Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins., I, p. 363.

Var. Lygaeus hospes, Fabr., 1794, Ent. Syst., [V, p. 150.

= I. squalidus, Montrouzier, 1861, A.S. E. F., 4, 1, p. 66.

Hab. Liru (Montrouzier and Willey); Brisbane (my

coll.) ; New Caledonia, Philippines, Malacca, China, India,

Africa, Europe.

Genus ONCOPELTUS, Stil.

Oncopeltus, Stal, 1868, Svensk., Vetensk., Akad. Handl., 7,

No. 11, p. 75.

ONCOPELTUS DISPAR, Walker, var.

(2) Lygaeus bicinctus, Montrouzier, 1861, A. 8. E. F., p. 67.

Lygaeus dispar, Walker, 1872, Cat., V, p. 60.

+ » (Willey, 332 n.); Moluccas, Borneo, etc.

Differs from the type by the pallid (sanguineous 2)

femora, The description of Z. bicinctus from New Cale-

donia agrees with this, but the size (7 mm.) is much too

small.

Genus GEOCORIS WILLEYI, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 8.)

Allied to G. flaviceps,

Head, anterior and lateral margins of pronotum, posterior angle

of scutellum, first and apical two-thirds of third segments of

antenne, rostrum, legs, etc., pale yellow-testaceous. Rest of antennz

blackish or blackish-brown. Rest of pronotum, scutellum, elytra,

abdomen, etc., bluish-black. Eyes red. Basal two-thirds of

membrane fumate, apical third hyaline, colourless. Connexivum

flavous, spotted with black. Head straight between antenn and

eyes, shortly triangularly prominent in the middle, urpunctate ;

with the eyes wider than pronotum. Fourth antennal segment

fusiform, a little longer than the third, which is a little longer than

the second and twice as long as the first. 'The pronotum has a single

row of punctures near the anterior margin, not nearly reaching to

the lateral margin, basal two-thirds of pronotum and the entire

scutellum somewhat superficially and irregularly punctured ; lateral

margins of pronotum smooth, straight and sub-parallel. Clavus

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART III. (OCT.) 24

350 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

with two rows of parallel punctures, interior half of corium not (or

superficially) punctured, exterior half more strongly punctured.

Long. 5:4 mm. to apex of elytra; breadth across eyes 2-6 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Family LYGAEIDA), Kirk.

(= Corrib, Auctt.)

Genus Lrerrocoris, Hahn.

Leptocoris, Hahn., 1833, Wanz. Inst., I, p. 200.

Serinctha, Spinola, 1837, Essai, p. 24:7.

Widely distributed through the Oriental, Australian,

Ethiopian and Nearctie regions,

LEPTOCORIS RUFOMARGINATUS, Fabricius.

Lygacus ruformarginatus, Fabr., 1794, Ent. Syst., IV,

p. 152.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); Puintppines (Stal).

Genus Myopocua, Latreille.

Myodocha, Latr., 1807, Gen. Crust. Ins., LT.

Leptocorisa, Latr., 1825, Fam. Nat., p. 421.

Almost world-wide in distribution except the Palwarctic

region.

MyopocHA BURMEISTERI, Montr.

Leptocorisa burmeistert, Montrouzier, 1865, Ann. Soc. Linn.

Lyon., XI, p.-227,

Hab. Brrara (Willey). Described from New Caledonia ;

“Se trouve & Kanala dans les champs, sur les graminées,

au milieu des herbes ” (Montrouzier).

Probably two species contained in Willey’s captures, but

the species of this genus are not very well characterized.

Genus RiIpTortus, Stal.

Riptorius, Stal, 1859, O. V. A. F., p. 460.

Distributed over the Oriental, Ethiopian and Australian

regions, also Japan,

Lhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 351

RIPTORTUS IMPERIALIS, sp. 0.

Allied to R. robustus, Dallas.

Head, beneath, juga, base of vertex, pronotum, scutellum, extreme

base of elytra, first, second and apical two-thirds of 3rd segment of

antenne, rostrum, sterna and pleura (except as below), coxa,

trochanters, and posterior femora, a broad median longitudinal

black band on abdomen below, spots on the apical segments of con-

nexivum above, etc., black or blackish-brown, the posterior femora

beneath very polished. Tylus, base of third antennal segment,

abdomen above, and laterally below, a broad almost continuous, very

smooth, stripe from apex of head to base of metanotum, reddish,

Apical segment of antenne, anterior and intermediate tibia, and all

the tarsi, a somewhat indefinite pale ochreous. Posterior tibia

blackish laterally, reddish above and below. Elytra pale ochreo-

fulvous, membrane yellowish-brown hyaline. Pronotal spines,

acuminate, prominent ; pronotum minutely granulate with black.

Rostrum reaching to nearly base, fine at sternum. Posterior femora

with three or four larger spines and a number of smaller ones,

Fourth antennal longer than the first and second together, second

and third subequal.

Long. 174 mm., lat. 4 mm,

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

(?) RIPTORTUS ATRICORNIS, Stal.

Riptortus atricornis, Stal, 1873, Sv. Vet. Ak Handl., 11,

No. 2, p. 94.

A specimen from Lifu (JVilley) is placed here with

some little diffidence. A. atricornis was described from

Australia and Java.

Genus CLETUS, Stal.

Cletus, Stal, Eugenies Resa, Hem., p. 236.

Peniscomus, Spinola, in Signoret, 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent.

France, 4, 1, p. 66 [nov. syn.].

Distributed over Oriental, Ethiopian, and Australian

regions, also from North America.

CLETUS AMYOTI, Montrouzier.

Gonocerus amyoti, Montr., 1861, l.c., p. 66.

Hab. Liru (Montrouzxier and Willey),

352 Mr, G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Genus LEPTOGLOSSUS, Guérin.

Leptoglossus, Guérin, 1838, Voy. Coquille, p. 174.

Widely distributed over the Ethiopian, Oriental and

Australian regions (including the Pacific Isles), America,

and the Canary Isles.

L. MEMBRANACEUS, Fabricius.

(2?) Cimex australis, Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 708.

Cimex membranaceus, Fabr., 1781, Spec. Ins., I, p. 351.

Anisoscelis (Lygaeus) bidentatus, Montr., 1855, 1. ¢., p. 101.

Solomons Islands, Guodaleanar (Willey, June 11, 1897);

also from Woodlark, New Caledonia and San Cristoval,

North Australia, Philippines, Africa, India, Ceylon, Canary

Tsles, etc. Willey’s examples are typical membranaceus ;

L. australis, which is doubtfully distinct, is from Tahiti.

“Vit sur les Cucurhitacées. On le trouve aussi sur certains

acacias ” (Montrouzier).

Genus Mictis, Leach.

Mictis, 1814, Leach, Zool. Misc., L, p92.

Oriental, Australian, and Ethiopian regions.

MICTIS PROFANUS, Fabricius.

Lygaeus profanus, Fabricius, 1808, Syst. Rhyng., p. 211.

Nematopus profanus, Montr., 1855, |.c., p. 102.

Hab, Liru (Wiiley); also from Australia, Woodlark,

New Caledonia, Viti, Samoa, San Cristoval, etc. “ Vit

sur les mimosa” (Montrouzier).

Genus PRIOCNEMICORIS, Costa.

Priocnemicoris, Costa, 1863, Rend. Acad. Napol., I, p. 253.

New Guinea and neighbouring islands.

PRIOCNEMICORIS ALBITHORAX, Boisd., var. PATRICIUS, nov.

I have not been able to examine P. albithorax, Boisd.,

1835 (= flaviceps, Guérin, 1838), and am therefore unable

to differentiate this form specifically. It differs from the

typical form, as figured by Boisduval and Guérin, by the

unicolorous pronotum.

Head, rostrum, entire ventral surface (except the exterolateral

margins of the pleura), connexival tergites, legs (except posterior

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 353

femora, ete.) olivaceo-testaceous. Eyes, ocelli, antennae, etc., dark

reddish-brown ; 4th segment of antenne fulvous. Pronotum,

scutellum, exterolateral margins of the pleura, clavus, corium, and

abdomen above metallic shining green. Posterior femora (except

at the base) and base of posterior tibie shining greenish-black.

Membrane irridescent dark olivaceous, tinged with purple. There is

a pale luteous band on the pleura interior to the lateral metallic

margin, and a sublateral pale luteous spot on each abdominal tergite.

Rostrum reaching to the middle of the mesosternum, which is

channelled so far. Fourth segment of antenne about one-half

longer than the first, which is one-sixth longer than the second,

which is one-half longer than the third. Pronotum transversely

striolate, anteriorly obsoletely callose, sulcate medio-longitudinally.

Clavus and corium strongly and finely punctured. Each abdominal

segment posterolaterally minutely spined.

. 6th (?) abdominal tergite very slightly rotundately emarginate ;

posterior femora somewhat incrassate, with one larger, median, and

three to five smaller spines, near the apex.

9. 6th (?) abdominal tergite roundly emarginate; posterior

femora much less emarginate, lacking the median larger spine.

Long. 19 mm., lat. 53-53 mm.

Hab. Brrara (Willey), The typical form is from New

Guinea.

Genus PTERNISTRIA, Stal.

Pternistria, Stal, 1873, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand], p.

43.

Australia, New Guinea, Birara, and Aru.

PTERNISTRIA, Sp.

Specimens from Birara (Willey) closely agreeing with

the description and figure of macromera (Guérin), which,

however, is unknown to me. The latter has been recorded

from New Guinea and Aru.

Family CIMICID.

Genus MrcyMeEnvuM, Laporte.

Megymenum, Lap., 1833, Essai, p. 52.

Megalymenum, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., I, p. 349 (note),

1835.

Distributed throughout the Australian and Oriental

regions up to Japan.

354 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

M. AFFINE, Boisduval.

Megymenum affine, Boisd., 1835, Voy. Astrolabe, II, p. 633,

Pl. 11, f. 12; Montrouzier, 1855, 1. ¢., p. 101.

M. montrouziert, Leth. and Sev., 1893, Cat. Hem., I,

p. 239.

These two names appear to belong to the same form.

Stil says of the Montrouzierian, “a JZ. affine, Boisd., vix

differt,” though the former is in his division “cc” and the

latter in “c.” Dr. Willey collected specimens from Birara.

It has also been recorded from Moiou (Montrouzier) and

New Guinea.

Genus AGAPoPHYTA, Laporte.

Agapophyta, Lap., 1833, Essai, p. 63.

The genus contains one species.

AGAPOPHYTA BIPUNCTATA, Boisduval.

A gapophyta bipunctata, Guérin, 1838, Voy. Coquille, p. 168.

[Pl. 11, f. 5 (1831), not f.15, as say Leth. and Sev.]

Hab. Brrara (Willey); also from Australia, Tasmania,

New Guinea, Woodlark Island, Havre Carteret, Buru and

Sarawatte Islands, Moluccas, ete.

“Vit en troupe sur une espece d’acacia & Woodlark ”

(Montrouzier).

Genus CATACANTHUS, Spinola.

Catacanthus, Spinola, 1837, Essai Hémipt., p. 325.

Distributed from India and Ceylon to Toga and from

Australia to Japan.

C. puNctuM, Fabricius.

Cimex nigripes, Subzev., 1776, Gesch. Ins., p. 96, Pl. 10,

fig. 9 (nec Fabr.).

C. punctum, Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins., II, p. 291.

C’. carrensi, Le Guillou, 1841, Rev. Zool., p, 262.

Pentatoma tricolor, Montrouzier, 1855, l. c., p. 96.

Catacanthus nigripes, Leth. and Sev., 1898, Cat. I, p. 163.

Hab. Brrara (Willey; typical pwnetum); Woodlark,

Art, Australia, Philippines, Java, ete.

Lthynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 35:

Genus AGONOSCELIS, Spinola.

A gonoscelis, Spinola, 1837, Essai, p. 327.

Widely distributed over Ethiopian, Oriental and Aus-

tralian Regions.

AGONOSCELIS RUTILUS, Fabricius.

Cimeaw rutilus, Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 714.

Hab, BrraArA (Willey); also recorded from Australia,

Moluccas, Java, Celebes, Batchian, Banda, ete.

Genus PLAUTIA, Stal.

Plautia, Stil, 1864, Hem. Afric., I, p. 191.

Distributed similarly to the foregoing genus.

PLAUTIA BRUNNIPENNIS, Montrouzier.,

Pentatoma brunnipennis, Montr., 1861, |. ¢., p. 63.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); Liru (Stal); New CALEDONIA

(Montrouzier).

- A very variable species. In one specimen the posterior

half of the pronotum is black and there is a large black

spot towards the posterior angle of the scutellum. The

corium may be immaculate or heavily spotted with black.

Venter usually immaculate, but in the example first

mentioned, there are three black spots on each segment.

Differs from P. jimbriatus, Fabr., by the absence of the

black thread-line on the lateral margins of the pronotum ;

scarcely separable from P. affinis, Dallas, from Australia,

except that the pronotum is more coarsely punctured in

the present species.

Genus ANTESTIA, Stil.

Antestia, Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., p. 54

Similar distribution to the foregoing.

ANTESTIA CHAMBERETI, Le Guillon.

Strachia chambereti, Le Guillon, 1841, Rev. Zool., p. 262.

Hab, BIRARA (Willey) ; also from New Guinea, Wood-

lark, and Waigiu.

356 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Genus Stenozyaum, Fieber.

Stenozygum, Fieber, 1861, Europ. Hem., p. 345.

Oriental, Ethiopian and Australian regions, also Soutb-

eastern Palearctic.

J. STENOZYGUM ERYTHRASPIS, Boisduval.

Pentatoma erythraspis, Boisd., 1835, Voy. Astrolabe, pt. 2,

p. 629, Pl. 11, fig. 8:

Hab. BrraRA (Willey); also recorded from Moluccas,

Ceram, Batchian, Halmahera, Carteret, Ké and New

Guinea.

Genus VITELLUS, Stal.

Vitellus, Stal, 1865, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4, 5, p. 170.

Distributed over Australia and the Malayan and Pacific

Isles.

VITELLUS PUNGENS, Montrouzier.

Lhyncocoris pungens, Montr., 1861, 1. c., p. 66.

Vitellus pungens, Stal, 1865, 1. c., p. 172.

Hab, Brrara (Willey); one ex. measuring 16 mm. long ;

WoopDLarK (Montrewzier).

Genus ZANGIS, Stal.

Zangis, Stal, 1867, O. V. A. F., p. 514.

Distributed over Australian, Ethiopian and Oriental

Regions.

ZANGIS MONTROUZIERI, Leth, and Sev.

Lhaphygaster sulcatwm, Montr., 1861, 1. ¢., p. 65.

Zangis montrouziert, Leth. and Sev., 1898, |. ¢., p. 170.

Doubtfully distinct from Z. swlcatum (Montr.), Stal.

Hab. BrrRaARA (Willey); New CaLEponta (Stal) ; Liru

(Montrouzier).

Genus Cuspicona, Dallas.

Cuspicona, Dallas, 1851, List., p. 296.

Oriental and Australian regions.

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 357

CUSPICONA LAMINATA, Stal.

Pentatoma viride, (p.) Montrouzier, 1855, 1. c., p. 98.

Cuspicona viride, (p.) Montrouzier and Signoret, 1861, l.c.,

p. 65.

C. laminata, Stal, 1876, Svensk. Akad. Handl., 11, No. 2,

p. 102.

Hab. Liru (Willey and Montrouzier); WooDLARK

(Montrouzier), and New CALEDONIA (Séd/).

Genus EURINOME, Stal.

Lurinome, Stal, 1867, O. V. A. F., p. 516.

New Caledonia, Lifu and the Philippines.

EURINOME BASIVENTRIS, Signoret.

Pentatoma inconspicua, Montrouzier, 1858, 1. ¢., p. 249 (nec

Dallas).

P. basiventris, Signoret, 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 63.

Hab. Liru (Willey) ; Balade “commune dans les herbes,

& terre sous les végétaux en décomposition ” (Montrouzer).

Genus CocToTERIS, Stal.

Coctoteris, Stal, 1858, O. V. A. F., p. 435.

Coccoteris, Leth, and Sev., 1893, 1. c., I, p. 100.

New Guinea, Birara and Woodlark.

CocToTERIS EXIGUUS, Distant.

Coctoteris exiguus, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

A very variable species, the ground-colour ranging from

pale greenish-cinereous to a fine rosy hue.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); New Guinea (Distant).

Genus Eysarcoris, Hahn.

Lysarcoris, Hahn, 1834.

Universally distributed.

EYSARCORIS MEGASPILOIDES, Tryon.

Hab. Birara (Willey); originally described from New

Guinea.

358 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

Genus ApRISA, Am. Serv.

Adrisa, Amyot and Serville, 1843, Hémipteres, p. 89.

Geobia, Montrouzier, 1858, Ann. Soc, Linn, Lyon., p, 245,

“Vit toujours & terre sous les plantes, les végétaux en

décomposition, et répand une odeur tres fétide” (M.).

ADRISA WILLEYI, sp. nov.

Differs from the other Australo-Polynesian species by its more

elongate and parallel-sided form ; from A. similis, Signoret by the

prosternum being only obsoletely punctured, different ostiolary

structure, also the tylus not at all surpassed by the juga and the

elytra reaching far beyond apex of abdomen; from A. nwmeensis,

Montrouzier by the longer membrane, more feebly punctured

pronotum and different ostiolary structure. Black (somewhat dull),

lateral margin of pronotum very narrowly fulvous, posterolateral

angles yellowish. Elytra strongly punctured with black, clavus

internally and the nervures of the corium, castaneous; exterior one-

third of corium and apical margin of the same narrowly, yellowish.

Membrane yellowish hyaline, mottled with pale brown. Basal two

segments of antenne, rostrum, and anterior tibia, fulvous ; third

segment of rostrum fumate, fourth segment, intermediate and

posterior tibizw and all the tarsi, yellowish ; coxew, femora, entire

ventral surface and tibial spines, black. Head smooth, somewhat

irregularly and obsoletely striolate. Pronotum somewhat feebly

punctured, except on the smooth anteromedian area. Scutellum

similarly punctured, more strongly and regularly at the sides.

Elytra strongly and closely punctured, more strongly so at the base ;

apical margin of corium sinuate. Membrane reaching well beyond

apex of abdomen. Second segment of antenne 3} times as

long as the first, and one-third longer than the third which is

equal to the fourth. Second and third segments of rostrum sub-

equal, each two-fifths longer than fourth. Anterior femora incrassate.

Long. 114-124 mm. (to apex of elytra), lat. 6~6% mm. across widest

part of elytra.

Hab. Liru (Willey, 226a, 212b, 319).

Grotomus, Mulsant and Rey.

Geotomus, M. and R. 1866, Punaises Pentat., p. 84.

Signoret, 1883, Ann, Soc, Ent. France, p. 33.

Almost world-wide.

Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 359

GEOTOMUS PYGM&US, Dallas.

Cydnus pygmevus, Dallas, 1851; List, p. 129.

Geotomus pygmeus, Signoret, 1883, 1. ¢, p. 51, Pl. 3, fig.

160.

Hab. Lrru (Willey); described under eleven names;

from India to New Caledonia and the Hawaiian

Archipelago,

GEOTOMUS, sp. ?

Probably a new sp. but I have inadequate material

before me,

Genus CHRYSOCORIS.

Chrysocoris, Hahn, 1834, Wanz, Inst., II, p. 38.

Distributed over the Oriental and Australian regions.

CHRYSOCORIS SEXMACULATA, Leach.

Scutellera seamaculata, Leach, 1815, Zool. Misc., II, p. 36,

PRX,

S. arrogans, Montr., 1858, 1. c., 2, V, p. 258.

S. grandis, Montr., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (1861), p. 60

(nec Thunberg).

Chrysocoris (Hucorysus) sexmaculatus, Stal, Svensk. Akad.

Handl., p. 19.

Hab. Liru (290a Willey); also recorded from New

Caledonia, Art, etc.

Genus PHILia, Schiddte.

Philia, Schiddte, 1842, Kroyer’s Nat. Tidsskr., IV, p. 279.

Distributed over Oriental Islands and Australian region.

PHILIA FEMORATA, Walker, var. AUREOCINCTA, Walker.

Callidea aureocincta, Walker, 1867, Cat. Hem. Het., I,

p. 41.

Hab. Brrara (Septr., Willey); the variety is recorded

from New Guinea; the species is also recorded from

Moluccas and Ceram. The placing of awreocincta as a var.

of femorata is on Distant’s authority.

360 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the

PHILIA LEUCOCYANEA, Montrouzier.

Scutellera lewcocyanea, Montr., 1855, |. c¢., p. 95.

Philia leucocyanea, Stal, 1868, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad.

Hand), 7, No: Lit, ae

Differs from Montrouzier’s description by the pronotum

being of the general ground-colour, with the anterior and

posterior margins metallic (green or blue). Femora usually

crimson. Posterior angle of scutellum always blackish.

Hab. Liru and Birara (Willey); also recorded from

Murua, Solomons and Duke of York’s Island. One

example from Lifu has the scutellum largely clouded

with blackish, and several specimens from Birara have a

nebulous blackish median line down the scutellum.

Var. EBENINA, J. Martin.

Philia ebenina, J. Martin, 1898, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p.226.

P. leucocyanea, var. ebenina, Distant.

Hab. Brrara (Paris Mus, and Willey).

One specimen has four yellowish-brown spots on the

scutellum ; the anterior lateral margins of the pronotum

are also yellowish-brown. It would perhaps be more

correct to state the ground-colour as yellowish-brown, with

blackish-brown markings.

Genus TEctTocoris, Hahn.

Tectocoris, Hahn, 1834, Wanz. Inst., II, p. 33.

This genus contains one species only.

TECTOCORIS LINEOLA, Fabricius.

Cimex lineola, Fabr., 1781, Spec. Inst., I, p. 340.

Tectocoris lineola, Leth. and Sev., 1893, Cat. Hem., I, p. 19.

Scutellera banksii, Montrouzier, 1855, Ann. Soc. Afric.

Lyon (2), VII, p. 92, and 1858, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon

(2), V, p. 243.

Tectocoris bunksit, Montrouzier, 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent.

France, p. 60.

The synonymy of this variable species is given by

Lethierry and Severin, the variations are described at length

by Montrouzier, Stil (1873, Svensk. Vet. Akand Handl.,

11, No. 2, p. 11), and Vollenhoven (1863, Essai Faune Ent.

Archip. Indo-néerl., I, p. 7). Dr. Willey has collected two

Ehynchota collected in Birara and Lifu. 361

examples, (a) allied to var. tonge, Boisduval; bluish, a

small median spot on the pronotum anteriorly, a spot near

each anterolateral angle of pronotum, anterior margin

prosternum, base of abdomen and incisures of abdominal

sternites (also apparently part of beneath abdominal

tergites) sanguineous. (8) very near typical banksvi,

Montrouzier (which is not var. banksit, Donovan, but is

near diophthalmus, Thunberg). Pale luteous above, testa-

ceous below; lateral margins of tylus, vertex behind the

eyes, two anterior submedian wedge-shaped spots on

pronotum—brownish-black with a suspicion of metallic

green. Connexivum (except extero-lateral margin

narrowly), antennz, a sublateral spot on each pleuron,

apex of femora, the tibiz and tarsi metallic green.

Hab. Liru (No. 319, Willey); extended over the whole

of Malaysia from Java eastward, Australia, Polynesia, ete.

(Woodlark) ; Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, Art, Isles to

the north of New Caledonia, etc., on Hibisews tillaceus

(Montrouzier); “Elle vit & Woodlark en troupes, dépose

un trés-grand nombre d’ceufs en forme de barillet,

@abord blancs, et prenant une teinte de plus en plus

rougéatre & mesure quils approchent du temps de

Véclosion” (Montrouzier).

Genus CANTAO, Am. Serv.

Cantao, Amyot and Serville, 1843, Hist. Nat. Hem., p. 29.

Distributed over the Oriental region up to Formosa and

to Australia and Polynesia.

1. CANTAO VARIABILIS, Montrouzier.

Scutellera variabilis, Montr., 1855, 1. c., (2) VIL, p. 93 [not

(2) I, as in Leth. and Sev. Cat.]

Cantao variabilis, Stil, 1873, Svensk. Akad. Handl., p. 10,

11, No. 2.

Hab. Brrara (Willey); Moiou (Montrouzier).

This is a very variable species.

Montrouzier in speaking of the Seutellerine of Oceania

(I, p. 91), says: “Les moeurs de ces Scutelléres sont

interessantes. Plusieurs d’elles déposent leurs ceufs sous

le revers des feuilles pour les mettre & V’abas de la

pluie, les coudrent de leur corps, et quand ils sont éclos,

conduisent leurs petits et les protegent jusqu’a ce quwils

362 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir on the Rhynchota.

aient acquis leurs ailes. On voit leur nombreuse famille

les suivre le long des arbres et se presser vers elles au

moindre danger. Plusieurs aussi sont parées des plus

vives couleurs, et je n’ai encore rencontré chez aucune

Yodeur fétide que laissent échapper les Pentatomes. .. . .

Quant aux lieux ot on les trouve, ils varient selon l’espéce.

Il est des Scutelléres comme ma 8S. metallica (= Philia

senator, Fabr.,) var., qui vivent sur les buissons exposés au

soleil. D’autres, comme ma S. splendida (= Calliphara

billiardiens, Fabr.), choisissent les lheux ombragés ot

croit une espece de myrtacée. La S. banksii (= Tectocoris

lineola, Auctt.) aime beaucoup les endroits ot croissent les

ketmies & feuilles de tilleul.”

Genus CoprosomA, Laporte.

Coptosoma, Lap., 1832-3, Essai, p. 73.

Distributed throughout the Old World.

CoPpTOSOMA SPHARULA, Germar.

Coptosoma spherula, Germ., 1839, Zeitschr., Ent. I, p. 25.

Hab. Brrara (Willey).

Described under thirteen names, from India, Siam, Java,

Ceylon, China, Celebes, Sula, Borneo, Papua, ete.

Genus BRACHYPLATYS, Boisduval.

Brachyplatys, Boisd., 1835, Voy. Astrolade, Ent. I], p. 627.

Platycephala, Lap., 1832-3, Essai, p. 74.

Plataspis, Hope Cat., 1837, I, p. 16.

Similar distribution to Coptosoma except that it does not

enter the Palearctic region.

BRACHYPLATYS PUSILLUS, Tryon.

Brachyplatys pusillus, Tryon, 1892, Ann. Mus., Queensland,

p. 13.

Hab. BrrARA (Willey); NEw GUINEA (Zryon).

Kindly identified by Mr. Distant.

Explanation of Plate. 363

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

F . Ueana harmonia.

—

» polymnia,

. Clovia birarensis,

. Aufidus hyperion.

. Thalattoscopus dryas.

. Peggioga formosa.

. Pachymerus nereis.

nA DT SB w

. Geocoris willeyt.

OctroBER 4TH, 1905.

XX. The Blind Coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania.

By Arraur M. Lea, F.E.S., Government Ento-

mologist, Tasmania.

[Read October 5th, 1905.|

BLIND Coleoptera in Australia are principally to be taken

under stones, or at the roots of beach-growing plants. In

other parts of the world many species have been taken in

caves, but so far no one has so taken them in Australia,

although they have been specially searched for on several

occasions. I have myself searched for them without

success in caves in Western Australia, New South Wales,

and Tasmania. ‘The total number of blind species

(including one now first described) recorded from Aus-

tralia and Tasmania is but eight (four from Tasmania,

two from New South Wales, and two from Western

Australia, a number probably far short of the total to be

obtained by diligent searching. All the species are of

small size with, as elsewhere, the body apterons and elytra

soldered together.

Following are given notes on all the known species.

CARABIDA.*

ILLAPHANUS STEPHENS!, Macl.

In company with Messrs. H. J. Carter and E. Ferguson

at Otford, my brother (Mr. A. H. T. Lea) at Watson’s Bay

near Sydney and Mr. R. Helms, also at Watson’s Bay, I

have recently (April 1905) taken specimens of this inter-

esting little species. The original locality was Wollongong,

but the late Rev. R. L. King also took the species at

Parramatta and Mr. H. W. Cox has taken it at the Lane

Cove River. It is thus fairly widely distributed, and that

* Steganomma porcatum, Macl., was recorded (P. L. S., N.S.W.,

1904, p. 60) as blind, but it really has eyes, although these are small

and very difficult to find.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.) 25

366 Mr. A. M. Lea on the Blind Coleoptera

it has not been taken more frequently must be put down

to its small size and to its habit of clinging to the under

surface of deeply buried stones, which in the ordinary

way would seldom be turned over in the search for insects.

We found it necessary in searching for it to kneel on the

ground and closely examine every inch of the surface of

the stones turned over, as the insects, although fairly

active when in motion, are not always ready to move, and

their minute size and dingy colour render them very incon-

spicuous. The stones favoured by them are nearly always

of fairly large size and are always deeply buried in damp

(but not wet) places, and it generally takes two men to

turn them over.

The upper surface is clothed in sparse short pale

pubescence, but this is almost invisible, except from the

sides. The original figure is not a very good one.

Some specimens taken at Watson’s Bay appear to

represent a variety, as they differ from normal specimens

(in the company of which they were taken) in being

decidedly larger (much smaller than macleayi, however),

darker in colour, more parallel-sided, the cephalic impres-

sions less marked and the median line of the prothorax

more distinct.

ILLAPHANUS MACLEAYI, n. sp.

Pale testaceous, appendages still paler. Clothed with short and

very sparse pubescence ; a long seta on each side of the prothorax

towards both apex and at base; head with two sete on each side

behind antennz.

Head slightly longer than wide, obtusely longitudinally impressed

on each side of middle, sides from antenn to base gently curved.

Antenne extending to hind coxz, two basal joints stout, first almost

as long as second and third combined, second distinctly longer and

stouter than third, third to tenth more or less head-like, eleventh

slightly wider and about twice the length of tenth. Prothorax dis-

tinctly wider than head, not much wider than long, apex incurved to

its middle, sides rounded in front and slightly incurved to base, base

strongly bisinuate ; median line narrow and distinct ; impunctate.

Elytra distinctly wider than prothorax, more than twice as long as

wide, not quite covering tip of abdomen, sides gently diminishing in

width to base and rather more noticeably to apex, margins finely

channelled throughout, densely but obscurely punctate. Mesosternal

epimera wide. Legs strong ; front tibie strongly dilated and deeply

of Australia and Tasmania. 367

notched towards apex, the others slightly dilated and not notched ;

tarsi rather short. Length 14 to 2mm.

Hab. N.S. WALES, Otford. (A. J Carter and A. M.

Lea.)

The male differs from the female * in being smaller,

with stouter legs, longer antennz, and wider front tarsi.

The two specimens described were taken under small but

deeply buried stones in a small gully near the. Otford

railway station. The pubescence can only be seen dis-

tinctly from the sides; the sete are also by no means

distinct.

Readily distinguished from J. stephensi by its much

greater size, and by the absence of the strong elytral striz

so noticeable in that species. Other differences are that

in stephensi the prothorax at its widest is very little wider

than the head or narrower than the elytra, and that its

apex is considerably wider than its base and its sides with

less sinuous outlines.

COLYDIID.

ANOMMATUS 12-sTRIATUS, Mill.

This minute British species I have taken at the roots of

grass in Hobart. Specimens must be common, although

seldom seen, as [ obtained nineteen living specimens and

fragments of many others by the use of sieves. The plan

adopted was to break up the earth for about three inches

from the surface, this was then thrown into water and

stirred about; every thing that floated was picked out,

dried, and afterwards put through sieves, the rubbish that

came through the finest sieves being gone over on white

paper in the ordinary way. ‘The specimens would often

remain for minutes together without moving, and even

when they did move would walk at a very slow rate.

SCARABAEID&.

PHYCOCHUS GRANICEPS, Broun.

In Hobart, obtained at the roots of plants (usually the

bracken fern) growing close to the sea-beach. I have seen

* The type female has been returned to Mr. Carter.

368 Mr. A. M, Lea on the Blind Coleoptera.

very few living specimens, but many dead ones. Mr. J. J.

Walker (who first took it at Hobart, in June 1901) informs

me thatin New Zealand he obtained many specimens under

old logs partially buried in the sand of sea-beaches.

PHYCOCHUS SULCIPENNIS, Lea.

Obtained at Hobart in company with the preceding

species, than which it is rather more numerous.

CURCULIONIDA.

HALORHYNCHUS GENICULATUS, Lea.

Numerous specimens of this species were obtained at

the roots of a small species of salt-bush (Aériplex) growing

just above high-water mark on the outer beach at Gerald-

ton (Champion Bay). They remained quite motionless

for a considerable time after being exposed.

HALORHYNCHUS Cacus, Woll.

I repeatedly searched for this species at Cottesloe and

other beaches close to Fremantle (the original locality) but

never found more than two specimens; these were taken

at the roots of a species of spinifex grass.

TASMANICA MYRMECOPHILA, Lea.

The type specimen of this species was obtained in

Hobart under a stone in the nest of an ant. No other

specimen has been recorded, although the species has been

repeatedly searched for; but there is a minute specimen

in the Australian Museum (from the late Rev. R. L. King’s

collection, without locality label, but probably taken about

Parramatta) which may belong to the species. The

specimen in question is old and dirty, but I could see no

eyes in its head, and from memory it struck me as

probably being 7. myrmecophila.

«(°° 369. J

XXI. On «@ Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, in

1900-01-02. By E.G. B. MrapEe-WAxpo. (Com-

municated by H. J. Eiwes, F-.R.S., etc.)

[Read October 18th, 1905. ]

Plates XVIII, XIX.

THouGcH the butterflies of the neighbourhood of Tangier

and of some other points on the coast of Morocco have been

collected by the late Mr. J. H. Leech and Mr. J. J. Walker,

yet no really important collection has been made in this

little-explored country. The following collection was made

during an eighteen months’ residence in Marocco, Col-

lecting at and in the neighbourhood of Tangier, viz. within

20 miles, and on a long excursion which started from Tan-

gier on May 8th, 1901, and lasted until August 21st. We

went by way of Busharin to Rabat, thence by Fedulla, and

striking inland over the central plains to Beni Meskin,

crossed the Ouad Moorbey, Oom-er-rebia of the maps, and

went eastward, spending some time at a tiny tent village

on the desert called Oolad Lasara. Throughout the central

plains the heat was great, often reaching 116° in the shade,

with hot nights, and owing to this, and also to a previous

visitation of locusts which had consumed almost all vegeta-

tion, nothing much could be done except on the banks of

the river. From here we went slowly south to Marrakesh

(Marocco City), and then into the Great Atlas, which we

entered at Agiirgir; from here we went, first southward

until we struck the valley of the Ouad Nyfys, which we

followed until we got to the watershed above Tsigidir-el-

bor, then retracing a short way struck westward until we

reached the “ Amsmiz.” Here we encamped for some time

at a Berber village called Sould Jedid, which was delight-

fully situated about 6,000 feet up, and with most pleasant

inhabitants. The mountains here only rise to about 9,000

feet and are to a considerable extent covered with damp

forest on their northern slopes; this forest consists largely

of Arar (Callitris quadrivalvis), Prickly Oak, Holly, Laurus-

tinus, Arbutus, etc. We did not come to Pine (Pinus

halepensis) until we reached the Imentalla valley a day’s

journey further on. After spending some days collecting

in this neighbourhood, we started light, with only a little

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.)

370 Mr. E, G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

food, our mules and one pack mule, up a lateral valley so

as to get nearer to a great peak, which the natives called

Tizi Gourza, but which according to Thompson’s map must

be Jebel Ogdimt. We bivouacked at the last hamlet at

the top of this valley, a place called Imi Ouern. This

place, which appeared to be “the end of all things,” would

have been splendid for a prolonged stay, but no food

could be procured, shooting was not safe, and we were a

very small party. It was most beautifully situated and

appeared to be highly productive in butterflies and moths.

We ascended the mountain and made a most interesting

collection of butterflies; from here we returned to Imen-

talla, and by slow stages worked our way northward and

westward by way of Anzoot and Tafegar to Mogador, which

we reached on August 21st. In the early spring of 1902 I

paid a visit to the forest of Marmora, the only tract of

primeval forest in the north of Marocco. It lies between

the Seboo and Bou-reg-reg, east of Rabat. It is entirely

unexplored, and would prebably be very productive, it is

however populated only by bandits, and anything like

shooting or collecting is almost impossible. However, I

managed to collect a considerable number of moths, and a

few butterflies. The primary object of these excursions

were ornithological, but I collected both butterflies and

moths all the time, and paid special attention to the high

mountain species. An analysis of this list will show how

very few species there are in these remote regions that are

not also to be found in the Mediterranean region, and that

these mountains have developed comparatively few Alpine

species,

I was accompanied on both these excursions by M. Henri

Vaucher of Tangier, as taxidermist and interpreter. M.

H. Vaucher is a Swiss gentleman who has lived most of

his life in Marocco, is an enthusiastic naturalist himself,

and such success as attended these expeditions is almost

entirely due to his great tact and intimate knowledge of

how to treat the extremely difficult inhabitants of this

fascinating country. It is to Mr. H. J. Elwes that I must

tender my thanks for the trouble he has taken in going

over the collection of butterflies and in assisting me with

naming those that are new, and to Sir George Hampson

for going through and naming the moths.*

* The remarks by Mr. Elwes are in brackets signed “H. J. E.”

Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, 1900-2. 371

1. Papilio podalirius, L. and var. feisthameli, Dup.

March 12th, 1901, bred, fed on Cherry.

Tangier, March 22nd, 1901. Amsmiz, June 27th, 1901.

Imentalla, 5,500 feet, July 9th, 1901.

Is universally distributed, and on the wing the whole

summer, very fond of the tops of low mountains of about

5,000 ft. elevation, where it may be seen in numbers on

the leeward side during the heat of the day. The larva

feeds on Cherry. Both P. podalirius and var. feisthamelia

occur at Tangier in March,

2. P. machaon, L.

Tangier, January 19th, 1901. Just emerged. Amsmiz,

June 27th, 1901. Tangier, August 29th, 1901. Forest

of Marmora, March 28th, 1902.

On the wing at intervals from January until September.

3. Thais rumina, L.

Tangier, February 27th, 1901. Tangier, April 8rd,

1901. Tangier, March 9th, 1901. Tangier, March 19th,

1901 (var. canteneri, Hey.).

This variety is not very uncommon late in the season,

and only occurs as far as I could seein the . The perfect

insect is only on the wing from the end of February until

the beginning of April. Feeds on Aristolochia betica.

4, Preris brassice, Li.

Only taken at Tangier in all months from December to

August. I did not see it on the wing in the summer

anywhere in the central plains.

Tangier, January 17th, 1900, December 25th, 1900;

August 26th, 1901; January 17th, 1902.

[“The specimens are large but do not approach var.

cheiranthi, Hiibn., and the seasonal differences are slight.

“The form known as var. wollastont, Butler, from Madeira

closely resembles some of these.’—H. J. £.]

5. Preris rape, L.

On the wing all the year round in the north. Idid not

see it in the Great Atlas, but throughout the plains

wherever there was moisture diminutive forms were

ubiquitous in summer.

Tangier, March 13th, 1901. Klatsa, May 13th, 1901.

Saffi, August 27th, 1901.

ate Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

6. Pieris daplidice, L.

Universal in summer, taken only in the Atlas from 6,500

to 9,000 ft.in July in the central plains. I saw many

diminutive individuals.

Wad Moorbey, June 16th, 1901. Sould Jedid, July 3rd,

1901. Tsauritz Entsagauz, 9,000 feet, July 13th, 1901.

7. Luchloe belemia, Esp.

Extremely abundant and universal, and on the wing

almost the whole year. I did not see many in the height

of the summer.

Tangier, December 8th, 1900; March 18th, 1902.

8. Huchloé eupheno, Esp., and var. 2 androgyne, Leech.

(Plate XIX, fig. 7, var. 2 androgyne.)

Extremely abundant and universal during March and

April in the north of Marocco. I saw very few in the

forest of Marmora, and the only one, a 9, which I caught,

is an androgyne. :

Tangier, March 9th, 1901. Tangier, April 15th, 1901.

Hawara, May 4th, 1901. Forest of Marmora, March 28th,

1902, 2, var. androgyne, Leech.

9. Teracolus daira, Klug., var. nowna, Lue.

(Plate XIX, fig. 8, 3, 9, .)

I only saw this species at Agirgtir, where it was abund-

ant in a damp wood at an elevation of about 3,500 ft.

I saw one torn specimen near Tsigidir-el-Bor about

30 miles south.

Agtrgir, June 24th, 1901. Tsigidir-el-Bor, June

25th, 1901.

10. Colias edusa, L.

On the wing practically all the year. Extremely abund-

ant in summer, var. /elice, Hiibn., not uncommon. I took

one specimen with one forewing, /elice, the other normal.

Very variable.

} Tangier, December and January. Interior, May and

une.

ll. Gonepteryx rhamni, L.

Is common in the north of Marocco, a very large

form. I did not see any in the south; it is on the wing at

intervals during the winter and spring, and again in the

Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, 1900-2. 3873

Jate summer ; both it and the next species feed on Khamnus

alaternus.

Tangier, March 22nd, 1901. Tangier, December 28rd,

1902.

12. Gonepteryx cleopatra, L.

Is commoner, and more widely distributed than the last.

I saw it throughout the country.

Tangier, January Ist, 1901. Fedulla, May 28th, 1901.

Moorbey, June 5th, 1901. Sould Jedid, 6,500 feet, July

1901.

13. Charaxes jasius, L.

Locally common, somewhat of a mountain species, but

the males travel long distances; frequents fig-trees when

the fruit is ripe and becomes stupefied. A few on the

wing in April and May, and common in August and

September. Some specimens are very large.

Tangier, August 16th, 1901, September 15th, 1901.

14, Pyrameis atalanta, L.

On the wing nearly all the year.

Tangier, Feb. 16th, 1901. Tangier, March. Amsmiz,

June 19th, 1901. Imentalla, 5,500 feet, July 8th, 1901.

15. Pyramers cardut, L.

On the wing all the year, late autumn brood small and

dark.

16. Vanessa c. album, L.

I saw two or three specimens high up on Tizi Gourza,

and took one somewhat worn, large pale specimen on July

11th, at about 12,000 feet.

[I am not aware that this has been taken in North

Africa before.’—H. J. E.]

17. Melitxa didyma, O.

T did not see this species until I got to Rabat, after that

I saw it at intervals throughout the country, both in the

plains and at a considerable height in the mountains.

Rabat, May 16th. Agurgtr, July 6th, 1901. Tsauritz

Entsagauz, 9,000 feet, July 4th.

374 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

[“ This form agrees with the specimens from Kabylia

and the oasis of Biskra known as var. deserticola, Obth.;

it does not vary appreciably between the plains and high

mountains.”—Z, J. E.]

18. Argynnis lathonia, L.

I only saw this in the Atlas, where it was not uncommon.

Sould Jedid, July 1901. Tsauritz Entsagauz, July

1901.

19. Argynnis pandora, Schiff.

I only saw two worn specimens in the north of Marocco ;

it is certainly scarce on the low ground ; it was abundant

in the Great Atlas, and I saw it at an elevation of over

12,000 feet.

Sould Jedid, July 2nd, 1901. Tizi Gourzd, July 11tb,

1901.

20. Melanargia ines, Hoftm.

I only saw it at one spot on the leeward side of a stony

peak, everywhere else the following was abundant.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th, 1901.

21. Melanargia lucasi, Ramb.

Abundant in the Great Atlas, most frequent in the

woods.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 4th. Imentalla, July 8th,

1901. Sould Jedid, July 2nd.

A very large and pale form was taken in the central

plains in June, and also on the high table-land above

Agirguir, on June 23rd.

22. Satyrus briseis, L.

Locally common high up in the Atlas, but not on the

highest. tops.

Tizi Gourza, July 11th, 1901, about 9,000 feet.

L“ Very variable, and large, under-side of hind-wing

very strongly marked.”—ZZ, J. £.]

23. Satyrus semele, L.

I only saw a few in the mountain woods.

Imentalla, July 6th, 1901. Tsauritz Entsagauz, July

4th, 1901.

Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, 1900-2. 375

24. Sutyrus mniszecht, H.S., var. maroccana, Meade-

Waldo, n. var.

Plate XIX, fig. 3, g, 4, 9.)

With the exception of one individual I only saw this

insect on one stony slope at the top of one of the peaks

of Tsauritz Entsagauz. There it is abundant.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th and 7th, 1901, 9,000 ft.

[“ The occurrence of a form of this purely eastern group

so far from any region where any have been previously found

is very curious, but it may be constantly distinguished

from the Syrian or Persian forms, by the different form of

the sexual band on the fore-wing of the ¢, which instead

of forming a broad velvety patch of raised scales extend-

ing almost to the hind margin of the fore-wing, as in the

Syrian form of the species, is a comparatively narrow

band. Another point of distinction is in the cilia of the

hind-wings which are very much less scolloped than in

mniszechi or in the various forms of S. pelopea. On the

under-side, though the median bands of the fore-wing are

better marked than usual, yet the position of all markings

are identical in Syrian specimens, and I do not therefore

think it justifiable to treat this as a distinct species.’— _

ed, Li]

25. Satyrus abd-el-kader, Pier.

I saw this fine insect commonly on Tizi Gourza, but on

such bad ground I was only able to take two worn

females.

Tizi Gourza, July 11th, 1901.

26. Satyrus actea, Esp.

Was common and only just on the wing in the Great

Atlas, at from 8,000 to 10,000 ft. mostly on open ground.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th, 1901, also on Tizi Gourza.

27. Pararge mexra, L,

I only saw a few specimens on Tizi Gourzi, and no-

where else in Marocco. I am not aware that this species

has been taken previously in North Africa.

Tizi Gourzd, at about 10,000 ft., July 11th, 1991.

28. Pararge megera, L.

Not by any means abundant, but out at intervals

throughout the year.

376 Mr. EF. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

Tangier, December 3rd, 1900. ‘Tsauritz Entsagauz

July 4th, 9,000 ft.

29. Epinephile jurtina, L., var. fortunata, Alph.

Very generally distributed all through the summer.

Klatsa, May 14th, 1901. Ras Doura, May 19th, 1901.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 7th.

30. Lpinephile lycaon, Kiihn, var. mauwritanicus, Ober.,

also var. lupinus, Costa.

Common in the Atlas woods. Not seen anywhere else.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th, 1901. Imentalla, July

9th, 6,500 ft.

31. HLpinephile ida, Esp.

Common all the summer and universally distributed.

Rabat, May 25th, 1901. Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 4th.

Tangier, Sept. 1901,

32. Hpinephile pasiphaé, Esp.

Very common but local. I did not see it in the south.

El Mediar, May 11th, 1901. Klatsa, May 13th, 1901.

33. Canonympha arcanioides, Pierr.

Locally common in the north of Morocco. I did not see

it in the south:

Hawara, April 1901. El Mediar, May 12th, 1901.

34. Cenonympha fettigi, Obth.

I only saw this insect at one spot above Imentalla,

where however it was abundant.

Imentalla, 5,500 ft, July 8th and 9th, 1901.

35. Cenonympha pamphilus, L.

I took typical C. pamphilus, in the plains of the north

of Morocco in May 1901, also on the downs by the sea

between Mehedia and Rabat in March 1902.

In spring in the north of Marocco, where there appears

to be no summer brood.

36. Cenonympha lyllus, Esp.

Very numerous south of Rabat, and throughout the

south of Morocco, ascending the Great Atlas to at least

10,000 ft. during the summer.

Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, 1900-2. 377

Imentalla, July 9th, 1901, 5,500 ft. Amsmiz, June

16th, 1901.

37. Cenonympha vauchert, Blachier. Bull. Soc. Ent.

France, 1905, p. 213. (C. meade-waldoi, n. sp. Elwes MS.)*

Plate XIX, fig. 1, ¢, 2, 2.

It was abundant on the more barren stony places near

the top, but none occurred amongst the broom-covered

slopes lower down.

Fairly common on Tsauritz Entsagauz, and very

abundant on Tizi Gourzd up to the top of the mountains.

Seen nowhere else. Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th. Tizi

Gourza, July 11th, 1901.

I may incidentally add that the top of Tizi Gourza is

entirely stone boulders and great slabs of rock for the

last 500 ft., and on reaching the extreme summit we saw

a hollow place beneath a great slab, in this were some

bits of rag held down by stones, and from the top fluttered

some white rags from a stick jammed in between the

rocks. It was a holy place, and our susi, Hammoo, the

only one of our Moors who would accompany us, crept in,

lay down on his face and prayed.

[This is a very distinct species which can be mistaken

for no other, and on account of the extreme difficulty of

reaching the place where it was found is likely to remain

very rare in collections. I do not know with what species

to compare it, and as the figures will show its characters

better than any description I will only say that it seems

to be the most Alpine species found in the Southern

Atlas, for although Mr. Meade-Waldo saw many other

insects as high up on the mountain, he never saw this

butterfly except at a very considerable elevation, certainly

not below 8,500 ft."—H. J. £.]

38. Thecla ilicis, Esp., var. mauritanica, Stgr.

Abundant everywhere where cork oak and prickly oak

occur.

Busharin, May 16th. Ras Doura, May 18th. Tsauritz

Entsagauz, 1901.

* Mr. Meade-Waldo’s specimens of this new and very interesting

Satyrid in the Natural History Museum, from which the figures on

Plate XIX have been drawn, agree in all respects with M. Blachier’s

description of C. vaucheri, and I have therefore adopted this name.

—J. J. W.

378 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

[“' This seems to agree best with the form described by

Staudinger from North Africa ‘minor subtus obscurior fere

unicolor, but it varies greatly, and some specimens might

be referred to 7’. acacix.”—H. J. E.]

39. Callophrys rubi, L.

I only saw it in the north of Marocco, where it was

common in early spring almost everywhere.

Tangier, March 26th, 1901; March 18th, 1902.

40. Chrysophanus thersamon, Esp., var. omphale, Klug.

I only took one worn specimen on the outskirts of

Marocco City on June 12th. This species has not, as

far as we know, been previously taken in Africa.

41. Chrysophanus alciphron, Rott., var. gordius, Sulz.

T only saw it in the Atlas, where it did not seem

common; it was probably going over, as I only took two

specimens that were fresh.

Tizi Gourza, July 11th. Tsauritz Entsagauz, July 6th,

ils OM ts

[“ This also has not previously been recorded from North

Africa; the male has no violet sheen on the upper

surface.’—H. J. H.]

42. Chrysophanus phleas, L.

Common and universal, extremely abundant locally,

subject to great variation, and is out all the year.

Tangier, March 10th, 1901. Tangier, Feb. 27th, 1901.

Marrakesh, June 10th, 1901.

43. Thestor mauritanicus, Luc.

Common, but extremely local; is on the wing for only

a short time in early spring.

Tangier, March 11th. Bubana, March 27th. Hawara,

April 4th, 1901. Larva feeds on the pod of a leguminous

plant. ;

44, Thestor ballus, Fabr.

Is as the last, but not quite so local, and is also on the

wing earlier and a little later.

Tetuan, January 16th. Tangier, March 6th. Hawara,

April 4th, 1901.

Collection of Butterflies made in Marocco, 1900-2 379

45. Lampides beticus, L.

Fairly common and on the wing all the summer. I

saw a worn specimen in December 1900.

46. Lampides telicanus, Lang.

Commoner than the last, and out earlier.

Tangier, July 13th. Rabat, May 26th. Rehamma,

June 9th, 1901.

47. Lampides theophrastus, Fabr.

I only saw this species south of Ouad Moorbey from

where it reached the foothills of the Atlas, and was abund-

ant wherever the Jujube bush (Zizyphus lotus) grew.

Moorbey, June 6th. Anzoot, July 14th, 1901.

48. Lampides jesous, Guér.

The distribution the same as the last, but most common

in the valley of the Ouad Moorbey.

Moorbey, June 5th. Below Agtrgir, June 21st, 1901.

49, Lycena lysimon, Hiibn.

I saw a few at Busharin, and it swarmed over some

pools of water outside Marrakesh.

Busharin, May 16th. Marrakesh, June 12th. Amsmiz,

June 27th, 1901.

50. Lycena baton, Berg., var. abencerragus, Pier.

I only saw one specimen below Sould Jedid.

Amsmiz, June 28th, 1901,

51. Lycena wcarus, Rott.

Fairly universal, but not remarkably common. From

Tangier in August, and various places up to 9,000 feet.

Tangier, August 17th. Busharin, May 16th. Sould

Jedid, July 13th. Imentalla, July 8th, 1901.

[“ Many specimens have spots on the hind margins, and

might be called var. celina, Aust., but this var. is evidently

inconstant.” —H. J. E.]

52. Lycena astrarche, Bergstr.

Almost universal at all elevations, and in the plains,

positively swarming in some woods.

380 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

Bershid, May 30th. Imentalla, July 9th. Ouad

Moorbey, June 9th. Tangier, April 3rd, 1901. Only

found in summer, and as usual in hot regions very brown -

below (var. calida, Bell).

53. Lycena hylas, W. V.

I only saw this butterfly on Tsauritz Entsagauz, and at

Tmentalla, where it was extremely abundant on the top,

of a low mountain, 5,500 feet.

Imentalla, July 8th, 1901.

(Plate XIX, fig. 5, 3, 6, 2.)

[“ Var. atlantica, Elwes, n. var.

“This is quite an unexpected discovery in Marocco, and

a very interesting one, because though a variety of this

species occurs in the higher region of the Sierra Nevada,

and in some places in the mountains of eastern Spain, yet

the male of this form (nivescens, Kef.) is of a grey-blue

colour above, whilst the colour of the male of atlantica

is to my eye like that of typical hylas, though Mr, Meade-

Waldo sees a difference.

“Some males have marginal black spots on the hind-wing

above, and both sexes have the white stripe on hind-wing

beneath, broad and well marked. All the females have a

broad band of orange marginal markings on the fore-wings

which I have never seen so well marked in any European

hylas.”—H. J. E.|

54. Cyaniris argiolus, L.

Appears first in February, and at intervals throughout

the summer.

Tangier, February 20th. Amsmiz, June 26th. Tangier,

August 28th, 1901.

55. Adopexa thaumas, Hiibn.

Tsauritz Entsagauz, 9,000 ft., June 1901. Common.

56. Adopxu actxon, Rott.

Ras Doura, May 1901. Common.

57. Adopxa hamza, Obth.

Rabat, May 26, 1901. Common.

58. Parnara zelleri, Led.

Local and scarce, frequents wet places in woods, flies

extremely fast.

Bashasin, May 20th. Tangier, August 30th, 1901.

Collection of Moths made in Marocco, 1900-2. 381

59. Parnara nostrodanus, Fab.

Extremely abundant locally in late summer in open

stony places.

Tangier, August 28th, September 2nd, 1901.

60. Carcharodus alcew, Esp.

Imentalla, 5,000 ft. July 1901, Common.

61. Carcharodus althex, Hiibn.

Plains of Marocco, rather scarce.

Mehedia, May 1901.

62. Hesperia ali, Obth.

I only saw a few on low ground.

Tangier, August 30th, 1901.

63. Hesperia serratule, Raimb.

[“ Though I do not profess to know how serratule can

with certainty be distinguished from a/vews without study-

ing the genitalia, which in this case I have not done, yet

these specimens from Imentalla and Agurgur appear to

me to belong to serratulx, though according to Staudinger

onopordt of Rambur is the form found in Marocco.”—HH.J. £.]

Moths collected in Marocco. By EK. G. B. MEADE-WALDO.

ARCTIADA.

ARCTIANA,

1. Huprepia cribraria, Linn., Syst. Nat.,i, p. 507 (1758).

Forest of Marmora. The variety punctigera, Frr., L.

candida, Cyr.

March 26th, 1902. Ensar, Kabyla amar, Forest of

Marmora.

2. Arctia villica, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 501 (1758).

All the specimens belong to the form onewkat, Freyer.

Abundant in April at Sharf-at-Akab, Tangier.

3. Cymbalophora pudica, Esp., Schmett., iii, p. 177,

pl. 33, f. 1 (1784).

Abundant in August and September. The larva, which

feeds on various grasses, spins a slight cocoon in the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART Iv. (DEC.) 26

382 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

bottom of thick herbage, but remains in its larval state

until within about fourteen days of emerging.

4. Utetheisa pulchella, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 534 (1758).

Locally and sporadically very abundant in August and

September.

NOCTUIDA..

AGROTINE.

5. Chloridca dipsacea, Linn., Syst. Nat., xu, p. 856 (1766).

Forest of Marmora.

Very common the end of March. Flying by day, 1902.

6. Chloridea peltigera, Schiff., Wien Verz., p. 89 (1776).

Distributed throughout the central plains of Marocco.

June and July, 1901. .

7. Huxoa segetis, Schiff., Wien Verz., 11, 81, 252, ff. 3. a.

b. (1776).

Common at Tangier in spring and autumn.

8. Huxoa spinifera, Hiibn., Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct,

f, 389 (1827).

Tangier.

9. Agrotis ypsilon, Rott., Naturf., ix, p. 141 (1776).

Tangier, May 1901.

10. Agrotis comes, Treit., Schmett. Eur., v, 1, p. 254

(1825).

Tangier. One specimen,

11. Agrotis pronuba, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 512 (1758).

The only one seen, September 1901.

Tangier. Two specimens.

12. Agrotis c-nigrum, Linn., Syst. Nat., x, p. 516 (1758).

Bred from dug pupa, March 1902.

13. Hpisilia faceta, Treit., Schmett. Eur., x, 2, p. 35

(1836).

Very common at Tangier throughout the winter.

Collection of Moths made in Marocco, 1900-2. 383

14. Lycophotia margaritosa, Haw., Lep. Brit., p. 218

(1809).

Bred from dug pupa, March 1902.

HADENIN.

15. Mamestra oleracea, Linn., Syst: Nat., ed. x, p. 517

(1758).

Bred from dug pupa, March 1902.

16. Mamestra chrysozona, Bork., Eur. Schmett., iv,

p. 264 (1792).

Forest of Marmora, Ensar. Forest of Marmora, April

1902.

17. Leucania l-album, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 850

(1766).

Ensar. Forest of Marmora, April 1902.

18. Leucania loreyt, Dup., Lep. Fr., vii, 1, p. 81, pl. 105,

er bes).

Central plains, June 1901.

19. Glottula pancratii, Cyr., Ent.Neap., pl. 12, f. 4 (1787).

Tangier.

CUCULLIANZ.

20. Cucullia chamomillx, Schitf., Wien Verz., p.73 (1776).

Very abundant in January and February, 1902.

21. Cucullia tanacett, Schiff., Wien Verz., p. 73 (1776).

Tangier.

22. Bombycia viminalis, Fabr., Gen. Ins., p. 284 (1777).

Forest of Marmora.

Came to light on March 28th, 1902.

23. Cleophana dejeani, Dup. Lep. Fr., vii, p. 115 (1827).

Came to light at Sharf-at-Akab, Tangier, April 1901.

24. Cleophana pauli, Staud., Iris., iv, p. 306, pl. 4, f. 4

(1891).

(Plate XIX, fig. 11, 9.)

Forest of Marmora, April 27th. Flying by day.

384. My. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

25. Cleophana difiuens, Staud., Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1870,

p. 121.

(Plate XIX, fig. 12, var. maroccana, §.)

Forest of Marmora, at light March 27th, 1902. The

variety maroccana.

26. Metopoceras felicina, Donz., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1844,

paleo; plG, £2.

Forest of Marmora, at light March 27th, 1902.

ACRONYCTINE.

27. Brotolomia meticulosa, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 513 (1758).

Only saw three in Marocco, March 1901.

28. Huplexia solrerr, Boisd., Ind. Meth., Errat., p. 4 (1829).

Tangier, September 1901.

29. Acronycta runicis, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 516 (1758).

Tangier.

30. Acronycta megacephala, Fabr., Mant. Ins., p. 175

(1787).

Tangier, September 1901.

31. Laphygma quadripunctata, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 594

(1775).

Tangier.

32. Amphipyra eriopoda, Herr.-Schif., Kur. Schmett,

li, p. 413, f. 596 (1851).

Tangier.

CATOCALINA.

33. Catocala conversa, Esp., Schmett., f. 105 (B) 1-2

(1787).

Tangier. The variety ayamos, Hiibn.

34. Catocala oberthuri, Aust., de. Nat. 1879, p. 85.

Very common, August and September. Tangier.

35. Ophiusa tirrhea, Cram., Pap. Exot. ii, p. 116,

pl. 172, E (1780).

Not common, Sharf-al-Akab. Tangier, April 1901.

36. Ophiusa algira, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 836

(1766).

Tangier.

Collection of Moths made in Mavocco, 1900-2. 385

37. Ophiusa lunaris, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 94 (1776).

Forest of Marmora. March 28th, 1902.

38. Grammodes geometrica, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 599 (1775).

Tangier.

39. Grammodes stolida, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 599 (1775).

Tangier.

PLUSIANZ,

40. Plusia gamma, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. p. 513 (1758).

Abundant everywhere.

NoctTuIn&.

41. Apopestes spectrum, Esp., Schmett., iv, p. 131,

pl. 100, ff. 3, 4 (1786).

Common at Tangier in summer. These specimens

were bred from pupa found in May, near Fedulla, on the

West Coast. ‘The white silk cocoons were abundant, and

attached to Huphorbia on the sea coast.

HRASTRIAN A.

42. Callopistria latreilli, Dup., Lep. Fr., vii, Pp. a29,

plet20.f 2 (1827):

Taken on Olive, above Amsmiz in the Great Atlas (1901).

43. Tarache lucida, Hiibn., Berl. Mag., iii, p. 302 (1767).

Very common, on the plain near Fedulla in May 1901.

The variety albicollis, F.

44. Tarache luctwosa, Esp., Schmett., pl. 88, f. 4 (1786).

Tangier.

45. Eublemma ostrina, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. Noct.,

1; ao) (1827).

Tangier, February 1902.

HYPENINA.

46. Zanclognatha crinalis, Treit., Schmett. Eur., vu,

p. 17 (1829).

Tangier, February 1902.

386 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

47. Hypena obsitalis, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. Pyr.,

ff. 164-165 (1827).

Tangier.

48. Hypena lividalis, Hiibn., Beitr., 11, 4, pl. 1, E (1827).

Tangier, December 1901.

LYMANTRIADA.

49. Huproctis chrysorrhaa, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 502

(1758).

Tangier.

50. Lymantria dispar, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 501 (1758).

Tangier,

51. Lymantria atlantica, Ramb., Faun. And., pl. 15,

f, 7 (1838).

Tangier,

SPHINGIDA.

ACHERONTIANA.

52. Acherontia atropos, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 490

(1758).

Tangier.

The only one seen or heard of, September 1901.

AMBULICINE.

. Smerinthus populi, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 489 (1758).

Tangier. he variety austauti ab. tncarnata.

CHG@ROCAMPINE.

54, Deilephila lineata, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 541 (1779).

April and May, flying by day as well as in evening.

Tangier.

55. Cherocampa celerio, Linn,, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 491

(1758).

Very common. ‘Tangier in September, comes to P/wm-

bago at sunset.

Collection of Moths made in Marocco, 1900-2, 387

MACROGLOSSIN A.

56. Macroglossa stellatarwm, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, p. 493

(1758).

Very abundant everywhere.

NOTODONTID.

57. Dicranura vinula, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 499 (1758).

Tangier, 1901.

1 .

Saw many old cocoons on Aspen and Willow, but only

two containing living pups, from one of which this species

emerged.

58. Phalera bucephala, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 508 (1758).

Tangier. The variety bucephalina.

GEOMETRIDA.

BOARMIANZ.

59. Opisthograptis luteolata, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 525

(1758).

Tangier.

60. Eurranthis pennigeraria, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett.,

Geom., f. 363 (1827).

Akba Hamra. The variety chrysitaria, H. G.

61. Aspilates ochrearia, Rosst., Mant., i, pu.od* pl.f,

N (1794).

Forest of Marmora. “Metradia. Ras Doura.

Abundant; a day-flyer. March 1902.

62. Amygdaloptera testaria, Fabr., Ent. Syst, p. 143

(1794).

Forest of Marmora.

Abundant; a day-flyer. March 1902.

63. Fidonia famula, Esp., Schmett., iv; pl OG AE 4

(1787).

Forest of Marmora. In extraordinary abundance.

March 1902.

388 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

64. Thamnonoma gesticularia, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett.

Geom., ff. 472-3 (1827).

The only specimen seen. February 1902. Tangier.

65. Thamnonoma semicanaria, Frr., Beitr., 78, 2, 1,

p. 145 (1833).

Tangier, Bubana. March 1901.

66. Selidosema ericetaria, Vill. Linn., Ent., 11, p. 329,

pl. 6, f. 9 (1789).

Tangier.

67. Gnophos asperaria, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett., Geom.,

f. 484 (1827).

Tangier. March 1902.

68. Boarmia (?) gemmaria, Brahm., Ins, Kal., 11, p. 255

(1791).

More uniform above, and more fulvous below, than the

typical form.

The only one seen March 1902. Tangier.

69. Boarmia abietaria, Goeze, Beitr. iii, 3, p. 439 (1781).

Forest of Marmora. March 27th, 1902.

70. Boarmia abruptaria, Thnb., Diss. Ent., iv, p. 59,

play, 1.3 G07 92).

Very common in winter at Tangier.

71. Boarmia atlanticaria, Staud., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1859,

jteeralkey

Only one taken, March 1902. Tangier.

LARENTIAN.

72. Sterrha sacraria, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 863

(1766).

Tangier.

73. Anaitis plagiata, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 526 (1858).

Common at Tangier in winter.

Collection of Moths made in Marocco, 1900-2. 389

74. Cidaria malvata, Rmbr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1832,

p. 43, pl. 2, f. 5.

Tangier. October 1901, only one seen.

75. Cidaria siterata, Hiibu., Berl. Mag,, iv, p. 522 (1769).

Tangier, February 4th, 1902. Given me by Lord

Walsingham.

76. Cidaria basochesiata, Dup., Lep. Fr., vin, 1, p. 559,

pl. 210, f. 5 (1831).

Tangier. February 2nd, 1902. Given me by Lord

Walsingham:

77. Eupithecia oblongata, Thnb., Diss. Ent., 1, p. 14,

f. 12 (1784).

Near Tangier, at Ain Zeitun. February 1902. Common.

GEOMETRIN&.

78. Pseudoterpna coronillaria, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett.,

Geom., ff. 479-482 (1827).

Near Tangier, at Ain Zeitun. February 1902.

ACIDALIAN.

79. Rhodostrophia sicanaria, Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1852,

p. 180.

Atlas Mountains, Imentalla. 5,000 feet. July 9th, 1901.

80. Ephyra pupillaria, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett., Geom., f.

69 (1827).

Bred from larva. March 1901.

81. Acidalia perpusillaria, Ev., Bull. Mosce., 1847, ill,

peee pl. 6, f 7.

Given me by Lord Walsingham, February 1902.

82. Acidalia elongaria, Rmbr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1838,

a6, pl. 2, f 20.

Tangier. March 1901.

83. Acidalia subsericeata, Haw., Lep. Brit., p. 352 (1809).

Forest of Marmora. March 1902.

390 Myr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on a

LASIOCAMPID.

84. Taragama repanda, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett., Bomb.,

ff. 274-5 (1827).

The larva of this species may be found in all stages of

growth all the year round, with perhaps the exception of

the months of August and September ; it varies remark-

ably in colouring, individuals being found in all shades of

grey and brown to black with violet dots. It will feed on

almost anything, but a prickly broom, Grenista tricuspidata,

appears its favourite food plant ; it is very abundant in the

neighbourhood of Tangier, and I also saw it at Tetuan and

Rabat.

85. Pachygastria trifolii, Schiff, Wien Verz., p. 57

(1776).

The same remarks practically apply to this larva, which

may be found universally in numbers all the year round.

It is much more abundant than the last, and varies greatly

in colour ; it will feed on almost anything.

86. Macrothylacia rubi, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 498

(1758).

Subsp. digramma, Meade-Waldo, subsp. n.

(Plate XIX, fig. 10, §.)

Deep red-brown: antenne ochreous-white above. Fore-wing

with fine oblique white antemedian line from subcostal nervure to

vein 1, very slightly exeurved below the cell: a fine white post-

median oblique line arising from vein 10, incurved to above 7,

excurved to vein 2, then straight to inner margin. Differs from the

typical form in the uniform dark chocolate colour, the white lines of

fore-wing being fine and farther apart, and the uniform chocolate

ciliz of both wings. Exp. 86-94 mm.

ITab. TANGIER.

I also took plenty of larvee at Babara. It frequents large

tracts of Zentiscws and ilex scrub. The larva feeds on

Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus ilex; it hibernates curled

up in December, spins a slight cocoon in March, and

emerges the beginning of April. Although carefully

sought for we never saw a male. I only saw one form

of larva, dark chocolate brown.

Collection of Moths made in Marocco, 1900-2. 391

87. Malacosoma franconica, Esp. Schmett., pl. 26, f. 1-2

(1784).

Tangier.

COSSIDA.

88. Zeuzera pyrina, Linn., Faun. Suec., p. 306 (1761).

Tangier.

PSYCHID.

89. Oreopsyche albida, Esp., Schmett., 11, p. 391, pl::78,

te a 187).

The variety lorquiniella, Bruand.

Common in the forest of Marmora, March 1902, flying

by day, and attracted apparently by the dead birds, ete.,

that were lying by us as we sat at lunch, hovering over

them and possibly mistaking their smell for that of the

female.

ZYGANID.

90. Zygena carniolica, Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 189 (1768).

The variety orana, Dup.

Laraishe, April 3rd, 1902.

91. Zygena favonia, Frr., Beitr. Kur. Schmett., v,

p. 76, pl. 428, f. 1 (1845).

Zygena aurata, Blachier, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1905, p. 213.

Two varieties (1) awrata mostly clothed with fulvous

to whitish hair, the abdomen with two crimson bands on

terminal segments, the fore-wing pale brassy golden yellow.

(2) favonia: thorax with few whitish hairs ; abdomen with

one crimson band, fore-wing blackish. Very abundant at

great heights on the Atlas, up to 12,400 ft., in July on

Tizi Gourza.

92. Procris orana, Aust., de. Nat. ii, p. 284 (1880).

Taken on grass at Imi Ouern on a branch of the Ouad

Amsmiz, July 11th, 1902, about 9,000 ft.

PYRALID.

ScHANOBIAN.

93. Scinpophaga prelata, Scop., Ent. Carn, No. 198

(1763).

Ras Doura, April Ist, 1902.

392 Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo on Moths.

PHYCITINE.

94. Myelois cribrella, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett., Tin., f. 67

(1827).

Ras Doura. April Ist, 1902.

95. Acrobasis porphyrella, Dup., Lep. Fr., x, p. 191,

pl. 279, f. 2 (1836).

Forest of Marmora. March 7th, 1902.

PYRALINA,

96. Cledcolia interjunctalis, Guen., Lue, Expl. Alg.,

p. 398 (1848).

Ras Doura. April 1st, 1902.

HYDROCAMPIN&.

97. Nymphula stratiotata, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 529

(1758).

Forest of Marmora. March 1902.

PYRAUSTINA.

98. Phlycteenodes paltealis, Schiff, Wien Verz., p. 123

(1776).

Forest of Marmora. March 1902.

99. Mecyna polygonalis, Hiibn., Vog., p. 76 (1827).

Forest of Marmora. March 1902.

100. Pyrausta flavalis, Schiff., Wien Verz., p. 121 (1776).

The Atlas.

Explanation of Plates. 393

EXPLANATION OF PLAtES XVIII, XIX.

Puate XVIII.

Sketch map showing Mr. Meade-Waldo’s route in Marocco.

PLATE XTX:

Fic. 1. Cononympha vaucheri, g, p. 377.

2 O peeks.

3. Satyrus miriszechi, var. maroccanw, ¢, p. 375.

4, ” ” ” ” 2 ’ p. 375.

5. Lycena hylas, var. atlantica, 3, p. 380.

6 ” bb} ” ” 23 p- 380.

7. Huchloé ewpheno, Q var. androgyne, p. 372.

8. Teracolus daira, var. nouna, go, p. 372.

9 ” ph 2, ” 2, p- 372.

10. Muacrothylacia rubi, subsp. digrumma, ? , p. 390.

11. Cleophana pauli, 9, p. 383.

12. Cleophana diffluens, var. maroccana, ¢, p. 384.

ve | Bee a ue ae

ite 1 * dosti)

Ci egnty)

XXII. A new species of the Hymenopterous Genus

Megalyra, Westwood. By J. CHESTER BRADLEY,

Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Communicated by Col.

C. T. Binauam, F.Z.S8.

{Read November Ist, 1905. ]

I FIND among some material from the American Museum

of Natural History an undescribed species of Jegalyra.

In order that its position may be readily seen I append

a translation of a table to the genus published by

Szepligeti in the “ Természetrajzi Fiizetek,” xxv, p. 526,

adding the new species in its proper place.

1. Wings black, short, scarcely longer than the head above:

Mutilis, Westwood.

Wings not shorter than normal. ! : : ; (2)

2. Wings black or brown . : : : : : (3)

Wings hyaline, with brown scoters : : : ‘ (5)

3. Wings black, almost opaque, with a hyaline spot ; forehead and

vertex longitudinally grooved . . Shuckardiit, Westwood.

Wings more or less brown, without a hyaline spot; forehead

and vertex not longitudinally grooved : ; : (4)

4. Entirely black ; head, venter, legs, and propodeum heavily

clothed with grey hair; a hairy spot on the side of each

abdominal segment : ; Melanoptera, Schletterer.

Base of the antenne, legs beyond the femora, and the abdomen

red ; not heavily clothed with hair; the abdomen without

hairy spots . s : : : Rufiventris, Szepligeti.

5. The posterior ocelli further removed from each other than from

the compound eyes. ; (6)

The posterior ocelli equally Seibel ae iis gekipieitied eyes

and from each other . d : : é (7)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.)

396 Mr. J. C. Bradley on a New Species of the

6. Entirely black ; scutellum coarsely punctured, smooth mesally ;

the first and a narrow margin on the second and third dorsal

segments smooth and ipa the rest shagreened by minute

puctulations . 3 : z Szepligetti, n. sp.

Dark brown with dee areas, the anterior legs beyond the

femora and the posterior beyond the tibiae reddish-brown ;

scutellum longitudinally wrinkled ; abdomen not sculptured

as above . : : : : 5 Caudata, Szepligeti.

7. Cheeks thickly and rather coarsely punctured ; terebra about

three times as long as the body. . Fasciipennis, Westwood.

Head equally punctured all over, finer than on the mesonotum ;

head red ; terebra four times as long as the body.

Longiseta, Szepligeti.

MEGALYRA SZEPLIGETIL, n. sp.

?. Entirely black. Slightly pubescent, the truncature of the

propodeum tomentose. Head globular, the occiput broad behind

the eyes, the posterior margin rounded ; antenne inserted below the

base of the eyes, a lateral oblique groove on each side marked by a

high ridge above receiving the scape when pressed downwards, and

separating the face from the cheeks and forehead ; head except face

rather coarsely closely not deeply, umbilicately reticulate-punctate.

Prothorax concealed ; mesonotum convex, produced laterally into

two anterior blunt angles ; dorsum punctured similarly to the head,

but punctures larger, a sub-smooth area in the middle of the

scutellum ; pleura more finely punctured, venter much more finely

and shallowly punctured ; distinct oblique grooves in the pleure

for the reception of the anterior and middle femora; propodeum

indefinitely shallowly reticulate; seen from above the posterior

margin is concave, the lateral angles sharp ; the posterior face of the

propodeum is concave, the abdomen fitting into it.

Posterior legs covered evenly with well separated punctures ; the

coxe and trochanters short, the femora stout, the single spine on

the apex of the tibia reduced to a mere rudiment, the metatarsus

longer than the other tarsal joints united, the fourth joint about one

half as long as the third ; middle and posterior and to some extent

the anterior legs covered with sparse long white hairs, about as long

as the third tarsal joint.

Wings hyaline, a broad brown band extending all the way across

at the stigma, a slightly dark spot at the apex ; the free part of M,

and the spur of the transverse part of M, wanting.

Abdomen sessile but constricted, the first dorsal segment and a

very narrow apical margin on the second and third smooth,

Hymenopterous Genus Megalyra. 397

impunctate, and polished, the remaining dorsal segments shagreened

by very minute punctulations,

Length 12 mm. ; of the head and thorax 6°5 mm. ; of the abdomen

55mm. ; of the fore-wing 9mm. ; of the ovipositor 34mm.

Hab. SoutH AUSTRALIA.

Type—1 $ in the collection of the American Museum

of Natural History in New York City.

A fine specimen of Megalyra melanoptera, Schletterer,

from New South Wales is also contained in that collection.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1905 —PART Iv. (DEC.) 27

| in [DS Meare

Palig W8 toy

Deere had” REG fut " a

ss ea 4

. # Munk Veet! w iy" ‘re Wi

d eo Guttsulles, taht f ti] ne v4 Hii hele a aie

( 399.)

XXIII. Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria by the

Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A., F.E.S., and the Rev.

Francis Davip Moricr, M.A., F.E.S. Part

II. Diploptera. By Epwarp SAUNDERS, F.RS.,

ete.

[Read November 15th, 1905. ]

JUGURTHIA NUMIDA, Sauss.

g. Biskra, in grounds of Chiteau Landon, 8.10 a.m., 24,

v, 93. (A. #. £.)

& » between Fort St. Germain and the brick kiln

on Ammi visnaga in the afternoon, 19, v, 97.

(A. HE. #.)

2 ; between Fort St. Germain and the brick kiln

on Ammi visnaga, in the afternoon, 18, vi,

SWRA es iw oc)

9. Médéa, Route d’Alger, north of town, on low plants,

such as Convolvulus ar VENSIS, Malva s ylvestr is

and Hchiwm, 26, vi, 93. (A. #. £.)

Fe aie as OOM towards Kef-el-azeri, on Daucus setifolius,

2, vill, 93. (C4. a.)

CELONITES FISCHERI, Spin.

®. Koudia Sma, a hill east of Médéa, alt. abt. 3,180 ft.,

on Microlonchus salmanticus, 15, vu, 93. (A. #. £.)

2. Constantine, visiting Hehiwm italicwm, “rolls itself

into a.pill and shams death,” 21, v, 95. (A. #. #.)

fg. Biskra, on Hehiwm humile, 19, v, 97, and 18, vi, 97

(A. #. £.)

QUARTINIA MAJOR, Kohl.

94. Sidi Ferruch, about sixteen miles from Algiers

westwards on the coast, on the glacis of the fort,

resting on flowers of Asteriscus maritimus, 8, v,

93. (A. #. £.)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.)

4.00 Mr. E. Saunders on

QUARTINIA DILECTA, André.

? 1. Biskra, on Picridiwm tingitanwm, 3,iv, 97. (A. HL. E.)

EUMENES SICHELII, Sauss.

7? 1. Biskra, cornlands bordering the route des Zibans on

Ammi visnaga, Lam., 25, v, 93. (A. #. #.)

by 4; hollows between the railway near Kilométre

199, and the scrub bordering the pasture,

6.7, 07. (CAL BLE)

91. ,, scrub bordering the pasture, on Antirrhinum

ramosissimum, 13, v, 97. (A. #. £.)

2? 2. Tunis in the Cimetiére de Sidi-ben-Hassen, 20, xii,

93. (4. #. £)

EUMENES NIGRA, Brullé.

9 2. Road to Hamman-es-Salahin, opposite the new

Beni Mora racecourse, visiting Peganum harmala,

21, iv, 95. (A. #. #.)

EUMENES COARCTATA, F.

Various localities and dates from April to November.

(A. #. #. and F. D. M.)

EUMENES COARCTATA, F., var. dubius, Sauss.

2 1. Ravines, near Mount Ben Omar, north of Médéa,

alt. 2,730-3,130 ft., on Hryngium triquetrum, 11,

vil, 93. (A. #. #.)

2 1. Bone, on Mentha rotundifolia, 10, viii, 97. (A. #. £.)

EUMENES PICTETI, Sauss. var. (?)

91. Biskra, amongst Tamarix, 30, 1x, 97. (A. #. £.)

PSILOGLOSSA ALGERIENSIS, n. sp.

Nigra; rufo flavoque picta ; pronotum antice truncatum angulis

rectis ; post-scutellum sub-lamelliforme lateribus elevatis, apice

emarginato, lingua elongata ad coxas intermedias attingens, abdomen

segmento primo cupuliformi, margine apicali subelevato.

¢. Black, mandibles, clypeus, scape of antenne in front, and face

from just above the sinus of the eyes, except two short black divergent

lines originating at the insertion of the antennz flavous, flagellum

of antennx beneath, a spot behind each eye, the pronotum except at

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 401

its posterior angles, the tegule, a spot below the tubercles, the pos-

terior angles of the scutellum, and the raised margin of the post-

scutellum flavo-testaceous, abdomen with the Ist segment, except

a basal triangular spot, testaceous, the other segments black

with a trisinuate testaceous apical band, legs with the apices of the

femora, the tibie and tarsi rufotestaceous. Head closely and coarsely

punctured, mandibles tridentate, clypeus deeply and angularly

emarginate, apical joint of the antenne small, slightly curved and

subtruncate; thorax punctured very similarly to the head, prothorax

truncate in front, its angles not produced and nearly rectangular ;

wings slightly dusky especially along the costal margin, nervures

brown, clear testaceous towards the base of the wings ; 2nd recurrent

nervure received near the base of the third submarginal cell ;

post-scutellum flattened and produced horizontally over the pro-

podeum, slightly emarginate posteriorly, its margins reflexed, a

strong carina runs along the sides of the propodeum, below which

the surface is bright and shining ; abdomen strongly punctured

lst segment cupuliform, its apical margin slightly raised.

9. Very like the ¢ and similarly punctured, but with the base

and under-side of the antenne, the mandibles, the head posteriorly,

and a spot in the sinus of each eye rufotestaceous ; on the face, its

apex between the insertion of the antenne, is a triangular spot of a

paler testaceous colour, clypeus only slightly sinuate at its apex,

pronotum truncate with its angles more produced than in the ¢, and

if anything slightly less than a right angle, flavotestaceous in front

blending through a brownish colour into black posteriorly ; wings as

in the ¢. Sides of the propodeum rufotestaceous, abdomen with the

basal segment rufotestaceous, its apex of a more flavous tint, its

disc with a round blackish spot, the rest of the segments black,

with a testaceous trisinuate apical band, more or less margined with

rufous, apex of terminal segments entirely testaceous ; legs as in

the ¢.

Long. 7-8 mm.

g 1. Biskra, on Antirrhinum ramosissimwm, 21, ii, 97.

(A. #. #.)

SBP 3 022, mep OG AG ee sy

22. » on Abractylis serratuloides, 10, v, 97.

(A. EH. E.)

an ip » on Deverra chlorantha, 13, v, 97. (A. #. £.)

Apparently allied in colour to P. pulchra, Mor., but

differing in the shape of the pronotal angles and that of

the lamelliform post-scutellum.

4.02 Mr. E. Saunders on

RAPHIDOGLOSSA RUFESCENS, n. sp.

Rufotestacea, nigro-variegata, clypeo, abdominisque segmento

primo et secundo rufotestaceis primo fascia apicali nulla, ? clypei

marginibus elevatis, nigris ;

Rufotestaceous, head and thorax largely and closely punctured,

the former black with the clypeus, a large somewhat triangularly-

shaped spot, its base situated just below the anterior ocellus and its

apex just above the insertion of the antenne, and a large spot behind

each eye rufotestaceous, mandibles in the centre and antenne at the

base of the same colour, mandibles with four blunt teeth, elypeus in

the ¢ bidentate, with a small, deep emargination between the teeth,

? with the free sides of the clypeus widely reflexed, shining and

black, the apical margin which lies between them slightly emargin-

ate, with two small prominent teeth near the centre. Thorax above,

black only on the mesonotum (in one specimen entirely red),

and the base of the scutellum and post-scutellum, beneath black

with the exception of a red spot on the mesopleura. Pronotum

truncate in front meeting the sides in angles slightly less than right

angles, the sides slightly sinuate immediately behind the angles

which are consequently somewhat produced, post-scutellum truncate

posteriorly wings slightly smoky especially towards the costa,

veins rufotestaceous, 2nd submarginal cell sub-triangular, very

narrowly truncate at its upper margin ; propodeum black in the

centre, red and clothed with silvery hairs at the sides ; abdomen

dull, finely punctured and clothed with very short white pubescence,

with the basal and 2nd segments entirely rufotestaceous, the

former strongly punctured, with a large round impression near the

apex, and in some examples with the latter more or less suffused with

black, following segments black, their posterior margins more or

less rufous, sometimes widely so, the colour band of a more or less

bisinuate form ; legs entirely rufotestaceous except the anterior coxx

in front.

Long. 15-16 mm.

¢ 2. Biskra, near railway, kilométre 199, “asleep on

Deverra scoparia, 25, v, 94, holding on to the extreme tips

of the stems by the mandibles only, with wings folded

longitudinally and widely spread, the legs tucked up close

to the body not touching the stems, which waved about in

the breeze.”

d 9. Biskra; same locality on Zizyphus lotus, 21 and 29,

iv, 95.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 403

3 2,25. Biskra, on Atractylis serratuloides and Antir-

rhinum ramosissimum, 6-13, iv, 97.

g 2. Biskra, on Amberboa lippii, 8, iv, 97.

Several of the above specimens are stylopized (Xenos?).

PTEROCHILUS ATERRIMUS, 0. sp.

Ater, atrohirtus, punctatus, mandibulis, capite utrinque pone

oculos, et in femina interdum clypeo et oculorum orbitis interioribus,

tibiis anterioribus antice, articuloque apicali palporum labii, rufo-

ornatis ; alis valde infumatis.

Black, densely clothed with long black hairs, especially in the ¢,

mandibles more or less red, generally nearly entirely so, but in one 9

with only the extreme apices of that colour, a spot of variable size

behind!each eye, and in one female two large spots on the clypeus and

the inner orbits of the eyes red. Anterior tibie in front in both sexes

and the much curved, flattened apical joints of the labial palpi of

the same colour, wings dark brown with purple reflections. Head

and thorax rugosely punctured, somewhat shining, anterior margin

of the clypeus narrowly emarginate in the ¢ semicircularly rounded

and entire in the ? ; apical joint of labial palpi in the ? flat and

dilated, fringed with very long hairs, in the ¢ sub-cylindrical with

hairs as long as those of the 9, but finer and less regular. Antenne

in the ¢ slightly rolled at the apex. Penultimate and apical joints

very sinall, especially the latter, posterior wings clearer than the

anterior ; legs shining, punctured, the inner sides of the first and

third pairs of tibiaee densely clothed with fine pubescence in both

sexes ; propodeum with an angular tooth on each side; abdomen

nigro cyaneous, largely punctured on its basal segment which bears

a slightly raised tubercle in the centre of its basal brow, finely

punctured on the rest, first and second segments in the ¢ first only in

the 2 clothed with long hairs, apical margins of the ventral segments

with a row of exceedingly short bristles.

Long. 14-16 mm.

Biskra, 2 1, amongst hummocks of Limoniastrum guyo-

nianum on the Dunes by the route des

Zibans, 19, ii, 94.

2 1, visiting Brassica napus, 8, ii, 97.

gf 1, between Biskra and Hamman-es-Salahin.

g 3, at rest on dead twigs of Demia cordata at

5 p.m., holding on by the mandibles and

legs; wings divergent, 14, ii, 97.

404 Mr. E. Saunders on

PTEROCHILUS GRANDIS, Lep.

9 Médéa, about a mile along the road to Lodi 12.30 to

2.30 p.m., on Hryngium triquetrum, 28, vi, 93. (A. #. £.)

2 1, hill north of railway station, alt. 3,000 feet, 10,

vii, 93. (A. #. £.)

® 1, ravines, near Mount Ben Omar, on Lryngium

triquetrum, alt. 2,730—8,130 ft., 11, vii, 938. (4. #. #.)

2 1, on Koudia Sma, a hill to the east, of an altitude of

about 2,700 ft., about 4 p.m., 15, vii, 93. (4. #. £.)

PTEROCHILUS COCCINEUS, André.

2 1. Fontaine Chaude, near Biskra, on the dunes near

the stream among Limoniastrum guyonianum, 3 to 5 p.m.,

16, v, 94.

PTEROCHILUS LINGUARIUS, Nn. sp.

Niger albo et ferrugineo variegatus, lingua longissima ad apicem

abdominis extensa, abdominis segmento primo cupuliformi apice

elevato, ‘secundo margine posteriore membranaceo, ad basin seri-

atim punctato-impresso.

Black with white and ferrugineous markings. Head black, shin-

ing and strongly punctured, mandibles, scape of the antenne and

the flagellum beneath, testaceous, the latter darker on its upper-side ;

Clypeus in the male flavous, in the 9 sometimes with a testaceous

spot, semicircularly emarginate in the ¢,in the ? with its free sides

reflexed, face densely clothed with silvery hairs in the ¢@, sparsely

so in the 2. Tongue very long reaching in repose to the apex of the

abdomen, labial palpi slightly flattened and plumose in the 9, nearly

simple in the ¢: behind the eye in both sexes is a very small whitish

spot, antenne in the ¢ with a sharp reflexed apical joint thorax

black, shining, rather remotely punctured pronotum except at its

extreme basal angles, tegule, a spot on the mesopleura, scutellum

except a triangular patch at its base and post-scutellum, ivory white ;

prothorax truncate in front, its angles nearly rectangular, legs tes-

taceous, the femora darker at the extreme base, propodeum clothed

with silvery white hairs, excavated posteriorly and with a long sharp

spine at each side of its extreme apex especially in the ¢ ; on each

side there is a testaceous spot of variable size ; abdomen sparsely

clothed with silvery hairs, largely and remotely punctured especially

on the basal segment which is campanulate in form, its apical margin

raised and rounded, entirely testaceous or with its base more or less

suffused with black, the raised apical ring ivory white, 2nd segment

black with its apical margin flavous the colour spreading at the sides

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 405

and sometimes produced on to the disc in the form of two spots, the

sides of the segment are generally more or less brown, the apical

margin of this segment is produced into a rather wide membrane

bearing a row of punctures at the base especially noticeable in the

d, the following segments are black or piceous with pale apical

bands, apical segment black.

Long. 7-8. mm.

f1. Fontaine Chaude, near Biskra, on the dunes near

the stream, 9, v, 94. (4. #. £.) :

£1,292. Biskra, Hamman-es-Salahin, on the sandhills,

avy ols (A BAB)

93. Biskra, 20 and 31, v, 98. (F% D. IL)

A small species superficially like a small Chevrieranus

but easily distinguished by its extremely long tongue, a

character which almost warrants the erection of a new

genus for its reception.

PTEROCHILUS AFFINIS, 0. sp.

Niger flavopictus, clypeo maris emarginato, femine punctato,

sine rugis longitudinalibus, apice truncato, alis subluteis, segmentis

ventralibus maris 3-5 dense aureofimbriatis, segmenti secundi

feminze disco valde sed sparse punctato.

Black with the following parts yellow, mandibles except their

piceous teeth and apices, the entire clypeus in the ¢, the base

only in 2, a spot between the antenne and a spot behind each eye

and another in the sinus of each in both sexes, and the scape of

the antenne in the ¢ a somewhat triangular spot on each side of

the prothorax not reaching either the anterior or posterior angle

a spot below the wing, the tegule, two spots on the scutellum, the

post-scutellum and two small spots on the propodeum, the borders

of the abdominal segments more or less trisinuately except that of

the basal which is straight, and the apical, which has a central spot

only ; beneath with a bisinuate band on the second and following

segments, except the apical ; all the above markings are the same

in both sexes ; legs testaceous-yellow, coxe, trochanters and bases

of the femora black. Head and thorax dull, closely punctured,

clothed with long hairs, brownish-red in the ¢, nearly black in

the 9. Clypeus semi-circularly emarginate in the 2, narrowly

truncate in the 2, spot between the antenne in the ¢ slightly

raised, wings slightly brownish especially along the costa, the

nervures testaceous-red. 2nd submarginal cell, receiving both

recurrent nervures ; posterior tarsi with their 2nd and claw-joints

4.06 Mr. E. Saunders on

subequal in length, the 4th joint about two-thirds as long as the

third. Abdomen somewhat shining, very densely and microscopic-

ally punctured, the basal segment sparsely clothed with rather long

brownish hairs, 3rd, 4th and 5th ventral segments in the ¢ with

a dense fringe of short golden hairs.

Long. 13-14 mm.

Bone, f 1. 28, iv, 96. (A. #. £.)

Alger, 2 1.29, iw,.98.;5CBo) Dial)

Apparently closely allied to hellenicus of Morawitz, but

the @ differs in having the clypeus destitute of longitu-

dinal rugosities, in having a central spot between the

antennz instead of two side by side, and in having the

second segment of the abdomen beneath, with larger

punctures scattered on the disk and without the larger

punctures on the apical margin. The g of hellenicus is

not described. The head and thorax are also clothed with

longer hairs than in hellenicus.

OpDYNERUS (/oplopus) LUTEOLUS, Lep.

Gf 2. Médéa, ravines near Mount Ben Omar, alt. 2,730-

3,130 feet, 8 to 10 am., on Hryngium triquetrum, 11, vii,

93. (A. #. #.)

g 1. Constantine, 16, vi, 98. (FD. I,

ODYNERUS (Hoplopus) SPIRICORNIS, Spin.

9 1. Constantine, on M’cid, 21, vi, 94. (A. #. #.)

Pe un OR Wowk

ODYNERUS (Hoplopus) CONSOBRINUS, Duf.

g 2. Algiers, 14 and 17, ii, 93. (4.4. #,)

g 1. Biskra, about walls of “adobe,” village Negre,

13,1, 94.. (A. #. #.)

g 1. Biskra, visiting Moricandia arvensis, 3, ii, 97.

(A. #. FE.)

? 1. Biskra, 15, ii, 94. (4. #. #)

91. Bone, host of Phileremus oraniensis, 2, iii, 96.

(A. #. #.)

3 3,29. Aigiers, March 1898. (£. D. IL)

ODYNERUS (Hoplopus) CAROLI, Mor.

g 2. Bone, footpath and river-bank by the Bon

Djemma, 24, iii, 96. (A. #. £.)

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 407

g 1., Alger, 27, iv, 98. (#.D. IL)

(2) 2 1. Constantine, on M’cid, 22, v, 95. (A. #. £.)

(2?) 21. Alger, 27, iv, 98. (F. D. dL)

The ? of this species is known at once by the spine at

the base of the anterior femora (beneath), The ? which

I have assigned to it agrees with it in size and general

coloration, and has the post-scutellum rather sharply

elevated as inthe #. It lacks the long hairs of conso-

brinus and rotwndigaster, but has the yellow band of the

second abdominal segment dilated at the sides as in those

species, although more distinctly so. The scutellum and

post-scutellum are entirely black.

ODYNERUS (Hoplopus) DECEPTOR, n. sp.

O. variegato simillimus, ab illo mas coxis intermediis nigro

spinosis facile distinguitur, femina, angulis propodei subproductis,

segmento secundo abdominis latiori subtus testaceo, minus crebre sed

obsoletius punctato aegre distinguenda.

Resembling O. variegutus in colour but at once recognizable by the

black spines on the intermediate cox of the ¢ and the very largely

laterally produced bands of the abdomen which on the Ist and 2nd

abdominal segments leave only the central basal portion black. In

the 2(?) of this species the lateral angles of the propodeum although

not acute are more produced than in variegatus, the 2nd abdominal

segment is wider in proportion to the lst and on its under-side is

testaceous, more shining than in variegatus less closely and more

obsoletely punctured, but only having one example of this 9 I am

unable to say how far these characters are constant.

$. Head and thorax black, closely punctured, dull, clothed rather

sparingly with greyish-brown hairs, clypeus yellow, shining, deeply

and semicircularly incised at the apex, labrum yellow, mandibles

black, spotted with yellow at the base, a somewhat straight yellow

spine projects from the gena on each side of their extreme base ;

this spine is slightly curved towards the apex and viewed laterally

appears nearly truncate, a transverse tubercle between the antenn»

and the scape in front testaceous, spire entirely black, pronotum with

a ferruginous band not extending to its posterior angles, anterior

angles slightly produced and sharp, tegule ferruginous, wings smoky,

especially along the costal margin, scutellum slightly raised, post-

scutellum nearly perpendicular, ferruginous, slightly concave and

very shining, sides of the propodeum obtusely angled, its concavity

dull, diagonally striate, widely channelled, with a narrow longi-

tudinal carina running along the bottom of the channel—legs

408 Mr. E. Saunders on

testaceous femora black at the base, intermediate cox each bearing

a black, slender, nearly straight spine. Abdomen slightly shining

very finely rugulose with the first segment clothed with hairs as the

thorax, the rest glabrous, all the segments bearing broad bisinuate

apical testaceous bands, the bands of the 1st and 2nd segments so

produced at the sides towards the base, as to leave a square black

central emargination, segments beneath very finely and closely

punctured, 2nd with a free testaceous spot on each side in some

specimens, often wanting.

@ (2) The female which I associate with the ¢ has exactly similar

bands on the abdomen, and is very similar otherwise, with the

exception that the scutellum is ferruginous except at its extreme

base and that the sides of the propodeum have the angles rather

produced but obtuse and widely yellow and the 2nd segment of the

abdomen beneath is nearly entirely ferruginous, shining, and rather

obsoletely punctured, there is also a testaceous line on the lower

internal orbit of the eye and a large spot behind nearly on the vertex

scarcely indicated in the ¢ and a spot on the mesopleura under

the wing.

Long. 10-12 mm.

gf 4. Bone, 20, iv, 96. (4. # &.)

é 3. ,, foot-path and river bank by the Bon

Djemma, 24, ui, 96. (4. #. £#)

2 1. Médéa, hill north of railway along the edge of the

enclosure on the west side, on Hryngiwin

triquetrum, 27, vi, 93. (A. #. £.)

ODYNERUS (Hoplopus) VARIEGATUS, Fab.

° 4, Constantine, 15, 16, vi, 98. (# D. dL)

OpyYNERUS (Hoplopus) ANGUSTIOR, Nn. sp.

Angustus, parce griseo-hirsutus niger, scapo antennarum antice

flavo, flagello toto nigro, clypeo, tuberculo transverso inter antennas,

prothoraceque antice flavis, scutello nigro, immaculato, post-scutello

flavo, plano, sub-levi, basi solo punctato, abdominis segmentis

apicibus late flavo-fasciatis, subtus segmento secundo crebre et minute

punctato, punctis majoribus intermixtis.

d- Black, clypeus, labrum, a line along the anterior lower orbit of

the eyeand a spot behind theeye yellow, antenne with theseape in front

yellow, otherwise entirely black. Thorax with the anterior margin

of the pronotum, the colour widened at the sides but not produced

to the posterior angles, the tegule and post-scutellum testaceous,

abdomen with a wide, angularly emarginate band on the basal

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Aigeria. 409

segment, a wide nearly straight band on the 2nd and a very slightly

bi-sinuate band on the 3rd to 6th testaceous, These bands are

all continuous on the ventral segments. Legs testaceous yellow,

base of the anterior femora above, about three-fifths of the inter-

mediate femora above, and the posterior femora, except at the apex,

black.

Head and thorax closely and rugosely punctured, clothed with short

greyish white hairs, clypeus deeply and semicircularly emarginate,

pronotum rather produced at the sides and sharply angulated, post-

seutellum shining, propodeum very declivous, its sides rounded, not

much excavated posteriorly, the sides of the excavation irregularly

and diagonally striate, wings-nearly hyaline, but smoky along the

costal margins, nerves and stigma dark brown, abdomen coarsely and

irregularly punctured on the basal segment, finely but irregularly on

the second, finely closely and regularly on the rest, beneath closely

and finely punctured throughout, and with a larger (but still rather

fine) puncturation scattered over the surface—observable chiefly on

the 2nd and 3rd segments—legs simple.

Long. 9 mm.

Aslenderer species than usual but bearing no very marked

characters, its entirely black flagellum combined with the

wide abdominal bands separate it from any other species I

can find described.

gee iskra, 215 it, 95," (Can ee 2)

ae 23, 11, 97 on Tamarix. (A. #. Ff.)

at) Bone? - Tv 9G. Ce EE.)

ODYNERUS (Ancistrocerus) ATROPOS, Lep.

f? 2. Biskra, sandy banks bordering the fallow

near the market garden by the river and

railway near kilométre 199, 17, ii, 94,

ft 4,2 4. Biskra, near the Barrage, 22, 11i—iv, 97.

“Makes a curved. tubular portico to its

burrow with irregular elougate longitudinal

loopholes ; tube 18 mm. long and 3°5 mm,

external diameter.”

In one $ there are 6 submarginal cells in the right

wing and 4 in the left, all the other specimens have the

normal 3. <A character observable in the 2 which does not

appear to have been noticed in descriptions is that the

clypeus is practically 3-dentate—as there is a very small

tooth in the centre of the emargination.

410 Mr. E. Saunders on

ODYNERUS (Ancistrocerus) PARIETUM, Linn.

Various localities; Biskra; Bone; Algiers; Azazga,

alt. 1,900 ft. (4. # #. and F. D. IL)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) CHLOROTICUS, Spin.

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) EGREGIUS, H. Sff.

O10 Biskray 22 av O72 Cae ee)

OUP tents og hy AOR eee eee)

21. Médéa, 28, vi, 93. (4. #. #.)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) SAUSSUREI, André,

21,92. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18-22, vi, 97.

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) DANTICI, Rossi.

gf 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18, v, 93. (A. #. £.)

2 . Tizi-Ouzou,on Zizyphus lotus, 14, vi, 93. (A. L. £.)

2. Constantine, on Ferula scabra, 22, v, and 2,

vi, 95.. (A. # £)

ik, he on Zizyphus lotus, 15, v, 97. (A. #. #.)

1. Bone, 25, vu, 97. (A. #. £.)

2; PG. Biskra, 13, v-10, vi, 98. (#. D. I)

1. Philippeville, 20, vi, 98. (#. D. M)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) BIDENTATUS, Lep.

¢@ 1. Biskra, railway, near kilométre 199, 31, iii, 94.

(A. #. E.)

a IP i Fontaine Chaude, on Tamarix paucé-

ovulata, 19, iv, 94. J.Gay MS. (4. # #.)

Bul. is ridge of hills north-east of Hamman-es-

Salahin, visits Serula vesceritensis,

5, 1V, 95.0) (Ane)

be, ky visiting Antirrhinum vranosissimum

21,11, 07 Arn es

el 5 on Moricandia arvensis, 12, iv, 97

(A. EB)

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 411

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) SPECULARIS, n. sp.

O. bidentato colore assimilis minus hirsutus, post-scutello arcte

elevato, crista media subdentata, postice perpendiculari, nitidissimo,

propodeo linea dorsali ad basin explanata nitidissima, lateribus

utrinque bi-angulatis, squamis magnis subquadratis.

Group of dantici and allied to bidentatus, Lep.

¢ - Black, clothed with short grey hairs, those on the head and front

of the thorax rather longer. Head and thorax rugosely punctured,

clypeus and labrum flavous, punctured, the former deeply and semi-

circularly emarginate, clothed with silvery pubescence, mandibles

testaceous, brown at the apex, a spot between the antenne, the lower

anterior orbits of the eyes, a spot behind each eye, and the first two

antennal joints flavo-ferrugineous, apical joints of the antenne

including the recurved hook testaceous, at least beneath ; pronotum,

except its posterior angles, the tegule, two transverse spots along

the apex of the scutellum, and a spot on each side of the propodeum

along the lateral margin yellow, anterior margin of the pronotum

very slightly produced in the centre, its angles slightly prominent

and rectangular, tegule punctured, wings including nerves anteriorly

and on the apical half, suffused with brown colour becoming yellower

towards the base, post-scutellum sharply elevated with a shining

semi-circular area on its perpendicular posterior side, scarcely

erenulate, but with a slight central tooth, propodeum angulated at

the sides with a strong emargination beneath the larger angle,

depression rugosely punctured, but with a very bright shining sub-

triangular central space meeting the shining area of the post-scutellum,

apical scales very large and subquadrate ; abdomen thinly clothed

with fine grey pubescence, giving it a greyish look in some lights,

tugosely punctured, all the segments with broad yellow trisinuate

apical bands, that on the first segment very wide, only leaving a

sub-triangular black spot at the base; beneath shining, strongly

punctured, with a band on the second and third segments only, basal

crenatures of the second segment long and well developed, legs yellow,

coxx and trochanters black, all the former spotted with yellow in front.

Long. 13-14 mm.

¢@ 1. Biskra, to the north of railway, kilométre 199,

4.30-6 p.m., on Teucriura polium, 28, v,

94. (A. #. £.)

$1. 4, on Echinops spinosus. (A. EL. £.)

I have described the bands, etc. of this species as

yellow, as they are evidently discoloured in both my

examples.

412 Mr. E. Saunders on

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) BLANCHARDIANUS, Sauss.

ahs Tart) 27, vi, 26:1 A eee)

f 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 15, 17, v, 97. (A. £. £.)

f 1. Bone, on Luphorbia paralias, 7, vii, 97. (A. £. #.)

fl. 4, 4, Mentha rotundifolia, 10, vii, 97. (A. #. £.)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) sp. (?)

9 1. Biskra, on Tamarix, 28, iv, 97. (A. #. #,)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) sp. (2)

2 1. Bone, 10, vi, 96. (4. #. £.)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) TRIPUNCTATUS, Fab.

2 1. Biskra, on Amma visnaga, 24, v, 97. (A. #. £.)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) REGULUS, Sauss.

? 3. Bone, on Luphorbia paralias, 7 and 23, viii, 97.

(ALE)

a1. 4 ,, Bubus discolor, 13\-vin, 97. (A. 2. 2.)

f1. 4, 5, Mentha rotundifolia, 10, vii, 97.. (A. #. £.)

Ol. ,, ,, Juncus acutus, 25, vii, 97. (A. #. £.)

f 1. La Calle, 4, vii, 96. (A. #. Ff.)

d 1, Biskra, ‘7, 1v, Of: (CA)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) EATONI, n. sp.

Citrinus, glaber, fortiter punctatus, capitis vertice, mesonoto,

sternis, et propodei postice macula centrali nigris; abdominis

segmentis primo et secundo nigro maculatis, tegulis magnis, valde

punctatis.

Bright citron yellow, glabrous, very largely punctured, head in

both sexes with only the vertex black, clypeus narrowly emarginate

and bidentate, antennz sometimes darker towards the apex,

apical recurved joint in the ¢ very small; thorax with the

mesonotum, except a quadrate spot in front of the scutellum, and

the sterna black, propodeum black with its sides yellow, tegule

large very strongly and closely punctured, wings very slightly

dusky rather more so along the costal margin, nervures brown, post-

scutellum slightly raised and crenulated, sides of the propodeum

rounded and crenulated, apical scale produced above into a long sharp

‘

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 413

spine ; abdomen closely but not quite so coarsely punctured as the

head and thorax, posterior margin of the Ist segment very slightly

and of the 2nd very distinctly raised, a spot on the apical margin

of the first segment, a transverse spot on the disk of the 2nd towards

the apex black, apical segments sometimes more or less infuscate ;

beneath with the 2nd segment convex, its basal costs rather long

but not very strongly developed, legs with the cox at the base

black.

Long. 8 mm.

A very distinct species by the strongly punctured

tegule, the peculiar coloration, somewhat resembling

chloroticus, and the long spines of the apical scales of the

propodeum.

$1, 24, Biskra, cornlands bordering the route des

Zibans, on Ammi visnaga, 10.30 am. and

1-3 p.m., 18 and 24, v, 98. (A. #. £.)

¢ 2. Biskra, outskirts of the oasis, 17 and 19, v,

Of (ALE ES

ods. 5... Biskra,»5, v=9, vi, 98. (Ch. D117)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) DOURSH, Sauss.

¢ 1. Constantine, visitng Marubium vulgare, 29, v, 95.

(A. EB. EB)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) PONTEBH, Sauss.

f 1. Médéa, 28, vi, 98. (4. # #)

g¢ 1. Constantine, 18, vi, 98. (/ D. IL)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) PARVULUS, Lep.

Numerous specimens of both sexes from Biskra, Le Tarf,

Hippone, Bone, frequently on Ammi visnaga, iv—

vill. (A. #. #. and & D. J.)

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) BISPINOSUS, Lep.

9 2. Biskra, 28, v, 3, vi, 98. (A. #. #.)

gl.” Algiers) 13) 1v,798, (F. D! AL)

2 1. Constantine, 17, vi, 98. (/ D. I)

2 1. Biskra, 24, v, 98. (/ D. I)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.) 28

414 Mr. E. Saunders on

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) HANNIBAL, Sauss.

¢@ 1. Constantine, entering a snail shell “on busi-

ness,” 16, v, 95. (A. #. #.)

df 2,91. Biskra, visiting flowers of Tamarix brachystylis,

4 and 8, iv, 95. (A. # #)

24,94. 4, visiting flowers of Tamarix brachystylis,

29, in, 18,40, Or (a, Ae

Ovens fp SLD eo oa ee ir)

2 1. Constantine, 18, vi, 98. (Ff. D. IL)

ODYNERUS (ZLionotus) ALPESTRIS, Sauss.

2 1. Biskra, Fontaine Chaude, 4, iv, 94. (4. #. #.)

Sa hs visiting Moricandia arvensis, 25, ii, 95.

(A. #. £.)

Oran e § visiting Antirrhinum ramosissimum, 1

and 21, 11,97. (4. #. #)

21. Bone, visiting Huphorbia paralias, 23, viii, 97.

(A. #. £.

ODYNERUS (Lionotus) FLORICOLA, Sauss.

92. Bone. 6, vii, 96, and 29, vii, 97. (A. #, #.)

$9. Algiers, 22 and 30, iv, 98. (/ D. JL.)

G1. Le Tarf. 26, vii; 965 (42s

ODYNERUS (Lionotus), sp. (2)

G1. Biskra and Oued Biskra, above the Barrage,

amongst Z'amarix scrub, 4,iv, 97. (A. #. £.)

This male is peculiar in having the claw joints of the

intermediate and posterior tarsi black.

ODYNERUS (Lionotus), sp. (?)

9 2. Biskra,a little above the Barrage, amongst Tamarix,

30, iv, O0.* CA, eee

nL , between the railway and the scrub border-

ing the pasture, 10, v, 97. (A. #. £.)

This may prove to be the 2 of the preceding, but the

tarsi are entirely pale, and both my specimens are much

discoloured; they are very closely allied to floricola, but

the post-scutellum is slightly raised and the mesopleurz

are not carinated under the yellow spot as in that species.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 415

OpYNERUuS (Lionotus), sp. (?)

? 1. Constantine, on Jnwla viscosa, 9, x, 93. (A. #. E.)

9 1. Philippeville, 20, vi, 98. (Ff. D. J.)

Apparently only differing from the preceding by having

the pronotal emargination narrower.

These three species are so closely allied that I do not

feel that it would be safe on the material before me to

describe them as new.

ODYNERUS (Microdynerus) PEDUNCULATUS, 0. sp.

Niger, flavo rufoque ornatus ; segmento primo abdominali maris

petiolato (Eumeniformi), foeminz forma consueta, in utroque sexu

plus minus rufotestaceo, apice flavo fasciato,segmento secundo nigro

fascia apicali pallida, ipso apice membranaceo, punctorum serie

impressa,

Black, head and thorax shining, strongly punctured, face entirely

clothed with silvery hairs in the ¢ ; mandibles piceous in the ¢,

fulvo-testaceous in the ? , clypeus white in the ¢ except at the apex.

Scape of the antenne in front white in the ¢, fulvo-testaceous in the

¢, recurved apical joint in the ¢ testaceous, terminating in a black

knob, reaching to the base of the 11th joint, which is testaceous

beneath, the very short 12th joint being entirely of that colour.

Anterior margin of the pronotum truncate, with an entire narrow

pale band in the ¢, two spots in the 9, angles nearly right angles,

sides of the pronotum nearly parallel, very long in the Q ; tegule

whitish in the ¢, fulvo-testaceous in the 9, wings slightly smoky,

darker along the costa and in the radial cell, scutellum nearly square

in the 2 and fulvo-testaceous at the apex, transverse in the ¢, with

two apical pale spots, post-scutellum black in the ¢, concolorous

with the scutellum in the 2, propodeum black with a strong central

impression, its sides clothed with silvery hairs, the impression

shining in the @, sides of the propodeum gradually converging

towards the apex in the male and terminating in two rather long

pale spines which somewhat embrace the petiole of the body, sides

much more rounded in the 9, the spines short, and further apart

not conspicuously pale, but piceous in colour, propodeal scales small,

not spinose ; abdomen slightly shining, punctured and clothed with

greyish, very fine pubescence, with the basal segment fulvo-testaceous

in both sexes, very narrow and petiolate in the ¢, of ordinary form

in the 2, the extreme apex with a pale whitish band, in the ¢ the

base of the segment is black, and the apical margin is raised, callose,

416 Mr. E. Saunders on

and densely fringed posteriorly with very short fine white hairs,

second segment with a pale apical band beyond which is a mem-

branous appendix, which in the ¢ bears a row of elongate

punctures ; beneath with the second segment more shining than the

rest and strongly punctured, with the apex pale as on the upper-side.

Legs fulvo-testaceous, paler in the ¢, extreme base of the femora

piceous.

Long. 7-8 mm.

91. Biskra, near railway, kilométre 199, in the scrub

between the fringe of reeds and the farm mule-track,

DOA OTs p(t Lede)

$1,¢91. The same place, 25, iv, 97. (A. #. £)

The ¢ and 2 are so different in form that I feel great

diffidence in uniting them, at the same time their colours

are so similar and the locality identical that I hope I

have done right; the 2 is of the ordinary form of a

Microdynerus, but the $ more resembles those species of

the minutus group, with constricted petioles, cruentatus,

eatont, etc., but is much more elongate.

POLISTES.

Of this widely-distributed genus, numerous specimens

have been brought home by Messrs. Eaton and Morice,

all of which belong to the gallica group—but the

majority are females which in the present state of our

knowledge cannot be referred for certainty to their

respective males. Dr. F. F. Kohl (Ann. d. K. K. Naturhist,

Hofinuseums, Wien, Band xii, 1898, p. 87, taf. 111)

describes and figures the males of five species of this group,

which appear to be easily distinguishable, and of these

Mr. Eaton has brought home two.

22 are recorded from Biskra, Bone, Médéa, and Mustapha

Supérieur. (A. #. #. and F. D. M.)

PoLISTES DUBIA, Kohl.

2? 2. Biskra, in the grounds of Chateau Landon, and in

the fields between that and The Negro Village, on Amma

visnaga, 24, v, 93 ;“ eyes” in life “ subolivaceous.” (A. #. £.)

POLISTES FG@DERATA, Kohl.

g1. Bone, near the Plage, 28, xi, 93. (A. # £.)

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. 417

VESPA GERMANICA, F.

gf 1. Constantine, 12, xi. 94.

9 1. Mustapha Supérieur, 25, 1, 93.

01. Colonne Voirol, 4, v, 98.

O 1. Médéa, 1, vu, 93.

This is the only species of Vespa sent home.

g% ue

a a Ven ws

( 419 )

XXIV. On the Ichnewmonidous Growp Tryphonides schizo-

donti, Holmer., with Descriptions of New Species,

By CLAUDE Mor ey, F.E.S.

[Read December 6th, 1905.]

THESE injurious parasites have upon several occasions

come before the notice of our Society. Thomas Desvignes

published (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1862, pp. 215-222) descriptions

of ten supposedly new species of the genus Bassus, unfor-

tunately with no knowledge that Holmeren had previously

brought out (Sv. Ak. Handl.,1855, pp.353-371) an elaborate

revision of the group, wherein all such species, indicated

by the former, as had been unknown to Gravenhorst (Ichn.

Europ., 1829, pp. 310-357) are fully dealt with. Desvignes’

names have ever since remained unsynonymized, a mere

encumbrance to catalogues, and it is only now that they

are for the first time relegated to their true positions.

Bridgman also described five supposititiously new species

in our Transactions (1882, p. 161; 1883, p. 170; 1886,

pp. 364-5 ; 1887, p. 875), of which there are still three

considered to be good. No reliable mention of British

representatives of this group was made till the publication

in 1856 of Desvignes’ “Catalogue of British Ichneumonide,”

wherein are recorded eighteen Gravenhorstian and one

new species. Of these, B. rufipes is no more than a variety

of B. biguttatus, and B. insignis of B. exultans; the same

author’s paper of 1862 added four species under preoccupied

names, leaving the total at twenty-one kinds. In 1870

the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s “Ichneumonidum Britannicorum

Catalogus” enumerated thirty-nine species, of which

thirteen are now regarded as synonyms. Kirchner’s

“Catalogus Hymenopterorum Kurop” of 1867 mentions

sixty-two kinds, among which, however, at least twenty-

four are synonyms and three of the Fabrician titles apper-

tain to other groups. In 1872, the Entomological Society

published “A Catalogue of British Hymenoptera,” which

has ever since, though now sadly obsolete, been the basis-

list of entomophagous work in Britain. In it we find

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.)

4.20 Mr. Claude Morley on the

Bassus rufiventris incorrectly placed in the genus Poly-

blastus, and Desvignes’ names are still treated as valid ;

the number of species is placed at forty, though thirteen

of these are now considered synonymous. ‘To these I was

enabled to compile nine additions, in the paper I had the

honour of reading before you on March 6th, 1901, which

brought the actual total to thirty-six indigenous species.

The palearctic fauna now includes little more than sixty

species (a few of which I do not know), and of these I am

herein able to add eight to our catalogue, and to describe

four kinds which appear to be new.

PHTHORIMUS ANOMALUS, Sp. Nn.

Head not narrowed posteriorly, entirely black and subglabrous

with the strongly pilose maxillary palpi apically white; vertex

posteriorly entire; frons nitidulous, shortly pilose, sparsely and

obsoletely punctulate, centrally subcarinate with the scrobes large

and glabrous ; face strongly nitidulous; epistoma somewhat convex

and distinctly disereted from the short, broad, apically strongly

emarginate clypeus by a straight fossa which is laterally produced

upwards to the orbits ; cheeks much shorter than basal width of the

stout and laterally margined mandibles. Antenne short, not reaching

beyond apex of thorax; black with the pedicellus pale above;

flagellum possessing about nineteen joints, ferrugineous beneath with

apices of the joints subnodulose and infuscate ; apical joint conical

and obtuse. Thorax strongly nitidulous, immaculate ; mesonotum

anteriorly subconvex, evenly and finely punctate, with distinct

notauli ; mesopleurz sparsely and evenly punctate, basally impressed

in the centre; metathorax very strongly and evenly punctate with

the petiolar area subobsolete and spiracles circular ; areola glabrous,

parallel-sided and twice longer than broad, with lateral costze dis-

tinct, but costula: wanting ; metapleuree sparsely pilose. Scutellum

black, hardly convex, nitidulous and obsoletely punctate ; post-

scutellum very small. Abdomen longer than head and thorax,

immaculate, very strongly and evenly punctate throughout, with

only the apices of the segments glabrous, and broadest at the apex

of the first ; second segment with distinct thyridii ; terebra exserted,

as long as the abdomen, with spicula flavous and strongly acuminate

apically, valvule black and very strongly setiferous-pilose through-

out. Legs clear red with all the coxe and basal joint of trochanters

black, with all the apical tarsal joints infuscate ; hind metatarsi,

except apically, flavescent and four times longer than their con-

Ichneumonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 421

colorous ecalearia; tarsi not longer than the tibiz, of which the hind

pair is very slightly intumescent before the flavescent base. Wings

hyaline with the stigma luteous, tegule and base of costa pale

flavous ; areolet sessile, twice broader than long ; nervellus opposite

and intercepted distinctly below the centre.

Length,6 mm. (Terebra,4mm.) @ only.

There can be no doubt that this anomalous species,

from the conformation of the mandibles and spatulately

compressed abdomen, belongs to this genus as set forth by

Thomson (Opusc. Ent., xiv, 1474); and perhaps also to

Phthorima, Forst. (Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1868, p. 162), but the

latter’s diagnosis is too short and he presents no type. It

is closely allied to P. compressus, Desy., but differs abund-

antly in the posteriorly broader head, distinct notauli,

the metathoracic structure, abdominal puncturation,

strongly exserted terebra and very much broader areolet.

The Rev. F. D. Morice took a single specimen at Long-

cross, on June 17th, 1904; the type is in my collection.

PROMETHUS DODSI, sp. n.

Black ; legs, scutellum, post-scutellum and centre of abdomen

broadly, red; antennze beneath, part of the face and of the mouth

flavous ; mesonotum closely and coarsely punctate, dull ; antenne

as long as the body ; clypeus bifoveolate.

Length, 6 mm. ¢.

This species is so closely allied to P. scwtellaris, Bridg.,

as to require no detailed description. Therefrom it differs

in its twice longer antenne (which possess twenty-four,

not twenty-two, joints), its bifoveate clypeus which is sub-

dentately produced apically in the centre and distinctly

impressed transversely before the base; in its dull and

coriaceously punctate mesonotum, distinct and discally

coalesced notauli, strongly transverse areola; in the broadly

flavous facial orbits, entirely rufescent clypeus, apically

black epistoma, the antennz entirely flavidous beneath,

darker scutellum and red _post-scutellum, immaculate

trochanters, testaceous stigma; and in having the abdomen

and especially its basal segment stouter, with segments

three, four, base of the fifth and. apex of the second entirely

clear red, the last-mentioned being striolate from its base

nearly to its apex. In the dull and confluently punctate

mesonotum it resembles P. pulchellus, from which the

422 Mr. Claude Morley on the

entirely pale cox and scutellum, as also the clypeal

structure, at once distinguish it.

Taken by Dr. Capron, probably in Surrey; the type is

in my collection.

Uxort mihi hoc insectum dicatum volo.

HOMOPORUS NIGER, sp. n.

Head as broad as thorax, closely and finely punctate, somewhat

dull; black with face, mouth except apices of mandibles, frontal

orbits and the cheeks shortly, stramineous ; vertex narrow and not

posteriorly emarginate ; frons strongly canaliculate centrally and the

epistoma subdeplanate ; clypeus convex, apically margined, evenly

rounded and hardly emarginate apically in the centre ; cheeks as

long as breadth of mandibles at their base. Antenne slightly longer

than head and thorax, filiform, black above, scape and pedicellus

stramineous and flagellum ferrugineous beneath. Thorax stout,

somewhat nitidulous, strongly and evenly but not confluently

punctate ; notauli anteriorly wanting, though traceable from the

proad and hamate pale line before the wing to the subdeplanate disc

of the mesonotum ; dots beneath both pairs of wings as well as

before the anterior pair pale, as also is the mesosternum anteriorly ;

metathorax scabriculous, with the lateral cost, petiolar and sub-

quadrate basal areze entire. Scutellum strongly deplanate, black ;

deeply and evenly but not confluently punctate. Abdomen sub-

parallel-sided, entirely black ; the two basal segments coarsely and

confluently punctate, with their ventral plica dull testaceous ; the

first basally bicarinate nearly to its centre and the second basally

irregularly striolate; the third segment basally scabrous, apically

(with the following) nitidulous, obsoletely punctate and pilose ;

sixth apically truncate and not compressed, the two last incon-

spicuous and hardly exserted. Legs clear fulvous ; all the coxe and

trochanters clear stramineous with the hind coxe basally black ;

hind tarsi not infuseate, with calcaria one-third the length of their basal

joint. Wings normal, radix stramineous, stigma fulvous ; areolet

sessile with the outer nervure sub-obsolete ; nervellus sub-opposite

and intercepted below its centre.

Length,i mm. ¢ only.

This species is certainly allied to H. brevicornis, Thoms.

(only known in the ¢ sex), and it is just possible that it

may represent its male, though differing in the short

petiolar caring, posteriorly entire vertex, entirely pale

stigma, substriate second segment and the colour of the

Ichneumonidous Growp Tryphonides schizodonti. 423

legs. At first I had thought it possibly the unknown f

of H. longipes, Holmgr., to which the colour of the legs is

more nearly referable, but the comparatively short antenne,

entirely black abdomen and fulvous hind tarsi seem to

preclude such a situation. In its distinct metathoracic

are, it appears related with the Aniarophron-group, with

which, however, it has no other character in common.

I swept this species from rank herbage in Wroxham

Broad in the evening of June 14th, 1901; the typé is in

my collection.

HOMOPORUS REFLEXUS, sp. n.

Head closely and confluently punctate, dull, black; vertex not

broad, posteriorly entire ; frons centrally distinctly, but not deeply,

canaliculate ; face coriaceously punctate somewhat broader apically,

with the epistoma a little convex and quadrately pale in the centre ;

clypeus testaceous, deplanate, not laterally elevated, but with the

apical margin entire and strongly reflexed ; palpi and base of the

stout mandibles flavescent, latter slightly broader than the length of

the cheeks. Antennz longer than head and thorax, and slightly

pilose, filiform, entirely black with the apices of the seven basal

flagellar joints subnodulose. Thorax black, with a hamate line and

a dot before with a longitudinal callosity beneath the front wings,

and the basal margin of the mesopleurz flavous ; mesothorax some-

what nitidulous, finely and evenly punctate throughout with the

notauli entirely wanting ; metathorax evenly scabriculous throughout

with minute circular spiracles, and the apex centrally substrigose

between two broad and shallow fovee. Scutellum subdeplanate,

evenly and closely punctate, somewhat nitidulous, with the apical

margin, together with that of the post-scutellum, transversely flavidous,

Abdomen elongate-oval, immaculate, centrally as broad as thorax,

finely alutaceous and dull, becoming nitidulous towards the slightly

compressed anus ; basal segment quadrate, laterally marginate with

no carinw, the following transverse with the second obsoletely

aciculate at its base ; terebra reflexed. Legs clear red, with the tibia

and front tarsi testaceous; the hind tibiz becoming gradually

nigrescent from centre to apex, and theirtarsi entirely and the anterior

at the apex, black ; hind calcaria testaceous and not reaching centre

of the metatarsus. Wings hyaline, with tegule white, stigma

testaceous ; areolet subpetiolate, broad with the outer nervure well

defined ; nervellus a little postfurcal and intercepted only slightly

below the centre.

Length, 6} mm. @ only.

4.2.4 Mr. Claude Morley on the

From all the other members of the genus bearing an

areolet and no petiolar carine, the present is very distinct

in its apically entire and strongly reflexed clypeus. The

alutaceous abdomen, thoracic coloration and general con-

formation ally it with H. crassicrus, Thoms., from which it

is sufficiently distinct in its clypeal and vertical structure,

canaliculate frons, apically explanate face, the antennz

entirely and scutellum laterally immaculate, the intercep-

tion of the nervellus, acutely margined basal segment, the

dull testaceous hind tibize and abdominal plica.

The type, which is in my collection, was taken by

Dr. Capron probably in Surrey; I also took this species

in a greenhouse at Ryde in the Isle of Wight in

August 1902.

Homoporus INcIsus, Thoms. ~.

Its author only knew the female of this species ; the male differs

in nothing but size and coloration. Epistoma, clypeus and mouth

excepting apices of mandibles, stramineous, orbits and cheeks

immaculate : a broad subhamate line before and a callosity beneath

the front-wings, with the basal margin of the mesopleure stramineous;

apices of scutellum and of post-scutellum, with the sides of the

former somewhat broadly flavous ; legs pale red with all the coxe

and trochanters, and the hind tibiz (except at their extreme base

and apex), whitish ; abdomen subparallel-sided, broadest behind

the centre.

Length, 54 mm.

A SYNOPSIS OF THE PALAARCTIC BASSIDES.

(2). 1. Metathoracic spiracles large and

pale ; scutellar fovea costate. TRICHOMASTIX.

(1). 2. Metathoracic spiracles small and

immaculate ; scutellar fovea

simple.

(8). 3. Face dull and punctate, not dis-

tinctly impressed longitudi-

nally.

(5). 4. Notauli deeply impressed ; scape

excised to its centre . . . ZOOTREPHUS.

—

. Notauli obsolete; scape not

deeply excised.

Ichneumonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 42:

(7).

(2).

(1).

a os

6. Anterior segments transversely

impressed ; tibia white ...

7. Anterior segments not impressed

or tibiz not white

8. Face shining and sah pleest

bicarinate lloeetea eee!

9. Areolet wanting; abdomen not

entirely black.

Areolet present ; abdomen Wino

and spatulately compressed .

TRICHOMASTIX, Voll.

A large black, shining species,

with legs red; scutellum

laterally white

ZooTREPHUS, Thoms.

1. Flagellum 18-jointed; anus

broadly black; metathorax

more rugose ae

2. Flagellum pe eialed: anus

* narrowly black ; metathorax

less rugose .

Bassus, Fab.

1. Anterior cox not entirely pale ;

abdomen rarely red-marked.

2. Hind coxe red ; basal segment

apically pure white . ;

3. All the coxe black ; basal seg-

ment not white-marked.

4, Apex of hind tibize black ; 2

epistoma white-marked

5. Apex of hind tibiz ferrugin-

eous; 2 epistoma immaculate

6. Anterior coxze entirely pale ;

abdomen usually centrally red.

7. All the cox pale.

8. Abdomen not broadly red cen-

trally ; hind tibiz bicolored .

9, Abdomen broadly red centrally;

hind tibiz tricolored :

10. Hind cox basally black ; cen-

tral segments red-banded .

Bassus.

Homoporus.

PROMETHUS.

PHTHORIMUS.

1. flavipes, Holmgr.

. rufiwentris, Grav.

. holmgreni, Bridg.

. albosignatus, Grav.

. varicoxa, Thoms.

. annulatus, Grav.

. tricinctus, Grav.

. letatorius, Fab.

. multicolor, Grav.

426

. Notauli wanting ;

Mr. Claude Morley on the

Homororvus, Thoms.

. Areolet wanting (?SyRPHOCcTO-

nus, Forst.).

. Metathoracic arez not entirely

wanting.

. Second segment transverse ;

anus often somewhat dull.

. Basal area distinct and entire ;

hind tibiz not white.

g; scutellum

pale.

. Femora entirely, abdomen not

broadly, red’ < weve) ee.

. Femora basally black ; abdomen

usually broadly red .

. Notauli distinct; scutellum

black.

. Hind femora black ; orbits

alone pale .

. Hind femora red ; face im-

maculate

. Basal area obsolete ; hind tibiz

white.

. Scutellum, and often the meso-

notum and pleure, red

. Scutellum centrally black, apex

or also the sides flavous

. Second segment quadrate ; anus

strongly nitidulous.

. Clypeus convex; antenne

shorter than expanded wings

. Clypeus deplanate ; antennez

as long as expanded wings.

. Coxe red; epistoma immacu-

late ; second segment striolate

. Coxee black ; epistoma pale ;

second segment not striolate .

. Metathoracic aree entirely

wanting.

. Scutellum subtumidous, im-

maculate

. Scutellum normal, nearly

always pale.

1. cinetus, Grav.

2. bizonarius, Grav.

3. graculus, Grav.

4. brevitarsis, Thoms.

5. pectoratorius, Gr.

6. alpinus, Holmer.

7. caudatus, Thoms.

8. longipes, Holmgr.

9. punctiventris, Th.

10. borealis, Holmgr.

Ichneumonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 42

(29).

(28).

(27).

(26).

(25).

(24),

(23).

(22),

(1).

(60).

(41).

(36).

(35).

(34).

(33).

(40).

(39).

(38).

Ci).

(56).

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32,

. 42,

43.

Vertex of head more or less

emarginate.

Scutellum only partly pale;

hind tibie usually black

with base white.

Meso-humeral marks, and usu-

ally the epistomal, wanting.

Metathorax not apically red

Metathorax apically red .

Meso-humeral marks, and the

epistoma always pale

Scutellum entirely pale ; hind

tibizw red with apex black

Vertex of head not emarginate ;

scutellum laterally pale

Areolet present or abdomen

broadly fulvous.

Abdomen with no segment

entirely red; hind tibiz

usually white.

Petiolar carinz distinct and

usually elongate ; tibize not

mainly white.

. Hind tibiz basally white.

. Petiolar carinz parallel .

. Petiolar carine divergent

(?ENIZEMUM, Forst.)

. Hind tibiz not white-marked.

. Clypeus not apically excised ;

scutellum black ; areolet weak.

. Anterior cox and hind tarsi

black.

. Anterior coxs and hind tarsi

| ft) Ee chee

. Clypeus apically excised ; scu-

tellum pale ; areolet strong .

. Petiolarcarine shortor wanting ;

hind tibize usually mainly

white (? HomoTROPUS, Forst.)

Scutellum not entirely pale, nor

the second segment strongly

elongate.

Scutellum of normal size and

convexity.

11. biguttatus, Gray.

12. abdominator, Bridg.

13. favolineatus, Gr

14. tarsatorius, Panz,

15. fissorius, Grav.

16. ornatus, Grav.

17. deplanatus, Grav.

18. brevicornis, Thoms.

19. niger, Morl.

20. sundevalli, Holmer.

. 64.

BOD:

Mr. Claude Morley

. Clypeus apically reflexed and

entire

. Clypeus apically fom reflemed

nor entire.

. Clypeus apically strongly ex-

cised and laterally elevated

: Clypeus apically emarginateand

not laterally elevated.

. Clypeus laterally foveate.

. Hind tibize basally infuscate.

. Scutellum apically white; 9

flagellum red .

51. Scutellum usually dssevallly

white ; ? flagellum black

. Hind tibia often externally,

though hardly basally, in-

fuscate .

. Clypeus not frau patie

. Hind tibiz normal and basally

infuscate . .

. Hind tibiz stout and na asalty,

infuscate

. Scutellum large and FORE

strongly convex.

. Metathorax rugulose ; second

segment longitudinally stri-

gOSe .- 8

. Metathorax Gnely, punctate ;

second segment not strigose .

. Scutellum entirely pale ; second

segment strongly elongate

. Abdomennearly always broadly

red centrally; tibiz not

white.

. Scutellum not entirely black or

basal segments scabrous.

. Scutellum at most apically pale;

second segment punctate .

. Scutellum mainly pale ; second

segment subglabrous.

Areolet present ; ‘second seg-

ment elongate pene

Areolet wanting ; second seg-

ment transverse

22.

30.

the

. reflecus, Morl.

incisus, Thoms.

. ruficornis, Holmer.

. pumilus, Holmer.

. dimidiatus, Schr.

. longiventris, Thoms.

. crassicrus, Thoms.

. strigator, Fab.

. megaspis, Thoms.

. xanthaspis, Thoms,

. elegans, Grav.

. pallidipes, Grav.

pulcher, Holmer.

Ichneumonidous Growp Tryphonides schizodonti. 429

(61). 66.

(68). 67.

(67). 68,

(12). 1.

(7), 2:

(Gio

(5). 4.

(4). 5.

(3).

(2).

(11). 8

(10). 9.

(9). 10.

-~I &

(8). 11

(1). 12.

(14), 13.

(13). 14.

(16). 15.

(15). 16.

(18). 17.

(19), 218:

(20). 19.

(19). 20.

Scutellum entirely black ; basal

segments not scabrous (? ANIA-

ROPHRON, Forst.)

All the cox pale ; areolet pre-

sent . .

Hind coxee Pact pldek's areo-

let wanting “ss.

34, signatus, Grav.

35. hygrobius, Thoms.

PrRomETHUS, Thoms.

All the coxe pale; petiolar area

not coarsely sculptured.

Scutellum pale.

Abdomen broadly red centrally.

Mesonotum dull; second seg-

ment mainly striolate .

Mesonotum shining; second

segment basally striolate .

. Abdomen nearly entirely black

- Scutellum black.

. Notauli present ; coxze flavous.

Abdomen nearly entirely black

Abdomen broadly red in the

centre

. Notauli wanting; coxe Hrlaite

Hind coxe mainly black ; peti-

olar area finely sedivearest

Basal segment twice longer than

broad ; coxa white

Basal segment not elongate ;

coxe flavescent.

Third segment with a basal

fascia or lateral gutta citri-

nous ‘

Third segment eth no Teite

nous rane

Mesonotum dull and confiuently

punctate

Mesonotum shining a cara

punctate.

Stout ; second segment apically

glabrous eA Tas 7

Slender; second segment en-

tirely scabrous

1. dodsi, Morl.

2. scutellaris, Bridg.

3. nigriventris, Thoms.

4, melanaspis, Thoms.

5. sulcator, Grav.

6. albicoxa, Thoms.

7. cognatus, Holmer.

8. laticarpus, Thoms.

9. pulchellus, Holmgr.

10, festivus, Fab.

11. dorsalis, Holmgr.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART IV. (DEC.) 29

430 Mr. Claude Morley on the

PuatTHoRIMus, Thoms,

(2). 1. Areola transverse ; temples nar-

row ; abdomen not strongly

punctate ... + + « « «+ Il. compressus, Desv.

(1). 2. Areola elongate ; temples broad ;

abdomen strongly punctate . 2. anomalus, Morl.

Synonymy, Economy AND DISTRIBUTION.

During the course of the last ten years I have been

enabled to amass a little over seven hundred specimens of

this group in Britain, and perhaps it may not be out of

place to here indicate their relative frequency in our islands.

The species bearing an asterisk have not yet been noted as

indigenous; of the rest there are only three species not

represented in my collection, from the closely examined

specimens of which alone this summary is drawn up, the

respective number of specimens there representing each

species is indicated in parentheses. A dagger indicates that

the species is new to Britain.

T. flavipes, Holmer. (1.) Very rare ; my only specimen was

taken by Dr. Capron, probably about Shere in Sur-

rey; Bridgman records it from Worcester in May, and

doubtfully from Norfolk. It has been bred from a

Syrphus pupa. [=T7. polita, Voll.; =. tibialis,

Bridg.; =Z. pallipes (sic), Thoms.]

Z. rufiventris, Grav. (7.) Not rare at Brandon in Suffolk

in June 1903; Lowestoft on umbelliferous flowers,

August; Wicken in Cambs., June; Reigate in July.

[ =sulcator, var. 2, Gray., ¢.]

Z. holmgreni, Bridg. (16.) Somewhat common in the

Breck district of Suffolk, June to August; Surrey

(Capron) ; Greenings (W. Saunders) ; Harting in May

(Beaumont); Point of Aire (Tomlin). [I have fol-

lowed Thomson in considering the species of Zootre-

phus as distinct; it is quite possible that Bridgman

did not know Z. rufiventris, which stood under an

incorrect genus in the British list. The relative

rugosity of the metathorax and rufescence of the

abdomen are the only features of separation which to

me appear to be at all constant. Thomson separates

them thus :—

Ichneumonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 431

HOLMGRENI, @°. RUFIVENTRIS, @.

Flagellum ferrugineous, 22-jointed infuscate above, 18-jointed.

Metathorax more rugose less rugose.

Basal segment longer.

rugose with carinze distinct less rugose with shorter

carine.

2nd segment fulvous or (var. b) black with red line thyridii

basally black with thyridii obsolete large and subcircular.

Qnd to 4th with epipleurz inflexed 2nd and 3rd with epipleure

inflexed.

3rd and 4th always red red, discally black-marked.

Hind legs elongate less elongate.

femora red red with black dot beneath.

trochanters citrinous stramineous, basally black.

coxe basally black black to beyond their centre.

Intermediate coxz citrinous basally black. ]

B. albosignatus, Grav. (4.) Certainly rare, occurring only

in July; Cadney, Lines. (Peacock); Nairn (Yerbury) ;

Southwold on flowers of Heraclewm sphondylium ;

Kessingland, Suffolk, flying on the beach. It has

been bred from Syrphus sp.[ = albosignatus, Grav.,

2 et var. 3, $; Holmer., excl. var. 3.]

B. varicoxa. Thoms. (17.) Common, June to August;

Suffolk, Cambs., Herts., Poimt of Aire. [=<a/lbosig-

natus, var. 3, Holmer. = ? albosignatus, var. 1, Grav.]

B. annulatus, Grav. (9.) Not very common from middle of

July to end of September; Suffolk, Surrey. [= ?

albosignatus, var. 2,Grav. It differs from B. varicoxa,

Thoms., in the less deeply impressed incisures,

entirely () and internally (f) ferrugineous apices of

hind tibiz; smaller humeral and scutellar pale marks

and immaculate 2 epistoma. The latter is probably

no more than a variety.]

B. tricinctus, Gray. (43.) Abundant, May to September ;

Isle of Mull (Zomlin); Yorks. (Askrigg, ;£iliott),

Gloucester, Hereford, Herts., Suffolk, London, Surrey,

Sussex, Hants., Devon. [= albosignatus, var. 4, ,

Grav. = nemoralis, Holmgr. This species differs from

nemoralis in nothing but the abdominal coloration ;

the latter is a var.]

B. letatorius, Fab. (90.) Abundant, May to September ;

Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Lincs., Herts., Gloucester,

432 Mr. Claude Morley on the

London, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Isles of Wight and

Purbeck, Cornwall (Cremyl, Newbery), Also from

Bucarest. It is said to have been bred from such

varied hosts as Adimonia rustica, Tortrices, Syrphus

balteatus and S. pinasiri (= ? corollx);—cf. also

Entom., 1884, p. 167.

B. multicolor, Grav. (18.) Very local but common where it

occurs, in marshes, June; Horning Ferry in Norfolk

and Tuddenham Fen in Suffolk; Sussex, Surrey.

[= deletus, Thoms, ¢ .]

HT, cinctus, Grav. (18.) Uncommon in woods in May and

June, also found in autumn; Lines., Herts., Suffolk,

Surrey. [= lateralis, Grav. = albicinctus, Desv., 3 ;

var. = scabriculus, Holmgr.]

HT, bizonarius, Grav. (15.) By no means common, June to

September; Herts. Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex; ap-

parently commoner in Surrey. Also from Nantes.

= cingulatus, Holmgr. = ? frontalis, Brisch. This

species greatly resembles Bassus multicolor superfici-

ally in its more or less distinct tranverse segmental

impressions, entirely white scutellum and usually

brightly cinctured central segments; the coloration

of the hind tibia, however, readily distinguishes it

from that genus. The outer recurrent nervure is

rarely entirely wanting. |

H. graculus, Grav. (18.) Not uncommon in boggy spots in

May, July and August; Suffolk, Herts., Gloucester,

Surrey, Conwall. [ B. graculus, Grav., 2 = obscuripes,

Holm., 2 = rufocinctus, Desv., f 2.)

H. brevitarsis, Thoms.* Switzerland.

H. wectoratorius, Grav. (11.) Local in woods in May and

August; Suffolk, Surrey, Isle of Wight.

H. alpinus, Holmgr. 2 [= ? monticola, Voll., $.J* Scandi-

navia and ? Switzerland.

H. caudatus, Thoms.* (1.) The only specimen I have seen

was taken by Capron in Surrey.

H. longipes, Holmgr.* Svandinavia.

H. punctiventris, Thoms.+ (2). Felden near Boxmoor, in

Herts. (Piffard) ; Cornworthy near Totnes, in Devon

(Marshall). i

H, borealis, Holmgr.* Lapland.

H. bigutiutus, Grav. (9.) Probably not common; I only

possess it from Surrey and Herts. [= var. rujipes,

Grav., Holmgr. = var. (scut. apically white) deplanatus,

Ichneumonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 433

Grav. et Holmer. excl. f ( = diguttatus, var. e,

Thoms.); = confusus, Woldst. This is a most

variable species and the sexes are dissimilar. |

H. abdominator, Bridg. The unique 2 was taken by

Bignell at Dousland (Devon.), August 23rd, 1884, and

is in his collection. [This is probably no more than

a colour variety of H, biguttatus, though considered

valid by Thomson. ]

I. tarsatorius, Panz. (52.) Alindanti in woods and marshes

in May and June, also occurs on flowers of Angelica

sylvestris in the autumn; Yorks. (Askrigg, Zil/cott),

Lincs., Suffolk, Herts., Surrey, Sussex, Isle of Wight.

Also from Bucarest. It is said to have been bred

from Syrphus balteatus, Depressaria angeliella and

Coccinella sp. [ = insignis et exultans, Grav. et

Holmgr. = pulchellus, Desv.,. (nec Holmer.) =

flavus, Desv., f (var. c, alis areola completa, Thoms.).

This is the only species I know which may or may

not possess an areolet; when present it is very small,

oblique, consisting of little more than the duplication

of its basal nervure ; only one ? of my fifty specimens

possesses it.]

HT, flavolineatus, Grav. (11.) Not very common, June and

August; Suffolk, Herts., Surrey, Devon. [= inter-

ruptus, Holmer., J = bimaculatus, Holmer. f ; nec Zett.]

H, fissorius, Grav. (9.). Uncommon and always occurs

singly, May, July, and September; Kent (Hunting-

field, Morice), Surrey, Hants., Suffolk, Herts.,

Gloucester. [ = punctatus, Bridg.; nec fissorius,

Holmer. |

Hf. ornatus, Grav. (7.) Very uncommon, May, August,

and September; Suffolk (Lowestoft and Southwold),

London (Blackheath and Plumstead, Beaumont),

Hants. (Lyndhurst, Adams), Isle of Wight (Ryde).

It has been bred from Syrphus sp. [ = frenator,

Desv., 2. = ornatus, Thoms., 2. = var.?2; deplanatus,

Holmer., “3.”]

HT. deplanatus, Grav. (3.) In Dr. Capron’s collection from

Surrey. It has been bred from Syrphus sp. [deplan-

atus, Grav. et Holmgr., excl. 2 = nigricornis, Thoms.,

g. Gravenhorst’s g differs from that of B. ornatus

(with which it is incorrectly synonymized by Thomson)

in its immaculate face, red antennz, immaculate

sternum, black-marked front cox, simply white-

43.4 Mr. Claude Morley on the

circled hind tibize, the pale marking of which does

not extend down the leg, etc.]

HI. brevicornis, Thoms.* France.

FH, niger, Morl.+ (1.) Norfolk.

H, sundevalli, Holmgr. I have not seen this species;

recorded from Devon. in September (cf. Trans. Devon.

Ass., 1898, p. 501). [= scabrosus, Desv., 3.]

H, reflexus, Morl.+ (2.) Isle of Wight and Surrey.

H. incisus, Thoms.+ (4.) Apparently rare ; Surrey and the

Isle of Wight, in August.

HI, ruficornis, Holmgr. [= ? suspiciosus, Brisch.]* Sweden

and ? Prussia.

HT, pumilus, Holmgr. (15.) Common from June to Sep-

tember; Cheshire, Herts., Suffolk, London (Wimble-

don and Blackheath), Surrey, Isle of Wight. [=

thoracicus, Desv., 2 = ? pictus, Grav. part. One f I

examined possessed a distinct areolet in the left wing

but no trace of one in the right.]

Hf, dimidiatus, Schr. (45.) Abundant, May to September ;

Scotland (Crockston and Bonhill, Dalglish), Suffolk,

Herts., Sussex, Surrey, Hants., Isle of Wight and

Cornwall. [= pictus, Grav., Holmgr., Thoms, =

planus, Desv., 2 (2 = var. b, Thoms.).|

FT. longiventris, Thoms.*+ (1.) The only male I have seen

was swept in a marsh at Brandon in Suffolk, July 4th,

1903. [= pumilus, Holmer. part.]

FT, crassicrus, Thoms.t (6.) Apparently not common,

August and September; Suffolk, Sussex, Surrey.

[= fissorius, Holmgr., nec Grav.]

H, strigator, Fab. (1.) The only specimen of this species

I have seen was swept from herbage in Henstead

marsh (Suffolk), August 28th, 1898. Said to have

been bred from larve preying upon Siphonophora

absinthi. [This f is very like that of H. tarsatorius

in facies, but—besides the distinct areolet and

scutellar coloration—the second segment is longer,

coarsely longitudinally strigose with the thyridi

obsolete; metathorax rugulose and much narrower

above the hind coxas, with the petiolar area centrally

striolate and bearing some traces of a basal area ;

head narrower behiad the eyes, with the vertex

much less emarginate ; face more distinctly punctate

with the epistoma more prominent and cheeks

shorter; clypeus similarly excised centrally but

Ichnewmonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 485

acuminately explanate at the sides; antennz shorter

and consisting of 21 (not 20,as in the latter) flagellar

joints and the scutellum is more convex and coarsely

punctate (cf. also Brischke, Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz.,

1878, no. 6, p. 112). The areolet and sculpture will

also distinguish it from H. fissorius. It appears to

only differ trom H. megaspis, Thoms., in the sculpture

of the metathorax and second segment, and in the

colour of the hind tibie.]

HI. megaspis, Thoms.* Bavaria.

H. xanthaspis, Thoms.+ (4.) Rare; three from Surrey in

Capron’s collection and one I swept in Tuddenham

Fen (Suffolk), August 23rd, 1905.

Hi, elegans, Grav. (35.) Abundant; June to October; London

(Blackheath), Norfolk, Suffolk, Herts., Kent, Sussex,

Surrey, Isle of Wight, Devon. Also from Nantua and

Nantes. It has been bred from Bombyx querecus,

and Gracilaria phasianipennella. [= elegans, Grav., 2

(f in error), Holmgr., Desv. = rufonotatus, Holmgr.

= nigritarsus, Grav., Holmgr., = picitans, Desv., $2

(¢ = var. f., Thoms.).]

HI. pallidipes, Grav. I have not seen this species; re-

corded from Devon in August (¢f. Trans. Devon.

Ass., 1898, p. 501).

H. pulcher, Holmgr. (2.) Very rare; two from Surrey in

Capron’s collection.

Hf, signatus, Grav. (28.) Abundant, June to September ;

Lincs., Norfolk, Suffolk, Herts., Surrey, London,

Hereford, Ireland (Rossbeigh in Kerry). It has

been bred from Syrphus sp.

Hf, hygrobius, Thoms. (13.) Not uncommon, May to October;

Surrey, Suffolk, Lines., Scotland (Giffnock). Also

from Nantes. [= festwus, Holmer., part; nec Grav. ]

P. dodsi, Morl.+ (1.) Surrey.

P. scutellaris, Bridg. (4.) Certainly rare ; all my specimens

are from Surrey ; Bridgman describes it from Devon.

[B. scutellaris, Bridg., 2 (nec f), Thoms., f 2. ]

P. mgriventris, Thoms.* Sweden.

P. melanaspis, Thoms.* Bavaria.

P. sulcator, Grav. (78.) Abundant, May to October ; Devon.,

Hants., Worcester, Herts., Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambs.,

Scotland (Crockston, Dalglish). It has been bred

from Syrphus sp. [sulcator, Grav., excl. var. 2-5 et

1 g = areolatus, Holmer. ]

436 Mr. Claude Morley on the

P. albicova, Thoms.+ (9.) Probably not uncommon, June

to August; Stafford., Herts. Norfolk, Surrey, Isle of

Wight. [= ? sulcator, var. 5, Grav., ¢.]

P. cognatus, Holmgr. (20.) Common, May to September ;

Suffolk, Norfolk, Herts., Surrey, Sussex, Cornwall

(Botusfleming, Marshall).

>. laticarpus, Thoms.t (5.) Rare, in boggy situations; 2 2

swept in Henstead marsh (Suffolk), 12, vii, 1900,

and Rockland Broad (Norfolk), 10, vi, 1901; f 2@

at Metton (Norfolk), 30, viii, 1903; and Greenings

(Surrey) from W. Saunders’ collection, viii, 1871.

Also from Nantes. [= ? gracilentus, Holmer. ]

P. pulchellus, Holmgr. (54.) Very common May to Octo-

ber; Suffolk, Norfolk, Northants., Herts., Wilts., Wales

(Trefriw, Newbery), Devon., Cornwall, Isle of Wight.

[=sulcator, var. 1f,3 et 4, Grav. = festivus, var.

2 et 3, Grav. =/fraterculus, Forst.]

festivus, Fab. (20.) Uncommon, July only; Suffolk,

Herts., Surrey, Kent. It has been bred from Syrphus

sp., and Heliodines roesella (ef. Isis, 1848, p. 986).

[=/festivwus, Grav., $2, excl. var., 2 et 3; Grav. var.

1, facie tota nigra, 9.|

P. dorsalis, Holmgr. (9.) Not common, in marshy places,

June and July; Suffolk, Surrey. [B. dorsalis, Holmgr.

2 = maculatus, Desv. f §.]

P. compressus, Desv.(1.) Very rare; I took a female at

Felden in Herts., while staying with Mr. A. Piffard,

flying on a chalky hillside, on August 9th, 1903—

probably the only localized British specimen. I

noticed that in life the abdomen was no _ less

compressed. [= Bassus ibalioides, Kriech.]

P. anomalus, Morl.t (1.) Longeross.

I propose to conclude this paper with the description of

four little-known species of Bassus (sensu, Grav.), which

have been utterly ignored by all systematists :—

BASSUS HISPANICUS, Spinola.

Ann. Soc. Fr., ser. ii, I (1843), p. 118.

Dull and strongly punctate, black. Face deplanate, clypeus

apically truncate and not discreted. Antenne filiform, black, 32-

jointed, and as long as the body ; scape obconical and deeply

excised ; flagellar joints cylindrical with the second and third ob-

conical, very short and the fourth elongate. Metathorax with a

Ichnewmonidous Group Tryphonides schizodonti. 437

central transverse carina and the petiolar area basally rounded.

Seutellum and post-scutellum subconvex, immaculate. Abdomen

black with segments two to four red ; the basal longer than broad

and apically explanate ; second and third uniformly convex, with

no transverse impressions, Legs red with cox, base of the front

trochanters and apices of their tarsi, black. Wings hyaline ;

nervures basally, and tegule, red.

Length, 9 mm.

Southern Spain (Victor Ghiliani).

BASSUS ATHALIZPERDA, Curtis.

Farm Insects (1860), 53.

Black, minutely punctate and finely pubescent. Face and mouth

white, with epistoma longitudinally, and the clypeal fovez black ;

labrum and apices of mandibles dull ferrugineous, Antenne as long

as the body. Legs red and somewhat stout; coxe flavous; tarsi

and basal half of hind tibize fulvous, the latter apically and their

tarsi black. Wings iridescent ; costa and stigma fulvous, nervures

piceous ; areolet wanting.

Length, 6 mm.

England ; bred from Athalia spinarum.

BASSUS CARINULATUS, Ruthe.

Stett. Ent. Zeit. xx (1859), p. 373, f 9.

Black. Palpi infuscate; ¢ with face, mouth and apices of cheeks

stramineous ; 2 with clypeus and mandibles ferrugineous. Antennz

of g as long as the body, basally fulvous, with the scape clear

stramineous, beneath ; of 9 shorter, with the flagellum subrufescent

beneath. Thorax of 2? immaculate, with mesosternum closely

punctate; of ¢ with lines before and beneath the radix, and the

mesopleure anteriorly flavous. Scutellum black. Abdomen imma-

culate, with the basal segment rugosely punctate, bearing two sub-

parallel carinze ; the second rugosely striate ; anus of 2 closely and

finely punctate, of ¢ sparsely punctate and nitidulous. Legs pale

red, with the hind tarsi and tibiz black, the latter basally more or

less broadly white; front coxce of 2 black, of ¢ stramineous.

Wings with tegule of ¢ flavous ; areolet triangular, petiolate, entire.

Length, 5-6 mm.

The 2 resembles B&B. deplanatus, but is much more

slender; the # is nearer B. ornatus.

Iceland (Dr. Staudinger).

438 Mr. Claude Morley on Tryphonides schizodonti.

BASSUS PERONATUS, Marshall.

E. M. M.,, xii (1876), p. 194, 2

Shining, punctulate, black. Head transverse and broader than

thorax ; face deplanate and not centrally canaliculate. Antenne

as long as the body, infuscate, testaceous beneath. Thorax nitidu-

lous; mesosternum fulvous; metathorax rugose with distinct areex,

areola elevated and acutely margined. Scutellum convex, testaceous

with its centre and two elongate lateral marks infuscate. Abdomen

shining, with all the segments narrowly white apically, and not

transversely impressed ; basal segment broad, depressed, and sub-

contracted in front, with carine extending a little beyond its centre.

Legs fulvous, hind ones stout ; hind femora infuscate with their

tibize, except basally, and tarsi black. Wings with tegule white ;

areolet wanting ; nervellus intercepted far below the centre.

Length, 6 mm.

This species is said to be closely related to B. pector-

atorius, differing therefrom in its immaculate pleure and

metathoracic coste. I very strongly suspect, however,

that it represents the unknown 2 of B. strigator, Fab.

England; bred from Nematus cadderensis (cf. E. M. M.,

xi, p. 127).

IT have quite failed to discover where Bassus pipize,

Gir., is described ; it is mentioned as parasitic upon Pipiza

noctiluca in one of that author’s posthumous works (¢/.

Laboulbéne in Ann. Soc. Fr., 1877, p. 408). Dr. Giraud’s

memoirs are numerous, extending from 1854 to 1871

according to Mocsary, but this species is not mentioned in

the Annales from 1852 (when he joined the Society) to

1872, nor do I find it in the Zoological Record; it may

appear in one of his contributions to the Verh. Wien.

z. b. Ver., but it is more probably a MS. name (c¢7. Mar-

shall, Bracon. d’Europ. i, 199).

JANUARY 38RD, 1906.

THE

PROCEEDINGS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YEAR 1905.

February 1st, 1905.

Mr. F. Merrirrenp, President, in the chair.

Mr. Merririexp, taking the chair as President, said it would

be in accordance with some recent precedents if he expressed

his acknowledgments for the honour which had been conferred

on him. It was also a responsibility. He succeeded one

under whose Presidency the Society, which had been steadily

rising for years in numbers, in utility, and in scientifie estim-

ation, had reached the highest point yet attained. At the

last meeting, when Professor Poulton vacated the office which

he had filled with so much distinction, two past Presidents of

the Society appropriately bore testimony to his services ; it

would not be inappropriate if he took the opportunity which

this meeting afforded him of saying how cordially he con-

curred in all that was then said. The Presidency of one so

widely known, and so appreciated. in all parts of the world

where biological research, united with powers of exposition,

was valued, reflected honour on the Society with which he

was thus associated. In the speaker’s little research work he

had had the kindest help from Professor Poulton, and he might

add that also of the many other Fellows who had taken the

leading part in the work of the Society. With their con-

tinued aid and support he hoped he might be able to perform

the duty which was incumbent on every one who filled that

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1. 1905. A

ae)

chair—to do all in his power to promote the interests of the

Society and the advancement of science, and, as he intended

to take some trouble towards these ends, he hoped he might

attain some of the moderate success which usually attends on

well-meant exertion.

Nomination of Vice-Presidents.

The President then announced that he had appointed Dr.

THomas ALGERNON CHapMaN, M.D., F.Z.8S., Dr. FrepErick

Avueustus Dixry, M.A., M.D., and Professor Epwarp B.

Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.8., as Vice-Presidents for the

Session 1905-6.

Huhibttions.

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonisrHorrs exhibited specimens of Oligota

granaria found in a granary in Holborn, the only other

localities reported hitherto being Shoe Lane, London, and

Scarborough.

Mr. W. J. Kays exhibited a specimen of the Erycinid butter-

fly Mesosemia ewmene pinned in its natural position of rest to

show its resemblance to the head of a small mammal, such as

a mouse. The eye-spots of both fore- and hind-wings came

together in such a way as to resemble the two eyes of the

animal, while the outline of the wings so closed constituted

a family class-likeness to the sharp outline of the mouse’s

head.

Professor Poutron remarked that, as the eye-spot was

placed close to the body near the base of the wings, the

ordinary protective value thereof might be explained in some

such way.

Dr. T, A. Cuapman exhibited a variety of the female of

Lycxena melanops. As a mere aberration it was interesting ;

but it was of value as showing that the position in the genus

for long accorded to the species, whether by accident or design,

close to the arion—euphemus group, was correct.

The considerable extension of the blue in this specimen

showed up certain black spots on the upper surface of both

upper and lower wings, strictly similar to these characteristics

of the arion—euphemus group. He placed with it for illus-

Crit)

tration specimens of arion, euphemus, alcon and arcas. Also a

fairly typical 2 melanops from Digne, and another from Spain,

perhaps more usual in colour, viz. with very little blue, but

of large size ; also two other specimens from Digne, in which

traces of the black spotting were easily seen, after the variety

exhibited had shown what to look for. Dr. CHapman pro-

posed to name the variety, which seemed to be undescribed,

Lycxna melanops, Boisd., var. wheeler?, Chapm.

( x 2)

var. wheeleri, in recognition of the work of the Rev. George

Wheeler on Alpine Butterflies.

Mr. F. Enock exhibited a living 9 Hybernia defoliaria,

taken as late as February Ist, and another ? taken January

28th, both at rest on north side of an oak-tree, in the same

wood at Bexley. He also exhibited on behalf of Mr. Leonard

Newman, of Bexley, two fine hybrids bred from a 4 Woto-

donta ziezac, and a 2 NV. dromedarius, the colour being that

of dromedarius, while the markings were those of ziczac. He

also showed two varieties of WV. ziczac var. bred from larve

( iv )

taken in Kent, which had the pebble marking much suffused,

and the ground-colour darker than the types.

Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited a living specimen of Acridiwm

egyptium, L., found in a cauliflower in Bloomsbury, and

probably imported from Italy. Professor Poutron said he

had also received similar examples introduced in the same

way.

Mr. G. C. Cuampion exhibited two examples of Malachius

barnevillei, Puton, captured by Mr. Thouless at Hunstanton,

Norfolk, in June 1899, a recent addition to the British List.

Mr. H. W. AnpreEws exhibited a ¢ and 2 of Machimus

rusticus, Mg., a rare Asilid, taken in cop. at Freshwater, Isle

of Wight, on August 13th, 1903.

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a 2 Panorpa cognata taken

at Byfleet Canal on August 23rd, 1904. The species occurs

at Folkestone, and is said to be found in the New Forest.

It is a little difficult at times to identify the ? alone, but

Mr. K. J. Morton also had determined the insect in question

to be P. cognata. For comparison he brought also ?

specimens of P. communis and P. germanica.

Papers.

Mr. T, Givsert Smiru read a paper entitled ‘“‘ A revision of

the genus Criocephalus, with notes on the habits of Asemum

striatum and Criocephalus ferus,’ by himself and Dr. D.

Suarp, M.A., F.R.S., and exhibited specimens to illustrate his

remarks.

A discussion followed in which Mr. DonistHorPE remarked

that he had bred Criocephalus polonicus, and Mr. A. J. Curry,

commenting on the life history of these beetles, said that he

thought the longevity of some Coleopterous insects had hardly

been appreciated. He possessed a Dytiscus still alive which

he had taken in October 1902, while Mr. DonisTHorPE

mentioned the case of a Longicorn bred by Mr. C. O.

Waterhouse which lived for twenty-one years. Commander

Waker, Mr. G. C. Coampion, and other Fellows continued

the discussion.

Papers were also read by Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.,

‘On the Matrivorous Habit of Heterogynis,” and “On the

Ga)

Pupal Suspension of Thais,’ the author exhibiting a number

of specimens of /Teterogynis from Spain, and elsewhere.

Mr. E. Meyricxs, B.A., communicated a paper on “ Lepi-

doptera from New Zealand.”

Mr. G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S., contributed a paper entitled

« Another Entomological Excursion to Spain (with description

of two new species of Hemiptera by Dr. O. M. Reuter),” by

Dr. T. A. Cuapman and himself.

Wednesday, March Ist, 1905.

Mr. F. Merrrrrecp (President) in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The Duxe of Beprorp, K.G., President of the Zoological

Society, ete., of Woburn Abbey, Beds., and 15 Belgrave

Square, 8.W.; M. Lucren Cuoparp, Membre de la Société

Entomologique de France, of 98 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris ;

Mr. Winrrip Furet, F.R.A.S., of “ Imatra,” Bournemouth ;

and Mr. Rosert Smwney Mirrorp, C.B., of 35 Redcliffe

Square, S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Obituary.

The decease of M. Henri F. ve Saussure, of Geneva,

Honorary Fellow, of the Rev. Francis Avueustus WALKER,

D.D., and of Mr. ALEXANDER Fry, F.L.8., was announced.

Exhibitions.

Mr. H. Sv. J. Donistuoree exhibited an example of Oxypoda

sericea, Heer, taken in Dulwich Wood, June 17th, 1904, a

species new to Britain; also 0. nigrina, Wat., with a type

lent by Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, to demonstrate that it is not

synonymous with sericea as stated on the Continent ; and 0.

exigua, which is also regarded there as synonymous with

nigrina.

Cat)

Mr. Hueu Main and Mr. Apert Harrison exhibited a

long series of Colias edusa, with var. helice (bred from one ?

helice sent by Dr. T. A. Chapman from the South of France),

to show the proportion of type and variety obtained. The

percentage worked out as follows :—

Notal'specimens :¢ G ="... Bay,

type: 9 9 = Bay f holes

re 47

Of the 9 @ typ,=19 . . . QTY

Vanieby) 12. 2404 1S ees

71 100

They also showed the results of similar experiments with

Amphidasys betularia, bred from a ¢ var. doubledayaria,

and a type ? taken in cop. at Woodford, Essex, in 1903,

as follows :—

Type. Var. Type. Var.

3d 22 21° = oY 207,

2 9 35 26° "= B47, 257,

57 AT 55 45

Of the 43 ¢ ¢ 22=517/%=type, following the ? parent.

21= 49% = var. 9 3 ”

Of the 61 9 2? 35=57%7 =type, following the ? parent.

26 = 43 = var. ” 3 ”

As the result of “ assembling” at Woodford, in June 1904,

it was found that: 17 = 6 type = 637,

10 = var. doubledayaria = 377

27 100

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited a specimen of Helops striatus,

with a photograph, showing an abnormal formation of the

Crem)

right antenna, which was divided into two branches from the

fifth joint.

Mr. Percy H. Grimsnaw showed examples of Hyddrotza

pilipes, Stein, ¢ and 9, the latter sex being previously un-

known. The species was first recorded as British by the

exhibitor in July 1904, the first specimens having been taken

at Aberfoyle by Mr. A. E. J. Carter in July 1903. Since that

date it has also been discovered by Col. J. W. Yerbury at

Porthcawl. Mr. GrimsHaw also exhibited several specimens

of Hydrotxa tuberculata, Rond, not hitherto recorded as

British, captured by Mr. C. W. Dale and Dr. J. H. Wood in

various localities.

Dr. F. A. Dixty exhibited some cocoons and perfect insects

of hybrid Swturnias, and made the following observations :-—

“T ventured some time ago (see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897,

pp. iii) to draw attention to the experiments in hybridisa-

tion made by Dr. Standfuss, of Ziirich, and to lay before the

Entomological Society a brief summary of his principal results.

In the year 1898 I published in ‘Science Progress’ a more

extended account of Standfuss’s work in this direction, giving

particulars of several of the hybrid forms obtained by hin,

and adding comments of my own on what appeared to be their

biological significance. This paper is included in vol. ii of

the ‘ Hope Reports’ (1901), and portions of it may be found,

though (doubtless from inadvertence) without due acknowledg-

ment, in the pages of an important work on Lepidoptera, now

in course of publication. An excellent translation, by Mr.

E. M. Dadd, of Dr. Standfuss’s account of some later results

than those recorded in his ‘Handbuch’ (Jena, 1896), was

also published in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1900 and 1901. It

is illustrated by four well-executed photographic plates.

“Dr. Standfuss has been good enough at various times to

present me with some of his specimens; these are now, with

two exceptions, in the Hope Collection at Oxford.

‘“The examples I exhibit to-night consist of hybrids of two

kinds. The first is a pair, male and female, of the hybrid

between Saturnia pavonia, Linn., ¢,and S. pyri, Schiff, 9 (see

‘Science Progress,’ 1898, pp. 188, 189; pp. 4, 5 of the paper

as included in the ‘Hope Reports,’ vol. 1, 1901). I have

( viii)

added specimens of both sexes of the parent forms for com-

parison, and it will be seen that the cross-product (which

Standfuss calls S. emilix) resembles a large S. pavonia rather

than a small S. pyri; except that the sexual disparity in size

and colour, which is so marked in S. pavonia as compared with

S. pyri, is very little developed in the hybrid. In most of

Standfuss’s specimens of this hybrid, some of the veins are

forked terminally. This it will be seen is the case with one

vein of the right fore-wing in the male exhibited.

“The second form is a hybrid with a somewhat more

complex ancestry. It consists of three males and three females

of which the female parent is S. pavonia, and the male parent

a hybrid between S. pavonia, 3, and S. spini, Schiff, ?, 7. e.

the cross-product to which Standfuss has given the: name

S. bornemanni. The present form (called by Standfuss 5S.

schaufusst) is therefore, in the common way of reckoning,

three-quarters S. pavonia and one-quarter S. spini. Dr.

Standfuss’s first attempt to rear it ended in failure, his speci-

mens all dying in the larval stage. Subsequent trials, however,

were more fortunate, and some examples of Standfuss’s own

rearing are figured in the ‘ Entomologist’ for 1900, Pl. VII,

figs. 6, 7, 8. The six individuals I now exhibit were reared

from eggs kindly sent me by Dr. Standfuss in 1895, and are

some of the actual specimens mentioned in the footnote on

p- 189 (p. 5 in the ‘Hope Reports’) of the paper above

referred to.

“Their history is briefly as follows :—

1895.

May 11. Eggs received from Dr. Standfuss.

» 23. Eggs nearly all hatched. lLarve black, hairy.

Fed on whitethorn. Show distinctly gregarious

habit.

June 3. lLarve undergoing first moult. Some in second

stage show a rather indistinct yellowish-brown

lateral line. They are still gregarious.

» 14. Larve in second moult. In third stage still

black, but some have a yellow or orange lateral

line.

June 24,

a5 (208

July 5.

4 20:

ee 2h.

js ees

St OR

Ca)

Third moult. Larve in fourth stage are still

black ; hairs whitish. Front of head pale green ;

some show small portions of green colour on body.

Eighteen larve in fourth stage given to Professor

Poulton, for the Hope Department. Five others

were afterwards given to another friend. The

subsequent history refers only to six specimens

finally retained by me.

Fourth moult. In fifth stage the ground-colour is

generally black; a variable amount of green may

be present in addition ; in two out of the six the

green predominates. Tubercles yellow, deepening

to orange.

First larva began to spin cocoon.

Three larvee now spinning. The cocoons are those

marked 1969 in the exhibit. These three larve are

black with orange tubercles, one is mottled with a

little dull green. All the larve have throughout

been variable, but especially so in the last stage,

varying from bright green with black rings (like

S. pavonia) to uniform black. Tubercles orange

in all.

A bright green larva with definite black rings,

began to spin. This cocoon is the one marked

1443,

Another larva, resembling the last, now spinning

(cocoon numbered 1327). The last larva retained

by me, a specimen with much less green ground-

colour than the two just noted, also spinning

to-day (cocoon 1273 in the exhibit).

“These larve all had a profuse diarrheal discharge before

spinning ; the discharge was clear and colourless when emitted,

afterwards becoming brown. A period of quiescence, lasting

for twenty-four hours or thereabouts, intervened between the

discharge and spinning. During this period the larve seemed

shrunken and looked torpid and unhealthy. The cocoons were

spun among twigs of the food-plant (whitethorn) with few or

no leaves, in a glass cylinder resting on a white glazed plate.

(3°)

They were all brown in colour, two (Nos. 1230 and 1327) being

a little paler than the rest.

‘“‘The first emergence took place on March 17, 1896. It is

the female numbered 1327 in the exhibit, and resulted from

the bright green pavonia-like larva which spun on July 27,

making a rather light-brown cocoon. Only one more of my

six specimens reached the perfect state, and this did not

appear until Dec. 1, 1896. It came from the bright green

larva which spun a dark reddish-brown cocoon on July 24,

1895, and is the male numbered 1443. The other four

specimens having shown no sign of emergence, I opened and

examined the cocoons in April, 1898. Three of them (num-

bered 1969), all dark brown, each contained a dead larva.

The fourth (the last one to be spun) was a somewhat pale-

brown cocoon of a curious shape, having two orifices for

emergence, only one of which was furnished with converging

bristles (No. 1273). It contained the cast larval skin and a

dead pupa.

“The four remaining examples of this hybrid now shown

belong to that portion of the original batch which was con-

signed on June 29 to the Hope Department. They were

reared with the rest, as I have related, up to the fourth larval

stage. I have no record of the time of their emergence.

“Tt will be seen that in this form (S. schaufussi) there is far

less difference between the sexes than in S. pavonia. In spite

of the fact that only one grandparent is S. spinz, the influence

of this latter species is seen both in the reduction of the sexual

disparity and also in the prevailing aspect of the larve in their

last stage. The difference between the male (No. 1443) and

those which emerged in the Hope Department is very notice-

able. A similar variability in the males of the same hybrid

was observed by Standfuss (‘ Entomologist,’ 1900, p. 346,

note ; and Pl. VII, figs. 6, 7). I attribute the semitranspar-

ency of most of the specimens to the want of vigour char-

acterising the batch generally, and showing itself in another

way by the number of larve that failed to attain the perfect

condition.

“While on the subject of Saturnia I may perhaps be allowed

to mention that a passage in Mr. Tutt’s very complete account

Gree")

of the larva of \ pavonia (‘British Lepidoptera,’ vol. iii,

pp. 325, 326) may give rise unintentionally to a false impres-

sion. The eighty larve there spoken of as having been

received from Norfolk were reared by myself, and not, as

might appear from Mr. Tutt’s account, by Professor Poulton,

who indeed to the best of my belief never saw them. I must

therefore assume the entire responsibility for the description

of their markings which Mr. Tutt quotes. In the succeeding

year I raised a fresh brood, numbering 120, from two of the

pink-tubercled larvae of 1885, the parent imagines being still

in my possession; 40 of these 1886 larvee were reared and

described by myself, and 80 were given by me to Professor

Poulton, who also duly noted their appearance in the last

stage, as recorded by Mr. Tutt. My original account will be

found in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, pp. 310, 311, having

been kindly incorporated by Professor Poulton, at my own

request, with his ‘Notes in 1886 upon Lepidopterous Larve,’

On reference to this account it will be seen that Professor

Poulton fully acknowledges the source of the description.”

The PrestpENT exhibited some Pyrameis atalanta, some of

them lent by Mr. R. 8. Mitford, bred from pupz found by

Mr. Harwood, Colchester, which emerged on the last half of

November and the first week of December last. Others in

large numbers which had emerged earlier presented no

remarkable features, but many of the later ones presented

considerable differences, especially the following:—On the upper

surface a patch or streak of blue or grey-blue scales on the fore-

wings above the scarlet band and just below the large white spot

on the costa; also a narrowing and partial interruption of the

scarlet band by the invasion of black scales ; on the under-side

of the hind-wings a considerable increase of variegation, with

an increase of the light areas, especially towards the outer

margin. ‘These effects are no doubt owing to the greater cold

to which the pups were exposed than are the ordinary

summer pup, as they resemble in their general nature the

effects caused by artificially low temperatures ; two specimens

of which the President showed obtained by him ten years

since ; also, for comparison with these and Mr. Harwood’s, a

specimen at normal temperature, and a specimen bred at

( “xii, )

80°-90° F., both also obtained ten years ago. Mr. Harwood

kept no exact records of temperatures or dates, but states

that most emerged in November, the last six in December;

severe frost having set in early in November, when some just

emerging died, apparently from this cause, and they were then

brought into a fireless room ; after a milder interval severe

frost again set in, which caused them to be removed into a

room with a fire. He remarks that probably all the very

late larvee and pup perish in this country under natural

conditions; in which the President agreed with him—he

never could get the pupe to survive ten or eleven weeks of

cooling, and believed that, as with Pyrameis cardut, the

swarms of atalanta that decorate our gardens in the summer

are all immigrants or their descendants; in the South of

England there are certainly two broods in the year, perhaps

more in hot summers. Mr. Harwood’s experience was

interesting, as it showed that there are natural variations of

temperature which may produce ettects on the facies of a

butterfly corresponding with some of the results obtained by

artificial temperatures ranging from that of an ordinary winter

to that of a hot summer.

Commander J. J. WALKER drew attention to the white spot

on the scarlet band that most showed, which had been thought

to indicate the female sex. The PresiIpEnT said he thought all

the specimens he had bred showed traces of the white spot on

the under-side, so that he did not think it was an indication

of sex; he had understood that the American examples were

without the white spot.

Professor E. B. Pourron, F.R.S., exhibited (1) Groups of

Synaposematic Hymenoptera and Diptera captured by Mr.

A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department, Oxford University

Museum, and (2) Three specimens of Papilio hesperus, taken

at Entebbe in 1903, by Mr. C. A. Wiggins. The attention

of the exhibitor had to be called by Mr. W. Holland, of the

Hope Department, to the fact that the tails of the hind-wing

had not been broken off in these excessively worn and torn

specimens. The evidence supports the conclusion that the

tails of a Papilio, if untouched by enemies, can endure a great

deal of wear. (3)"Professor Poutron also showed Nymphaline

( xiii)

butterflies from Northern China, apparently mimetic of the

male Hypolimnas misippus, which is not known to occur in

this region.

A. discussion followed, in which Sir Groregz Hampson, Col.

J. W. Yepsrury, Mr. A. Bacov, and other Fellows joined.

Papers.

Sir Grorce Hampson read for Mrs. De ta B. NicHoin a

paper on “ Butterfly-hunting in British Columbia and Canada,”

illustrated by numerous examples of the species captured

during the summer of 1904.

Sir GEorcE Hampson, B.A., F.Z.S8., also communicated a paper

“On three remarkable new Genera of Micro-lepidoptera.”

Mr. Hersert Deuce, F.L.S., F.Z.8., communicated a paper

entitled ‘“‘ Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal Lepi-

doptera, collected by Mr. Harold Cookson in Northern

Rhodesia in 1903-4: Lycxenide and Hesperitdx, by HamMiILton

H. Drucs, F.Z.S.”

Mr. F. Du Cane Gopmay, F.R.S., D.C.L., communicated a

paper entitled ‘“ Descriptions of some new species of Satyridx

from South America.”

Mr. W. L. Distanr communicated a paper entitled,

‘“‘ Additions to a knowledge of the Homopterous family of

Cicadide.”

Wednesday, March 15th, 1905.

Mr. F. Merrirrecp (President) in the Chair.

Election of an Honorary Fellow.

SeNor Don Ianacto Bortvar, of Paseo de Recoletos Bajo,

20, and Calle Jorge Juan, 17, Madrid, was elected an Honorary

Fellow of the Society, in the place of Professor F. M. Bravurr,

deceased.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Frank P. Dopp, of Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland ;

Mr. Ceci, Fiorrsuerm, of 16 Kensington Court Mansions,

(2 yay?)

S.W.; Mr. JosepH Lane Hancock, of 3757 Indiana Avenue,

Chicago; and Mr. Herserr C. Rosson, Curator of the State

Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, were elected Fellows of

the Society.

Mr. C. O. WaterHovusr announced that the late Mr.

Alexander Fry, a Fellow of the Society, had bequeathed his

large and important collections of Coleoptera to the British

Museum.

Exhibitions.

Dr, F. A. Dixzy exhibited some butterflies from Natal which

had been presented by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, F.E.S., to the

Hope Department at Oxford, and read the following note :—

“Tt will be remembered that some few years ago Mr.

Marshall conducted certain experiments with a view to

ascertain whether the assumption of the wet- or dry-season

form of various African butterflies could be controlled by

exposure in the pupal state to artificial conditions of tempera-

ture and moisture. Some of the results of these experiments

were recorded and discussed by Mr. Marshall in Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., 1901, vol. ii, p. 398. Others were dealt with in a

paper published in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 189. Most

of the material produced in the course of this research was

exhibited on the occasion when the last-named paper was read ;

the present specimens, however, though duly recorded in that

paper, had not then reached the Hope Department. They

were therefore not included in the comments added by me to

Mr. Marshall’s account of his experiments, and they have not

previously been seen by the members of this Society. This

note and exhibit may accordingly be taken as a kind of

appendix to the paper in the 1902 volume of our Transactions.

“The specimens now shown are as follows :—

““(1) Four specimens of Crenis boisduvalii, Wallgrn.

“These form part of the series recorded by G. A. K.

Marshall in Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 206. They consist

of one ¢ reared under normal conditions; two ? ? exposed

in the pupal condition to excessive moisture; and one 9

similarly exposed to dry heat. They accord fairly with the

seven specimens of the same series, reared under correspond-

( xv )

ing conditions, which were presented by Mr. Marshall to the

Hope Collection in 1897. The statements made (loc. cit.,

p. 209) with regard to the original seven are confirmed by the

new accessions, with the exception that the upper surface of the

male kept in normal surroundings is perhaps somewhat lighter

than that of the dry-heat male already in the Collection. The

under surface, however, of this male, and the general aspect of

all the females support the conclusion before arrived at that

the intermediate or early dry-season form of this butterfly can

be at least slightly influenced in the direction of the dry- or

wet-season phase respectively by artificial conditions of dry

heat and moisture. ;

“‘These three males are the specimens referred to by Mr.

Marshall (oc. cit., pp. 206-208) as d of the first series, and

g, & of the second series. Like the previous examples result-

ing from the same experiment, which are nine in number and

all females, they tend to show that under conditions of moisture

a certain approach is made towards the wet-season form of this

species ; this, however, is less conspicuous in the present group

of males than in the females just referred to.

‘This specimen is spoken of by Mr. Marshall (loc. cit.,

p. 201) as the one example which emerged out of two that

were kept as pupx for nine days in a damp jar. The present

specimen shows a nearer approach to the full wet-season form

than the example in the Hope Collection which was left under

moist conditions for seven days instead of nine. It is, however,

less ‘wet’ than another male bred at nearly the same time

under normal conditions (loc. cit., p. 202). In the case of this

species the numbers experimented with are probably too small

to warrant a definite conclusion as to its susceptibility.

‘*(4) A male specimen of Teracolus awaxo, Luc.

“This very interesting butterfly is the last of the three

individuals mentioned by Mr. Marshall (loc. cit., p. 201) as

having been bred from eggs laid by Zeracolus topha, Wallgrn.

The example previously presented to the Hope Collection is

quite of the auxo form, though not extreme; but the present

specimen, as noted by Mr. Marshall (Joc. cit.), shows a still

(¢ 9a»)

closer approach to the fullest @uxo condition, which is known

to be characteristic of the wet or summer season. The two

specimens now referred to are of great value as having afforded

the actual synepigonic proof of the specific identity of the two

phases 7’. auxo and 7’. topha. This identity had been suspected

so long ago as 1877 by Mansel Weale, who placed some of his

specimens of these forms in the Hope Collection. But, as the

writer has elsewhere stated, Mr. Marshall’s experiments, the

results of which are now at Oxford, remove the subject of the

specific identity of these two forms from the region of probable

conjecture to that of actual proof.”

Mr. W. E. Swarr exhibited a specimen of the North

American Longicorn, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, F. He said

the species had been discovered in a sound ash-tree seven inches

from the bark, grown in the neighbourhood of St. Helens,

Lancashire. Some palings of American ash in the vicinity

suggested the origin of the progenitors of the colony ; but it

was not known how long they had been erected. Mr. SHarp

also showed examples of Amara anthobia, Villa, with a series

of A. familiaris, Duf., and A. lucida for comparison. They

had been sent him by the Rev. G. A. Crawshay from

Leighton Buzzard, where they occurred not infrequently at

the roots of grass in sandy places. Thinking their identity

with A. ducida doubtful, he had sent them to M. Bedel, of

Paris, who confirmed them as A. anthobia, Villa, a species not

hitherto recorded in the British Lists.

Mr. M. Burr exhibited a number of mutilated Stenobothrus

from the Picos de Europa, Spain. He said that these grass-

hoppers were taken at a height of about 1300 metres, on turfy

ground exposed to north wind from the Atlantic, and covered with

tufts of a short, dense, tough, and spiky shrub, together with

heather. Of the grasshoppers occurring on this spot, almost

every specimen had the wings and elytra more or less mutilated,

sometimes actually torn to shreds, entirely altering their

appearance. A notable exception was St. bicolor, of which no

single specimen was found mutilated. This species also

frequently indulged in flight, which the others were unable to

do ; and he suggested that its immunity might be due to the

vitality which has enabled it to become the most abundant and

(\} xvii 2)

widespread grasshopper in Europe. Two ? @ of a species

peculiar to the mountain, S¢. cazurvoi, were also shown, one

torn, one not torn. But of the common St. viridulus almost

every specimen was mutilated.

Mr. F. W. Pierce exhibited drawings of the genitalia of

Noctuid moths, and also with the lantern a number of slides

showing the respective peculiarities of many members of the

Genus. Among other things he drew attention to the fact

that in the case of the Zweniocampide the genitalia were

widely dissimilar, while his investigations had led him to

conclude that ashworthii, at present ranked as an Agrotis,

should more properly be included in the Noctua group.

Mr. L. B. Prout suggested that the arrangement was a

physiological necessity for the separate existence of the various

species of Txniocampa, as they all observed practically the

same habits and emerged simultaneously,

A discussion followed upon the value of the genitalia for

the purpose of distinguishing species, in which Mr. G. C.

Cuampion, Mr. A. W. Bacor, and other Fellows joined.

Wednesday, April 5th, 1905.

Mr. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

The decease was announced of Dr. ALPpHEUS 8, PAcKARD, an

Honorary Fellow, and of Mr. Atrrep Braumont, and Mr.

ALFRED PREUDHOMME DE Borrg, Fellows of the Society.

Lxhibits.

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorpe exhibited a melanic specimen

of a Grammoptera, discovered by Mr. C. J. C. Pool at Enfield,

which appeared to be quite distinct from any member of the

genus recorded in Britain, though Mr. E. A. Waterhouse had

taken a similar example thirty years ago in Yorkshire. Mr.

C. J. Gahan, to whom the specimens had been referred,

considered them to be a form of G@. ruficornis, F.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1905. B

( wail)

Mr. M. Jacopy brought for exhibition a specimen of Mega-

lopus melipona, Bates, an insect which so much resembles a

bee that Bates had said they were indistinguishable in nature.

Professor E. B. Poutron remarked that the species recalled

a little black 7rigona from Borneo, recently discovered there

by Mr. R. Shelford, but in this case the mimic was not of a

stinging but of a biting model.

Mr. A. Bacor exhibited on behalf of Dr. Culpin specimens

of Papilio macleayanus and Hypocista metirius captured in

Queensland, illustrating the use of “ directive”” markings in

the Rhopalocera in influencing their enemies to attack non-

vital parts. All the specimens were taken on the same

occasion, and the fresh condition of the Papilio was in marked

contrast to the specimens of another species recently exhibited

by Prof. Poulton, to show that the tails were not always the

first portion of the wings to be lost.

It was noticeable that two out of the six specimens showed

signs of an attack directed at the lobes of the hind-wings,

situated at the base of the tails, and judging by the unset

specimens, that these lobes were roughly suggestive of a head

when the insect is at rest. In the other species eight out of

the seventeen specimens showed damage at or near the small

ocelli on the upper or under side of the hind-wings.

Mr. G. J. Arrow exhibited an example of Ceratopterus

stahli, Westw., a beetle from Australia possessing notable

powers of crepitation.

Mr. A. H. Jones and Mr. H. Row1ianp-Brown showed a

series of Hrebia alecto (glacialis), var. nicholli, Oberth., taken

by them at about 8000 ft. at Campiglio, South Tyrol, with

specimens of Dasydia tenebraria, var. wockearia, caught in the

company of the Hrebias in the same localities ; when upon the

wing the two species were not dissimilar. Mr. Jones also

exhibited examples of Hrebia melas from the Parnassus Mount-

ains, Greece, for comparison, and fine forms of butterflies found

at Mendel, near Botzen, including very large Apatura iris 9 9°,

Vanessa antiopa, and Satyrus semele.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a 2 Morpho adonis from British

Guiana together with several males. The female sex is

extremely rare, and was only definitely known in 1881,

URE)

when it was described and figured by Mr. W. L. Distant in

the Transactions of the Society for that year. Mention was

made as to how the vast difference in the sexes arose, and it

was suggested as probable that originally both sexes were blue

with a broad white band, as is the case with the allied

Morpho cypris and Morpho helena. The 3 had, however, now

lost all trace of the white band, while the ? had retained

the white band and suppressed all the blue scaling. In

Morpho cacica, 6, normally the white band was absent, but as

a rare aberration a well-defined band was present, thus show-

ing that this phase of development was frequent in the genus.

Amongst the male specimens were two that had apparently

been attacked by natural enemies. One showed a large beak-

shaped rent in one of the fore-wings, indicating attack while

the insect was sailing with outstretched wings. Another had

a large piece removed from the anal angle of both hind-wings ;

the damage on both sides coinciding when the insect was

sitting with folded wings.

Dr. F. A. Dixy exhibited the social web and pupal shells

of Kucheira socialis, Westw., together with specimens of the

perfect insect, and made the following observations :—

‘“‘ By the kindness of Professor Poulton I am able to show

the common larval habitation of the remarkable gregarious

Pierine Lucheira socialis, Westw. This is the actual nest,

from Mexico, which was described and figured by Westwood

in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1836, p. 38, and Pl. VI, figs. 1 and

2. The longitudinal incision is the one originally made by the

late Hope Professor; the two transverse cuts have recently

been added by myself, with the object of displaying the interior

of the nest more clearly. The figure in our Transactions shows

the upper part of the receptacle, and the twig which descends

through its neck, thickly covered with the pupz of the butter-

fly suspended by their tails—a most unusual mode of attach-

ment among the Pierine, though not entirely unexampled.

At some time in the period of over seventy years during which

this specimen has been preserved, the dried pupze have been

-attacked by some cabinet pest, as a result of which many have

been detached from the wall of the nest, and several have

crumbled away. Such of these loosened pupe and their

( xx)

fragments as could be collected are now cemented to a card

and shown beside the nest, while among the pups still in situ

will be seen the little bosses of silk in which the anal hooks of

the detached pupz were once engaged.

“Similar nests, presumably of this species, have been

described by many travellers, Westwood (loc. cit.) quotes from

Hardy’s ‘Travels in the Interior of Mexico’ one such account ;

and another, by A. Sallé, will be found in the ‘Annales de la

Société Entomologique de France,’ 1857, p. 20. The latter

observer, who discovered his nests on the branches of a small

Arbutus, quotes from Humboldt, Hssai politique sur le royawme

de la Nowvelle-Espagne, Paris, 1827, p. 28, under the name of

Capullos de madrogno, a description of nests which must, it

seems, also have belonged to this species. Humboldt gives a

short account of the larva, which, however, he considered to

be a ‘ Bombyx.’

‘Tn the year 1900, Dr. Dyar exhibited two of these nests,

which had been sent to Washington by Dr. Alfredo Dugés, of

Guanajuato, Mexico. Dr. Dyar at the same time showed

specimens of the larva, of which he has published a minute

description (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. iv, 1901, pp. 419,

420). The food-plant was stated to bea species of Arctosta-

phylos. In the discussion which followed this exhibit, Dr.

Dyar said that this was the only social butterfly known to

him. It is no doubt rare in the extreme for the gregarious

habit and the construction of a common abode to be carried so

far in the case of butterflies as in the present example, but

there is possibly at least one other instance to be found

among the Pierines. I refer to MNeophasia terlootii, Behr,

which also inhabits Mexico and Arizona, and is stated by its

describer to feed on an Arbutus, the larvee forming common

habitations in which they pupate gregariously. I cannot,

however, avoid the suspicion that the nest of Hucheira has

by some mistake been attributed to Veophasia, though the

testimony of Behr with regard to J. terlooti, originally pub-

lished in 1890 and repeated in a letter to Dr. Skinner in 1900,

certainly appears to be explicit enough, This latter butterfly

is especially interesting as possessing a female which closely

resembles some of the mimetic forms of Huterpe. (See Proc.

€ fxr}

Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd series, vol. ii, 1890, p. 91; Ent. News

of Philadelphia, vol. xi, 1900, pp. 331, 413, 538, Pl. TI, fig.

28, and Pl. XIV.) Iam not aware that the method of pupal

suspension in this species has been recorded, but the pupa of

the other species of Veophasia, viz. V. menapia, Feld., is stated

by H. Edwards to be invariably attached with the head up-

wards. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. v, 1875, p. 165.) Behr

is of opinion that the two known species of Veophasia should

be referred to the genus Lucheira ; this, as I have elsewhere

stated (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 304), seems to rest

on insuflicient evidence, though there is doubtless some

affinity between the two genera, and both belong to an early

Pierine stock. When the life history of the primitive Pierines

(Metaporia, Pontia, etc.) of Central Asia is better known, it

will be interesting to see whether the social habit and com-

munity of larval shelter will be found to prevail with any of

these in a form at all comparable with those of their relatives

on the other side of the Pacific. As I have before suggested

(Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 303), it seems not at all

unlikely that the common larval habitation of Pontia (Aporia)

crategi, rudimentary as it is, and belonging only to the early

larval stages, may be a degenerate or undeveloped form of

the elaborate silken nest constructed by the not very

widely-removed Lucheira socialis.’”

Dr. W. J. Hotanp, of Pittsburg, Pa., U.S.A., said that

although he had been a Fellow of the Society for many years,

this was the first meeting which he had ever attended, and he

regarded it as a rather peculiar coincidence that the subject

under discussion should be one from the study of which he

himself had just freshly come. Continuing his remarks, Dr.

Honanp said :—“ In the early part of the past winter, the

president of one of the Mexican railways showed me some

pieces of a white silken web, remarkably tough and durable,

which represented the covering of what he called ‘a great

cocoon,’ abundant on the branches of the ‘madrofia’ trees

in the State of Durango, and always full of a multitude of

caterpillars. I asked him to write at once to Mexico and

request the superintendent of his railway to ship me a number

of these silken bags. In due course of time I received a large

(. =xii ))

erate filled with them, and, fortunately, when the bags

arrived, the caterpillars having passed the final moult, some

of them were already pupating, and I was able to watch the

process, The butterflies subsequently emerged, and as I

had imagined from the outset, the insect proved to be

Eucheira socialis, Westw., the males appearing in advance

of the females. Oviposition took place within the silken

bags in a number of instances, the females not coming

forth, and I noticed that a number of the females, which

appeared to be sluggish in their movements, did not attain a

perfect normal expansion of the wings, as if there were already

a tendency toward the development of a weakly-winged or

possibly an ultimate apterous form; a phenomenon which is

well known in the case of the ‘bag-moths.’ This abortion of

the wings, however, may have been purely an accident, but it

was rather remarkable that while all the males emerged

with finally perfect wings—and there were some hundreds of

them—a very heavy percentage of the females were either

under-sized or partially aborted, crumpled, and unable to

attain full development. Not having the proper food-plant, I

was, of course, unable to work out the life history of the

larvee, although I preserved a large number of them both in

spirits and inflated. That this insect is congeneric with

Neophasia menapia and N., terlootic I do not believe, and in

this respect I quite agree with Dr. Dixey.

“In conclusion, it may be interesting to recall that my

friend, Professor Carl Lumholz, in his recent book on Mexico,

figures a group of Indians engaged in extracting the caterpillars

from those silken tents. They are a staple article of diet

among some of the mountain tribes, and I am told that the

forests in places are literally white with the big silken webs,

many of which are five or six times greater than the original

specimen described and figured by Professor Westwood, and

now before us.

‘‘Meanwhile I have written a fully-illustrated article on

the subject, which will shortly be published, covering my

observations upon this interesting subject.”

Professor E. B, Pouuron, F.R.S., read the following note

recently received from Mr. S. A. Neave, B.A., F.E.S. The

( xmin |)

observation supplies further interesting evidence of the super-

stitious dread of larve with terrifying eye-like markings

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 399-401) :—

“Petauke, Fort Jameson,

N.E. Rhodesia.

“ January 4-5, 1905. While here my boys brought me a

specimen of Sphinx larva with terrifying markings. I think

this must be the Chewrocampa osiris mentioned by Marshall

(Trans. Ent. Soc. vide supra), but I have written a description

of it in case it should prove to be different. I can add some

further interesting evidence as to the value of its terrifying

markings. It most successfully imposes upon the natives, who

will not actually handle it at any price, and say they are afraid

of its ‘eyes.’ I have asked I should think fifty natives and

they all consider the ocellated spots to be eyes. They have

also a superstition that it jumps out of the bush and upa

man’s nostrils. This is all the more interesting when we

remember that a// other species of Sphinx larve that I have yet

seen, besides many other Lepidopterous larvee, are eaten by the

natives and much searched for, being considered a great delicacy.

They have different names for different species, which shows

their great interest in them.”

“Jan. 14. I have several of the Cherocampa larve in

captivity and three have just pupated. They spin a very

slight web, with large meshes of tough silk around them. The

natives were unaware of the metamorphoses of these larve

and were very astonished to see the pupx. They are inclined,

I think, to attribute it to magic on my part!”

Paper's, etc.

The Present read the following note on experiments

conducted by him to ascertain the vitality of pup subjected

to submersion in water :—

“The popular impression, as often shown in the news-

papers, that severe winters are specially destructive to insects

is well known to be unfounded, as our native insects in the

hibernating stage will bear lower temperatures than they

are ever exposed to, but | am not aware that there is any

(| xxiv )

positive evidence as to the effect upon them of floods. As

regards many pup, which bury themselves in earth in low-

lying localities it is certain that lengthened submergence

cannot be injurious, for they must frequently be many days

under water, yet survive. It does not however follow that

pupe which habitually are high and dry (and most of the

common lepidoptera having subterranean pupe evince a

preference for such situations) would similarly escape. With

the object of learning something definite on this point, I tried

some experiments in the winter of 1901-2, supplementing

them in the winter of 1904-5.

“JT was able to obtain the following species for the pur-

pose :—Phalera bucephala, which buries without a cocoon ;

Drepana faleataria (with which a few D. curvatula were

mixed) and Selenia bilunaria, which both form close but thin

cocoons between united leaves; Cochlidion limacodes, which

forms a dense egg-shaped cocoon; and Araschnia levana,

which is naked, and, being attached, as I have observed in

the many hundreds I have bred, to deciduous nettle leaves

and leaf-stalks, must pass the winter on or near the ground

among the leaves and refuse which gather at the bottom of

the stumps of dead stems.

“The pupe were kept in unglazed earthenware jars which

were placed in an ordinary flat sponging bath which stood on

a table close to an open window facing north-west. Many

were kept thoroughly submerged during the whole of their

periods of immersion, being deprived of any opportunity of

floating by means of earth in the case of bucephala, of

thoroughly soaked moss in the other cases. In 1902 they

were thus submerged from the 2nd February onwards, the

weather being very cold, so that ice formed several times

upon the water in which they were plunged.

“The treatment was as follows :—

Not

Submerged, Submerged. Removed from the water.

bucephala 73 10 6 day by day for 12 successive days.

Saleataria 127 27 6 x5 ass 21 a 4

bilunaria 18 20 about 4 HA Pe 5 4 sa

limacodes (As 12 5 bt Hs 15 x ap

levana 84 20 5 ae i 17 < AD)

(az)

Of the bucephala submerged, 24 emerged after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7,10, 11 and 12 days respectively, many more afterwards ; of

the unsubmerged 8 emerged. Of the fulcataria and curvatula

at least 66 emerged after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 days (10 of the pup sub-

merged had first slipped out of their cocoons, and 8 of these

emerged) ; of those unsubmerged about the same proportion

emerged ; of the limacodes, nearly all emerged; of the sub-

merged levana only 3 emerged, after 1, 3 and 9 days

respectively.

“Of the submerged bilunaria not one emerged, but of the

20 unsubmerged 13 emerged. That result was so surprising

as*compared with the other submerged pupex that I thought

the fatal consequences might have been owing to the fact that

the 18 pup had been deprived of the protection of their

cocoons (though this had not affected the fulcataria). There-

fore in the winter of 1904-5 I tried the experiment with

this species on a large scale. Of 50 submerged in their

cocoons and taken out in lots of about 4 for 12 successive

days nearly all emerged, very few being cripples, but of 23

submerged naked and taken out in from 1 to 5 days, only 2

emerged, both cripples. Of 34 other naked pup not sub-

merged the great majority have emerged, about a quarter

of them cripples, while of 50 left in their cocoons, but

unsubmerged, nearly all have emerged, very few of them

being cripples.

‘«‘ The inference to be drawn from these experiments appears

to be that in the case of subterranean naked pupe sub-

mergence for 20 days is not injurious. Of moth pupe that are

not subterranean, such as fulcataria, limacodes and bilunuria,

submergence for 12 days or more is not injurious, with the

proviso that if biuwnaria is without its cocoon it will almost

always be killed even if the submergence is only for a day.

As to levana the pupe were probably unhealthy, as shown by

the large number of the unsubmerged that died ; the numbers

of both that survived are too few for any decided inference,

but it is established that this naked pupa can survive

submergence for 9 days.

“The power of resistance of pupx to submergence seems

(( xa)

very superior to that of larve, many of which I have found

drowned after a very few hours in water. Of course the

number of species experimented on by me is much too small

for a very wide generalization ; still it has been shown to be

a fact that several kinds of lepidopterous pupe, fair samples, I

think they may be called, will survive submergence for many

days in water, and my figures show that just as large a pro-

portion survive many days of it as survive a single day. It

should perhaps be observed that the submergence of all the

pup tried was completed many weeks before the imago was

due to emerge, with the partial exception of the biuwnaria tried

in 1904-5, a very few of which, kept in a cold, fireless rcom,

emerged before and during the term of experimentalism ; it

does not follow that submergence would have been as harmless

after the pupa had got over its winter lethargy and was

moving towards emergence; this might be tested by

experiments on short-lived swomer pup.”

A discussion followed in which Mr. A. W. Bacor, Mr. R.

ADKIN, Professor E. B. Pouuron and other Fellows participated.

Mr. G. T. Beruune-Baker contributed “A Monograph of

the Genus Ogyris.”

Mr. H. A. Byart, B.A., read a paper on ‘ Pseudacraa

pogger and Limnas chrysippus; the Numerical Proportion of

Mimic to Model.”

Wednesday, May 3rd, 1905.

Mr. F. Merririecp, President, in the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr, J. Burrerwortu, B.Se., of “Comrie,” Eglinton Hill,

Plumstead, 8.E., was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions, ete.

Mr. M. Jacosy exhibited a series of Nenarthra cervicornis,

Baly, from Ceylon, and drew attention to the curious structure

of the antenne of the ¢ those of the 2 being quite simple. It

( axa )

now being generally considered that the antenne are olfactory

organs, the complication of joints was all the more remarkable.

Mr. G. T. Porrirr exhibited specimens of Tephrosia con-

sonaria, ab. nigra, and melanic examples of Loarmia consortaria,

all from a wood in West Kent, by Mr. EK. Goodwin. These

forms were exactly on the same lines as the melanism in West

Yorkshire, and it is curious they should occur in such widely

separate localities. The two genera, however, are evidently

prone to melanism, as Mr. Porritt had now seen black or

almost black specimens of all the British species except

Tephrosia punctulata.

Commander J. J. Waker exhibited (1) two specimens of

the very rare Staphylinid, Medon castaneus, Grav., taken in

the Oxford district during the last week of April 1905; (2)

several examples of both sexes of the giant flea Hystrichopsylla

talpx, Curtis, from field-mouse nests in the same district ; and

(3) the type-specimen of the Bostrichid beetle Dinoderus

ocellaris, Steph. (taken by the late Prof. Westwood at ‘“ Little

Chelsea” previous to 1830), from the Hope Collection at

Oxford.

With reference to the last exhibited he also contributed the

following note :—

“« Dinoderus ocellaris, Steph. (Ill. Mandib. III., p. 352,

footnote [1830]), + Sp. 2, ocellaris. Nigro-piceus, subnitidus,

antennis pedibusque piceis, elytris punctatis, punctis ocellatis

in striis digestis. (Long. corp. 1} lin.) Di? ocellaris mihz.

_ Pitchy-black, slightly glossy; thorax tuberculate in front,

punctate posteriorly; elytra rather deeply punctate, the

punctures disposed in striz, distinctly ocellated, and largest

posteriorly ; antenne and legs piceous. I have little doubt of

this insect being congenerous with the foregoing, but the

antenne are broken, Taken at ‘ Little Chelsea’ in July last.

—Mr. Westwood. It is probably exotic, having been found

in a cup of coffee,”

“The British species” (of the family Bosrricuip™) ‘are

few in number, of small size, and considerable rarity ; indeed

it is not improbable that some of them are not really in-

digenous, but have been imported in timber, etc., from abroad,

as in the instance of Dinoderus ocellaris, described by Mr.

( xxviii )

Stephens, from my collection, which I found floating in a

cup of coffee.””— Westwood, Int. Mod. Classif. Insects, L.,

p- 278 (1839).

Professor E, B. Poutron, F.R.S., read the following note

on “Heliotropism in Pararge and Pyrameis,” communicated

by Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, M.D.:—“Following up my observa-

tions on the attitude at rest of Pararge schakra, Koll., made

near Simla in October 1903,* I paid a good deal of attention in

February and March of the present year to P. meone, Cram., a

butterfly that I found in varying numbers in all the parts of

Algeria that I visited. This is either a southern form of P.

ageria, L., or a closely allied species in which the yellowish

spots are replaced by fulvous. It is fond of settling on sandy

roads, rocks, walls, or the leaves of trees or shrubs, compara-

tively rarely visiting flowers. It first pitches, invariably I

might say, with its wings about three-quarters expanded, and

in the vast majority of cases with its back to the sun, the axis

of the body being rarely more than 45° to either side; im-

mediately after settling it more often than not adjusts itself,

by a quick movement, so as to make its tail point fairly

accurately tothe sun. After this adjustment, if at all, it closes

its wings over its back, and as a necessary result its shadow

is reduced to, or approximates to, a mere line. There can, I

think, be no doubt that this habit is a great protection to the

insect, since when resting on fairly flat surfaces the shadow of

a Satyrine or Nymphaline butterfly with cryptic under-side is

often more conspicuous than the fly itself.

“IT quote two cases from my notes :—

‘Feb. 8, Guyotville. Watched a specimen settle about

twenty times, The wings were always at first expanded about

three-fourths, an adjustment of its position was in most cases

made immediately, and after that the wings were raised over

the back. In about twelve cases the orientation was perfect

and the shadow a minimum ; in seven or eight cases the orien-

tation was imperfect, with a maximum error of about 45°, but

usually much less.

“ Feb. 25, Biskra. Watched one settle three or four times,

always with a shadow near the minimum.

* See Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 67 and 136.

(°° xxx)

“Only one specimen of P. meone was ever seen to settle

facing the sun ; it did so three times, a fourth time turning its

tail in the usual way. This was at Biskra on March 5th, and

I noted at the time that the sun was not shining strongly.

Two only were observed to settle with the axis of the body at

right angles to the sun. One of these appeared to be crippled

in the legs, since it alone always sat on one side. A third

specimen, feeding on laurustinus flower in the Chabet Gorge

on March 18th, did not appear to orient itself by the sun.

“Tn conclusion, except early in the day, or when the sun is

dull, or when feeding on flowers, P. meone settles with the axis

of the body turned so that its tail points more or less accurately

to the sun, therefore when the wings are raised, in the attitude

of repose (as is more common towards the afternoon), the

shadow is reduced to insignificant dimensions.

** Pyrameis cardui, L., is an abundant butterfly in Algeria.

It is not so easy to watch as P. meone, for it is a strong flier

and much more wary ; moreover, many of the specimens were

seen in exposed places during windy weather, Nevertheless,

T can say confidently that it generally settles with its tail to

the sun, though it does not do this with the regularity of

meone. 1 saw two specimens turn their faces to the sun, and

saw a third settle twice with its body axis at right angles,

though the third time it settled normally. The first two

freshly emerged specimens, at Hammam Pvihra, March 25th,

did not orient as well as those that had hybernated.

“These observations confirm those of Professor G. H. Parker

on Vanessa antiopa, L.,and on a Grapta in the United States,*

and supply a reason for the habit that does not appear to have

occurred to him, namely, concealment when in repose.”

A discussion followed in which Dr. W. J. Hotuanp said

that he had not noticed this tendency to orientation. In the

case of Colias philodice and other Pieridx, he had observed

that they assumed all manner of positions, so that it was not

safe to extend the observation presented by Professor Poulton

to such species. The Prestpent asked for information on the

resting habit of Selenia bilunaria, and remarked that it differed

in his observations from that of S. tetralunaria and the other

* Referred to Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1905, p, 136.

( ‘sae j

members of the genus. Mr. C. O. Waternouse remarked that

he had noticed that butterflies always turn ¢o the sun, so as to

expose the greatest amount of surface to the warmth. Mr.G.

C. Cuampion also mentioned that when collecting in the

tropics he found that a dead butterfly exposed to the sun’s

rays at once shrivelled up. Mr. C. J. Ganan, Dr. F. A.

Drixey, and other Fellows also joined in the discussion.

Papers.

Professor L, C. Mraun, F.R.S., communicated a paper on

“The Structure and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata,

Curtis,” by John Alexander Dell, B.Sc.

Dr. D. H. Hurcntyson gave an address on “ The Three-

colour Process as applied to Insect Photography,” illustrated

by lantern slides of British and Indian Rhopalocera, the

exhibits showing a marked advance in accuracy of wing

coloration to any yet shown at the Society’s meetings. The

PRESIDENT at the close of the Proceedings heartily con-

gratulated Dr. Hurcurnson upon the results of his work.

Wednesday, June 7th, 1905.

Mr. F. Merririevp, President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

The decease was announced of Lieut.-Col. L. H. L. Irsy,

ELS., PZ:

Election of an Honorary Fellow.

Herr Lupwic von Ganenpaurr, of the Vienna Museum,

was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society,

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Cuartes J. Grist of “ Apsley,” Banstead, Surrey; Mr.

Vernon Parry Krrcnen of the Priory, Watford, Herts.; and

the Rev. W. Mansectt Merry, M.A., of St. Michael’s, Oxford,

were elected Fellows of the Society.

( toomxi -)

Exhibitions.

Mr. M. Burr exhibited an earwig, Apterygida arachidis,

Yers., found by Mr. Annandale of Calcutta, in a box of

specimens received from the Andaman Islands. When placed

in a small box, it was alone, but next morning there were five

larve present ; two disappeared, apparently being consumed

by the parent ; and the remaining three were those exhibited.

Mr. Burr also showed a Locustid of the family Psewdophyllidx

taken in Queensland by Mr. H. W. Simmonds, a Fellow of the

Society, among twigs and plants which it greatly resembled,

together with a photograph of the insect in its natural

position.

Mr, E. C. Bepwet showed (1) three examples of Gnorimus

nobilis, Li, taken at Woolwich on May 20th last under the

bark of an old dead cherry tree, a beetle of which Canon

Fowler writes that it seems to be becoming extinct in

Britain ; and (2) a malformed specimen of Lochmea suturalis

which had the left posterior tibia bifid for about one-third of

its length, and two tarsi, one of which had the joints

considerably enlarged.

Mr. O. EK, Janson brought for exhibition a living specimen

of Omophlus betule, Herbst, a beetle not known to occur in

Britain, found by his son near Covent Garden, and probably

imported,

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited one ¢ and three ? 9 of Agrion

armatum taken this year by Mr. F. Balfour Browne and sent

to him alive. This dragonfly, searce everywhere, was added

to the British list by Mr. Browne about two years ago.

Mr. G. C. Cuampton showed four specimens of the rare

Acrognathus mandibularis, Gyll., captured on the wing towards

sunset near Woking at the end of May.

Mr. Setwyn ImaceE exhibited two aberrations of Biston

hirtarius, both females, taken by himself at rest on tree-

trunks at Mortehoe, North Devon, April 23rd, 1905. The

first aberration was tolerably normal in general coloration,

but the anterior half of the fore-wings was much suffused

with fuscous, and at the costa broadly emphasized with rich

{ mex /)

black. The transverse lines on the hind-wings, all unusually

distinct, were also dark, and broad throughout. The second

aberration was semi-transparent black all over both fore- and |

hind-wings, the veins strongly delineated with black, powdered

with ochreous. All traces of transverse lines and bands were

obsolete in both wings, except a narrow pale-ochreous sub-

terminal band, and this also nearly obsolete in hind-wings.

The head and thorax were black dusted with ochreous, the

abdomen totally black, and the legs and antennz immaculate

black.

Mr. W. J. Kaye showed a number of empty pupa-cases of

Zonosoma pendularia to demonstrate the wide variation of

methods in the ‘placing of the silken girth round the pupa.

The two extreme instances were—(1) where the girth went

over the meso-thorax, and (2) where the girth was round the

fourth abdominal segment, ‘The average was close to the

third abdominal segment. Allusion was made to Prof. EK. B.

Poulton’s experiment with Pieris brassice and Pieris rape,

as given in the Presidential address delivered in January

1905. This experiment went far to prove that those species

were incapable of showing variation in this particular respect of

pupal girth, because there was a specially strengthened groove

to receive the silken strand and it was proved that the ordinary

tegument of the pupa was unable to withstand the strain, at

least when the pupa was in an unnatural position. But in

the case of Zonosoma pendularia there is no groove present

and the pupa is able to undergo development with the silk

girth placed very variously, and it is only necessary for the

pupa to be secure, the girth being in reality loose and having

no definite position rather than a variable one. In one of the

pup the excretions were at the head end, showing that the

pupa must have been placed upside down.

Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S8., exhibited leaves of straw-

berry, Berberis japonica, and cherry-laurel which had been

sent to him by Mr. W. B. Grove, of Handsworth, Birming-

ham. The leaves had been attacked by minute fungi which,

in the strawberry and erberis, had been identified by Prof.

S. H. Vines, F.R.S., as Phyllosticta fragaricola and Phyllosticta

japonica, respectively. The clean round holes in the laurel

( Xxxili )

leaves had been caused by a fungus identified by Mr. George

Massee as Cercospora circumscissa, Sacc.,—the ‘“ shot-hole

fungus.” The attack was local and followed by the death

and disappearance of the central portion of the leaf-tissue of

each patch, leaving a roundish or oval window outlined with

brown, sometimes in the form of a narrow line, sometimes

spreading peripherally into the leaf for a greater or less

distance. In the strawberry the edges of the windows were

somewhat ragged, but those of the other two leaves had

smooth contours, and strikingly resembled the oval trans-

parent areas upon the fore-wings of Aallima inachis, paralekta,

etc.—surrounded most conspicuously with a marginal zone of

modified colour varying greatly in different individuals as

regards both tint and breadth. Professor Pounron had

believed that these “windows” of Aallima represented holes

gnawed by larve and that the altered marginal zone repro-

duced the effect of the attacks of fungi entering along the

freshly exposed tissues of the edge. But he now desired to

withdraw his earlier hypothesis in favour of the more pro-

bable and convincing suggestion made by Mr. Grove. The

origin of the suggestion is of some interest in relation to the

meetings of their Society and other associations which pro-

mote the intercourse of naturalists. Professor Pouiton in

the course of the ‘‘ Huxley Lecture,” recently delivered by

him in the University of Birmingham, had explained his

hypothesis and illustrated it upon the screen. Mr. W. B.

Grove heard the lecture and forthwith proceeded to develop

a sounder hypothesis.

Professor Poutron also showed a photograph of the fungus-

like marks on the wings of the Oriental Kallimas, prepared

under his direction by Mr. Alfred Robinson of the Oxford

University Museum. The photograph was taken with oblique

illumination, and shows, somewhat magnified, the tall up-

standing scales which form the centre of each well-marked

patch, as well as the pronounced shadow cast by them. They

doubtless represent, in form as well as in colour, the fructifica-

tion in the centre of a patch of leaf-attacking fungus, perhaps

the very kinds which at a later stage of their development

produce the “windows” represented on another part of

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1905. 9)

( jee”)

the wing-surface, perhaps some other common tropical

Cryptogam.

Dr. Kart Jordan communicated the following note upon

the Variability of the Genitalia in Lepidoptera :—

“For a long time it was the opinion of systematists that

the organs of copulation in insects were practically constant

within a species, and that therefore a form of insect which

was found to be different in these organs was a distinct

species. I demonstrated about ten years ago with Lepido-

ptera, and have since done so on several occasions, that there

is a certain amount of individual variability, and that this

variability in the organs of copulation is independent of the

variability in other organs, for instance in the wings. Indi-

viduals which are aberrant in pattern are normal in the

copulatory organs, and specimens with marked deviation from

the typical in these organs have normal wing-patterns.

Dimorphism in the wings, so strongly marked in many

Lepidoptera, is not accompanied by differences in the organs

of copulation.

**On the other hand, I have found that there is often a more

or less marked geographical variability in the organs of

copulation accompanying variability in the wings, a geo-

graphical variety of a butterfly or moth being in most cases

characterised by some distinction in the wing and the organs

of copulation. The bearing, on the evolution of species, of

this contrast of geographical and non-geographical variation

is obvious. It appears to me easy to understand why the

specimens of the same locality, which copulate together, are

on the whole the same in the organs of copulation, but it is

more difficult in the case of seasonal varieties. If the causes

of seasonal variation have anything to do with the origin of

new species, one should expect that seasonal forms, which are

often so very different from one another in the wings, were

also different in the organs of copulation. I have examined

many seasonally dimorphic species without result. Lately,

however, I have come across a solitary instance of seasonal

variability in the organs of copulation. The spring form of

Papilio xuthus is slightly but distinctly and almost constantly

different from the summer form in the ‘‘harpe” of the

(cose)

clasper, the dentate portion of the ‘ harpe” being propor-

tionately longer in the summer form than in the specimens of

the spring brood.

“This case of variability is of importance for the system-

atist as well as the evolutionist. It disposes of the opinion

still held by many systematists that a form with some dis-

tinction in the organs of copulation is a species, and it

demonstrates at the same time that a species can be split up

by natural causes into forms which differ morphologically like

species in organs of such importance for the preservation of

the species as are the organs of copulation.”

Mr. J. W. Turr remarked that among the “Skippers”

there are one or two species ranked as such on the variation

of the genital organs, and he drew special attention to one

described by Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. J. Edwards allied

closely with Syricthus malvx, viz. var. malvoides, Elw. and

Edw., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 160, Pl. XXIII, figs.

27-27a. He also suggested that a more definite statement

as to whether the genitalia vary side by side with wing differ-

ences would be useful to determine whether the individual

form was merely a form or constituted a distinct species.

Mr. H. J. Etwes said that in the work alluded to Mr.

Edwards was responsible for the parts dealing with the

genitalia as a means of identification of species. As a rule

he was loth to accept the genitalia alone as proof, but in the

species of Syricthus mentioned Mr. Edwards had actually

found the genitalia distinct.

The subject was further discussed by Mr. G. C. CHampion,

Mr. M. Jacosy, the President, and other Fellows.

Dr. G. B, Lonestarr read the following observations on

scents in the male of Gonepteryx :—

‘At Hammam Meskoutine, Algeria, on March 15th, 1905,

while examining my captures towards the close of the day

prior to writing the data on their envelopes, I was struck

with the sweet scent of a ¢ Gonepteryw cleopatra, L. All

the three dead specimens which I had taken that day had

the scent, but in two it was faint. On March 19th, at

Bougie, | confirmed this in a living specimen, describing the

scent at the time as ‘sweet, rich, thick—suggesting [’reesia,’

( xxxvi )

At Hammam R’ihra I submitted living ¢ cleopatra to four

ladies ; one could not detect the scent, another could not

describe it, a third compared it to primrose, the fourth com-

pared it first to gorse, then to faint ‘Syringa’ (meaning

Philadelphus coronarius). Personally after more experience I

hesitate between Freesia and ‘Syringa.’ Altogether up to

March 31st, when it was getting over, I examined nineteen

male (f. cleopatra and found the scent quite distinct in all save

one.

“Though not as abundant in Algeria as G. cleopatra, our

more familiar G. rhamni, L., is sufficiently common, and

naturally I examined that species, or form, for scent. ‘To

my great surprise out of ten specimens examined not one had

a scent at all like that of cleopatra, indeed in most of them I

could detect no scent whatever! One day in the hotel garden

at Hammam R’ihra, I caught within a space a few yards in

extent, and within a quarter of an hour, five butterflies in the

following order :—1 ¢ rhamni, 3 ¢ cleopatra, 1 ¢ rhamu ;

all the three cleopatra had the scent, but neither of the rham.

“The one specimen of cleopatra in which no scent was

detected was tested on a day when my nasal mucous membrane

was somewhat inflamed, moreover a neighbouring pig-stye

was distinctly a disturbing element. For these reasons I do

not include in the above numbers 2 ¢ rhamnt examined

under the same conditions with negative results.

“The living Gonepteryx can be easily held by the thumb

below and the forefinger above the thorax, the wings being

expanded, and so examined without appreciable injury to the

specimen, ina way that the more delicate structure of most

butterflies renders impossible.

“These surprising results struck me so much at the time

that I took care to assure myself that I was not deceived, but

I trust other entomologists will repeat the observations when

opportunity offers. Such a difference in the scent of the two

forms must imply a physiological difference that would point

to a specific distinction.

“In North Devon on the 29th of last month I examined a

3 G. rhamni but could detect no scent.”

Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited specimens of several forms of

( {exmvii ))

Gonepteryx occurring in the Palearctic region, and commenting

upon Dr. Longstaff’s observations, said :—

“The facts relating to the scent of Gonepteryx cleopatra

and G. rhamni which have just been laid before us by Dr.

Longstaff are of very great interest, and certainly point in the

direction of a real distinction between the two forms. I have

occasionally detected a slight scent in British specimens of G.

rhamni 4, as recorded in our ‘ Proceedings’ for 1904, p. lviii,

but nothing like what Dr. Longstaff describes in G. cleopatra.

“Tt is by no means easy to determine the relation in which

the forms of the genus Gonepteryx stand to one another, and I

hope I shall not be thought to be wasting the time of the

meeting if I say a few words on this subject.

“In the Canary Islands we have (@. cleobule, Hiibn., which

is no doubt a distinct insular form. The fore-wings in the

male are of a brilliant orange right up to the margin, while the

hind-wings of that sex and the whole upper-surface of the female

are tinged with paler orange. In G. maderensis, Feld., from

Madeira, the males more nearly resemble G. cleopatra, Linn.,

and the females are also more deeply coloured than in G. rhammnit.

G. cleopatra, as is well known, is chiefly characteristic of the

Mediterranean subregion. Its male shows a brilliant orange

flush on the fore-wings which varies somewhat in size, but is

always, I think, inferior in area to that of G. maderensis. In

Syria, Asia Minor, and the Island of Cyprus occurs the form

G. taurica, Stdgr. (@. antonia, Butl.), which is like G. cleopatra

with its orange flush in a pale, washed-out condition. G.

rhamni, Linn., occurs generally in Europe, including the parts

of the Mediterranean subregion inhabited by G. cleopatra.

Mr. Elwes records it also from the Altai. In the Levant,

and as far east as Turkestan (Elwes), is found a form, G.

farinosa, Mann., in which the wings of both sexes have a

mealy appearance, due to semi-erect scales like those which

characterise the borders of the wings in many species of

Catopsilia and Callidryas. G., nipalensis, G. R. Gray, of which

G. carnipennis, Butl., is perhaps a dry-season phase, is the

form inhabiting northern India and the Himalaya. The male

is of a deeper and richer yellow than that of G. rhamni, and

both sexes often have the orange discoidal spots, especially of

(| xxxviii )

the hind-wing, greatly increased in size. A similar form from

China has an indication of an orange flush on the fore-wings

in a still more attenuated form than G@. tawrica. This Chinese

form appears to be a seasonal phase of G. acuminata, Feld.,

which inhabits the same districts, together with Burma, and

is marked by extreme angulation of the wings. G. zaneku,

Moore, is a similar highly-angulated form from northern India.

G. aspasia, Ménétr., is an acuwminata-like type from Amurland,

and a large race of acuminata from Japan has been named

G. maxima by Butler.

‘* Additional data concerning the local and seasonal occur-

rence of these various forms are much needed. In the mean-

time certain points appear to be tolerably clear. Each of the

forms maxima, acuminata and aspasia seems to occur under two

phases ; one distinguished by a lower degree of angulation

and a comparatively smooth surface in the wings of both

sexes, and by a richer and deeper yellow in the colouring of

the males ; the other having the fore-wings strongly uncinated,

with the wings showing a mealy surface much like that of G.

farinosa, and the colouring in the male generally paler. There

appears to be some reason to suppose that these parallel phases

in the three forms have a seasonal significance, and they were

arranged by Mr. Butler in the National Collection in accord-

ance with that view; the smooth-surfaced, deeply-coloured,

less highly-angulated phase being considered to belong to the

wet season, and the other to the dry. If this be so, it is

interesting to observe that the same relation between dry

season and uncination of the fore-wing obtains in the case of

this genus as in the other instances from Pierine genera

(Pyrisitia proterpia and Teracolus auxo) to which I drew

attention in the volume of our Transactions for 1903, p. 157,

and Plate VII, figs. 1-8. It is also significant in relation to

the principle there laid down, that the most highly angulated

forms to be met with in the genus are the supposed ‘ dry-

season’ females, especially, it may be noted, those of @.

acuminata. Now whatever be the relation between the two

‘seasonal’ phases of the three forms just mentioned, I have

little doubt that the same relation holds between G. nipalensis

and G. zaneka; and I am quite prepared to find that these two

(i) eee.)

are simply phases of the same species, the more markedly

uncinate form G', zaneka belonging to the dry season, and the

more deeply coloured form G. nipalensis to the wet.

“We have then, in passing from west to east, a chain of

forms as follows:—G. cleobule (Canaries), G. maderensis

(Madeira), G. cleopatra (Mediterranean), G. tawrica (Levant),

G. nipalensis and G. zaneka (N. India), G. acuminata (China

and Burma), G. aspasia (EK. Siberia), and G. maxima (Japan).

These appear to stand to one another in the relation of more

or less distinct geographical races ; in some cases, as in that

of G. cleobule, doubtless deserving the name of representative

species. In passing from G cleobule to G. cleopatra the orange

flush diminishes in area but becomes heightened in colour ;

from G. cleopatra to G. tauwrica the area of the flush remains

the same, but its intensity is lessened. In each of the forms

ranging east of the habitat of G. taurica there are, as we

have seen, two phases, perhaps seasonal in significance ; one

of which phases, resembling G. cleopatra more closely in

contour, recalls it also by the reappearance, at least in the

far eastern forms, of an indication of the orange flush.

“What, it may be asked, is the relation of G. rhamni to

the other forms of the genus? If after studying the Asiatic

forms in their ‘seasonal’ phases, we were suddenly con-

fronted with G. cleopatra and G. rhamni for the first time, I

believe we should be inclined to regard the two latter as also

phases of each other, parallel with G. nipalensis and G. zaneha,

or with the two forms of G. aewminata. But we know that

whatever may be the relation between G. rhamni and

G. cleopatra, it is not one of regular seasonal alternation.

Are they to be regarded as completely distinct? If so, this

would seem to carry with it a presumption that the supposed

seasonal forms of G. aspasia, G. maxima, ete., have been

wrongly associated; in which case the strongly acuminate,

‘wet-season’ forms, with G'. zaneka, must be looked upon as

geographical representatives of one species, viz:, G. rhamind ;

and the less acuminate, ‘dry-season’ forms, with G. nipal-

ensis, as the same of another species, viz., G. cleopatra.

What evidence is there of a synepigonic kind? The state-

ment met with in popular books, that G. rhamni and G.

rae 7

cleopatra have been reared from the same parent, appears to

rest on a passage in Westwood’s ‘ British Butterflies and

their Transformations, 1841, p. 13, in which he mentions

that M. Boisduval had informed him ‘that he had reared

G. rhamni and CG. cleopatra from eggs deposited by the female

of the former.’ He adds a reference to Boisduval’s Hist.

Nat. Lepid., vol. i, p. 602, where, however, I find no state-

ment about synepigony, though the author points out that

the difference in shape which usually characterises G. cleopatra

as compared with G. rhamni is not of constant occurrence.

Specimens of G. cleopatra occasionally observed in Great

Britain have doubtless been introduced ; but Curtis’s figure

of G. rhamni with slight orange markings may probably

represent a really British individual. On this part of the

question, however, it will be allowed that Boisduval’s alleged

experience requires confirmation. As to syngamy, we have

the interesting testimony of Mr. Bagwell-Purefoy (‘ Entomolo-

gist,’ 1902, p. 304), who found that home-reared G. rhamni 9 ,

emerging in August, were persistently courted by G. cleopatra

3, ‘though whether any results were obtained is more than

doubtful.’ I would suggest that the reluctance of the female

G. rhamni which Mr. Bagwell-Purefoy speaks of may have

been due to the fact that this form, at any rate in the British

Islands, does not pair until after hibernation.

“In favour of the view that G. rhamni and G. cleopatra are

entirely distinct, we have the fact, explicitly stated by the

last-named observer, that his G. cleopatra reared in Ireland

under natural conditions were double-brooded, whereas G.

rhamni is well known to be single-brooded, at least in a large

part of its range. There is also the difference in contour,

G'. rhamni being much more acuminate than G. cleopatra.

The food-plant, again, is said to be different. It would seem,

however, that not one of these points is absolutely free from

doubt. It is positively stated that G. cleopatra is single-

brooded in some localities; and if it should turn out that, as

has been asserted, G. farinosa is a second brood of G. rhamni

in the eastern Mediterranean subregion, the supposed dis-

tinction would break down on both sides, Then with regard

to contour, though the difference is usually well marked, it is

( xii )

possible, as Boisduval pointed out, to find specimens of

G. rhamni which are less acuminate than some specimens of

G. cleopatra. We often find females which belong unmistak-

ably to the cleopatra type, both in form and in colour ; but

beside these we get other females which in shape appear to be

of the one form, and in colour of the other. Finally as to

the food-plant. This in the case of G. cleopatra is said to be

Rhamnus alaternus or R. alpinus. Mr. Bagwell-Purefoy’s

cleopatra, however, would not eat &. alaternus; but throve,

like rhamnt, on R. catharticus.

“Dr. Longstaff’s very interesting observation must of

course be allowed full weight. In reference to this it is

remarkable that I have not found any scales in either

G. rhamni or G. cleopatra which appear to be specialised for

scent production; nor do I find any microscopic difference

between the ordinary scales of these two forms, except in the

matter of pigmentation. Further information as to all these

forms would be very welcome, especially in the case of G.

forinosa and its possible relation with G@. rhamni and G. taurica,

in company with the latter of which forms it was found flying

by Mrs. Nicholl on the west side of Lebanon towards the

end of June (Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 81). Mean-

while, I think it may be considered as open to question

whether in a portion of their range G. rhamni and G. cleopatra

may not to some extent intergrade, though for the most part

they certainly appear to be distinct enough.

“ By the kindness of Professor Poulton I am able to

exhibit to-night specimens from the Hope Collection of many

of the forms that have been mentioned in the course of these

remarks.”

Mr. H. J. Exwes, F.R.S., read the following note on the

Geographical Affinities of Japanese Butterflies, of which he

also exhibited numerous specimens :—

‘“Twenty-three years ago (P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 856, et seq.), I

wrote my first entomological faunistic paper, ‘On the Butter-

flies of Amurland, North China and Japan,’ basing it upon

the collections of Messrs. Jonas, Pryer, and Fenton. I then

attempted to analyse the distribution of the species, which

I classified as follows :—

( ala. 4

Species common to and characteristic of the

Palearctic region ! ; oie

Peculiar to the Kastern part of ae region,

but mostly belonging to genera of Palearctic

affinity : j : \ 4 5 262

Common to Indian region, or cosmopolitan in

Old World . , : 2 ‘ ‘ . 44

‘Last summer I made a short trip to this wonderfully in-

teresting country, and though my objects were principally

the study of trees and forests, I was able to collect in some

parts of Japan little known to the ordinary tourist, a number

of butterflies of great interest. Though I had carefully

studied the best Natural History books on the country I had

not in the least realised -what were the climatic conditions

which prevail in summer, which have had a much greater

influence upon the character both of the vegetation and the

insects than I could have believed without seeing it. On

many occasions I was struck by the remarkable similarity of

the forest and the forest insects, even as far north as central

Hokkaido (usually known in England as Yezo) to the middle

region of the Sikkim Himalayas at about 8-10,000 feet ; and

even in the low country in the months of July and August

there is more to remind one of India than of Europe. The col-

lections which I made, though very scanty in point of numbers,

fairly represent the character of the Butterfly fauna, which,

as you will see, contains a great number of Himalayan

genera and very few species really characteristic of Northern

Kurope and Asia. No doubt in the spring this would not

have been the case ; for though Pryer has stated in ‘ Rhopala-

cera Nihonica’ (p. 2) that the Fauna is decidedly Palearctic,

and my own analysis indicates a greater aflinity to the

Palearctic region than to the Indian, yet the species which

were most numerous in the forests almost all belong to

Indian genera; characteristic Palearctic genera and species

with the exception of Argynnis and Pieris were almost

always few in number, and the most generally distributed

and common species of Europe and Northern Asia were

( xiii)

either absent, or so much altered in appearance, that they

might almost be treated as different species. A short analysis

of my collection shows this clearly. Amongst the Satyride,

for instance, there is not a single species found in Europe

except Satyrus dryas and Pararge deidamia, the latter only

taken in Hokkaido; whilst three species of Lethe, one Neope,

one Ypthima and the large Pararge schrenkii—elsewhere only

found in Amurland, which has very much the same faunistic

vharacteristic as Japan,—were far more abundant. I did not

see an Hrebia, of which only one species is found in Japan, a

Canonympha or an Lpinephele, three of the most characteristic

Palearctic genera. In the Nymphalide, Vanessas except

V. urtice and G. album were rare in Hokkaido. Jelitxa is only

found in the higher mountains, all the smaller Argynnis, so

characteristic of Europe, are absent ; and Veptis, which is much

more an Indian than a Kuropean genus, was almost the only

abundant Nymphalid genus in Central Japan. Though Apatura

and Limenitis are both common, yet Dichorrhagia and Luripus

are quite as much so. Amongst the Pieridz it is true the

species are rather Palearctic than Oriental, but Terias is

quite as commonly seen as any of them, except in Hokkaido.

In the Papilionide the only European species is P. machaon,

whilst three or four truly Oriental forms are much more in

evidence, and may be seen hovering about the roadsides and

settling in front of the houses as in the Himalayas.

‘“* Amongst the Lycenid the only common European form

is ZL. argus or xgon. Though forms of several wide-ranging

species such as argiolus and argiades are yet present, in Central

and Southern Japan purely Oriental genera such as Curetis,

Niphanda, Dipsas, Amblypodia, and in Hokkaido the green

Theclas all give a very Himalayan character to the Butterflies.

But it is amongst the Hesperiide that the truly Oriental

character of the fauna is most strongly shown. Of the species

I show to-night only one is really European, all the rest

belonging to characteristic Indian genera; and this was

equally the case in Hokkaido as in Central Japan. In the

only day’s collecting I had in the neighbourhood of Kioto

I saw not one single European species except the ubiquitous

Colias hyale, and if I had had time to visit the southern

( ai)

islands of Kiusiu and Shikoku I have no doubt that the

same feature would have been even more striking. This is

not so much to be wondered at when one considers that for at

least five months in the year, from the beginning of June to

the end of October, the climate is really much more tropical than

temperate, and enables tropical plants, such as Caladiums,

Ginger, and Rice to be cultivated generally. It seems strange

that this remarkable fact has not been previously brought

out, or made clear by authors resident in Japan, and the

tourist who visits the country usually in the autumn and

spring does not realise the complete change that takes place

during the rainy season. Briefly, one may say that though

during the winter and spring months the plants and insects

of Japan are, like the climate, Palearctic in character, yet

during the summer and autumn they are Tropical; and

though, no doubt, we must not generalise too hastily from

such a short experience as I had, yet it serves to show that

one cannot realise the climatic and faunistic peculiarities of

any country thoroughly without having personally visited it.”

A discussion followed in which Mr. R. Trimen, Mr. J. W.

Turr and other Fellows participated.

Papers.

Professor CuristoPpHER AURIVILLIUS communicated a paper

on “ New African Zas/ocampidx in the British Museum.”

Mr. G. W. Krrkatpy communicated a “ Memoir on the

Rhynchota taken by Dr. Willey chiefly in Birara and Lifu.”

Cake)

Wednesday, October 5th, 1905.

Mr. F. Merrirrecp, President, in the Chair,

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. J. R. Davipson, of Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh,

was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Obituary.

The decease was announced of Mr. Jonn Witir1am Douctas,

the oldest Fellow of the Society, who was elected in 1845 ;

Mr. GeorcE BowpLer Bucxkton, and Mr. AmBprosE QUAIL.

Honorary Degree.

The PresipENT said that since the last meeting the

University of Oxford had conferred upon Commander J. J.

Watker, R.N., one of the Secretaries, the degree of M.A.

honoris causa for his services to entomological science. After

the announcement, which was received with loud applause,

Commander WALKER thanked the Fellows present for the kind

way in which they had expressed their approval and interest.

Exhibitions.

Mr. Epwarp Harris showed some living larvee of the Lon-

gicorn beetle Cordylomera suturalis, Chevr., taken from a log

of mahogany imported from the Sekondi district of the Gold

Coast, together with the perfect insect, which was dead at the

time the discovery was made.

Mr. A. T. Rose exhibited a remarkable melanic specimen of

Catocala nupta taken by Mr. Lewis in his garden at Hornsey,

N., in September. The coloration of the lower wings was of a

dull brown, and all the markings of the upper wings were

strongly intensified. Mr. J. H. Carpenter said that a some-

what similar form had been taken by the late Mr. Mark Winkley

at Mitcham, Surrey, on August 22, 1892. (Cp. Entomologist,

xxv, p. 243.)

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1905. D

( gyi)

Mr. Norman H. Joy brought for exhibition Coleoptera taken

during a three days’ trip to Lundy Island in August.

Melanophthalma distinguenda, Con., a species new to Britain ;

Stenus ossium,var. insularis,a variety apparently new to science;

series of Psylliodes lwridipennis, Kuts., and Ceuthorrhynchus

contractus, var. pallipes, Crotch, peculiar to the island. One

hundred and sixty-three species were taken on the island,

about eighty of which are not recorded in Wollaston’s and

F. Smith’s lists of Lundy Coleoptera.

Mr. Atrrep Sicu showed examples of Argyresthia illwmina-

tella, Z., two of the four specimens taken near Hailsham,

Sussex, on June 15th this year. They were beaten off Pinus,

and until examined with a lens were supposed to be Oecnero-

stoma piniariella, of which species two were also exhibited for

comparison. Afterwards they were thought to be A. illumina-

tella, and two specimens were sent to Mr. Meyrick, who has,

by request, recorded the occurrence of the species in the

Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine.

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited the larva, cocoon, and the

subsequent imago of an ‘‘ant-lion,” Myrmeleon formicarius, from

two Spanish larve given him by Dr. T. A. Chapman last

autumn, ‘The difference in size between the small larva and

the large perfect insect was remarkable. He also showed a

living 9 of the rather scarce grasshopper Stenobothrus rufipes,

taken in the New Forest at the end of August, and kept alive

feeding on grass.

Mr. G. C. Cuampion exhibited several examples of Lymeay-

lon navale, L., from the New Forest, whence it had not been

previously recorded. Mr, H. St. J. DonisrHorre said that he

had been the first Coleopterist to take it there.

Mr. A. H. Jones showed series of Lycxna argus, L. (L. xgon,

Schiff.) var. hypochiona, a South European form, taken on

the 16th July last on the North Downs; also for comparison

specimens of L. argyrognomon, Brgstr. (L. argus, Esp.) from

Sierre in the Rhone Valley, to which species they have a far

greater resemblance on the under-side both in regard to

coloration and the arrangement of the spots, than to typical

L. argus.

Colonel J. W. Yersury, who exhibited specimens of

(xiv, )

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, Fln., said that, although Mr.

Verrall (“ British Flies,” p. 671) had recorded his opinion

regarding the probable occurrence of one or more species

of this genus in the British Isles, these were the first

authentic British specimens. At Nethy Bridge this year Mr.

Lamb of Cambridge and himself obtained during the month of

June three ¢ ¢, three 9 2. ‘The insects were found resting

on aspen logs in the birch woods, and were chiefly remarkable

for the quiet manner in which they sat and allowed themselves

to be boxed. Mr. Verrall (l.c., p. 475) expresses doubts as to

the claims of Hammerschmidtia to rank as a genus. It is,

however, a good one, and perfectly distinct from Brachyopa,

though it seems to be very imperfectly known everywhere.

With regard to Microdon latifrons, Lw., which he exhibited

also, Col. YERBuRY said that at the meeting of the Society held

November 3rd, 1900, he had shown a specimen of a Microdon

taken at Nethy Bridge June 18th, 1900, which specimen he

wrongly identified as JZ. devius, and under this name it was

recorded in Verrall’s ‘ British Flies,” p. 662; it seemed advis-

able, therefore, to exhibit a second specimen from the above

locality, and to draw attention to the previous error. Only

four examples of this species have so far been obtained within

the United Kingdom. Of Chamezsyrphus scxvoides, Fln., the

single specimen shown was swept on June 15th, 1905, in

the Abernethy Forest near Forest Lodge, while regarding

Cynorrhina fallax, L., this insect occurred in some numbers

at Nethy Bridge during the same month, numerous specimens

having been taken by Mr. Lamb and himself.

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited the imagines bred from the

larvee of three of the species of Coleophoridx, exhibited by him

during the year 1904, together with the leaves of their respect-

ive food plants, to show the character of the mines made by

the larve. The larval cases were also shown mounted in the

position they normally retain during life. The species

exhibited were C. alcyonipennella, C. lixella,and C’. albitarsella,

as well as a similar life-history of a species he had not shown

before, viz. C. badiipennella, the larve of which feed on elm.

He also exhibited the living larve and their cases of three

other species, which he had received the previous day through

( xlviii )

the kindness of Mr. Eustace R. Bankes of Corfe Castle, and

read extracts from the remarks which had accompanied them.

(1) Goniodoma limoniella, Stn. ‘The larve you will find in

plenty on the bunch of seed-heads of Statice limoniwm in their

very inconspicuous cases consisting of the old flower and

calyx: there are a few cases also on the stalks. You probably

know that when full-fed the larva descends the stalks of the

seed-head, takes up its position on some spot on the main stem

(sometimes high up, often very low down on it), bores into it,

hibernates therein, and pupates the following late spring

or early summer. The case remains outside the stem, but,

being only lightly attached, drops off in the course of the

autumn or winter, so that, although one can collect the stems

in the spring, one then gets no cases.” (2) Coleophora obtusella.

“ These larvee are very difficult to detect, the case being made

of the seed-husks of Juncus maritimus on which the larve

feed,” and (3) Coleophora glaucicolella. ‘* Larve of what I

expect will prove to be this species, on seed-heads of Juncus

glaucus, to which they show a decided preference.” All three

species were obtained by Mr. Bankes in the Isle of Wight.

Paper.

Commander J. J. WALKER read a paper by Mr. A. M. Lea

entitled “The Blind Coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania,”

and exhibited specimens of Jilaphanus stephensi, Macl., from

Watson’s Bay, Sydney, N.S.W., and Phycochus graniceps,

Broun, and P. sweipennis, Lea, from Hobart, Tasmania.

Wednesday, October 18th, 1905.

Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S8., Vice-President, in the

Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Cuartes WitiiAM Bracken, B.A. (Lond.), of 18

Whiteford Road, Mannamead, Plymouth, and Mr. Wr1tam

Husert Str. Quentin, of Scampton Hall, Rillington, York,

were elected Fellows of the Society.

( xlix, )

Donation.

Commander J. J. WALKER announced that Mr. Charles D.

Douglas had presented to the Society a framed photograph of

his father, the late Mr. John William Douglas. <A vote of

thanks to the donor was carried unanimously.

Exhibitions.

Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown exhibited a small collection of

Erebias taken this year in the Pyrenees, including Hrebia

lefebvrei, with the varieties pyrenxa, Obth., from Mt.

Canigou, E. Pyrenees, and var. intermedia, Obth., from

Gavarnie. He also*showed for comparison Z. alecto, Hb.,

var. nicholli, Obth., from Campiglio, which at one time was

supposed to be identical with /efebvrei, then considered the

Pyrenean form of 2. melas. With them were also shown

specimens of Z. gorgone from the Lac de Gaube, Cauterets, and

from Gavarnie, and EF. gorge from the same localities. Mr.

Row1anp-Brown remarked that whereas lefebvrei appeared

to be confined to the stony detritus just below the snow line,

where it flew with gorge, he only found gorgone on the

grass pastures at an altitude of about 6,000 feet ; and there

it occurred in the Vallée d’Estaubé in some numbers on

July 23rd.

The Vicr-Prestpent, who showed a diagram of the clasps

of lefebvrei and melas, said that in a previous year of the

Transactions he had published the results of his anatomic

examinations of the species, which showed that /efeburei ap-

proached pronoe and neoridas, while the clasps of melas and

nerine (diagram also exhibited) were practically identical.

He also drew attention to the remarkable superficial resem-

blance of the under-side of the 9 gorgone to that of the ¢

goante, a species not hitherto recorded from the Pyrenees,

Mr. Rowianp-Brown included in his exhibition short series

of Lycxna orbitulus from the Centrai Alps, Z. orbitulus, var.

oberthuri, Stgr., L. pyrenaica, and L. pheretes from the Brenner

and Cortina districts. He said that with regard to the first

three butterflies his observations confirmed those made by

M. Rondou in his ‘‘ Catalogue Raisonnée des Lepidoptéres des

Pyrenées,” the orbitulus, which he found on the Col de

Puymorens, closely resembling the central Alpine form, while

all those taken in the Central Pyrenees at Gavarnie and the

Lac de Gaube were the darker and more robust var. oberthurt.

He further suggested that, as between those species enumerated,

there seemed to be a greater superficial affinity between

pyrenaica and pheretes (not reported from the Pyrenees) than

between pyrenaica and orbitulus. At Gavarnie the two latter

were taken flying together, but were hardly emerged this year

in the last week of July, and no 9 @ were observed.

L. orbitulus, 8. L. pyrenaica, 8. L. var. oberthuri.

Mr. E. C. Bepwext exhibited eight specimens of Apion

levigatum, Kirby, one of the rarest indigenous Apions, found

on August 31st, sheltering under plants of Hchiuwm vulgare in

the Lowestoft district. The one ¢ taken was exceedingly

diminutive, being only about 1} mm. in size. Commander

WaAtker said that he had this year seen one example of this

beetle taken at Oxford, where it was known to occur.

Mr. R. SHetrorp showed several insects from Sarawak,

Borneo, including (i) a Lygeid bug which had been taken

burrowing in decayed wood: the fore-limbs exhibited a

remarkable adaptation for fossorial habits, comparable with

the modified fore-limbs of the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa), which

insect in Borneo is frequently found in decayed wood ; (ii) a

Brenthid beetle, with a deep channel running along the dorsal

a a

part of the prothorax, the lips of which channel are nearly

apposed, so that the channel communicates with the exterior

merely by a narrow slit, and constitutes a nearly cylindrical

chamber ; this chamber is occupied by Acari; (iii) two Bren-

thide with deeply sulcated prothorax, in which Acari occur ;

the sulci in these two species not being ‘“‘roofed in” as in

the preceding species: and (iv) an Anthribid beetle with a

crescentic sulcus on the prothorax.

Mr. C. J. Ganan, on behalf of Mr. C. O. Waterhouse,

exhibited a living example of Phaneroptera quadripunctata,

which species had been found in some numbers in a vinery

near Chester. It is a Southern European species, and is not

known as British. But a single specimen of an allied species

Phaneroptera falcata was once taken near Land’s End by

Dr. Mason.

Mr. W. J. Kaye brought for exhibition a long variable

series of Heliconius numata from the Potaro River, British

Guiana. These included a very large number of different

forms, from some with a narrow black bar across the hind-

wing, to others with almost the whole of the wing of a deep

black. The series clearly proved that these very variable

forms were only aberrations, and were not sub-species, at least

in this locality, as had been described by Riffarth, Weymer

and others.

A pair of Heliconius silvana were also shown with two

rare aberrations, showing the black area of the hind-wing

divided; and examples of Veliconius vetustus, it being

remarkable that although similar to nwmata it was neverthe-

less a distinct species.

Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera made

by him in Majorca during the first half of last June, and

remarked upon the almost total absence of Lepidopterous life

in the island. Only thirteen species of butterflies were

observed, all of the commonest kinds and without any indica-

tion of variation, with about six species of moths (all occurring

in Britain), including Agrotis saucia, Acidalia ochrata, and

A. degeneraria, the latter, interesting in point of colour,

being much redder. He also exhibited Melanargia lachesis, var.

canigulensis, from Vernet-les-Bains, showing on the under-

(Tay

side in the males a strong resemblance to M. galathea, also

Melitxa aurinia, var. iberica, Obth.—(desfontainii, Rbr.) from

Montserrat, near Barcelona, and a melanic specimen of Frebia

stygne, taken by Mr. R. 8. Standen last June at St. Martin

du Canigou, Vernet-les-Bains.

Papers.

Mr. Frank P. Dopp communicated a paper “ On a parasitic

Lepidopteron from Queensland, Australia.”

Commander J. J. WALKER read a paper by Mr. E. G. B.

Merapre-Watpo, ‘On a Collection of Butterflies and Moths

made in Marocco, 1900-01-02.” The species enumerated

included a Caenonympha new to science, and a Satyrus not

hitherto figured. But for soluxuriant a country as that visited

it was remarkable how few butterflies and moths there were.

Of the former only sixty-three were observed ; of the latter

one hundred, including a new sub-species of Macrothylacia rubt.

Wednesday, November Ist, 1905.

Mr. F. Merririevp, President, in the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. (Lond.) of The Avenue, Birtley,

R.8.0., Durham, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions.

The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited (1) Panurgus moricei,

Friese, a species of bee new to science taken by him near

Gibraltar, of which it was remarkable that whereas usually

the species of this genus are entirely black, in this species

the ¢ face entirely and the ? partly were bright yellow, the

legs partly yellow, and the abdomen spotted down each side,

very much as in Anthidiwn, and (2) the unique type-specimen

of Heriades fasciatus, Friese, a ¢ of the Chelostoma group,

Cle}

taken by him at Jericho in 1899, in which again, while all

its congeners are practically unicolorous, the abdomen is

banded, as in a wasp, with yellow. A discussion followed

as to the reason of the peculiar coloration in the species under

review, the exhibitor pointing out that the colour-mimicry in

these species could not be due to parasitism, both Panurgus

and Heriades being industrious genera. He also invited any

information or suggestion which might explain the pheno-

menon, so common in various Aculeate genera, of a white or

yellow face in the ¢, represented only by two spots or streaks,

or often not at all, in the corresponding ?. Professor HE. B.

Poutton, F.R.S., expressed his opinion that the species shown,

though industrious, were mimics ; and that the question as to

the ¢ face was not at present answered, or answerable, but

that it might perhaps be ascertained by experiment in what

way it was of advantage to the ¢ to have this character which

the ? didnot need. The pale face in these and other ¢ bees

could not be explained on the lines of mimicry, but might

be used as a method of recognition. In the case of some

Algerian Aculeates the light pubescent colouring of the head

might assist as a protection to the insect when looking out

of its hole in the sunshine. The coloration of the abdomen

however suggested a case of mimicry. Mr.C. O. WATERHOUSE

mentioned that with some Buprestidz the front of the head in

the ¢ was light, but unicolorous in the ? ; a peculiarity

also observed by Mr. M, Jacosy in the genus Cryptocephalus.

Mr. W. J. Lucas showed a ¢ specimen of the earwig

Forficula auricularia taken at Warwick in September last,

with a drawing of the cerci (forceps), which were entirely

abnormal, the broader basal part of the two appearing to be

more or less fused together, while the legs of the forceps were

jointed to the basal part. The case, he said, was interesting

because in cockroaches, etc., the cerci are regularly jointed.

Mr. G. C. Cuampion exhibited various interesting insects

from Guatemala recently received from Sefior Rodriguez, in-

cluding Heterosternus rodriguezt, Cand., Pantodinus klugi,

Burm., Plusiotis adelaida, Hope, and a species of Orthoptera

greatly resembling a dead withered leaf, possibly a new species

of Mimetica.

€ Yr 5

Mr. Norman H. Joy showed two species of Coleoptera new

to the British Islands :—Lamophilus monilis, F., taken in

the neighbourhood of Streatley, Berks; and Dacne fowleri,

n. sp., from Bradfield, with specimens of D. humeralis, and

D. rufifrons for comparison, He pointed out that /owleri

differed not only in colour and structure from the two other

species of the genus, but also in habits, as it was a quick

runner.

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorre showed a specimen of a new

British Agathidiuwm (Badium, Er.) discovered last year in

Cumberland, and now taken by him at Gibside, Durham, and

specimens of Prionocyphon serricornis with a drawing of the

hitherto unknown larva which he said he had taken under

water in the hollow bole of a tree, in the New Forest, last

July.

Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited some specimens of African

Pierine butterflies, together with alcoholic extracts of the wings

of Mylothris agathina, Cram., 3, and Belenois severina, Cram., 3,

and remarked upon them as follows :—

“Tt may be remembered that some little time since (see

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. lvi-lx) I gave a short account

of various observations made by me in 1899, and subsequently,

on the scents of several of our British butterflies, exhibiting

at the same time preparations of some of these perfumes which

still retained their distinctive qualities. During the present

year I have had the opportunity of testing many of the

African butterflies in the same way, and I now propose to

give details of some of the facts that I have been able to

observe in relation to their property of scent-production. In

this investigation I have had the great advantage of the co-

operation of Dr. Longstaff, who had already, at my suggestion,

made a careful examination of the odours of many Asiatic

butterflies, as recorded in the volume of our Transactions for

1905, pp. 61-144. Iam further indebted to him for permission

to include his own impressions of these perfumes.

“The scents now dealt with are of two kinds; these

may be roughly distinguished, in reference to their probable

functional significance, as attractive and repulsive.

“The first class is, I think, of importance in courtship as a

ee)

means of sexual attraction and possibly of recognition. The

odours belonging to this class, in all the species with which I

am here concerned, are confined to the male sex. They have

a general family likeness, recalling in most cases the perfumes of

flowers, or of various aromatic vegetable products such as lemon-

peel, spices, vanilla and chocolate. They are, I think, in nearly

every instance agreeable to the average human perception.

“The scents included in the second class are probably made

use of for defensive purposes. They occur, as a rule, in

species which we have grounds for believing to be dis-

tasteful to some at least of the usual enemies of butterflies.

They are found, as would be expected on this supposition,

in both sexes; and they are for the most part disagreeable

or even disgusting to the human observer. It is perhaps

conceivable that both kinds of odours may occur in the

same individual; though such instances, if they exist at all,

would appear to be rare.

“The Pierine scents that have been examined belong to

the first class—probably serving the purpose of sexual

attraction and perhaps also of recognition. I subjoin a list

of the African species in which they have been noted.

“Catopsilia florella, Fabr. When the tufts of hair-like

scales present in the male are exposed by separating the

fore- from the hind-wing, they emit a very strong, sweet

scent, which Dr. Longstaff compares to that of ‘tuberose’

or Freesia, and to my mind suggests jasmine. (A similar

scent was detected by Wood-Mason in the Indian C’. gnoma

[pyranthe|. See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,

vol lv., *Part' IT; 1886; No?4,"p.°37!;)

“Colias electra, Linn. The wings of a male specimen were

separated, and the costal patches of the hind-wing smelt,

with a negative result. The left costal patch was then

scraped with a penknife and the detached scales tested,

again with a negative result. The right costal patch was

then gently scraped and the patch itself smelt. I immedi-

ately perceived a distinct flowery fragrance reminding me

of heliotrope, with the added suggestion of chocolate. The

scent, which was quite pleasant, corresponded very fairly

with my recollection of that of Colias edusa, Fabr., obtained

( ay )

in a similar manner (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. lvii).

In the latter case, however, I was able to detect the odour

in the detached scales.

“Jn two males similarly examined by Dr. Longstaff, the

scent, although sweet, contained a disagreeable element

which led him to compare it to that of ‘bad sweetmeats.’

This was not the case with the specimen above recorded

by me, though I can confirm the observation with regard

to one of Dr. Longstaft’s males.

“Two specimens of Zeracolus achine, Cram., 3, emitted a

distinct flowery perfume, something like that of honeysuckle.

Another seemed to be devoid of odour; the female also was

found to be scentless.

“The scent of TZeracolus annex, Wallgrn., ¢, is faint,

but quite unmistakably present in some individuals. It is

flowery, with a slight roughness or spiciness suggestive of

heliotrope. Dr. Longstaff failed to detect a scent in one of

his specimens, but found it very faintly present in a second.

He is inclined to compare it with that of G. rape.

“In Teracolus auxo, Luc., 6, the fragrance may be strong,

in which case it resembles that of some heavily-scented

white flowers such as ‘Syringa’ (Philadelphus) or jasmine.

There is no suggestion of either lemon or rose—both of

these being odours not uncommonly met with among Pierines.

Dr. Longstaff, who found the scent faint (as I did in some

instances), characterizes it as ‘clean, flowery’; and compares

it with that of Ganoris brassice, Linn.

“ Teracolus eris, Klug, was only encountered in small

numbers. A male caught by me on the banks of the Zambesi

had a distinct flowery scent when fresh. A corresponding

observation was made by Dr. Longstaff.

“In Zeracolus omphale, Godt., ¢, 1 was invariably able to

detect an odour, always well-marked and often strong. This

odour in the first place resembled that of 7’. auxo in its

likeness to the fragrance of Philadelphus ; a possibly nearer

comparison, however, being with the white lily. But in

addition to this ‘ white-flower perfume’ there was nearly

always present an aromatic, almost ‘snuffy’ constituent of

different character, hard to define; this gave to the scent a

( Pr?)

certain roughness—not, as in G. rapx, the roughness of

sweetbriar—and suggested at one time chocolate, at another

musk, while itself quite distinct from either. Two females of

this species were found to be completely devoid of odour.

Dr. Longstaff’s results with 7. omphale ¢ were largely nega-

tive. In three specimens, however, he found a fairly strong

scent which he compares to that of Freesia or honeysuckle.

“The scent in Teracolus ione, Godt., ¢, cannot always be

detected. When present, it is sweet, flowery, and apparently

free from all traces of ‘ snuffiness.’

“ Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., 3. In this form the intensity of

the odour varies greatly; the scent is sometimes absent

altogether, but when present may be strong. Its basis isa

flowery perfume like that found in many species of Teracolus,

but to this is superadded an aromatic element giving a distinct

suggestion of sweet chocolate. Dr. Longstaff, who found the

scent very faint in all his specimens, considers it to belong to

the G. brassicx type.

“ Belenois gidica, Godt., 3, appears in many instances to be

without perceptible odour. Occasionally, however, I found it

to possess an odour of roses, which in one of my specimens was

strong. Dr. Longstaff’s results were mainly negative, but in

a few instances he reports a slight, sweet flowery perfume.

“ A specimen of Belenois mesentina, Cram., 5, emitted, when

fresh, a scent much like that of B. gidica. In a second

specimen no odour was detected.

“ Belenois severina, Cram., ¢ shows, like Hronia cleodora,

much individual variation in the matter of scent. An odour

is, however, nearly always present in greater or less intensity,

and to my mind is of the same general character as that of

G. rapx, giving a decided suggestion of sweetbriar. Dr.

Longstaff, who also finds great individual differences in

intensity, considers the scent to be ‘like that of G. brassice,

but stronger and more luscious.’ I have tested the female,

with negative results.

“ Belenois thysa, Hopff., ¢, has a strong, distinct odour,

which appears to me to be like that of roses. Dr. Longstaff

notes it as a very Sweet scent; in one case comparing it to

that of Scilla nutans, in other cases to that of Freesia.

( viii)

“The scent of Belenois zochalia, Boisd., ¢, is not as a rule

very powerful. It seems to me to be of the sweetbriar order,

including the scent of the flower as well as of the foliage. It

was more distinct in a worn specimen than in two fresh ones

examined on the same day. Dr. Longstaff found a ‘faint

flowery scent like that of G. brassicx’ in the single individual

he tested.

“ Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., 3, has a perfume like a whiff

of mignonette, seldom strong and often absent. Of nine males

tested at different times by Dr. Longstaff, only one had a

decided odour, which he records simply as ‘ flowery.’

“In Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., ¢, the scent is distinct, in

some cases strong. It appears to me to resemble honeysuckle

—a comparison in which Dr. Longstaff concurs. One of my

specimens had an odour more suggestive of Philadelphus, and

the scent of one of Dr. Longstaff’s was noted by him as ‘sweet

and spicy.” The female was found by me to be odourless.

“The scent of Mylothris agathina, Cram., ¢ , though varying

somewhat in intensity in different individuals, is generally one

of the strongest and most distinct in the whole range of

Pierine odours so far as I am acquainted with them. To both

Dr. Longstaff and myself it appears to be exactly that of

sweetbriar. It is a pleasant and refreshing perfume, and is

easily perceptible even when the butterfly is held in the hand

unrubbed. The female was always found by me to be scent-

less ; but one tested, after death, by Dr. Longstaff, had a

strong ‘mousy’ odour, like henbane ; an observation which I

can confirm.

“The scent of Mylothris riippellii, ¢,is in the opinion of

both of us indistinguishable from that of I. agathina, ¢. A

female specimen, when dead, was noted by Dr. Longstaff as

having a slight ‘black-beetle’ odour ; this, however, I failed

to detect.

“Tn nearly all the specimens of Mylothris trimenia, Butl., 3,

which I was able to test, there was a strong, pleasant,

characteristic odour, not easily described, and quite distinct

from that of I agathina. It contains a predominating

sweet flowery constituent, perhaps a little like that of Pina-

copteryx pigea, but reminding me rather of sweet-pea than of

@ liz»)

honeysuckle. Besides this there seems to be an element of

sweetbriar, but without the characteristic roughness—

recalling rather the rose than the foliage of that plant. The

scent also conveys a suspicion of orange or lemon-peel—nearer

orange. The scent of nearly all Dr. Longstaff’s specimens

was noted by him as being like that of clover ; in one, how-

ever, it was thought to be like that of G. rapx. The female

was found by me to be scentless.

““Only one specimen of Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., 3, was

tested ; no odour was detected.

“A few specimens of Synchloé hellica, Linn., § , examined by

me gave a distinct, though not very strong scent like that of

gorse. The females were odourless, as indeed were many of

the males. A male tested by Dr. Longstaff was recorded by

him as having ‘a very slight, heavy, flowery odour.’

“‘Tt is worthy of notice that although in all these species

the intensity of the scent varies, sometimes greatly, as between

different individuals, this variation bears no definite relation

to the condition as to freshness of the specimen examined. I

have no clear evidence that the scent is discharged more

copiously during courtship; though this may quite possibly

be the case. The perfume may persist for some little while

after the death of the insect, but has generally become much

impaired or has disappeared altogether by the time that the

butterfly is stiff. So long as stiffening has not taken place,

the scent is more easily detected and estimated at home

than in the field. Rubbing the wings is in most cases un-

necessary.

“T exhibit this evening spirit extracts of the wings of

Mylothris agathina and Gelenois severina, which will be found

easily distinguishable by the sense of smell from each other

and from the pure spirit. On a future occasion I hope to

say something of the odours as they exist in other groups of

butterflies.”

A discussion on the presence and use of scents in various

orders of insects followed, in which the President, Professor

Poutton, Col. C. T. BineHam, and other Fellows joined,

Papers.

Mr. P. I. Latuy, F.Z.S., communicated “A Contribution

towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera.”

Col. C. T. BrncHam communicated a paper entitled “ A New

Species of the Hymenopterous genus Megalyra, Westwood, by

J. Cuester Bravery, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.”

Wednesday, November 15th, 1905.

Mr. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

The decease was announced of Captain FREDERICK Wo L-

LAston Hurron, F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum,

Christchurch, New Zealand.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. W. R. Dewar, Government Entomologist, Orange

River Colony; Mr. Witi1am Groree SHeELpon, of Youl-

greave, South Croydon ; and Mr. Francis C. Wooppripes, of

Northeroft, Cornwall Road, Uxbridge, were elected Fellows

of the Society.

Nomination of Officers and Council for 1906.

Mr. H. Rowianp-Browy, one of the Secretaries, announced

that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to

act as Officers for 1906:—President, Mr. F. Merrirrerp ;

Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Mr. H. Row1anp-

Brown, M.A., and Commander J. J. Waker, M.A., R.N.;

Librarian, Mr. G. C. Cuampton, F.Z.8. ; and as other Members

of the Council, Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr.’ A. J. Cuirry, M.A.,,

Mr. J. E. Contin, Dr. F. A. Dixny, M.A., M.D.; Mr. H.

Goss, F.LS., Ma, W. J. Kaye Mr Ws Lots eae,

CY Tal )

Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., Mr. L. B.

Prout, Mr. E. Saunpers, F.R.S., F.L.S., Mr. R. 5. Sranpen,

F.L.S., and Mr. C. O. WATERHOUSE.

Exhibitions.

Mr. G. J. Arrow exhibited a flower-frequenting beetle from

the Transvaal, illustrating a remarkable device for the cross-

fertilization of flowers, one of the front feet being tightly

clasped by the curiously-formed pollinia of an Asclepias. Mr.

Arrow remarked that he had seen no similar instance amongst

Coleoptera, although in some insects the phenomenon was no

doubt familiar to those who had had opportunities of observ-

ation in the countries affected by these plants. Professor EK, B.

Povuron stated that he had often found such pollinia attached

to Hymenoptera.

Mr. W. J. Kays showed a remarkable specimen of Agrotis

tritici, bearing a close resemblance to A. agathina. It had

been taken this year at Oxshott flying over heather in company

with agathina, and was a good example of syncryptic resem-

blance brought about by the common habit of resting on

heather. The specimen agreed with agathina in ground

colour ; in the pale costa; in the distinct dark wedge-shaped

marks near the outer margin ; and in the distribution of the

stigmata. These characteristics are simply a strong develop-

ment of characters which recur in the species, and it was the

simultaneous development of all of them which gave the insect

its strong likeness to A. agathina.

Mr, W. J. Lucas exhibited a specimen of Forficula auricu.

laria taken by Mr. R. A. R. Priske at Deal in September

1905, having the left cercus normal, while the right was that

of var. forcipata.

Dr. F. A. Dixsey exhibited some specimens of African

Pierine, and remarked upon them as follows :—

“The recent visit paid by Dr. Longstaff and myself to

South Africa fell, so far as Natal and Rhodesia are concerned,

well within the limits of the dry season. I have brought

here for exhibition representative specimens of four species

of Yeracolus, viz, 7. annx, Wallgrn., 7. omphale, Godt.,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1905. E

( ixii )

T. achine, Cram., and JT. auxo, Luc., all taken by us in those

localities during August and September of the present year.

Wherever possible, I have included the male and female of

both the Natal and the Rhodesian form of each species

exhibited. I also show, for comparison, male and female

specimens of the same four species, taken in the same localities

as our own, but during the wet season of the year instead of

the dry. As none of the specimens exhibited was selected for

the purpose of proving any point, but each is a fair repre-

sentative of the category to which it belongs, the whole

assemblage may be taken as an illustration of the general

correspondence of the variation of these particular forms with

the meteorological conditions prevailing at the time of year

when they are respectively found. So different in appearance

are the ‘wet season’ and ‘dry season’ phases of these butter-

flies, that, as has also happened in many other cases, they

have been described under different names, and are even now

pretty generally ranked as separate species. It may therefore

not be amiss to recall the fact that in the case of three out

of the four it has been absolutely proved by Mr. G, A. K.

Marshall, who has bred them through, that the two seasonal

forms are conspecific (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902,

pp. 200, 209-212). ,

“There remain two further points that seem worthy of

note. One is that, as will be easily evident on inspection,

our Natal forms, though distinctly of the ‘dry season’ type,

are appreciably less extreme in that direction than are our

Rhodesian representatives of the same species. This corre-

sponds with the much more markedly dry meteorological

conditions that we found prevailing in the latter locality.

The other point is that, even in cases where the wet-season

males of two species, such as 7’. omphale and 7’. achine, are

quite unlike one another, the resemblance between the dry-

season males of the same two species may be so close that

in the field they can only be distinguished with difficulty.”

Colonel J. W. YersBury said that in his opinion the term

‘‘seasonal” when applied to developments of this kind was

misleading. The variation of the forms seemed to depend

not upon fixed seasonal conditions, wet or dry weather, but

(| Ixiii )

upon the amount of moisture and light to which the species

were subjected, probably in the pupal stage.

Professor E. B. Pounron understood that the term ‘ season ”

as used in this connection, referred to the climatic conditions

which prevailed at the time. He considered that “ wet

form” and “dry form” were more accurate expressions than

“wet season form” and “ dry season form.”

Mr. Setwyn ImaceE exhibited a 3 specimen of Tortrix

pronubana, Hb., taken by Mr, Harold Cooper in his drawing-

room at Kastbourne, either at the end of September or the

beginning of October last, and sent to him on October 12th.

The insect, which is new to his British list, is placed by

Staudinger in his Catalogue next to 7. viridana, L., and is

reported by him from South Europe, North-West Africa, and

Asia Minor. It is about the size of J. bergmanniana, L.,

the upper wings of a soft purplish-brown, the lower a rich

orange terminally suffused with fuscous.

Commander Waker said that the capture this year of

another specimen of pronwbana had been reported in the

Worthing district, and suggested that there might have been

an immigration.

Mr. Epwarp Harris exhibited a long series of Hemerophila

abruptara bred for the purpose of determining the effects of

heredity through successive generations. He said :—

“ On November 2nd last year I showed a small brood of

abruptaria including a few melanic forms (Proc. 1904, p. lxxii).

The two pup that went over emerged April 4th and 5th this

year, one a light male and the other a light female. Both are

remarkably larger than those that emerged in 1904 from the

same brood. From the brood of larve, also mentioned, 57

pupated and the following imagines emerged between March

24th and May 6th, 1905 :—

12 dark males, 16 dark females, 5 light males, and 6 light

females.

“The remaining 18 did not break through their silken cocoons,

but upon examination I think they would have been 5 dark

males, 6 dark females, 3 light males, and 4 light females.

‘* From the above moths I paired dark male with dark female,

light male with light female, dark male with light female, and

( tny 3

light male with dark female, of which the following is the

result :—

“The dark male and dark female have thrown all dark, 34

males and 34 females ; 9 pup have not changed.

“The light male and light female have thrown all light, 9

males and 9 females ; 3 pupx have not changed.

“The dark male and light female have thrown 8 dark males

and 16 dark females, 3 light males and 3 light females; one

pupa has not changed.

‘The light male and dark female have thrown 19 dark males

and 15 dark females, 7 light males and 8 light females ; 13

pupe have not changed.

“The Jast moth emerged November 6th.”

Paper.

Commander J. J. WALKER communicated a paper entitled

“Hymenoptera Aculeata collected in Algeria by the Rev.

A. E. Eaton, M.A., and the Rev. F. D. Morics, M.A.; Part

ii, Diploptera,” by Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Wednesday, December 6th, 1905,

Mr. F. Merrirrevp, President, in the Chair.

Election of an Honorary Fellow.

Doctor O. M. Reuter, of Helsingfors, Grand Duchy of

Finland, was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Caartes Witiram Matty, M.Se., Associate of the

Society of Economic Entomology of Washington, U.S.A.,

Government Entomologist for the Eastern Province of the

Cape Colony, and Mr. Harotp Powe tt, of Rue Mireille,

Hyéres, France, were elected Fellows of the Society.

( tev 2

Nomination of Officers and Council for 1906.

Mr. H. Rowianpv-Brown, one of the Secretaries, again read

the list of Fellows nominated to act as Officers and as other

Members of the Council for 1906.

Awditors.

The PresipEeNtT announced that the following Fellows had

been appointed Auditors of the Society’s Accounts for the

current year. Mr. R. Apxiy, Dr. T. A. Capmany, Mr. R. W.

Luoyp, Mr. L. B. Prout, Mr. H. Rownanp-Browy, and Mr.

R. Sours.

Lahibitions.

Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited a series of varieties of the

Mediterranean Curabus morbillosus, showing all intergradations

from the ordinary morbillosus with broad prothorax and costate

and catenulate elytra to the Moroccan awmonti which has a

narrow thorax and smooth elytra. It is one of the most

striking cases of geographical variability.

Mr. H. St. J. DontsrHorre showed specimens of Péinus

pusillus, Sturm, recently discovered in a corn factor’s shop at

Edmonton. This species, which is common in France and

Germany, has not been recorded hitherto in Britain.

Mr. A. J. Carrry exhibited (1) a hermaphrodite Proctotrupid

belonging to the Spilomicrine, Aspn., probably one of the

Ceraphronine—a hermaphrodite of Diapria verticillata is men-

tioned in Marshall’s Catalogue, but the specimen exhibited

appeared to belong to the other subfamily of the Diapriide ;

(2) a sand-wasp without wings taken by Mr. Poole, running

on a beech trunk, and probably Didineis lunicornis, Fab. ; (3)

the 3$ specimen of Apion semivittatum, Gyll. (germari, Walt.),

taken many years ago by Mr. Walton near the Tivoli Gardens,

Margate, together with a 9 specimen of the same species

discovered while sweeping long grass near the Chequers Inn,

Deal, on September 26th, 1904, on which occasion also Mr.

Tomlin had made a similar capture.

Mr. F. B. Jenntnes exhibited (1) a ¢ and 9 example of

the Dipteron Helophilus transfugus, L., taken from thistle-

heads in the marshes at Edmonton last July, and (2) a

( ‘levi )

specimen of Stenopteryx hirundinis, a parasite on swallows and

martins, found on Box Hill, Surrey, in August.

Mr. G. T. Porrirr brought for exhibition specimens of

Odontopera bidentata ab. nigra, and stated that the form was

rapidly increasing in the Wakefield district of South Yorkshire.

Apparently, in a few more years it would oust the ordinary

form prevailing there completely.

Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited examples of five species of South

African Pierine, in further illustration of geographical and

seasonal variation. The exhibit, which was supplementary to

that shown on November 15, comprised specimens of Lvronia

cleodora, Hiibn., from East London and Natal, Belenois severina,

Cram., from Natal and Rhodesia, Teracolus speciosus, Wallgrn.,

Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., and P. charina, Boisd., all from

Natal. In every instance the contrast between forms captured

during the dry months of the year and specimens of the same

species} taken in the same localities during the rains was very

distinct. Two points were mentioned as being especially

worthy of note. The first was the extremely “ dry ” character

of the examples of H. cleodora taken both in August and

September at East London as compared with those taken in

August at Durban. The difference was so well marked and

so constant as to suggest the existence in the region south-

west of Natal of a distinct local race. The second point was

the appearance presented by the “dry season” examples of

B. severina from Rhodesia, in which the dark veining of the

under-side of the hind-wing tended to become faint or to

disappear ; this disappearance of the veining being in Natal

specimens a mark of the “ wet season” phase of the species,

while the “dry season” forms from Durban were in nearly

every instance heavily veined beneath. Dr. Dixey further

remarked that the seasonal relations of the various forms of

B. severina had always been somewhat of a puzzle, and the

difficulty seemed to be increased rather than diminished by a

consideration of the present specimens. More data were

needed in regard both to this species and to the nearly-allied

B. mesentina, before any satisfactory conclusion could be

reached. With regard to the exhibit as a whole, he was well

aware that by selecting instances it was often possible to make

( Ixvii_)

out a better case than the facts really warranted. He had,

however, done his best, in arranging the present series, to

choose not extreme, but average representatives of each form

of the various species exhibited.

Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a ¢ and 2 specimen of Orni-

thoptera chimera, Rothschild, and some remarkable species of

Delias collected recently by Mr. A. S. Meek in the mountain

region of British New Guinea. With regard to the former he

observed that it was the only known Papilio with a ringed

body, while the strongly pubescent body of the 2 was also an

exception to the general rule.

Commander J. J. Wa.ker, on behalf of Mr. A. M. Lea,

Government Entomologist of Tasmania, showed a specimen of

the Buprestid beetle Cyria imperialis, Don., having, in addition

to the normal fore-leg on the left side, two supplementary

fore-legs originating from separate coxe. One of them was

equally well-developed with the normal leg ; the other some-

what shorter, owing to abbreviation of the tibia and tarsus,

all the parts in these legs being present.

Mr. G. C. Cuampron exhibited living ¢ and ? examples of

Tetropium crawshayt, Sharp, bred by the Rev. G. A. Crawshay

from eggs deposited in July last in the bark of larches at

Leighton Buzzard.

Mr. E. R. Bankes showed (1) the specimen, unique

as British, of Depressaria emeritella, Stn., on which the

species was added to the British List by Stainton (Sup. Cat.

Tin. Pter. p. 4) in 1851; (2) a specimen of Cerostoma

asperella, L., captured by Mrs. Hutchinson near Leominster,

on September 21st, 1881, and only taken, as regards Britain,

in Dorset (not since 1831), and Herefordshire very rarely ;

and (3) various specimens labelled by Haworth himself,

showing the method of explaining his identification of the

species, noticed by him in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera Britannica,”

published 1803-1828. The exhibitor hoped that a more

general acquaintance with these labels would lead to the

rescue, from oblivion or destruction, of other of these valuable

Haworthian types and identifications.

Mr. A. Bacor exhibited a series of Vryphxena comes repre-

senting three generations, bred by Messrs. J. E. Gardner,

( Ixviii_ )

A. Harrison, T. H. Hamling, L. W. Newman, L. B. Prout,

the Rev. G. H. Raynor, and himself.

PARENTS.—The parents were selected from moths reared

from wild larve collected at Cluny, Aberdeenshire, by Mr.

James Duncan in the spring of 1904. And these, together

with the remainder of the moths reared from these larve,

were also exhibited.

From the wild larve three melanie specimens alone were

reared out of about fifty ; these were all males. Among the

non-melanic specimens one was of a very dark slate colour,

all the remainder being paler, comprising very varied shades

from dull grey through ochreous and bright red to a deeper

almost chestnut red.

Only the bright red and melanic forms, and the dark slate-

coloured specimen above referred to were used as parents.

The red forms, save for the purposes of a very careful

classification, are uniform, but the melanic specimens reared

include a range from rusty red powdered with black scales to

velvety black; there is, however, a quite definite line of de-

marcation between “ red” and “ melanic” forms, no doubt as to

the correct position of any particular specimen having occurred.

In contradistinction to Mr. Prout’s Forres race (Ent.

Record, vol. xv, p. 217 ; vol. xvi, pp. 1-5) there is no trace of

melanic suffusion on the hind-wings of any of the specimens

of Cluny parentage.

The first generation took from the time of hatching in July

1904 until about the middle of January 1905 to complete

their cycle; the second generation, December 1904 to April—

May 1905, except those reared by the Rev. G. H. Raynor,

which were allowed to develop more slowly, emerging in July

and August 1905. The third generation, and last,* occupying

from May to September 1905.

* Pairings between moths of the third generation were very difficult to

obtain, and when obtained there were usually very few, if any, ova laid

by the female. In two of the three instances in which fairly normal

numbers were laid only three or four larvee hatched, and these did not

survive the first moult. The one exception, a pairing between moths of

the B x C stock, resulted in a fair-sized brood of larve, but they were

all weakly and died off before their fourth moult.

In this connection it must be remembered that the B x C stock was

less pure than the others as it resulted from a cross between two different

stocks in the first generation, whereas all the other stocks arose from a

single pair of the moths reared from the wild larve.

( ‘tbsex: 4)

During late autumn, winter, and early spring, those reared

by myself were fed for the most part on cabbage and brussels

sprouts with some admixture of dock. During the summer

the larve were supplied with various low plants as: well as

sallow and willow, but no cabbage.

The imaginal life of the species is long with healthy

specimens, varying according to conditions of temperature

and moisture from three weeks to a month in the summer,

and considerably longer during the winter—of course within

doors—the females being longer lived as a rule than the

males.

Pairing in my experience does not take place in less than

a week from date of emergence under the most favourable

circumstances (warm moist summer weather) with the males,

and from two to three weeks in the case of the females. In

one or two instances the early death of the specimen selected

for male parent necessitated the careful choice of a second as

nearly identical with the first as possible, in one case that of

Brood C 2, a third male had to be introduced, fortunately

owing to the peculiarity of the pairing habit above referred

to, and the fact that the replaced males became paralyzed or

died within two or three days of emergence, I feel quite

confident that only the one pairing took place.

The experiment was not made in the first place with a view

to testing the Mendelian theory, but in order to ascertain the

relative proportions of melanic to non-melanic forms, and the

possible range of variation to be obtained from a single pair.

Apart from the relative strength or weakness of the melanic

strain the heredity from parents to offspring would seem to

be very strict, and this result is quite in conformity with

previous experiments conducted with the same species, and

also with other Noctuid moths in which great diversity of

forms can be obtained from a very restricted area. This

purity of strain suggests how easily a series of local races

developing into sub-species might be caused by isolating

factors such as diverging habits, etc.

But the result is in contrast with experiments in rearing

broods of Malacosoma castrensis when a very wide range of

forms was obtained from a single batch of eggs or from a

(plea? “)

pairing between a particular male and female. And Mr.

Prout informs me that this is sometimes, though not as a rule,

the case with the Geometrid stirps.

All the results of the second and third generations seem

to be capable of Mendelian explanation if we call the melanic

strain the Dominant and the red forms Recessives. For this

purpose all the parents of the melanie broods of the second

generation must be assumed to be Dominant Recessives, while

the male parent of brood C 7 x C 7 (third generation—

(melanic male paired with a red female) must be assumed to

be a pure Dominant, as all the offspring were melanic. And

again both the parents of brood C 9 x C 7 (third generation)

must also have been Dominant Recessives. On the other

hand, at least one of the parents of the remaining melanic

broods of the third generation, broods GC 9x C 9 and

C 7 x C 2, must have been for Mendelian purposes a pure

Dominant.

The red parents throwing all red offspring will of course

be Recessives. So far all is straightforward, but if we

attempt to apply the principle backwards instead of forwards,

we come to a serious difficulty in respect to the first genera-

tion, as the results do not tally with either the supposition

that the male parent was “pure Dominant” or Dominant

Recessive.

FIRST GENERATION

ACTUAL RESULTS CORRECT MENDELIAN PROPORTIONS

Brood B. Male parent dark slate (non-melanic) If male D. R. x female R. Result should be

Female Red (non-melaniec)

Result. Most of the larvee were lost owing to an

accident but one slate-coloured speci-

men and one red one were bred. The

“Red” specimen of this brood was the

male parent of Brood B x C.

Brood C. Male Melanie. Female red, Or if male D.D. x female R. Result should be

Result, 21 Melanic(=40%) 32 Red (=60%) 100% Melanic.

50% Melanic, 50% Red.

SECOND GENERATION

Brood C 2. Male Melanic. Female Melanic. Brood C. If both parents D. R. Result should be

Result. Bacot 60 Melanie 26 Red. 75% Melanie, 25% Red.

Gardner 21 Melanic 5 Red.

Prout 17 Melanie 5 Red.

98 = 737 36 = 277

( vie )

ACTUAL RESULTS

Brood C 7. Male Melanie. Female Melanic.

Result. Bacot 50 Melanic 14 Red.

Newman 8 Melanic 1 Red.

Raynor 22 Melanic 4 Red.

80 = 81% 19 = 19%

Brood C 9. Male Melanie. Female Melanic.

Result. Bacot 19 Melanic 8 Red,

Prout 15 Melanie 8 Red

34 = 68% 16 = 32%

Brood C 8. Male Red. Female Red.

Result. Bacot 19 Red

Gardner 10 Red

29 = 100%

Brood B x C. Male Red. Female Red.

Result. Bacot 131 Red

Gardner 77 Red

Raynor 48 Red

256 = 100%

Brood C7 x C 2.

Result. Bacot

Male Melanic.

CORRECT MENDELIAN PROPORTIONS

Brood C7. If bothparents D.R. Result should be

75% Melanic, 25% Red.

Brood C9. If both parents D. R. Result should be

75% Melanic, 257% Red.

Brood C3. In agreement.

Brood B x C. In agreement.

THIRD GENERATION

Female Melanic.

24 Melanie

Harrison 21 Melanic

Brood C9 x C7.

Result.

Brood C9 x C9.

Result. Bacot

Male Melanic.

Prout 16 Melanic(=76%) 5 Red(=24%)

Male Melanic.

Harrison 15 Melanic

45 = 100%

Female Melanic.

7 Melanic (=100%

Female Red.

Hamling 2 Melanic

Result.

Brood (B x C)x (Bx C)

Result. Bacot

17 = 100%

Male Red. Female Red.

20 Red = 100%

Brood C3 xC8. Male Red. Female Red.

Result. Bacot 6 Red = 100%

Brood C7 x C2. Ifone parent D. D. In agreement

Brood G7 x C9. If both parents D. R. Result should

be 75% Melanic, 25% Red.

Brood C9 x C9. If one parent D. D. In agreement

Brood C7 x C7. Ifmale parent D. D. In agreement.

Brood (B x C) x (B x C). In agreement.

Brood (C3 x C3), In agreement.

( tse 9

Mr. R. Saetrorp exhibited the larve of Collyris emargin-

atus, Dej., and of Mormolyce, and read the following notes :—

‘““In ‘ Mededeelingen uit ‘Slands Plantentuin,’ xliv, 1901,

p. 118, Dr. J. C. Koningsberger, of the Buitenzorg Zoological

Museum, publishes a brief notice of the larva of the Cicindelid

beetle, Collyris emarginatus, Dej., burrowing in the twigs of

coffee-shrubs. I noticed a preparation illustrating this remark-

able habit for a Cicindelid larva in the museum at Buitenzorg

in March of this year, but it was inside a locked case, and as

Dr. Koningsberger was on leave in Europe, I was unable to

make a close examination of the larva and its burrow. In

answer to a request for material and information on the

species, Dr. Koningsberger has kindly sent me the specimens

which I-now have pleasure in exhibiting to this Society. Dr.

Koningsberger tells me that the larva feeds on the ants and

aphides that crawl over the coffee-twigs ; pupation takes place

in the burrow ; ovipositio# has not been witnessed, nor have

any but full-grown, or nearly full-grown, larvee been found, so

that it is not known if the burrow is enlarged to allow of the

increase in size of its occupant, or if it is originally made large

enough to accommodate the larva throughout its life. A

figure of the larva is published in the above-mentioned work

(Fig. 59), but it is evidently only a copy of the figure of a

Cicindelid larva in Packard’s “‘ Guide to the Study of Insects,”

and is quite inadequate. The Collyris larva differs from the

larvee of the British Cicindelx by its flattened femora, small

size and more cylindrical body ; the tubercles of the fifth

abdominal segment bear a comb of three or four short teeth

instead of one long hook, and these combs are better adapted for

getting a purchase on the walls of a wooden burrow than

would be the long hooks of some sand-burrowing Cicindele.

I intend to make a careful and critical study of the mouth-

parts; as it is certainly unusual to find a predaceous larva

with mouth-parts qualified to excavate burrows in wood. The

mouth of the burrow is countersunk, and Mr. A. H. Hamm

informs me that the same feature can be seen in the sand-

burrows of the British Cicindele. I have no doubt but that

the lower surface of the head of the Collyris larva fills com-

pletely the orifice of the burrow when the insect is awaiting

( Ixxiii )

its prey, the jaws projecting into the countersunk area. The

adult Collyris emarginatus is arboreal in its habits, is remark-

ably fleet, and readily takes to wing; in Borneo, as I have

shown (P. Z.8., 1902, vol. ii, p. 264), it is mimicked by a

flower-haunting fly of the genus Sepedon; it feeds on small

insects, and the statement in the Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr.

1905, p. 172, that it is herbivorous is erroneous, and is due to

a misunderstanding.

“JT have also for exhibition some larve and pup of

Mormolyce, together with a specimen of a Polyporus fungus

split open to show the lenticular chamber excavated by the

larva. The adults, male and female, are usually found resting

on the under surface of these fungi, or on the tree trunk from

which the fungus projects ; oviposition has not been witnessed,

but I believe that only one egg (or at most two) is laid at a

time, for I have not been able to find more than one larva in

the chamber,* though on one occasion I took a newly-emerged

adult from the surface of a fungus in which was hollowed out

a chamber containing one larva. Access to the larval chamber

is attained by an orifice so small that it is surprising that the

newly-emerged beetle can squeeze through it to the exterior, this

orifice is situated on the upper surface of the fungus. It will

be seen that there are no features of particular interest about

the external appearance either of larva or pupa; these pup

do not show the elongation of the head and thorax character-

istic of the adult. Overdyk, who gives a bionomical account

of this species in Ned. Ent. Vereen, vol. i, 1857, states

that the larve are predaceous. The larva and the pupa have

been figured and described by Verhuell (Ann. des Sciences

Naturelles, 1847.)”

Professor E. B, Poutton communicated the following note

by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department, Oxford

University Museum. ‘The observations extend and support

those recorded by him in “Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904,”

p. Ixxv.

“The following observations made at Oxford during the

* The short note on this species which I published in British Assoc.

Reports, 1901, was largely based on information supplied to me by a native

collector, and this information, I regret to say, was proved afterwards

by my own observations to be inaccurate.

( Ixxiv )

present year, tend to confirm the opinion that Pieris rapx

chooses for prolonged rest, a surface upon which it will be

concealed. Although only five individuals were observed,

these had, without exception, selected a position of consider-

able protective value. The first butterfly was seen near

Cowley Marsh on May 7th, at about 4p.m. The afternoon

was dull and cloudy, and the insect was resting in a semi-

torpid state among the flowers of the white dead-nettle

(Lamium album) in a hedge. A week later, on May 13th,

between 4 and 5p.m., when searching the same hedgerow,

another individual was found in an almost identical position.

Hanging in the midst of the largish white flowers of the

Labiate the butterflies were beautifully concealed, and were

indeed only found because the plants were carefully examined

for other insects.

“On August 17th, between 7 and 8 p.m., when looking for

larve on the hedge bordering my garden, near the Cowley

Road, I found two rapx within a few inches of each other.

Both were resting on the silvery under-sides of bramble leaves.

In both cases, however, the leaves were twisted and the lower

surface had become the upper. Again, on August 20th, in a

lane leading to Temple Cowley, at 5.30 p.m., I watched an

individual flying slowly along a hedgerow, every nowand then

resting for a few seconds. Finally, after many attempts, it

settled down, apparently for the night, and on going to look

more closely, I found that it also had chosen the under-side

of a bramble leaf. Although not quite so well concealed

as among the white flowers, these last examples blended

wonderfully well with their environment.

“ After some years of close observation of the resting habits

of insects in general, I feel convinced that they possess an

inherent tendency to select an environment that aids in con-

cealment ; and as the various species differ in appearance so do

they select diversified situations suited in each case to the

particular requirement of the insect.”

A discussion followed, Mr. H. J. Etwes expressing his

conviction that the use of surroundings by insects, and Lepi-

doptera especially, for protective purposes simply, was still an

open question. Colonel J. W. YERBuRY mentioned the case

Conley *)})

of LHuchloé euphenoides and Zegris eupheme roosting at

Granada on plants of Biscutella, the appearance of the insects

at rest closely approximating to that of the flower heads.

Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown observed that he had noted a similar

resemblance between a specimen of Pieris napt and the flower

of Leucojuns on which it rested for the night. Mr. G. C.

CuHampion said that he had noticed specimens of Gonepteryx

vhamni seek the under-sides of bramble leaves.

Dr. T. A. Cuapman said that Col. Yerbury’s observation on

Euchloé euphenoides resting on the flowers of Biscutella is one

that may be often made in the South of France, and few

English Entomologists have not observed 2. cardamines at

~ rest on Alliaria flowers, or on some Umbellifer that roughly

resembles it. These facts seem to give the clue to how the

practice of these Crucifer-feeding Pierids of affecting objects

of their own colour for resting arose. In so many of these

cases, the food-plant is in flower when the butterfly is on the

wing, and in the case of Huchloé the flower head is the

place selected for egg-laying. It comes about, then, that the

butterflies frequent the flowers of their food-plant, both for the

honey they afford and for egg-laying. That it would often

happen, therefore, to be the resting-place of the butterfly

when overtaken by a sudden failure of sunshine is obvious.

Nothing further is needed as a basis for natural selection to

gradually accumulate in association, the characters of resting

on the flower of the food-plant, and assimilation to it in colour.

A butterfly, searching for a flower head to rest on, will act

of course in the same way as one searching for it for any other

purpose, viz., it will discover at a distance an object of the

desired colour, and will be able to verify what it really is,

only after a close approach. If it wants to suck honey, or to

lay an egg, such verification is imperative, and all collectors

are familiar with butterflies closely approaching a piece of

coloured paper, a dead leaf or other object, and only when

quite close discovering that it is not the desired mate, or

flower, and at once departing. But if a resting place for the

night is desired, such verification is not absolutely essential,

and a place must be chosen, so that if after several tries a

near approach only produces disappointment, an occasion at

(C tee.)

length occurs, when advancing evening makes it necessary to

appropriate the resting place without the final verification.

Thus a Pieris or a HLuchloé will learn to accept as a resting

place any white object, even if it be not a flower head of a

Crucifer.

But if it be objected that cabbage and turnip, the usual

foods of our “‘cabbage” butterflies, have yellow flowers, the

reply is that these foods, for these butterflies, are entirely

human inventions, and therefore comparatively modern.

Their natural foods have chiefly white flowers, such as,

Nasturtium, Arabis, Draba, Cochlearia, Thlaspi, Lepidiwm,

Turritis, Alliaria, and many others, the two last mentioned

being the favourite foods of ZH. cardamines. It may also be

suggested that the frequently very yellow under-sides of our

common ‘“‘cabbages” are due to the yellow flowers of our

cultivated Brassicas, and of such wild Crucifers as Raphanus

sinapis, and Barbarea.

The Presipent, Mr. A. J. Cuirry, Dr. F. A. Dixny, Pro-

fessor E. B. Poutton, and other Fellows offered observations

on the subject.

Papers.

Mr. Wiuuiam Joun Lucas exhibited diagrams of the instars,

and also of the mouth parts of the imago, to illustrate the

paper read by him ‘On the Emergence of Jyrmeleon

Sormicarius.”

Mr. Martin Jacosy communicated a paper entitled

“Descriptions of New Species of African Haltictne and

Galerucine.”

Mr. CraupE Mortry communicated a paper “On the

Ichneumonidous group Zryphonides schizodonti, Holmegr.,

with Descriptions of New Species.”

(| Ixxvii )

ANNUAL MEETING.

January 17th, 1906.

Mr. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. Wvytitr Lioyp, one of the Auditors, read the

Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £50 3s. 5d.

in the Society’s favour.

Mr. H. Rowrtanp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, read the

following

Report of the Council.

During the Session 1905-1906 eleven Fellows have died, viz.

two Honorary Fellows, M. Henri de Saussure and Dr. Alpheus

8. Packard, and nine Fellows, Mr. Alfred Beaumont, Mr.

George Bowdler Buckton, F.R.S8.,M. A. Prudhomme de Borre,

Mr. John William Douglas, Lieut.-Colonel L. H. Loyd Irby,

Captain F. Wollaston Hutton, F.R.S., Mr. Alexander Fry,

Mr. H. W. Peal, and the Rev. Francis Augustus Walker,

D.D.; seven Fellows have resigned, or have been struck off

the list, and twenty-three new Fellows have been elected.

The number of Fellows deceased is, happily, not above the

average; nor is the number of those who have resigned, or

for other causes have been removed from the list. The

number of Fellows elected, however, shows a considerable

falling off from last year, though with candidates nominated

and still to be elected it compares favourably with most

previous years. The Council, however, are of opinion that

the number might still be considerably augmented if Fellows

would bring somewhat more energetically to the knowledge of

their entomological friends the advantages of Fellowship of

the Society.

At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows,

and five hundred and four Life and Subscribing Fellows,

making a total of five hundred and sixteen. These figures

show that, for the first time in the history of the Society, the

number of ordinary Fellows has reached five hundred, while

the total fellowship also surpasses that of any previous year.

The Transactions for the year 1905 form a volume of four

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1905. F

(> iezvanl*)

hundred and thirty-eight pages, containing twenty-four

Memoirs, contributed by the following authors: Mr. Nelson

Annandale, Professor Christopher Aurivillius, Mr. George

Bethune-Baker, Mr. Horace A. Byatt (with a note by Pro-

fessor E. B. Poulton), Mr. J. Chester Bradley, Mr. George C.

Champion and Dr. Thomas A, Chapman (with description

by Professor O. M. Reuter), Dr. T. A. Chapman (three papers),

Mr. John Alexander Dell, Mr. W. L. Distant, Mr. Herbert

Druce and Mr. Hamilton Druce, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, Sir

George F. Hampson, Bart., Mr. John C. W. Kershaw (two

papers), Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, Mr. Arthur M. Lea, Dr.

George B. Longstaff, Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Mr. E.

Meyrick, Mr. Claude Morley, Mr. Edward Saunders, and Dr.

David Sharp and Mr. F. Gilbert Smith.

Of these twenty-four papers no less than fourteen relate to

Lepidoptera, three to Khynchota, three to Hymenoptera, two

to Coleoptera, and one to Diptera, while Mr. Champion and

Dr. 'T. A. Chapman’s paper, “ Another Entomological Excur-

sion to Spain,” deals with Coleoptera, Hemiptera-Heteroptera,

and Lepidoptera.

The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by nineteen

plates, including two maps, of which eight are coloured. The

entire cost of Plates XVIII and XTX has been defrayed by

Mr. E. Meade-Waldo, and of Plate X by Mr. F. DuCane

Godman. Dr. T. A. Chapman has given the whole cost of

Plate VIII, and half the cost of Plates II, ITI, IV, V, VI,

and XII, and Professor E. B. Poulton half the cost of Plate

XIV. Blocks inserted in the text of the Transactions and

the Proceedings have also been given by Dr. G. B. Longstaff,

Dr. T. A. Chapman, and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown. The

volume of the Proceedings, consisting of about eighty pages

in all, has been well kept up, thanks to the increased number

of interesting exhibitions made by Fellows, and the notes read

by them at the meetings, which also show a satisfactory

average of attendances,

During the past year eighteen volumes—in addition to one

hundred and eighty-seven periodicals, pamphlets, and reprints

—have been added to the Society’s Library, the increased use

of which is demonstrated by the fact that, according to the

( Texte’)

Assistant Librarian’s Report, two hundred and eight volumes

have been taken out by Fellows during the year, and the

number of Fellows using the Library has largely increased.

There have also been placed in the Library, under the gift

of the Representatives of the late Mr. Robert McLachlan,

F.R.S., not included in the aforesaid donations and purchases,

two hundred and ninety-two volumes and pamphlets, to

which a distinguishing mark is affixed in the list of additions.

During this year, also, it has been arranged that the Library

shall be open daily from 9 a.m. to6 p.m., except on Saturdays,

when the hours are from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m,

The Treasurer reports that, after carrying forward to 1906

the sum of £8 8s. for subscriptions paid in advance in 1905,

and investing £47 5s. for three Life Compositions received

during the year, making the total sum so invested £857 10s.

7d., there remains a genuine cash balance in the Society’s

favour of £50 3s. 5d.

Arrangements have been made during the year for the sale

of back numbers of the Transactions to Fellows and non-

Fellows at a considerable reduction, and the report of the sales

thus effected, and for more recent volumes, shows a satisfac-

tory result. On the whole, therefore, we have to report that

our financial position is well established, and Fellows may

again be congratulated on the flourishing condition of the

Society.

EntTomo.LoaicaL Soctety or Lonpon,

11, CaHanpos Street, CavenpisH Square, W.

17th January, 1906.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing

to substitute other names for those contained in the list

prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the

Council for 1906-1907 :—Gilbert J. Arrow; George C.

Champion, F.Z.8.; Arthur John Chitty, M.A.; James E.

Collin; Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D. ; Herbert

Goss, F.L.S.; Arthur Hugh Jones; William James Kaye ;

William John Lucas, B.A.; Frederic Merrifield ; Professor

Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.; Louis Beethoven

( deez’)

Prout; Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.; Edward Saunders,

F.R.S., F.L.S.; Richard 8. Standen, F.L.S.; Commander

James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.8.; Charles O. Water-

house.

The following are also re-elected as officers :—President

Frederic Merrifield; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones ; Secre-

taries, Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., and James J. Walker,

M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Librarian, George C. Champion, F.Z.8.

The Balance Sheet and Report having been adopted, Mr.

F. Merrifield, the President, delivered an Address. A vote of

thanks to the President for his Address, and for his services

as President during the past year, together with those of the

other officers, proposed by Professor Meldola, and seconded

by Mr. Charles O. Waterhouse, was carried unanimously. Mr.

H. Rowland-Brown, Commander J. J. Walker, and Mr. A.

H. Jones replied.

( Texxt’)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Balance Sheet for the Year 1905.

RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.

By Seads Ee asond:

Balance in hand, Ist Jan., Printing Transactions, etc. 242 138 2

1905, and at Bankers’... 18 15 5 | Plates,etc. ... ... ... 105 5 4

Subscriptions for 1905 ... 392 14 0 | Rent and Office Ex-

AY PORES?) 62 5-)u cist) on bye, Oly LORE O WENSES, (2c. «22, cae) ae COAL: 6

Admission Fees ... ... 29 8 O | Books and Binding... ... 44 2 8

Donations... ... ... ... 3 5 9 | Investment in Consols ... 47 5 O

Sales of Transactions ... 144 14 4 | Subscriptions in Advance,

Interest on Investments :— per contra carried to

Consols ... ... £1917 1 1906% Ui. 9s, aipen 8) '8% 0

Westwood Bequest 6 16 6 Balance in hand and at

——26 13 7 Bankers?! 7 a5) ses) 2-5. 00) ar 8

Subscriptions in Advance 8 8 0

Life Compositions ... ... 47 5 O

£702 14 1 £702 14 1

In account with the late Ropert McLacutan, Esq., Treasurer.

Balance at Bankers’ due Paid by cheque to his

to his Representatives Representatives ... ...£100 0 0

brought forward from

last year) c/s 1 SLOO) O70

Testimonial to the late Mr. W. R, Haut, Resident Librarian.

Further subscriptions Paid by cheque to his

Tecelved esse sec | c-ye ee oe Representatives ... ... £1 1 0

ASSETS. ADDITIONAL ASSETS.

Be send.

Subscriptions in arrear Contents of Library, including

considered good (say)... 50 0 0 | books from the library of the

Cost of £857 10s. 7d. late Mr. McLachlan and unsold

Consols... ... «. +» 889 8 O | Pyblications.

Cost of £239 12s. 4d.

Birmingham 3 per cent. 250 0 0

T. A. CHAPMAN.

Balance inhand ... ... 50 3 5

R. W. Lioyp.

No ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES. Roasan ApEn,

A. Huau JongEs, RicHarp Soutu.

Treasurer. H. RowLanD-BRown.

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THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

LapIES AND GENTLEMEN,

The Report presented by the Council will have

informed you of the prosperous state of the Society, and

of the record it has during the past year established in the

number of its Fellows. When one considers the vast number

of species of insects, as compared with that of other classes

of animals, their immense antiquity, the perfection they have

reached in their physical equipment and in their instincts,

their exhaustless variety of form and function, and the scope

which, by their metamorphoses and in other ways, they

afford for the solution of problems in which all biologists

are interested, one can but expect that the Society will

become more and more important, and that its members will

continue to increase in number and, as far as indications

appear, certainly with no deterioration in quality. The

interest which draws its members together is one that is

concerned with every part of the world. It is by a collation

of the species and varieties which all the different parts of

the world have to present that the science will be advanced,

and from this point of view it is most satisfactory to note

how largely the Society is constituted of Fellows resident

abroad. In looking through the list of Fellows at the

beginning of the year 1905, 1found that these mounted up

to more than one-fifth of the whole membership. Fifty-nine

are resident in the British colonies and dependencies, and

forty-six in foreign countries, of whom twelve are honorary

members.

It is of interest to observe that about half the papers

(| Ixxxiv )

contributed to the Transactions are of a biological character,

and that many of the papers contain, besides the full

descriptions of new species that are not only important but

necessary, notes on their life histories and habits.

One of the most satisfactory features of the volumes published

of late years is the amount of space given to the Proceedings.

These record the periodical meetings of the Society, when,

by means of the objects exhibited and of the observations

that arise out of them and out of the papers read, many

valuable facts are made known ; they frequently give rise to

discussions of the greatest interest, and it is important that

the advantage of these should not be lost to those who are

not present at the meetings when they take place. It is of

course impossible that your Honorary Secretaries, to whose

skilled and assiduous labours we are so greatly indebted, should,

unassisted, record with sufficient fulness all the salient points,

but if those who bring forward objects for exhibition or take a

part in the discussions will always render assistance by handing

in notes of their contributions and of their observations, a

satisfactory record can be preserved.

I hope it will not be out of place to express the satisfaction

with which the Fellows of the Society have observed that

some of their body, including two members of the Council,

Professor Poulton and Dr, Dixey, were among those who

took part in the expedition to South Africa of the British

Association for the Advancement of Science. Wecongratulate

them on their successful journey and their safe return in

vigorous health, and I suppose we may say with even enhanced

knowledge, from which our discussions have already derived

benefit. I think I may add that our gratitude to them in-

cludes a prospective element, for we know that they have

brought back much that is of great value in the way not only of

specimens but of recorded observations, from which the future

Transactions and Proceedings of the Entomological Society,

of which they are such important members, cannot fail to

derive much advantage.

I follow the time-honoured practice of referring to some

of the Fellows of the Society whose loss during the past year

we have to deplore.

(i isxxy 5)

Dr. ALpHEUS Sprinc Packarp, an Honorary Fellow of this

Society, died at Providence, Rhode Island, on the 14th

February, 1905. He had held the position of Professor of

Zoology and Geology in Brown University since 1878. No

one did mare than he to advance the knowledge of entomology

in the United States. Among his voluminous contributions

to science, the list of which fills nearly ten pages of the

catalogues of the library of the Entomological Society, may be

singled out for mention his monograph of the “ Bombycine

Moths,” and the Text-book of Entomology published in 1898,

in which he sums up the existing knowledge on the anatomy,

physiology, embryology, and metamorphoses of insects, with

full bibliographical lists; this work may be described as

supplying a well-ordered guide to all that was known on the

wide range of subjects of which it treats. Mr. Packard was

well known for his advocacy of “ neolamarckian ” views.

The loss of Honorary Fellows during the past year includes

another distinguished name, that of M. Henri F. pe SaussuRg,

of Geneva, eminent in many departments of life, grandson of

one whose name was once famous throughout Europe as

having made the ascent of Mont Blanc in 1787. Born in

1829, he wrote at an early period of life his monograph of

the “Solitary Wasps,” which he completed in Paris, where he

became known to some of the distinguished men of science.

In 1854 he was granted the diploma of Doctor by the

University of Giessen. In the same year he started on a

course of travel, which he pursued through the West Indies

and parts of the North-American continent, and after his

return to Europe in 1856 he began the publication of a vast

number of works on a great variety of subjects—geological,

zoological, ethnological, geographical and historical. Especially

large were his contributions to Entomology, and among these

the Hymenoptera and the Orthoptera in particular claimed his

attention. He died on the 20th February, 1905, lamented for

his deep and wide knowledge and for his attractive personal

qualities.

A veteran English entomologist, Jonn Witi1AM Douec.as,

elected in 1845 a Fellow of this Society, of which he became

President in 1861, died on the 28th August, 1905, in his

(° ixxevi ))

ninety-first year. As a young man he obtained a situation in

the Customs House, where he rose to a high position, retiring

at the age of seventy after more than fifty years’ service. His

first entomological paper was published in the ‘‘ Entomological

Magazine” for 1837. In 1874 he became one of the joint

editors of the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, retaining

that position for thirty years. Associated with the leading

English entomologists of his day, including Stainton, whose

residence was near his own, he extended his studies from the

Lepidoptera, with which he began, to the Coleoptera and other

orders, rendering important assistance in the production of

Stainton’s “ Natural History of the Tineina” in 1856, and

in 1865 he was one of the joint authors of Douglas and Scott’s

“ British Hemiptera.” His works on the Coccide are very

valuable. During his long life he did.much to promote the

knowledge of our favourite science, and always held a high

position in the esteem and affection of his friends.

LiEUTENANT-CoLONEL LeonaRpD Howarp Loyp Irpy died last

April at the age of sixty-nine. A Fellow of the Linnean and

Zoological Societies, he joined this Society in 1893. Retir-

ing after service through the Crimean War and the Indian

Mutiny, he devoted himself to several branches of natural

history, especially ornithology, on which he published a work,

“The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar,’ that went

through several editions. He was an enthusiastic collector

of Lepidoptera, a first-rate shot, and his friends found him a

most charming and genial companion.

ALEXANDER Fry, born in 1821, went in 1838 to Rio de

Janeiro, where his father had a mercantile house. There he

devoted much time to collecting Coleoptera, After 1854,

barring occasional visits to Rio, he resided in England, adding

by purchase and otherwise to his collection, which at his death

reached the enormous number of some 200,000 specimens, all

of which, well arranged and for the most part named, he

bequeathed to the British Museum, where they occupy 29

cabinets, containing 348 drawers, and 400 boxes. He became

a Fellow of this Society in 1855, and died 26th February, 1905.

Grorce Bowpier Buckton, F.R.8., had been a member of

the Entomological Society from 1883. Incapacitated by an

( Ixxxvil )

accident in early life from active pursuits he turned his

attention to science, and in 1867 carried out some important

original work, in recognition’ of which he was that year made

a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1865 he settled at

Haslemere, where he died on the 25th September, 1905. Mr.

Buckton was the author of valuable entomological works. His

monograph of the “ British Aphides,” in four volumes (1876-

1883), was followed in 1890 by his illustrated monograph of

the “British Cicade or Tettigide,” and afterwards by the

“Natural History of Hristalis tenaa,’’ and by various pub-

lished papers. Most of the plates in these works were drawn

and in some cases lithographed by himself. Mr. Buckton was

a member of the Linnean Society, the Chemical Society,

and of several foreign scientific societies, many of the meetings

of which he attended, and by the members of which, as well

as his numerous private friends, his kindly and courteous

presence will be missed.

I ask leave this evening to bring under your notice a

subject on which entomologists have thrown some light, but

which by common consent stands in need of much more ; to

call attention to some of the effects on living things of that

chief element in climate, temperature, and to the remarkable

limitations imposed on those effects by the nature of the living

thing operated on, these two opposing forces giving rise to a

state of conflict between the outside power and the organism.

General operation of temperature.

The general effect on a growing organism of an augmented

temperature, within the limits of healthy vitality, and

associated with other wholesome conditions, is well recognized,

as promoting physiological activity, heightening energy and

accelerating development. The whole practice of “forcing,”

as applied in many industries, by florists, market-gardeners,

chicken-farmers, and others, is founded on this principle, and

entomologists every day come upon illustrations of it.

( “lxxxviii )

Insensitiveness of many oxganisms.

And yet we know there are myriads of insect organisms

in an immature condition, apparently waiting for nothing but

development, which are absolutely insensitive to the influence

of a heightened temperature, nay, in some cases, as it were,

resent that influence, and are moved by it in the opposite

direction, that of delay or postponement. This radical dis-

tinction in physiological character is one that is met with

throughout the Lepidoptera, and, of course, elsewhere in the

animal kingdom. Individuals belonging to the same family,

the same genus, the same species, even the offspring of the

same parents, are found separated into these two distinct

physiological classes.

Regular response of oné class.

The first class—those that yield to temperature—seem

usually to respond to it with a regularity which is noteworthy,

in many instances all emerging to the very day. I give

examples, summer pupe of some common English species,

showing this.* (See Appendix, Table I.)

Resistunce of another class.

As examples of the other class, that on which warmth is

expended in vain, we have such species as Huchloe cardamines,

Araschnia levana (winter phase), Pieris brassice (winter phase),

Selenia tetralunaria (winter phase), some experiments on most

of which are described later,

I am not suggesting that the second class, those non-respon-

sive to temperature, are thus insensitive throughout their lives ;

the insensitiveness may be confined to certain metamorphic

stages, or even to certain periods comprised in those stages ;

when, for example, any of them shake off their long torpor

* In my experience eggs of most Lepidoptera that are laid at one time

in summer hatch out nearly all together, in this respect differing greatly

from many of the wintered eggs, such as those of the genus Ennomos,

and of Liparis monacha, which usually spread their hatching over a very

long period with little regard to temperature. In this respect there is a

parallel between the egg and the pupa.

( ( leexix) )

and begin to move actively towards emergence, the pace at

which they do so is accelerated by warmth, and retarded by

cold.

Nor do I suggest that all individual Lepidoptera belong,

throughout their lives, or even throughout any one meta-

morphic stage, to one or other of these two classes, nor that

the element of personal variability does not come in largely,

so that there are many species and individuals which may be

described as intermediate, though often very discontinuously so.

Physiological dimorphism.

I shall have to advert, rather fully, to that very numerous

and remarkable class called double-brooded (digoneutic and

bivoltine), which in one of their ‘“ phases”—to adopt the

term suggested by Professor Poulton—belong to the sensi-

tive, in the other phase to the insensitive, thus exemplify-

ing the kind of diversity to which Dr. Dixey has given the

apt name of “ physiological dimorphism.”

Nonseasonal Lepidoptera.

The climates of the world may be divided into the non-

seasonal and the seasonal, the former consisting of those equa-

torial or tropical regions where, with a temperature averaging

something over 80° F. (27° C.),* not much above and very little

below, and with adequate humidity all the year round, these

conditions continuing the same year after year, species abound

whose “ little lives are rounded” in a month, regions where

at all times and in all their stages—egg, larva, pupa, and

imago—they are to be found simultaneously and in nearly

equal abundance—such species as the Heliconias and Ithomias

of tropical South America, and the Ypthimas, etc., of the Indo-

Australian region. I do not know the life histories of these

species, but, looking to the regularity with which generation

succeeds generation, it may perhaps be assumed that so far as

the operation of the temperature—itself so regular—is con-

cerned, there is nothing in a nature bred under these con-

ditions to prevent that general effect which I have adverted to

* For convenience I have in all cases given, approximately, the

Centigrade degrees,

( xe )

—i.e. that warmth heightens and accelerates, and coolness

retards, in other words, that these species would respond in a

normal manner to change of temperature within the limits

of health.

Seasonal influence— Temperature.

The rest of the world is all more or less “ seasonal” and the

main distinction between the seasons is that of temperature.

In many countries containing an abundance of Lepidoptera the

principal climatic distinction is that between dry and wet

seasons, these, however, being often more or less associated

with changes of temperature. The recorded accurate observa-

tions on the effects of temperature in relation to Lepidoptera

are far more considerable than those on the effects of wet and

dry seasons, and, without in any way seeking to minimize the

operation of these, I practically limit myself to the former,

not only because I think it the most far-reaching and

penetrating influence, but also because the materials accessible

for the purpose are so much more abundant.

Seasonal Lepidoptera.

There are, as we know, places extreme in climate, such as

North-Eastern Siberia, where the annual range of temperature

is over 100° F. (56° C.), from about — 50° F. (— 46°C.) in

January to over + 50° F. (10° C.) in July, and the polar regions,

where some of the Argynnids and Satyrids are found, and

where the actual life of a butterfly is limited to about a month,

though the whole duration of its life may extend over several

years, and the food plants are covered with ice and snow

except for about six weeks. ‘Though the range of temperature

in the seasonal world in general does not approach such

extremes, the seasons are strongly marked in most of it, and

whenever the winter is sufficiently severe, either by its direct

effect or its indirect effect in destroying green food, to impose

a lengthened period of rest, the Lepidoptera are, like the

climate, seasoned in their habits ; and, the seasons having an

annual cycle, the normal life of a lepidopterous insect is

annual also, or at least is comprised within a year, its rate of

(*ixer 3)

development, in conformity with the general law adverted to,

being, as a rule, rapid in the warm season, slow or even

arrested during the colder part of the year.

Year-lived Lepidoptera.

The more usual case, at least in our latitudes, may be taken

to be that of insects which live a whole year, constituting those

seasonal species whichare usually calledsingle-brooded, but which

it might be more convenient, as their whole life is in question

and the term ‘‘ brood” is often used in a different sense, to

call “year-lived.” These, in contrast with the non-seasonal

species, are in general, in their four several stages—those of

egg, larva, pupa, and imago—associated respectively with

particular seasons of the year, and any of their stages, varying

however according to species, may be associated with any

season.

It will be convenient here, as the foundation for some of

the observations that follow, to refer to a few familiar

examples of the extreme persistence in their habits, in disregard,

apparently, of very great differences of temperature, of some

of the “‘ year-lived ” class, so numerous in temperate countries,

and to select for that purpose some that pass the winter in

varying stages. Huchloé cardamines ranges over Europe and

a large part of Asia, and is found plentifully at low elevations

as well as up to 7,000 feet above the sea level. Appearing

on the Riviera in February or March, and in the mountain

districts found occasionally as late as August, it pupates usually

in the early part of summer and then (with rare exceptions, if

any) quietly bides its time through all the hottest part of a

South European summer until the spring of the following

year. This is an insect which has a winter pupa. The

same rigid adherence to the one-year cycle is shown generally

by the Erebias and other Satyrids, chiefly mountain insects,

but many of them found in the warmer plains; these pass

the winter in the larval stage, as does Aporia crategi, a

very abundant species with wide geographical range. <A

similar fixed yearly life is shown by species which, like

Argynnis adippe, Augiades comma, Lycena xgon (argus), the

( ) mei: \)

Theclas, and the Geometrid moth Hnnomos angularia, pass

the winter as eggs, and by Scoliopterya libatrix, and many

other moths which hibernate in the winged stage. So the cold-

weather moths of autumn, winter, and early spring, the four

common Hybernias and Cheimatobia brumata and Phigalia

pedaria, rapidly run through the stage of larva in about two

months, and lie all through the greater part of the year,

including its hottest period, before they emerge as moths.

Cold required to mature winter pupe.

A continuation by artificial means of heat not only fails to

accelerate but often retards or kills, and in some cases throws:

the emergence over to another year, so that in these cases

cold is necessary to accelerate or cause maturity. Four Thais

polyxena, a year-lived spring butterfly of Southern Europe, were

placed by me at 80° F. (27° C.) on each of the following dates,

12th November and 31st December. All were dead by 14th

March except one of the first lot, which emerged a cripple

28th December. Of four placed there on 14th March and

two at 92° F. (33° C.) on 25th March, all emerged ; of some

that were left out of doors all, or nearly all, emerged 16th to

30th May. Ten Rumia luteolata placed by me on the 18th

October at 80° F. (27° C.) were all dead by March ; ten placed

there on the 20th March all died except three, which emerged

from the 4th April to the 2nd May, one being a cripple; of

twenty placed there on the 2nd May, twelve emerged between

the 6th and 22nd May; many left out of doors emerged be-

tween the 17th and 3lst May, and a few later, Of twenty-

five Hybernia marginaria placed on the 19th October at the

more moderate temperature of 63°-70° F. (18°-21° C.),

not one had emerged by the Ist March, by which time many

at the temperature of a cold room had emerged. Of seventy-

five C’. brumata brought indoors when the weather began to be

cold in October, and on the 2nd November placed at 63°-

70° F. (17°-21° C.), not one had emerged by the 12th

January, when many at the ordinary temperature had

emerged ; some of them had been killed by the warmth indoors,

( xcii )

but most apparently had been sent over by it to wait for a

second winter.*

There are many other species which, though not so obstinate

as those which have been mentioned nor perhaps so ready to

die or to postpone emergence for a year, show an equally deter-

mined resistance for a shorter period. These species probably

belong properly to a somewhat warm climate and are attuned

to a shorter winter.

Mediterranean species.

Wholly opposed in their constitution to the seasonal year-

lived species are many belonging to parts of Southern Europe

and of Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean, where

the summer is warm and long, the spring and autumn mild,

and the winter not severe enough to prescribe any lengthened

rest, and where accordingly, though no rapid multiplication

of generations approaching to that of the equatorial regions

exists, the year, with its marked seasons, is no longer with

many species the usual period of life, but they breed on,

generation after generation, continuously, getting in thvee or

four or more generations annually.j This is exemplified with

such species as Pyrameis cardui, Colias edusa, Phragmatobia

fuliginosa, and Plusia gamma. These would appear physio-

logically to belong rather to the equatorial non-seasonal than

to the seasonal class, and at all events seem to have little of

the seasonal character stereotyped upon them.

The seasonally double-brooded.

It is now time to refer to that remarkable class usually spoken

of as the seasonally double-brooded, producing two or sometimes

more generations in the year; one, the “ winter phase,” that

which in our climate lives about nine months, including the

winter, the other, the ‘“‘summer phase,” living about three

months, May to August; the one having a pupal period of

* Similar occurrences are frequently recorded in entomological publica-

tions. (See Dr, Chapman, Ent. Record, vol. i, p. 127, and the Ent,

Record, passim,)

+ See Tutt in Ent. Record, vol. x, pp. 211, 212.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1905. G

{ ae )

about seven to eight months, the other of afew weeks, and the

two phases, as will be seen, differing to such a degree physio-

logically, that the winter phase is killed by the temperature in

which the summer phase flourishes; often differing also in

size, shape and colour, and I believe frequently in habits.

The winter phase appears to have much more in common

physiologically with the ‘ year-lived” species, the summer

phase belonging on the other hand to the equatorial or the

Mediterranean type.

Examples of winter pupx killed by warmth.*

Among these let me first mention the famous Araschnia

levana, much the most striking of seasonally dimorphic

Kuropean forms of butterfly ; the winter phase being on its

upper surface of a bright orange brown, mottled with black,

having a general resemblance to some of the little ‘‘fritillaries”’

(Melitxas and the smaller Argynnids) so abundant in spring,

the summer phase black, with an oblique white band running

down both pairs of wings, much as it does with the common

Limenitis sibylla. The pup of the summer phase respond to

temperature most readily, those forced emerging in about

six days with great regularity; if on the other hand

cooled, they are retarded for a period of, it may be,

many months. To the effect of such cooling on the

facies of the imago allusion will be made later. In 1895,

between the 22nd and 29th August, I received from

various parts of Germany, North, Central, and South, many

hundreds of larvee of A. levana of various sizes from half-

grown or less upwards; many were very kindly sent to me

from Freiburg by Prof. Weismann. These pupated from about

the 28th August to the 2nd September. A large number

were on pupation placed in the refrigerator at about 46°—50°

F, (8°-10° C.) for eight weeks, @.e. till 26th October, when

they were placed out of doors, batches being transferred at

about fortnightly intervals to incubators (at 92° F.(33° C.) and

80° F, (27° C.)—it made no difference which). Some were left

out of doors from pupation, and 53 of these emerged between

* See Table II in Appendix, Experiment 1.

( %ev,)

2nd April and 7th May. It will be seen by the tables in the

Appendix that all those transferred to the incubators in less

than 13 (perhaps 15) weeks after pupation died ; after that a

proportion died, gradually diminishing until the 29th week,

after which all survived.

A large number during the first eight weeks were left in

the room at a temperature which may be taken at 5°-10° F.

(3°-6° C.) above that of outdoors. These were afterwards

transferred in batches to the incubators. All so transferred

up to the 19th week died ; after which a proportion, gradually,

but irregularly, increasing, but never the whole of those

transferred, survived.* (Of some left in the room until

emergence, 23 emerged between 24th March and 31st May.)

Of a third lot left in the room until 13th January (19 weeks),

when they were placed out of doors and from 7th February

(24 weeks) transferred as before to incubators, some of each

batch transferred survived, the proportion being larger than

in the last experiment.t (Some of them, left out of doors

from the time they were placed there, emerged, to the number

of about 20, between 26th April and 19th May.)

Experiments with other seasonal double-brooded species

show an equal resistance to a heightened temperature on the

part of the winter phase. Thus, of 40 English pupz of P.

brassicx forced at 80° F. (27° C.) from the 29th November,

1897, all but 7 were dead by 23rd March, 5 more by 18th April,

the remaining 2 on 22nd May, one of these last in attempting

to emerge. Eighteen of the same batch were iced 29th Novem-

ber, and forced on the 23rd March; 11 of these emerged

between the 3rd and 6th April. Another lot of 86, received on

the 30th December, 1900, were kept out of doors ; of 10 forced

lst March only one emerged, on 21st March; of 6 forced

19th April only 2 emerged, on 30th April ; of 6 kept outdoors

all emerged from 30th May to 2nd June.

Many experiments tried by me on Selenia tetralunaria, some

of which are recorded in the Transactions and Proceedings

of this Society, show somewhat similar results. As to the

summer phase of this species, when the pupa is forced at about

* See Table II in Appendix, Experiment 2.

+ Lbid., Experiment 38.

(- sevi )

80° F. (27° C.) it emerges with great regularity in about 8

or 10 days; but the winter phase behaves very differently. Of

16 forced at 80° F, (27° C.) on the 26th November, 1890, and

11 more forced 14th December, all were dead by Ist February ;

of 16 kept at the more moderate temperature of 60° F. (16° C.)

on 26th November all were dead by 16th March ; many were

iced 26th November to 24th December ; of 8 of these forced

24th December and 7th January at 80° F. (27° C.) 6 died and

2 emerged, one a cripple; while of those not forced until the

21st January or later, nearly all emerged and with fair

regularity.

Tolerance of cold by summer pupe.

In contrast with winter pupe killed by the absence of cold,

reference may be made to the much greater tolerance of an

unaccustomed temperature shown by the summer pupa of S.

tetralunaria and of A. levana, which I have kept, retarded and

changed in facies but uninjured by a low temperature, for

more than four months, that of Z. punctaria for more than

six months.

Three or more broods.

The resemblance of the summer phase to the continuously

brooded is perhaps also indicated by its readiness to repeat

itself by interpolating one or more broods between its

first and latest broods, which is so commonly the case

in a hot season, all but the last of them showing the

characteristic quality of the larve of the summer phase,

i.e. the feeding up fast. The entomological periodicals con-

tain frequent instances of this. A. Jevana in a hot summer

often produces a third brood, and S. bilunaria (illunaria) from

eggs of the spring brood this year, has given me four

subsequent complete generations all of the summer phase,

having been kept by me at 70°-80° (21°-27° C.) during

their whole lives, the time occupied by them from the laying

of the first egg to the emergence of the last imago having

been only about six months, ze. from 3lst March to

2nd October. Thus, moths of five generations succeeded each

( xevii )

other within about six months. They then came to an end

without giving rise to a winter phase.

« Splitting.”

_ I have treated the tendency to be single-brooded, or the

reverse, as usually congenital in the individual ; and I think

this is proved by the common phenomenon which I have called

“splitting,” met with in nature and in home-breeding, when

part of a brood from the same parent, all bred under similar

conditions, divides, one portion feeding up hastily, and within

the year, the other portion feeding slowly and the pupa

resting peacefully till the following year. This separation, I

think, most usually shows itself in the larval stage, when the

“forwards,” to use Dr. Chapman’s name for them in his

experiments with Arctia caja,* feed up rapidly and voraciously,

the others biding their time ; his explanation being that A. caja,

as we find it, is a mongrel having two or more races mingled

together in its composition.

Though the character of the winter phase is in many cases

impressed so deeply on the individual as to render it immov-

able in its habits, there is a vast number of cases in which

it is not so. The books are full of accounts of Lepidoptera,

ordinarily single-brooded in England, which give out a second

or even a third brood in a hot summer, and the degree of

instability in this respect varies greatly not only as between

different species, but as between different individuals.

Conversion of one phase into the other.

Reverting to those individuals on which the physiological

character, 7.e. that of the summer or winter, is strongly

impressed, it seems proper to say something on the difficult

problems connected with the conversion, complete or partial, of

one of these phases into the other,

Conversion in the pupal stage.

To deal in the first instance with conversion in the pupal

stage, let me point out that it appears to be usually easier to

convert the summer phase into the winter than the opposite,

* Ent. Record, vol. iv, pp. 265 et seg., and vol. v, p. 33 et seq.

(| xeviii )

often found impossible, and that the conversion can be made

very thoroughly so far as many characteristics go, for example

as to colour and markings (or pattern). For results obtained

in this way, I may refer to papers contributed by me to the

Society’s Transactions, which Dr. Dixey has done me the honour

to epitomize most accurately in an article in “Nature” of

23rd December, 1897.*

Some observation has been made j on the distinction I have

drawn between “markings” (pattern) and “colouring,” but I

do not think any one who has seen the results of my experi-

ments can doubt that the distinction is a real and very

substantial one. To speak first of the markings (pattern), a

striking change in these is caused by the exposure for many

weeks of the summer pupa of S. tetralunaria to a low tempera-

ture ; further, this change is distinctly in the direction of (L

do not say it exactly reproduces) the pattern which the spring

emergence bears. It begins to show itself after about six

weeks of the low temperature, and becomes the prevailing

pattern after about eight weeks, though even after twenty

weeks there is an occasional reversion to the usual summer

pattern,

Standfuss and Fischers experiments.

Probably many of my hearers are conversant with the

wonderful results (far surpassing mine) of high and low

temperatures in altering the colouring and patterns of Lepi-

doptera, especially the Vanessids, obtained by Prof. Standfuss {

* It may illustrate the plastic character of the summer compared with

the winter phase of S. tetralunaria, to mention that with the winter pupa

one can only alter the colouring, but with the summer pupa one can alter

either colouring or markings, or both. Where extreme temperatures are

used, some of the effects are doubtless to be ascribed to physiologically

injurious conditions ; and in the converse case, where the artificial condi-

tions are specially favourable to vigorous development, such as warmth com-

bined with moisture, the resulting imagines may be expected to attain large

size and great brilliancy, as they would in nature. (See Mr. Elwes, Proe.

Ent. Soe. for 1891, p. viii.) Length of time in feeding up (and in pupa)

seems to be connected with the large size and strong marking of the

winter phase of seasonal double-brooded Geometrids.

+ Weismann’s ‘‘ Neue Versuche, ete.,” translation by W. E. Nicholson,

p. 59, reprinted from ‘‘The Entomologist,” January—August, 1896,

t A translation by E. M. Dadd, F.E.S., of Prof. Standfuss’s ‘* Synopsis

of Experiments to the end of 1898,” appeared in ‘*The Entomologist,”

1900-1901, and has been reprinted. I have seen no translation of Dr.

Fischer’s papers, but hope to have an opportunity of referring more fully

to the valuable researches of these gentlemen at some future time.

(( (eid)

and Dr, K. Fischer, who used for the most part temperatures

more extreme than those which I employed. This is not the

occasion for setting forth the different theories ably stated by

those gentlemen in explanation of the results obtained, both

invoking to some extent “arrested development” as their

cause, and, as development is arrested by abnormal heat as

well as by abnormal cold, the theories are strongly supported

by the fact that there is a striking similarity between

many of the results of the application of directly opposite

temperatures.

The difference in size between the two phases is often so

great that in the pupal stage there can be no complete

conversion in this respect, and I think it may be doubted

whether in this stage even the summer phase is ever converted

physiologically, 7.e. so as to give to a summer pupa the ten-

dency to lie over for many months, as distinguished from the

mere temporary retardation imposed as the normal effect of

a low temperature.*

Conversion in earlier than pupal stages.

There is evidence, however, that in stages earlier than the

pupal the conversion of individuals may be complete. Dr.

Chapman in the paper I have adverted to mentions that he finds

about 5 per cent. pretty regularly of the larva of a brood of

A. caja to be “ forwards,” ¢. e. to be ready (under the very slight

encouragement it would appear of an indoor life, with its

somewhat higher temperature, and perhaps without it) to feed

up rapidly in about three months, and emerge the same

summer instead of hibernating as larvee ; and he records that,

of a brood which he sent to me for experiment and which

were forced by me, 75 per cent. so fed up in about two

months.

But it must not be assumed from this that conversion from

the winter to the summer phase can generally succeed with

half-grown larve. In 1895, from the 22nd to the 29th

* As regards size, it is noteworthy that the summer insect is often the

smaller, usually so, I think, in the Geometrid moths ; in the Sedenias the

size is much less. In A. devana, on the other hand, the butterfly from

the summer pupa is the larger.

(te)

August I forced at 70°-80° F. (21°-27° C.) a large number,

nearly 100, of larvee of A. levana, many not more than half

grown, the pup being from pupation kept for months at about

70° F. (21° C.) and removed in batches at about fortnightly

intervals to 80°-90° F. (27°-32° C.) or a little higher ; not one

was converted by the process into the prorsa form, though one

was of the porima form; all the rest died.*

I am satisfied that to cause conversion in many cases the

temperature must be applied in a very early period in the

life of the individual. I have been trying experiments with

a view of ascertaining the exact period—varying doubtless

in many species—in which to be effective the change of

temperature ought to be administered, without having yet

attained sufficiently definite results to lay before the Society.

Tam not sure that in some cases it would not be necessary

to make the application of temperature as far back as

the period when the egg is laid, and perhaps at a time when

it is still unlaid, so as to affect the ““germ plasm” of the

parents or one of them,

Races of Bombyx mori.

The case of the common silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, a

species which hibernates in the egg, is interesting, as showing

how deeply ingrained the tendency to single-broodedness may

be as a hereditary character implanted in different races of a

single species. The race ordinarily cultivated in the south

temperate zone of the silk-producing countries of France,

Italy and Central Asia, and in Japan, has many varieties,

but (with the exception of a few bivoltine, trivoltine and even

quadrivoltine races locally cultivated in parts of Italy) their

cycle is annual. And yet there is a race usually cultivated in

Bengal which is polyvoltine, producing ten or eleven genera-

tions ina year. All the races interbreed freely. So essential

is a certain degree of cold to the univoltine race, that in order

that the eggs should hatch out healthily when transported to

the Punjab and Dehra Dun, which has been done to improve

* Of 24 not thus forced as pupe but kept out of doors 16 emerged in

the spring.

GMet#)

the Indian breeds, the eggs have to be sent up annually to the

Himalayas for the necessary cold.*

Single and double-brooded —Difficulties of transformation.

It is sometimes thought that a fixedly single-brooded species

has only to move south sufficiently far to easily establish itself

there as a double-brooded one. But is this so? If you try

to work out, as I have done, the case of such a single-brooded

insect going south, I think you will find the difficulties arising

from want of fit between the seasons and the habit of the species

(to say nothing of the competition it would have to meet) such

as to render its task in establishing itself a lengthened and by no

means an easy one. The opposite case of a double-brooded southern

species going north would, I think, be a little less difficult,

because a species having the inherent capacity of being double-

brooded can better adapt itself to circumstances, though even

here I think most of its attempts would be failures.t I believe,

however, that an altogether non-seasonal species where all the

pup are of the same physiological type, regularly responsive

to temperature, would find the change more easy.{ Supposing

an equatorial species having ten or twelve generations in a

year to flow over northwards, as it appears frequently to do, §

it would only have to reduce the number of these gradually

in natural response to the lower temperature, as it spread

over cooler regions. When they came down to three or four,

one of which would have to encounter a very mild winter, to

prolong this one in accordance with the lower temperature

of that season over three or four months, would gradu-

ally bring it to the South European or Mediterranean

continuously-brooded type. Finally, having regard to the

plastic character of its pupa, it might, after a long period of

probation and many vicissitudes, become seasonally double-

brooded. ||

* See ‘‘Silkworms in India,” by E. C. Cotes, Indian Museum Series,

vol. i. I am indebted to Major Alcock, F.R.S., C.I.E., Superin-

tendent of the Calcutta Museum, for these volumes.

+ On this-see Tutt in Ent. Record, vol. x, pp. 211, 212.

+ See Tutt, Ent. Record, vol. vii, p. 6.

§ See Ent. Record, articles on Migration, vol, xiv.

|| In dry countries the peried of hot weather resting, estivation, would

come in as an element, as in the case of Ocnogyna betica, mentioned by

( wa)

The abundance of Lepidoptera in warmer regions, and the

vast number of their individuals, arising out of the frequency

of their broods, would tend to overspills, and the evidence of

actual migration is in favour of its having been mostly in a

direction that would point to these regions as the source.*

I do not suggest that in any of the cases the difficulties are

insuperable, and one can see that even when there is so great

a physiological gulf as that between the summer pupa of a

double-brooded insect and the winter pupa of a single-brooded

one, there are stepping-stones across it, such as variability of

climate in the same locality, variability in individuals, and

possibility of overlapping resulting in fusion by mating of

different generations. And many species are probably at all

times in an unfixed, perhaps intermediate and transitional

condition, such as those single-brooded species, which frequently

under the stimulus of a hot season bring forth wholly or

partially a second brood, often ineffectively, it is true.t

Altering pattern by temperature.

I have referred in general terms to the effect of the

application of temperature in the pupal stage in altering

the colour and pattern of the wings of Lepidoptera. To

attain this result in a high degree it is usually necessary to

apply the temperature from the time when the newly-formed

Dr. Chapman, Ent. Record, vol. xvii, p. 266. As to hibernation, it is not

suggested that this is only caused by cold, or eestivation only by heat or

draught. There is an interesting discussion on this by Mr. Tutt, Mr.

de Vismes Kane, Dr. Ridding, Dr. Dixey and others in Ent. Record, vols.

vii and viii.

* See articles by Tutt in Ent. Record, vol. xiv, pp. 262, 292, and

315. ‘‘ Broadly speaking, the dispersal movements of insects... are...

from sub-tropical to temperate regions. . .. The general trend . . . in the

Northern hemisphere is northerly and in the Southern hemisphere is

southerly.” I have only mentioned migration, which is operative before

our eyes, but I am not unmindful of another potent way in which climate

may affect organisms, and one that has doubtless been highly effective in

the past, and that is where, instead of the organism migrating to the

climate, the climate comes to the organism, in the great secular changes

which have taken place; heat and cold having at different periods char-

acterized most of the Palearctic region, and having had their turn in

starting or moulding the forms that have descended to our times.

+ Warm climates where there are considerable mountains would seem

suited to qualify species for acclimatization, though, as we see, many

of the species generated in such countries remain obstinately single-

brooded,

( ciii_ )

pupa hardens until near the end of the pupal period.

Experiments tend to show that a winter pupa is in a state of

almost absolute torpor for a long period,* perhaps up to the

time when it has been subjected to cold sufficiently long

to bear the application of a forcing temperature, but

that, after that time, though the cold may continue, the

development begins to move very slowly forward, for it will

emerge in a shorter time if the forcing is deferred until long

after that critical period has been surmounted, than if forced

at once. In the case of summer pup, there appears, however,

to be but a short period, if any, of torpor ; my experiments with

S. tetralunaria have shown that the pupal period of this

summer phase can, by icing, be protracted to 22 weeks, and

that changes in the facies of the moths that came from pup

transferred to a warmer temperature began in six weeks, 7. e.

long before the middle of the pupal period.

“ Direct” effect of temperature.

But besides these changes, which—at least most of them—

cannot be ascribed to the direct effect of cold, there are others

which may be called by way of distinction direct, and these I

have found to be produced mainly (in the case of some species

I may say exclusively) in the latter part of the pupal period.

I do not think sufficient regard has been given to what may

thus be called the “direct” effect of temperature during the

pupal period on the colouring of Lepidoptera. But there is

no manner of doubt that it has such an effect, and in many

cases this effect is so considerable that it may have protective

value. As already stated, many of the seasonal differences,

and those much the more striking, must find an entirely

different explanation, that is to say, in the hereditary pre-

disposition of the organism called into operation by the

appropriate stimulus (as the fur of the Arctic hare is whitened

by the advent of winter cold) ; for example, the differences in

A. levana and, to take a marvellous example, those in a species

of Precis, the one phase, P. octavia-natalensis, being on the

* The torpor often lasts for years, as in the numerous cases where

winter pup he for several years in that stage.

(‘ay °)

upper side deep salmon-red with black borders and spots, the

other, P. sesamus, violaceous blue streaked with black, and

with a continuous series of salmon-red spots.*

Affects general colouring.

The effect to which I am calling attention is one which

shows itself especially in the ground colour and general

colouring of the wings and body. It may be stated as

follows :—The higher temperature tends to produce a light

yellowish brown passing on to chestnut or ochreous and

orange, the low temperature dark, and in places blackish

brown, the darkening effect showing itself in general, not

merely in the ground colour, but also in some or most

of the clouds and spots of different colour that diversify it,

giving it in some cases, where these spots consist of single scales,

the appearance of increased irroration. This kind of difference

(frequently associated, in the facies presented by an insect

subjected to severe or lengthened exposure, with the more

deep-seated and often much more striking change of pattern

and colour above referred to as arising out of a hereditary

predisposition that is merely awakened by the stimulus) I

have found in Lepidoptera, so widely separated from each

other as P. machaon, A. cratexgi, EF. cardamines, L. sybilla,

P. atalanta, P. cardui, V. urtice, V. polychloros, Polygonia

c-album, Melitxa aurinia, M. cinxia, M. didyma, Argynnis

paphia, Zephyrus betule, Orgyia antiqua, Lasiocampa quercus

* Mr. Trimen’s Presidential Address, Proc. Ent. Soc., 1898, p. lxxii,

which gathers together all the knowledge on “‘ seasonal dimorphism” up

to that date, since which important additions have been made especially

by Mr. Guy K. A. Marshall,1896-1901. See the joint paper below referred

to pp. 287-585 ; also Dr. Dixey, in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, pp.189-218, and

Proc. Ent. Soc. 1902, pp. xv—xviii, on Mr. Loat’s collection, Proc. Ent. Soc.

1903, pp. xi-xiii, and Trans. pp. 141-164; Poulton, Proc. Ent. Soe.

1903, pp. xxxii-xxxiv ; and Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, pp. 183-206.

As to the protective value of the different colouring—extending also to

habits—of the two forms of this species of Precis, see Mr. Guy A. K.

Marshall and Professor Poulton’s joint paper, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p.

424 et seg. In the case of A. levana, [ do not know that more can be

said than that there is probably something advantageous to a summer

butterfly in the general colour and pattern on the upper side, combined

with powerful flight, that is common to so many of them (Limenitis,

Apatura, Satyrids), and that the summer form, prorsa, of Zevana, has a

great resemblance to them in all these respects. And such of these external

appearances as are not in themselves useful, may be the outward and

visible signs, the correlatives, of physiological adaptations beyond our ken.

(See Professor Meldola’s Presidential Address, Proc. Ent. Soe., for 1896.)

Coen)

(and var. callune), Saturnia pavonia, Drepana falcataria,

Z. punctaria (both broods), S. bilunaria, S.- tetralunaria,

S. lunaria (both seasonal forms of these three species), and

Ennomos autumnaria. With several other species I have

found no appreciable difference of this general character

caused by temperature, and in those I have mentioned it

varies very greatly indegree. In some of these, e.g. the Selenias,

especially S. tetralunaria, the difference is striking, being

equal to that between a dead leaf ina dry August and the same,

moist and darkened by a wet winter; corresponding, in fact,

very closely to the difference in appearance between the summer

and spring phases of this insect, either of which can be con-

verted into a colouring approaching that of the other by the

appropriate temperature, a few days being sufficient for the

purpose where it is a case of high temperature which greatly

shortens the pupal stage. I do not hesitate to say that in

many species much the most conspicuous difference caused by

special temperature, experimentally applied, is that which is

caused by this “direct” effect during the latter part of the

pupal period, and a given temperature must have the same

effect in nature if the only difference between the two cases is

that in the one it is applied by man in a laboratory, and in

the other by nature in a field.

In using the term “direct,” I do so by way of dis-

tinguishing it from that previously spoken of as based on

hereditary predisposition. It is not at all the same thing as,

for example, the direct effect of heat in coagulating albumen,

or of light falling on a photographic plate, or developing green

chlorophyll, or the bright colour of a budding flower. The whole

effect on the colour of the imago is caused before its colour begins

to appear through the transparent skin of the pupa. Remove

the pupa into a normal temperature at this time, and the

colour comes out just the same as if the removal had not taken

place. It must therefore be caused through some vital

process * acted on by the temperature at a somewhat earlier

period, though in general later than that at which the pattern

is determined.

* Of a nature, I suggest, resembling that which Professor Poulton has

shown to be concerned in the colouring of pupe by the surroundings

of the larva before pupation.

( evi )

It is perhaps to be expected that this alteration of colour in

the wing should take place during the latter part of the pupal

stage, for it is at this period that the hemolymph or blood

from which the pigment of the scales is formed flows into

them.* This hemolymph, at first yellow and then drab, can

by various chemicals be made to assume many colours, in-

cluding reds, yellows and bright carmine. We have thus the

raw material provided by nature out of which various colours

can be elaborated.

Is tt protective ?

Is this difference in ground colouring which I have de-

scribed protective? 1 think there is ground for saying that it

may be so. It has a strong likeness to the difference between

the general aspect of vegetation in different seasons, between

a hillside parched by an August sun and the dark stems of

the undergrowth of wet woodland ; and the lighter coloured

insect should be better adapted for concealment in seasons

or in regions where the colour of dead vegetation is the

prevailing one.

Can these temperature effects become hereditary ?

There is weighty opinion in favour of the view that some of

the effect produced by abnormal temperature on the facies of

a butterfly of which the pupa has been exposed to it for a

single generation can be passed on to the progeny. Professor

Standfuss adduces evidence to that effect in the case of V.

urtice. Dr. E. Fischer has stronger evidence, derived from

some experiments on Arctia caja. Professor Weismann

accepts the conclusion that in these cases the aberrations

of the parents induced by cold descended in a considerable

degree to the offspring, explaining this by the view that

the germ plasm is affected, some of the “ determinants” being

strengthened, others weakened by it;f and he elsewhere

* A. G. Mayer, ‘‘ Development of Wing Scales,” etc., Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zoology, Harvard College, June 1896, as to the vital structure developing

in the pupa earlier than in the wings. See Ent. Record, vol. i, p. 298.

+ Weismann ‘‘The Evolution Theory,” translated by Mr. and Mrs.

Thomson, vol, ii, pp, 267 and 275, also p. 137. See also his observations

on my experiments on C. phlwas, Neue Versuche, etc., English translation,

p- 10

(‘exit )

observes, ‘“‘it is indubitable that external influences such as

those emanating from the environment or media in which

the species live, are able to cause direct variation of the

germ plasm that is permanent because hereditary.”

But when the effects on the individual are only transient

there would still remain scope for the great factor in evolution,

natural selection, because the tendency to respond in general

colouring to the temperature undoubtedly varies, and, if it

be protective, an individual ready to respond in this way

would have an advantage which natural selection could secure

to the species,

Two varying aspects of Nature.

But, do we find any correspondence between the colouring

produced by high and low temperatures respectively on

Lepidoptera and the general colouring of those found in warm

and cold countries respectively? I think we do.* I have

looked through some of the families genera and species that are

spread over cold regions as well as over temperate and warmer

parts, among them Argynnids and Satyrids, in the Natural

History Museum at South Kensington, and they seem to me to

show the following results. In those from very cold regions

the ground colour tends to a uniform dulness with sparseness

or diminution in size of scales, and consequent “greasy”

appearance, owing to the shining membrane of the wings

showing between the scales, and paucity or indistinctness or

want of force in the markings. In those taken in what may

be described as the cold temperate regions, there is a greater

tendency towards bright light brown ochreous or fulvous, the

sort of colour so very common in butterflies, shown for exam-

ple by the bright parts of the wing of Pararge megexra, or the

female of Epinephile jurtina, and to greater variety of marking.

In those from the warmer temperate countries there is an

* P. cardui is much darkened by exposing the pupa to a low tempera-

ture. On the other hand, specimens placed at a high one have a beautiful

light brown golden hue extending over much the greater part of the hinder

wings and a large part of the forewings, but without a trace of the rosy

colour on the upper wings which gives such a charm to ordinary English

examples when fresh. I was interested in seeing by a notice in the Ent.

Record, vol. xii, p. 156, that an African type is much less rosy than the

ordinary European form.

( eviii )

increased tendency towards brightness in place of sombreness,

and an increasing variety of marking and colour. My know-

ledge, however, of the butterflies of the world is so limited that

I should have distrusted my own conclusions had I not found

support for them in the opinions of several others better

acquainted with the subject whom I have consulted. Perhaps

on this point I may refer to the remarks of your former Pre-

sident, Lord Walsingham (Proc. of Ent. Soc. 1890, p. liv),

where he speaks of the general tendency of Arctic Lepidoptera

to a certain suffusion of markings and to an increase in the

proportion of dull and dingy scales.*

But, whether it is owing to the direct effect of temperature

on the individual, or whether it is fixed by natural selection as

being transmissible and of protective value, or whether there is

a combination of these causes and perhaps others, I think

there is no doubt that in temperate countries as a general rule

the southern species and the summer broods do in their general

colouring vary rather in the direction of light brown, and the

more northern species and the spring broods in the direction

of darker colouring.

And now let me conclude with a few words of apology for

the many imperfections arising from my want of knowledge

on points beyond those which I have found opportunity per-

sonally to investigate. I think you can rely on my state-

ments of fact, culled from a very large number of experiments,

the results of which, however, as a whole, I have not yet had

time to co-ordinate, and one can hardly either gather or put

forward the facts without some attempts toexplainthem. As

to my ventures in this direction, they may serve as materials for

the consideration of others better capable of dealing with such

a subject. I hope what I have put forward may be acceptable

as a contribution, however slight, to the elucidation of some

interesting phases in that perennial conflict between the phylo-

geny of the organism and its environment which prevails

wherever there is life, the ceaseless struggle by which nature

* There seems an exception in the colour orange which is so highly

developed in some of the Argynnids of the Arctic circle; it seems a

brighter kind of orange, however arrived at, from that reached through light

qrown referred to at p. civ.

( -eix 5)

achieves her ends, and from which occasionally some nascent

species, the outcome of submerged and slaughtered millions,

arises, endowed with vigour enough to seize and hold a place

in the select company of the fit ones who survive.

APPENDIX.

TasiE I (p. 1xxxviii).

Regularity of development of summer pupx.

Number Number Days

of indi- Temperatures emerged in pupa

viduals

Pyrameis atalanta

ii 80°-90° F. (27°-32° C.) il 6

2 62°-69° F. (17°-21° C.) 2 18-19

(average 64°)

4 About 56° F. (13° C.) 4 33-85

5 Average about 54° F. (13° C.) 5 43-45

Chrysophanus phlxas

10 80° F. (27° C.) 10 6-74

10 | 90°F, (32° C.) 10 ae

6. | 70° B..(21° G.) 6 11-15

6 Average about 58° F, (14° C.) 6 22-30

10 Average about 56° F. (13° C.) 10 29-33

10 | 27>. (8° G) 3 57-59

Vanessa polychloros

20 85°-90° F. (29°-32° C.) 14 63-7

10 Average 62° F. (17° C.) | 10 | 20-22

10 56° F. (13° C.) 10 40

Zonosoma punctaria

21 90° F. (32° C.) 21 4-5

22 70° F. (21° C.) 22 10-11

17 56° F. (13° C.) 17 22-27

13 45H. (i C)) 10 57-70

Pieris napi

4 90° F. (32° C.) 4 6

4 67> H. (u9F Ch) | 3 | 12-13

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1905. H

TABLE IT (pp. xciv, xev).

( ex )

Forcing winter pupx of A. levana, 1895-6.

EXPERIMENT 1. —Pupated 28 Aug. to 6 Sept. as they did so placed in

refrigerator 46°-50° F. (8°-10° C.) till about 26 Oct.

Transferred

thence to incubator [80°-92° F. (27°-33° C.)] in both at intervals.

Number

transferred,

Dates of

transfer.

16 2?

1 March

ios,

Weeks from

pupation.

Number

emerged.

a |

DOPORATOMONWONDOOMN

Number of days after

transfer until emergence.

| All died ; those on

| 1 Dec. prob-

| ably killed by

accident.

104

10-11

7-93

83-9

7-8

6-9

5-6

4-7

4-53

34-44

14-43

EXPERIMENT 2.—Pupated 28 Aug. to 6 Sept. Left in room (rather

cold and fireless one) till 26 Oct., then transferred to incubators

80°-92° F. (27°-33° C.) in lots at intervals.

Number Dates of Weeks from | Number Number of days after

transferred. transfer. pupation. emerged. | transfer until emergence.

26 Oct. 8

3 Nov 9 All died ; those on

25: 12 24 Nov. and 8

8 Dec 14 Dec. probably

Poe 16 killed by acci-

5 Jan 18 dent.

i ae 19

4 2 Feb 22 1 12

4 ON a5 23 1 10

4 1G oe 24 i 11

4 23's 55 25 3 7-11

8 1 March 26 4 3-10

4 sia at 1 7

4 ie ey 28 3 5-11

4 Da 9 29 2 2-5

4 29 30 2 5-10

4 5 April 31 2 3 hours—4} days.

( ex

)

EXPERIMENT 3.—Pupated 28 Aug. to 6 Sept. Left in room till 13 Jan.

(19 weeks), then placed out of doors, and thence transferred to

incubators at 80°-92° F. (27°-33° C.) in lots at intervals.

Number Dates of Weeks from | Number Number of days after

transferred. transfer. pupation. emerged. | transfer until emergence.

4 7 Feb 24 2 10

8 Pee 26 3 S24

8 1 March 27 3 9-11

8 Shick 28 5 10-14

8 Lote 29 5 or 6 7-10

8 yas 30 5 5-9

8 29 ,, 31 5 4-64

8 5 April 32 2 8-9

The results of the above three experiments may be compared with

Prof. Weismann’s experience (Neue Versuche), where of 120 A. levana

pupe placed on the 10 Jan. at the temperature of 27°-30° C., 30 emerged

at different dates between 18 Jan. and 25 Feb.

« ami )

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Acari, exhibition of beetles bearing, li.

Acridium xgyptium, found in Bloomsbury, exhibited, iv.

Acrognathus mandibularis, taken at Woking, exhibited, xxxi.

Africa, exhibition of Pieridx from, liv, lxi, lxvi; contribution to the know-

ledge of the Rhopalocera of, lx; descriptions of new Halticinw and

Galerucine from, lxxvi; new species of Lastocampide from, 313.

Agathidium, exhibition of a specimen of, liv.

Aygrion armatum, exhibition of British specimens of, xxxi.

Agrotis ashworthi, to be ranked as a Woctua, xvii.

» tritict, exhibition of aberration of, lxi.

Algeria, on Hymenoptera-Aculeata collected in, lxiv, 399.

Amara anthobia, from Leighton Buzzard, exhibited, xvi.

America, on new Satyridz from South, xiii, 185.

Amphidasys betularia, exhibition of specimens bred from 4. betularta var.

doubledayaria, vi.

Anthribid beetle, exhibition of specimens with crescentic sulcus on the

prothorax, li.

Apatura iris, exhibited, xviii.

Apion levigatum, exhibited, 1.

35 semzvittatum, exhibited, lxv.

Apterygida arachidis, larve and perfect insect exhibited, xxxi.

Argyresthia tlluminatella, exhibited, xlvi.

Asemum striatum, on the habits of, iv, 165.

Auditors for 1906 appointed, lxv.

Australia, the blind Coleoptera of, xlviii, 365.

Belenois, on the scents of species of, lvii; on variation in, Lxvi.

» severina, on the scent of, and exhibition of alcoholic extracts of the

wings of, liv.

Birara, on Rhynchota from, xliv, 327.

Biston hirtarius, exhibition of aberrations of, xxxi.

Boarmia consortaria, melanic examples exhibited, xxvii.

Bolivar, Senor I., elected Honorary Fellow, xiii.

Brauer, Herr F. M., notice of death of, xiii.

( ex )

Brenthidex, exhibition of specimens of, bearing Acari, 1.

British Columbia, butterfly-hunting in, xiii.

Buprestidx, on the coloration of some, liti.

Butterflies facing sun when at rest, xxx.

Butterfly-destroyers in South China, 5.

Canada, butterfly-hunting in, xiii.

Carabus morbillosus, exhibition of a series of, to show its variability, lxv.

Catocala nupta, melanie specimen exhibited, xlv.

Catopstlia florella, on the scent of, lv.

Ceraphronine, hermaphrodite specimen of, exhibited, lxv.

Ceratopterus stahli, exhibited, xviii.

Cerostoma asperella from Leominster, exhibited, Ixvii.

Ceuthorrhynchus contractus var. pallipes, from Lundy Island, exhibited, xlvi.

Ceylon, on Butterflies observed during a tour through, 61.

Chalcididx, on a specimen of, parasitic on Dalader acuticosta, 55.

Chamesyrphus scxvoides, exhibited, xlvii.

Cherry-laurel, leaves of, attacked by fungus, resembling spots on wings of

Kallima, xxxii.

China, on Butterfly-destroyers in South, 5.

Cherocampa ostris, superstitious dread of the larva of, xxiii.

Cicadidx, additions to the knowledge of the, xiii, 191.

Coleophora, exhibition of imagines of species of, and of leaves showing the

mines made by the larve of, xlvii.

Coleoptera, the blind Coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania, x] viii; exhibition

of specimen of, showing device for cross-fertilization of flowers, lxi.

Colias edusa, exhibition of a series bred from C. edusa var. helice, vi.

», electra, on the scent of, lvi.

», philodice, on the resting habit of, xxix.

Collyris emarginatus, larvee of, exhibited, xxii. :

Cordylomera suturalis, exhibition of larve taken from mahogany, and of

a perfect insect of, xlv.

Council for 1906, nomination of, Ix, Ixv.

Crenis boisduvaltt, exhibition of and remarks upon, xv.

Criocephalus, revision of the genus, iv, 145; C. ferus, on the habits of, iv,

165; C. polonicus, on the life history and longevity of, iv.

Cynorrhina fallax, occurrence of, at Nethy Bridge, xlvii.

Cyria imperialis, with supernumerary legs, exhibited, Ixvii.

Dacne fowlert, from Bradfield, exhibited, liv.

Dalader acuticosta, on the egg and early larval stages, and on the Hymeno-

pterous parasite of, 55.

Dasydia tenebraria var. wockearia, taken in company with Erebia alecto var.

nichollz, exhibited, xviii.

Delias, exhibition of species of, Ixvii.

Depressaria emeritella, exhibition of unique British specimen of, Ixvii.

Didinets lunicornis, without wings, exhibited, Lxv.

Dinoderus ocellaris, exhibition of the type specimen of, and remarks upon,

XXVil.

Diploptera collected in Algeria, Ixiv, 399.

Diptera, exhibition of synaposematic, xii.

Douglas, J. W., donation to the Society of a photograph of the late, xlix.

( ey )}

Dytiscus, on the longevity of, iv.

Evebia, exhibition of specimens of various species of, taken in the Pyrenees,

xlix.

» alecto var. nicholli, taken in company with Dasydia tenebraria var.

wockearia, exhibited, xviii.

» gorgone and Evebia goante, resemblance between, xlix.

>, lefebvrez, on the clasps of, xlix,

» melas, exhibited, xviii; on the clasps of, xlix.

» palarica, association of, with LE. evias, in Spain, 37.

» stygne, melanic specimen, exhibited, lii; association of, with E, evzas,

in Spain, 37.

Eronia cleodora, on the scent of, lvii ; on variation in, lxvi.

Eucheira soctalis, exhibition of the social web, pupal shells and perfect

insects of, xix.

Euchloé ewphenoides, on the resting habit of, lxxv.

Fellows, election of, v, xiii, xxvi, xxx, xlv, xlviii, lii, lx, lxiv.

Forficula auricularia, with abnormal cerci, exhibited, liii, lxi.

Fry,A., bequest of his collection of Coleoptera to the British Museum, xiv.

Galerucine, descriptions of new African, lxxvi.

Ganglbauer, Herr L. von, elected Honorary Fellow, xxx.

Genitalia of Noctuid Moths, drawings and slides of, exhibited, xvii; on the

value of the, for the purpose of distinguishing species, xvii; on the

variability in Lepidopterous, xxxiv.

Geographical affinities of Japanese Butterflies, xli.

Gerydus chinensis, the life history of, 1.

Glutophrissa saba, on the absence of scent in, lix.

Gnorimus nobilis, exhibited, xxxi.

Gonepteryx, on scents in the male, xxxv; exhibition of several forms of, xxxvi.

5 rhamnt, resting on underside of bramble leaves, Ixxv.

Gontodoma limoniella, exhibition of the larvz and their cases of, xlviii.

Grammoptera ruficornis, melanic specimen of, exhibited, xvii.

Guatemala, exhibition of insects from, liii.

Haltictnz, descriptions of new African, lxxvi.

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, exhibition of British specimens of, xlvii.

Haworth, exhibition of specimens labelled by, Ixvii.

Helicontus, exhibition of a series of species of, showing variation in colour, li.

Heliotropism in Pararge and Pyramets, xxviii.

Helophilus transfugus, exhibited, Ixv.

Helops striatus, with abnormal antenna, exhibited, vi.

Hemerophila abruptaria, exhibition of series to show effects of heredity, lxiii.

Hemiptera, description of two new species from Spain, v.

Heriades fasciatus, type-specimen, exhibited, lii; on the coloration in, liii.

Hermaphrodite specimen of Spilomicrinz, exhibited, lxv.

Heterogynis, on the matrivorus habit of, iv, 177; exhibited, v.

Heterosternus rodriguezt, exhibited, liii.

Honorary Fellows, election of, xiii, xxx, Lxiv.

Hyhernia defoliaria, exhibited, iii.

Hydrotwa pilipes, exhibition of both sexes of, vii; H. tuberculata, specimens

captured in Britain, exhibited, vii.

Hymenoptera, exhibition of synaposematic, xii,

( exyy

Hymenoptera-Aculeata, collected in Algeria, Ixiv, 399.

Hystrichopsylla talpx, exhibited, xxvii.

Lliaphanus stephenst, exhibited, xlviii.

India, on butterflies observed during a tour through, 61.

Japan, on the geographical affinities of butterflies of, xli.

Kallima, spots on wings of, resembling leaves attacked by fungus, xxxiii.

Lexmophleus monilis, from Berkshire, exhibited, liv.

Larva of Cherocampa, superstitious dread of, xxiii.

Lasiocampidx, on new African, in the British Museum, xliv, 313.

Lepidoptera, from New Zealand, v, 219; on the variability in the genitalia of,

xxxiv; exhibition of a collection of, from Majorca, li; ona Lepidopterous

parasite from Queensland, lii; on a collection of, made in Maroceo, lii,

369.

Lifu, on Rhynchota from, xliv, 327.

Limnas chrysippus and Pseudacrea pogge?, the numerical proportion of mimic

to model, xxvi, 263.

Lochmexa suturalis, malformed specimen, exhibited, xxxi.

Lundy Island, exhibition of Coleoptera taken on, xlvi.

Lycena, exhibition of specimens of various species of, taken in the Alps, xlix.

3 argus var. hypochtona, taken on North Downs, exhibited, xlvi.

rf argyrognomon, from Rhone Valley, exhibited, xlvi.

= melanops var. wheelert, exhibited and described, ii.

Lygxide, specimen of, exhibited, 1.

Lymecxylon navale, from the New Forest, exhibited, xlvi.

Majorca, exhibition of a collection of Lepidoptera from, li.

Malachius barnevillet, taken in Norfolk, exhibited, iv.

Marocco, on a collection of butterflies and moths made in, lii, 369.

Medon castaneus, exhibited, xxvii.

Megalopus melipona, exhibited to show its resemblance to a bee, xviii.

Megalyra, on a new species of, Ix, 395.

Melanargia lachests var. canigulensts, exhibited, li.

Melanism in Tephrosia and Boarmia, xxvii; in Catocala nupta, xlv; in Erebia

stygne, lii.

Melanophthalma distinguenda, fron Lundy Island, exhibited, xlvi.

Melitzxa aurinia var. cberica, exhibited, li.

Mesosemia eumene, exhibited, ii.

Microdon latifrons, taken at Nethy Bridge, exhibited, xlvii.

Microlepidoptera, on three new genera of, xiii, 245.

Mimetica, exhibition of specimen of, lili.

Mormolyce, larvee of, exhibited, lxxii.

Morpho adonis, a female, exhibited, xviii.

Mylothris, on the scents of species of, lviii.

is agathina, on the scent of, and exhibition of alcoholic extracts of

the wings of, liv.

Myrmeleon formicarius, larva, cocoon, and imago, exhibited, xlvi; exhibition

of diagram of instars and mouth parts of, lxxvi; on the emergence of,

Ixxvi.

Natal, exhibition of butterflies from, xiv.

Neoclytus erythrocephalus, taken from the trunk of an ash tree, exhibited,

XVi.

( cxvi_ )

New Britain, on Rhynchota collected in Birara and Lift, xliv, 327.

New Zealand, on Lepidoptera from, v, 219.

Noctuid Moths, drawings and slides of the genitalia of, exhibited, xvii.

Notodonta ziczac and NV. dromedarius, hybrid between, exhibited, iii.

Ss ztezac var., exhibited, iii.

Nymphalidx, from N. China, apparently mimetic of Hypolimnas misippus,

exhibited, xiii.

Obituary. Henri F. de Saussure; Rev. Francis Augustus Walker; Alexander

Fry, v; Alpheus 8. Packard; Alfred Beaumont, Alfred Preudhomme de

Borre, xvii; Col. L. H. L. Irby, xxx; John William Douglas, George

Bowdler Buckton, xlv; Capt. Frederick Wollaston Hutton, Ix.

Odontopera bidentata ab. nigra, exhibited and remarked upon, Ixvi.

Officers for 1906, nomination of, Ix, Ixv.

Ogyris, monograph of the genus, xxvi, 269.

Oligota granaria, exhibited, ii.

Omophlus betulx, taken at Covent Garden, exhibited, xxxi.

Ornithoptera chimera, with ringed body, exhibited, lxvii.

Orthoptera, exhibition of a specimen of, resembling a dead leaf, liii.

Oxypoda sericea, taken in Dulwich Wood, exhibited, v; O. négrina, exhibited,

v; O. exigua, exhibited, v.

Panorpa cognata, exhibited, iv.

Pantodinus klugi, exhibited, liii.

Panurgqus moricet, exhibited, lii.

Papilio hesperus, exhibition of specimens from Entebbe with unbroken tails, xii.

», macleayanus, exhibition of specimens to illustrate the use of directive

markings, xviii.

Pararge, heliotropism in, xxviii.

Parasitic Lepidopteron from Queensland, lii.

Phaneroptera quadripunctata, from Chester, exhibited, li.

Photography, on the three-coloured process of, xxx.

Phycochus graniceps and P. sulcipennis, exhibited, xlviii.

Pieridx, ou the resting habit of, xxix; exhibition of African specimens of, liv,

lxi, Ixvi; on the scents of, liv.

Pieris napt, on resemblance of, to flower of Leucojum, Ixxv.

» vap#x, on the resting habit of, Lxxiii.

Pinacopteryx, on the scents of species of, lviii; on variation in, Ixvi.

ss pigea, exhibition of, and remarks upon, xv.

Plusiotis adelaida, exhibited, liii.

Prionocyphon serricornis, perfect insects and larva, exhibited, liv.

Pseudacrxa poggei and Limnas chrysippus, the numerical proportion of mimic

to model, xxvi, 263. .

Pseudophyllidex, exhibition of a specimen of, xxxi.

Psychoda sexpunctata, on the structure and life history of, xxx, 293.

Psylliodes luridipennis, from Lundy Island, exhibited, xlvi.

Ptinus pusillus, from Edmonton, exhibited, lxv.

Pupe, vitality of when submerged in water, xxiii.

Pyrameis atalanta, bred in winter, exhibited, xi; on the white spot on

specimens of, xii; heliotropism in, xxviii.

Rhodesia, on new species of Lepidoptera from Northern, 251,

Rhopalocera, contribution to the knowledge of African, lx.

( ‘exvii )

Rhynchota, collected in Birara and Lifu, New Britain, xliv, 327.

Sarawak, exhibition of insects from, 1.

Saturnia, cocoons and perfect insects of hybrid species of, exhibited, vii.

Satyridex, descriptions of new 8. American, xiii, 185.

Satyrus semele, exhibited, xviii.

Scents, in the male of Gonepteryx, xxxv; of African Pieridex, liv; in various

insects, lix.

“Season,” on the word as applied to forms of insects, lxiii.

Selenta bilunaria, on the resting habit of, xxix.

Spain, entomological excursion to, v, 37; description of two new species of

Hemiptera from Spain, v.

Spilomicrinz, hermaphrodite specimen of, exhibited, Ixv.

Stenobothrus, exhibition of specimens taken in Spain, mostly with mutilated

wings and elytra, xvi.

s rufipes, exhibited, xlvi.

Stenopterys hirundinis, exhibited, Ixvi.

Stenus osstum var. nsularts, from Lundy Island, exhibited, xlvi.

Strawberry, leaves of, attacked by fungus, resembling spots on wings of

Kallima, xxxii.

Synchloé hellica, on the scent of, lix.

Tzeniocampide, on the dissimilarity in genitalia of, xvii.

Tasmania, the blind Coleoptera of, xlviii, 365.

Tephrosta consonaria ab. nigra, exhibited, xxvii.

Teracolus, on the scents of various species of, lvi; exhibition of African species

of, lxi; on variation in, lxvi.

x annex, exhibition of, and remarks upon, xv,

fp auxo, exhibition of, and remarks upon, xv.

Thais, on the pupal suspension of, v, 203.

Tortrixz pronubana, exhibition of, and on its occurrence in England, Ixiii.

Tryphsena comes, exhibition of three generations of, Ixvii.

Tryphonides schizodonti, on the group, Ixxvi, 419.

Vanessa anttopa, exhibited, xviii.

Vice-Presidents, nomination of, ii.

Vitality of Pupz submerged in water, xxiil.

Walker, Commander J. J., degree of M.A. conferred upon, xlv.

Xenarthra cervicornis, exhibited, xxvi.

Zegris eupheme, on the resting habit of, Ixxv.

Zonosoma pendularia, pupa cases of, exhibited, to show the variation in the

position of the silken girth, xxxii.

( exyii ))

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic fiyures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’ ; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,

abbreviata (Enithares), 339

abd-el-kader (Satyrus), 375

abdominalis (Telephorus), 45

abdominator (Homoporus), 427, 433

abeillei (Phytocoris), 50

abietaria (Boarmia), 388

Abisara, 94

Abraxas, 130

abrota (Ogyris), 269, 271, 273, 281,

284, 289, 290, 292

abruptaria (Boarmia), 388

’ (Hemerophila), 1xiii

absinthii (Siphonophora), 434

acacie (Thecla), 378

Acanthaspis, 110

aceris (Neptis), 95, 96, 98, 99

Acherontia, 386

achine (Teracolus), lvi, 1xii

Acidalia, li, 389

Acraa, 265

acreida (Lymanopoda), 188

acreina (Erikssonia), 255

Acridium, iv

Acrobasis, 392

Acrognathus, xxxi

Acronycta, 384

Acropteris, 97

actea (Satyrus), 41, 42, 375

actzeon (Adopiea), 41, 380

acte (Ticherra), 97

Actobius, 44

aculeata (Mordella), 45

acuminata (Aflia), 52

= (Gonepteryx), XXXViii, Xxxix

acuticosta (Dalader), 55-59

Acylophorus, 51

adelaida (Plusiotis), liii

Adelphocoris, 50

adherbal (Lycenesthes), 253

adippe, var. chlorodippe (Argynnis),

41, 42

adippe, var. cleodippe (Argynnis), 41,

admixtalis (Bradina), 71

Adonia, 50

adonis (Morpho), xviii

Adopza, 41, 380

adreptella (Heterocrossa), 235

Adrisa, 358

adustum (Anthobium), 44

wgeria (Pararge), xxvili, 66, 135

wgon (Lyciena), xliii, xlvi

egyptium (Acridium), iv

Alia, 50, 52

zneicollis (Corcebus), 49

zneus (Paracymus), 51

,» (Saprinus), 44

enone (Ogyris), 269, 272, 287, 289

wequilineata (Docirava), 68

fEschines, 343

wthiops (Erebia), 11

zthonellus (Crambus), 224

affine (Megymenum), 354

affinis (Pterochilus), 405

Agabus, 48, 51

Agalope, 65, 68

agamemmnon (Papilio), 8, 118, 124

Agapophyta, 354

Agathidium, liv, 48

agathina (Agrotis), 1xi

hs (Mylothris), liv, lviii, lix

ageliella (Depressaria), 433

aglaia (Argynnis), 40, 42, 112

»» (Delias), 8

aglaope (Ganoris), 137

Agonoscelis, 355

agrestis (Criocephalus),

167

Agrion, Xxxi

Agrotis, li, xi, 81, 382

akbarella (Oligochroa), 71, 79

Alena, 252

158, 160,

€ ‘ex |)

albicinctus (Homoporus), 432 amymone (Eupleea), 5

albicoxa (Promethus), 429, 436 amyoti (Cletus), 351

albida (Oreopsyche), 391 », (Gonocerus), 351

», var. lorquiniella (Oreopsyche), | anadema (Lycenesthes), 258, 262

391 Anadiasa, 314, 326

albitarsella (Coleophora), xlvii aneema (Borkhausenia), 241

albithorax (Priocnemicoris), 352 Anaitis, 388

on var. patricius (Priocnemi- | analis (Euptychia), 185, 190

coris), 352 », (Pompilus), 81

albofasciatus (Phytocoris), 50 anastrella (Trachypepla), 237

albolineatum (Ancyrosoma), 52 anaura (Castalius), 95

albomaculata (Lymanopoda), 188 Anchomenus, 43

albonotata (Pedaliodes), 189, 190 Ancistrocerus, 409, 410

albosignatus (Bassus), 425, 431 Ancyrosoma, 52

alcez (Carcharodus), 41, 381 angustalis (Cledeobia), 41

alciphron, var. gordius (Chryso- | angustatus (Esolus), 47, 48

phanus), 378 angustior (Hoplopus), 408

alcon (Lyczena), iii 33 (Odynerus), 408

aleyonipennella (Coleophora), xlvii angustus (Emblethus), 46, 50

alecto (Erebia), xlix Anisoplia, 44

», var. nicholli (Erebia), xviii, | Anisorrhynchus, 45

xlix Anisoscelis, 352

Aleochara, 44 anne (Teracolus), xv, lvi, ]xi

aletis (Hypercallia), 235 annulatus (Bassus), 425, 431

algeriensis (Psiloglossa), 400 anomalus (Phthorimus), 420, 430, 436

algira (Ophiusa), 384 Anommatus, 367

ali (Hesperia), 381 Anopheles, 110, 114, 306

alienum (Cryptostemma), 50 ansorgei (Iridopsis), 254

alluaudi (Umjaba), 196, 197, 202 Antestia, 355

almana (Precis), 72, 74, 76, 78, 84, 88, | Anthaxia, 49, 51

89, 100, 109, 120, 133, 134, 139, | antherinus (Anthicus), 45

140, 141, 142, 143 Anthicus, 45

alpestris (Lionotus), 414 anthobia (Amara), xvi

», (Odynerus), 414 Anthobium, 42, 44

alpinus (Homoporus), 426, 432 Antholinus, 45

alternans (Baptolinus), 48 Anthophagus, 42, 44

althee (Carcharodus), 381 antinorii (Uranothauma), 253

alticola (Cosmopsaltria), 200 antiopa (Vanessa), xviii, xxix, 72,

alveus (Hesperia), 41, 381 6

Amara, xvi, 42, 43 antonia (Gonepteryx), XXXvli

amaryllis (Ogyris), 272, 285, 287, 289, | aoris (Cirrochroa), 97, 98

291, 292 Apatura, xviii, xliii, 117

amatus (Teracolus), 142 Aphantopus, 40

», var. modestus (Teracolus), 107 | Aphanus, 46, 50, 346

Amblypodia, xliii Aphneus, 85, 90, 252

amen (Oncocephalus), 340 Aphodius, 43, 44, 48

amenaida (Pentila), 252 apiarius (‘Trichodes), 49

amenena (Hypercallia), 236 apicata (Acanthaspis), 110

Amicta, 40 Apion, 1, Ixv, 45, 49

amictus (Antholinus), 45 apollo (Parnassius), 40

amine (Zeritis), 252 Apopestes, 385

ammios (Trichodes), 49 Aporia, xxi

Ammeecius, 43, 44, 48 appiades (Kuthalia), 95

Amphidasys, vi Appias, 76, 139

Amphipyra, 384 Apterygida, xxxi

Ampittia, 119 apulia (Lymanopoda), 188

Amygdaloptera, 387 aquaticus (Notiophilus), 42, 43

amymone (Crastia), 137 arachidis (Apterygida), xxxi

( exe: )

Aradus, 50, 342

Araschnia, xxiv

arcanioides (Coenonympha), 376

arcanius (Ceenonympha), 40, 42

arcas (Lycena), iii

Arctia, 381

areolatus (Perileptus), 43

», (Promethus), 485

argia, var. similis (Zizera), 83

argiades (Lycena), xliii, 39, 41

», var. parrhasius (Everes), 133

Argina, 84

argiolus (Cyaniris), 41, 67, 380

», (Lycena), xliii

argus (Lycena), xlili, xivi

», var. hypochiona (Lycena), xlvi

Argynnis, xlii, xliii, 40, 41, 42, 65, 66,

68, 69, 73, 74, 81, 83, 97, 98, 102,

112, 113, 128, 132, 134, 374

Argyresthia, xlvi

Argyria, 226

argyridana (Hiposcritia), 94

argyrognomon (Lycwna), 42

Arhopala, 94, 95, 97

ariadne (Ergolis), 89, 92, 109, 115, 119,

127

Arictus, 342

arion (Lyciena), il, iii, 41

aristolochiz (Papilio), 78, 83, 90, 99,

100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,

111, 114, 118, 123, 138, 184

armatissimus (Polydidus), 339

armatum (Agrion), xxxi

Aromia, 48, 45

arrogans (Scutellera), 859

Artaxa, 71

artemisiz (Heterogaster), 46, 50

arvensis (Carabus), 43

ascanli (Lixus), 52

Ascerodes, 234

Asclepias, lxi

asela (Crastia), 123, 125, 127, 131, 137

Asemum, iv, 145-176

ashworthii (Agrotis), xvii

65 (Noctua), xvii

aspasia (Gonepteryx), xxxvili, xxxix

asperaria (Gnophos), 888

asperatus (Criocephalus), 147, 158, 159,

160

asperella (Cerostoma), lxvii

Aspilates, 387

assimilis (Oncocephalus), 340

Astacops, 348

Astemma, 345

asterie (Precis), 133

astola (Neptis), 68, 81, 82, 94, 95, 97,

astrarche (Lyczena), 41, 42, 379

var. calida (Lycena), 380

asturiensis (Otiorrhynchus), 42, 45

=, (Timarcha), 46

oe (Zabrus), 44

Asura, 129

atalanta (Pyrameis), xi, xli, 65, 373

Atella, 65, 68, 70, 74, 76, 89, 100, 103,

104, 115, 129

ater (Geocoris), 46

aterrimus (Pterochilus), 403

athalizeperda (Bassus), 437

athamas (Charaxes), 98

Atheta, 48

Athous, 42, 45

Athyma, 66, 68, 73, 81, 95

atlantica (Lymantria), 386

atlanticaria (Boarmia), 388

atlites (Precis), 89, 125, 183, 140,

143

atomarium (Apion), 49

atra (Hispa), 50

Atractomorpha, 102

atricornis (Riptortus), 351

atropos (Acherontia), 386

(Ancistrocerus), 409

», (Odynerus), 409

Attelabus, 49

attenuata (Strangalia), 43, 45

atticus (Tagiades), 114

atymnus (Loxura), 90, 92

Ss var. arcuata (Loxura), 126

Aufidus, 332, 363

Augiades, 42

augias (Telicota), 79, 83, 85

Aulocera, 64, 68, 69, 135

aumonti (Carabus), lxv

auraria (Vespa), 72

aurata (Zygena), 391

aureocincta (Callidea), 359

auricularia (Forficula), liii, xi

var. forcipata (Forficula),

1xi

aurinia, var. iberica (Melita), lii

auritus (Exochomus), 50

aurolimbata (Orgyia), 41

australis (Cimex), 852

os (Criocephalus), 158, 159

auxo (Teracolus), xv, xvi, xxxviii, lvi,

lxii

avellanze (Orchestes), 49

azrae] (Physoderus), 339

Badacara, 112

badia (Metachrostis), 79

badiipennella (Coleophora), xlvii

badium, liv

beetica (Anisoplia), 44

(Lycena), 81, 111

( text) )

beeticus (Polyommatus), 65, 71, 72, 74,

77, 85, 105, 106, 108, 109, 131, 134

Beturia, 329, 330

bajulus (Hylotrupes), 51, 172

balanica (Yphthima), 72, 139

Balaninus, 49

baldus (Yphthima), 114

ballus (Thestor), 378

balteatus (Syrphus), 432, 433

bambuse (Telicota), 6, 90

banksii (Scutellera), 360, 362

», (Tectocoris), 360

Baptolinus, 48

Baracus, 130, 132

barbarus (Orthomus), 43

Baris, 42, 45

barnardi (Ogyris), 269, 272, 285, 289,

291, 292

barnevillei (Malachius), iv

Barynotus, 45

basalis (Rivula), 132

basiventris (Eurinome), 357

5 (Pentatoma), 357

basochesiata (Cidaria), 389

Bassus, 419, 420, 425, 431, 432, 436,

437, 438

batesi (Euptychia), 185

baton, var. abencerragus (Lycna), 379

bazalus (Arhopala), 95

bejarensis (Erebia), 10, 11, 16, 17, 27,

30, 33

belemia (Euchloé), 372

Belenois, liv, lvii, lviii, lix, lxvi, 65,

67, 70, 71, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 103,

104, 105, 106, 107, 134, 187, 144

Bembidium, 42, 43, 48, 46, 51

benjamini (Rhopalocampta), 7

Beosus, 50

Beralade, 319-322, 326

Betarmon, 44

bettoni (Beralade), 320, 322, 326

betulee (Omophlus), xxxi

», (Rhynchites), 45

betularia (Amphidasys), vi

‘5 var. doubledayaria (Amphi-

dasys), vi

Biblia, 108

bicinctus (Lygzus), 349

bicolor (Stenobothrus), xvi

bicornis (Hymenopus), 57

bidentata ab. nigra (Odontopera), Ixvi

bidentatus (Anisoscelis), 352

ys (Lionotus), 410

by (Lygeus), 352

5 (Odynerus), 410

Bidessus, 51

bifasciatum (Rhagium), 161, 163, 167,

168, 169

biglobosa (Hypera), 42, 45

biguttata (Titubcea), 49

biguttatus (Bassus), 419

a (Homoporus), 427, 432

$3 var. deplanatus (Homo-

porus), 432

3 var. rufipes (Homoporus),

432

Bilactis, 113

billiardiens (Calliphara), 362

bilunaria (Selenia), xxiv, xxv, XXvi,

XX1X

bimaculatus (Homoporus), 483

nF (Olibrus), 48

biocellata (Kuptychia), 187, 190

bipunctata (Agapophyta), 354

bipunctifera (Schcenobius), 110

birare (Phyllyphanta), 335

birarensis (Clovia), 330, 331, 363

biscutellatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 49

bisignatus (Olibrus), 48

bispinosus (Lionotus), 413

PP (Odynerus), 413

Biston, xxxi

bituberculatus {Dolichoderus), 1

bivittatus (Telephorus), 45

bizonarius (Homoporus), 426, 432

Blanaida, 135

blanchardianus (Lionotus), 412

3 (Odynerus), 412

i (Quiroguesia), 73

blattariz (Cionus), 45

Boarmia, xxvii, 388

bochus (Jamides), 98

beetica (Lampides), 41, 42

beeticus (Lampides), 379

boisduvalii (Crenis), xiv

Bolboceras, 104

bolina (Hypolimnas), 62, 70, 71, 76, 79,

82, 83, 84, 117, 125, 134

bolivari (Oncotylus), 50

boliviana (Euptychia), 187, 190

Bombus, 72, 94

Bombycia, 383

Bombycopsis, 322, 326

bombyliformis (Sesia), 109

bonvouloiri (Aphodius), 43, 44, 48

borealis (Homoporus), 426, 482

Borkhausenia, 239, 240, 241

bornemanni (Saturnia), viii

Bothrideres, 47, 48

bouvieri (Yanga), 194, 202

Brachycoleus, 50

Brachyderes, 49, 52

Brachyplatys, 362

Brachyrhynchus, 342

Brachytemnus, 49

Bradina, 71

( oma )

brassice (Ganoris), lvi, lvii, lviii, 72

(Pieris), xxxii, 40, 371

var. cheiranthi (Pieris), 371

», var. wollastoni (Pieris), 371

brevicollis (Meloe), 45

e5 (Vesperus), 49, 51, 52

brevicornis (Homoporus), 422, 427, 434

brevitarsis (Homoporus), 426, 432

briseis (Satyrus), 374

Brotolomia, 384

brunneipennis (Pentatoma), 355

J (Plautia), 355

brunneus (Agabus), 51

bryaula (Gymnobathra), 238

bucephala (Phalera), xxiv, 387

var. bucephalina (Phalera),

”

387

buprestoides (Spondylis), 47, 49

burmeisteri (Myodocha), 350

x (Leptocorisa), 350

Byrrhus, 44

Bythoscopus, 334

cacaliz (Orina), 46

eacica (Morpho), xix

cadderensis (Nematus), 438

Caduga, 95, 96

Ceerois, 117

cerulea (Euptychia), 186

ceerulea (Temnochila), 51

ceruleocephalus (Rhynchites), 52

cresum (Omalium), 44

calais (Teracolus), 79, 1389, 144

Calathus, 42

c. album (Vanessa), xlili, 373

calcaratus (Miris), 50

calice (Castalius), 253

calidasa (Limenitis), 129

Callidea, 359

Callidium, 158

Callidryas, xxxvii, 117

Calliphara, 362

Callophrys, 378

Callopistria, 385

Calocoris, 46

Calysime, 125

Camena, 93

Campanotus, 270

campestris (Cicindela), 43

Camptobrochis, 50

Camptopus, 52

canalensis (Heterogynis), 178, 180, 184

canescens (Pericoma), 311

canidia (Ganoris), 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81,

95, 97, 111, 134, 137

cantabrica (Chrysomela), 42, 46

5 (Rhagonycha), 45

cantabricus (Haptoderus), 43

Cantao, 361

capensis (Chondrostegoides), 324, 325

$5 (Taragama), 315, 326

Caprona, 117, 129

Capsus, 46, 50

Carabus, Ixv, 42, 43, 46, 47

Caradrina, 93

carbonarius (Hister), 44

ss (Stenus), 44

Carcharodus, 41, 381

cardamines (Euchloé), lxxv

cardioderus (Harpalus), 42, 44

cardui (Pyrameis), xii, xxix, 66, 72,

82, 94, 111, 134, 373

carinata (Lareynia), 47, 48

carinatus (Deronectes), 51

carinulatus (Bassus), 437

carnifex (Proteodes), 236

carniolica (Zygiena), 391

5 var. orana (Zygzena), 391

carnipennis (Gonepteryx), xxxvil

caroli (Hoplopus), 406

5, (Odynerus), 406

carpetanum (Bembidium), 47, 48

Carpocoris, 46, 50

carrensi (Cimex), 354

Cassida, 50

Castalius, 95, 117, 120, 188, 253

castanea (Liodes), 48

castaneus (Medon), xxvii

castilianum (Doreadion), 45

castrensis (Malacosoma), ]xix

Catacanthus, 354

catalaunaria (Tephrina), 110

cataxesta (Scoparia), 231

eatharina (Ogyris), 283

Cathormiocerus, 47, 49

eatilla (Catopsilia), 84, 138

Catocala, xlv, 41, 384

Catochrysops, 71, 79, 83, 85, 88, 90,

103, 108, 109, 253, 258, 259, 262

Catophaga, 111, 112, 115, 116, 123,

127, 128, 130, 134, 185, 187, 142,

143

Catopsilia, xxxvii, lv, 7, 70, 75, 79, 80,

81, 84, 88, 89, 92, 99, 101, 105, 107,

109; 110; 115, 118, 119, Moi;e22,

133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,

143, 144

caudata (Megalyra), 396

caudatus (Homoporus, 426, 432

cauta (Phylacodes), 242

cazurroi (Stenobothrus), xvii

Celenorrhinus, 95, 129

celeno (Lampides), 90, 92, 95, 98, 109,

117, 119, 120, 126, 127

var. alexis (Lampides), 90, 99

»» Var. conferanda (Lampides), 109,

117, 120

( ‘oxxin. )

celerio (Chcerocampa), 77, 386

Celonites, 399

cenis (Zonosoma), 96

centaurus (Arhopala), 95

Centrocoris, 50, 52

Cephalallus, 147, 148, 163

Cephalocrius, 146, 147, 149, 164

Cephanodes, 109

Ceratopterus, xviii

Cercotmetus, 342

Cerocoma, 47, 49, 52

Cerostoma, Ixvii

cervicolor (Athous), 45

cervicornis, (Xenarthra), xxvi

cervina (Anadiasa), 314, 326

cespitalis (Herbula), 69

Cethosia, 125

Ceuthorrhynchus, xlvi, 45, 49

ceylonica (Nepheronia), 117, 127

i (Parantica), 121, 123, 124,

1133), 137

a (Yphthima), 113, 114, 121,

133

chalconotus (Agabus), 51

chalybeea (Pierella), 185

Chamesyrphus, xlvii

chambereti (Antestia), 355

5p (Strachia), 355

chamomille (Cucullia), 383

championi (Taphropeltus), 50, 52

charadrias (Stenoptilia), 232

Charaxes, 98, 251, 373

charina (Pinacopteryx), lviii, Ixvi

charonia (Vanessa), 112, 113

chenui (Yphthima), 111, 113

chevrolati (Cathormiocerus), 47, 49

ee (Hymenoplia), 44

Chilades, 79, 83; 85, 101;

119

Chilena, 319, 322

chimera (Ornithoptera), xvii

chinensis (Gerydus), 1-4

chionogramma (Xanthorhoe), 220

Chironomus, 293, 298, 306, 307, 308,

309, 310, 311

Chittira, 131, 137

Chlenius, 44, 47, 48

chlamydota (Scoparia), 230

ehloradelpha (Borkhausenia), 239

chlorias (Xanthorhoe), 220

Chloridea, 382

Chloroclystis, 219

chloroticus (Lionotus), 410

ae (Odynerus), 410

Choerocampa, xxili, 77, 386

Chondrostega, 313, 323, 324

Chondrostegoides, 313, 323,

325

103,

324,

chrysippus (Limnas), xxvi, 72, 73, 75,

78, 80, 84, 87, 89, 97, 100, 104, 105,

106, 108, 109, 113, 115, 118, 120,

123, 132, 133, 137, 263-268

an var. dorippus (Limnas), 109,

264, 265, 266, 268

35 var. klugi (Limnas), 264,

268

Chrysocoris, 126, 359

chrysogramma (Borkhausenia), 241

Chrysomela, 42, 46, 50

Chrysophanus, 65, 66, 68, 81, 82, 378

chrysorrheea (Euproctis), 386

chrysozona (Mamestra), 383

Cicada, 199, 328, 330

Cicindela, 42, 43

Cidaria, 67, 389

Cimex, 346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 360

cinctus (Homoporus), 426, 432

cinerea (Haplopacha), 324

cingulatus (Cimex), 346

s (Dysdercus), 345, 346

5 (Homoporus), 432

cinnamopterus (Pilophorus), 50

Cionus, 45

Cirrochroa, 98, 125, 127, 134

Cistus, 52

Cledeobia, 41, 392

cleobis (Camena), 93

cleobule (Gonepteryx), Xxxvii, xxxix

cleodora (Eronia), lvii, Ixvi

Cleogene, 39

Cleonus, 45, 52

cleopatra (Gonepteryx), XXXV, XXXvVi,

LOCA M Soba all, db, Bis)

Cleophana, 383, 384, 393

Clerus, 52

Cletus, 451

Clinteria, 72

Clovia, 330, 331, 363

clytia (Papilio), 5

enejus (Catochrysops) 71, 79

Cneorrhinus, 46, 49

Cnethocampa, 183

c-nigrum (Agrotis), 382

coarctata (Eumenes), 400

an var. dubius (Eumenes), 400

Coccinella, 50

Coccoteris, 357

Cochlidion, xxiv

cocksi (Salda), 50

Coctoteris, 357

coecus (Halorhynchus), 368

Coenonympha, xliii, li, 24, 40, 41, 42,

376, 377, 393

cognata (Cirrochroa), 125, 127, 134

», (Panorpa), iv

cognatus (Promethus), 429, 436

( cGxxiv )

Coleophora, xlvii, xlviii

Colias, vi, xxix, xliii, lv, 40, 65, 68,

69, 72, 78, 78, 94, 112, 113; 372

Collyris, xxii, xxiii

comes (Agrotis), 382

. 9, (Tryphena), lxvii

comma (Augiades), 42

communis (Panorpa), iv

compressus (Phthorimus), 421,

436

Compsistis, 243

conchylalis (Cydalima), 100

concolor (Gynandrophthalma), 42, 45

concordia (Crenidomema), 251

confusus (Homoporus), 433

consobrinus (Hoplopus), 406

5; (Odynerus), 406

consonaria (Tephrosia), xxvii

consortaria (Boarmia) xxvii

conspersa (Bombycopsis), 322

conspersus (Agabus), 48

constrictus (Leistus), 46, 47

contactella (Heterocrossa), 235

“e (Tinea), 235

continua (Beralade), 320, 321

contracta (Catochrysops), 103

contractus (Taphropeltus), 52

5 var. _pallipes

rhynchus), xlvi

conversa (Catocala), 41, 3884

a var. agamos (Catocala), 384

convolvuli (Sphinx), 79

cooksoni (Cyclopides), 260

s (Erikssonia), 255, 262

i (Mycalesis), 251, 262

Cooksonia, 256, 257, 262

Copris, 48

Coptosoma, 362

Coranus, 50

cordula (Satyrus), 26

Cordylomera, xlv

core (Crastia), 78, 83, 87, 89, 91, 100,

108, 110, 117, 128; 187

»> var. vermiculata (Crastia), 83

coreanus (Criocephalus), 153, 154, 164

coreoides (Narmada), 117

coriaceus (Criocephalus), 145, 158

Corixa, 50, 52

Corizus, 50

Corcebus, 49

corolla (Syrphus), 432

coronillaria (Pseudoterpna), 389

corticea (Euxoa), 69

coruscans (Geotrupes), 47, 48

Corydalis, 307

corydon (Lyczna), 41

Corymbites, 42, 45

Corymica, 130

430,

(Ceuthor-

Coryphocera, 129

Cosmophila, 132

Cosmopsaltria, 200, 330

costata (Idea), 130, 132

cracce (Apion), 49

Crambus, 225, 226

crassicornis (Corizus), 50

crassicrus (Homoporus), 424, 428, 434

crassipes (Phymata), 50

Crastia, 78, 83, 87, 89, 91, 100, 108,

110, 117, 123, 127, #81, 137

erategi (Aporia), xxi

>» (Bontia)> xx

crawshayi (Lycznesthes), 253

(Tetropium), Lxvii

Creatonotus, 126,

crenzus (Crambus), 225

Crenidomema, 251

Crenis, xiv, 251

cribella (Myelois), 392

cribraria (Argina), 84

», (Euprepia), 381

»» var. punctigera (Euprepia),

381

crinalis (Zanclognatha), 385

crino (Papilio), 118

Criocephalus, iv, 49, 51, 145-176

cristata (Taragama), 315

cristatus (Pterostichus), 43

»» var. cantabricus (Pterostichus),

crocale (Catopsilia), 138

Crocisa, 92

Crocydopora, 224

Cromna, 334

Cryptocephalus, liii, 42, 45, 46, 49,

Cryptops, 310

Cryptestemma, 50

Cteniopus, 45

Cucullia, 383

Culex, 110, 298, 307

cuneata (Taragama), 316

Cupha, 125, 127

cupreus (Peecilus), 43

curculionoides (Attelabus), 49

Curetis, xliii, 90, 134

cursitans (Pachytomella), 46, 53

curvatula (Drepana), xxiv, xxv

Cuspicona, 356, 357

Cyamophthalmus, 146

eyanicornis (Tachypus), 48

Cyaniris, 41, 66, 68, 69, 95, 99, 129,

130, 132, 380

cyclopicus (Crambus), 225

Cyclopides, 260, 262

cyclopius (Erebia), 13

Cydalima, 100

(-texxv +)

Cydnus, 359

Cymbalophora, 381

Cymindis, 42, 44

Cymus, 50

Cynorrhina, xlvii

Cyphodema, 50

cypris (Morpho), xix

Cyrestis, 96

Cyria, lxvii

Cyrtonus, 47, 50

Dacne, liv

dactyloptera (Trisceedecia), 247

daira, var. nouna (Teracolus), 372, 393

Dalader, 55-59

damo (Ogyris),

Danaca, 45

daniie (Teracolus), 119, 142

Danais, 73, 123, 1381

dantici (Lionotus), 410

», (Odynerus), 410

daphne (Argynnis), 42

daplidice (Pieris), 40, 372

Darbanus, 340

daretis (Lethe), 128, 182, 134

darsius (Ornithoptera), 123, 128

Dasychira, 132

Dasydia, xviii

Dasytes, 42, 45

davendra (Epinephele), 72

deceptor (Criocephalus), 151, 159, 164

AA (Hoplopus), 407

is (Odynerus), 407

decorum (Bembidium), 48

defina (Lycenesthes), 253

deflexicollis (Hydrocyphon), 45

defoliaria (Hybernia), iii

degeneraria (Acidalia), li

deidamia (Pararge), xliii

Deilephila, 386

Deiopeia, 72, 81, 84, 109, 110

dejeani (Cleophana), 383

,, (Zonabris), 49

281

Delias, lxvii, 8, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90,

91, 92, 101, 118, 123, 133, 137

Deltomerus, 42, 43

depilis (Byrrhus), 44

deplanatus (Bassus), 437

ar (Homoporus), 427, 438

Depressaria, Ixvii

depressus (Aphodius), 44

Dermestes, 77

Deronectes, 47, 48, 51

desfontainii (Melitza), lii

detersa (Enome), 108, 110

deva (Pratapa), 85, 134

devius (Microdon), xlvii

deyrollei (Carabus), 48

Diadema, 70

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1905.

diana (Platylomia), 201

Diapria, lxv

Dichorrhagia, xliii

Dichotrachelus, 47, 49

Dichromodes, 222

dichrous (Melanotus), 49, 51

Dicraneura, 387

Dictyophara, 336

Dicyphus, 50

Didineis, lxv

didyma (Melitea), 373

Pe var. deserticola (Melitéa), 374

didymus (Agabus), 51

Dieuches, 110

diffluens (Cleophana), 384

ae var. maroccana (Cleophana),

384, 393

diffusa (Eupterote), 126

dilecta (Quartinia), 400

dilectus (Cyaniris), 99

dimidiatipennis (Eumenes), 105, 106

dimidiatus (Homoporus), 428, 434

Dindymus, 344, 345

Dinoderus, xxvii

diophthalmus (Tectocoris), 361

dipsacea (Chloridea), 382

Dipsas, xliii

Dipterina, 233

Diptychophora, 227

discretus (Hydroporus), 51

dispar (Lygzeus), 349

», (Lymantria), 386

5, (Oncopeltus), 349

disputaria (epbrinta); 79, 108

dissimilis (Papilio), 5, 8, 124, 134

distans (Tagiades), 114

distincta (Anadiasa), 315

a (Philudoria), 315

distinguenda (Melanophthalma), xlvi

(Taragama), 315, 326

dives (Chlenius), 47, 48

Fie (Polyrrhachis), 1

dochmia (Scoparia), 229

Docirava, 68

Dodona, 82, 93

dodsi (Promethus), 421, 429, 435

Dolichoderus, 1

dolopea (Strepsicrates), 232

dolosus (Darbanus), 340

», (Kuagoras), 340

domestica (Musca), 70

domesticus (Gryllus), 309, 311

donaldsoni (Beralade), 321

Dorecadion, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49

doria (Pachytomella), 53

dorilis (Polyommatus), 41

dorsalis (Promethus), 429, 436

dorycus (Astacops), 348

Dorylus, 100

doursii (Lionotus), 413

»» (Odynerus), 413

Drepana, xxiv

dromedarius (Notodonta), iii

drosochalea (Orthenches), 242

Dryadaula, 243, 244

dryas (Clovia), 331

», (Satyrus), xliii

,, (Thalattoscopus), 334, 363

drypetes (Lethe), 129

duaringa (Ogyris zosine-), 280

dubia (Phyllyphanta), 335

», (Polistes), 416

dubius (Sehirus), 50

», (Sphindus), 47, 49

dulcis (‘Teracolus), 107, 142, 144

Dundubia, 330

12-guttata (Halyzia), 50

12-striatus (Anommatus), 367

duplex (Oxeoschistus), 189, 190

durga (Dodona), 82

Dynamenais, 343, 344

Dysdereus, 345, 346

Dytiscus, iv, 51

Farias, 71, 79

eatoni (Lionotus), 412

», (Odynerus), 412

ebenina (Philia), 360

ebenista (Strophosomus), 49

Echidnoglossa, 48

echii (Monanthia), 50

Ectatops, 348, 344

edusa (Colias), vi, lv, 40, 65, 372

», var. helice (Colias), vi, 372

egregius (Lionotus), 410

», (Odynerus), 410

Elaphrus, 43

electra (Colias), lv

elegans (Coryphocera), 129

», (Homoporus), 428, 435

elima (Aphnzus), 85

Elis, 88

elongaria (Acidalia), 389

elongatum (Bembidium), 51

elpis (Lampides), 95, 96

Elymnias, 88, 89, 92, 98, 115

emarginatus (Collyris), Lxxii

embla (Erebia), 13

Emblethis, 46, 50

‘embolina (Lethe), 129

emeritella (Depressaria), Ixvii

-emilize (Saturnia), viii

Emus, 43, 44

encedon (Acriea), 265

Enicmus, 47, 48

Enithares, 339

Enome, 108, 110

( Yexxvi}’)

Epamera, 252

Epeira, 5

Ephyra, 389

epibata (Criocephalus), 158

epicles (Ilerda), 93, 97, 134

Epinephele, xliii, 40, 42, 72,94, 135, 376

epiphanes (Izatha), 238

epiphron (Erebia), 39, 40

Epirodera, 339

Episilia, 382

epius (Spalgis), 126

epotis (Platyptilia), 231

equestris (Amara), 42, 43

(Lygeeus), 46, 50

erate (Colias) 73

Erebia, xviii, xliii, xlix, lii, 9-35, 39,

40, 41, 42

eremitis (Scoparia), 230

Ergates, 51

Ergolis, 89, 92, 97, 101, 109, 115, 119,

125, 127

ericee (Ceuthorrhynchus), 45

Ericeia, 110

ericetaria (Selidosema), 388

erikssoni (Aphneus), 252

Erikssonia, 255, 256, 262

erinaceus (Strophosomus), 49

eriopoda (Amphipyra), 384

eris (Teracolus), lvi

erithonius (Papilio), 71, 74, 78, 88, 84,

90, 100, 107, 109, 118, 116

Eronia, lvii, lxvi

erratica (Megalocerea), 50

erymanthis (Messaras), 127

erythraspis (Pentatoma), 356

(Stenozygum), 356

er ythrocephalus (Neoclytus), xvi

esa (Platypleura), 194

Esolus, 47, 48

esuriens (Eumenes), 85

Etiella, 108

etrida (Teracolus), 71, 80, 108, 104,

105, 106, 107, 117, 119, 134, 139,

141, 142, 144

Euagoras, 340

Eublemma, 385

eucharis (Delias), 79, 88, 84, 86, 87, 90,

91, 101, 118, 123, 133, 137

5, (Teracolus), 108, 119, 142

Eucheira, xix

Euchloé, lxxv, Ixxvi, 372, 393

Euchromia, 129

Eucorysus, 359

eugenes (Dodona), 93

eukrines (Liptena), 253, 262

eumene (Mesosemia), ii

Eumenes, 85, 105, 106, 129, 400

eupheme (Zegris), 1xxv

( cxxvii )

se tee

eupheno (Euchloé), 372

», var, androgyne (Euchloé), 372,

393

euphenoides (Euchloé), lxxv

euphrosyne (Argynnis), 102

Eupithecia, 389

Euplexia, 384

Eupleea, 5, 6, 91, 96, 124

euprepes (Iridopsis), 254, 262

Euprepia, 381

Euproctis, 386

EKupterote, 126

Euptychia, 185, 186, 187, 190

Euricania, 335

Eurinome, 357

Euripus, xliii

Eurranthis, 387

euryale (Erebia), 17, 39, 40

Eurydema, 50, 52

Eurygaster, 50

eurynome (Neptis), 5, 6

Euryphene, 251

Eurythecta, 233

Euterpe, xx

Euthalia, 77, 89, 95

Kuxoa, 69, 104, 382

evanescens (Umjaba), 197

Everes, 133

evias (Erebia), 9-35, 39, 40

», var. hispanica (Erebia), 10, 19,

27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35

», var, penalare (Erebia), 18, 19, 31,

33, 35

exhausta (Boeturia), 330

55 (Cicada), 330

exigua (Oxypoda), v

exiguus (Coctoteris), 357

exilis (Meligethes), 51

Exochomus, 50

exoticus (Criocephalus), 155, 159, 164

exquisita (Iridopsis), 254

exultans (Bassus), 419

Eysarcocoris, 110

Eysarcoris, 357

faber (Ergates), 51

faceta (Episilia), 382

falcata (Phaneroptera), li

falcataria (Drepana), xxiv, xxv

falkensteinii (Uranothauma), 253

fallax (Cynorrhina), xlvii

famelica (Physopelta), 343

familiaris (Amara), xvi

939 (Cimex), 349

‘; var. hospes (Stalagmoste-

thus), 349

famosus (Dindymus), 344

famula (Fidonia), 387

farinosa (Gonepteryx), Xxxviii, xl

fascialata (Selidosema), 223

fasciata (Macroplax), 50

fasciatus (Heriades), lii

fasciipennis (Megalyra), 396

fausta (Teracolus), 106

favonia (Zygzena), 391

febretta (Amicta), 40

felicina (Metopoceras), 384

felicitanus (Rhizotrogus), 48, 44

femoralis (Phytocoris), 50

femorata, var. aureocincta (Philia), 359

ferruginea (Hammerschmidtia), xlvii

ferus (Criocephalus), iv, 145-176

», (Nabis), 50, 52

»» var. hispanicus

157, 164

festivum (Eurydema), 50, 52

festivus (Homoporus), 435

s, (Promethus), 429, 436

fettigi (Ceenonympha), 376

fibulata (Idea), 108

Fidonia, 387

fidoniata (Semiothisa), 79

fieldii (Colias), 65, 68, 69, 73, 77, 134

fimbriata (Physopelta), 343

fischeri (Celonites), 399

fissorius (Homoporus), 427, 433

flagellatus (Gymnopleurus), 48

flammatra (Agrotis), 81

Flata, 335

flavalis (Pyrausta), 392

flaviceps (Geocoris), 349

a, (Priocnemicoris), 352

flavicornis (Aradus), 50

ay (Paromalus), 47, 48

a (Rhamphus), 49

flavipes (Hydrophilus), 51

», (Hydroporus), 48, 51

», (Oniticellus), 48

», (Trichomastix), 425, 430

flavolineatus (Homoporus), 427, 433

flegyas (Abisara), 94

5, (Zemeros), 95, 97

florale (Omalium), 44

florella (Catopsilia), lv

floricola (Lionotus), 414

5, (Odynerus), 414

fluviata (Plemyria), 132

foederata (Polistes), 416

foetens (Aphodius), 44, 48

fontenayi (Leptura), 43, 45

Forficula, liii, lxi

formicarius (Clerus), 52

a (Myrmeleon), xlvi, lxxvi

formosa (Imogen), 338

», (Peggioga), 336, 363

formosus (Cyclopides), 260

(Criocephalus),

( exxviii )

fornicatus (Hajar), 336

fossor (Aphodius), 44

fowleri (Dacne), liv

fracticornis (Onthophagus), 44

franconica (Malacosoma), 391

fraterculus (Promethus), 436

frigidus (Ammeecius), 43, 44, 48

frontalis (Homoporus), 432

+9 (Ploteia), 132

frugaliata (Semiothisa), 104

fuligineus (Stygnocoris), 46

fuliginosus (Ilybius), 51

fulvipes, var. varipes (Philonthus), 44

fumata (Chittira), 131, 137

fumosa (Beralade), 320

funerarius (Bombus), 94

furcatus (Onthophagus), 44

fusca (Taragama), 316, 326

fuscipes (Aleochara), 44

», (Hydrobius), 51

fuscus (Rhizotrogus), 43, 44

fylla (Abisara), 94

galathea (Melanargia), lii, 39, 40

galba (Hesperia), 106

gamma (Plusia), 385

Ganoris, lvi, lvii, lviii, lix, 67, 70, 71,

G2, Wd; SL, -8¥E9915495597, 1995 1015

111, 184 187

garuda (Euthalia), 77, 89

Gastrimargus, 83

Gastroidea, 46

Gastroplakeis, 314, 326

Gegenes, 73, 74, 76

geminata (Zonabris), 49, 52

geminus (Bidessus), 51

gemmaria (Boarmia), 388

geniculatus (Dicyphus), 50

os (Halorhynchus), 368

geniste (Rhagonycha), 45

genoveva (Ogyris), 270, 271, 278, 280,

286

7 -duaringa (Ogyris), 271

i -magna (Ogyris), 271

genutia (Danais), 73

», (Limnas), 87, 89, 90, 91, 92,

98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 128, 138

Geobia, 358

Geocoris, 46, 349, 363

Geodromicus, 47, 48

geometralis (Lepyrodes), 95

geometrica (Grammodes), 385

Geotomus, 358, 359

Geotrupes, 43, 44, 47, 48

germanica (Panorpa), iv

% (Vespa), 417

germari (Apion), lxv

Gerris, 52, 341

Gerydus, 1-4

geryon (Procris), 41

gesticularia (Thamnonoma), 388

ghilianii (Carabus), 46, 47

5s (Steropus), 46, 48

gibbifer (Gerris), 52

gideon (Xylotrupes), 132

gidica (Belenois), lvii

glabra (Liodes), 48

glabrata (Echidnoglossa), 48

glabricollis (Acylophorus), 51

glaciale (Bembidium), 42

glacialis (Erebia), xviii

», (Helophorus), 44, 48

a var. nicholli (Erebia), 9

glandicolor (Cymus), 50

glauca (Catochrysops), 253

glaucescens (Tarundia), 335

glaucicolella (Coleophora), xlviii

glaucippe (Hebomoia), 116, 126

globicollis (Cryptocephalus), 50

Glottula, 383

Glutophrissa, lix

glycinopa (Dryadaula), 243, 244

gnoma (Catopsilia), lv, 138

Gnophos, 388

Gnorimus, xxxi

goante (Erebia), xlix

goeldii (Pachypodistes), 245, 246

Gonepteryx, xxxv-xli, 64,66,80,372,373

Goniodoma, xlviii

Gonocerus, 50, 351

Gonometa, 313, 326

gordius (Polyommatus), 41, 42

gorge (Erebia), xlix

gorgone (Hrebia), xlix

gorgopis (Tauroscopa), 227

goschkevitschii (Blanaida), 135

gothicus (Lopus), 50

graberi (Taragama), 316

gracilentus (Promethus), 436

graculus (Homoporus), 426, 432

graellsi (Dichotrachelus), 47, 49

», (Doreadion), 49

Grammodes, 385

Grammoptera, xvii

granaria (Oligota), ii

grandidieri (Yanga), 195, 202

grandis (Pterochilus), 404

; (Scutellera), 359

graniceps (Phycochus), xlviii, 367

Graphosoma, 50

Grapta, xxix, xliii, 136

gremius (Suastus), 87, 109

griseata (Dichromodes), 222

»» (GKeophora), 239, 240

eriseostriatus (Deronectes), 47, 48

Gryllotalpa, 1

Gryllus, 309, 311

()) @xxix. ')

guadarramus (Carabus), 46, 47

guttatus (Agabus), 48

guttigera (Kysarcocoris), 110

guttularis (Yanga), 196

guynemeri (Stenus), 42, 44

Gymnobathra, 238

Gymnopleurus, 48

Gynandrophthalma, 42, 45

Gyrinus, 51

hzematodes (Corymbites), 42, 45

hemoptera (Chrysomela), 46, 50

hemorrhoidalis (Aphodius), 44

Hajar, 335, 336

halensis, var. fuscitarsis (Hydroporus),

halmaturia (Ogyris), 269, 271, 275, 276,

277, 289, 290, 292

Halorhynchus, 368

Haltica, 46

Halyzia, 50

Hammerschmidtia, xlvii

hamza (Adopea), 380

hannibal (Lionotus), 414

ss (Odynerus), 414

hapalina (Catochrysops), 109

Haplopacha, 313, 323, 324

Haptoderus, 43, 46, 48

hardwickii (Parnassius), 69

Harmologa, 234

harmonia (Ueana), 329, 363

haroldi (Mycalesis), 252, 262

Harpactor, 46

Harpalus, 42, 44

harpophorus (Crambus), 235

Hebomoia, 98, 116, 126

hebreus (Polistes), 73

hecabe (Terias), 61, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71,

72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89,

95, 98, 99, 109, 111, 113, 119, 121,

122, 129, 130, 132, 134, 139, 140,

141, 142, 143, 144

hector (Papilio), 114, 118, 123, 134

helena (Morpho), xix

helenus (Papilio), 7

helice (Colias), vi

Heliconius, li, 117

Heliopates, 45

Heliothis, 41

hellenicus (Pterochilus), 406

hellica (Synchloé), lix

helluo (Carabus), 46, 47

Helochares, 51

Helophilus, lxv

Helophorus, 42, 44, 47, 48

Helops, vi

Hemerophila, lxiii

hemiclista (Dipterina), 233

Henicopus, 43, 45

Henicospilus, 110

Hepialus, 41

Herbula, 69

Heriades, lii, lit

hespera (Nephele), 71, 77

Hesperia, 41, 381

hesperica (Rhagonycha), 45

hespericus (Anisorrhynchus), 45

hesperus (Papilio), xii

Hestia, 133

heteraulus (Crambus), 224

Heterocordylus, 46

Heterocrossa, 235

Heterogaster, 46, 50

Heterogynis, iv, 41, 177-184

Heterosternus, lil

hewitsoni (Ogyris), 269, 270, 272, 285,

289, 291, 292

-meridionalis (Ogyris), 272,

286, 289

heydeni (Agabus), 48

ae (Henicopus), 43, 45

hieracii (Zonabris), 49

Hierodula, 6

hintza (Castalius), 253

Hiposcritia, 93, 94, 95, 111, 112, 141

Hipparchia, 73, 74, 135

hippia (Nepheronia), 88, 90, 107

hippo (Tachyris), 97, 99, 141

hippothoe (Polyommatus), 42

hirtarius (Biston), xxxi

hirtus (Emus), 43, 44

hirundinis (Stenopteryx), Ixvi

Hispa, 50

hispanica (Erebia), 12, 17, 27, 28, 29,

30, 38

3 (Isomira), 45

hispanicum (Doreadion), 49

hispanicus (Bassus), 436

Hister, 44

histrio (Crocisa), 92

hobleyi (Lyczenesthes), 258

holmgreni (Zootrephus), 425, 430, 431

Homapterus, 42, 45

homeyeri (Liptena), 252, 262

= (Spindasis), 255

Homaporus, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,

432, 433, 484, 435

honestus (Harpalus), 44

Hoplopus, 406, 407, 408

hora (Borkhausenia), 240

horsfieldi (Mimela), 98

hospes (Lygeeus), 349

Hotinus, 126

hova (Rihana), 198

hiibneri (Yphthima), 87, 88, 89, 92,

113, 184, 142

humeralis (Dacne), liv

( mes. )

humeralis (Liodes), 48 idmo (Ogyris), 269, 271, 273, 274, 275,

Huphina, 66, 70, 79, 91, 94, 96, 98,] 276, 280, 289, 290, 292

99, 101, 102, 105, 106, 115, 119,|Ilerda, 65, 66, 70, 74, 81, 82, 93, 97,

120, 127, 187, 189, 140, 141, 142,] 134

143, 144 ilicis (Orchestes), 49

hyale (Colias), xliii, 40 », (Thecla), 42

»» var. erate (Colias), 72 var. mauritanica (Thecla), 377

hyalina (Agalope), 65, 68 ilithyia (Biblia), 108

», (Sadaka), 191 », (Hypanis), 108, 119, 142

Hybernia, iii Illaphanus, xlviii, 365

Hyblea, 83 illuminatella (Argyresthia), xlvi

hybridalis (Stenopteryx), 112, 113 Ilybius, 51

Hydrena, 48, 51 immanata (Polyphasia), 68

Hydrelia, 109 Imogen, 337, 338

Hydrobius, 51 imperialis (Cyria), Ixvii

Hydrochus, 51 - (Riptortus), 351

Hydrocyphon, 45 inachis (Kallima), xxxiii, 96

Hydrophilus, 51 inangulata (Ericeia), 110

Hydroporus, 47, 48, 51 incanus (Brachyderes), 49

Hydrotea, vii inceptaria (Bilactis), 113

hygrobius (Homoporus), 429, 435 incisus (Homoporus), 424, 428, 434

hylas (Cephonodes), 109 inclusa (Dasychira), 132

», (Lyczena), 41, 380 incoloralis (Pyrausta), 77

», var. atlantica (Lycena), 380, 393 | incondita (Metachrostis), 129

Hylastes, 49 inconspicua (Pentatoma), 357

Hylotrupes, 51, 172 incredibilis (Iridopsis), 254

Hylurgus, 51 indecora (Bombycopsis), 322

Hymenia, 71, 77, 85 indica (Pyrameis), 65, 69, 70, 80, 82,

Hymenoplia, 44 93, 94, 111, 113

Hymenopus, 57 indigestana (Tortrix), 234

hyoscyami (Therapha), 46, 50 indistans (Mycalesis), 89, 92, 94, 99,

Hypanis, 108, 119, 142 135, 140, 141

Hypena, 67, 386 indra (Hiposcritia), 95

Hypera, 42, 45 ines (Melanargia), 374

hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 40 infusum (Megaloccelum), 50

i (Epinephile), 135 inica (Yphthima), 107, 113, 141

Hypercallia, 235 inostentata (Panagra), 222

hyperion (Aufidus), 332, 363 - (Paragyrtis), 222

Hypocista, xviii insignis (Bassus), 419

hypocrita (Bembidium), 48 », (Notoreas), 221

Hypolimnas, xiii, 62, 70, 71, 76, 79, | instabile (Cyphodema), 50

82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 100, 108, 109, 117, | interjunctalis (Cledeobia), 392

125, 134, 264, 265, 268 interlectum Zonosoma), 96

hyppasia (Trigonodes), 109 iaterrupta ‘Creatonotus), 126

hyppoclus (Symbrenthia), 95, 97, 98, 99 a (Microplax), 50

hyriaria (Synegiodes), 93 interruptus (Homoporus), 433

Hystrichopsylla, xxvii interstitialis (Bothrideres), 48

Iambrix, 126 ione (Teracolus), lvii

ianthis (Ogyris), 270, 271, 282, 289, | iota (Plusia), 41

290, 292 iphioides (Ccoenonympha), 41, 42

iapygia (Melanargia), 42 Iphita, 343

ibalioides (Bassus), 436 iphita (Precis), 70, 81, 82, 98, 99, 113,

ibericum (Bembidium), 46, 48 117, 121, 125, 139, 140

icarus (Lycena), 41, 42, 379 iracundus (Harpactor), 46

»» var. celina (Lyczna), 379 iridis (Lixus), 52

ictis (Aphneeus), 85 Iridopsis, 254, 262

ida (Epinephile), 376 iris (Apatura), xviii

Idea, 99, 108, 130, 132 Isamia, 137

( ‘eres )

ischnocyma (Notoreas), 221

ismene (Melanitis), 89, 92, 95, 109, 114,

135, 136, 140, 141, 142

isocrates (Virachola), 101

isodactyla (Platyptilia), 40

isoleuca (Notoreas), 221

Tsomira, 45

Ixias, 70, 79, 80, 83, $4, 92, 93, 96, 98,

99, 101, 103, 104, 108, 115, 116, 127,

134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143

jacchus (Philotherma), 318

jacintha (Diadema), 70

Jamides, 98, 131

janira (Epinephele), 94, 135

janthina (Gastroidea), 46

japonicum (Orthetrum), 135

jasius (Charaxes), 373

jasonia (Hestia), 133

javanica (Tessaratoma), 126

jesous (Lampides), 379

Jugurthia, 399

jumba (Neptis), 110

juniperi (Gonocerus), 50

juno (Platylomia), 200

jurtina, var. fortunata (Epinephile),

376

juvenculus (Dorylus), 100

Kallima, xxxiii, 93, 97

kallimon (Spindasis), 254, 262

Karsandra (Zizera), 70, 71, 78, 74, 102,

108, 121, 133

kashmirensis (Vanessa), 65, 66, 69, 80,

82, 93, 94, 134

ne (Zygeena), 72

klugi (Pantodinus), iii,

kollari (Pademma), 91, 137

kydippe (Ptochiomera), 346

Labidostoinis, 45

lachesis (Melanargia), 42

», Var. canigulensis (Melanargia),

» var. cataleuca (Melanargia),

41, 42

Lachnea, 49

laciniata (Phyllomorpha), 52

lacordairei (Steropus), 42, 43

lactea (Raparna), 110

ladon, var. pseudargiolus (Cyaniris), 99

Lemophleus, liv

Laemosthenes, 47, 48

Leosopis, 41, 42

leta (Serenthia), 50

», (Terias), 70, 95, 101, 103, 105, 106,

107, 134, 139, 141, 142, 143

letatorius (Bassus), 425, 431

letitia (Euryphene), 251

levigatus (Miris), 50

Lagria, 49

Lahea, 319

laius (Chilades), 79, 101, 108, 119

lalage (Hiposcritia), 93, 94, 141

l-album (Leucania), 383

lamia (Pierella), 185

laminata (Cuspicona), 357

Lampides, 41, 42, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98,

99, 109, 117, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127,

379

lampros (Bembidium), 43

Lampyris, 45

lanka (Cyaniris), 130, 132

Laphygma, 384

laqueatus (Oxytelus), 44

Lareynia, 47, 48

Lasiocampa, 41

lasti (Lyceenesthes), 253, 258

laterale (Bembidium), 46, 48

lateralis (Camptopus), 52

sp (Homoporus), 432

lathonia (Argynnis), 40, 42, 65, 69, 374

» var. isseea (Argynnis), 66, 68,

lathriopa (Trachypepla), 237

laticarpus (Promethus), 429, 436

latifrons (Microdon), xlvii

latreilli (Callopistria), 385

latus (Corymbites), 45

Lechriolepis, 318, 326

lefebvrei (Erebia), xlix, 17

var. intermedia (Erebia), xlix

a var, pyrenza (Erebia), xlix

Leistrotrophus, 44

Leistus, 46, 47

Lema, 45

lemolea (Spalgis), 253

lemonias (Precis), 66, 68, 70, 79, 80,

81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 99, 100, 104, 105,

106, 109, 119, 120, 134, 139, 140,

141, 142

lemur (Onthophagus), 44

lentalis (Olybama), 132

lepidus (Hydroporus), 51

leporina (Neottiglossa), 50

Leptidia, 40

Leptocoris, 350

Leptocorisa, 350

Leptoglossus, 352

Leptura, 43, 45, 47, 49

Lepyrodes, 95

Lesteva, 44

Lethe, xliii, 94, 97, 128, 132, 184

Leucania, 383

leucocephalus, var. steganoides (Stron-

gylocoris), 46

leucocera (Celenorrhinus), 95

leucocyanea (Philia), 360

or var. ebenina (Philia), 360

(Gun)

leucocyanea (Scutellera), 360

Leucoma, 96

Leucophasia, 79, 88

leucoxesta (Stenoptilia), 232

levana (Araschnia), xxiv, XXV

», (Lymanopoda), 188, 190

levenna (Beralade), 320

Libellula, 120

libyssa (Liptena), 253

Libythea, 95, 125

libythea (Appias), 76, 139

» (Terias), 66, 70, 99, 101, 108,

109, 121

lichenis (Lema), 45

Licinus, 44

lifuana (Cicada), 328

», (Tibicen), 329

,, (Ueana), 328

lifuanus (Oxycarenus), 347

ligea (Erebia), 17

ligniperda (Hylurgus), 51

limacodes (Cochlidion), xxiv, xxv

Limenitis, xliii, 66, 88, 89, 101, 129

Limnas, XXVi, Hex 73, 75, 78, 80, 84,

87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 104,

105, 106, 108, 109, 113, 115, 118,

120, 128, 132, 138, 1385, 187, 138,

263-268

Limnebius, 44

limniace (Tirumala), Hy Gm 87, 89, 90,

91, 100, 109, 117, 118, 128, 124, 138

Limnius, 48

Limnometra, 341

Limnoxenus, 51

limoniella (Goniodoma), xlviii

Limonius, 45

lineata (Deilephila), 386

lineatum (Graphosoma), 50

lineatus (Carabus), 43

lineola (Cimex), 360

5, (Tectocoris), 360, 362

lineolatus (Adelphocoris), 50

lineosa (Synegiodes), 93

linguarius (Pterochilus), 404

Liodes, 48

liodes (Lyceenesthes), 258

Lionotus, 410-415

Liptena, 252, 253, 262

littoralis (Prodenia), 100, 102

se (Thisoicetrus), 81

lituratus (Hydroporus), 51

livida (Leptura), 49

lividalis (Hypena), 386

lixella (Coleophora), xlvii

Lixus, 52

Lochinewa, xxxi

longelytrata (Lesteva), 44

longipes (Homoporus), 423, 426, 432

longiseta (Megalyra), 396

longiventris (Homoporus), 428, 434

Lopus, 50

loreyi (Leucania), 383

loxotis (Borkhausenia), 241

Loxura, 90, 92, 126

lucasi (Melanargia), 374

lucida (Amara), xvi

»» (Tarache), 385

», var. albicollis (Tarache), 385

Luciola, 100

luctuosa (Atheta), 48

~ (Tarache), 385

luctuosis (Macroplax), 348

lugubre (Callidium), 158

lunaris (Copris), 48

», (Ophiusa), 385

lunata (Artaxa), 71

» (otaria), 50

lunicornis (Didineis), lxv

Luperus, 46

luridipennis (Psylliodes), xlvi

lusitanica (Labidostomis), 45

lusitanicum (Malacosoma), 46

lusitanicus (Brachyderes), 49

. (Cryptocephalus), 42, 45

(Heliopates), 45

luteolata (Opisthograptis), 387

luteolus (Hoplopus), 406

», (Odynerus), 406

lutescens (Camptobrochis), 50

Luteva, 341

Lycena, ii, xliii, xlvi, xlix, 1, 39, 41,

42, 81, 82, 111, 379, 380, 393

Lycenesthes, 253, 258, 262

lycaon, var. Iupinus (Epinephile), 376

», var. mauritanicus (Epinephile),

Lycophotia, 383

Lygeus, 46, 50, 52, 343, 348, 349, 350,

352

Lygistopterus, 47, 49, 52

lyllus (Cenonympha), 376

Lymanopoda, 188, 190

Lymantria, 386

Lymexylon, xlvi

lysimon (Lycena), 379

Lytta, 42, 45

macclounii (Charaxes), 251

macheristes (Orocrambus), 224

machaon (Papilio), xliii, 70, 75, 203,

213, 371

a var. asiatica (Papilio), 69

Machimus, iv

macleayanus (Papilio), xviii

macleayi (Illaphanus), 366

macrocephalus (Carabus), 42, 48

Macroglossa, 81, 387

( ‘exxxiil } )

macrophthalma (Orthostira), 46

Macroplax, 50, 348

Macropsis, 334

Macrothylacia, lii, 390, 393

maculata (Kpeira), 5

maculatus (Hotinus), 126

a (Promethus), 436

maculipes (Sehirus), 50

maderensis (Gonepteryx), XXXVil, XXX1X

inera (Pararge), 40, 375

maha (Zizera), 70, 71, 74, 76, 81

», var. diluta (Lycena), 82

.% (Zizera), 66, 73, 74, 76

major (Quartinia), 399

Malachius, iv

Malacosoma, Ixix, 46, 391

malia (Lymanopoda), 188

malvee (Hesperia), 41

», var. malvoides

XXXV

malvata (Cidaria), 389

Mamestra, 383

mandata (Mycalesis), 121, 143

mandibularis (Acrognathus), xxxi

Marasmia, 77

margaritacea (Cassida), 50

margaritosa (Lycophotia), 383

marginalis (Dytiscus), 51

(Syrichthus),

55 (Porthesia), 77

marginatus (Hydroporus), 51

a (Syromastes), 52

marianne (Ixias), 70, 79, 80, 83, 101,

103, 104, 108, 115, 116, 139, 140,

141, 142

maritimus (Beosus), 50

marmoratus (Gastrimargus), 83

marmottani (Cleonus), 52

maro (Ampittia), 119

marshalli (Beralade), 321

x3 (Mimacreea), 252

Ff (Yphthima), 92, 98, 99, 114

martini (Rihana), 198

Maruina, 297

maso (Lymanopoda), 188, 190

mathias (Parnara), 71, 83, 85, 117, 126

maura (Kurygaster), 50

mauritanicus (Thestor), 378

maxima (Gonepteryx), XXXviil, Xxxix

maximus (Phalacrus), 48, 51

meade-waldoi (Ceenonympha), 377

mechanitis (Notoreas), 221

Mecyna, 40, 112, 392

Medon, xxvii

medus (Calysime), 125

meeki (Ogyris), 271, 278, 289

megacephala (Acronycta), 384

megera (Pararge), 65, 67, 185, 136, 375

Megalocerea, 50

Megaloccelum, 50

Megalopus, xvill

Megalymenum, 353

Megalyra, Ix, 395, 396

megamera (Ganoris), 137

Meganotum, 126

Megasemum, 146, 147, 148, 161, 164

megaspiloides (Eysarcoris), 357

megaspis (Homoporus), 428, 435

Megymenum, 353, 354

melena (Castalius), 253

melampus (Rapala), 83, 85, 86

melanamma (Borkhausenia), 240

Melanargia, li, 39, 40, 41, 42, 374

melanaspis (Promethus), 429, 435

melaneus (Caduga), 95

Melanitis, 89, 92, 94, 95, 109, 114,

135, 136, 1388, 140, 141, 142

melanocephala (Cymindis), 42, 44

melanocephalus (Cymus), 50

melanodonta (Titanoptilus), 248, 249

melanoides (Parantica), 95

melanomera (Meganotum), 126

Melanophthalma, xlvi

melanops (Lyczna), ii, iil

Fr var. wheeleri (Lycéena), iii

melanoptera (Megalyra), 395, 397

Melanotus, 45, 49, 51

melas (Erebia), xviii, xlix, 17

melete (Ganoris), 137

Meligethes, 51

melipona (Megalopus), xviii

Melita, xliii, lii, 73, 74, 373

meliturga (Scoparia), 228

Meloé, 45

membranaceus (Aradus), 342

3 (Cimex), 352

(Leptoglossus), 352

var. orientalis (Brachy-

rhynchus), 342

memnon, var. agenor (Papilio), 96

memorata (Psilocambogia), 98

menaka (Tagiades), 114

menapia (Neophasia), xxi, Xxil

menthastri (Chrysomela), 46

meone (Pararge), Xxvlii, xxix

meridionalis (Phytocoris), 50

merione (Ergolis), 90, 97, 101, 125

mesentina (Belenois), vii, Ixvi, 65, 67,

105, (ll, G45 (Osiiie ones 82, 103,

104, 105, 106, 107, 134, 137, 144

Mesosemia, ii

Messaras, 127

Metachrostis, 79, 129

metadelta (Izatha), 238

(Semiocosma), 238

metallica (Scutellera), 362

metallicus (Pedilophorus), 42, 44

re)

( \iexxxiv ))

Metamorpha, 117

Metaporia, xxi

meticulosa (Brotolomia), 384

metirius (Hypocista), xviii

Metopoceras, 384

mexicanus (Criocephalus), 145, 154,

159, 164

Microdon, xlvii

microdora (Diptychophora), 227

Microdynerus, 415

Microplax, 50

Micrositus, 49

Mictis, 352

midamus (Euplcea), 5

B3 (Isamia), 137

millefolii (Anthaxia), 49

Mimacrvea, 252

mimas (Euptychia), 187, 190

Mimela, 98

Mimetica, liii

minutissimus (Bidessus), 51

Miris, 50

misippus (Hypolimnas), xiii, 76, 83, 84,

88, 89, 100, 109, 117, 134,

264, 265, 266, 267, 268

»» var. inaria (Hypolimnas),109,

264, 265, 266

Misolampus, 47, 49

mixtus (Mononyx), 338

mnesichola (Xanthorhoe), 220

mniszechi, var. maroccana (Satyrus),

375, 393

meesta (Corixa), 50

Monanthia, 50

monilis (Lamophleus), liv

Mononyx, 338

montana (Narmada), 128

montanellus (Platyderus), 48

montanus (Criocephalus), 158, 159

is (Cyrtonus), 47, 50

monteironis (Lycznesthes), 253

monticola (Homoporus), 432

montivaga (Cosmopsaltria), 200

montrouzieri (Megymenum), 354

(Zangis), 356

morei ’(Cryptocephalus), 46, 50

morbillosus (Carabus), ]xv

Mordella, 45

Mordellistena, 49

moricei (Panurgus), lii

Mormolyce, |xxii, lxxiii

Morpho, xviii

moschata, var. thoracica (Aromia), 43,

multicolor (Bassus), 425, 432

a (Homoporus), 432

Munza, 192, 202

muricata (Nothorrhina), 51, 157

murina (Isomira), 45

murinus (Leistotrophus), 44

Musca, 70

mutabilis (Adonia), 50

mutata (Serica), 48

muticus (Anthophagus), 42, 44

mutilis (Megalyra), 395

Mycalesis, 83, 89, 92, 94, 98, 99, 100,

114, 115, 121, 125, 135, 138, 140,

141, 142, 148, 251, 252, 262

Myelois, 392

Mylabris, 70, 84

Mylothris, liv, lviii, lix

Myodocha, 350

myrmecophila (Tasmanica), 368

Myrmeleon, xlvi, lxxvi

myrrhina (Dryadaula), 243

mystacatus (Cryptocephalus), 46

Nabis, 46, 50, 52

Nacaduba, 71, 133

nadina (Huphina), 94, 98, 141

Nmatopus, 352

Nais, 293

napa (Dryadaula), 244

napi (Ganoris), 71, 91, 101, 117, 187

», (Pieris), Ixxv, 40, 66

nareda (Yphthima), 78

narendra (Hiposcritia), 111, 112

Narmada, 117, 128

nasuta (Truxalis), 71, 73, 1384

natalensis (Pyena, 197, 202

navale (Lymexylon), xlvi

Nebria, 42, 43, 48

nebrioides (Deltomerus), 42, 43

neglectus (Rhizotrogus), 51

bs (Zabrus, 42, 43

Neides, 52

Nemeophila, 41

nemoralis (Bassus), 431

5 (Haptoderus), 46, 48

Neoclytus, xvi

Neope, xliii

Neophasia, xx

Neopithecops, 90, 92

neoridas (Erebia), 28

Neottiglossa, 50

Nephele, 71, 77

Nepheronia, 88, 90, 107, 117, 127

Neptis, xliii, 2, 5, 6, 8, 81, 82, 94, 95,

96, 97, 98, 99, 107, 109, 110, 11],

117, 121, 125, 127, 129, 130, 132

nereis (Pachymerus), 347, 363

neriene (Zeritis), 252

nerine (Erebia), 17

nerissa (Huphina), 66, 70, 79, 84, 91,

96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106,

115, 119, 120, 127, 137, 139, 140,

141, 142, 143, 144

Saag

( \exuxvy )

Neuroctenus, 342

neuwaldeggiana (Mordellistena), 49

newarra (Rhodia), 93

nicholli (Erebia), 9

nietneri (Cethosia), 125

niger (Homoporus), 422, 427, 434

nigra (Humenes), 400

nigricornis (Homoporus, 433

nigrina (Oxypoda), v

nigripes (Catacanthus), 354

i! (Cimex), 354

Bie (Limonius), 45

nigrita (Geodromicus), 47, 48

»» (Hydreena), 51

5, (Pterostichus), 43

» (Silpha), 44

nigritarsus (Homoporus), 435

nigriventre (Philorhinum), 44

, (Promethus), 429, 435

nigrofasciatus (Luperus), 46

nigrosuturatus ( (Cleonus), 45

nigrovenosa (Tr oe 127

nilgiriensis (Badacara), 112

Br (Colias), 112, 138

niobe (Argynnis), 42

nipalensis (Ganoris), 72

mi (GonepteryXx), XXXVI, XXXViii,

XXX1X

Niphanda, xliii

niphe (Argynnis), 73, 74, 83, 97, 112,

118, 128, 132, 134

niphonica (Cidaria), 67

nitidulum (Bembidium), 43

nitidus (Limnebius), 44

nivalis (Baris), 42, 45

,, (Synuchus), 42, 43

nobilis (Gnorimus), xxxi

», (Cidemera), 45

noctiluca (Lampyris), 45

Bi (Pipiza), 438

noctuella (Nomophora), 112

nomentis (Scoparia), 231

Nomophora, 112

noreia (Nacaduba), 71, 133

nostrodamus (Gegenes), 74, 76

(Parnara), 381

notatus (Pissodes), 52

Noteraula, 232

Nothorrhina, Gp Gy aly

Notiophilus, 42, 43

Notodonta, iii

Notoreas, 220, 221, 222

nubilus (Criocephalus), 154, 158, 159

numata (Heliconius), li

numida (Jugurthia), 399

nupta (Catocala), xlv

Nychitona, 79, 87, 89, 92, 97, 101, 110,

115, 120, 127

nycteris (Rhopalopsyche), 69

Nymphula, 392

nyseus (Talicada), 110, 111, 126, 129,

1380, 131

Nysius, 46, 50

Nyssanga, 125, 1382

oberthuri (Alena), 252

a (Catocala), 384

(Cephalallus), 148, 163

obliquata (Beralade), 320

oblongata (Eupithecia), 389

oblongus (Limnoxenus), 51

obscura (Ocinaropsis), 317

obseurus (Aphodius), 43, 44, 48

obsitalis (Hypena), 386

obsoletus (Criocephalus), 145, 154,

158, 159, 164

obtecta (Cosmopsaltria), 330

», (Dundubia), 330

», (Tettigonia), 330

obtusella (Coleophora), xlviii

occulta (Xanthorhoe), 220

ocellaris (Dinoderus), xxvii

ocellea (Eromene), 106

ochrata (Acidalia), li

ochrearia (Aspilates), 387

Ocinaropsis, 317

Ocnerostoma, xlvi

18-guttata (Halyzia), 50

octomaculatum (Bembidium), 51

ocularis (Sthenarus), 50

Odontopera, lxvi

Odynerus, 406-415

(Ecophora, 239

(Ecophylla, 279

(Kdemera, 45, 49

cenone (Precis), 70, 74, 81, 82, 84, 100,

102, 104, 106, 109, 120, 139, 140,

141, 142

cenospora (Crocydopora), 224

ie (Sporophyla), 224

Ogyris, xxvi, 269-292

olane (Ogyris), 272, 283, 289, 291, 292

oleracea (Ganoris), 137

+3 (Mamestra), 383

oleraceum (Eurydema), 50

Olibrus, 48

Oligochroa, 71, 79

Oligota, ii

olivacea (Phytodecta), 46

Olybama, 132

Olyra, 3238, 326

Omalium, 44

omichlias (Notoreas), 222

Omophlus, xxxi

omphale (‘Teracolus), lvi, 1xi, lxii

Oncocephalus, 340

Oncopeltus, 349

( exxxvi )

Oncotylus, 50

Oncotympana, 201

Oniticellus, 48

onopordi (Hesperia), 381

Onthophagus, 44, 48

opalina (Athyma), 66, 68

Ophiusa, 384, 385

Opisthograptis, 387

orana (Procris), 391

orbitulus (Lycena), xlix, 1

5 var. oberthuri (Lyczna), xlix, 1

Orchestes, 49

Oreopsyche, 391

Orgyia, 41, 181

orientalis (Sphinx), 79

Orina, 46

orithyia (Precis), 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73,

74, 76, 81, 82, 84, 100, 102, 103, 104,

105, 119, 1838, 139, 140, 141, 142

ornatus (Bassus), 437

;, | (Homoporus), 427, 433

Orneodes, 247

Ornithoptera, Ixvii, 121, 123, 128

Orocrambus, 224

oreetes (Ogyris), 270, 272, 285, 286,

289, 291, 292

orontas (Ogyris), 269, 274, 275

Orsotriana, 99

Orthenches, 242

Orthetrum, 110, 135

Orthomus, 43

orthophanes (Compsistis), 243

Orthostira, 46

osiris (Chcerocampa), Xxili

ossium, var. insularis (Stenus), xlvi

ostrina (Eublemma), 385

otanes (Ogyris), 271, 275, 277, 289,

290, 292

Otiorrhynchus, 42, 45, 46, 49

otis (Zizera), 99, 102, 127

»» var. indica (Zizera), 71, 109, 119

Oxeoschistus, 189, 190

Oxycarenus, 347

Oxypoda, v

Oxytelus, 44

Pachygastria, 390

Pachymerus, 346, 347, 363

Pachypodistes, 245

Pachytelia, 40

Pachytomella, 46, 53

Pachytychius, 49

Pademma, 91, 137

Peelia, 247

palarica (Erebia), 9-35, 39, 40

palealis (Phlyctenodes), 392

palliatus (Hylastes), 49

pallidipes (Homoporus), 428, 435

pallipes (Trichomastix), 480

palustris (Notiophilus), 43

pammon (Papilio), 75, 77, 88, 90, 99,

100, 109, 114, 118, 120, 123,

127, 134

», var. polytes (Papilio), 82

pamphilus (Ceenonympha), 40, 42, 72,

376

pampolis (Catochrysops), 258, 262

Panagra, 222

pandava, var. bengalia (Catochrysops),

pandellei (Trechus), 47, 48

pandora (Argynnis), 374

pandurus (Lygzeus), 46, 50

panope (Papilio), 5

Panorpa, iv

Pantodinus, liii

Panurgus, lii, liii

paphia, var. anargyra (Argynnis), 41,

Papilio, xii, xviii, xliii, Ixvii, 5, 7, 8,

69, 71, 74, 75, 77,.78, 80, 82, 83,

84, 88, 89, 90, 96, 99, 100, 103, 105,

106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113,

114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124,

127, 130, 133, 134, 208, 213, 216,

217, 251, 371

Paracymus, 51

paradelpha (Notoreas), 221

paradoxa (Heterogynis), 177, 178, 179,

180, 181, 183, 184

Paragyrtis, 222

paralekta (Kallima), xxxiil

Parantica, 95, 121, 123, 124,'133, 137

Pararge, xxviii, xliii, 40, 65, 66, 67,

135, 136, 138, 375

pancratii (Glottula), 383

parietum (Ancistrocerus), 410

3 (Odynerus), 410

parinda (Papilio), 110, 124

parisatis (Hipparchia), 73, 74, 135

», (Satyrus), 72

parmata (Cercotmetus), 342

», (Ranatra), 342

parmenio (Erebia), 13

Parnara, 71, 74, 83, 85, 117, 126, 380,

381

| Parnassius, 40, 69

| Paromalus, 47, 48

parumpunctatus (Corizus), 50

parvula (Lagria), 49

parvulus (Lionotus), 413

cs (Odynerus), 413

es (Tachys), 48

pasiphaé (Epinephile), 376

patagiata (Pseudometa), 314, 326

patnia (Nyssanga), 125

pauli (Cleophana), 383, 393

(. | \@xeexvat '.)

paulina (Catophaga), 111, 115, 116,

123, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137,

142, 143

paulinoi (Corymbites), 45

paullula (Sterrha), 110

pavana (Chrysophanus), 65, 66, 68, 81,

pavonia (Saturnia), vii, viii, ix, x, xi

pectoratorius (Bassus), 438

(Homoporus), 426, 432

peculiaris (Catochrysops), 253

Pedaliodes, 189, 190

Pedilophorus, 42, 44, 47, 48

pedunculatus (Microdynerus), 415

(Odynerus), 415

Pegsioga, 336, 363

peletierari ia (Cleogene), 39

pellitus (Balaninus), 49

Pelochares, 51

peltigera (Chloridea), 382

39 (Heliothis), 41

pefalare (Hrebia), 17, 30

pendularia (Zonosoma), xxxii

penella (Heterogynis), 177, 178, 179,

180, 181

penicillata (Euptychia), 186, 187, 190

Peniscomus, 351

pennigeraria (Eurranthis), 387

58 var. chrysitaria (Kurran-

this), 387

pentadactyla (Argyria), 227

Pentatoma, 354, 355, 356, 357

penthalea (Borkhausenia), 239

- (cophora), 239

Pentila, 252

Perena, 102

Pericoma, 296, 297, 311

Perileptus, 43

peripheea (Xanthorhoe), 220

perius (Athyma), 73, 81

perobliqua (Beralade), 319

peronatus (Bassus), 438

perplexus (Pilophorus), 50

perpusillaria (Acidalia), 389

perseus (Calysisme), 125

», (Mycalesis), 83, 89, 100, 114,

115, 125, 140, 142

petiolata (Kumenes), 129

pheoptila (Trachypepla), 236

Phalacrus, 48, 51

phalenoides (Psychoda), 311

phalanta (Atella),

89, 100, 103, 104, 115, 129

Phalera, xxiv, 387

phalerias (Scoparia), 230

Phaneroptera, li

pharmactis (Borkhausenia), 241

phasianipennella (Gracilaria), 435

65,68, 70, 74, 76,

pheretes (Lycsena), xlix

Philereme, 67, 68

philerga (Soparia), 228

Philia, 359, 360, 362

philodice (Colias), Xxix

philomela (Yphthima), 82, 89, 92, 95,

113, 114, 140

Philonthus, 44, 51

Philorhinum, 44

Philotherma, 318, 326

Philudoria, 315

Philus, 147

phineus (Euptychia), 187

phleas (Chrysophanns), 66, 378

», (Polyommatus), 41, 42

», var, timeus(Chrysophanus), 65,

Phlyctzenodes, 392

Phthorimus, 420, 425, 480, 436

Phycochus, xlviii, 367, 368

Phylacodes, 241, 242

Phyllobius, 42, 45

Phyllodecta, 46

Phyllomorpha, 52

Phyllyphanta, 334, 335

Phymata, 50

Physoderus, 339

Physopelta, 343

Phytocoris, 47, 50

Phytodecta, 46

piceum (Agathidium), 48

picitans (Homoporus), 435

picta (Peecilocera), 72, 73

picteti (Humenes), 400

pictus (Homoporous), 434

Pierella, 185

Pieris, xxxii, xlii, Ixxiv, lxxv, Ixxvi,

40, 101, 203, 371, 372

Piezostethus, 50

pigea (Pinacopteryx), xv, lviii, Ixvi

pilata (Kuptychia), 186

pilipes (Hydrota), vii

Pilophorus, 50

pilula (Byrrhus), 44

Pinacopteryx, xv, lviii, lxvi

pinastri (Syrphus), 432

pinetorum (Criocephalus),

155, 158, 164

pini (Aphanus), 46, 50

piniariella (Ocnerostoma), xlvi

pinicola (Lamosthenes), 47, 48

pipize (Bassus), 438

pisanus (Dytiscus), 51

Pissodes, 52

placida (Cupha), 125, 127

plagiata (Anaitis), 388

plagifera (Trypheromera), 96, 98

Planema, 251

151, 153,

( exxxviii )

planicollis (Licinus), 44

plantaginis (Nemeophila), 41

planus (Homoporus), 434

Plataspis, 362

Platycephala, 362

Platycerus, 43, 44

Platyderus, 48

Platylomia, 200, 201

Platynus, 43

Platypleura, 192, 193, 194

Platyptilia, 40, 231

Platystethus, 293

Plautia, 355

Plegaderus, 47, 48

Plemyria, 132

plinthina (Chloroclystis), 219

plistonax (Euryphene), 251

Plociomera, 346

Ploteia, 132

Plusia, 41, 385

Plusiotis, liii

Pochazina, 335

podagrariz ((idemera), 45, 49

podalirius (Papilio), 71, 371

s var. feisthamelii (Papilio),

371

Peecilocera, 72, 73

Peeciloscytus, 50

Pecilus, 48

pecilus (Dysdercus), 345, 346

», (Pyrrhocoris), 346

poggei (Planema), 251

», (Pseudacrea), xxvi, 251, 263-

268

», (Uranothauma), 253

Polistes, 73, 416

polita (Trichomastix), 430

politis (Borkhausenia), 240

polonicus (Criocephalus), iv, 158

polychloros (Vanessa), 40

Polydidus, 339

polydorus (Platypleura), 193

Polydrosus, 49

polygonalis (Mecyna), 40, 112, 392

polymena (Euchromia), 129

polymnestor (Papilio), 110, 118, 124

polymnia (Ueana), 329, 363

Polyommatus, 41, 42, 65, 71, 72, 74,

78, 85, 105, 106, 108, 109, 131,

134

Polyphasia, 68

Polyrrhachis, 1

polytes (Papilio), 7, 8, 75, 78, 89

polyxena (Thais), 203

Pomasia, 129

pomona (Catopsilia), 75, 84, 88, 89,

110, 115, 121, 122, 133, 138, 139,

140, 142, 143

pomona, var. catilla (Catopsilia), 107,

P21 ASS

pomone (Apion), 49

Pompilus, 81

pontebze (Lionotus), 413

ss (Odynerus), 413

Pontia, xxi

populi (Smerinthus), 886

95 var. austauti ab.

(Smerinthus), 386

porcatum (Steganomma), 365

porcatus (Brachytemnus), 49

porculus (Helophorus), 42, 44

porphyrella (Acrobasis), 392

porphyritis (Orthencha), 243

Porthesia, 77

prelata (Scirpophaga), 391

prestans (Liptena), 253

Pratapa, 85, 134

Precis, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74,

76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 98,

99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109,

118, 117, ‘119, ° 120,191, ‘135,183;

134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,

144, 251

princeps (Venusia), 220

Priocnemicoris, 352

Prioneris, 97, 98, 141

Prionocyphon, liv

prochlora (Ascerodes), 234

Procris, 41, 391

procris (Limenitis), 88, 89, 101

Prodenia, 100, 102

producta (Phyllyphanta), 335

productata (Selidosema), 223

productus (Criocephalus), 158, 159,

160

incarnata

profanus (Lygieus), 352

», (Mictis), 352

on (Neematopus), 352

profunda (Proteodes), 236

prolixus (Actobius), 44

Promethus, 421, 425, 429, 435, 436

prompta (Beralade), 320

pronuba (Agrotis), 382

pronubana (Tortrix), Lxiii

Proselena, 234

Proteodes, 236

proterpia (Pyrisitia), xxxvili

Prothelymna, 234

protractus (Teracolus), 75, 139

Pseudacriea, xxvi, 251, 263-268

Pseudometa, 314, 326

Pseudoterpna, 389

Psilocambogia, 98

Psiloglossa, 400

psittaceus (Harpalus), 44

Psyche, 40, 181

( (exaxix +)

Psychoda, xxx, 293-310

psylaria (Pomasia), 129

Psylliodes, xlvi

Pternistria, 353

Pterochilus, 403, 404, 405

Pterostichus, 43

Ptochiomera, 346

Ptychoptera, 298, 303

pubescens (Lachneea), 49

He (Staphylinus), 43, 44

pudica (Cymbalophora), 381

puellaris (Teracolus), 75, 79, 105, 139,

141

puera (Hyblea), 83

puerta (Oxeoschistus), 190

pulchella (Deiopeia), 72, 81, 84, 109, 110

», (Utetheisa), 382

pulchellus (Promethus), 429, 436

pulcher (Homoporus), 428, 435

pulchra (Lechriolepis), 318, 326

», (Psiloglossa), 401

pulverulenta (Cicada), 199

pumilus (Homoporus), 428, 434

punctatus (Homoporus), 433

punctiventris (Homoporus), 426, 432

punctulata (Tephrosia), xxvii

punctulatus (Dytiscus), 51

ae (Homopterus), 42, 45

punctum (Catacanthus), 354

», (Cimex), 354

pungata (Selidosema), 223

pungens (Rhyncocoris), 356

», (Vitellus), 356

pupillaria (Ephyra), 389

purpuripennis (Carpocoris), 46, 50

pusillus (Brachyplatys), 362

3 _(Ptinus); lxv

puspa (Cyaniris), 95

putli (Chilades), 88, 85, 103

Pycna, 191, 197, 202

pygialis (Rhizotrogus), 48

pygmeeus (Cydnus), 359

+ (Geotomus), 359

5 (Olibrus), 48

Pyrameis, xi, xxviii, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72,

80, 82, 93, 94, 111, 113, 134, 373

pyranthe (Catopsilia), lv, 7,71, 75, 79,

81, 85, 88, 89, 92, 99, 101,

105, 109, 115, 118, 119,

133, 134, 138, 139, 140,

141, 142, 148, 144

», var. gnoma (Catopsilia), 70,

81, 85, 105

Pyrausta, 77, 84, 392

pyreneum (Bembidium), 42, 48, 48

pyreneus (Anthophagus), 44

5, (Barynotus), 45

aa (Corymbites), 45

pyrenzeus, (Geotrupes), 43, 44

FF (Otiorrhynchus), 45

pyrenaica (Lyciena), xlix, |

pyrene (Ixias), 79, 80, 84, 92, 93, 96,

98, 99, 115, 1384, 189, 140,

141, 142, 143

»» var. cingalensis (Ixias), 115, 127

»> var. evippe (Ixias), 93

pyri (Saturnia), vii, viii

pyriformis (Cneorrhinus), 46, 49

pyrina (Zeuzera), 391

Pyrisitia, xxxviii

pyrochroa (Dindymus), 345

An (Dysdercus}, 345

Pyrrhocoris, 346

pyrsophanes (Diptychophora), 228

quadrata (Verlusia), 50

4-costatum (Megasemum), 164

14-pustulata (Coccinella), 50

quadridens (Bolboceras), 104

4-punctata (Anthaxia), 51

quadripunctata (Laphygma), 384

53 (Phaneroptera), li

4-punctata (Zonabris), 49

4-pustulatus (Hxochomus), 50

Quartinia, 399, 400

quercus (Bombyx), 435

», (Lasiocampa), 41

», (Orchestes), 49

», (Thecela), 42

Quiroguesia, 73

quisquiliarius (Philonthus), 51

5-punctatus (Cryptocephalus), 46, 49

Rahinda, 82, 125

rama (Arhopala), 97

5, (Libythea), 95, 125

Ranatra, 342

ranga (Athyma), 95

ransonnettii (Caprona), 117, 129

rape (Ganoris), lvi, lix, 87, 91, 101,

137

», (Pieris), xxxii, lxxiv, 40, 67, 105,

203, 216;1217,)/37a

Rapala, 83, 85, 86, 90, 96

Raparna, 110

Raphidoglossa, 402

rectilineata (Olyra), 323, 326

recurvalis (Hymenia), 71, 77, 85

reflexus (Homoporus), 4238, 428, 434

regensteinensis (Sitones), 45

regia (Gonometa), 313, 326

regina (Teracolus), 251

regulus (Lionotus), 412

», (Odynerus), 412

remba (Huphina), 94

remotata (Idea), 99

repanda (Taragama), 390

revoili (Munza), 192, 202

( wexl> 2) i

reyi (Gynandrophthalma), 42, 45 rufomarginatus (Leptocoris), 350

reynose (Athous), 42, 45 rufonotatus (Homoporus), 435

Rhagium, 161, 1638, 164, 167, 168, | rufus (Telephorus), 45

169 rugosus (Enicmus), 47, 48

Rhagonycha, 42, 45 », (Nabis), 46, 52

rhamni (Gonepteryx), Xxxvi, xxxvii, | rumicis (Acronycta), 384

xxix, xl li laxver ss 2 rumina (Thais), 371

oa. Wale nipalensis (Gonepteryx), var. canteneri (Thais), 371

64, 66, 80 runeka (Mycalesis), 98, 99

Rhamphus, 49 s, (Orsotriana), 99

Rhaphygaster, 356 riippellii (Mylothris), lviii

rhea (Pierella), 185 rustica (Adimonia), 432

Rhizotrogus, 43, 44, 48, 51 rusticus (Criocephalus), 145, 148, 150,

Rhodaria, 41 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157,

Rhodia, 93 158, 159, 162, 168, 164, 172

Rhodostrophia, 389 »» (Machimus), iv

Rhopalocampta, 7 », var. ferus (Criocephalus), 158

Rhopalopsyche, 69 rutilus (Agonoscelis), 355

Rhynchites, 45, 52 », (Cimex))'355

Rhyncocoris, 356 saba (Glutophrissa), lix

Ricania, 335 sabina (Orthetrum), 110

ridleyanus (Papilio), 251 sacraria (Sterrha), 388

Rihana, 198 Sadaka, 191

riparia (Hydrena), 51 sahlbergi (Corixa), 52

Riptortus, 350, 351 Salda, 50, 345

Rivula, 132 salsala (Iambrix), 126

roboris (Leosopis), 41, 42 sandycias (Chloroclystis), 219

robusta (EKurythecta), 233 sanguinalis (Rhodaria), 41

robustus (Riptortus), 351 sanguineus (Lygistopterus), 47, 49,

rodriguezi (Heterosternus), liii 52

rohria (Lethe), 94, 97 Saprinus, 44

rosa (Crenis), 251 sarcoxantha (Gymnobathra), 239

5, (Philotherma), 318 sarpedon (Papilio), 7, 8

rosimon (Castalius), 117, 120, 133 Saturnia, vii

rostrata (Ailia), 50 Satyrus, xviii, xliii, lii, 26, 41, 42, 67,

ruber (Capsus), 50 72, 1385, 374, 375, 393

rubi (Callophrys), 378 saucia (Agrotis), li

», (Macrothylacia), li, 390 saucius (Plagaderus), 48

», digramma (Macrothylacia), 390, | saussureii (Hierodula), 6

393 + (Lionotus), 410

rubida (Lagria), 49 Fe (Odynerus), 410

rubra (Leptura), 49 saxatilis (Lygeus), 52

rubripes (Harpalus), 44 scabricollis (Misolampus), 47, 49

rufescens (Aphodius), 44 *n (Pachytychius), 49

oy (Gastroplakeis), 314, 326 scabriculus (Homoporus), 432

eS (Raphidoglossa), 402 scabrosus (Homoporus), 434

ruficornis (Grammoptera), xvii sceevoides (Chamesyrphus), xlvii

ss (Homoporus), 428, 434 schakra (Pararge), xxvill, 65, 67

rufifrons (Daene), liv schaufussi (Saturnia), viii, x

rfipes (Aphodius), 44 Scheenobius, 110

», (Bassus), 419 schreberi (Cerocoma), 47, 49, 52

5, (Stenobothrus), xlvi »» (Onthophagus), 48

», (Tropicoris), 50 schrenkii (Pararge), xliii

rufiventris (Bassus), 420 sciathis (Mycalesis), 251

be (Megalyra), 395 Scirpophaga, 391

a (Zootrephus), 425, 430, 431 | Scolopendra, 293

rufozenea (Chrysomela), 50 Scoparia, 228-231

rufofemorata (Chrysomela), 42, 46 scopulata (Euptychia), 186, 190

(

scrutator (Aphodius), 48, 44, 48

scutellaris (Capsus), 4

re (Promethus), 421, 429,

435

Scutellera, 359, 860, 361, 362

segetis (Euxoa), 382

Sehirus, 50

seidlitzi (Zabrus), 46, 48

selene (Argynnis), 40

Selenia, xxiv, xxix

selenophora (Athyma), 95

Selidosema, 223, 388

selousi (Mycalesis), 251

semele (Satyrus), xviii, 42, 67, 135,

374

semicanaria (Thamnonoma), 388

Semiothisa, 79, 104, 110

semistrista (Corixa), 52

semivittatum (Apion), lxv

Sena, 319

sena (Ilerda), 65, 66, 70, 74, 81, 82

senator (Philia), 362

senecionis (Nysius), 46

separata (Clovia), 330

Sepedon, lxxiii

septentrionis (Danais), 123, 131

4; (Tirumala), 127, 134,

135

seraphina (Platypleura), 193

Serenthia, 50

Serica, 48

sericea (Oxypoda), v

sericeus (Cryptocephalus), 46

Serinetha, 350

serratule (Hesperia), 381

serricornis (Prionocyphon), liv

Sesia, 109

setifrons (Polydrosus), 49

severina (Belenois), liv, lvii, lix,

Ixvi

severini (Platypleura), 194

sexdentatus (Tomicus), 51

sexguttatus (Calocoris), 46

sexmaculata (Chrysocoris), 359

Fi (Scutellera), 359

sexmaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 50

(Eucorysus), 359

sexpunctata (Lachnea), 49

3 (Psychoda), xxx, 293-311

sexpunctatus (Anchomenus), 43

a (Platynus), 43

shakra (Pararge), 136, 138

shuckardii (Megalyra), 395

sibylla (Limenitis), 66

sicanaria (Rhodostrophia), 389

sichelii (KEumenes), 400

side (Dysdereus), 345

», (Mylabris), 70, 84

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1905.

exli }

sideraspis (Scoparia), 231

sideritis (Noteraula), 232

siderodeta (Borkhausenia), 240, 241

signatus (Homoporus), 429, 435

Silpha, 44

silvana (Heliconius), li

simillimus (Bombus), 72

simplex (Beralade), 321, 322, 326

», (Chilena), 322

Simulium, 309, 311

sinapis (Leptidia), 40

», (Leucophasia), 79, 88

singalensis (Cyaniris), 67, 68, 69

sinuata (Rahinda), 82, 125

siterata (Cidaria), 389

Sitones, 45

sjostedti (Taragama), 316

skotios (Catochrysops), 259, 262

Smerinthus, 386

sobrina (Nebria), 42, 43

,, (Zonabris), 45

socialis (Eucheira), xix, xxi, xxii

solieri (Euplexia), 384

Solpuga, 108

solstitialis (Rhizotrogus), 44

sophistes (Crambus), 225

sordida (Abraxas), 130

», (Philotherma), 318, 326

sorhageni (Zeritis), 252

Spalgis, 126, 253

speciosus (Teracolus), lxvi

spectrum (Apopestes), 385

specularia (Corymica), 130

specularis (Pippaipe), 411

Hs (Odynerus), 411

sphierula (Coptosoma), 362

Sphindus, 47, 49

Sphinx, 79

spicata (Platypleura), 192

Spilostethus, 348

spilothrys (Celcenorrhinus), 129

spinarum (Athalia), 437

Spindasis, 94, 119, 254, 255, 262

spini (Saturnia), vill, x

spinifer (Platycerus), 48, 44

spinifera (Euxoa), 104, 382

spiniger (Centrocoris), 50, 52

spiricornis (Hoplopus), 406

(Odynerus), 406

splendens (Philonthus), 44

splendida (Euricania), 335

>> (Blata),, 3385

5 (Rieania), 335

- (Scutellera), 362

splendidum (Stilbum), 106

Spondylis, 47, 49

Sporophyla, 224

( exlu »)

squalidus (Lygzus), 349

stahli (Ceratopterus), xviii

Stalagmostethus, 348, 349

Staphylinus, 43, 44

Staria, 50

statilinus (Satyrus), 42

Steganomma, 365, 366

stellatarum (Macroglossa), 387

Stenobothrus, xvi, xvii

Stenopteryx, Ixvi, 112, 113

Stenozygum, 356

Stenus, xlvi, 42, 44

stephensi (Illaphanus), xlviii, 365,

367

Steropus, 42, 43, 46, 48

Sterrha, 110, 388

Sthenarus, 50

stigmatica (Euptychia), 186, 190

Stilbum, 106

stockerus (Chrysocoris), 126

stolida (Grammodes), 385

stomoides (Bembidium), 43

stormsi (Catochrysops), 253

strabo (Catochrysops), 83, 85, 90, 108,

109

Strachia, 355

stragulata (Leptura), 47, 49

straminea (Noteraula), 232

Strangalia, 43, 45

stratiotata (Nymphula), 392

Strepsicrates, 232

striatum (Asemum), iv, 145-176

striatus (Helops), vi

strigator (Bassus), 438

af (Homoporus), 428, 434

Strongylocoris, 46

strophea (Argyria), 225

Strophosomus, 42, 45, 49

stygne (Erebia), lii, 9-35, 39, 40

»» var. bejarensis (Erebia), 11, 15,

16, 30, 31, 34

», var. hispanica (Erebia), 13, 15,

17, 18, 31, 34, 35

var. pefialare (Erebia), 15, 18,

27, 31, 33, 34, 42

», var. pyrenaica (Erebia), 16

Stygnocoris, 46

Suastus, 87, 109

suavis (Philonthus), 51

subalbitaria (Semiothisa), 110

subapterus (Coranus), 50

submarginalis (Scoparia), 231

submarginata (Leucoma), 96

subsericeata (Acidalia), 389

sulcator (Promethus), 429, 435

5, (Zootrephus), 430

sulcatum (Rhaphygaster), 356

sulcipennis (Phycochus), xlviii, 368

”

sulphureus (Cteniopus), 45

sundevalli (Homoporus), 427, 484

sttperbus (Lygzeus), 50

suspiciosus (Homoporus), 434

suturalis (Brachyderes), 52

~ (Cordylomera), xlv

»» (Lochmea), xxxi

swaha (Aulocera), 64, 68, 69, 135

sylvatica (Cicindela), 43

Symbrenthia, 95, 97, 98, 99

Symphedra, 107

Synchloé, lix

synclinalis (Notoreas), 220

Synegiodes, 93

Synuchus, 42, 43

syriacus (Cephalocrius), 149, 164

», (Criocephalus), 145, 146, 149,

150

Syrichthus, xxxv

Syromastes, 52

szepligetii (Megalyra), 396

Tachypus, 48

Tachyris, 97, 99, 112, 117, 141

Tachys, 48

Teniocampa, xvii

tagalicus (Arictus), 342

», (Brachyrhynchas), 342

Tagiades, 114

Talicada, 110,

131

talpz (Hystrichopsylla), xxvii

tanaceti (Cucullia), 383

Taphropeltus, 50, 52

Tarache, 385

Taragama, 315, 316, 326, 390

tarsatorius (Homoporus), 427, 433

Tarucus, 71, 73, 76, 79, 81, 83, 103,

104, 106

Tarundia, 335

Tasmanica, 368

taurica (Gonepteryx), XXXvil, xXxxviii,

Xxxix, xli

Tauroscopa, 227

Tectocoris, 360, 362

Telchinia, 103, 109, 115, 119, 120,

133

Telephorus, 42, 45

telephus (Papilio), 111, 116, 124,

127

VL, 26) 129. S05

telicanus (Lampides), 41, 42, 379

», (Tarucus), 76, 81, 83, 108,

106

Telicota, 6, 79, 83, 85, 90

Temnochila, 51

tenebraria, var. wockearia (Dasydia),

xviii

‘enebrosus (Melanotus), 45

enuiseapa (Xylocopa), 126

( cxliii_ )

Tephrinia, 79, 108, 110

Tephrosia, xxvii

Teracolus, xv, xxxviii, lvi, lvii, 1xi,

ibe Meera, 7, day 9h tS salto

104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119,

134, 139, 141, 142, 144, 251, 372,

393

teredon (Papilio), 111, 130

Terias, xliii, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,

79, 73. 75. 79, 81. 82, 88, 84, 87, 89,

92, 95, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104,

NOS MOG LOM. LOOs ATS Weiss Lor

121, 122, 129, 130, 132, 134, 139,

140, 141, 142, 143, 144

Teriomima, 253

terlootii (Neophasia), xx, xxii

terricola (Piezostethus), 50

Tessaratoma, 126

testacea (Hydrena), 51

testaria (Amygdaloptera), 387

tetralunaria (Selenia), xxix

Tetropium, Ixvii, 146

Tettigonia, 330, 332, 333

Tettigonides, 332

Thais, v, 203-218, 371

Thalattoscopus, 334, 363

Thamnonoma, 388

thaumas (Adopea), 380

Thecla, 42, 377

theophrastus (Lampides), 379

3 (Tarucus), 71, 78, 79, 108,

104

Therapha, 46, 50

thersamon, ver.

phanus), 378

Thestor, 378

thestylis (Prioneris), 97, 98, 141

thetodes (Gymnobathra), 239

thetys (Curetis), 90, 134

Thisoicetrus, 81

thoracica (Elis), 88

thoracicus (Homoporus), 434

thranias (Borkhausenia), 240

thyelia (Sympheedra), 107

Thylacites, 47, 49

thymi (Nysius), 50

thyodamas (Cyrestis), 96

thyridias (Scoparia), 229

thysa (Belenois), lvii

tibetanus (Criocephalus), 155, 159,

164

tibialis (Cryptocephalus), 46

», (Heterocordylus), 46

Tibicen, 329

Ticherra, 97

tigrinus (Corizus), 50

omphale (Chryso-

Timarcha, 42, 46, 47, 50

Tinegeria, 73

Tinea, 235°

tipularius (Neides), 52

tirrhea (Ophiusa), 384

Tirumala, 73, 75, 87, 89, 90, 91, 100,

107, 109, 117, 118, 128, 124, 127,

134, 1385, 138

titan (Gonometa), 313

Titanoptilus, 248

tithonus (Epinephele), 40, 42

Titubcea, 49

toboranus (Papilio), 251

toletanum (Bembidium), 48

Tomicus, 51

topha (Teracolus), xv, xvi

torquatum (Anthobium), 44

Tortrix, lxili, 234

touhilimasa (Precis), 251

Trabala, 66

Trachypepla, 236, 237

transfugus (Helophilus), lxv

transversa (Corixa), 52

trapezalis (Marasmia), 77

trapezitis (Tauroscopa), 227

Trechus, 47, 48

triangularis (Brachycoleus), 50

Trichobyrrhulus, 48

Trichodes, 49

Trichomastix, 424, 425, 430

Trichoptilus, 249

tricinctus (Bassus), 425, 431

triclera (Scoparia), 230

tricolor (Pentatoma), 354

trifolii (Pachygastria), 390

Trigona, xviii

Trigonodes, 109

trimeni (Cooksonia), 257, 262

», (Epamera), 252

», (Mylothris), lviii

tripars (Aufidus), 332

tripunctatus (Lionotus), 412

Hp (Odynerus), 412

Trisceedecia, 247

tristalis (Hypena), 67

triste (Callidium), 158

tristrigoa (arias), 71, 79

tritici (Agrotis), 1xi

trivia (Melita), 78, 74

Tropicoris, 50

truncata (Polyphasia), 68

truncatellus (Otiorrhynchus), 46, 49

Truxalis, 71, 73, 134

Tryphena, lxvii

Trypheromera, 96, 98, 127

Tryphonides, Ixxvi

tuberculata (Hydrotea), vii

tuberculifer (Phyllobius), 42, 45

tyndarus (Hrebia), 39, 40

var. ottomana (Erebia), 39

”

( exliv )

typheus (Geotrupes), 44

tytia (Caduga), 96

Ueana, 328, 329, 363

ulicis (Apion), 45

uliginosus (Elaphrus), 43

ulyssiponensis (Micrositus), 49

umbrata (Platylomia), 201

umbratilis (Philonthus), 51

umbrosa (Euptychia), 186

Umjaba, 196, 202

unca (Hydrelia), 109

undularis (Elymnias), 88, 89, 92, 98,

115

unicolor (Hister), 44

unifasciatus (Pceciloscytus), 50

uniformis (Asura), 129

uniguttatus (Dieuches), 110

Uranothauma, 253

urinator (Gyrinus), 51

urtice (Vanessa), xliii

Utetheisa, 382

vagata (Acropteris), 97

Vanessa, xviii, xxix, xliii, 40, 65, 66,

69, 72, 80, 82, 98, 94, 107, 112, 113,

134, 136, 373

vardhana (Cyaniris), 66, 68

varia (Lechriolepis), 319

variabilis (Cantao), 361

», (Phytodecta), 46

- (Scutellera), 361

aA (Zonabris), 49, 52

varicoxa (Bassus), 425, 431

variegata (Libellula), 120

», (Philereme), 67, 68

variegatus (Hoplopus), 408

x (Odynerus), 408

varipes (Phytocoris), 50

varius (Hydroporus), 51

varmona (Neptis), 95, 99, 107, 109,

110, 111" 11s. T77. vary 196,137,

129, 180, 132

varunana (Chilades), 79, 101

vaucheri (Coenonympha), 377, 393

velleda (Hepialus), 41

velutina (Vespa), 73

velutinus (Chlznius), 44

venosa (Bombycopsis), 322, 323

venustus (Dynamenais), 344

», (Ectatops), 344

Verlusia, 50

verma (Lethe), 95

versicolor (Pelochares), 51

verticillata (Diapria), lxv

vesicatoria (Lytta), 42, 45

Vespa, 72, 73, 417

Vesperus, 49, 51, 52

vetustus (Heliconius), li

villica (Arctia), 381

villica, var. konewkai (Arctia), 881

villosella (Pachytelia), 40

viminalis (Bombycia), 383

vinula (Dicranura), 387

viola (Pseudometa), 314

viole (Telchinia), 102, 103, 109, 110,

115, 119, 120, 133

Virachola, 101

virescens (Gicophylla), 279

», (Oncotympana), 201

virgaurex, var. miegii (Polyommatus),

41, 42

viride (Cuspicona), 357

,, -(Pentatoma), 357

viridulus (Stenobothrus), xvii

vishnu (Trabala), 66

vitellinz (Phyllodecta), 46

Vitellus, 356

vittatus (Baracus), 130, 131

», (Betarmon), 44

», (Cryptocephalus), 42, 46

vittiger (Phytocoris), 50

vorax (Apion), 49

vuillefroyi (Nebria), 46, 48

vulcanus (Spindasis), 94, 119

wallengreni (Beralade), 320

waterhouseri (Ogyris), 271, 273, 275,

289

willeyi (Adrisa), 358

s, (Geocoris), 349, 363

>, (Tettigonia), 333

woodlarkianus (Lygzeus), 343

xanthaspis (Homoporus), 428, 435

xanthindyma (Cosmophila), 132

Xanthorhoe, 220

Xenarthra, xxvi

xiphia (Nychitona), 79, 87, 89, 92, 101,

110, 115, 120, 127

xuthus (Papilio), xxxiv

Xylocopa, 126

Xylotrupes, 132

Yanga, 194, 195, 202

Yphthima, 72, 78, 82, 87, 88, 89, 92,

95, 98, 99, 107, 111, 113, 114, 121,

125, 138, 184, 188, 189, 140, 141,

142

ypsilon (Agrotis), 382

Zabrus, 42, 48, 46, 48

zalmora (Neopithecops), 90, 92

Zanclognatha, 385

zaneka (Gonepteryx), Xxxviii, xxxix

Zangis, 356

zapateri (Erebia), 28

Zegris, 1xxv

zelea (Eurythecta), 233

zelleri (Parnara), 380

Zemeros, 95, 97

Zeritis, 252