TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL

OF

SOCIETY

LONDON

■l

u

.1

*

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

3 \

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR

1910.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOE THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON AND BUNGAY.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CH ANDOS STREET,

CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.,

PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK.

1910-1911.

r?,(ob

DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.

Part jj’|(Trans., p. 1-160, Proc., i-xxxii) was published 19 July, 1910.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

Founded, 1833.

Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1910-1911.

president.

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.

\Dice-prc0iDent0.

GEORGE T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S.

Prof. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.

Zrrea0iirer.

ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretarte0.

HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.

Commander JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.

Xibrarian.

GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., A.L.S.

©tber /llbember0 of Council.

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

HORACE ST. J. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S.

ALBERT HARRISON, F.L.S., F.C.S.

Prof. SELWYN IMAGE, M.A.

KARL JORDAN, Ph.D.

HUGH MAIN, B.Sc.

ALFRED SICH.

HENRY JEROME TURNER.

ROWLAND E. TURNER.

JAMES W. TUTT.

Resident Librarian.

GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.Hist.S.

( vii )

CONTENTS.

Explanation of the Plates

List of Fellows...

Additions to the Library

Errata

MEMOIRS.

I. A Revision of the African Species of the Lycaenesthes group of

the Lycaenidae. By G. T. Bethunb-Baker, F.L.S.,F.Z.S. ... 1

II. On Callophrys avis, Chpm. By T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.. 85

III. On the genus Deuterocnpus, Zeller. By T. Bainbrigge

Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S . 107

IV. Some Experiments with Ants' Nests. By Horace St. J. K.

Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. . 1-12

V. A few words respecting Insects and their Natural Enemies. By

Arthur G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. , M.B.O.U. 151

VI. Further Notes on two Osniia-STpecies of the adunca-growp. By

the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S. ... ... ... 155

VII. A Preliminary Revision of the Labiduridae, a family of the

Dermaptera. By Malcolm Burr, D. Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S. ... 161

VIII. On the Geometridae of the Argentine Republic. By Louis B.

Prout, F.E.S . 204

IX. Third Paper on the Tetriyinae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford

University Museum. By J. L. Hancock, M.U., F.E.S. ... 346

X. Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Mauritius and the

Chagos Isles. ByE. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S . 366

XI. The Behaviour of Coleoptera in time of Floods. By Norman

H. Jot, M.R.C.S., F.E.S . 379

XII. On the Position of the Rhopalosotmdae, with the Description of

a Second Species. By Claude Morley, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ... 386

XIII. Notes on the iScofiYdue. By Rowland E. Turner, F.Z.S. ... 391

XIV. New Fossorial Hymenoptera from Australia. By Rowland E.

Turner, F.Z.S . 407

XV. Descriptions of Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick,

B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S . 430

XVI. On Zizeeria (Chapman), Zizera (Moore), a group of Lycaenid

Butterflies. By T. A. Chapman, M.D. ... ... ... 479

viii

ix

xxvi

... xxxix

( viii )

XVII. Mr. Alfred D. Millar’s Experimental Breeding from the Ova of

the Natalian forms of the Nymphaline Genus Euralia. By

Roland Teimen, M.A., F.R.S., etc . « 498

XYIII. On a new Genus of Stylopidae from Australia. By Arthde M.

Lea, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Tastnania . 511

XIX. Hymevoptera Aculeata collected in Algeria by the Rev. Alfred

Edwin Eaton, M.A., F.E.S., and the Rev. Francis David

Morice, M.A., F.E. S. Part IV. Descriptions of new

Spheyidae. By the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S . 517

XX. Descriptions of two New Species of Luciola in the Collection of

Mr. H. E. Andrewes. By Ernest Olivier, F.E.S . 532

Proceedings for 1910

President’s Address

General Index

Special Index

... i-lxxxiii

Ixxxv

cvii

cxii

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plates LI-LX. See pages 495-497

Plates LXI-LXV. „ 512-313

Plate LXVI. „ 516

Proceedings.

Plate A See page Ixi

( ix )

yist of Jfjllotos

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Election.

1900 Adrivillius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1905 Bolivar, Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.

1901 Fabre, J. H., Serignan, Vaucluse, France.

1894 Forel, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, pres Morges, Sioitzerland.

1906 Ganglbauer, Gustos Ludwig, Hof- Museum, Vienna.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Home.

1908 Oberthur, Charles, Rennes, Rle-et-Vilaine, France.

1906 Reuter, Professor Odo Morannal, The University, Helsingfors,

Finland.

1895 Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

1885 Snellen, P. C. T., Rotterdam.

1893 Wattenwyl, Dr. Carl Brunner von, Schbnhurgstrasse 3, Vienna.

1898 Weismann, Di’. August, Freiburg, Baden.

FELLOAVS.

j\farked f have compounded for their Annual Subscrigjtions.

Marked * deceased during the year.

Date of

Election.

1908 Ackerley, F. B., c/o Imperial Tobacco Co., P. 0. Box 1159,

Johannesburg, South Africa.

1901 t Adair, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.

1877 Adams, Frederick Charlstroiu, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-

street, S.W.

1877 Adams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Erifield, N.

1902 Ad KIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

1885 Adkin, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, S.E.

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. TV. Indies.

1904 Alderson, Miss E. Maude, Park House, TT^orksop, Notts.

( X )

lUlOt Andrewes, H. E., 8, North Grove, Hicjlujate, N.

1899 Andrews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, 8.O., Kent.

1901 Anning, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.

1908 1 Antram, Charles B., The Insectarium, Kanny-Koory, Silchar

P. 0., Cachar, India.

1907 Arnold, G., M.Sc., University of Liverpool, Liverpool.

1899 f Arrow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Glapham, S.W. ; and British

Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1907 f Ashby, Sydney ll, 119, Oreenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent.

1886 Atmore, E. a., 48, High-street, King's Lynn.

1850 t Avebury, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

etc.. High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

1901 Bacot, Arthur W., York Cottage, York-hill, Loughton, Essex.

1904 1 Bagnall, Richard S., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham.

1909 Bagwell-Pdrefoy, Capt. Edward, 34, Sloane-Court, S.W.

1903 Baldock, G. R., Oakbnrn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.

1890 Barclay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.

1886 Bargagli, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo 'Tempi No. 1,

Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.

1902 Barraud, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.

1907 Bartlett, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894 f Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,

Cambridge, Merton House, Orantchester , Cambridge.

1908 Bayford, E. G., 2 Bockingham-street, Barnsley.

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle- street, Frumlingham,

Suffolk.

1896f Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., Vice-President, 10,

Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 Becher, Major Edward F., Cranfield House, Polzeath, St. Minver,

Cornwall.

1908 Beck, Richard, Red Lodge, Porchester-road, Bournemouth.

1905 Bedford, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey,

Beds.

1899 Bedwell, Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey.

1904 Bengtsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;

Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1906 Bentall, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1885 Bethune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-President, 19,

Clarendon-road, Edghaston, Birmingham.

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.

1880 * Bignell, George Carter, The Ferns, Ilomeparlc-ruad, Saltash.

1891 Blaber, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromwell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 Black, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1904 Blair, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.

( xi )

1889 Blandford, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Anmdel Gardens,

Ladbroke-grove, W.

1885 Blathwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Eagle House, Batheaston,

Bath.

1909 Blenkarn, Stanley A., Norham, Cromwell-road, Beckenham.

1904 Bliss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W.

1886 Bloomfield, The Rev. Edwin Newsou, M.A., Guestling Rectory,

Hastings.

1903 Bogue, W. a.. The Bank House, Watchet.

1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 54, Boulevard Bineau, Neuilly-sur-Seine,

Seine, France.

1891 Booth, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over -Sands, Carnforth.

1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.

1904 Bourgeois, Jules, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Markirch, Germany.

1892 Bouskell, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Ghislehurst.

1894 f Bowles, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1910 Boyd, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1852 t Boyd, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, S.E.

1893 Brabant, fidouard. Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),

France.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Garfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

1907 Brain, Charles Kimberlin, Government Experimental Station, Rose-

bank, Cape Colony.

1904 Bridgeman, Lieut. The Hon. Richard 0. B., R.N., Weston Park,

Shifnal, Salop.

1877 Briggs, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, B.S.O., N.

Devon.

1870 Briggs, Thomas Henry, SLA., TJoc/c House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N.

Devon.

1894 Bright, Percy M., Fairfield, Wimborne-road, Bournemouth.

1909 Britten, Harry, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes, Penrith.

1902 Broughton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., R. A. and R. E. Mess, Malta.

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Mount Albert, Auckland, New Zealand.

1904 Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., 118, Sunny Bank, Hull.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.

1898 1 Buchan-Hepburn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-

Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1907 Bulleid, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire.

1902 Buller, Arthur Percival, Royal Societies Club, S.W.

1896 1 Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., Castle

Hill House, Dover.

1909 Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-

Hope, Essex.

1868 f Butler, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road,

Beckenham.

( xii )

1883 Butler, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 56, Cecile-Park, Orouch End, N.

1902 Butler, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 Butterfield, Jas. A., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.

1904 Byatt, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (via Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Attentive," Home

Fleet.

1885 Campbell, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc., Byrnllwydimjn,

Machynlleth, Montgomerysh ire.

1898 Candeze, L4on, Mont St. Martin, 75, Lihge.

1880 Cansdale, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E.

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W. ; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane

Godman, Esq., F.B.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W.

1890 Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire

Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.

1894 Caracciolo, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British

West Indies.

1910 Carlier, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,

Durridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892 Carpenter, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W.

1910 Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., Uganda Medical Service,

Uganda Protectorate.

1895 Carpenter, G. H., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin.

1898 Carpenter, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.

1868 Carrington, Charle.s, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey.

1895 Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and

Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.

1906 Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.

1900 Carter, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Manningham, Bradford.

1900 Cassal, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man.

1903 Cattle, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire.

1889 f Cave, Charles J. P., Diteham Park, Petersfield.

1900 Chamberlain, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.

1871 Champion, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., Librarian, IJeatherside,

Horscll, Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.

1891 Chapman, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigute.

1910 Charnley, j. R., Lyndhurst, Fulivood, Preston.

1897 Chawner, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bunk, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

1902 Cheesman, E. M., c/o Mr. John Garson, 150, Umhilo-road, Durban.

1908 Chetty, B. Chourappa, The Government Museum, Bangalore,

India.

1889 Christy, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

1909 Chubb, Ernest C., Curator, Durban Museum, Natal, South Africa.

1909 Clark, C. Turner, F.Z.S., 90, The Mall, Newport, Isle of Wight.

1908 Clark, Edgar L., Congella, Natal.

1867 Clarke, Alex. Henry, 109, W'artvick-road, Earfs Court, S.W.

1908 Clutterbuck, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester

( xiii )

1908 Clutterbtjck, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United

Provinces, India.

1904 Cockayne, Edward A., 16, Camhridge-square, London, W.

1873 Cole, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1899 Collin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Neiomarket.

1906 CoLLiNGE, Walter E., M.Sc., F.L.S., 55, Newhall- street, Bir¬

mingham.

1892 Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott House,

Taxmton.

1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.

1895 Crabtree, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulmc, Manchester.

1909 Crawley, W. C., Tollerton Hall, Nottingham.

1906 Crawshay, The Rev. George A., MA., Melchhonrne Vicarage,

Sharnbrook, S.O., Beds.

1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 t Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P.

1907 Croft, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clarendon-road, Leeds.

1902 Cruttwell, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Eivelme

Rectory, Wallingford.

1908 CuLPiN, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., The Palace Hotel, Shanghai.

1908 Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.

1901 Dadd, Edward Martin, Hohenzollernstrasse 18, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin.

1900 Dalglish, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’ s-street, Glasgoio.

1907 Dames, Felix L., 13, Humboldt-strasse, Steglitz, Berlin.

1886 Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath,

S.E.

1905 Davidson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

1910 Dawson, William George, 31, King’s Gardens, West End Lane,

West Hampstead, N.W.

1903 Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

1898 Day, G. 0., Sahlatston, Duncan’s Station, Vancouver Island, British

Columbia.

1905 Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Fruit Land, Ontario,

Canada.

1875 Distant, Wm. Lucas, Shannon-lodge, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,

S.E.

1887 Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., President, Fellow and

Bursar of Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.

1895 Dobson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O.,

Surrey.

1909 Dobson, Thomas, Park Avenue, The Park, Sharpies, Bolton.

1905 Dodd, Frederick P., Kuranda, via Cairns, Queensland.

1906 Dollman, Here ward. Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

1903 Dollman, J. C., Hove House, Neivton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

1906 Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.

( )

1891 Donisthorpe, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-inansions,

South Kensington, S.W.

1908 Dodglas-Crompton, Sydney, Carlton House, Kew-green, S.W.

1910 Downes-Shaw, Rev. Archibald, Kettlestone Rectory, Fakenham,

Norfolk.

1884 Droce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John's

Wood, N.W.

1867 Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John's Wood,

N.W.

1900 Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.

1894 Dudgeon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.

1906 Dukinfield- Jones, E., Castro, Reigute.

1883 Durrant, John Hartley, Merton, 17, Bur stock-road, Putney, S.W.,

and British Museum {Natural History), Cromwell- road, South

Kensington, S.W.

1910 Eales-White, J. Cushny, 21, Cardigan-road, Richmond Hill, S.W.

1890 Eastwood, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godaiming.

1865 Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., West House, Simondsbury,

Bridport, Dorset.

1904 Eckford, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tiiite, Bart., Kilruune,

Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.

1902 Edelsten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

1886 Edwards, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

1884 Edwards, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-

heath, S.E.

1900 Elliott, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

1900 Ellis, H. Willoughby, Holly Hill, Berkswell, Warrvickshire.

1886 Ellis, John W., M.B., L.R.C. P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.

1903 Eltringham, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields.

1878 Elwes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Colesborne,

Cheltenham.

1886 Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.

1903 Etheridge, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

1908 Eustace, Eustace Mallabone, B.A., Challacombe Rectory, Parra-

combe, R.S.O., N. Devon, and Wellington College, Berks.

1909 Evans, Frank J., The Botanical Department, Trinidad, B.W.I.

1899 Farmborough, Percy W., Lower Edmonton, Middlesex. ,

1907 Feather, Walter, 10, Station Grove, Crosshills, nr. Keighley, Yorks.

1900 Feltham, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

1861 Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.

1886 Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-roud, Esher.

1908 Fenwick, Norman Percival, Junior, The Gables, New-road Esher.

1889 Fernald, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

1910 Feynes, a., M.D., 61, East Colorado-street, Pasadena, California,

U.S.A.

( XV )

1900 Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys Modern School, Leeds.

1874 Fitch, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.

1905 Fleet, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bournemouth.

1900 Flemyng, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Goolfin, Portlaw, Go.

Waterford.

1898 Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural Research Institute,

Pusa, Bengal, India.

1883 t Fletcher, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

1905 Floersheim, Cecil, 16, Kensington Gourt Mansions, S.W.

1885 Fokker, a. J. F., ZieriJczee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

1900 Foulkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural Gollege,

Newport, Salop.

1898 Fountains, Miss Margaret, 1, The Studios, Sheriff-road, West

Hampstead, N.W.

1880 Fowler, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., Earley Vicarage,

near Reading.

1908 Fraser, Frederick C., M.D., I.M.S., Hyderabad, Sind, India.

1896 Freke, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

1888 Fremlin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone.

1903 French, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia.

1910 Frisby, G. E., 40, Windmill-street, Gravesend.

1908 Froggatt, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-

street, Sydney, New South Wales.

1891 Frohawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh.

1906 f Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal

Golony.

1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Ghatteris, Gambs.

1907 Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, The Priory, Ghatteris, Gambs.

1876 Fuller, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,

Sydenham, S.E.

1898 Fuller, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg , Natal.

1887 Gahan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford

Park, W. ; and British Museum {Natural History), Cromwell-

road, S.W.

1910 Garcke, Emile, M.I.E.E., Witton House, Maidenhead.

1892 Garde, Philip de la, R.N., Abbotsjield, Braunton, N. Devon.

1890 Gardner, John, Laurel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.

1901 f Gardner, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.

1910 Geary, T. H., Enderby, Leicestershire.

1899 Geldart, William Martin, M.A., 27, Beaumont-street, Oxford.

1906 1 Gibbs, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener’s Meads, St.

Albans.

1908 Gifb'ard, Walter M., P.O. Box 308, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1907 Giles, Henry Murray, Perth, W. Australia.

1902 Gillanders, A. T., Park Gottage, Alnwick.

( xvi )

1904 Gilliat, Francis, B.A., 81, Philbeach-gardens, S.W.

1865 f Godman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., South

Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.

1890 Goldthwait, Oliver C., Berisal Lake, near Sandoion, I. of Wight.

1886 f Goodrich, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near

Bristol.

1904 Goodwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gordon, J. G. McH., Coj'semaZs/e, Whauph'ill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gordon, R. S. G. ^icH. ,Corsemalzie, Whaiq}hill,R.S.O., Wigtownshire.

1855 Gorham, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great

Malvern.

1910 Gottmann, a. M. S., 94, Niddastrasse, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.

1909 Gowdey, Carlton C., B.Sc., Uganda, British East Africa.

1891 f Green, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon ; and Mote Hall, Bearsted, Kent.

1910 Green, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal.

1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

1898 Greenshields, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Cricklewood, N.W.

1893 t Greenwood, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1888 Griffiths, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Cliftoii, Bristol.

1894 Grimshaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh .

1905 Grist, Charles J., Elgin House, Knockholt, Sevenoaks.

1869 Grose-Smith, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S., The Priory, nr. Ryde,

Isle of Wight.

1909 Grosvenor, G. H., M.A., .3, Blackhall-ruad, Oxford.

1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Kesunck Hall, Normch.

1910 Gurney, Wm. G., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of Agri¬

culture, Sydney, Australia.

1906 Hall, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890 1 Hall, Albert Ernest, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.

1885 Hall, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.

1898 Hamlyn-Harrls, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the Queens¬

land Museum, Brisbane, Australia.

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhogw-

gardeus, S.W.

1891 Hanbury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhurst, E. Grinstead.

1905 t Hancock, Joseph L., 5466, Lexington Avemie, Chicago, U.S.A.

1903 Hare, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants.

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.

1897 f Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South

Woodford, Essex.

1910 Harwood, Philip, 23, Northgate End, Bishop’s Stortford.

1910 Hawkshaw, j. C., Hollycombe, Sussex.

1910 Hedges, Alfred van der, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W.

1910 Henderson, J., Clifton, Ashbourne, Derby.

1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

«

( xvii )

18!)8 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell-road, S.W.

1903 Herrod, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.

1908 Hewitt, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Central Experimental Farm, Dept, of

Agriculture, Ottaiva, Canada.

1876 t Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastcjate-street, Leioes.

1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Alhany-road, Leighton-

Buzzard.

1888 Hodson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., JRhyddington, Clifton Drive,

Lythgm.

1902 Hole, R. S., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

1910 Holford, H. Oliver, Elstead Lodge ,Godalming, Surrey.

1887 Holland, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., bth Avenue, Pittsburg,

Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Holman-Hunt, C. B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of Agri¬

culture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

1910 Holmes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,

Rosslyn Hill, N.W.

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Oladstone-place, Aberdeen.

1903 Houghton, J. T., \, Portland-place, Worksop.

1907 t Howard, C. W., Entomologist Department of Agricxdture, Box 255,

Loxirengo Marques, Portuguese East Africa.

1900 Howes, George W., 812, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1907 Howlett, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfo%.

1865 tHDDD, A. E., 108, Pembrolce-road, Clifton, Bx'istol.

1888 Hudson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karoi'i, Wellington, New

Zealand.

1907 Hughes, C. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanstoxi-square, W.

1897 Image, Prof. Selvvyn, M.A., 20, Fitzrny-street, Fitzroy-squax-e, W.

1908 Irby, Captain Leonard Paul, Brook House, Eastry, S.O., Kent.

1891 IsABELL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall.

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Assistant Entomologist, Department of

Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-i’oad, S.W.

1907 Jacobi, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and

Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.

1910 Jacobs, Lionel L., S.E. corner of Church and Wellington-streets,

Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,

Great R ussell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Clareiuont-road, Highgate, N.

1886 Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, East Gate House, T^ewes.

1899 Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.

1909 Jepson, Frank P., Department of AgricuUxix-e, Suva, Fiji Islands.

1886 John, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

h

( xvlii )

1907 Johnson, Charles Bh elding, Mayfield, Brinimjton Crescent, Stockport.

1889 Johnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Fuss,

Co. Armagh.

1908 JoiCEY, Janies J., The Homestead, Bourne End, Bucks.

1888 Jones, Albert H., Treasurer, Shrublands, Elthum, Kent.

1910 Jones, Ernest P., 7, Shenoin-street, Nantwich-road, Creioe.

1894 t Jordan, Dr. K., Vice-President, The Museum, Trimj.

1910 Joseph, E. G., Lincoln College, Oxford.

1910 Joy, Ernest Cooper, 2, St. Kilda's-road, Stoke Newington, N.

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.

1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, ]\I.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,

Monaghan.

1884 Kappel, a. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.

1876 f Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1896 f Kaye, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.

1907 Kelly, Albert Ernest McClure, Assistant Entomologist, Department

of Agriculture, Natal, S.A.

1902 Kemp, Stanley W., The Indian Museum, Calcutta.

1890 Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edghaston,

Birmingham.

1904 Kershaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1901 Kershaw, John C., Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

1900 Keys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.

1889 King, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of

Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-

side, Glasgow.

1861 KiRBY,William F.,F.L.S.,77iWe», 46, Court-road,Chiswick,W .

1893 * Kirkaldy, George Willis, 2553, Punnin-avenue, Honohdu, Hawaii.

1889 Klapalek, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 f Klein, Sydney T., ICL.S., F.R.A.S., Haiherlow, Raglan-road,

Reigate.

1908 Knudsen, Jens Marius, Noerre Nebel, Denmark.

1910 Laidlaw, William, The Cedars, Romford, Essex.

1910 Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F. R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland-place, W.

1868 Lang, Colonel A. M., C. B., R.E., Bo.v Grove Lodge, Guildford.

1901 Lathy, Percy I., Fox Hall, Enfield.

1895 Latter, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godaiming.

1908 Lawn, G. W., l\hdor House, Wealdestone, Harrow.

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.

1901 Leigh, George F., 45, Cuthbert’s Buildings, West-street, Durban,

Natal.

1910 Leigh, H. S., The University, Manchester.

1909 Leigh-Clare, Reginald L., c/o Messrs. Allen A Gledhill, Solicitors,

Singapore.

{ xix )

1892 Leslie, J. Henry, 84, IlTiron-road, Tooting Common, S.W.

1898 Lethbridge, Ambrose G., Guards Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1903 t Levett, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorl-s.

1898 Lewis, E. J., F.L.S., Stainmore,'’ South Rill, Bromley, Kent.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, T'tinbridge Wells.

1908 t Lewis, John Spedan, Spedan Totoers, Hampstead, N.W., and 277,

Oxford-street, W.

1892 Lightfoot, R. M., Bree-st., Cajje Toivn, Cape of Good Hope.

1908 Lister, W. K., Street End House, Ash, near Dover.

1903 Littler, Frank M., Box 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania.

1865 f Llewelyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.L.S. ,

Peullergare, Swansea.

1881 f Lloyd, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.

1885 f Lloyd, Robert Wylie, 1, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W.

1903 Lofthouse, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 Longsdon, D., 20, Holland-park, W.

1904 1 Longstaff, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath,

S.W.

1899 Lounsbdry, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape

Town, S. Africa.

1894 Lowe, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephens Vicarage, Guernseg.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wagville, South

Australia.

1901 Lower, Rupert S., Davonpovt-terrace, Wayville, South Anstrcdia.

1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakejield-buildings, Adelaide-street, Brisbane,

Australia.

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Tharnes.

1904 * Luff, W. A., La Chaumih'e, Brock-road, Guernsey.

1880 Lupton, Henry, Devonia, Torquay.

1903 Lyell, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australicc.

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,

Canada.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, Addlestone, Surrexj.

1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Clxih, Madras.

1887 M‘Dougall, James Thomas, Dunollg, Morden-road, Blaclcheath, S.E.

1910 Macdougall, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinbxirgh Uni¬

versity.

1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lgnndale, Mussoorie, N. W.P., India.

1900 Mackwood, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

1899 t Main, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,

N.E.

1905 Mally, Charles Win., M.Sc., Graham’s Town, Cape Colony.

1887 Mander.s, Lieut. -Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., c/o Sir C.

McGrigor, 25, Charles- street, St. James’s- square, S.W.

1892 Mansbridge, William, 4, Norxvich-road, Waver tree, Liverpool.

1894 f Marshall, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.

( XX )

1895 Marshall, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., 6, Chester-place, Hyde

Park-square, W.

1896 Marshall, P., M.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., University School of Mines,

Dunedin, Neiv Zealand.

1856 f Marshall, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O.,

Kent.

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.

1910 t Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset.

1895 jMasset, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didshnry, Manchester.

1865 Mathew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,

Dovercourt, Harwich.

1887 Matthews, Coryndon, Stentaivay, Plymstock, S. Devon.

1900 Maxwell-Leproy, H., Imperial College of Science and Technology,

South Kensington, S.W.

1899 May, Harry Haden, Blackfriars’ House, Plymouth.

1904 Meade-Waldo, Geoffrey, Hever Warren, Edenhridge, Kent, and

British Museum {Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1872 f Meldola, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., 6, Brunswick-square,

W.C.

1885 Melvill, James Cosmo, M. A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shretcsbury.

1887 Merrifield, Frederic, 14, Clifton-terruce, Brighton.

190G Merriman, Gordon, The Quick Laboratory, New Museums, Cambridge.

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. MichaeVs, Linton-road, Oxford.

1888 Meyer-Darcis, G., 5, Viide Poggio Imperiale, Florence.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1894 Miall, Louis Compton, F.R.S., Norton Way, N. LetcJnvorth.

1908 Middleton, Ivan E., 11, High-street, Serampore, Bengal.

1883 Miles, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.

1910 Millar, F. Graliame, The Tang^a Batu Rubber Co., Malacca,

Straits Settlement.

1906 Mitchell-Hedges, Frederic Albert, Denbigh House, 25, Chepstow-

villas, Baystvater, W.

1905 Mitford, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W.

1896 Moberly, J. C., j\I.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.

1879 Monteiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,

Lisbon.

1902 Montgomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-

road. North Acton, W.

1899 ]\Ioore, Harry, 12, Loioer-road, Rotherhithe.

1907 Moore, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Ilolmeficld, Oakholme-rd., Sheffield.

1886 Morgan, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.

1889 f Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,

Brunsivich, Mount Hermon, Woking.

1895 f Morley, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.

1910 Morner, Count Birger, Consul for H.M. the King of Sweden,

Sydney, Australia.

1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surreij.

( xxi )

1893 Morton, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

1910 Mosely, Martin E., 13, Addison-road, W.

1900 Moser, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

1882 Mosley, S. L., The Museum and Technical College, Huddersfield.

1907 Moulton, John C., The Hall, Bradford-on- Avon, Wilts., and The

Museum, Harawak.

1901 t Muir, Frederick, H.S.P. A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu,H.T.

1869 1 Muller, Albert, F.K.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-

zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.

1906 Muschamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stafa, nr. Zurich, Sivitzerland.

1909 Musham, John F., 53, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

1903 Neave, S. a., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.

1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.

1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

1909 Newstead, Alfred, The Grosvenor 3Iuseum, Chester.

1890 Newstead, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool.

1909 Nicholson, Gilbert, M.A., M.D., University College Hospital, W.C.

1886 Nicholson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

1878 Nottidge, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

1908 Nurse, H. A., Botanical Department, Trinidad, B.W.I.

1877 Oberthur, Rene, Rennes {Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

1893 f Ogle, Bertram S., Steejile Aston, Oxfordshire.

1910 Oldaker, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.

1873 Olivier, Ernest, Ramillons, pres Moulins {Allier), France.

1895 Page, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatlg-road, St. Catherine's Park, S.E.

1907 Pead, Clement H., Box 252, Bulawayo, South Africa.

1883 P^ringuey, Dr. Louis, South African Museum, Cape Toion, South

Africa.

1903 t Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,

Devon, and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,

Honolid'u, Hawaii.

1879 Perkins, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.

1907 t Perrins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Fort George, N.B.

1897 Phillips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-

park, W.

1903 t Phillips, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High¬

bury, New Park, N.

1901 Pickett, C. P., 28, Colwith-road, Leytonstone, S.E.

1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, IJverpool.

1901 * PiFFARD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.

1903 Pilcher, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester-

road, Kensington, S.W.

1910 PiLLAi, A. Raman, The University, Edinburgh.

( xxii )

1885 Poll, J. R. H. Neerwort van cle, Driehergen, Netherlands.

1870 f PoRRiTT, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

1884 f PouLTON, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,

Wylceham House, Banhury-road, Oxford.

1905 Powell, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyeres (Var), France.

1906 Pratt, H. C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,

Kuala Lumpur, Malay States.

1908 Pratt, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

1878 Price, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

1908 Prideaux, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks.

1904 Priske, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avetiue, West Ealing.

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 62, Graham-road, Dalston, N.E.

1910 PuNNETT, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Gains College,

Cambridge.

1900 Rainbow, William J., The. Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S. If '.

1907 Rayward, Arthur Leslie, 3, Albert Mansions, Lansdowne Road,

Croydon.

1874 Reed, Dr. E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion,

Chile.

1893 Beid, Captain Savile G., late R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

1898 Relton, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

1910 de RhjS-Philips, George, Examiner of Accounts, Eastern Bengal

State Railicay, Calcutta.

1894 Riding, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Standlands, BuckereU, Honiton.

1908 Rippon, Claude, M.A., Spring^vood, Abingdon, Berks.

1905 Robinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,

Selangor.

1892 Robin.son, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road , Gatford, S.E.

1869 1 Robinson-Douglas, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,

Orchurdton, Castle Douglas.

1908 Rogers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Rabai, Mombasa, British

East Africa.

1909 Rollason, Wm. Alfred, Lamorna, Triiro, Cornwall.

1886 Rose, Arthur J., Glanmor, Berkhamstead.

1907 Rosenberg, W. F. H., 57, Haver stock-hill, N.W.

1868 Rothney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upjyer

Norwood, S.E.

1894 f Rothschild, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

Arundel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W.

1888 f Rothschild, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Zoological

Museum, 'Bring.

1890 Routledge, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

1887 Rowland-Brown, Henry, M.A., Vice President and Secretary

Oxhey-grove, Harroio Weald.

1910 Rudge, Miss Carlotta, 1, Hamilton House, Grove-end-road, St.

John's Wood, N.W.

( xxiii )

1910 Rudge, Charles Henry, 1, Hamilton House, Grove-end-road, St.

John's Wood, N.W.

1898 Russell, A., IVilverley, Dale-road, Parley .

1892 Russell, S, G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.

1899 Ryles, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham.

1905 St. Quintin, W. H., Seampton Hall, Pdllington, York.

1906 Sampson, Colonel E. Winns, 20 Arundel Mansions, S.W., and Junior

Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1865* Saunders Edward, F.R.S., F.L.S., St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon,Woking.

1861 * Saunders, G. S., F.h.S., Littlethorpe, Furze Hill, Burgh Heath, Surrey.

1910 Saunders, H. A., Brookfield-house, Swanage.

1886 Saunders, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

1901 ScHAUS, W., F.Z.S., 97, Elm Park Gardens, S.W.

1907 ScHMASSMAN, W., Beulah Lodge, London-r< ad, Enfield, N.

1881 ScoLLlCK, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Whnbledon.

1909 Scott, Hngh^ B.A., University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

1862 Sharp, David, M.A., M. B., F.R.S., F. L.S., F.Z.S., Lawnside,

Brockenhurst , Hants. ; and University Jduseum of Zoology and

Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.

1902 Sharp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E.

1886 Shaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),

]]'illiam Brown-street, Livergjool.

1905 Sheldon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

1901 Shelford, Robert, M.A., F.Z.S., University Museum {Hope

Department), Oxford.

1900 t Shepheard-Walwyn, H. W., M.A., Dahvhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1887 Sigh, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W.

] 909 SiLVERLOCK, Oscar C., c/o P. M. O. Livingstone, Esq., N. W. Rhodesia,

S. Africa.

1904 Simmonds, Hubert W., c/o Messrs. Kircaldie and Starnes, Limited,

Wellington, Neiv Zealand.

1902 Sladen, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover.

1904 Slipper, The Rev. T. J. R. A., i\I.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Nortvich.

1902 Sloper, Gerard Orby, F.Z.S., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W.

1907 Sly, Harold Baker, Mapledecm, Ringley -avenue, Horley.

1906 Smallman, Raleigh S., Homeside, Devonshire Park, Eastbourne.

1901 Smith, Arthur, County Mitseum, Lincoln.

1898 Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 9, Merridale-road,

Wolverhampton.

1885 South, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road , Upper Tooting, S.W.

1908 Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts.

1889 Standen, Richard S., F. L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sicssex.

1910 Stanley, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.

1898 Stares, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction,

Kent.

1898 Stebbing, Henry, Norham House, Sheen-road, Richmond, Surrey.

1910 STENTON,fRupert, Southivell, Notts.

( xxiv )

1910 Stoneham, Hugh Frederick, Lieut. E. Surrey Regt., Kingswear,

Streatham-pai'k, S.W.

1896 Stricici.and, T. A. Gerald.

1900 Studd, E. a. C., Kerremens, British Columbia.

1890 Studd, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.

1882 SwANZY, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sereuoals.

1908 SwiERsTRAY, Cominr. T., 1st Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

1884 SwiNHOE, Colonel Cliarles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 6, Ounterstone-

roa'l, Kensington, W.

1894 SwiNHOE, Ernest, G, Gunterstone-rowl , Kensington, W.

1876 SwiNTON, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes.

1910 Tait, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Har ho rough-road, Ashton-on- Mersey.

1908 Talbot, G., 11, Palace Gardens, Enfield.

1893 Taylor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.8.A.

1903 Taylor, Thomas Harold, M. A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

1910 Terry, Frank Wray, P.O. Box 411, Honolulu, Haivaii.

1909 Tetley, Alfred, M.A., 22, Aven^ie-road, Scarborough.

1910 Theobald, F. V., M.A., Agricultural College, Wye.

1901 Thomp.son, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford -street, Middleshorough.

1892 Thornley, The Re\L A., M.A., F.L.S., “ Huyhenden,” Coppice-road,

Nottingham.

1907 Tillyard, R. J., B.A., The Grammar School, Sydney, New South

Wales.

1897 Tomlin, J. R. le B., M.A., Stoneley, Alexandra-road, Reading.

1907 Tonge, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

1907 Tragardh. Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sioeden.

1859 f Trimen, Roland, M.A., F.R.S.,F.L.S., Southbury, Lawn-road, Guild¬

ford.

1906 Tryhane, George E., Pedro Miguel Canal Zone, Panama.

1906 Tulloch, Captain James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire

Light Infantry; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, S.W.

1895 Tunaley, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W.

1910 Turati, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

1893 Turner, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road , St. Catherine's Park,

Hatch am, S.E.

1906 Turner, Rowland E., 21, EmperoTs Gate, S.W.

1894 Turner, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.

1886 * Tutt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcomhe Hill, S.E.

1893 Urich, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Sjfain, Trinidad,

British HT.s^ Indies.

1904 t Vaughan, W., Badnlla, India.

1866 Verrall, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1909 VlDLER, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye, Sussex.

( XXV )

1895 Wacher, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterhuri/.

1901 Waddington, Jolin, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds.

1899 Wade, Albert, 12, Cadogan-place, Preston, Lancashire.

1897 Wainwright, Colbran J., 45, Ilandsworth ]Vood-road, Handsworth,

Birmingham.

1878 Walker, James J., M.A., R.N., F.L.S., Secretary, Aorangi,

Lonsdale-road, Summertoicn, Oxford.

1863 f Wallace, Alfred Russel, O.M., D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.

1866 f Walsingham, The Right Honble. Lord, Natural History Museum,

Cromwell -road, S.W.

1910 Ward, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry.

1908 Warren, Brisbane 0. S., The Avenue, Amersham.

1886 Warren, Win., M.A., 33, Western-road, Tring, Herts.

1869 Waterhouse, Cliarles 0., Vice-President, Ingleside, Avenue-

gardens, Acton, W. ; and British Museum (Natural History),

Crom well-road, S.W.

1901 Waterhouse, Gustaviis A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Boycd Mint, Sydney, New

South Wales, Australia.

1904 AVatson, The Rev. N. Beresford, St. Martins Vicarage, St. Philip,

Barbados, W. Indies.

1893 AVebb, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E.

1908 AVellman, F. Creighton, M. D., U.S. Museum, \]'cishington, U.S..i.

1876 f AVestern, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, W.

1886 AA^heeler, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.

1906 AA^heeler, Tlie Rev. George, M.A., 37, Glo'ucester-place, AV.

1910 AVhite, Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Cardiff City Mental Hospital,

Cardiff.

1907 AA'hite, Harold J., 42, Nevern-sq., Kensington, S.W.

1906 AA’ickwar, Oswin S., Charlemont, Gregnry-road, Colombo, Ceylon.

1903 AA^iggins, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.

1896 AVileman, A. E., H.B.M. Consul, Manilla, Philijjpine Islands.

1910 WiLLCOCKS, Frank C., Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural

Society, Cairo, Egypt.

1910 AVilliams, James M., Howard Motor Garage, Brithdir, Cardiff and

Canford Cliffs, Hants.

1894 AVolley-Dod, F. H., Millarville P. 0., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.

1900 AVood, H., Kennington, near Ashford, Kent.

1881 Wood, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth

Common, S.N.

1905 WooDBRiDGE,Francis Charles,27ie Briars, Gerrard’s Cross, S.O., Bucks.

1888 Yerbury, Colonel John AV., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy

Club, Pall Mall, S.AV.

1892 Youdale, AVilliam Henry, F.R. Al.S.,21, Belle-Isle-street, Workington.

( xxvi )

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

Dubinq the Yeak 1910.

Ahlwakth (K.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Ainslie (G. G.)- The Cowpea curculio.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 8, 19^0.]

- - The Larger Coru-Stalk Borer (Diatroea sacchamlis. Fab.).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 116, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Ayrir.

Akrow(G. J.). Fauna of British India. Coleoptera. Lamellicoruia(Cetoniinae

and Dyuastinae). 1910. The India Office.

Back (E. A.). The Woolly White-fly {Aleyrodes howardi, Quaint.).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 64, Pt. 8, 1910.].

U. S. Dept. Ayric.

B.^gnai.l (R. S.). Contribution towards a knowledge of the Neotropical

Thysaiioptera.

[Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., Vol. XXX, 1910.] Lord Avehury.

Banks (Nathan). Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders.

[U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 72, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Bahgagli (Piero). L’Opera degli iusetti nella formazione dell’ Humus.

[Atti R. Accad. Georgofili, Vol. VII, 1910.] The Author.

Beahe (Prof. T. Hudson). Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1909.]

[Entom. Record, Vol. XXII, No. 1, 1910]. The Author.

- and Evans (W.). Coleoptera from Mole’s Nests in the South-East

of Scotland.

[Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1909.] The Authors.

Bericht iiber die wisseuschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie

wahrend des Jahres 1905 imd 1906. Published in 1910. By

K. Griiuberg, R. Lucas, H Schouteden, and G. Seidlitz.

Purchased.

Bernhauer (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Bern.stein (Dr. Julius). Summary of literature relating to the bionomics

of the parasitic fungus of flies {Empusa muscae).

[Reports to L.G.B. on Public Health and Medical Subjects, N. S.

No. 40, 1910.] H.JI. Stationery Office.

Bickhardt (H.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Blatchley (W. S.). On the Aleocharinae known to occur in Indiana.

[Bull. Indiana Dept. Geology and Natural Resources, No. 1, 1910.]

A. Fenyes.

Brown (H. Rowland-). Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France, 1910.

[Entomologist, Nov. and Dec. 1910.] The Author.

Browne (H. B.). Descriptive Catalogue of the Dobree Collection of

European Noctuae, 1909. The. Author.

( xxvii )

Burr (Malcolm). A Preliminary Revision of the Labiduridae, a Family of

Dermaptera.

[Trans. Entom. Soc. 1910.]

- Dermaptera (The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to th'^ Indian

Ocean in 1905).

[Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., Vol. XIV, Pt. 1, 1910.] The Author.

- The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Derma¬

ptera (Earwigs). The India Office.

Busck (August). New Moths of the Genus Trichostihas,

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIll, 1910].

- Notes on a Horn-feeding Lepidopterous larva from Africa.

[Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. LVI, No. 8, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Carpenter (G. H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in

Ireland during the year 1909.

[Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 1910.] The Author.

Casey (Thos. L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera, I, 1910. [Staphylinidae.]

Lancaster, Pa. The Author.

Champion (G. C.). [See Godman (F. D.), Biologia Central!- Americana.]

- and Lloyd (R. W. ). Some Interesting British Insects, I-III.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 1909, 1910.] The Authors.

Chittenden (F. H.). Notes on the Cucumber Beetles.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 6, 1910.]

- The Oak Primer.

[U. S. Dept. Agric. , Bureau Entom., Circular No. 130, 1910.

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Cockerell (T. D. A.). Some Bees of the Genus Augochlora from the West

Indies.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, 1910.]

- North American Bees of the Genus Nomia.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIll, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Coleopterorum Catalogus. Junk (W.) editus a Schenkling (S.). Berlin,

1910-11.

Pars 9. Olivier (E.). Lampyridae.

„ 10. Olivier (E.). Rhagophthalmidae, Drilidae.

„ 11. Leveille (A.). Temnochilidae.

„ 12. Csiki (E.). Endomychidae.

„ 13. Csiki (E.). Scaphidiidae.

„ 14. Pic (M.). Hylophilidae.

„ 15. Gebien (H.). Tenebrionidae, I.

„ 16. Pape (P.). Brachyceridae.

„ 17. Zaitzer (Ph.). Dryopidae, Cyathoceridae, Georyssidae

Heteroceridae.

,, 18. Csiki (E.). Platypsyllidae, Orthoperidae, Phaenocejihalidae

Discolomidae, Sphaeriidae.

„ 19. Bernhauer (M.) et Schubert (K.). Staphylinidae, I.

,, 20. Schmidt (A.). Aphodiinae.

., 21. Ahlwarth (K.). Gyrinidae.

„ 22. Gebien (H.) Tenebrionidae, II.

„ 23. Schenkling (S.). Cleridae.

„ 24. Bickhardt (H). Histeridae.

„ 25. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Cebrionidae.

„ 26. Pic (M.). Scraptiidae, Pedilidae. Purchased.

Copeman (Dr. S. Monckton). Note as to work in hand, but not yet pub¬

lished, and as to proposed further work in reference to Flies as

Carriers of Infection.

[Reports to L.G.B. on Public Health and Medical Subjects, N. S.,

No. 40, 1910.]

H.M. Stationery Office.

( xxviii )

CoQUiLLETT (D. W.). Type-species of the North American Genera of

Diptera.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Crawford (.J. C.). New Hymenoptera from the Philippine I.slands.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

- Three new Genera and Specie.s of Para.sitic Hymenoptei’a.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

CsiKi (B.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Dalla Torre (K. W. von). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Dean (W. Harper). The Sorghum Midge (Contarinia [^Di^ilosis"] sorahirota,

Coq.).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 4, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Ayric.

Distant (W. L ). Rhynchota: Heteroptera. Appendi.K. Fauna of British

India, Vol. V. London, 1910. The India Offic'’.

- - Fauna Transvaaliensia. Part X, 1910. Purchased.

Dognin (Paul). Heteroceres nouveaux de I’Anierique du snd. Fasc. 1, 1910.

The Author.

Dyar (H. G.). Descriptions of some new Species and Genera of Lepido-

ptera from Mexico.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Evans (W.). [See Beare (T. Hudson)].

Fouel (A). Fourmis des Philippines.

[Philippine Journ. Science, July, 1910.]

- Note sur Quelques Fourmis d’Afrique.

[Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de Belgique, 1910 ] The Author.

Foster (S. W.). On the Nut-feeding Habits of the Codling Moth.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 5, 1910.]

- and Jones (P. E.). How to Control the Pear Thrips.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 131, 1910.]

U. S, l>ept. Ayric.

Gadeau (Henri). Voyage Zoologique en Khroumirie (Tunisie), Mai-Juin,

1906. Paris, 1908. Dr. 31. Burr.

Gerien (H. ). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Ghosh (Cham C.). Insects of (on) Crops. Written on the basis of “ Indian

Insect Pests ” of H. Maxwell Lefroy and D. N. Pal. Pusa, 1909.

(Written in Bengali, with notes in English.) The Author.

Godman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CCVII, CCVIII, 1910 :

Diplopoda, by R. I. Pocock ; Insecta, by G. C. Champion and

Lord Walsingham. The Editor.

Gold Coa.st, Government of the. Report of the Agricultural Department for

the year 1909. Gold Coast, 1910. The Director.

Graham-Smith (Dr.). Observations on the ways in which artificially infected

flies {3Iusca domestica) carry and distribute pathogenic and

bacteria.

[Reports to L.G.B. on Public Health and Medical Subjects, N. S.,

No. 40, 1910.] H.3I. Stationery Office.

Green (E. Ernest). Coccidae of Ceylon, Pt. IV. London, 1909.

- Entomological Notes.

[Tropical Agriculturist, Vols. XXXIV, XXXV, 1910; Spolia Zeyl.,

Vol. VII, 1910.]

- On some Coccid Pests of Economic Importance.

[Journ. Economic Biology, Vol. V, Pt. 1, 1910.] 7'he Author.

( xxix )

Grossbeck (J. a.). Studies of the North American Geometrid Moths of the

Genus Pero.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Hagedorn (M.). [See Wytsman’s Genera Iiisectorum.]

Hammar (A. G. ). Life history of the Codling Moth in North-Western

Pennsylvania.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 6, 1910.]

U. S. Deft. Agric.

- [See Johnson (P.).]

Hampson (Sir G. F.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Vol. IX

(text and plates), 1910. By E.xchanye.

Hofeneder (Karl). Mengenilla, n. g., chohautii, n, sp. Eiue neue

Strepsiptere aus Nordafrika.

[Ber. naturw.-med. Vereins, Jahr. XXXI, 1910.] The Author.

Hope Reports. Vol. VII, 1908-10. Edited by Prof. E. B. Poulton, 1910.

Hope Dept., Oxford Univ. Mus.

Hopkins (A. D.). Insects which kill forest trees.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 125, 1 910.]

- Insect injuries to the wood of Dying and Dead Trees.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 127, 1910.]

- Insect Injuries to Forest Products.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 128, 1910.]

- Insects in their relation to the reduction of future supplies of timber

and general principles of Control.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 129, 1910.]

- Contributions toward a monography of the Bark-weevils of the

Genus Fissodes.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 20, Pt. 1,

1910.] U. S. Dept. Agric.

Howard (L. O.). Parasites reared or supposed to have been reared from the

eggs of the Gip.sy Moth (Porthetria dispar, L.).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 19, Pt. I,

1910.]

- Report of the Entomologist for 1910.

[U. S. Dept. Agric. Washington, 1910.] U. S. Dept. Agric.

Hunter (W. D.). The Status of the Cotton Boll Weevil in 1909.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 122, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Hyslop (J. a.). The Smoky Crane-Fly.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 8, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Je.annel (R.) Essai d’une uouvelle classification des Silphides Cavernicoles.

[Arch. Zool. Exper. Gen., Tom. V, 1910.] The Author.

- et Racovitza (E. G.). Enumeration des Grottes visitees 1908-09.

(S'"®- serie).

[Arch. Zool. Exper. Gen., Tom. V, 1910.] The Authors.

Johnson (F.) and Hammar (A. G.). The Grape root-worm.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 89, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Jones (P. R.). Tests of sprays against the European fruit Lecanium and

the European Pear scale.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 8, 1910.]

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- [See Foster (S. W.).]

Junk (W.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

( XXX )

Kerremans (Ch.). Mouographie des Buprestides. Vol. IV, Livr. 3 to

completion. Vol. V, Livr. 1-8, 1910. Purchased,

Kertesz (C.). Catalogus Dipterorum.

Vol. II. Cecidomyiidae, Limuobiidae, Tipulidae, Cyliiidrotomidae,

1902.

Vol. III. Stratiomyiidae, Erinnidae, Coenomyiidae, Tabanidae,

Pautophthalmidae, Rliagionidae, 1908.

Vol. IV. Oncodidae, Nemestriiiidae, Mydaidae, Apioceridae, Asilidae,

1909.

Vol. VI. Empididae, Dolicbopodidae, Musidoridae, 1909.

Vol. VII. Syrphidae, Dorylaidae, Phoridae, Clythiidae, 1910.

[Mus. Nat. Hung., 1902-10.] Purchased .

Kieffer (J. J.). [See Wyt.sman’s Genera Insectorum.]

Kirby (W. F.). Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. III. Grthoptera

Saltatoria, Pt. 2 (Locu.stidae vel Acridiidae), 1910.

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Klapalek (F. ). Metamorphose der Trichopteren, 1888.

The Author.

Lefroy (H. Maxwell-). Life-historie.s of Indian Insects, Coleoptera I.

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Leon (N.). Studii asupra Culicidelor din Romania. Bucuresti, 1910.

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L6veille (A.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Lloyd (R. W.). [See Champion (G. C.)]

Ldndbeck (Wm.). Diptera Danica, Pt. Ill, 1910. The Author.

Marlatt (C. L.). The Horn Fly {Haematobia serrata, Rob.-Desv.)

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U. S. Dept. Ayric.

Marsh (H. O.). Biologic and Economic Notes on the Yellow- Bear Cater¬

pillar.

[U. S. Dept Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 5, 1910.]

- - — Biologic Notes on species of Diahrotica in Southern Texas.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 6, 1910.]

- Notes on a Colorado Ant.

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U. S. Dept. Ayric.

Martelli (G.). Parassiti indigeni ed esotici della “ Diaspis pentayona ”

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Meyrick (E. ). [See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum.]

Michigan Academy of Science. Eleventh Report. Darwin Centenary

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Morley (Claude). Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the family Chal-

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Newstead (R.). On Two New Species of African Coccidae.

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Olivier (Ernest). Lampyrides de Misiones.

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( xxxi )

OsHANiN (B.). Verzeichnis der Palaearktischen Hemipteren. Baud III.

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Pape (P.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Peyron (John). Zur Morphologie der skandinavischen Schmetterlingseier.

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Phillips (E. F.). Bees.

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Pic (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

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Quaintance (A. L.). The one-spray method in the control of the Codling

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Quelch (J. J.). Report on the Giant Moth-borer {Castnia licus), 1910.

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Racovitza (E. G.). [See Jeannel (R.).]

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Reitter (Edmund). Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des deutschen Reiches.

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Reuter (O. M.). Anthocoridae novae.

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- Genera quatuor nova divisionis Capsidarum Restheniaria.

[Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh., LI, 1908-09].

- Mitteilungen iiber einige Hemipreren des Russischen Reiches.

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Reuter (O. M.) et Poppius (B.). Monographia Nabidarum orbis terrestris.

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Rohwer (S. a.). Some new Hymenopterous Insects from the Philippine

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[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, 1910.]

- On a Collection of Tenthredinoidea from Eastern Canada.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

- Japanese Sawflies in the Collections of the U. S. National Museum.

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The Smithsonian Institution.

Russell (H. M.). The Pecan cigar case-bearer.

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Sanderson (E. Dwight). The Codling Moth and how to control it by

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Sarawak Museum. Eighth Report for 1908-09.

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( xxxii )

Schaeffer (C.). Additions to the Carabidae of North America, with notes

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ScHENKLTNG (S.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Schmidt (A.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

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ScHNABL (J.). Ueber die Gattungsrechte der Gattung Pegomyia, Rob.-Desv.

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ScHNUSE (W.). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der siidamerikanischen Dipteren-

fauna.

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1909. ] By Exchange.

Schubert (K.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus.]

Scott (W. M. ) and Qdaintance (A. L.). Control of the Brown-Rot and

Plum Curculio on Peaches.

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Selys-Longchamps (Baron Edm.). Collections Zoologiques. Ease. X, XI,

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Shelford (R.). [See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum.]

SiCH (A.). Lepressaria putridella, Schiff. A Species new to Britain.

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Snodgrass (R. E.). The Thorax of the Hymenoptera.

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Snyder (T. E.). Damage to Chestnut Telephone and Telegraph Poles by

AVood-boring Insects.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 94, Pt. 1, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Spuler (A.). Die Schmetterlinge Europas.

[4 vols.. Plates. Stuttgait, 1901-10.] Purchased.

Theob.vld (E. V.). Monograph of the Culicidae of the World. Vol. V,

1910. By E.rchange.

- South-Eastern Agricultural College, AVye.

[Report on Economic Zoology for year ending Sept. 30, 1910.

London, 1910.] The Author.

Turati (Emilio). La Zygaena transedpina, Esp. e le sue forme Italiane.

1910. The Author.

- Note Critiche sulla Pieris ergane, H. G.

[Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Vol. XLIX, 1910.] The Author.

Tutt (J. W.). British Lepidoptera. A^ol. X, 1908-09. Purchased.

Vickery (R. A.). Contributions to a knowledge of the Corn Root- Aphis

{Aphis maidiradicis, Eorbes).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. G, 1910.]

U. S. Depit. Agric.

Viereck (H. L.). Descriptions of new species of Ichneumon-flies.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, 1910.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Walker (James J.). Second Supplement to the Preliminary List of the

Coleoptera of the Oxford district, 1910. The Author.

xxxiii )

Walsingham (Lord). [See Godman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana.]

Webster (F. M.). The Clover Root-Borer {Hylastimis obscurus).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 119, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Webster (F. M.) and Reeves (G. I.). The Western Grass-stem Fly

{Cephus occiderdalis).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Eutom., Circular No. 117, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

WiLDEu.MUTH (V. L.). Clover-root Curculio (Sitones hispidultcs. Fab.).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Ft. 3, 1910.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

WvTSMAN (P.). Genera Insectorum. Fasc. LXXX&, C-CXIIa, 1910.

E. A. Elliott.

Zaitzkr (Ph.). [See Coleopterorum Calatogus.]

C

( xxxiv )

Periodicals and Publications of Societies.

AMERICA (NORTH).

CANADA.

London, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XLII, 1910.

By Exchange.

Ontario. Entomological Society of Ontario. 40th Annual Eeport. 1909.

By Exchange.

UNITED STATES.

New York. New York Entomological Society. Journal. Vol. XVIII, 1910.

Purchased.

Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings.

Vol. LI, Part 3, 1909, Vol. LII, Parts 1 and 2, 1910.

By Exchaiige.

Entomological News, Vol. XXI, 1910. By Exchange.

AYashington. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report, 1909.

United States National Museum. Proceedings. Vol. XXXVII, 1910.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Vol.

XI, 1910. Purchased.

AMERICA (SOUTH).

BRAZIL.

Para. Boletim do Museu Goeldi. Vol. VI, 1909. The Museum.

Rio de Janeiro. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Tom. II, fasc. 2,

1910. The Institute.

WEST INDIES.

Barbados. West Indian Bulletin. The Journal of the Imperial Agricul¬

tural Department for the West Indies. Vol. X, Parts 3 and 4;

Vol. XI, Part 1.

Agricultural News. Vol. IX, 1910.

The Agricultural Department.

ASIA.

INDIA.

Bombay. Natural History Society. Journal. Vol. XX, 1910.

By Exchange.

Colombo. Spolia Zeylaudica. Vols. I-VI, 1903-10. The Colombo Museum.

PusA. Report of the Agricultural Research Institute and College, Pusa,

1909-10. The India Office.

List of Names used in India for Common Insects. Agric. Research

Inst. Pusa, 1910. The India Office.

( XXXV )

AUSTRALASIA.

New Zeaeakd. New Zealand Institute. Transactions and Proceedings.

Vol. XLII, 1910. The. Institute.

Perth. Journal Agricultural Department of AVest Australia. Vol. XVIII,

1910. The Socieli/.

Sydney. Linueau Society of New South Wales. Proceedings, 1910.

Bi/ Exchav(je.

EUROPE.

AUSTPvI A-H UNGARY.

Budapest. ArcLivum Zoologicum. Vol. I, 1909-10.

Ldh. ZooJ. Honyroise.

Brunn. Verhand. der uaturf. Vereines in Briinn. Bd. XIWII.

By Exchanye.

Vienna. K.-k. zoologische-botanische Verein (Gesellschaft) in Wien.

Verhandlungen. Band LX, Heft. 1-8. By Exchanye.

AViener entomologische Zeitung. Bd. XXIX, 1910.

Purchased.

BELGIUM.

Brussels. Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Ann.ales. A''ol. LIA', 1910.

Meinoires. A'ol. XVIII, 1910. By Exchanye.

FRANCE.

Caen. Societe Fran9aise d’Entomologie. Revue. Tome XXA'III, Parts

3-C>, 1909-10. Purchased.

Ch.ateauroux. Le Frelon. XA'II, Parts 7-11, 1910. Purchased.

Paris. Soc. Entom. de France. Aunales, A'ols. LXXVIII, Parts 3 and 4 ;

LXXIX, Parts 1 and 2, 1910. By Exchanye.

Toulouse. Bulletin de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse. Tome XLII, Parts

1-4, 19(M). By Exchanye.

GERMANY.

Berlin. Deutsche entomologische Gesellschaft. Deutsche entomologi.sehe

Zeitschrift. Bd. LIA', 1910. By E.rchanye.

Deutsche entomologische National-Bibliothek. Band I, 1910.

By E.rchanye.

Entomologischer A'erein in Berlin. Berliner entomologische

Zeitschrift, 1907-10. By Exchanye.

Dresden. “ Iris.” Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Band XXIA'.

Beiheft 1, 1910. • By Exchanye.

Munich. Mitteilungen der Miinchuer entomologischen Gesellschaft. 1910.

The Puldisher.

Stettin. Entomologischer A^ereiu. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahr. LXXI

1910. By E.rchanye.

Wiesbaden. Nassauischer A'erein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahr-

I.XIII, 1910. By E.rchanye.

( XXX vi )

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Gi.asgow. The Glasgow Naturalist. Vol. I, 1908-09. The Publisher,

Liveri’OOi.. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. 03rd Annual

Report and Proceedings. 1910. The ISociety.

London. Annals and Magazine of Natural Historj’. 1910. Purchased,

Athenaeum. 1910. The Publishers.

Bulletin of Entomological Research. Part 1-4, 1910-11.

Purchased.

City of Loudon Entomological and Natural History Society. Trans¬

actions. 1909. 'The Society.

Entomologist (The). 1910. li. South.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 1910. The Editors.

Entomologist’s Record and Journal of V.ariatiou. Vol. XXII, 1910.

Purchased.

Liuneau Society of London. Zoology, Transactions, Journal and

Proceedings. 1910. Jiy Exchange.

Nature. 1910. The Publishers.

Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. 1910. The Club.

Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. Vol. LXX, 1909.

'The Society.

Royal 31icroscopical Society. Journal. 1910. By Exchange.

Royal Society. Proceedings. 1910. By Exchange.

Royal Society. Philosopliical Transactions. 1910.

South Loudon Entomological and N. H. Society. Proceediu g.s.

1909-10. The Society.

Zoological Society. Transactions and Proceedings. 1910.

Jiy Exchange.

Zoologist (The). 1910. 'I'he Publisher.

Manchester. Manchester Entomological Society, Reports for 1909 and 1910.

'I'hc Society.

HOLLAND.

The Hague. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Jahr. 1910. Jiy Exchange.

Eutomologische Berichten. Vol. II, Parts 49-54. 1909-10.

Jiy Exchange.

ITALY.

PoHTici. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Geuerale e Agraria. Vol.

IV, 1910. Jiy I-ixchange.

PoRTici and Florence. Redia, Giornale de Entomologia. Vol. VI,

P'asc. 2. 1910. Purchased.

PORTUGAL.

S. Fiei.. Broteria. Revista de Sciencias Naturaes <lo Gollegio de S. Fiel.

Vol. IX, 1910. Purchased.

( xxxvii )

RUSSIA.

-Mo.scow. Societe Impemle ties Nafcuralistes tie !Moscou. Biilletiu. 1909.

/>’// Exchaiiije.

St. Peterskckg. Aunuaire du Musee Zoologiijue. . Tome XV, I'ai-ts 1, 2,

1910. F. ]). Godinan.

Horati Societatis Eutomologicae Kos.sicae. Tom. XXXIX, 1910.

J)\>/ Exchaiifje.

Revue Russe il’Entomologie. 'I’ome IX, 1909.

“ Table.s gtiiierale.s ties publieatious ” ttf tlie Russian Knttnnological Society.

]So9-1908. 1910. Socift!/.

SWEDEN.

Stockholm. Arkiv for Zoologi. Vol. VI, 1910. dii/ ExchaiHfe.

Entomologisk Titlskrift. Arg. 31. 1910.

/>';/ Exchani/f.

SW1TZERL.\NI).

tiKNKV.v. .Societe tie Physique et tPHistoire Naturelle. Memoires. Vol.

XXXVII, Fasc. 2-4, 1910. />'y Exchaiuje.

.ScHAFFH.\usKX aiul liERXK. Scliweizprisclie entomolttgische Gesellschaft.

Mittheilungen. Bd. XII, Hft. 1, 1910.

/>’// Exchoiitie.

ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

Page 3, line 13 from bottom, for scintilulla read scintillula.

Page 481, line 11 from tog, for A^itizera read Actizera.

Page 494, top line, for ^rtffcera read Actizera.

Also in legend of Plates LII, LIX, LX, /or Antizera read Actizera

PROCEEDINGS.

Page xxi, line 12 from top, for ariyustatus read angustatus.

THE

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

For the Year 1010.

Wednesday, February 2nd, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixby, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Nomination of Vice- Presidents .

The President announced that he had nominated as Vice-

Presidents for the Session 1910-1911 Professor T. Hudson

Beare, B.Sc., F.B.S.E., Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S.,

and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Edward Morrell Holmes, of Ruthven, Sevenoaks ;

Mr. E. G. Josephs, of Lincoln College, Oxfoi’d ; Mr. Ernest

Cooper Joy, of 2, St. Hilda’s Road, Stoke Newington, N. ]

Mr. John J. Ward, of Rusinurbe House, Somerset Road,

Coventry; and Mr. Frank C. Willcocks, Entomologist to

the Khedivial Agricultural Society, of Cairo, Egypt, were

elected Fellows of the Society.

Entomological Congi'ess, 1910.

Dr. M. Burr gave an account of the forthcoming Entomo¬

logical Congress to be held in August next, and appealed to

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., II. 1910.

A

( ii )

all Fellows for their support, as well as to the Local Natural

History Societies throughout the United Kingdom. He men¬

tioned also that the County Council of Essex were sending a

delegate, and he hoped that the other Counties would recognise

in the same way the value of the services to be rendered to

science by the Congress.

Mr. F. Merrifibld, as an official of the East and West Sussex

County Councils, said the subject Avoukl undoubtedly be con¬

sidered by those bodies, and probably by others interested,

and Dr. K. Jordan gave an outline of the programme of

papers already arranged to be delivered.

Entomological Society of Russia.

The Secretary said that a letter had been received from

the Entomological Society of Russia, inviting tbe Society to

send a delegate to the forthcoming Jubilee Celebration in

St. Petersbiirg.

The President having intimated that the Council Avould be

glad to receive the name of any Fellow able to undertake the

journey, on the motion of Mr. J. W. Tutt, seconded by Mr.

H. Rowland-Brown, it Avas resoh-ed unanimously to send a

letter of congratulation to the Society in honour of the

occasion.

Exhibitions.

Collecting in the Rhone Valley. — Mr. John Alderson,

Avho Avas present as a visitor, exhibited the j-esults of six

weeks’ collecting in the Rhone Valley, SAvitzerland, in May

and June last, representative in all of one hundred and tAvo

species of Rhopalocera.

New Earavig from Borneo. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited

two specimens of the new kind of earAvig, Arixenia esau, lately

described by him in Nov. Zook, p. 313, PI. xvi-xviii (1909).

The insect was discoA^ered in the breast-pouch of a specimen

of the “naked bat” obtained in Sarawak. Under the micro¬

scope Avere shoAvn the mandible and maxilla of Arixenia,

together with the mandible of Ileinimerus.

A CONVENIENT METHOD OF STORING BUTTERFLIES IN PaPER

Envelopes. — Mr. E. E. Green sent for exhibition boxes

( iii )

to illustrate a convenient method of storing butterflies in

paper envelopes. This consists of a box made of tin-plate,

with partitions dividing it into trough-shaped spaces, as shown

in the accompanying figures. The triangular envelopes rest

edgeways in the troughs. The box is fitted with two lids —

above and below.

Fig. 1 shows a box with the upper lid removed and the

lower one in place. The box measures 9 in. by 6 in. by 3 in.

The upper space contains a single trough (a), and carries

envelopes with a base of 5| inches.

Fig. la represents the reverse of the same box, with

two smaller troughs (b, c) to contain envelopes of half the

size.

Fig. 2 shows a box of the same size, but designed for the

smaller-sized envelopes alone, and containing four troughs

K 9)-

A 2

( iv )

Fig. 3 is a larger box, of just double the depth of the others,

measuring 9 in, by 6 in. by 6 in., with a diagonal partition

forming a single trough above and below (/«, i), capable of

carrying envelopes of a larger size.

Fig. Irt.

(In Figs. Iffi, 2 and 3, the two lids have been omitted, for

sake of clearness.)

These boxes are designed for three sizes of envelopes, which

gives a sufficient range for butterflies of any size. Size 1 is

made from a rectangle 8 in. by 5 in. Size 2, from a rect¬

angle 6 in. by 4 in. Size 3, from a rectangle measuring 4 in,

by 2| in.

( V )

It is found, in practice, that a box made according to Fig. 1

will carry — without overcrowding — from 100 to 130 full

envelopes in the larger trough, and from 175 to 200 in each

of the two smaller spaces. Design 2 will hold, in each of the

four spaces, 225 Lycaenidae, making a total of 900 insects.

Design 3 will hold 75 or more filled envelopes in each of the

two spaces.

For convenience of examination, the insects should be

arranged in families : the genera alphabetically in each family.

Fig. 3.

and the species alphabetically in each genus. Subsequent

additions can be slipped into their places without disturbing

those already in position. To keep the envelopes in place,

when the troughs are only partly occupied, triangular blocks

of cork — about f in. thick — can , be employed. For use as

collecting boxes, the troughs can be charged with empty

envelopes, and the cork triangles will serve as markers to

separate off the unused envelopes as they are filled.

The boxes illustrated are of the simplest design — as made

by a local tinsmith in Ceylon. They can be improved by a

coating of black japan on the outside.

( Vi )

A narrow partition of perforated zinc, as in the one

executed by Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, may be fixed at

one end of each trough, to contain a bag of naphthalin ; the

lids hinged, and fastened with a spring clasp.

Mr. Green in his letter commiTnicating the above said that

he had found that envelopes stored in this way occupy very

much less space than if placed haphazard in a plain box, and

that the insects are less liable to damage. The ease with

Avhich any individual specimen can be found instantly is a

convenience that cannot he overestimated. He had over 6000

butterflies stored in this manner, the collection occupying only

a dozen of these small boxes which, being of uniform size, can

be stacked in quite a limited space.

Discussion of the Affinities of Agriades thbtis

(bellargus) and a. coridon.

The discussion of the affinities of Agriades thetis {bellargus)

and A. coridon, adjourned from the December meeting, was

resumed by Mr. J. W. Tutt, who exhibited five cabinet drawers

of the two species demonstrating in particular the several

forms of A. coridon as occurring in the Palaearctic region. He

pointed out in some detail the nearness of the two Agriadid

species in the structure of their eggs, larvae, pupae, imagines,

especially noting in the latter case the similarity in the $

genitalia. Observing that it had generally been assumed that

closely-allied species had been maintained if not developed by

the setting up of some ellective boundary in their environ¬

ment or morphological structure, resulting in isolation, it was

remarkable that no such boundaries could be found in these

species. Not only was their environment similar, their

morphological structure almost identical, but their actual

range * was practically the same.

The facts of their distribution appeared capable of tabulation

as follows : —

Mr. Betliune-Baker has two undoubted S A. coridon in his collection

sent from America, and supposed to come from Arizona. The species is

not known otherwise as American, the two examples have a quite European

facies, and the discontinuous distribution involved in the supposition that

they are N. American is very remarkable. We suspect some error.

( vii )

Southern range— 35° N. lat.

'A. thetis into Mauretania (withoiit

A. coridon).

A. coridon into Syria (without A.

I. thetis).

(Both sjiecies occur on the north

shores of the Mediterranean, in

Spain, Italy, Greece and Asia

Minor. )

Eastern range — 50° E. long. — Both species in Persia.

(A, thetis the Ufa dist. 56° N. lat., 55° E.

long.

A. coridon the Orenburg dist. 55° N. lat.,

55°-59° E. long.

f A. thetis — 56° N. lat. in the Ufa dist.

{A. coridon — 57° N. lat. in the "Viatka dist.

(Both speeies then fall to 53° N. lat. in Northern

Germany, A. thetis extending into Denmark

(without A. coridon), both pass into Belgium

and then into England to about 52° N. lat. {A.

thetis) and 53° N. lat. {A. ooridon).)

Western range. — The Atlantic littoral for both species, in England,

France and Spain.

North-eastern range.

Northern range.

One quite appreciates the value of a “physiological factor”

as an effective “ isolation ” barrier. This cannot arise over

the foodplant which, in Britain, and certainly in most con¬

tinental localities is restricted to Hijr^jocrejns comosa. Zeller

has recorded {Stett. Ent. Ztg.) Coronilla vciria as the foodplant

of A. coridon, but Krodel asserts {Allg. Zeits. far Ent.) that

larvae of A. coridon that he had, prefeimed to starve rather than

eat G. varia, although feeding ravenously again as soon as ff.

comosa was obtainable. The larva of A. thetis, too, is reported

as refusing to feed on anything but H. comosa.

We have already dealt with the long lists of reputed food-

plants of these species (possibly nearly all erroneous) in A

Natural History of the British Butterflies, vols. iii and iv.

But two “isolating” factors occur in the habits of the

species : —

(1) A. thetis hybernates as larva in the 3rd instar. A. coridon hyber-

nates as fully-formed larva inside the eggshell, and does not hatch till

about end of March.

(2) A. thetis is throughout its whole range doirble-brooded, not failing

in its most northern habitats. A. coridon is [with the exception of a

limited area on the Riviera, and possibly in some lowlying (coast) districts

of Italy and Spain] single-brooded.

The result of these factors is such that the single brood of

A. coridon (July-September), roughly falls between the two

broods of A. thetis (May -June and August-October), with

( viii )

considerable overlapping of the later A. coridon, and the earlier

second brood examples of A. thetis in late August and

September.

This overlapping has led to a remarkable result, for there

can be little doubt that occasional cross-pairings take place

{teste Sabine). Many are recorded in other butterfly species

(see A Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. v, chap, i, “ Mongrelisation

and Hybridisation in Lepidoptera”), but these are from one

case or other inoperative or ineffective in nature. In these

two species, however, there can be no doubt that natural

hybrids occasionally result, to which the identity of habitat,

overlapping in time of appearance, similarity in habitat,

almost structural identity of genitalia, actual identity of food-

plant, all contribute.

The first of these hybrids was described by Zeller {Stett.

Ent. Ztg., 1845), from Posen, as poloniis, and is now in the

Brit. Mus. coll. Two others were known to Zeller. The other

known examples ai-e:—

(1) Kerasdere, June 23rd, 1875, Staudinger (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xiv,

p. 244).

(2) Pomeranian border of Silesia, Staudinger (7/or. Soc. Ent. Ross.).

(3) Cuxton, Kent, May 20th, 1893, Tutt (Proc. Ent. Soc. Loud.,

1894).

(4) Airolo, Ticino, June 1907, Dadd [Proc. Ent. Soc. Land., 1908).

(5-6) Pyrenees, June 25th, 1907, Keynes [Ent. Rcc., xx., p. 178).

(7) Plain of Mugnone, end July, Stefanelli (Bull. Soc. Ent. Hal., xxxii,

p. 339).

(8) Fiesole, early August, Stefanelli [Bull. Soc. Ent. Bah, xxxii, p.

339).

(9) Chateau de la Batiaz, Favre {Mitt. Schw. Ent. GeselL, xi, supp.

p. 4).

(10) Vernet les Rains, Oberthiir {Etudes, xx, p. 21).

(11) Cauterets, Oberthtir {Etudes, xx, p. 21).

(12) ? Bella Tola, 1878, Forbes {Ent. Mo. Mag., xv, p. 277).

(13) Digne, Muschamp {Ent. Rec., xxii, p. 30).

(14) Pfyn, July 1900, Rosa {Ent., xxxv, p. 96).

(15) Brides-les-Bains, July 19th, 1904, Reverdin {Ent. Rec., xxii, p.

30).

(16) Brides-les-Bains, July 1st, 1891, Blachier {Eat. Bee., xxii, p. 30).

(17) Bois-des-Freres, Geneva, Blachier {Ent. Rec., xxii, p. 30).

(18) Foot of the Saleve, Blachier {Eat. Rec., xxii, p. 30).

(19) Fei.stenberg, June 19th, 1900, Presseicker (as hafneri, Veidi. z.-h.

Ges. Wien, 1908, p. 68).

(20) Oberfeld, near Wippach, June 28th, 1907, Presseicker (as hafneri,

Verh. z.-b. Ges. JViea, 1908, p. 68).

(21) Shar Deresy, North Syria {see Tutt, Eat. Rcc., xxii, p. 30).

(22-26) Assisi, June and July 1909, Wheeler {Eat. Rec., xxi, p.

250).

( ix )

Only one 9 is known. This is in onr own collection, and

was captured at Neu Spondinig, August 12th, 1909. The cJ s

have been recorded under various names — caucasica, cory-

donius, hafneri, etc.

Great trouble has occurred owing to Staudinger in his

Catalog, having erroneously referred the bright blue Asia

Minor forms — caucasica, Led., corydonius, H.-)Sch., syriaca,

Tutt, and the Spanish form — hispana, H.-Sch. — to polonus, Zell. ,

as a variety of A. thetis, whilst retaining the various names

for other forms to which the names were not originally given.

This confusion we have already cleared up in A Xat. Hist, of

the British Lepidop)tera, vols. x. and xi.

The general variation of the two Agriadids is well known,

as is also the parallelism of the forms in the 9 s. This latter

is very remarkable, and extends from 9 s entirely brown

without markings on the upper side {A. thetis ab. unicolor,

Tutt; A. coridon ab. unicolor, Tutt) to forms well-banded

with orange lunules (A. thetis ab. marginata, Tutt ; A. coridon

ab. aurantia, Tutt), and in another direction to forms in which

the surface of the wings is so entirely blue-scaled that they

might be mistaken for c^s (A. thetis ab. coelestis, Obth. ; A.

coridon ab. excelsa, Tutt). The extreme forms of blue-scaled

9s sometimes occur discontinuously without intermediates.

At other times they occur with well-defined intermediate blue-

scaled aberrations. It may be advisable to note that the

bluest (^s of A. thetis occur either in spring or in those autumns

following summers in which the meteorological conditions have

been bad during the feeding-up of the summer brood. The

bluest 9s of A. coridon similarly occur either among the very

latest that put in an appearance, or after wet and cold

summers, or in bleak and exposed places ; in some localities,

e.g., Royston Heath, Herts, the semisyngrupha form is almost

racial.

The racial forms of A. thetis are very restricted; —

(1) var. pitnctifera, Obth. — Mauretania and Spain.

(2) var. coelestis, Obth.^ — Western France, is almost racial

in the 9-

The racial forms of A. coridon, chiefly confined to its most

( X )

south-western (Spain) and south-eastern (Asia Minor, Syria,

etc.) habitats are most interesting, and show a remarkable

parallelism in development, whilst not at all tending to

become identical. This parallelism is shown chiefly in the

coloration of the s. In the south-western and south-eastern

areas, the following pai’allelism in the forms occur : —

COLOUK, BRIGHT BIUTR (APPROACHING THAT OF A. TIRETIS).

{var. caucasica, Led.— Caucasus,

var. coryclonius, H.-.Scli. — Taurus nits,

var. syriaca, Tutt. — Lebanon nits.

South-western race var. hispana, H.-Sch. — Aragon, etc.

Colour, pale.

South-eastern race

South-western races

/var. olympica, Led. — Brussa, Aiuasia, Sliar

t Deresy (North Syria).

(var. arragonensis, Gerh. — Aragon,

ab. caerulescens, Tutt {albirxtns, H.-Sch.). —

Aragon.

var. albicans, Bdv. — Sierra Nevada.

Little is yet known of the Rivieran races, of which three

have recently been brought forward ; —

(1) var. meridionalis, Tutt. — Hyferes, Draguignan, Ste. Maxime, etc.

April-May.

(2) var. constanti, Reverdin (not yet published). — Pardigon, Canadel,

Cavalaire. April.

(3) var. rezniceki, Bartel. — Italian Riviera, Nice, Mentone. June.

The first-named seems to be the general variety or local race

throughout the Riviera, the two others localised forms of this

race so that Reverdin suggests the names should be applied

as : —

var. meridionalis, Tutt, forma constanti, Reverdin (dark underside).

„ ,, forma rezniceki, Bartel (pale underside).

Besides these in certain parts of Germany, Austria-Hungary,

Bosnia, etc., a form with very wide marginal band, extending

to the discoidal along the costa, becomes racial, although, in

England, Fi’ance, Switzerland and most parts of Central

Europe it occurs only aberrationally. This is var. {et ab.)

inarginata, Tutt (1896) \_ = horussia, Dadd (1909)].

The normal underside spotting is very similar in both

species, and its modifications almost identical. The underside

form of A. corido7i, with only discoidal and marginal spots

( xi )

present = corydonis, Bergstr., was erroneously printed

corydonius in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, p. Ixxx.

Exhibitions were also made by Mr. G. T. Bethume-Baker

of varieties of A. coridon from Spain, Greece, Syria, Asia

Minor, and Persia, and of A. thetis (bellargus) from Algeria,

Greece, and Persia ; by the Rev. George Wheeler of examples

from Italy and Central Europe, and by Miss M. E. Fountaine

of A. coridon var. olympica, taken by herself at Amasia, Asia

Minor, and of A. thetis var. syriaca from the Lebanon.

At the end of Mr. Tutt’s remarks, the discussion was con¬

tinued by Mr. A. L. Rayward, Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, the

Rev. G. Wheeler, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. W. G. Sheldon,

Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, Miss Fountaine, and other Fellows,

the President paying a special tribute to Mr. Tutt’s lucid

explanation and diagnosis of the various forms of the two

closely-allied butterflies.

Paper.

Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., communicated a

paper entitled, “A Revision of the Labiduridae, a Family of

the Dermaptera."

Wednesday, March 2nd, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

A vote of sympathy and condolence was passed unanimously

with the family of the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S., and of

the late George W illis Kirkaldy, Fellows of the Society. The

decease was announced, also, of George Carter Bignell and

Albert Piffard, Fellows of the Society.

Entomological Society of Russia.

It was announced that the Society would be represented at

the forthcoming Jubilee Celebration of the Entomological

Society of Russia by Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

etc., and that he would deliver the following address of con¬

gratulation : —

( xii )

‘ ‘ To THE Entomological Society of Russia'.

“ The Entomological Society of London offers its most cordial

congratulations to its colleagues of St. Petersburg on the

occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the foundation of the

Entomological Society of Russia. During the years that have

elapsed since the entomologists of Russia constituted them¬

selves as an organised body, the science to which the Societies

of London and St. Petersburg are equally devoted, has made

unexampled progress. The scientific value of entomological

study and research is noAV universally recognised. The light

which has been shed by the labours of entomologists upon

questions of general biology, especially in the department of

bionomics, is of the highest importance ; and the services

rendered by the economic branches of our science have been,

and will continue to be, of the utmost benefit to civilisation.

In all these forms of scientific activity the Entomological

Society of Russia, illuminated by many great names, has

borne a worthy part, and the Entomological Society of London

gladly welcomes the present opportunity of offering to its

brethren in Russia this expression of hearty goodwill, and of

congratulating them on their successful pursuit of a science

which will do much to encourage and foster the Comity of

Nations.

“On behalf of the Entomological Society of London,

“F. A. Dixey, M. a., M.J)., F.R.S.,

President.

“ H. Rowland Brown, M.A.,

“Comm. James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.,

ii'ecretaries.

“Feb. 28, 1910.”

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. John C. Eales-White, of 47, Chester Terrace, Eaton

Square, S.W,, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Lycaenid and Argynnid Forms. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon

exhibited various forms of Agriades (Eolgommatus) coridon

from Southern Europe, including A. var. arragonensis, and its

form caerulescens from Albarracin, Spain ; also a pair of

( xiii )

Brenthis selene from La Granja and a pair of B. hecate from

Hungary, showing the remarkable approximation of the two

species in the markings of the under-side.

Association of Ants. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe brought

for exhibition a case containing a small nest of about 30-40

living examples of Formica rujibarhis, vax.fusco-rujibarbis, from

Whitsand Bay, August 1909, into which had been introduced

a queen of Formica rufa from Nethy Bridge (May 1909).

The queen had been accepted by the other ants in a few days.

Male Beetle with Female Antennae. — Mr. C. 0. Water-

house, on behalf of Mr. J. C. Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum,

exhibited a Longicorn beetle of the genus Cliloridolxmn, in

which the right antenna was much shorter than the left.

The specimen appeared to be a male in every respect except

in the length of the right antenna, the joints of which were

a trifle shorter than those of a female. Mr. Moulton was

inclined to think the specimen might be gynandromorphous.

Mr. Waterhouse suggested that it might rather be regarded

as a malformation,

Teratological Example of a Beetle. — -Mr. W. E. Sharp

exhibited an example of Calathus mollis, having the right

anterior tibiae and tarsus in triplicate. He said that such

reduplication was not uncommon, but that it was seldom so

perfect in detail. The occurrence raised the whole question

of the cause of the reduplication of such parts, whether it was

due to hereditary defect, or to external stimulus exciting cell

reduplication. A discussion folloAved in which Professor E.

B. PouLTON, F.R.S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. J. W. Tutt, the

Rev. F. D. Morice, and Professor Hudson-Beare and other

Fellows participated.

Zygaenid Forms. — Mr. L. W. Newman showed a case contain¬

ing the following forms of Zygaena liippocrepidis, all taken in

June 1908 in one small field in the neighbourhood of Bristol,

by Mr. H. J. Smallcombe : (a) analogous to A. fili'pendidae,

var, chrysanthemi, {b and c) examples with the normal carmine

coloration replaced by yellow, analogous to A. Jilipendulae, ab.

jiava, Robson, and by pink ; and {F) an example with yellowish

spots, otherwise normal. Also a specimen of Z. lonicerae

captured at the same place, with the markings broadly confluent.

( xiv )

Lasiocampid Nests. — Mr. G. Bethune-Baker brought for

exhibition three nests of a species of Lasiocampid moth from

Mount Elgon, Albert Nyanza, belonging to the same group as

2'haumatopoea in’ocessionea. He had been consulted relative

to the possibilities of using the silk of which the long pouch¬

like “nests” wei’e constructed. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall said

that they belonged to a species of Anaphe.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., read the following —

Preliminary Note on Mr. A. D. Millar’s experimental

BREEDING OF FORMS OF THE NyMPHALINE GENUS EUKALIA IN

Natal. — By Boland Trimen, M.A., F.K.S.

There are three forms of Eurcdia which inhabit the coast-

land of Natal, vid. E. vmhlheryi, Wallengr., E. mivui, Trim.,

and E. decoptor, Trim. The first and second of these, without

being numerous, are met with not uncommonly ; the third,

first brought to notice in 1869, and described by me in 1873

from a single has hitherto remained very rare in the

(Colony. Each of the three forms in both sexes unmistakably

and very closely mimics a Danaine of the genus Amauris

prevalent in the same district : — thus, E. loahlbergi mimics

A. niavius, sub-sp. dominicanus, Trim. ; E. mima mimics

A. alhimacidata, Butl., as well as A. echeria, Stoll. ; and E.

deceptor mimics A. ochlea, Boisd. The intimate afiinity of the

three Eurcdiae is apparent, although their wing colouring and

marking present such Avide differences. To this I called atten¬

tion when describing (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1873. p. 107 and foot¬

note) E. deceptor, as well as to the fact that E. viiina 3 Rud

E. wcddberyi $ had been taken paired.* Since then Mr. A. I).

Millar, Mr. C. N. Barker, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. G. F.

Leigh, and other entomological observers in Natal have brought

to notice sever.al other _cases of the pairing of these tAvo forms,

and also various details of habits, distribution, etc., Avhich sup¬

ported the vieAv of their species-identity. Recently Mr. Millar,

having di.scovered the foodjilant — a stinging-nettle recognised

by Mr. J. Medley Wood as a species of Fleurya — has been

enabled to test matters by breeding from ova laid respectively

by a wcddberyi, a mima, and two deceptor. These four 9 9

Avere all taken toAvards the end of March 1909 — the loahlbergi

* See also “South Afr. Butt.,” I, pp. 282, 283 and 285 (1887).

( XV )

and the two deceptor on the 21st, and the viima between that

date and the 26th.

The results were as follows, viz. —

(a) Fi’om 10 ova laid by one wahlbergi were bi’ed 4 wcMhergi

(2 c? , 1 $ , 1 deformed, sex undetermined), and 5 niima

{4: 6 6,1 9)-

(h) From 39 ova laid by one mima were bred 33 mima

(24 6 6,^ 9 9)-

(c) From 139 ova laid by two deceptor were bred 127

decepto^' (70 6 6,57 9 $ )•

Experiment (a) proves the species-identity of wahlbergi and

mima ; while experiment {b) seems to indicate the probable

predominance — as in the case of the $ forms of Papilio

dardanios, sub sp. cenea — of the models Amaitris echeria and

albimacidata in affecting the mimetic pattern and colouring.

Experiment (c) affords no evidence of deceptor belonging to

the same species as the other two forms, all the bred examples

of both sexes being recorded by Mr. Millar as true to type.

The case of Euralia ivahlbergi and mima is in agreement

with that of Charaxes zoolina and neanthes* as regards the

dimorphism including both sexes ; but there is a striking

difference to be observed, in that the double mimicry so

highly developed in both sexes of the Euralia finds no place

in the Charaxes, whose colouring in both forms, but especially

in neanthes, is by no means conspicuous and on the under-side

apparently cryptic.

Mr. Millar has furnished photographs of the three sets of

Euralia progeny bred by him, with many most valuable details

as to transformations, etc., and also a selection of specimens

of the larvae, pupae, and imagines. With all these data I

propose to deal fully in a later communication to the Society. t

* See Mr. G. F. Leigli’s interesting account (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. for

21st October, 1908, p. Ixiv, and 6th October, 1909, p. xlix) of his experi¬

mental breeding of these forms from the ova.

t Since the meeting on 2nd inst., I have received from Mr. A. D. Millar

the result of a second experiment in breeding from tbe ova of the mima

form, ditfering remarkably from that of the first (b) described above. From

a ? mima’s 11 ova, laid on 21st November, 1909, were bred 8 mima

(5 8 8,3? 9 ) and 3 wahlbergi (8 8 ). This rounds off the case very

satisfactorily. As in result (a), the toahlbergi and mima of this last family

are respectively all true to type, and not one example is at all intermediate

between the two forms. — R. Trimen, March 15, 1910.

( xvi )

Professor Poulton reminded the Fellows of Mr. Guy A. K.

Marshall’s conclusion that E. locUdbergi and mima were forms

of the same species (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 491,

492), and of the exhibition of specimens relied on as evidence

(June 6, 1906 : Pi’oc. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1906, pp. liii, liv). He

felt that Mr. A. I). Millar was to be greatly congi’atulated on

his success in obtaining this long-wished-for proof of a most

impoi’tant and probably far-reaching conclusion.

Professor Poulton considered that the uniform offspring

of the mima parent (/>) could not be explained in the same

manner as the predominant cenea offspring of P. dardaims in

Natal ; for according to Mr. G. F. Leigh (Proc. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1906, p. Ivii) mima is the rarer of the two forms in

Natal, whereas in the same area cenea is by far the commonest

of the dardaims females.

The comparison of the results obtained by Mr. Millar in (a)

and (b) suggested a Mendeliau relationship between the two

forms.* It Avas interesting to compare the records of two

broods obtained from llypolimnas misipjms (Proc. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1909, pp. xxxvi, xxxvii).

Professor Poulton ahso exhibited a set of 6 Euralia anthedon,

iJoubh, and 4 E. dnbia, Beauv., captured in the same locality,

Oni, 70 miles east of Lagos, by Dr. W. A. Lamboru (Dec. 1908-

Dec. 1909). Anthedon was the western representative of

niahlbergi, dubia of mima, and noAv, after the proof obtained

by Mr. Millar, it became almost certain that the Av^estern

butterflies also were the dimorphic foi’ms of a single species.

He trusted that Dr. Lamborn Avould be able to obtain indis¬

putable proof of this conclusion.

Professor Poulton considered that it was convenient at this

point to correct an error for Avhich he Avas responsible in Rev.

K. St. Aubyn Rogers’ paper in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p.

489. Euralia hirbyi, But!., mentioned and figured (PI. XXVII,

fig. 5) in this memoir, Avas not a distinct species, but the male

* Since tlie date of the meeting I have had the chance of discussing

the facts witli Mr. L. Doncaster, Avho agrees that the two forms are

probably a Mendeliau pair, but considers that we have not at present

sufficient evidence to decide whether viahlbergi or mima is dominant.

Mr. Doncaster agrees that the last result, recorded by Mr. Trimen in the

foot-note on p. xv, makes it probable, but by no means certain, that mima

is the dominant. — E. B. Poulton, March 21,1910.

( xvii )

of E. deceptor, Trim. The specimens sent by Mr. St. Aubyn

Rogers had been compared with tlie British Museum collection

in 1907, when the males stood under kirbyi, the females under

deceptor. When, however, in 1909, a number of the specimens

of decepitor bred by Mr. Millar were examined, the error

became manifest. In the mean time the mistake had been

independently detected and set right in the collection of the

British Museum. The male of E. deceptor was described by Mr.

Trimen in Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1873, p. 105, and both sexes

in “ South African Butterflies,” 1887, 1, p. 286. The male was

described by Dr. A. G. Butler as kirbyi in P.Z.S., 1898, p. 51.

Professor Poulton exhibited the female of A2xitiiropsis

cleocharis, Hew., taken Feb. 1, 1909, by Mr. C. F. M.

Swynnerton on the outskirts of Mt. Chirinda Forest (3,800

ft.), MeLsetter, Gazaland, S.E. Rhodesia. The exhibitor did

not know of another example of the female of this rare

butterfly, which differs from the male to a remarkable extent,

being far larger and possessing a rounded hindwing without

the produced anal angle which is so characteristic of the

opposite sex. Professor Poulton also exhibited an example of

the male captured by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, Oct. 19, 1905,

in the same locality.

rajxrs, etc.

The following papers, also, were read : —

“Third Paper on the Tetriyinae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford

University Museum,” by J. L. Hancock, M.D.

“ Descriptions of new Algerian Hymenoptera-Aculeata

{Spheyidae) ” by the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S., and the

Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A.

“ On Zizeeria, Chpmn. ( = Zizera, Moore), a group of Lycae-

nid Butterflies,” by Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.

“Further notes on two Osmia species of the group,”

by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A.

“A Few Words respecting Insects and their Natural

Enemies,” by Arthur G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

M.B.O.U.

The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., also delivered an address

“On the Saws of Saw-flies,” illustrated by many lantern slides

prepared and arranged by him.

PROC. ENT. soc. LOND., I., II. 1910.

B

( xviii )

Wednesday, March 16th, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.K.S., President, in the

Chair.

Address to the Entomological Society of Russia.

Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., gave the following account of

his reception in St. Petersburg by the Entomological Society

of Bussia, to whom he had presented the Addre.ss of Congratula¬

tion, published at the last meeting.

The Entomological Society of Ptussia, one of the oldest

scientific bodies in the Empire, celebrated its Jubilee on

February 26th (Old Style) = March 11th (New Style), in the

Ministry of Agriculture, at St. Petersburg.

The chair was taken by the venerable President, Piitr

Petrovich Semenoff-Tian-Shansky, the eminent explorer and

traveller in Central Asia, discoverer of the Tian-Shan Moun¬

tains, President also of the Russian Imperial Geographical

Society, and member of the Imperial State Council. There

were also present Mr. Kozloff, another distinguished explorer

in Central Asia, Colonel G. V. Kakhovsky, an enthusiastic

coleopterist who has made important collections in Abyssinia,

Professors Rimsky-Korsakoll, Inostranstseff, and Shimkievich;

Academicians Borodnik, and Karpinski, Prince Massulsky, Mr.

Dostoievsky, secretary of the Russian Imperial Geographical

Society and kinsman of the famous author, Messrs. Alferaki,

Adelung, Bianki, Skarikoff, KuznetsofP, and E. E. Groum-

Grgimailo, lepidopterist and zoogeographer.

The President opened the proceedings by reading a letter

from H.I.H. Grand Duke Nicolas Mikhailovich, regretting

his inability to attend personally, and sending greetings to

the Society with his congratulations upon its fiftieth anni¬

versary. The President then greeted the Society, and

especially congratulated Baron Th, R. von Osten-Sacken, the

only surviving original member.

One of the Hon. Secretaries, Mr. G. G. Jacobson, then gave

a brief outline of the Society’s history, after which the Vice-

President, Mr, Andre Petrovich Semenoff-Tian-Shansky, one

{ xix )

of the foremost Entomologists in Russia, scarcely less dis¬

tinguished by his work upon the Chrysididae and Der)natoj)tera

of the Russian fauna than by his studies upon the Coleoptera,

read a paper upon the scientific achievements and literature

published by the Society,

The Secretary then announced the names of the Honorary

Members elected in celebration of the Jubilee.

Delegates from various institutions next presented their

addresses. The only foreigner present, Dr. INIalcolm Burr,

congratulated the Society on behalf of tlie Linnean, Entomo¬

logical, and Zoological Societies of London, and presented their

Addresses. The references in the Addresses to the bonds of

scientific good-fellowshiji which does so much to promote the

comity of nations, were received Avfith enthusiasm by the meet¬

ing, and in accepting the Addresses, the President charged Dr.

]\Ialcolm Burr to convey to the Council and Fellows of the

Societies w'hich he represented their deep appreciation of the

compliment paid by English men of science in sending a repre¬

sentative so far, and his hearty concurrence in the value of

such international courtesies in the scientific world, which

strengthened the bonds uniting friendly peoples.

Dr. Poppius and Prof. Sahlberg, Delegates of the Finnish

Geological Society and University of Helsingfors, read an

Address in French, after which followed a number of Addresses

from numerous Russian and learned bodies and Institutions

of Agi'icultiu’e and Forestry.

jMr. Oscar I. Jon, As^tant Hon. Secietary, then proceeded

to read very many letters and telegrams of congratulations

from all parts of the world including the Rothschild Museum

at Tring, the Senckenburgische Katurforschergesellschaft,

and the Raturforscherverein of Steiermark, the Royal Society

of Naples, and the Entomological Societies of Belgium,

Holland, Bohemia, Ontario, Switzerland, and Bulgaria, the

University of Upsala, the New York Academy of Sciences,

the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, the Indian

Museum of Calcutta, the “ Iris ” Society of Dresden, the

Geological Society of France, and from very numerous private

individuals.

B 2

( XX )

The Society and its guests were then photographed, and

after some light refreshments, the meeting terminated.

In the evening, the delegates were entertained at a banquet

as guests of the Russian Society. Numerous speeches were

made, one of the most striking of which was that of Mr.

Kuznetsoff, Editor of the Revue ruase d' Entomologie, who

spoke in admirable English, addressing his remai-ks through

Dr. Burr to the English nation, ever leaders, as he .said, in

action and in thought. Since Newton laid his foundation of

IModern Mathematics and Darwin revolutionized the theory

of modern Biology, he said, England has continued to })our

forth many leaders of Science, and in the domain of Entomology,

Stainton, Mac Lachlan, Saunders, Boulton, Dixey and Tutt.

Dr. Burr briefly thanked him on behalf of his fellow-countrymen.

Election of Felloios.

Mr. Edmond Wage Carlier, M.Sc., M.D., F.B.S.E., of the

University, Birmingham ; Mr. Herbert Alfred Green, of

the Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal; Mr. Philip Har¬

wood, of 23, Northgate End, Bishop’s Stortford ; Mr. J.

Henderson, of Clifton, Ashbourne, Derby; Mr. Lionel Leslie

Jacobs, Shelford, Copers Cope Road, Beckenham ; Mr. Wil¬

liam Laidlaw, 73, Endsleigh Gardens, Ilford, Essex, and 74,

Great Tower Street, E.C. ; Mr. H. S. Leigh, of the University,

Manchester ; Mr. F. Graham Millar, of Seafield, Batu Tiga,

Selangor; Mr. Francis Allcock Oldaker, M.A., of the Red

House, Haslemere; Mr. Aiyappa Raman Pillai, Trivandrum,

India, and 13, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh; Profe.ssor Reginald

Crundall Punnett, M.A., of Gonville and Cains College,

Cambridge; and Mr. James M. Williams, F. R. Scott, G.S.,

of the Howard IMotor Garage, Cardiff, and Canford Cliffs,

Hants, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Ant and Mimic Beetle. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe

exhibited examples of Cremastogaster scutellaris Colohopsis

truncxtns and a beetle Forniicomus pedestris, a good mimic

of the latter ant, all taken in virgin cork at Kew, May 1909.

( xxi )

Living Examples of Holoparamecus. — Commander J. J.

Walker. R.N., exhibited living specimens of Holojxiramecus

caularum, Aube, taken commonly in haystack refuse at Water

Eaton, Oxon., on the 14th of March.

Ova and Appendages op Tapinostola. — Mr. H, M.

Edelsten brought for exhibition photographs of the anal

appendages of Ta2nnostola helhnanni, T. concolor, and 2'.

fulva, showing their remarkable similarity ; also ova of the

same species in situ. The photographs were the work of Mr.

H. Main, and Mr. A. E. Tonge.

Rare British Coleoptera. — Dr. G. W. Nicholson showed a

specimen of Dyschirius caigustatus, Ahrens, from Littlestone,

Kent, taken in July 1906; two specimens of Bembidium 4-

jmstulatum, Dj., taken at Pulborough in June 1909 ; and two

specimens of C onosomahipunctatum, Gr., found by Mr. Jennings

and himself at Broxbourne, Essex, in January of this year.

Notes on Bred Specimens of Callophrys avis. — Dr. T. A.

Chapman exhibited series of Gcdlophrys avis bred this spring

together with series of C. rubi. In order to get C. avis for¬

ward he had placed them at the beginning of February at a

temperature of 70° to 72° Fahr. He said a curious circum¬

stance was that two specimens emerged four days after being

brought from a temperature of 46°, one five days after, two

six days after, two seven days after, and so on. It seems

certain that those emerging so soon after removal to a warmer

temperature must already have made much advance to matur¬

ity at the lower/temperature, possibly ruuch earlier in the

Avinter, when the thermometer Avhere they were sometimes

reached 50°.

The specimens show much uniformity in size, more on

measurement than in appearance (due to setting 1) the range

being 33 to 36 mm.

The specimens placed together show a very bright and fairly

uniform red tint, markedly contrasting with the ruddiest rubi

I have, and looking brilliant beside them. The females are

rather larger than the males.

The range of A^ariation is not great. The males are darker

than the females, nearly all the males show the conspicuous

dark veins of the forewings characteristic of the species. In

( xxii )

the females this is much less marked. The males are al¬

together darker than the females. One or two males are

very dark, one or two of the females rather light. One or

two females have a distinctly darker margin just within the

fringe, with a paler one just within it.

The male androconial brands vary from nearly black to a

pale reddish not far from the ground-colour. In not a few

specimens they look almost white, and this was noticed to be

the case in several specimens almost immediately on emergence.

In some of these with white brands, the colour is white when

looked at from one angle, dark from another, and often one

brand looks dark, the other white, reversing when seen from

another angle. The effect seems to be due to a variation in

the degree to which the scales are erect on the wing, so that

in some lights, not the true scale colours, but only reflected

light from their sui'faces is seen. The ordinary scales lie very

flat, the androconia are raised at a considerable angle, and are

twisted so that often portions of the scales are almost at right

angles to the wing surface.

In the underside there is also some variation. Some are

of a fairly deep-blue-green, in others, and this is more frequent

in the females, there is quite a brownish tone in the green,

and in one or two specimens the brown is very evident

towards the fringes and along the nervures of the anterior

wings ; there is also an extension in a considerable proportion

of specimens of the brownish-grey area of the forewing where

the hind wing covers it. There are variations precisely parallel

to all these in C. ruhi.

The white line is less variable than in C. ruhi, but this is

very possibly due to all the C. avis being from one locality,

the C. ruhi I have from very numerous ones.

In only one or two is the line obsolete on the forewing, in

no specimen on the hindwing.

On the hindwing it is frequently obsolete or nearly so on

the inner half of the wing. The position (nearer the base)

and character of the markings is very different from C. ruhi

in all examples.

The individual elements of the white line, i. e. the portion in

each interneural space, are not more or less square, but dis-

( xxiii )

tinctly lunulated as in Neolycaena lunulata, tengstroemi, or

sinensis, and in one or two specimens one almost sees the

cusps running basally for a small distance, especially in the

first costal spots of the hindwing. One variation is specially

to he noted, two or three specimens have dark inner margins

to the lunules, as is usual in C. ruhi hut which I had not seen

in my captured specimen of C. avis. In one or two specimens

there may he seen a trace of the silvery eyebrows, so character¬

istic of C. ruhi.

On emergence the dehiscence of the pupa differs in one respect

from that of C. ruhi. In both species the prothoracic plates

sometimes separate from the rest of the pupa case, sometimes

they remain attached to the anterior border of the mesothorax ;

the difference between the two species is, that it is rather the

rule for them to separate in C. avis, rather the exception in

C. ruhi.

The few empty pupa cases also exhibited show this, so far

as a few can do so ; they also display the brown colouring of

the wing cases in C. ruhi, and their nearly black in C. avis, a

difference rather more marked when they are alive.

South African Lycaenidae. — Mr. Hamilton Druce drew

the attention of Fellows to his recently published book on

“ Some South-African Lycaenidae'' a copy of which he

exhibited.

Canadian Coleoptera. — Mr. G. C. Champion called atten¬

tion to a paper of interest to British Coleopterists, published

in Canada, entitled “ Some Guests at the Banquet of Blossom,”

by T. J. A. Morris, read at the Annual Meeting of the En¬

tomological Society of Ontario, November 4th, 1909, and

published in the “Canadian Entomologist,” December 1909,

pp. 409-418.

Papers.

Separation of British Species of Hydroecia. — Mr. J. W.

Tutt delivered a short address on “ The species of the nictitans

group of Hydroecia." He discussed the several forms of

Hydroecia occurring in Britain, and illustrated the superficial

differences where discoverable, and the marked difference in

the anal appendages of the several species, Hydroecia nictitans,

( xxiv )

II. paludis, H. lucens, and II. crinanensis. He pointed out that,

as far back as 1888, he had differentiated three species among

the specimens usually united under the name nictitans, viz.

Ilydroecia nictitans, a generally distributed inland species ;

Ilydroecia paludis, a paler coast species ; and Ilydroecia lacens,

a moss and moorland species. In liis “ British Noctuae and

their Varieties,” vol. i, pp. 58-64, he described these three

species at length, and gave a long account of their variation.

Recently the examination of the genitalia had proved the

distinctness of these species and had discovered a fourth

species, Ilydroecia crinanensis, the facies of whicli was prac¬

tically inseparable from II. hicens. Long series of the four

known British species were exhibited. Mr. Tutt, then, by

I'eference to some large, clearly-drawn diagrams, explained the

structure of the ancillary parts on which the differentiation

was based, and pointed out the differences in the four species

in the structure of the harpe, corona, clasper and clavus

respectively. He then dealt with the female' genitalia, and

discussed the differences exhibited in the lodix and genital

plate in the same four species. The ^ ancillary appendages

of Ilydroecia atlanticas were then discussed, and their distinct¬

ness from those of the four British species demonstrated. He

made an appeal to Fellows to try, during the coming season,

to obtain eggs, larvae and pupae of the four British species for

comparison, and to discover, if possible, structural differences

in these stages, in support of those shown by the superficial

imaginal characters and those of the ancillary appendages in

U. nictitans, II. p)cdudis,a\\d H. lucens, but more particularly to

detect, if possible, differentiating characters in the early stages

of the two species II. lucens and II. crinanensis, the genitalic

characters of which are so entirely different in both sexes

and yet whose facial characters appear as yet practically

indistinguishable. Excellent photographs of the genital

organs of the four British species (both sexes) made by

Mr. F. N. Pierce, were handed round for examination.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, to whose research the dis¬

covery of H. crinanensis was really due, stated that he had

little to add to what Mr. Tutt had said ; it seemed to him

amazing that two species showing so much difference as

( XXV )

Hydroecia lucens and U. cvinanensis in theii' genitalia, should

present no definitely marked superficial character in the imago.

Dr. Karl Jordan considered that the four species, as

proved by the differences in the genitalic structures, were

abundantly distinct, and brought forward a parallel case

among the Attacids. Here, two species with almost identical

imaginal facies were separated first of all on the ^ genitalia,

and afterwards proved by the larvae and pupae to be essentially

different in all their stages. He considered the differences in

structure of the $ genitalic organs as being particularly

interesting.

Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read the following notes

entitled “ Xanthandrus comtus, Namr., a Correction.”

On June 6, 1906, Prof. Poulton read a paper on “ Predaceous

Insects and their Prey,” which appears in our Transactions

for that year. On p. 396 are some remarks on Xanthandrus

comtus, which involve cei’tain misapprehensions as to facts,

and consequently some probably erroneous deductions. I

pointed these out to Prof. Poulton at the time, and they were

to be corrected in a further paper on the same subject shortly

to appear. It seems, however, that the pressure of other

mattei’S is postponing indefinitely the completion of that paper

by the professor. I think, therefore, it is desirable that the

correction should not be further delayed.

I had recorded observations on X. comtus, showing that

the larva fed on the larvae of certain Tortrices, which were

gregarious in this modified sense that, though not necessarily

in association, a number were always found on the same plant,

probably all from one batch of eggs.

Prof. Poulton reports an observation by Mr. Lyle of the find¬

ing of a full-fed larva of X. comtus, which had reduced to a dry

and empty skin a larva of Scotosia, undulata,, a Geometrid moth.

The misapprehensions that Prof. Poulton adds to this fact

relate both to A", comtus and to S. undulata.

First, as to the habits of the larva of X. comtus. When this

larva finds itself amongst a number of larvae suitable for food

and of considerable size, as I have not unfrequently found it

amongst those of Hastula hyerana, it does not mind the size of

its victim, and often attacks one much too large for it. Of this

( xxvi )

the proof consists in finding, in plants with many larvae of

H. hyerana and only one or two of the fly, not a few larvae of

H. hyerana^ dead and blackened, but only partially collapsed,

the result of being killed by a larva of X. comtus much too

small to do more than suck a portion of its juices. In

captivity I have several times observed that the attacked

larva dies very soon after it has been seized by that of the fly.

These circumstances prove that a larva of X. coinUis could not

possibly, immediately it hatched, attack a larva enough to

contain a life ration for it, and yet have that ration remain

fresh during the whole period of its growth.

I ought, perhaps, to dwell on this point, as it is one that

might have occurred to the professor. Doubtless he had in

mind the habits of the fossorial wasps, whose prey remains

fresh for a very considerable time, fresh because it remains alive,

though paralysed. The rapid death of its prey and its subse¬

quent I’apid decomposition quite difPerentiate the case of X.

comtus from that of the wasps.

Mr. Lyle’s larva had no doubt already disposed of, at least,

several larvae of the Scotosia.

Then as to S. unchdata, several points deserve notice. One

is that its full-grown larva is of much the same bulk as that

of H. hyerana, and of H. hyerana a nearly full-grown larva of

X. comtus will attack and demolish a full-grown specimen,

and even more than one.

Perhaps the most important point in connection with S.

undidata is that the larva is gregarious in precisely the same

sense as the larvae of the Tortrices I have observed in this

connection are. Whether in their younger stages they are or

are not literally so, I do not know, but think probably they are.

At any rate, it is the case that several or many larvae are

always to be found on the same bush ; doubtless they have all

emerged from one batch of eggs, as in the case of the Toi trices.

The only difference, then, that exists between the cases of

S. undulata and that of the Tortrices, on which I have seen

A', comtus parasitic, is that they are Tortrices and it is a

Geometer, a condition, I should imagine, of infinite indifference

to the larva of X. comtus. A further point is not, however,

without interest and of some direct bearing on the subject,

( xxvii )

viz. that the lai’va of S. undulata infolds itself in leaves in

much the same manner as Tortrices do. It seems very probable

that the shelter thus afforded may be of some importance to

the X. comtus larva, which has a much more delicate cutaneous

envelope than have most of the Syrphid larvae feeding exposed

on Aphides that I happen to know. The shelter must be of

use, as it is to its victims, to hide it from its enemies, and the

delicate skin may be a result or a further cause of the sheltered

existence. Probably the larva searches for the shelter of its

next victim during the night when neither sun nor predaceous

enemies are to be dreaded.

It follows from all these facts and considerations that

Pi’ofessor Poulton’s beautiful theory as to the alternative

instinct displayed by the female of A", comtus, though of the

very highest interest if it could be established, may be regarded

as without the slightest foundation.

The remai’ks to the disparagement of the egg-laying instincts

of the Spliingidac must, of course, fail as a matter of compari¬

son with the instincts of X. comtus, and per se, the presence

of an unduly large number of larvae on a very small bush is

an occurrence that one not unfrequently meets with in other

insects and elsewhere.

It is the result of one particular bush presenting flavours

or other attractions to more than one moth, or to the same

moth over and over again, after it has gone in search of a

suitable place elsewhere. . A striking and not infrequent

instance is where a young pine-tree is nearly or actually

killed by a large number of nests of C. ^ntyocampa, whilst

numerous trees around, to our eyes much more tempting,

are untouched. A similar common case which most of us

have met with is in the case of Aglais urticae, where a brood

of larvae may be found on a patch (if it amounts to a

patch) much too small to nourish them all to full-growth.

Such a case usually occurs when the butterfly is very common,

and I have seen even large areas of nettles with a number of

broods more than sufficient to demolish it. All these cases

are, broadly, the results of over-population.

Mr. J. 0. Kershaw contributed a paper on “ The Oothecae

of an Asilid (Promac/ms sp.).”

( xxviii )

Wednesday, April 6th, 1910.

Mr. H. Rowland-] >RO\VN, M.A., Vice-President, in the

Chair.

Congress Delegates.

The Vice-Prestdent announced that the Society would send

as delegates to the International Congress of Entoiuolgy at

Brussels Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Mr. II. St. J.

Donistiiorpe, F.Z.S., and one other Fellow ; to the Zoological

Congress at Gratz, Dr. K. Jordan, Ph.D.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Horace B. Browne, M.A., of 118, Sunny Bank, Hull ;

Mr. William George Daw'Son, of 31, King’s Gardens, West

End Lane, West Hampstead, N.W. ; Mr. Alfred Hander

Hedges, of 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W. ; the Rev.

Gilbert H. Raynor, M.A., of Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon,

Essex ; the Rev. Hubert George Stanley, of Marshfield

Vicarage, Cardiff ; and Mr. Rupert Stbnton, of Southwell,

Notts, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhib{tio7is.

Butterflies from the Carpathians. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon

exhibited several series of the butterflies taken by him last

July in the Hohe Tatra region of the Carpathians, Eastern

Hungary. They included examples of Melitaea dictynnoides,

Hormuzaki, with M. aw’elia and M. dictynna for comparison ;

Brenthis pales var. arsilache from the forest zone at 3000 feet,

and a form of B. pales from 5000 ft., with the upper-side

approaching in colour and markings to var. arsilache, but of

smaller size, the under-side being typical ; also Swiss examples

for comparison : Parnassius apollo, var. carpaticics, Aigner,

and P. apollo from the Swiss Alps for comparison ; also Erehia

medasa, var. hipponiedxisa, E. ligea, and Coenonympha Im'o.

The Rev. G. Wheeler expressed a decided opinion that

J/. dictynnoides constitutes a good species, and is not a form

of M. aurelia.

Rare British Beetle. — Mr. P. Harwood brought for ex-

( xxix )

hibition an example of Strangalia revestita, taken on a flowor-

head near Andover in 1909.

Mimetic Lepidoptera. from the Cameroons. — Mr. W.

F. H. Kosenberg exhibited (a) a “ combination ” consisting

of a i^ympbaline butterfly, Euphaedra ruspina, and three

species of moths belonging to as many different families,

viz. Phaegorista similis (Ilypsidae), Xanthospilopteryx ptoggei

{Agaristidae), and a Geometer, Aletis helcita. These insects

bear a close superficial resemblance to each other in colour and

pattern of markings, the wings being tawny-orange, with

black marginal borders and white apical and marginal

spots : (b) a pair of the Nymphaline butterfly, Ilarma theodota,

a strikingly dimorphic species, the female of which bears some

resemblance, especially on the upper side of the hindwings, to

a moth, Nyctemera hesperia, of the family Lymantriadae. The

specimens were taken in the same locality and at the same

time of year •, and (c) five species of Planema (family Acraeidae)

and an equal number of species of Pseudacraea (family Nym-

pkalidae) mimicking them, the supei’Acial resemblance being

very close in each case. Special attention was called to the

specimens of Planema plagioscia, the males of which, with

tawny bands on the forewings, are mimicked by the males of

Pseudacraea hohleyi, whilst the females of the Planema, with

white bands are mimicked by the females of the same species

of Pseudacraea. With these specimens were exhibited several

Elymnias, and specimens of Papilio zenohia, cynorta, and

another species of the same group, all mimicking certain species

of the Planema. The whole of these specimens were taken in

the same months and place.

Mr. J. W. Tutt considered the exhibition made by Mr.

Kosenberg one of the most interesting that had been pre¬

sented at any meeting of the Society. Here we had for

certain species belonging to widely dilferent groups of Lepi-

doptera — butterflies and moths — occurring at the same time

and in the same place with close resemblances on both

upper- and under-sides. It occurred to him that the upper-

side resemblance would be of value only during flight or

movement, and the under-side only during rest. The usual

habits of butterflies on the one hand, and Geometrids and

{ XXX )

Laclmeids on the other, were very different, both as to their

movements and their manner of resting, the moths flying by

night, the butterflies by day ; the moths resting with the

upper-sides, the butterflies with the under-sides of the wings

exposed. It would be very interesting to know whether in

the cases exhibited the butterflies and moths both flew by

day, and both rested in the same manner. This might not be

difficult to ascertain from the collector who supplied the speci¬

mens, and would be of the greatest value.

Beetle Parasite. — Mr. II. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited

examples of Methoca ichneumonides, parasitic on the larva of

the Tiger Beetle, taken by him in the Isle of Wight. He

said that it was apparently unknown in this country that

Methoca ichneumonides is parasitic on this larva. Its life

history has been worked out by Bonuman (Tijd. voor Entom.,

1909), and Adlery (Arkiv. for Zook, 1906). They record it

pai’asitic on Cicindela campestris and C. sylvatica. He had

taken it at Blackgaug Chine, where it would be parasitic on

C, germanica. With these examples he also showed the

hosts, C. caiupestris, C. sylvatica, C. germanica, and a Tiger

Beetle larva.

Mr. Donisthorpe also exhibited an example of Ptinella

hritannica, Matt., found in a mole’s nest at Burwell Fen last

month. This is only the third British specimen yet recorded,

and apparently the fourth only in Europe, one having been

reported from France.

Papers.

Mr. Norman H. Joa', M.E.C.S., read a paper “ On the

behaviour of Coleoptera during Floods,” and exhibited living

specimens to illustrate the remai'kable power of Dianous

coerulescens in '• skimming ” on the surface of water.

The following papers were also read : —

“ A Revision of the genus Diplatys, Serv.,” by Malcolm

Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.

“ On the Geometridae of the Ai’gentine Republic,” by Louis

B. Prout.

( xxxi )

Wednesday, May 4th, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Pi’esident., in the

Chair.

Obituary.

The decease was announced of Mr. G. S. Saunders, F.L.S.,

a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitio7is.

Rare Ichneumon. — Mr. John J. Ward brought for exhi¬

bition an example of the ichneumon-fly, Rhyssa jJersuaso^'ia, $ ,

together with a photograph of the living insect. The speci¬

men was captured at Coventry j but whether that place was

its natural habitat is doubtful, as some packing straw from

Geneva was lying in the vicinity.

Beetle new’ to Science. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe ex¬

hibited, on behalf of Dr. Nicholson, Mr. Dollman, and himself,

examples of a species of new to science, and Scotch

specimens of Olojyhrum fuscum, its nearest ally, for com¬

parison. The new beetle was taken b}’ Dr. Nicholson and

himself in Wicken Fen under sedge refuse, and subsequently

by Mr. Dollman in some numbers in the same locality.

Mr. Donisthorpe pointed out the chai’acters in Avhich it

differed, and said he had described it, and proposed the name

for it of Olojihrum nicholsoni.

Edibility of Lepidopterous Larvae. — Mr. H. Eltringham

stated that in reference to his previous paper describing experi¬

ments on the edibility of certain lepidopterous larvae (Trans.

Ent. Soc., 1909, pp. 471-478), the caterpillars there referred to

as Boarmia rhomboidaria had proved to be Odontopera bideii-

tala. Further, that some of the moths had been bred from

larvae fed exclusively on ivy, and though similar larvae had, as

explained in the paper referred to, proved extremely distaste¬

ful to the lizards with which he had experimented, the moths

were found to be palatable.

His lizards having failed to survive the winter, he had sent

the moths to the Zoological Gardens, where Mr. Pocock had

( xxxii )

given one to a bird and two to some lizards, Lacerta viridis.

The result was described by INIr. Pocock as follows : —

“Commander J. J. Walker sent me, about a week ago, one

of the moths you are interested in, and I gave it to a bird, a

black-winged Crackle (Graculijira melanojjtera), a kind of

starling from Java. I have tested this bird before with

insects and have known him reject some which other birds will

eat, thus showing that he is to a certain extent fastidious and

not like some birds which will eat almost anything, He took

it at once and after pecking it and pulling it about for a little

time, swallowed it. He showed no sign of finding the moth in

any way distasteful — that is to say he did not once wipe his

beak, or shake his head, or behave as other birds do when they

taste anything nasty. Having confidence in his powers of

discrimination, 1 had no hesitation in concluding the moth to

be palatable.

“This was borne out by my experiment with the two yoii sent

me this morning. I threw one into a cage of green lizards.

One of them seized it at once and swallowed it in ten seconds.

I then threw in the other ho})ing that a second lizard would

take it, but the first was on to it in a moment and ate it as

soon as ever he had adjusted it in his mouth so as to swallow

it head first. I noticed that he squeezed some fluid out of its

posterior end, but even when this came into contact with his

palate and tongue he gave no sign of tasting anything

disagreeable. The lizards were Lacerta viridis. There was a

saucei’ half full of mealworms in the lizards’ cage, so there is

no reason to suppose that they were specially hungry.”

Mr. Eltringham added that he was greatly indebted to Mr.

Pocock for so carefully carrying out and recording the experi¬

ment. The result ajipeared to show that the distastefulness of

the larvae was due to the particles of the foodplant contained

in the digestive tract. The inedibility, though not in this case

due to peculiar properties elaborated by the metabolism of the

larva, might nevertheless, under conceivable circumstances,

have considerable importance for the larva itself. Distaste¬

fulness must have a beginning, and so long as it was a question

of surviving or being eaten, the fact rather than the cause of

the inedibility would be of first impoi’tance.

( xxxiii )

Paper.

Mr. E. Meyrick, B. A., F.R.S., communicated a paper entitled

“Descriptions of Micro- Lepidoptera from Mauritius and the

Chagos Isles.”

Wednesday, June 1st, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Address to the King.

The President proposed that an Address of Condolence and

Congratulation should be presented by the Society to His

Majesty King George V. on his accession to the throne,

and an Address of Condolence to Her Majesty the Queen-

Mother, Queen Alexandra. The proposal was seconded by

Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, one of the Hon. Secretaries, and

carried unanimously, all Fellows present standing.

“To THE King’s Most Excellent Majesty.

“ The Humble Address of the President, Council, and Fellows

of the Entomological Society of London.

“Most Gracious Sovereign,

“We, Your Majesty’s loyal and dutiful subjects, the

President, Council, and Fellows of the Entomological Society

of London, beg leave to tender to Your Majesty the ex¬

pression of our deep and sincere sympathy in the great loss

which you have recently suffered by the death of your august

Father, our late beloved Sovereign, King Edward VII. The

grief which has fallen upon your Royal House is shared with

the subjects of Your Majesty’s Empire by all friendly Nations,

and has cast its shadow upon the world at large.

“ Remembering the care which Your Majesty has con¬

tinually shown for all that tends to advance the best

interests of your people, and in particular for the progress of

scientific study, we feel that we have especial cause to join

with this expression of condolence in your sorrow our most

sincere and heartfelt congratulations upon Your Majesty’s

accession to the Throne of your Ancestors.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., III. 1910.

c

( xxxiv )

“We pray that Your Majesty may long and gloriously

rule over a people united under the Ci’own in loyalty,

gratitude, and affection.

“Given under the Common Seal of the Society this fifteenth

day of July, one thousand nine hundred and ten.

“Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.,

‘ ‘ President.

“Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.,

“James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.,

“ Secretaries.”

“To Her Most Excellent Majesty the Queen Alexandra.

“ The Humble Address of the President, Council, and Fellows

of the Entomological Society of London.

“ Madam,

“ We, the President, Council, and Fellows of the

Entomological Society of London, beg leave humbly to offer

Your Majesty the expression of our heartfelt sorrow at the

grievous loss sustained by Your Majesty in the death of our

beloved and lamented Sovereign Lord King Edward VII.

His memory will ever be gratefully cherished by all ranks and

classes both at home and abroad, and not least by those whose

devotion to the cause of learning and science has always been

accustomed to meet with his sympathetic recognition and

approval.

“Given under the Common Seal of the Society this fifteenth

day of J uly, one thousand nine hundred and ten.

“Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.,

‘ ‘ President.

“Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.,

“James J. Walker, M.A., R.K., F.L.S.,

“Secretaries.”

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Arnold Whitworth Boyd, The Alton, Altrincham,

Cheshire; Mr. Emile Garcke, M.I.E.E., Witton House,

Maidenhead ; Mr. Henry Oliver Holford, Elstead Lodge,

Godaiming; Count Birger Morner, Consul for 11. M. the King

( XXXV )

of Sweden, Sydney, New South Wales; Mr. C. W. Mason,

S.E.A.C., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset ; Mr. Martin E.

Mosely, 13, Addison Road, London, W. ; Mr. Robert Tait,

junior, Roseneatb, Harboro’ Road, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire;

Mr. Frank Wray Terry, The Planters’ Association, Honolulu,

Hawaiian Islands; Professor F. V. Theobald, M.A., South

Eastern Agricultural College, Wye Court, near Ashfoi’d, Kent ;

Mr. Charles Henry Rudge, Assoc. M. Inst., C.E., 15, Newton

Road, Bayswater, W. ; and Miss Carlotta Rudge, 15, Newton

Road, Bayswater, W., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Postponement of the Conversazione.

The President announced that the Conversazione, post¬

poned from Friday, May 27th last, by reason of the general

mourning for his late Majesty King Edward VII., would be

held during the forthcoming session on some date not earlier

than the last week in November.

International Congress of Entomology.

Mr. F. Merrifield, and Mr. R. Trimen, M. A., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

were appointed to act as additional delegates to the Inter¬

national Congress of Entomology at Brussels.

Exhibitions.

Rare British Beetles. — Commander J. J. Walker ex¬

hibited examples of Ceuthorrhynchideiis mixtus, Muls., and

Ceuthorrhynclms ]yiloselli(,s, Gyll., taken by him during May

last at Tubney, Berkshire.

Rare Hymenopteron. — The Rev. F. D. Morice showed a

specimen of the Pompilid Clavelia pompiliformis, Luc. $ (prob¬

ably the only fossorial wasp with pectinated antennae), taken

by him this spring, in the province of Oi’an, Algeria, from

which it was originally described.

Oviposition of Saw-fly. — The Rev. F. D. Morice also ex¬

hibited an example of the saw-fly Phymatocera aterrima, King.,

killed by ether in the act of ovipositing on a stem of Poly-

gonatum officinale (“Solomon’s Seal”). He showed also a

photograph of this curiosity, and others illustrating the same

subject — the structure of the saws, the egg-pouch made by

c 2

( xxxvi )

them, etc., and gave an account of the way in which the saws

are employed for the purpose. Instead of cutting vertically

the saws are turned sideways, a characteristic method employed,

as Mr. F. Enock pointed out by many of the Homoptera.

Both insects exhibited have been presented to the South

Kensington Collections.

Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse and Dr. T. A. Chapman also joined

in the discussion, and Mr, A. Sich mentioned that some

years since many larv'ao which appeared identical with those

of P. aterrvma, occurred on the same plant in his garden

at Chiswick.

Glow'-worm pupa. — Mr. H. Main brought for exhibition an

empty larva skin of a c? “ glow-worm,” Lampyris noctiluca,

with a living pupa, which was seen to be intermittently

luminous.

Melanism of Ematuega atomaria. — Mr. L. Newman

showed a case containing a long and varied series of Ematurga

atomaria bred from a melanic $ taken in cop. with a dark

typical S at Bury, Lancashire. It was noticeable that, of the

offspring, melanic and semi-melanic forms predominated.

Hybrid Lycaenidae. — Mr. Newman exhibited and ?

forms of Agriades thetis (bellargus), taken wild in North Kent,

June 1909, by Sergt. -Major W. Crocker, B.E. He said they

resembled examples taken on the same spot about sixteen

years ago by the late Mr. E. Sabine, and suggested they might

be hybrids thetis x coridon.*

Ova of Sesia andreniformis. — Mr. Newman further ex¬

hibited ova in situ of Sesia andreniformis ; and IMr. A. E.

Tonge a photograph ( x 26) of the same.

Cetoniidae from Uganda. — Mr. O. E. Janson showed a

remarkable gynandromorphous example of Goliatlms giganteus

and other Cetoniidae recently collected by Mr. E. Brown in

Uganda, British East Africa, including both sexes of the rare

Foimiasimus 7'ussus. Nearly all the species exhibited were

West African forms, proving the great similarity of the Central

* Mr. J. W. Tutt, who has since had an opportunity of considering

this exhibit, expresses his opinion that the butterflies are simply aberra¬

tions of A. thetis. The hybrid, =polonus, Zell., was recently discussed by

him, and a list of known examples given (cp. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1910, pp. viii,

ix).

( xxxvii )

African fauna, extending over a district of two to three

thousand miles across that continent.

Variation in Smerinthus. — The Rev. G. Wheeler brought

for exhibition a case containing many examples of Smerinthus

populi, taken in Lancashire, showing a wide range of variation,

bred from identical parents ; also a curious pale dwarf example

of S. ocellaius from the same locality.

Beetles from Crop of a Pheasant. — Mr. C. 0. Water-

house exhibited specimens of a beetle of the family Chryso-

melidae, Crosita altaica, Gebl., found by a poulterer at Bourne¬

mouth in the crop of a pheasant from Russia. He remarked

on the brilliancy of the metallic coppery-red and green colours.

It has been held by some that bright metallic colours were

warning-colours.

Agriades coridon Double-brooded. — Dr. T. A. Chapman

exhibited specimens of the spring emergence of double-brooded

Agriades coridon, taken in April and May last at various

places in the St. Tropez district of the Riviera, viz. le Canadel,

Pardigon, Gassin, and several different points near Ste. Maxime

(Var), at various dates from April 23 to May 11.

The specimens displayed considerable variation, but all

appeared to be of one race : very few showing any red colour

on the upper side.

The original locality where the species was abundant several

years ago near Ste. Maxime, now afforded only a specimen or

two, the Hippocrepis, that abounded there having nearly died

out, largely smothered by growth of Cistus mo7ispeliensis. In

each place where the species appeared Uippoci'epis was present

over areas of only a few dozen square yards, so that one

wondered how the butterfly could maintain itself. No llippo-

c/'cyjfs was seen except where the A. coi’idon was found. The

butterfly must be able to wander (often for some miles) from

one such locality to another, or it could hardly maintain its

existence as it does.

Living Larvae from the South of France, and Imago. —

Dr. Chapman also showed («) living larvae of Thestor hallus in

the last instar, feeding on flowers of Ulex em’opaeus ; {h) a larva

of Agi'iades coi'idon var. constanti, from eggs laid at Ste. Maxime

at the beginning of May, and now in the third instar ; and (c) a

( xxxviii )

living imago of Callophrys avis, Clipmn., a somewhat belated

specimen, emerged June 1st, 1910; the delay no doubt due to

an unsuccessful attempt at forcing in February.

Kare Insects from Portugal.— Dr. K. Jordan exhibited

a live specimen ( d ) of a species of Tnixalis obtained by him

at Portimao, South Portugal, and also showed some live larvae

and the cocoon of a moth, Diplura loti. The larvae were found

on Cistus in the Serra de Monchique, Algarve, South Portugal,

on May 13th, and ai’e being fed upon Ileliantheinum. They

resemble the caterpillar of Eriogaster lanestris so closely that a

generic separation is hardly justified.

A LyCAENID in attendance on an IIOMOPTERON. — Mr.

Hamilton H. C. DaucEread the following notes communicated

by Mr. J. C. Moulton. — “Some little time ago while working

out some species of Lycaenidae, I noticed an interesting illustra¬

tion in Col. Bingham’s volume on this family in the ‘ Fauna

of British India’ series (Vol. II, p. 287); this was an illus¬

tration of a Lycaenid — Allotinus horsjieldi, INIoore — attending an

Aphide. The drawing is about a half larger than natural size,

and seemed to me so clear, that I showed it to my two museum

collectors — Dyaks — telling them to look out for an example

of this in real life when collecting in the jungle. I further

explained that the species figured was a common one in

Sarawak, and that there was no reason why they should not

be able to observe this phenomenon if they waited and watched

the insect settle. For a month or more they were unsuccessful,

although collecting four or five days a week. At last, on

December 31st, 1909, one of the collectors, Bigi by name,

came back triumphant with two examples of Allotinus

nivalis, Druce (a smaller species than A. horsjieldi, but

nearly allied), together ■with an Ilomopteron. He told me he

had found the two butterflies hanging downwards from the

underside of a thin twig of a ‘ kapor ’ tree, facing towards

each other, some two inches apart ; between them were two

Homoptera ; and each butterfly was engaged in slowly stroking

the Homopteron nearest it with its tongue. (He illustrated the

action with his finger for my benefit.) The antennae were in

an upright position as shown in Col. Bingham’s illustration.

In reference to that picture it is interesting to note that the

( xxxix )

Aphide is there shown firmly held between the fore-legs of the

Lycaenid as if the ‘ milking ’ operation was not particularly

voluntary on the part of the Aphide. My Dyak, on the other

hand, was quite positive that the fore-legs were not used for

this purpose at all in the instance he witnessed ; and that the

Homopteron was quite free. With one sweep of the net he

captured the two Lycaenids and one of the Homoptera, the

other escaping. I inquired if he saw any other Homoptera

on the branch, but he replied not, remarking though that

there were plenty of ‘ sSmut ’ (ants) on it, though they did

not seem to disturb the butterflies. The note by Col. H. J. W.

Barrow, R.A.M.C., quoted by Col. Bingham (Z. c.) similarly

remarks on this point. He says : ‘ Its legs (A. horsjielcli) are

immensely long, and I discovered why. It settles over a mass

of Aphides, and then tickles them with its proboscis, just as

ants do with their antennae, and seems to feed on their

exudations. . . . But it would settle calmly over largish ants,

and did not mind one or two actually standing up and examin¬

ing its legs to see who was there. The ants did not attack it

in any way.’

“The branch on which these two specimens of A. nivalis

were taken was some four to five feet from the ground in old

jungle. In conclusion I may say that I know my Dyak well,

and am quite sure of the accuracy of his statements. Col.

Bingham remarks at the end of his note {1. c.) ; ‘ So far as I

know this is the first recorded instance of butterflies being in

attendance on Aphides as ants often are.’ And this i-einai'k

led me to think that perhaps another record of it might not be

without interest to entomologists.”

A Further Note on a Lycaenid in attendance on an

Homopteron. — “My first note dated January 3rd, 1910, was

entitled ‘ A Lycaenid in attendance on an Aphide.’ * Mr. Druce

very kindly communicated this note for me to the Entomo¬

logical Society on Feb. 2nd, at which meeting it was pointed

out by Mr. Druce and other entomologists, that the ‘ Aphide ’

exhibited was not an Hemipteron but an Homopteron ; and

in view of the fact that no instance is apparently known of a

* Subsequently altered to “A Lycaenid in attendance on an Homo¬

pteron.” [H.H.D.]

( xl )

butterfly in connection with an ITomopteron, members of the

Society were inclined — naturally enough — to doubt the ac¬

curacy of a single observation made by a native. However,

further evidence has since been afforded by the same native

observer which to my mind can leave no doubt as to the

accuracy of his observation.

“On December 31st, 1909, he brought in his first cajffuresof

2 A. nivalis with one Homopteron (the other having escaped).

About January 20th, 1910, he again brought in this species

of Allotinus together with an Homopteron, telling me that

he had watched them together for a long time, and that he

was convinced that the Lycaenid in no way held the Homo¬

pteron. I was particularly anxious to get at the truth on this

point in view of Col. Bingham’s picture which shows an

Aphide apparently being held by the Lycaenid. On February

2nd, 1910, he again brought in an Allotinus sp. nr. nivalis

which he had found in similar attendance on the same*

species of Homopteron (which insect he also brought in).

As before, he tells me that he -watched them for some time to

see if there was any restraint on the Homopteron, but he was

quite sure it was free.

“ In I’eply to a suggestion that the insect he caught may not

have been the same as that which he saw in connection with

the Lycaenid, he was most emphatic on the point, and con¬

sidering that he has brought in the same species on three

separate occasions, I cannot but feel that there is no doubt

on this score.

“ About February 10th he brought me an example of

Allotinus horsfieldi which he had taken in attendance on a

‘ Heteropterous larva h ’ (I would ask some entomologist to

verify (1) this title for me from the material sent).

“The point about this last observation is that he reports

having noticed large numbers of this insect on the tree, in

company with many ants which latter appeared to be bother¬

ing the Lycaenid, although he stuck to his work in spite of

the ants, until the collector’s net removed him. In the

* I say same species of Homopteron, for they appear to me to be the

§ame under a lens, and from memory I should say the same as that sent

to Mr. Druce in January last for exhibition.

( xli )

previous observations none, or but very few, of the Homoptera

were seen on the same tree.

“ I send for exhibition another example of the Homopteron

which was taken with A. nivcdis and four examples of the

‘ Heteropterous larvse ’ which were taken off the same branch

as A. horsjieldi.

“ As these four observations have all been made in a period of

about six weeks, out of which the observer was collecting for

thirty days at most, owing to bad weather, one may suppose

that this phenomenon is by no means uncommon, and if other

collectors in the Tropics would look out for it, more interesting

occurrences with different species would probably be recorded.”

Error in the account of Mr. Leigh’s Breeding Experi^

MENT WITH Charaxes (Pi’oc. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1909, p. xlix).

Professor Poulton, F.E.S., who was unable to be present,

sent the following correction of an unfortunate error which

has crept into the Proceedings of last year : —

“ Mr. Leigh is stated, on p. xlix, to have exhibited the $

parent and 21 specimens of the offspring of Charaxes zoolina

neanthes.

“ On the other hand it is also stated that ‘ the ova deposited

by the zoolina form of the $ . . . pi’oduced 4 cJ cj s and 2 $ $ s

like the parent, and 15 d c? s and 9 $ $ s of the neanthes form,’

or 30 offspring in all. I have examined the specimens, which

are now in the Hope Department, and find 21 offspring, but

also observe that there are among them 6 and not 15 d (? s of

the neanthes form. It is to be hoped that this correction will

meet the eye of any naturalist who has been interested in the

published statement.”

Papers.

The following papers were read : —

“ Mr. A. D, Millar’s Experimental Breeding of Euralia ”

by Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

“Notes on the Scoliidae,'’ and “New Fossorial Hymeno-

ptera from Australia,” by Rowland E. Turner.

“On the position of the Rhopalosomidae, with description

of a second new Species,” by Claude Morlet, F.Z.S.

( xlii )

“Descriptions of Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera,” by Edward

Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

“ On the Specific Distinctions between Acraea lycoa, Godt.,

and Acraea johiostoni, Godm.,” by Harry ELTRiNonAM,

M.A., F.Z.S.

Wednesday, October 5th, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Address to the Kivg, and Queen Alexandra.

The Secretary read the following reply to the Address to

the King, and to Queen Alexandra : —

“ Home Office, Whitehall,

“ 8th Atigust, 1910.

“ Sir, — I am commanded by the King to convey to you

hereby His Majesty’s Thanks for the loyal and dutiful Address

of the President, Council, and Fellows of the Entomological

Society of London, expressing their sympathy with His

Majesty on the occasion of the lamented death of His late

Majesty King Edward the Seventh, and congratulation on

His Majesty’s Accession to the Throne.

“ I am to say that the expression of sympathy with Queen

Alexandra has been laid before Her Majesty, who desires me

to convey to you Her Thanks.

“ I am. Sir,

“ Your obedient Servant,

“Winston Churchill.

“ The Secretary,

“ The Entomological Society of London,

“11, Chandos Street, Cctvendish Square, IV."

C onversazione.

The President announced that the Conversazione postponed

from last May was unavoidably postponed until next year.

Seal of the Entomological Society of London.

The President exhibited and passed round for inspection

an impression of the new seal of the Society, prepared from

( xliii )

a design made by Professor Selwyx Image, M.A., Slade Pro¬

fessor of Fine Art in the University of Oxford, and a Fellow

of the Society.

On the motion of the Peesident a cordial vote of thanks to

Professor Image for liis services was passed unanimously.

International Congress of Entomology.

Dr. M. Burr sent for exhibition a photograph of the

members attending the International Congress of Entomology

at Brussels in August last.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. George William Yitalli de Rhe Philiee, of the

Public Works and State Railways Department of the Govern¬

ment of India, Calcutta ; and Dr. Charles Ernest Lakin,

M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.C.S., of 2, Park Crescent, Portland

Place, W., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Rare British Beetle. — Mr. G. C. Champion brought for

exhibition two living examples of Melanophila acuminata,

captured at Woking on September 1 7th last.

Rare British Hemiptera. — Mr. E. A. Butler exhibited

specimens of thi-ee species of I’are British Hemiptera, viz.

{a) Mesovelia furcata, M. ct R., and (6) Cicadxda cyanae, Boh.,

both from leaves of Potamogeton natans in Epping Forest ; and

(c) Cyrtorrhinus geminus, Flor., from Broxbourne — a recent

addition to the British List, only two British specimens being

at present known. He also exhibited living examples of

Mesovelia furcata, and drew attention to the extraordinarily

rapid movements of the species, which quite defy the eye.

Rare Australian and British Beetles. — Commander J.

J. Walker exhibited (a) a “co-type” of Austrostglops gra-

cili])es, Lea, from Bridgetown, W. Australia ; [h) a series

of Carabus violaceus, L., var. e.vasperatus, Curtis, taken by

Mr. F. C. Woodforde at sugar at Bude, North Cornwall,

where this well-marked race appears entirely to replace

the ordinary form of violaceus ; and (c) four examples of

( xliv )

Ilaemonia appendiculata, Panz., taken in an affluent of the River

Cherwell, near Kidlington, Oxon., August, 1910; also {d) a

specimen of Cryptophagus suhdepressus , Gyll, from Wytham

Park, Berks, with the right antenna duplicated from the third

joint.

Life Tenacity op Abyssinian Beetle. — Mr. W. F. H. Rosen¬

berg showed a living beetle of the genus AlindiHa, received in

a collection of preserved Coleoptera fi’om Abyssinia. The

specimens were rolled up in small paper cylinders, and when

they were opened the insect was found to be alive. The

collection must have been despatched from Abyssinia at least

a month before the opening of the package. The insect has

the habit of simulating death on being alarmed, which probably

accounts for the collector having packed it up without noticing

that it was alive.

Living Ants and their Nests. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe

exhibited two nests of ants to illustrate his observations on

the founding of nests of Formica ritfa by a ^ of that species

in nests of Formica fusca, and also made some remarks on

what he had observed in nature, both with F. rufa and F.

exsecta. He had observed a 9 '^’ufa in Pai’khurst Forest on

May 15th, running about near the entrances to a fusca nest.

The 9 fought with some of i\\e fusca, and eventually entered

one of the openings in the ground used by the fusca. On

May 27th, in company with Mr. E. R. Bankes, he found a small

nest of F. exsecta at Bournemouth, which on being investigated

was found to contain many 9 ? of F. fusca.

Exhibit Nest No. 1 consisted of 9 9 oi F . rufibarhis y . fusco-

rufibarhis, and a 9 of rufa. This was exhibited to the

Society on March 2nd, when the rufa 9 (which had been

obtained at Nethy Bridge in May 1909) had just been accepted

by the fusco-rufibarbis 9 (sent to him by Mr. Keys from

Whitsand Bay in July 1909) after having been introduced

into their nest. From March 7th to April 4th the 9

eggs, and larvae hatched by May 1st; these were fed and

attended to by the 9?- June 1st many changed to

pupae, nearly all being naked. By June 20th some of the

pupae hatched, and on July 20th all had hatched. Unfor¬

tunately they all died, the 9 ? uot having sufficiently removed

( xlv )

the pupal skins. These young rufa ^ ^ were exhibited

mounted on card.

Nest No. 2 consisted of a mixed nest of Formica rufa and

F. fusca. This nest which was very small but built of F.

rifa materials, was dug up in Parkhurst Forest on August

21st, 1910. It was found to contain 1 rufa $, some rufa

5 ^ , and many fusca 5 ? > ^ number of cocoons — these

as they hatched proving to be rufa 5 5- It is therefore clear

that this o'ufa $ must have founded her nest in a fusca nest-

The fusca were underground with the rufa ? and cocoons,

but no fusca $ was present.

PlERIDAE FROM FRANCE AND ItALY. — Mr. A. H. JoNES

showed a series of Pieris manni, males only, from the valleys

of the lower slopes of Mont Canigou, near Veimet-les- Bains,

taken at the end of June last, with examples of P. rapae,

and P. ergane from Italy for comparison.

Mr. P. J, Barraud brought for exhibition a case containing

Pieridae from the neighbourhood of Formia, Central Italy,

including Pieris rapae, L., and var. metra, Stephens ; Pieris

manni, Mayer, and var. rossii, Stefanelli, and ab. erganoides,

Stefanelli ; and Pieris ergane, Hiibn. With these he showed

also enlarged photographs of male and female examples of

the summer forms of the above-named species to illustrate

the difference in the character of the markings and shape of

the wing ; and enlarged photographs of the male genitalia of

each, exhibiting the difference in the shape of the clasper.

Butterflies from the Abruzzi. — The Eev. G. Wheeler

gave an account of an entomological excursion made by him

in the Abruzzi, and exhibited two drawers containing speci¬

mens taken at Assergi, Sulmona, Aquila, Roccaraso, Palena,

Scanno, and Villalago ; and a few also from Subiaco in the

Latian Apennines. Pieris ergane was found to be somewhat

widely distidbuted, having been taken at Sulmona, 1,300 feet ;

above Subiaco, about 2,000 feet ; and at Roccaraso, over

4,000 feet. There was also a series of very strongly mai'ked

Hesperia carlinae var. cirsii, some of Avhicli approached somewhat

closely to H. cynarae. Polyommatus eros, of a much deeper blue

than is usual in the Alps was abundant at and above 4,000 feet,

i.e, nearly 2,000 feet lower than is normal in the Alps ; other

( xlvi )

unexpected captures were F. amanda and Limeniiis Camilla,

both at over 4,000 feet ; one of the former was almost as

large as the Tyrolean form, and the latter Avere all exception¬

ally large, the species being no doubt single-brooded at that

altitude. By way of contrast a second-brood S from Assisi

was shown, these being very small. P. ineleager, which was

very common, showed three very different shades of blue,

though all came from Boccaraso, and P. icarus was of the

same deep hue as at Assisi, some of the having black

marginal spots on the upperside of the hind-wing. A. medon

{astrarche) had the unusually large, the 59 being small,

with large and brilliant orange spots. P. coridon was very

pale in colouring, cori-esponding with Zeller’s description of

var. apennina, but not with his type specimens. As a con¬

trast, two other forms from the Apennines, the much bi-ighter

blue from Assisi, and the somewhat leaden-looking form from

Fiesole Avere shown. The other species exhibited were :

Erimiys lavaterae (very pale), E. althaeae and E. alceae ; Hesperia

alveiis, //. carthami (very small), II. onopordi and II. serra-

tidae ; Ileodes virgaureae (large and bright, only), Loweia

gordiiis, L. dorilis, Rumicia p)ldaeas var. eleus, Lycaeaa avion,

Aricia eumedon (very small), Polyommatus escheri (small and

bright), P. Jiylas, P. thetis {hellargus), Plebeius aegon (small),

and P. argyrognomon, Everes alcetas, Cnpido minwms (avIucIi

seems to be scai’ce), and Celastrina argiolus', Klugia spini,

Nordmannia ilicis and i\\ acaciae (the commonest of the

Theclids) ; Ay)oria crataegi, Pieris rapae (from the same

ground at Subiaco as P. ergane, and nearly twice the size),

P. najii var. napaeae (very large, and as strongly marked

on the upperside as P. manni var. rossii), Argynnis aglaia

and A. niobe (from Boccaraso), A. adippe var. cleodoxa (a

very fine specimen from Subiaco, not taken in the Abruzzi),

Issoria lathonia (very small), Melitaea phoebe (from Palena,

over 4,000 feet, small and dark, contrasted with Spanish-

looking specimens from Assisi), M. didyma, large and pale,

II. parllienie (from Boccai’aso and Palena, single-brooded of

course at this eleAmtion, and coming in appearance between

the two broods at Assisi) ; Pararge maera (not of the adrasta

form), with a fine 5 aberration fi’om below Scanno ; Coeno-

( xlvii )

nympha pamphili^s, C. arcania (contrasted with the large var.

instihricci from the N. Italian Alps) ; and Melanargia galatea

(showing in the lowland specimens a strong tendency to

obsolescence of the underside markings, in contrast to the

somewhat strongly marked mountain forms). Besides these

was a Pontia dapliclice $ from Home, showing distinct indica¬

tions of a black spot near the middle of the inner margin of

each fore-wing on the upperside.

Rare British Xylophasia. — Mr. J. W. Tutt brought for

exhibition a fourth British example of Xylophasia zollikoferi

sent him for determination, taken in September, 1905, at

Norwich, by Mr. Plankett. He said he had dealt with

the first two examples captured in Britain at length, in his

“ British Noctuae and their Varieties,” i, p. 71. The first was

captured in October 1867, by Mr. Harding at Deal ; the

second by Mr. Tait .at Inverurie, in September, 1871 ; the

third by I\Ir. Lofthouse at Linthorpe, Middlesborough, Sep¬

tember 2nd, 1903. The first of these is in the Doubleday

collection. The preceding British examples have been of the

pale form (ab. pallida, Brit. Noct., i, p. 72). Mr. Plunkett’s

example is of the remarkable radiate form, represented in

Herrich-Schaffer’s “ Schmett. v. Europa,” Fig. 104. There

are only half-a-dozen examples of this species in the British

]\[useum Collection, all pale, and all males. The radiate form

figured by Herrich-Schaffer is a $ , so also is Mr. Plunkett’s,

and this suggests that the difference is sexual. It is really a

very rare species — as rare on the Continent as in Britain, on

this side of Hungary; getting more frequent in the Urals, and

extending into Asia to Turkestan, but evidently nowhere com¬

mon, so far as is known. We have no knowledge of its life

history. Several entomologists have remarked the superficial

resemblance of the pale forms to Nonagria arundinis, and for

this reason there may be others undetermined in British

collections.

Southern Forms op Agriades coridon. — Dr. T. A. Chap¬

man exhibited several cases containing series of Agriades cori-

don, var. meridional is, Tutt, 6 { = constanti, Reverdin), and

made the following remarks upon them ; —

“It is probably accepted now that this form is double-brooded.

( xlviii )

though even Mr. Tutt was sceptical until I reared larvae from

eggs laid in April, which were full-grown at the end of J une.

Unfortunately, taking these from home with me, they all died

of starvation, as their food-plant was unobtainable.

“ This year, however, I obtained eggs in the spidng from

Ste. Maxime specimens, and have reared the specimens now

exhibited. These emerged during August, and were dealt

with by Mr. A. E. Tonge, who kindly took charge of the

pupae when I went to Switzerland to find the larva of

Latiorina {Lycaena) orbitulus.

“ He endeavoured to obtain eggs from some specimens, hut

owing to an accident was apparently unsuccessful, though

in mid-September in looking over the plant on which specimens

were caged, I noticed several leaves eaten precisely as is done

by first-stage larvae of A. coridon. As the plant was indoors

and not accessible to any other flies {P. icarns, or anything

else), I have little doubt that eggs were laid, and one at least

hatched, the others being destroyed by a predaceous enemy.

“ In any case, making every allowance for the mild Eivieran

winter, there can be no doubt that the larvae do some feeding

in autumn and probably even duidng winter, in order to

emerge in April. It certainly seems very improbable that

they pupate in autumn and hibernate as pupae, but this is a

possibility to be kept in view in further investigation — most

likely the life circle is much the same as is that of A. thetis

(bellaryus) with us. Whether this summer brood has been

captured before or not, though one can hardly doubt that it

has, we have no record of it, or of whether and how it differs

from the spring form.

“ The specimens exhibited afford at least a partial answer

on this point. They are on the whole larger. The males have

no trace of a discoidal spot : instead of only a few, nearly three-

fourths of them are obviously of the ab. suavis, i. e. have

orange spots on the upper surface, and this, although the

margin of the hind-wing, is less darkly marked than in the

spring brood. Beneath, the orange spots of the hind-wing are

larger and of more bright and intense colour, and the line

of chevron markings on the fore-wing is generally a nearly con¬

tinuous dark band, as it is only occasionally in the spring brood.

( xlix )

“ The females differ from the spring form, on the upper

side, by the greater range of the orange lunules, which

extend all round both wings, though the apical two or three

ai-e often indistinct by being pale or small, but even so are

almost always present. The discoidal spot is small and usually

very obscure, in two (out of twenty-three) instances only, with

a trace of white border. Beneath, the surface is on the whole

darker than in the first brood, the chevron line of the fore-wings

is a black band, and in most specimens the orange spots form a

complete series round both wings, the apical spot only being

usually doubtful.

“ In both sexes the frequency of extra spots, and spots length¬

ened, or coalesced, is rather greater than in the spring brood.”

Mr. J. W. Tutt who exhibited long series of the spring

brood of the meridionalis form from Nimes, Hyeres, Ste. Maxime

Pardigon, Draguignan, etc., said the Riviei’an meridionalis

race of Agriades coridon was exceedingly interesting, as pro¬

viding the only case recorded where the species is certainly

double-brooded. This race appeal’s to extend from Kimes

almost to Genoa, perhaps beyond. Its superficial characters

are sufficiently striking to give it racial value, and consist

more particularly in the obvious features of (1) a peculiar

dull silvery-blue ground-colour on the upper-side of the

(2) a very wide dark outer-marginal band in the (3) a

strong tendency to the development of oi’ange lunules on the

upper-side of the marginal spots on the hind-wings also in

the S S- The upper-side of the $ ? is usually without any

blue scaling and deep fuscous brown in colour. The under¬

side of the c? is variable, extending from whitish to dark

grey and hence resembling that of A. thetis, whilst that of the

$ is very dark grey-brown, the ocellated spots in both sexes

being particularly large and Avell-developed, and the mai'ginal

lunules of the fore-wings strongly blackish-grey.

This meridionalis race has been divided into two forms, chieffy

chai’acterised by the intensity of the ground colour of the under¬

side, especially in the The form with pale under-side has

been described as rezniceki by Herr Bartel, his typical specimens

having come from Bapallo (Italian Riviera), June Ist-lOth,

1901, etc.

PROC. ENT. .SOC. LOND., IV. 1910. D

( 1 )

Quite recently (Bull. Soc. Lepid. de Cien^ve, Vol. ii, fasc. 1.^

June 1910) Dr. J. L. Keverdin has described, under the name

constanti, a section of the meridiotudis race on the strength

of the under-side of the d is, so far as can be seen in

the specimens under observation, the sole difference between

rezniceki and constanti.

As regards the specimens exhibited (captured in the spi-ing)

both forms appear to occur on the same ground in the districts

betAveen Hyeres and St. Raphael, with a large proportion of

dark-coloured under-side examples. Whether anywhere in the

area covered hj meridionalis the form rezniceki {$$ with pale

under-side) and the form constanti (d d 'with dark undei'-side)

become quite locally racial has not yet been determined. It

would be interesting for solving this problem to state, when

dealing with the specimens from any particular place, on what

geological formation the examples ax’e captured.

It is peculiar that M. Charles Oberthiir, in his excellent ork

(Lep. Comp., fasc. iv., p. 281), distributed so recently as early

August last, notes a connection between what may be called a

hypothetical var. apennina from Florence and rezniceki, Bartel^

but not between rezniceki and constanti, really, with very slight

differences, the same race ; hypothetical apennina because it

is clear that the apennina spoken of by M. Oberthiir are the

usual summer form taken in the Apennines, and have little,

if anything, in common with the specimens in the British

Museum Collection, named apennina by Zeller.

Protective attitude of a Mantis from Borneo. — Mr. G.

Meade-Waldo read the following note received by him from

Mr. J. C. Moulton, and exhibited an example of Ilymenopus

h icornis : —

“ This curious Mantis was given to me on June 2nd, 1910,

by Mr. E. Parnell, of the Sarawak Government Civil Service,

who found it in his garden. I kept it alive for twenty-three

days, and was thus able to make some observations on its

customary attitudes.

“ Generally it was to be seen in the usual ‘ praying ’ atti -

tude, i.e. with head, thorax and fore-legs up- raised. But one

day, on disturbing it, I noticed an improvement on this

position, which gave it the most remarkable resemblance to

( li )

some orchid. This was brought about by a very unnatural

(and one would think extremely uncomfortable) arrangement

of the legs. The head and thorax were raised, with f ore-legs

tucked up under the head as usual ; abdomen turned upwards

and end curving over, and immediately under it the left hind¬

leg, turned over so as to fully exhibit the flat lateral expansion

of the femur. On looking down upon the insect the left

middle-leg appeared under the head and rather to the left, the

right middle-leg immediately under the head, and the right

hind-leg a little to the right corresponding to the position of

the left middle-leg. Each of these three was so turned in

order to give full effect to the petal-like effect of the lateral

femoral processes.

“I have set the insect so as to show this curious position,

the particular specimen being kept for twenty-three days in a

flower-pot in company with Lepidopterous larvae which were

feeding on some low plant. I have heard of another example

which was kept in a glass jar for three weeks in this country

without giving it any possible food.

“ This comparative longevity and tenacity of life, together

Avith its sluggish habits, ha\'e made it necessary to produce

this wonderful protective deAuce in order to escape the

numerous enemies of Mantidae."

Commenting on this exhibit, Mr. Meade-Waldo said that

the insect sent was in the larval state. Wood-Mason (Proc.

Ent . Soc. Lond., 1877, p. xxix), mentions the extraordinai’y

likeness of the larval II. hicornis to blossoms, and describes

the attitude. He had received tAvo larvae from Assam, the

smaller of Avhich was rose-pink, and the larger one white,

evidently similar to the specimen now exhibited.

At that time the insect AA^as only known from JaA'a. There

are also specimens in the British Museum from the Khasi

Hills, Malacca and Selangor. Evidence has been brought to

prove that insects are attracted to the coloui-ed Mantidae as

they are to floAvers, and according to A. Pv,. Wallace, Avho sup¬

plied the evidence required, a small Mantis, exactly resembling

a pink Orchis-flower, was shoAvn to Sir Charles Dilke in Java.

This species not only attracted insects, but the kinds of insects

(Butterflies) which it allures and deA'ours Avere mentioned.

D 2

{ lii )

No previous writer appears to have observed that this

attitude is more rarely adopted than the usual “ praying ”

attitude.

Improved Photographic Process for Lepidoptera, etc. —

Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones brought for exhibition lantern

slides of Lepidoptera in natural colours, photographed by the

Dufay Dioptichrome process. The advantages over the Auto¬

chrome plates are the greater transparency and the facility of

working ; they are in fact very little more trouble than an

ordinary negative. The ti’ansparency is by no means perfect,

and the reds do not come out as well as one could wish ; but

on the whole the results are remarkably good.

Four slides were shown : —

(1) Containing Gonepteryx clorinde, Moipho ega, Catopsilia

philea, C. argante, Pajnlio ancanius, Morpho acJiilles.

(2) Some species collected at Castro Parana, South

America.

(3) Caligo arispe, wwdiev-Bide •, J natural size.

(4) Catocala ni'pta, slightly reduced.

Papers.

Miss Margaret E. Fountaine communicated a paper on

“ Descriptions of some hitherto unknown, or little known

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera, with notes

on their Life Histories.”

Professor A. Jacobi communicated a paper, “ Remarks on

the Cicadoid Genera Lembeja, Dist., and DrejmnopsaJtria,

Bredd.”

Mr. Arthur M. Lea communicated a paper, “ On a new

Genus of Htylopidae from Australia.”

Wednesday, October 19th, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Election of Felloios.

Di\ A. Feynes, M.D., of 61, East Colorado Street, Para-

dena, California, U.S.A. ; Mr. Thomas Henry Geary, of

( liii )

Enderby, Leicestershire ; and Mr. Edward Barton White,

M.E.C.S., L.R.C.P., of the City Mental Hospital, Cardiff, were

elected Fellows of the Society.

Ohituary.

The decease was announced of Mr. Oliver C. Goldtiiwait,

and of Mr. W. A. Luff, Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Abnormal Beetles. — Mi-. A. M. Lea sent for exhibition

two interesting beetles of the genus Lissotes, which he had

presented to the British Museum (Natural History) Terato-

logical Collection ; L. curvicornis, Boisdv., var. 3, with an

additional leg jutting out from the left front coxa ; and L.

punctatus, Lea, an hermaphrodite having the left side $ and

the right $.

New British Braconid. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe

exhibited an example of Helcon ruspator, L., a Braconid new

to Britain, taken at Cannock Chase on the 16th July last, in

a cell of Strangalia ^-fasciata in a fallen birch tree, and an

example of the host captured at the same time. He pointed

out that this very fine addition to the British List is recorded

as parasitic on the same beetle on the Continent.

New Forms of Melitaea aurinia. — Mr. P. J. Barraud

showed examples of two new forms of Melitaea aurinia from

Italy, (a) var. aurunca, Turati, from the Aurunci mountains,

southern central Italy, first discovered in May 1909, by

Signore Orazio Querci, of Formia, and named by Count Turati

of Milan. The most striking feature is the wide black median

band on the upper-side, contrasting with a rather pale ground¬

colour. (h) var. comacina, Turati, from above Como, north

Italy, the examples given the exhibitor by Count Turati.

Summer Butterflies from Algeria. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs

brought for exhibition a case of butterflies containing a

representative collection of the 28 species met with by

him at Blidah and Hammam E’lrha, etc., during an

entomological excursion to Algeria made at the end of May

and the beginning of June this year. The weather was

extremely bad throughout, being cold, wet and windy ; the

most interestiug species taken in the first-mentioned locality

were Euchloe eupheno, and Coenonympha arcanioides ; in the

latter Dry as pandora, and Melitaea aetheria, var. algerica.

Mimics and Models from South America. — Mr. W. J.

Kaye exhibited remarkable examples of wasp-like and beetle¬

like Syntomidae, with their models, the w'asps and beetles from

British Guiana, S.E. Brazil and Venezuela, many having

been observed personally by himself. Attention was par¬

ticularly drawn to the wonderfully close habits of the one

to the other, so much so that it was impossible in some

instances to distinguish the moth from the model until it

settled. This was the case with Pseudosphex noverca and the

wasp Zethus binodis which Mr. Kaye had caught on Ageratum

fiowers at Fernandes Pinheiro in Parana. It was true that

there was a better model where the likeness was even

more complete in the Vespid Polyhia nigra, and Mr. A.

Bertoni had taken the Pseudosphex with the Polyhia in Para¬

guay. A new species of Pseudosphex was taken with the

Vespid IfeganthojMS cassununga. These two insects so closely

resembled one another that even at a distance of eighteen

inches or less it was not an easy matter to distinguish them.

Besides the general appearance in build, the wings, and the

markings, the antennae were remarkable in having exceed¬

ingly fine white thread-like ends, which became invisible when

the insect settled on the white Ageratum flowers, so that only

the black pectinated portion was visible, wdiich exactly re¬

sembled the antennae of the wasp. Many species of Alacro-

cneme had developed this remarkable character in the antennae.

Several, if not all the species of this genus also carried their

hind-legs extended out behind them wKen in flight, and this

gave them an extraordinarily close resemblance to the Pom-

pilidae, which had the same habit. The species Macrocneine

lades and M. leucostigma had the hind tibia and tarsus

heavily clothed with black hair, and this accentuated the

likeness to the heavy black legs of various species of Salius.

The heavy flight of such species as Macrocneme lades and

M. leucostigma, combined with other characters, made them

exceedingly close mimics of various species of Salius among

the wasps.

( )

Other species of Syntomidae exhibited were the following ; —

From Potaro River, British Guiana, Isanthrene melas,

Trichura inathina, Sphecosoma angustatum, and Sphecosoma

testaceiini, both the latter found with a Pompilid wasp of the

genus Pseudagenia, also shown. Gorrebidia n. sp., with the

Lycid beetle Calopteron serratmn. Pterygopterus clavipennis,

with the Pompilid wasp Salius kirbyi.

From Castro Parana, Rhynchopyga meisteri, with one of the

Braconidae. Paraethria triseriata, with the Coleopterous

Astylus antis. Although the last did not look much like the moth

when dead in a box, on the wing it was wondei’fully protected.

From Guaruja, near Santos, were exhibited two undescribed

species of Trichura which resembled moths in a remarkable

way, but the wasps they imitated were, unfortunately, not

secured. The very unmothlike habits of moving the abdomen

backwards and forwards, the waving of the antennae, and the

vibrating of the wings was commented on. The remarkable

tail-like appendage in the A) one of the species, as in the

well-known species Trichura cerberus, represented undoubtedly

the ovipositor of an ichneumon. The male sex being the better

protected, if protection was the explanation, was very excep¬

tional, as in the vast majority of cases the female was the

better protected. From Caracas, Venezuela, were shown the

Syntomid Macrocneme lades, with a Pompilid wasp of an

undescribed species. The two insects had been caught flying

together.

In the discussion which followed, the President said that

-cases of close similarity with insects of different Orders were

always welcome, and that in this instance Mr. Kaye had

shown that the resemblance extended not only to outside

appearances, but to the habits of the several mimics and their

models. Arguments based upon cabinet specimens alone as to

the supposed i-esemblance of originals in the field were to be

accepted with caution.

Mr. J. W. Tutt remarked that the exhibit was of great

interest, particularly in the fact that the specimens exhibited,

that resembled each other, were caught at the same time and

in the same place by the exhibitor, and not only bore a great

.superficial resemblance to one another, although belonging to

( Ivi )

diffei'ent Orders, but also in the fact that they still more

resembled each other in their habits, either in movement or

rest. In some instances, this general resemblance was so

great that it was dilEcult at a casual glance and at a short

distance to distinguish them at all accurately, even when dead

in the box and removed from those surroundings which aided

the greater resemblance, as Mr. Kaye had pointed cut,

presented by them when alive in their natural habitats. He

trusted that when Mr. Kaye illustrated these, as he hoped he

would, that he would do so in those positions in which tlie

resemblance struck him as being most marked in nature, as in

most cases the resemblance was entirely lost when the insects

were set. He observed that a case of two insects of quite

different appearance when looked at even casually with their

wings spread, but of remarkable general similarity when at

rest on flowers of thyme, had come under his notice in the

Sarnthal in August 1909, the one the common steel-blue form,

with yellow spots and yellow abdominal belt, of Anthrocera

ephialtes, the other a Hymenopteron of similar steel-blue colour

and yellow abdominal bands and spots. It was really in¬

credible that two such different insects could appear so similar

as they did in their normal position of rest.

Mr. C. J. Gahan remarked that, with the exception of one

or two, which were amongst the most beautiful of their kind

he had ever seen, the examples of mimicry shown by Mr.

Kaye were not more striking or more convincing than

many others already known, in which the facts in regard

to the habits of the insects, and their very close and deceptive

I’esemblance when seen under natural conditions, had been

observed and put on record. He thought, therefore, that the

eulogistic terms in which Mr. Tutt had referred to the

exhibition, as if facts of that kind had only now for the first

time been brought to notice, were scarcely justified. The

exhibition was no doubt highly interesting, but its especial

interest, in his opinion, was to find the field naturalist confirm¬

ing those cases of “ museum-made ” mimicry which appeared

to excite Mr. Tutt’s scepticism.

]Mr. G. C. Champion said that almost every case exhibited

had already been observed and described by the various authors

( Ivii )

interested with the insects of this particular region : and

the Eev. F. D. Morice suggested that, speaking from a Hvmen-

opterist’s point of view, he would not have the least difficulty

in distinguishing the Lepidoptera from the Pompilids, and

that in the Sahara region, where some models abound, none of

the Lepidoptera exist at all.

Mr. A. Sicu, Dr. T. A. Chapman, and other Fellows also

joined in the discussion.

Variation in Xanthia ocellaris. — Mr. E. D. Nevinson

showed bred series of Xanthia ocellaris, developing three

distinct aberrant forms, and examples of X. fulvarjo, and X.

yilvago for comparison, the exhibit demonstrating the apparent

transition from one species to the other through the typical

and variant forms. The only other series bred from British

ova by Mr. Mills in 1908 displayed no variation of any kind,

and were all typical specimens.

British Anthrocerids. — The Hon. X. C. Eothschild e.x-

hibited a number of Anthrocerids captured in Great Britain,

and called attention to some remarkable specimens secured at

Ashton Wold, Oundle, which belonged to the form known as

Anthrocera hippocrepidis. The exhibitor also showed some

enormous specimens of A. filipendulae from the same locality,

and pointed out that this large race had apparently exter¬

minated A. hippocrepidis in a locality where that species had

only recently appeared.

Commenting on Mr. Eothschild’s exhibits, Mr. J. W. Tutt

said that Anthrocera hippocrepidis, Stphs., was the most elusive

and least known of the British species of the group. It bore

certain superficial resemblances to Anthrocera irifolii-minor

and A. filipendxdae, the particularly being prone to smaller

size and five-spottedness, by losing the 6th (lower outer) spot

on the upper-side, the larger and, in the most developed

specimens, strongly six-spotted and scarcely, if at all, different

superficially from A. filipendidae. Like Mr. Eothschild, he

also found the insect confined to rough pastures, and also with

a tendency to die out in one spot and appear in a similar at no

great distance. It was usually on the wing in June, early or

late, according to season, but, in the same season well ahead

of A. filipendulae. He had already included details of its life-

( Iviii )

history and habits in his “ Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep.,” vol. i, pp. 532-

538. The two other sets of Anthrocerids exhibited by Mr-

Rothschild he thought were A. filipendulae. Dr. W. Bateson,

F.R.S., had examined the genitalia and pronounced A.

hippocrepidis as being nearer A. filipendulae than A. trifolii.

Papers.

Sir George H. Ivenrick communicated a paper “ On some

Rare and Undescribed Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea.”

Mr. A. E. WiLEMAN read a paper on “New Species of

Heterocera from Japan.”

Wednesday, November 2nd, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the

chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. H. E. Andrewes, of 8, North Grove, Highgate, N. ;

Mr. J. R. Charnley, of Lyndhurst, Fulwood, Preston ; the

Rev. Archibald Downes-Shaw, of Kettlestone Rectory,

Fakenbam, Norfolk ; Mr. G. E. Frisby, of 40, M^indmill

Street, Gravesend; Mr. O. M. Schmidt Gottmann, of 2, Forest

Villas, Whipps Cross Road, Leytonstone, N.E; Mr. Ernest

Purnell Jones, of 7, Nantwich Road, Crewe; and Count Emilio

Turati of 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, were elected Fellows

of the Society.

Fahre Memorial.

The President handed round for inspection a copy of the

plaquette designed in honour of M. J. H. Fabre, of Serignan,

Vaucluse, an Honorary Fellow of the Society, to whom also

a presentation was made recently by a number of Entomo¬

logists of all nations in appreciation of his services to Science.

Exhibitions

New and Rare Beetles. — Professor Hudson Beare

exhibited a specimen of Pterostichus aterrinms, Pk., taken

by himself under cut sedges near Stalham, Norfolk, on

19th April, 1910.

( lix )

Many years ago this insect was apparently fairly common

in the Fen District in the East of England, but there ai-e no

records of its capture for a great number of years, and in fact

it was supposed to be extinct in this country.

Commander J. J. Walker brought for exhibition the follow¬

ing rare Coleoptera : — (a) a specimen of Latlirohium longipenne,

Fairm., a beetle recently introduced as a British species, taken

at Tubney, Berks., July 29, 1909 ; {b) a specimen of

a remarkable ants’-nest beetle from the Atherton district,

New South Wales, described by Mr. A. M. Lea under

the name Tretothorax cleistostoma, and regarded by him as

representing a new family of Coleoptera, the Tretothoracidae ;

also the ant, Odontomachus coriarius, Mayr., with which

the beetle was found. These specimens were communicated

by Mr. C. French, a Fellow of the Society and Government

Entomologist, Victoria, New South Wales ; (c) two specimens

of Thomosis guanicola, Broun, a beetle allied to Sphaeridium,

etc., taken by Dr. L. Cockayne among penguin guano on the

Bounty Islands, 490 miles south-east of New Zealand.

Mr. G. C. Champion was of opinion that Tretothorax was

a member of the Heteromerous section of the Coleoptera, and

Mr. G. C. Gahan that it belonged to the newly-constituted

Family RhysojKiussidae.

Mr. J. R. LE B. Tomlin brought for exhibition examples of the

following British Coleoptera : («) Maci'onychus ^-tuherculatus,

Miill., recently rediscovered in the River Teme, and previously

only known from the River Dove, and not taken for at least

40 years ; (6) Enicmus histrio, Joy and Tomlin, a new species

described in the November number of the E.M.M. ; (c)

Laccohius regularis, Rey, from small “ sphagnum” pools at New¬

bury ; introduced recently by Dr. Sharp as L. scutellaris,

]\Iots., but now considered by him as mox^e correctly

named regidaris, Rey ; (d) Cionus lo7igicollis, Bris., taken at

Harewood Forest on Vei-hascimi thapstis on June 26, 1909,

the only previous capture in Britain being by Mr. Moncreaff

•at Portsmouth in 1871 ; and (e) Bemhidium tihiale, Duft.,

a melanic example taken this summer by the River Monnow.

Mr. Tomlin also exhibited on behalf of Dr. David Sharp,

F.R.S., examples of (/) Laccohius ytenensis, Sharp,

a new

( lx )

species also described in the current PIM.M. ; and {g) Orepi-

(lodera hnp)ressa, Fab., a littoral species recently introduced

to the British list by Dr. Sharp from Hayling Island.

It has now been found in an exactly similar locality at

Poole Harbour by Colonel Yerbury.

Asilid and Prey. — Mi-. G. T. Bethune Baker showed an

Asilid which be had taken at IMacugnaga in August with a

dead $ NomkuJes semiargus in its mouth. The Asilid held

the Lycaenid until it was boxed. At the same time' another

Asilid was observed with a beetle, which on being captured

was relinquished and lost in the grass.

Profe.ssor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., said that undoubtedly

the Asilids inject a poison into their prey through the

proboscis which kills them immediately.

Ant Host and Guest. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed

a specimen of Claviger longicornis, Miill., with its

host Lasius timh'aUis, Nyl., taken by Father Schmitz in

Germany. He said this species should occur in Britain

with the same ant, and that Father Schmitz had told him

that April was the best month in which to look for it in

the nests of umhrahis under deeply embedded, heavy stones.

Teratological specimens. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited an

example of Pterostoma palpma, one of a number of similar

specimens bred by Mr. L. W. Newman fi-om one brood of

larvae, and which may be called as a varietal (or aberrational 1)

name, var. hrevipennis. It is characterised by the extreme

shortness and (comparatively) great breadth of the wings, a

forewing measures 15 mm. long and 12 mm. from apex to

tornus; a normal specimen taken at i-andom has these measure¬

ments, 24 mm. long 10 mm. wide. Dr. Chapman expressed

regret that such specimens, involving structural variation, are

despised in favour of mere colour fluctuations. In the pi-esent *

instance there is a remarkable congenital variation tending to

the formation of a race, by way of discontinuity. For com¬

parison a specimen of Libythea celtis with a shortened wing was

shown. It is impossible in the specimens without the histories

to say that they were not of identical origin, yet the one is

congenital (or even racial), the other the result of a displaced

antenna in the pupa.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Land., iQio, Plate A.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

MALFORMATION IN ACRONYCTA TRIDENS. See p. Ixi.

1. The specimen X a. '1. Extremity, X Iti. ■’>. Interior jiortiun, X 10. 4. Xormali;

a]i])endages lateral view to coni})are with tig. 1.

( Ixi

Dr. Chapman also exhibited on behalf of Rev, C. R. N.

Burrows a specimen of malformation of the male appendages

in Acronycta tridens. No similar specimen appears to have

been recorded. Instead of occupying their proper situation,

the clasps, penis, and penis-sheath formed a mass in the

interior of the abdomen, and were accompanied by two,

apparently chitinous, bodies, that could hardly be anything

else than the two tubercles that represent these parts in the

pupa. The specimen suggests in the strongest way that the

parts placed internally are really internal parts, that become

external at pupation, and have in this specimen remained

internal through an arrest in the development of the indi-

Diagr itn to show the parts in noriral relations to each other and to the pupal skin

A pupal skin ; B parts external in specimen ; C parts internal in specimen.

vidual. It may bear on this that the spines on the eversible

membrane {vesica, Pierce) are poorly developed, though the

rest of the parts are fully foi’med, but owing to their situation

poorly displayed. On the other hand, all the authorities

agree that the clasps at least are dermal appendages, and

are developed from dermal structures of the 9th abdominal

segments, though any clear demonstration of this appears to

be lacking ; but in support of this view (the dermal origin of

the clasps) they possess scales and hairs which can hardly be

possessed by processes from the interior. Another hypothesis

would be that the clasps are dermal, but become internal for

a time (not unlike the wings) and here failed to return. The

specimen in fact raises more questions than it settles.

( Ixii )

Bred Ledcania l-album. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited

a bred example of Leucania l-album of which he gave the

following account : —

“In the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xlii, p. 322 (1909), Mr. E. P.

Sharp recorded the capture of a $ specimen of Lmcania l-album,

from which he obtained a few ova. On November 4, he noticed

they had begun to turn colour and on the 5th they went

quite black and begun to hatch in the evening. The larvae

ate up the empty egg-shells anti some infertile eggs, but

refused any other food, though he tried almost everything.

They wandered about, and on being supplied with a section

of an old reed stem they promptly entered it, and on finding

their way into the inner lining commenced to hibernate.

“ The larva was about 2^ mm. in length, of a brownish

grey colour, head and plate on prothoracic segment yellowish

browD, and it had a few small bristles from tubercles.

“ Mr. Sharp very kindly sent me five larvae, and on

February 22 I noticed three had come out of the reed

and wex'e moving about (the other two had perished). They

at once changed their skins, and when this was over they

started to nibble some Poa atiuaa which I gave them. Two

more died dui-ing the second moult, but the remaining one

grew up slowly, pupated on June 11, and produced a fine

$ on July 14. Mr. Sharp unfortunately lost all his. This

species is double-brooded on the Continent, emerging in May-

June and August-September. I think we may overlook the

first brood in this country. The larvae seem hardy enough,

mine were kept in an old outhouse facing north.”

Variation of Luperina gueneei. — Mr. R. South showed an

exceedingly interesting and rather variable series of Luperina

gueneei, Doubleday, sent him by Mr. W. Yates, of St. Anne’s-

on-Sea, who obtained them, chiefly this year, on the Lancashire

coast. Commenting on his exhibit he said — “ The first

specimen in the series (No. 1) agrees well with the original

description of L. gueneei, the others show more or less of

the typical ochreous coloration but are variable in marking.

Mr. Yates considered the four specimens. Nos. 3-6, to be

melanic forms of L. gueneei, but I find that they are certainly

dark aberrations of L. testacea, probably referable to ab.

( Ixiii )

nigrescens, Tutt. The colour of the forewings, however, is not

‘ blackish grey ’ neither is it ‘ black,’ but ranges from greyish,

brown (No. 3) through dark brown (Nos. 4-5) to blackish brown

(No. 6) ; the pale edging of the transverse lines is distinct in

all the specimens.

“ Recently there has been a report that melanic specimens of

L. gueneei had been obtained this year on the Lancashire coast.

The darkest specimen of the species that has come under my

notice is No. 15 in the series now exhibited, and even this-

is very little darker than tyjiical gueneei, but there is little

ochreous in its coloration. Probably the rumour arose from

some error in identification, as in the present case.

“ The two species are somewhat similar in a general kind of

way, but among other points of difference that might be

mentioned, two stand out clearly, and study of these should

enable us to easily distinguish one species from the other.

“ In testacea the subterminal line is excurved between veins

5-7, outwardly angled at vein 3, thence incurved to the

dorsum ; the area beyond the line is nearly always darker

even in dark specimens, than the general colour. The same

line in gueneei (usually edged with white on the costal area) is

not angulated at vein 3, and the outward turn between veins

5-7 is not curved, but forms a square bracket; the area beyond

the line is not darker than the general colour, but often much

paler, even whitish.”

Oria musculosa in Britain. — Mr. South also exhibited

three of six specimens of Oria {Synia) musculosa, taken in the

Salisbmy district, in August 1909, by Mr. H. Haynes, who

captured three others in August of the present year. The hind-

wings of the specimens exhibited are darker than are those

of any other British or Continental specimen seen by the

exhibitor, with the exception of one rather small specimen

from Capri, in the British Museum Collections.

The species is undoubtedly scarce in Britain, and most of the

specimens recorded, or about which anything is definitely

known, have been taken in Sussex, chiefly on the coast, and

at long intervals between the years 1855 and 1883. Single

examples have been recorded from Kent and S. Devon, the

latter in 1899. The range of 0. musculosa would seem to

( Ixiv )

extend westward from Syria and Asia Minor to Spain,

Algeria, and the Canaries, and northward to Germany, France,

England and Denmark.

Aberrant Lepidoptera. — Mr. F. C. Oldaker showed a case,

containing various aberrant forms of Lepidoptera, viz. : — [a)

an example of Argynnls aglaia, a very dark form taken at

Chatelard, Valais, Switzerland, on August 16, 1909 ; (/;)

examples of Folygonia C-allmvi bred from ova, September

16-21, 1910, sent by Mr. L. W. Newman from the Wye Valley,

including one specimen, a $, of a very pale form ; (c) a series

of Noctua ditrapezium, including a form in which the ground¬

colour of the fore-wings is almost uniform dark reddish brown,

the usual black markings being only slightly darker than the

rest of the wing, and very faintly discernible ; and (d) a

series of Epione advenaria, bred from ova at Haslemere, 1907 ;

one of a remarkable form very much smaller than usual, and

of a uniform dull brown colour, with white fringes, but no

markings on the wings. The specimen is a $, and is recorded

in the “Entomologist,” Vol. xli, p. 157, being similar to the

male recorded (Joe. cit.) Vol. xliii, p. 201, taken April 8,

1907, by CajDtain Cardew.

Melitaeid Variety. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a series

of Melitaea dictynna, var. vernetensis ^Ohth., taken by him this

year at Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrenees-Orientales, and said that

in his opinion the so-called variety was probably a distinct

species, having regard to its general appearance, and the

surroundings in which it is taken. With it he also showed

examples of M. dictynna type, and M. athalia for comparison.

Papers.

The Rev, F. D. Morice, M. A., read a paper entitled “ Hymen-

optera Aculeata collected in Algeria : The Sphegidae” being

Part V. of the work commenced by the late Edward Saunders,

F.R.S., F.E.S., in the TYans. Ent. Soc., 1904. p. 515.

Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., communicated

a paper entitled “ Experiments with the larva and jjupa of

Uropteryx sambucaria in connection with their Colour Sur¬

roundings,” by Elizabeth Bridges.

The President, at the close of the discussion which followed,

( Ixv )

proposed a special vote of thanks to Miss Bridges, who was

present, and this was carried unanimously.

Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., M.A., communicated a paper

entitled “ A Revision of the Labiidae, a Family of Dermaptera.”

Wednesday, November 16th, 1910.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the

Chair.

Nomination of Officers and Council for 1911.

Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, one of the Secretaries, announced

that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to act

as officers for 1911 : President, Mr. J. W. Tutt ; Treasurer,

Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Commander J. J. Walker,

M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. ;

Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S. ; and as other

members of the Council, Mr. R. Adkin, Professor T. Hudson

Beare, B.Sc., F.R.S.E. ; Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S. ;

Dr. M. Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Mr. H. St. J. Donis-

thorpe, F.Z.S. ; Mr. J. H. Durrant, Professor Selwyn Image,

M.A. ; Dr. K. Jordan, Ph.D. ; Mr. A. Sich, Mr. J. R. le B.

Tomlin, M.A., and Mr. H. J. Turner.

Appointment of Auditors.

The following Fellows were appointed to act as auditors of

the Society’s account for the current year : Mr. H. St. J.

Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Mr.

R. Wylie Lloyd, Mr. A. Sich, Mr. H. J. Turner, and Mr.

C. 0. Waterhouse.

Darwin Aledal.

The President having announced that the Darwin Medal

of the Royal Society was to be presented to Mr. Roland

Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., a Past-President of the Society, it was

agreed unanimously to convey to the recipient the heaity

congratulations of the Entomological Society of London.

Election of Fellows.

Dr. Geoffrey Douglas Hale Carpenter, M.A., M.B.,

Uganda Medical Service, Uganda Protectorate ; Mr. William

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1910.

E

( Ixvi )

B. Gurney, Assistant, Government Entomological Department

of Agriculture, Sydney, N.S.W. ; and Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw,

Hollycomb, Liphook, Sussex, were elected Fellows of the

Society.

ExhibUions.

Rare Palaearctic Moth. — The Hon. N. 0. Rothschild

brought for exhibition some examples of a rai'e Noctuid moth,

Oxytripia orhiculosa, Esp., collected by himself and Miss Sarolta

von Wertheimstein, at Puszta Peszer, in Hungary, during the

first week of October of this year, where examples of both

sexes were secured.

The exhibitor made some remarks on the curious habits of

the moth illustrated by photographs of one of the sandy

spots in the wood it frequents, and recalled the adventurous

history of its discovery and re-discovery in Hungary.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild also exhibited examples of two

species of flea, Cte7iocephalus canis (dog-flea) and Ctenocephalus

fells (cat-flea), and stated that, though still frequently con¬

sidered to be identical, they were really quite distinct species.

The exhibitor also remarked that the two had been united by

Dr. Taschenberg under the name of se7'ratice])S, a, name which

most certainly could not be retained. Under the microscope

it was seen that whereas the head of the dog-flea was rounded,

that of the cat-flea was long and flat.

Rare British Beetles. — Dr. G. Nicholson showed the

example of Lath^'ohiitm longip67ine, hairm., taken by him at

Croydon, in May 1910, of which a specimen was exhibited by

Commander J. J. Walker at the last meeting of the Society.

Professor T. Hudson Beare exhibited specimens of three

species of beetles, all taken abundantly by him at Nethy Bridge,

Inverness-shire, during July and August 1910, viz. : (a) Erir-

rhmus aethiops, F.— This species occurred in great abundance

in a mere handful of flood refuse on the banks of the river

Spey. The only other record of its occurrence in numbers is

that given by the Rev. W. F. Johnson from the North of

Ireland ; (6) C i'iocephalus ritsticus, Dej. — This species was taken

in numbers in the stumps of, and in small standing Scotch fir-trees

in a portion of the pine woods which surround the village, and

( Ixvii )

which had been swept over by a forest fire some few years ago.

There was no doubt that the larvae had a pi’eference for this

burnt timber, as they were much more abundant in this area

than in similar timber in adjacent parts of the woods ; (c)

Zeugophora turneri, Pow. — This species was beaten in great

profusion from aspens growing near Loch an-Eilan. Many of

the specimens were slightly immature, and as the species had

been taken early in June by Mr. Donisthorpe, near Braemar,

there is little doubt that this insect is double brooded.

Experiments with Ants’ Nests. — Mr. W. C. Crawley exhi¬

bited a colony of the ant Lasius niger which had accepted as

queen a $ of Lasius umh'atus in 1908. Up to this autumn

the only ants which had come to maturity in the nest were

pure Lasius nigei', thus confirming Reichenbach’s experiments

(“ Biologische Centralblatt,” July 15, 1902, p. 461), that

Losing niger ^s are able to produce ^s parthenogenetically.

It was hitherto supposed that ^s of ants could only lay eggs

that produced i^s, on the analogy of bees. A similar colony

dating from 1896 gave similar results (‘' Science Gossip,” May

1900).

In connection with Mr. Crawley’s exhibit Mr. H. St. J.

Donisthorpe exhibited ^ winged and wingless $ $ and ^ ^

of Lasiits niger and L. umhratus for comparison. He remarked

that umhratus was a scarce but widely distributed ant of con¬

siderable interest. Mr. Barnes has recorded nine wingless $ $

in a nest of Formica sanguinea at Wellington College, and he

himself had found ^ ^ in some numbers on several occasions

with the same ant at Woking. Wasmann has recorded

umhratus with niger. It is probable that L. umhratus $ is

unable to found her own nests and is a temporary social

parasite on niger. Mr. Crawley’s observations and experiments

go to confirm this.

Mr. Donisthorpe also exhibited ^ winged and wingless $ $ ^

and ^ ^ of Lasius fuliginosus, and pointed out that it was now

proved that the $ $ of this ant often founded their colonies

with imih'atus. He quoted Wasmann, Forel, Emery, Crawley

and his own observations, and stated that Mr. Crawley and

he intended to make experiments with these ants next year.

In connection with the ^ ^ bred in Mr. Crawley’s nest from

E 2

( Ixviii )

parthenogenitic eggs laid by the niger ^ he added that

Reichenbach had bred 300 ^ ^ and several dozen $ ^ from eggs

laid by twelve niger ^ ^ from 1899 to 1902. Mrs. Comstock

had also reared ^ ^ in a $less nest of L. niger, var. americanus,

in 1902 in America.

These facts confute Dzierzon’s hypothesis, which has been

tacitly extended to ants, that parthenogenitic eggs laid by the

honey-bee ^ ^ only produce This has never been properly

demonstrated. Finally, he remarked that it was a pity that

9 ? ants had been treated, and expected to behave, like 9 9

bees, which was not the case, and it had no doubt retarded

their proper study.

Close Resemblance of Butterflies from South America. —

Mr. W. J. Kate exhibited specimens of Eueides pavana

[lleliconidae), Actinote thalia [Acraeidae), and Dismorphia

actinote from S. Brazil. Comment was made as to the very

close resemblance between the first two. The resemblance was

greatest on the underside, but the upperside also showed

considerable converge of colouring. The specimen of E. pavana

exhibited had been caught and papered by Mr. Kaye as an

example of the common Actinote thalia. The specimen of

Dismorphia actinote caught on the Corcovado at Rio de Janeiro,

was shown principally as a mimetic species, for which a sharp

look-out was kept, while the much more convergent Heliconidae

had been passed over, because unsuspected. The Dismorphia,

while only a partial approach to the Actinote on the upperside,

was extremely close on the underside, with the hindwing

brought well over the forewing in an attitude of rest.

Aberrant Lepidoptera. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited

examples of Abraxas grossulariata, bred October 1910 as a

second brood, including two ab. varleyata d d) one very finely

rayed with white both on the fore- and hindwings, and one with

the yellow band replaced by a very narrow pale lemon band,

the parents being typical forms, and grandparents varleyata d

X type 9- He also showed an interesting Lycaena supposed

to be a natural hybrid between Agriades thetis (bellargus) d

X Folyommatus icarus, 9; taken wild near Folkestone, on

September 10th last; the underside showing both thetis and

icarus characteristics, with those of icarus most pronounced,

( Ixix )

the upperside a fine thetis colour with white fringes, the shape

of wings being also curious, rather suggesting that of Agriades

coridon.

Specimens of A. coridon, A. thetis, and P. icarus were also

exhibited for comparison.

Mr. G, T. Bethune-Baker, having examined this exhibit,

gave it as his opinion that the butterfly was merely an

aberrant form of Polyonimatus icarus,

Italian Rhopalacera. — Mr. Philip J. Barraud brought

for exhibition a case containing several series of a large form

of Satyrus statilinus from the Aurunci Mts., Southern-Central

Italy; series of Parnassius mnemosyne, xav, friihstoferi, ivom.

Mt. Petrella, Aurunci Mts., 9,000 ft. ; series of Colias edusa

and ab. helice, from Formia ; a very small specimen of Gono-

pteryx cleopatra, measuring 37 mm., from Formia; and four

examples of a large form of Pamphila comma from Southern-

Central Italy.

Papers.

The following papers were read : —

“ On the early stages of Latiorina {Lycaena) cu'hitrdus, Prun.,

an Amyrmecophelous Plebeiid butterfly,” and “ On the larva

of Orgyia splendida, Rbr. {duhia)," by Dr. T. A. Chapman,

M.D., F.Z.S.

“ Notes on Insect Enemies in the Tropics, and their Influence

on Mimicry,” by Edward A. Cockayne, F.E.S.

“ New Genera and Species of Striphnopterygidae and

Lasiocampidae^^ by Professor Christopher Aurivillius, Hon.

F.E.S.

Wednesday, December 7th, 1910.

Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Vice-President, in the

Chair.

Nomination of Officers and Council, 1911.

The Secretary again read out the names of the Fellows

nominated to serve as Ofllcers, and other members of the

Council for 1911.

( Ixx )

Election of Fellows.

Mr. 11. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S.E., of

Edinburgh University; and Mr. Hugh Frederick Stokeham,

Lieutenant, East Surrey Regiment, of “ Kingswear,” Streat-

ham Park, S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Letter of Congratulation to Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S.

“ Entomological Society op London,

“11 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

“Dear Mr. Trimen,

“ At the last meeting of the Entomological Society

of London, it was proposed from the Chair and carried

unanimously —

“ ‘ That the hearty congratulations of the Society be accorded

to Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., on the occasion of the

award to him of the Royal Society’s Darwin Medal.’

“ In conveying to you this expression of the Entomological

Society’s appreciation of the honour conferred on a dis¬

tinguished ex-President, we should wish to add that, in our

opinion, this event reflects no less honour upon the donors than

upon the recipient of the Medal. You are known to all

generations of scientific men as a veteran worker among those

who have found their chief inspiration in the principles laid

down by Charles Darwin. Among living naturalists there

are few indeed whose merits as associates and fellow-woi'kers

with Darwin can bear comparison with your own ; and we

feel sure that all alike, in rejoicing at this public recognition

of your life-long services to Biological science, will agree that

the present honour could not have been more worthily

bestowed.

“ (Signed)

“F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President.

“ H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.

“J. J. Walker, M. A., R.N.,F.L.S.

“ Roland Trimen, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

“ December 1910.”

( Ixxi )

Travel Grant.

The Vice-President announced that Mr. F. Merrifield

had most generously offered to renew his donation to the

Travel Grant of the Society, and proposed a vote of thanks,

which was given unanimously.

Collection of North American Beetles.

The Vice-President announced that he had received from

Dr. A. Feynes, of Pasadena, California — who was recently

elected a Fellow — and exhibited on his behalf, four boxes con¬

taining an admirable collection of North American Aleocharine

Coleoptera, which the donor had kindly offered to the Society.

In the absence of any collections belonging exclusively to

the Entomological Society of London, however, he had asked

Dr. Feynes to authorise a transfer of the gift to the

British Museum (Natural History), and he therefore, with the

consent of the Meeting, handed it over to Mr. G. J. Arrow

for that purpose.

Mr. G. J. Arrow, on behalf of the British Museum, said

that the donation would be greatly appreciated, as it included

examples of many rare species of North American Aleocharinae

not represented in the National Collections.

Exhibitions.

Bare and Variant Diptera. — Mr. H. W. Andrews ex¬

hibited a short series of Carphotricha guttularis, Mg., a scarce

Trypetid, taken at Milford Haven in July last, and a specimen

of a unicolorous form of Prosena sybarita, F., from North

Kent, July 30, 1910.

Introduced and New Insects. — Commander J. J. Walker

exhibited (a) specimens of Syagrms intriulens, Wat., an

Australian weevil, which had been introduced into a fernery

at Glasnevin, co. Dublin, where it had done considerable

damage; communicated by Mr. J. N. Halbert, M.R.I.A. ;

and of (6) Conops signata, Wiedemann, ^ and a Dipteron

new to Britain, taken at Tubney, Berks, September 11,

1910, and exhibited on behalf of the captor, Mr. Joseph

Collins, of the Oxfoi’d University Museum.

Rare and Variant Coleoptera. — Mr. E. C. Bed well

( Ixxii )

brought for exhibition examples of {a) Bruclms pectinicornis,

L. This beetle, as a rule, is looked upon as being introduced

into Britain, and only to be met with in granaries and similar

places ; the specimen exhibited was, however, swept on an

open hillside at Chipstead, Surrey, August 14, 1910: also

(i) Badister bipustidatus, F., a variety of this common species,

the usual black patches on the elytra being reduced to two

small black dots; from Chipstead, May 8, 1910.

Brachypterous Ants. — Mr. W. C. Crawley showed, with

normal examples, a brachypterous $ of the ant Lnsius

found at Oddington, near Oxford, in August 1900, at which

locality about the same time were observed $ ? of L. niyer

with short wings. Professor Wheeler has found similar 9 9

of American ants with the abdomen containing a nematode

worm.

Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe remarked that Herr Mrdzek had

recently shown that the short wings in 9 9 of Lasius alienus

were caused by the ant being infested by a nematode worm

of the genus Mermis, and he called them “ Mermithogynes,” and

that Professor Wheeler had found this to be the case with

short- winged 9 9 of L. neoniger in America. He now exhibited

a short-winged $ of Teclinomyrmex alhipes, Smith, together with

an ordinary winged ^ which he had recently taken at Kew, and

suggested that the former might be caused in the same way :

also ergatoid of the same species taken at the same time.

Forel has described this form from specimens captured by

the exhibitor, and suggests that they may be caused by the

presence of parasite guests entertained by the Technoviyrinex

in the same way as Pseudogynes are caused by the presence

of Lomechusa with F. sanguinea.

He further exhibited two forms of Prenolepis hraueri, sub-

sp. donisthorpei, Forel, taken at Kew. A black form ^ ^ and

taken in the Fern House and a red form from the Palm

House.

Bred Rare British Lepidoptera. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten

exhibited series of the following rare British Heterocera, viz. :

(a) Dianthoecia luteago, var. harrettii, bred 1910, from Devon

larvae ; (6) Tapinostola extrema, bred from Northamptonshire

larvae, July 1910 ; (c) Tapinostola hellmanni, bred from larvae

( Ixxiii )

taken in Wicken Fen, June 1910, and {d) a pale variety of

Meliana Jlammea, bi’ed from larvae collected in the Norfolk

Broads, together with a type specimen for comparison.

Butterfly and Mimic. — Mr, H. H, C, Druce brought for

exhibition a remarkable Nymphaline butterfly from the

Himalayas, Parhestina jermyni, n. sp., with Aforia agathon, var.

phryxe, the Pierid it mimics closely — the subject of a paper

read by him.

Melanism in Melitaeids. — Mr. H. Rowland-Brown ex¬

hibited, together with typical examples for comparison, two

fine melanic aberrations of Alelitaea parthenie, Bork., one of

which resembled ab. rhoio, Oberthiir (Lepid, Comparee, fasc.

iv. pi. xliv), taken at 2,800 ft., at Clelles, Isere, France, July

23, 1910; and also two very remarkable black aberrations

of Melitaea varia, taken by him in company with Mr, C. F.

Johnson, July 20, 1907, at the top of the Simplon Pass,

7,000 ft.

Papers.

Mr. Hamilton H. C. Druce, F.L.S., F.Z.S., read a paper

entitled “ Description of a new Nymphaline Butterfly from

British India.”

Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., read a paper entitled

“ Further Observations on Temporary Social Parasitism, and

Slavery in Ants.”

Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper on “Two

new species of Lycaenopsis from Sarawak, Borneo.”

M. Ernest Olivier communicated a paper entitled

“ Description of two new species of Luciola in the Collection

of Mr. H. E, Andrewes.”

( Ixxiv )

ANNUAL MEETING.

Dr. F. A. Dixby, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the

Chair.

Mr. li. Wylie Lloyd, one of the Auditors, read the

Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £30 11s. lOcZ.

in the Society’s favour. On the motion of Mr. R. S. Standen,

seconded by Mr. F. Enock, the Balance Sheet was adopted

unanimously.

Mr. H. Rowland-Bbown, one of the Secretaries, then read

the following : —

Report of the Council.

During the Session 1910-11 nine Fellows have died, viz.

Mr. C. G. Bignell, Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, Mr. Oliver C.

Goldthwait, Mr. George Henry, Mr. W. A. Luff, Mr.

Albert Piffard, Mr. George S. Saunders, F.L.S., Mr. Edward

Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., and Mr. James William Tutt; ten

Fellows have resigned, and the names of eleven Fellows have

been removed from the list.

The number of Fellows deceased is about the average, the

number of names removed from the list slightly above it ; but

it is highly satisfactory to observe that the number of elections

into the Society is the highest recorded in our annals ; the

long list of candidates for election in the early part of the

current year indicating that we may look for an annual

increase on this scale to become normal in the future — the

wider range of research adopted by our Fellows, and the

more general recognition by the public as a consequence of

Entomology as a practical science, being responsible in our

opinion for this highly satisfactory state of things.

At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows,

and five hundred and forty-two ordinary Fellows, making a

total of five hundred and fifty-four.

The Transactions for the year 1910 form a volume of five

hundred and thirty-three pages, containing twenty Memoirs

( Ixxv )

by the following authors : George T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S.,

Arthur G. Butler, Ph.D,, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Malcolm Burr, D.Sc.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D.,

F.Z.S. (two), H. St, J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., T. Bainbrigge

Fletcher, R.N., Dr. Joseph Lane Hancock, Norman H. Joy,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Arthur M. Lea, Edward Meyrick, B.A.,

F.R.S., F.Z.S. (two), the Rev. Francis David Morice, M.A. (part

author of one paper with the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S.)

(two), Claude Morley, Ernest Olivier, Louis B. Prout, Roland

Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., and Rowland E. Turner (two).

Of these, eight papers relate to Lepidoptera, three to

Coleoptera, six to Hymenoptera, two to Orthoptera, and one

is of general entomological interest.

The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by sixty

plates — a record number — of which eight are coloured.

Towards the cost of Plates I-XIII Mr. G. Bethune-Baker

has contributed £5 ; towards the cost of Plates XIV, XV

(chromo) Dr. T. A. Chapman has contributed half the ex¬

penses, and also has given the cost of the blocks for Plates

XVI-XLIII, and LI-LX, together with that of Plate A

in the Proceedings ; for the Plates XLIV and XLVII Dr.

Malcolm Burr supplied the drawings, and Mr. L. B. Prout

the drawings for Plate XLVIII (chromo) ; towards the cost

of Plate L (chromo) Mr. Rowland E, Turner has contributed

the sum of <£10.

The volume of Proceedings consists of seventy-three pages

in all, containing many notices as well as several short papers

of scientific interest, one of which is illustrated by a half-tone

block, the gift of Dr. T. A. Chapman.

Mr. F, Merrifield, one of our past Presidents, again having

volunteered a handsome donation to the Travel Fund, we

were in a position last summer to send one of our Fellows,

Mr. B. C. S. Warren, abroad for a prolonged entomological

tour in South-eastern France. We feel sure that the con¬

ditions of this grant have only to be brought home to

Fellows to be more generally appreciated, and utilised by

those who are anxious to pursue their entomological studies

outside the United Kingdom.

At the first Congress of Entomology, held at Brussels in

( Ixxvi )

August last, we were represented officially by Dr, F. A.

Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S.,

Mr. H, St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., and Mr. F. Merrifield ; the

great success of the meeting being in no small degree due to

the energy and interest displayed by the Fellows of our

Society, of whom the Hon. Walter Rothschild, M.A., D.Sc.,

and Dr. Karl Jox’dan, Ph.D. (Chairman of the Executive

Committee), Pi’ofessor Poulton, F.R.S., Dr. F. A. Dixey,

F.R.S., Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, IM.A., Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,

and Dr, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc. (General Secretary of the

Executive Committee), were elected permanent members of

the International Council.

We are interested to know that a second Congress of

Entomology is to be held next year at Oxford, under the

Presidency of Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S,, Hope

Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, and past

President of our Society.

At the International Congress of Zoology, held at Gratz in

August last, our delegates were the lion. Walter Rothschild,

M.A., D.Sc., and Dr. Karl Jordan, Ph.D.

The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1911

£23 2s. for subscriptions paid in advance in 1910, and in¬

vesting £47 5s, in Consols for three Life Compositions received

during that period, making the total sum so invested

£1,045 6s. 3(7., there remains a genuine cash balance in the

Society’s favour of £30 11s. lOcZ.

An analysis of these figures shows that the new system of

combining the printing and distribution accounts ensures a

considerable saving of money, and that we are now well able

to discharge all liabilities incurred for the cost of producing

the Transactions and Proceedings within the current session.

It must be borne in mind also that the general expenditure

of the Society for the year includes also the cost of production,

and of the design of the new seal of the Society, which will

henceforth be affixed to all official documents issued by the

Council,

This improved condition of our finances is due in great

measure to the services rendered by the late Mr. J. W. Tutt,

by whose untimely death the Council and the Society suffer

( Ixxvii )

an irreparable loss in the management and control of their

business affairs.

In conclusion the Librarian announces that thii’ty volumes,

and a large number of Separata, together with the usual

Periodicals, have been added to the Library, and that greatly

increased use has been made of it for purposes of study and

reference by Fellows ; also the issue of books for home work

has been considerably extended.

H. Kowland-Brown,

J. J. Walker, R.N.,

Secretaries.

Entomological Society of London,

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

1 A January, 1911.

On the motion of Mr. R. Adkin, seconded by Mr. J. H.

Durrant, the Report was adopted unanimously.

The Secretaries also presented the following Report of

the Brussels Intexmational Congress of Entomology : —

THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

After preliminary meetings in London and Brussels

extending over close upon two years, the first International

Congress of Entomology assembled at Brussels, and continued

in session from August 1 to August 6. Our Society, of whom

the Executive Officers, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Dr. Karl

Jordan, Dr. G. B. Longstaff, Professor Poulton, F.R.S., Mr.

G. A. K. Marshall and Dr. M. Burr, had already served upon

the General Committee, was specially represented by Dr. F. A.

Dixey, F.R.S., Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., Mr. F. Merrifield

and Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, while these and other Fellows

had been chosen by the following Public Bodies, Universities

and Societies to represent them respectively.

Colonial Office : The Hon. N. C. Rothschild, M.A., F.L S.,

F.Z S. (also delegate for the Tropical African Entomological

Research Committee).

Board of Agriculture: Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A.,

D.Sc.

( Ixxviii )

Commonwealth of Australia : Professor F. V. Theobald,

M.A.

Commonwealth of South Africa : Mr. Roland Trimen,

M.A., FR.S., F.L.S.

British Museum (Natural History) : The Hon. Walter

Rothschild, D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.L.S.

Royal Society and Linnean Society : Professor Poulton,

D.Sc., F.R.S.

Zoological Society : Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, F.Z.S,

University of Cambridge ; Professor R. C. Punnett, M.A.

University of Oxford: Dr. F, A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.,

F. R.S. ; Professor Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S. ; Dr. Malcolm

Burr, D.Sc.

University of Edinburgh : Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall,

M.A., D.Sc.

University of London : Professor F. V. Theobald, M.A.

Royal British Arboricultural Society : Mr. A. T. Gillanders.

Agricultural Research Institute of Pusa, Bengal : Mr. F.

]\1. Hewlett, M.A., while numerous other Local Bodies, Insti¬

tutes and Associations were also represented by Fellows and

others : the total membership of the Congress amounting to

292, of whom 67 were British subjects.

Proceedings began with an informal reception on Sunday,

July 31, at the Taverne Roy ale, given by the Entomological

Society of Belgium, at which Professor Lameere, the President

of the Congress, received the guests, assisted by the Baron

G. de Crombrugghe de Piquendaele, ably supported by Madame

Lameere, M. Severin, to whose energy and courtesy the success

of the meeting was so largely due, Madame, and Mdlle. Severin,

and a number of other Belgian entomologists and their friends,

each member of the Congress receiving a prettily designed

badge in white metal, and a free pass into the Exhibition

for the week.

But it was not until the following day that the session was

opened in the Salles des Fetes, which had been put at the

disposal of the Congress by the Committee of the Brussels

Exhibition. Here Professor Lameere, Rector of the Fx'ee

University of Brussels, delivered an address of welcome, and

as soon as the subsequent formalities had been complied with,

( Ixxix )

Professor Y. Sjostedt, of the Stockholm 'Natural History

Museum, gave a vivid account, with lantern illustrations, of

the entomological discovei’ies, and the work done by the

Swedish Expedition to Kilimandjai’o, of which he had been

leader ; while other papers were read in the adjoining rooms

assigned to the several Sections detailed for the day.

During the Session the following papers were read or

communicated by Fellows of our Society : —

Section op Economic and Pathological Entomology. —

< ‘ The Artificial Distribution of Insect Pests ” (Professor F. V.

Theobald) ; “ Galerucella lineola, its Life History and Habits,

with notes on Preventive and Remedial Researches ” (Dr. R.

Stewart MacDougall); “The Distribution of the Yellow Fever

Mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata ” (Professor F. V. Theobald) ;

“ Economical Questions in Bengal ” (J. M. Hewlett).

Section of Bionomics, Physiology and Psychology. —

“ Note on the Chemical Constitution of the red-coloured

Secretion of Timarcha tenebricosa ” (communicated by Profes.sor

E. W. Carlier and C. L. Evans) ; “ Les Accouplements

Anormaux chez les Insectes ” (E. Olivier).

Section of Evolution and Mimicry. — “ Mimicry” (Dr. F. A.

Dixey, F.R.S.) ; “ Mendelism and Lepidoptera” (Professor

R. C. Punnett) ; “ Experimental Entomology ” (F. Merri-

field) ; “ A quoi sert le Mimetisme 1 ” (W. Schaus) ; “ The

Systematics of certain Lepidoptera which resemble each other,

and their bearing on general questions of Evolution ” (Dr. K.

Jordan) ; “ Mr. C. A. Wiggins’s Researches on Mimicry in the

Forest Butterflies of Uganda, 1909, 1910” (Professor E. B.

Poulton, F.R.S.).

Section op Nomenclature and of Bibliography, and

Papers of General Entomological Interest. — “The Im¬

portance of the Uniform Use of Technical Terms referring

to Types, Co-type, etc., and on the Eight of Authors to change

the Names given by other Authors ” (H. H. Lyman) ;

together with the following papers on subjects of general

entomological interest, the majority of which, with the above,

will appear, as we are informed, in the Transactions of the

Congress presently to be published. “ La G^ographie et la

Phylogenie des Fourmis” (A. Forel, Hon. F.E.S.) ; “Ants

( Ixxx )

and their Guests,” with lantern demonstration (H. St. J.

Donisthorpe) ; “ On the Conservation of Types in Museums ”

(the Rev. W. J. Holland, Hon. F.E.S.); “The Preservation

of Collections in Tropical Climates ” (J. M. Hewlett) ; “ Dis¬

tribution Geographique, et Physiol ogie des Coleopteres Lam-

pyrides ” (E. Olivier). While among the papers read by others

of our countrymen who are not Fellows may be mentioned

“ The Disinfection of Imported Seeds of Plants, and the Use

of Insecticides,” by Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., D.Sc.,

D.C.L., F.R.S., representing the Royal Colonial Institute,

and the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the West

Indies; and “Notes on the (Estrides (Diptera),” by Dr. G. H.

Carpenter, representing the Royal College of Science, Dublin.

At the final general meeting the President, Professor

Lameere, having briefly summed up the work done, and con¬

gratulated the Congress upon the unqualified success of its

first session, it was decided that a second Congress should

be held in the summer of 1912. As delegate of Oxford Uni¬

versity, Professor Poulton, supported by his co-delegates. Dr.

F. A. Dixey and Dr. Malcolm Burr, with the other Oxford

Graduates present, cordially invited the members to the

University city, an invitation which was accepted with

enthusiasm.

Meanwhile the more serious business had been relieved by

excursions to various places of interest and beauty in the

neighbourhood, including the Congo Museum of Tervueren

and the Brussels National History Museum. The visit to the

battlefield of Waterloo, under the able direction of M. Charles

Kerremans, who has an unrivalled knowledge of the site

and details of the battle, was very popular. On Friday,

August 5, the success of the Congress was also celebrated

by a banquet, where there gathered together many leaders of

the Science, wearing numerous brilliant orders conferred by

Sovereigns and other heads of States. The celebrations ter¬

minated with a reception, given by M. Max, Burgomaster of

Brussels, in the Hotel de Ville. And there, amid a scene of

brilliance and splendour, entomologists of all nations, old

friends as well as new, speaking many languages, bade one

another farewell. A detailed Report of the Congress by Dr.

( Ixxxi )

M. Burr was published in “The Times,” August 10, 1910,

and of the work of the British and Irish members in the

“ Entomologist,” Vol. xliii, p. 233, by Mr. H. Eowland- Brown,

Of the British contingent attending (67 in all) the following

are Fellows of the Society : — G. J. Ari’ow, R. S. Bagnall, Dr.

M. Burr, G. C. Champion, Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S.; H. St. J.

Donisthorpe, H. Eltringham, G. C. Gahan, A. J. Gillanders,

Sir A. Buchan-Hepburn, Bart.; |^Dr. W. J. Holland, J. M.

Howlett, A. H. Jones, Dr. K. Jordan, E. G. Joseph, Dr. G. B.

Longstaff, H. H. Lyman, Dr. R. S. MacDougall, G. A. K.

Marshall, G, Meade Waldo, F, Merrifield, Professor E. B.

Boulton, F.R.S., Professor R. C. Punnett, the Hon. H. 0.

Rothschild, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, H. Rowland-Brown,

W. Schaus, Professor F. V. Theobald, R. Trimen, F.R.S. ; C. J.

Wainwright ; and ladies, Mrs. Malcolm Burr, Mrs. Donis¬

thorpe, Mrs. Longstaff, Miss Merrifield, Mrs. and Miss Poulton,

Miss Rowland-Brown, and Mrs. Trimen.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing

to substitute other names for those contained in the list

prepared by the Council, the following Fellows, on the motion

of Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, seconded by Mr. C. 0. Water-

house, were declared elected to serve on the Council for

1911-12: — Robert Adkin, Geoi’ge T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S.,

Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., Dr. Malcolm

Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., George Charles Champion, F.Z.S.,

A.L.S., Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. ,

Horace St. John Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., John Hartley Durrant,

Professor Selwyn Image, M.A., Albert Hugh Jones, Dr. Karl

Jordan, Ph.D., Alfred Sich, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.,

Henry Jerome Turner, Commander J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N.,

F.L.S., and the Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S.

The following were also elected officers : — Treasurer, Albert

Hugh Jones; Secretaries, Commander James J. Walker,

M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. George Wheeler, M.A.,

F.Z.S. ; Librarian, George Charles Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S.,

but owing to the lamented death of the President-nominate,

Mr. J ames William Tutt, it was announced that the election of

a President would be postponed to a Special General Meeting

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1910. F

( Ixxxii )

to be held upon some convenient date after the first Ordinary-

Meeting of the Society in March.

Dr. F. A. Dixby, the President, then delivered an Address,

at the close of which a vote authorising the printing of the

Address, coupled with thanks to the President for his

Address, and for his services as President during the past

Session, Avas proposed by Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, seconded

by the Rev. F. D. Morice, and carried unanimously.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff then pi’oposed a vote of thanks to

the other officers of the Society. This was seconded by Mr.

A. E. Tonge, and carried unanimously. The President, Mr.

A. H. Jones, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, Commander J. J.

Walker, and Mr. G. C. Champion replied.

At the request of some of the Fellows present, Mr.

Rowland-Brown explained the procedure under the Bye-

Laws for the forthcoming election of a President to succeed

Dr. F. A. Dixey.

( Ixxxiii )

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Balance Sheet for the Year 1910.

Assets.

£ s. d.

Subscriptions in arrear

considered good . 79 0 0

Cost of £1,045 6s. 3d.

Consols. Present value

at the price of 791 on

31st December, 1910,

£829 14s. 4d . 996 18 0

Cost of £239 12s. 4d.

Birmingham 3 per cents.

Present value at the

price of 86 on 31st

December, 1910, £206

Os. 9d . 250 0 0

Balance in hand . 30 11 10

Additional Assets : —

Contents of Library, and

unsold Stock.

£1,356 9 10

Liabilities.

Cost of printing, etc.. Parts 4 and 5.

Audited, compared with vouchers and

found correct —

T. A. Chapjian.

Horace St. J. Donisthorpe.

Hy. J. Turner.

Chas. O. Waterhouse.

R. W. Lloyd.

Less depreciation of £211 2s. lid. in the value of the Stocks.

A. Hugh Jones, Treasurer.

4th January, 1911.

( Ixxxv )

THE PKESIDENT’S ADDEESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Our Anniversary Meeting last year took place in the

midst of a General Election. We may be permitted to hope

that these political tournaments are not about to become as

regularly annual as our own celebration, but the fact remains

that this year we have only escaped a similar coincidence by

the space of a few weeks. Our feelings with regard to the

recent contest are probably mixed ; but I am on safe ground

in asserting that we one and all regret that the House of

Commons has lost, even if only for a time, the services of a

distinguished representative of Entomology.

The year just finished has been an eventful one. It has

been marked by the passing of a beloved Sovereign, who,

during his all too short reign, more than fulfilled the hopeful

anticipations with which his accession was greeted. In his

Successor we welcome a Euler who has already given evidence

of the solicitude with which he watches over the best interests

of his people, and who inspires us with confidence that in him

the cause of science and learning will find an earnest advocate

and promoter. In this he will but be following the tradition

set by an illustrious Father and Grandfather, whose example

is destined to bear fruit for many years to come.

It will be within the recollection of all the Fellows of this

Society that loyal Addresses were presented on their behalf to

King George on his Accession, and to the widowed Queen

Alexandra. The text of these Addresses, together with that

of the Royal Reply, is to be found in our Proceedings.

At a time of general mourning it was obviously fitting that

we should defer the holding of our proposed Conversazione.

( Ixxxvi )

It was eventually decided to forego this entertainment

altogether for the year just ended ; and we may hope

that the social and scientific gathering, when it does take

place, may be for entomologists not the least interesting and

brilliant of the functions marking the season of the coming

Coronation.

If the public bereavement has been severe, our private

losses have also been heavy. All who had the privilege of

knowing Edward Saunders will preserve an abiding memory

of his striking, semi-ascetic countenance, his unfailing courtesy,

his quiet, unassuming but forceful character, his deep learning,

and the mitis safientia that pervaded in him both word and

action. One who has a much better right than myself to

speak of our departed friend has written an eloquent and

touching tribute to his memory ; and those of our number

who would wish to gain an idea of Avhat manner of man

Edward Saunders was, should turn to the account of his life

by the Kev. F. D. Morice. As a Fellow of the Royal Society

he worthily upheld the dignity of Entomology among the

Sciences of Life ; and his loss has been keenly felt, not only

by his immediate associates, but throughout all entomological

circles at home and abroad.

His death was shortly followed by that of his brother,

George Sharp Saunders, F.L.S., also a keen entomologist, and

one who had made valuable contributions to our knowledge of

noxious insects.

It was with unusually great regret that we received the

news of the untimely death of George Willis Kirkaldy,

which took place at San Francisco, in the thirty-seventh year

of his age. It was some five or six years ago that he met with

the accident, while riding, from the ultimate effects of which

he died. Educated at the City of London School, he early

developed a taste for entomology. His first paper, “A

Revision of the Notonectidae,” was published in 1897. The

hemipterous portion of the Zoological material collected by Dr.

R. C. L. Perkins was worked out by him, and the results

published in 1903 as part of the “ Fauna Hawaiiensis.” In

the same year Mr. Kirkaldy was appointed Assistant-

Entomologist to the Hawaiian Territorial Board of Agricul-

( Ixxxvii )

ture and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, this office

giving him the opportunity of continuing his studies on the

Hemiptera, and especially on the Fulgoridae. His “ Catalogue

of the Hemiptera,” which was to have included the whole

Order, has been published in part, and it is understood that

further instalments will be issued under the auspices of

M. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, to whose charge Kirkaldy’s

unpublished manuscripts and notes have been committed.

Mr. F. W. Terry, to whom I am indebted for many of the

details just given, has written as follows of his deceased

associate : “ A voluminous writer and wide reader, a staunch

friend and genial companion, he was always ready to give

others the benefit of his udde bibliographical knowledge.

His optimistic and kindly personality will be greatly missed

by his friends and colleagues.”

George Carter Bignell, known for his earlier work on

Lepidoptera and his later researches on various forms of

parasites, especially those infesting the Aphides, died early

in the year at the ripe age of eighty-four.

Other losses have been suffered by our Society in the deaths

of Albert Piffard, a well-known traveller, whose entomo¬

logical interests were chiefly engaged in the collection and

study of Coleoptera and Diptera ; and in those of Oliver

C. Goldthwait, George Henry, and W. A. Luff.

But unfoi’tunately the death-roll of 1910 does not exhaust

the list of our losses. Within the last few days we have

received the sad intelligence that James William Tutt, a

member of our Council and President-nominate, is no moi’e.

This is not the time or the place to attempt a full apprecia¬

tion of his personal qualities, or of the services which he has

rendered to entomology in general and to our own Society in

particular. But I may at least be permitted to recall his

untiring industry, his exemplai-y thoroughness, his contagious

enthusiasm, and that over-mastering love of his subject which

constrained him to devote the scanty leisure of a busy pro¬

fessional life to the single-minded pursuit of his entomological

studies. To what good purpose he used his opportunities we

all know ; and those of us who have had occasion to serve

with him on the Council and Publications Committee will be

( Ixxxviii )

especially sensible of what his loss means to the Society in its

business relations. He has deserved well of us, and his place

will not easily be filled.

Outside our own ranks the year has witnessed the decease

of the well-known collector H. McArthur, who by his labours

in Central Asia, Kashmir and India, as well as nearer home

in the Orkneys, Shetlands and Hebrides, has widened the

bounds of entomological knowledge.

The death of Gustav Beeddin, which took place during the

last days of 1909, should not be allowed to pass without

notice. A recognised authority on the Hemiptera, he was

distinguished by the specially scientific character of his work

upon the group.

Lastly must be mentioned the death of Gustav Fischer,

the well-known publisher of Jena. Not specially an entomo¬

logist, he has yet deserved well of the entomological fraternity

on account of the numerous works, of high interest to all

students of insects, which under his auspices have seen the

light.

In the course of the year several of our Fellows have been

the recipients of well-merited honours. It is a matter of

great satisfaction to us all that the deserts of my immediate

predecessor in this Chair have met with recognition in the

highest quarters. As a Companion of the Imperial Service

Order, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse will carry into his retirement

from the public service the affectionate goodwill of all

who know him ; and we may hope in this Society to

enjoy the benefit of his long experience and matured

wisdom for many years to come. The University of

Oxford conferred distinction at once on itself and on our

ex-President Professor Meldola, F.B.S., by bestowing on him

the honorary degree of Doctor in Science, and by appointing

him Herbert Spencer Lecturer for 1910. Mr. Selwyn Image,

a member of our Council, has been elected to the Slade

Professorship of Fine Art in the same Univei’sity. Those

who, like myself, have sat at the feet of John Buskin,

will agree that no more worthy occupant could have been

found for the Chair that will ever be linked in association

with the memory of that great teacher and prophet. With

( Ixxxix )

Ruskin, nature and art, though not identical, were in¬

separable ; and in his successor to-day we find a happy illus¬

tration of that successor’s favourite maxim, “ Ars est homo

additus naturae.” We may congratulate ourselves that the

artistic skill of our Slade Professor, already exemplified in

the Addresses which his handicraft has helped to make

worthy at once of the Society and of their recipients, will

leave with us a permanent memorial in the shape of

our new seal, in truth a Krrjfjia es dei for us and our

successors.

This leads me to speak more particularly of the occasion of

one of the Addresses to which I have just alluded. At the

Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society, the Darwin Medal

was presented to our valued Fellow and ex-President, Mr.

Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S. The event was felt to be a

subject of special congratulation to entomological interests in

general as well as to the recipient in particular. It will be

remembered that the Society passed unanimously a special

resolution asking the officers to convey to Mr. Trimen “ the

hearty congratulations of the Society on the occasion of the

award to him of the Royal Society’s Darwin Medal.” I think

it will be of interest to put on record the terms of the

Address, or rather Letter, in which this was done, and also

Mr. Ti’imen’s reply. The Address, after quoting the Resolu¬

tion, proceeds as follows : —

“ In conveying to you this expression of the Entomological

Society’s appreciation of the honour conferred on a distin¬

guished ex-President, we should wish to add that, in our

opinion, this event reffects no less honour upon the donors

than upon the recipient of the Medal. You are known to all

generations of scientific men as a veteran worker among those

who have found their chief inspiration in the principles laid

down by Charles Darwin. Among living naturalists there

are few indeed whose merits as associates and fellow-workers

with Darwin can bear comparison with your own ; and we

feel sure that all alike, in rejoicing at this public recognition

of your life-long services to Biological science, will agree that

the present honour could not have been more worthily

bestowed.”

( xc )

The letter was signed, on behalf of the Society, by the

President and Secretaries. Mr. Trimen’s reply was as

follows ; —

“ Southbury, Guildford,

‘'December 1910.

“To the Entomological Society op London.

“ It is difficult to give adequate expression to my grateful

sense of the honour done me by the Resolution of the Ento¬

mological Society of London, according its hearty congratu¬

lations on the recent award to me of the Darw'in Medal of

the Royal Society, and by the highly appreciative and cordial

terms of the letter of the President and Secretaries trans¬

mitting that Resolution.

“ Such commendation from a Learned Society with which I

have been associated for over fifty years is no slight one, and

greatly enhances the distinction of the Medal in question. I

cannot say how much I owe to the kindness and encouragement

I have always met with from the Society collectively and from

so many individual members of it, and I recognise that the

Medal is as much due to the countenance and aid thus

generously given me as to any efforts of my own.

“ I find pleasure in thinking that Mr. Darwin himself would

have approved of the award this year to an entomologist whom

he knew, and who had the happiness of rendering him some

slight aid in his researches. For was not that greatest of

naturalists’ first love beetles 1 — and has he not himself recorded

that his favourite toast at Cambridge was ‘ Floreat Entomo-

logia ! ’ 1 All of us heartily re-echo this aspiration, and it

might well be adopted as the motto of our Society,

“ Your faithful and attached Colleague,

“Roland Trimen.”

Another great naturalist, w’hom we may claim as an

Honorary Fellow of our Society, is the veteran French ento¬

mologist, J, H. Fabre, of Serignan, Vaucluse, whose eightieth

birthday was signalised by a festival held in his honour at

Orange, on the 3rd of April. The committee formed to

promote this object contained some of the names most

( xci )

illustrious in the Science and Literature of France ; nor were

our own countrymen forgotten. A presentation was made to

the hero of the day, including a fine plaquette, a duplicate

copy of which I had the pleasure of exhibiting lately

in this room. Several Fellows of our Society contributed

towards the fund raised for the occasion, and I cannot resist

quoting a few words from the letter of acknowledgment

written by Dr. Legros, the Secretary of the movement : —

“ Je vous prie, Monsieur le President, de recevoir pour vous-

meme et de vouloir bien transmettre aux genereux donateurs

I’expression de la profonde gratitude des organisateurs du

comite. La noble Angleterre vient de nous donner une preuve

de plus de ses traditions de courtoisie et de solidarite.”

This, I think, may be taken as something more than mere

conventional politeness. I prefer to see in it evidence of what

I am convinced is a fact, viz. that nothing is more apt to

promote feelings of international goodwill than community of

scientific interests.

If we wished for another indication of the truth of this

opinion, we should find it in the excellent and interesting

account of the Jubilee of the Entomological Society of Pussia,

furnished to our Proceedings by Dr. Malcolm Burr, who so

worthily represented us on that occasion.

Our representatives at the Zoological Congress at Graz were

the Hon. \V. Rothschild and Dr. Karl Jordan. The entomo¬

logists there present were few, but made up in quality what

they lacked in number. Many of our Society will be pleased

to know that the long-continued experimental work of Pro¬

fessor Max Standfuss was recognised at the Congress by the

bestowal on him of a special honour.

But if entomologists at Graz were few and far between,

they had mustered in good force at Brussels for the First

International Congress of Entomology. The success of this

undertaking was undoubted. The social and scientific aspects

of the Congress were both felt to be of high value ; and the

fact that Brussels was en fete over the Exhibition with a gaiety

not yet sobered by the deplorable conflagration, while it

may have led here and there to a little crowding and incon¬

venience, yet provided ample compensation, especially for the

( xcii )

youngei’ and more sportive spirits amongst us. The Entomo¬

logical Society has every reason to be satisfied with the part

played by its Fellows at the Congress. Not only Messrs.

Trimen, Merrifield and Donisthorpe, who, with your Presi¬

dent, were specially deputed as representatives, but Professor

Poulton, Professor Punnett, Hon. C. and Hon. W. Roths¬

child, Dr. Karl Jordan, Dr. Burr, and others too numerous to

mention, were prominent in the proceedings. Brussels has

given a good lead, which we may feel confident will be well

followed up in this country next year under the auspices of

Professor Poulton. When the International Congress has

become an established and venerable institution, I trust it

will not be forgotten that the impulse which set it going

oi’iginated from Tring.

While on the subject of the Congress I recall with pleasure

the fact that a most agreeable feature was supplied by the

appearance, during its progress, of Mr. Eltringham’s splendid

work on Mimicry in African Butterflies, a book which I

cordially commend to the notice of all those who are in any

way interested in the subject of mimicry.

Before turning to the more special portion of my Address,

it now only remains for me to expi-ess my very grateful thanks

to the Society in general, and to the Business and Publications

Committee, the Council, and the Officers, in particular, for the

pleasant term of office which I have enjoyed. The experience

of another year in the Chair which my predecessor found

materially, though I trust not morally, uncomfortable, has

only served to deepen my former impression of the magnitude

of the obligation which the Society owes to its Librarian, its

Treasurer and its Secretaries. To repeat what I have said on

a former occasion is unnecessary, but I cannot allow this

opportunity to pass without adding a word of personal appre¬

ciation of the services of our retiring Honorary Secretary, Mr.

H. Rowland-Bi’own. I count myself fortunate to have had

the benefit of his assistance and advice, not only during my

raw novitiate, but up to the end of my tenure of office. As

the last of a long succession of Presidents whom he has helped

to bring up in the way they should go, I congratulate him on

his well-earned retirement, from which I venture to hope

( xciii )

he will one day emerge into an oflBcial position which he has

not yet held, but which he, if any one, is fully competent to

fill.

Entomology and Evolution.

In my former Presidential Address I took as a subject

a matter of special morphological interest. On the present

occasion I propose to ask your attention to a topic of

somewhat wider scope. It is not often that the opportunity

arises of dealing in a general way with the methods and

objects of entomological science. Such treatment is rightly

considered to lie outside the proper range of our Transactions,

nor would it be more in place in the record of our less formal

discussions, or in the midst of those discussions themselves.

But a Presidential Address affords a legitimate occasion for

such generalities. It is possible there, without impertinence

or irrelevance, to give expression to personal views of a larger

application than to any one department of our subject, or to

any particular example of the advancement of entomological

knowledge. I wish, then, to devote a little time to a brief

consideration of some of the matters with which we entomo¬

logists are brought into contact, in their bearing on biological

science in general ; and incidentally to notice the relation

which obtains, or should obtain, between different sides of

entomological study.

With the recent Darwin celebrations still so fresh in our

recollection, it is scarcely necessary to remind ourselves that

most biological pursuits derive their main interest and im¬

portance from the light they are able to throw on the process

of organic evolution. This is perhaps especially the case with

entomology. The intrinsic interest of the study is great, and

has been so felt by many lovers of nature in days before

Darwin. But it needed the Darwinian touch to transfoi’m

the dry bones of description and classification into a living

and breathing organism. Under the stimulating influence of

the theory of selection, all the scattered items of entomological

knowledge were found to have their proper place and signi¬

ficance in relation to the whole structure, and every addition

to our store of entomological fact was welcomed as marking a

( xciv )

fresh stage of growth in our comprehension of at least one

portion of the evolutionary domain. And the peculiar value

of entomological data for research on Darwinian lines was

speedily recognised. The material with which we entomo¬

logists have to deal is for the most part abundant, of manage¬

able size, easy of manipulation, and favourably constituted for

experiment. Hence it has followed that many of the most

important steps in the progress of our evolutionary knowledge

have depended directly or indirectly on the study of insects.

Let me take as an example the present state of scientific

opinion with regard to the transmission of acquired char¬

acters, or, as some prefer to put it, the inheritance of somatic

modifications. It is hardly necessary for me to say that

neo-Lamarckians are still on the look-out for an instance of

such transmission, and that neither among insects nor any¬

where else have they been able to find one. The antecedent

improbability of the alleged phenomenon has been well

shown by many writers, and by none more convincingly than

by Professor Poulton, in one of the admirable Presidential

Addresses delivered by him from this Chair. But the failure

of the neo-Lamarckians to establish the principle of specific

transmission must not blind us to the fact that the germ-

plasm is far from possessing the stability and inviolability

with which it was once supposed to be endowed. Weismann

himself, with great candour, admitted at a comparatively

early stage in his work that the germ-plasm was not in all

cases out of the reach of external influences. It is of special

interest to us as entomologists that he was led to this

conclusion by experiments on a butterfly — the well-known

“Copper” {Chrysophanus phlaeas). Exposing pupae of the

northern golden-red form of this insect to an abnormally

high temperature, he found that many of the resulting

butterflies were slightly dusted with black. On the other-

hand, pupae bred from eggs sent from Naples, which would

under ordinary circumstances have produced butterflies of the

dark southern summer form, were subjected to a relatively

low temperature and gave rise to perfect insects in which the

normal dark coloration was sensibly diminished. These

results, as we shall doubtless all remember, agree with those

( xcv )

obtained by our ex-President, Mr. Merrifield. So far they

show, as many similar investigations by other naturalists

have done, that it is possible by varying the external con¬

ditions to which a butterfly is exposed in its earlier stages, to

induce a well-marked alteration in its final aspect. This is

the first and obvious conclusion to be derived from these

experiments. But Weismann, as I need hardly remind you,

was not content to stop at this point. The fact "was un¬

deniable that warmth tended to produce in the northern form

of the species an approach towards the darkened aspect of

the southern race ; and conversely, refrigeration brought

about in the latter a tendency towards the familiar golden-red

of German or English specimens. From this the further

inference seemed clear that the difference in aspect of the

two geographical races was a direct result of the temperature

conditions to which they were respectively exposed during

the course of their normal life-history. But it was further

to be remarked that in neither series of experiments was the

transformation complete. In each instance several members

of the brood appeared to be unaffected, and in none did the

artificially-produced lightening or darkening reach the same

pitch of intensity as in the local races corresponding to the

respective conditions of temperature. The most probable

interpretation of this result seemed to be that, in Weismann’s

words, the difference between the two geographical races

originated in consequence of “ a gradual cumulative effect of

the climate, the slight effects of one summer or winter having

been transmitted and added to from generation to generation.”

At this point we may imagine the neo-Lamai’ckian asking,

“What further^proof can be required of the possibility of the

transmission of acquired characters'?” It is admitted, he

would say, that the difference between the northern C. j)hlaeas

and the southern var. eleits is in some way or other the result

of climatic conditions. It has also been shown that these

conditions are only partially operative for a single generation.

The effect is therefore cumulative. It has not been suggested

in this case that the change is an adaptation ; no reason has

been alleged why in the one instance the lighter and in the

other the darker coloration should have been selected as being

( xcvi )

in any respect serviceable to the life of the individual. All

the successive steps must have resulted directly from certain

external conditions ; and each step, as it was gained, must

have been passed on to the next generation by hereditary

transmission, until, in their respective geographical habitats,

the lighter and darker coloured races became ultimately fixed.

Could there, he might say, be a much clearer case of the

validity of Lamarckian, or rather Buffonian, factors 1

Clear as the case might seem, it did not satisfy Weismann.

He took into account a further fact, viz. that this butterfly in

a certain part of its range is seasonally dimorphic, alternating

in successive broods between the pale northern and the dark

southern form. This state of things he found hard to reconcile

with the theory of transmitted somatogenic modification ; for

if, as he argued, the colour of the race were becoming

gradually darker by the inheritance of each step in the

process as it appeared in the individual, no light-coloured

brood could be produced from dark parents, and vice versa.

There was still another featui’e in the case to be reckoned

with. Weismann’s own experiments on Araschnia prorsa-

levana had taught him that the susceptibility to the influence

of temperature is not uniform throughout the whole course of

the life-history, but belongs in greatest measure to one

particular period — in the case of A. lyt'orsa-levana, as he

thought, to the early part of the pupal stage, I need here

do no more than mention incidentally that this observation

has been abundantly confirmed and extended, with modifica¬

tions, by other investigators, notably by Mr. Mei’rifield ; and,

I may add, by Mr. G. A, K. Marshall, whose results, like those

of Lt.-Col. N. Manders, are especially valuable as having

been obtained under the peculiar diflSculties of work in the

tropics, and as bringing in the operation of another factor,

namely, that of moisture.

There must, then, be some constituent in the composition

of the individual which undergoes some successive changes

during the period of the individual life-history, and which

at one or more stages of its ontogenetic development is capable

of being acted upon by external influences in such a way as

to produce an obvious alteration in the final condition. But

, ( xcvii )

we have already seen that this effect is not purely a matter of

influence upon the individual. The apparent fact of accumu¬

lation from generation to generation shows that behind the

individual change there must be some element of heredity.

Where is this to be sought 1 Weismann is ready with an

explanation which is consonant with his general theory, and

which, at any rate, has the merit of accounting for the facts.

The modifying influence, he points out, though specially

effective at a certain stage in the ontogeny, is not entirely

inoperative at other periods. The phenomenon of seasonal

dimorphism, as exemplified in the Ligurian race of

Clirysoplmmis plilaeas, seems to suggest that the suscept¬

ible constituent, whatever it may be, has passed through a

preparatory change under the influence of the climate of that

region, and so has been brought up to a point where it needs

only the finishing touch of the active influence at the specially

susceptible ontogenetic .stage to push it over into the fully

modified condition. This finishing touch is absent during the

life-history of the early spring brood, but is supplied by the

heightened temperature at which the summer brood pupates ;

hence the difference in aspect between the two emergences.

But where does this store, so to speak, of partly-prepared

material reside 1 AYeismann answers, “ in the germ-plasm.”

The constituent in question, or the antecedents thereof, exists

within the germ-plasm in a condition which allows of gradual

modification by heat, cold, or whatever the influence may be.

But inasmuch as it has not reached the specially susceptible

stage, the modification may become only slightly manifest, or

may even find no visible expression at all. Still it is there;

and inasmuch as it belongs to the germ-plasm, it forms

necessarily a part of the inheritance of the next generation,

and as such may be capable of still further advance in the

same direction ; this advance being of course limited by the

potency of the external influence and by the time during

which it has worked. AVe have here no reflection of somatic

change upon the germ-plasm, such as would be supposed to

take place under Darwin’s pangenesis and similar theories,

but a common action upon the antecedents of the final

coloration, whether these antecedents are to be found in the

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1910. G

( xcvili )

reserve stock of germ-plasm, or in the soma during its

ontogenetic development. Thus, according to Weismann, the

case of Chrysophanus phlaeas, instead of supporting the theory

of the inheritance of somatic modification as at first sight it

may seem to do, in reality gives additional weight to the

theory of the continuity of the germ-plasm, and its independ¬

ence of somatic change. But it may properly be called an

instance of the inheritance of an acquired character, though

not in the Lamarckian sense. The transmissible character

has been acquired ; not, however, through the medium of the

soma, but directly by the germ-plasm itself. The germ-plasm,

therefore, is indeed continuous, but not unassailable by

external influences.

This important biological result was, as we have seen,

reached by Weismann in consequence of a combined investiga¬

tion by observation and experiment on a species of butterfly ;

and it is particularly worthy of note by entomologists that all

the data which he could obtain respecting the local and

seasonal variations of the form in question proved to be of high

significance in the solution of his problem. Without them he

could not have reached his conclusion ; with further informa¬

tion on these and similar points, he could no doubt have made

his explanation still more complete. This is a good illustration

of the way in which observation in the field, experiment in the

laboratory, and reasoning in the study can combine to establish

a result of great scientific importance.

It will no doubt have occuried to you that Weismann’s

view as to the nature of the seasonal dimorphism manifested

in the Ligurian form of C. phlcLsas ought to be tested by

exposing the immature stages of the spring brood of this form

to a high temperature. So far as I am aware the experiment

has not been tried ; and until it has, this part of Weismann’s

conclusion cannot be accepted without reserve. But as to his

view of the susceptibility of the germ-plasm, there has now

been abundant confirmation ; again, be it noted, by work

done on insects.

Standfuss, as Weismann notes, bred some specimens of

Vanessa urticae under conditions of ai’tificially lowered

temperature. The perfect insects showed a departure from

( xcix )

the normal which was no doubt due to the refrigeration, — in

this case an increase of dark pigment. Eggs were laid by

some of these abnormal specimens, the resulting larvae were

reared under normal conditions, and the butterflies on

emergence again showed a divergence from the normal form

which, though slight, was in the same direction as that of

their parents. Similar results with the same species were

afterwards obtained by Weismann himself. A still more

marked confirmation was supplied by Fischer. Pupae of

Chelonia caja were subjected to an artificially lowered

temperature, and some of the resulting moths showed an

extreme degree of melanism. Two of these artificially-produced

aberrations were paired, and their offspring were reared

under normal conditions. Among the latter were specimens

which exhibited in greater or less degree a tendency towards

the artificially-induced melanism of their parents. Here we

have an excellent case of the apparent transmission of an

acquired character. In the light, however, of Weismann’s

acute reasoning on the subject of G. phlaeas, there is every

justification for believing that the same interpretation is valid

in the present case. The modification is not inherited from the

soma of the parent, but is consequent upon the direct action of

the external influence upon that parent’s germ-plasm.

But all this pioneer work, impoi’tant and excellent as it is,

must yield the palm for completeness and cogency to the

laborious researches conducted by William Lawrence Tower,

whose treatise entitled “ An Investigation of Evolution in

Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa ” is a perfect

storehou-se of valuable biological material, all derived from

the minute study of a single genus of Coleoptera. This

admirable publication, which appeared in 1906 under the

auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, has

perhaps in this country hardly met with the attention which

it deserves ; though now that Professor Bourne, in his recent

Presidential Address to the Zoological Section of the British

Association, has drawn public attention to the work, it may

be expected that greater appreciation will be shown of the

extremely interesting results which it contains.

Among the numerous and carefully-planned experiments

G 2

( c )

undertaken by Tower, there are some which have a direct

bearing on the matter under consideration. Of these I propose

to give a brief account. It should be premised that the

beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa lay their eggs in batches,

each batch being laid before the next begins development.

Experiment 1. — Males and females of L. decemlhieata were

exposed to extremely hot and dry conditions, accompanied by

low atmospheric pressure, during the growth and fertilisation

of the first three batches of ova. These were reared from the

outset in normal conditions. Out of 96 specimens so obtained,

82 were of the varietal form pallida. After the deposition of

the first three batches of ova, the same parent beetles were

placed in normal conditions, and two more batches were laid.

These, reared under natural conditions, gave normal decem-

lineata, which continued to breed true to type. The origin of

the pallida forms may therefore fairly be ascribed to the

abnormal conditions to which their parents were for a time

exposed. Two of these pallida males were mated with decem-

lineata females ; the resulting hybi’ids resembled normal

decemlineata. Kow comes an interesting point. This genera¬

tion of apparently normal decemlineata gave, when bred inter

se, offspring consisting of pallida, decemlineata, and decem-

lineataA\kQ hybrids in Mendelian proportion. The pallida of

this generation bred true, being evidently extracted recessives ;

the decemlineata and hybrids broke up again in Mendelian

fashion. This most interesting experiment points to at least

three results of great biological importance. The first, which

is that in which we are more immediately interested, is the

confirmation of Weismann’s view as to the accessibility of the

germ-plasm to external influences. The second is the demon¬

stration that just as the somatic plasm has a period of highest

susceptibility, which fact was known to Weismann at the

time of his G. jMaeas experiments, so also the germ-plasm

itself has a similar period. This was not known to Weismann ;

if it had been, it might have led him to modify in some

respects his conclusions from those experiments. The third

point is the establishment of the fact that the type-form

of a given species may stand in Mendelian relation with a

variation of that species artificially induced by interference

( ci )

with its gem-plasm. The interest and importance of these

results is manifest, and it is well to remind ourselves once

more that they all emerge from the careful study of an

insect.

Experiment 2. — Males and females of L. decemlineata were

subjected to hot dry conditions, and afterwards to normal

surroundings. During each period they deposited eggs.

From the eggs deposited in the second peidod, that of normal

conditions, pure decemlineata were bred for ten generations.

But from the eggs of the first period came many aberrant

forms, together with a certain number of apparently typical

decemlineata. These latter were reared side by side with the

decemlineata of the second period, which, as we have seen,

behaved in a pei’fectly normal manner throughout. But the

decemlineata of the first period, after giving rise to a genera¬

tion of apparently quite normal forms, suddenly developed into

a race with an annual cycle of five generations instead of the

normal two, and continued to exhibit the same abnormality

up to the fourteenth generation, when the experiment ceased.

Here we have a physiological instead of a structural pecu¬

liarity imposed upon the germ-plasm by artificial means, and

giving rise to a permanent race. It should be mentioned

that, in the words of Tower, “ none of the beetles of the

lineata group, to which this beetle belongs, have more than

two, or rarely three, generations per year, and there are none

known in the genus that have over three.” Another point

that emei’ges is that the application of the stimulus need not

always be immediately followed by the obvious response. In

the present experiment one whole generation elapsed before

the race began to show the effect of the abnormal treatment

to which its progenitors had been subjected.

Experiment 3. — In another experiment with the same

species the conditions were varied by using heat in combina¬

tion with moisture. In other respects the procedure was the

same. From the eggs of tlie second period eight successive

generations were reared, giving nothing but pure decemlineata.

From those of the first period, that of abnormal conditions,

came a large number of unmodified decemlineata and a certain

number of the form melanicum. Both of these forms bred

( cii )

true in normal surroundings. The generation also included a

single male specimen of the form tortnosa, which crossed with

a female decemlmeata yielded hybrids with decemlineata

dominant. These in succeeding generations split up in

Mendelian fashion, the tortuosa (extracted recessives) breeding

true.

Experiment 4. — The subject of this experiment was the

tropical species Leptinotarsa muUitaeniata. Here, again, the

parent beetles were exposed during the first period of egg-

laying to artificial conditions of heat and humidity, while

during the second period the surroundings were normal. The

results obtained were analogous with the preceding. The

second batch produced nothing but nmltitaeniata for four

generations, when the experiment ceased. The first batch gave

together with typical midtitaeniata a much larger number of

the form melanothorax. The two forms were se})arated, and

each continued to breed true under normal conditions.

Experiment 5. — In this experiment, the subject of which

was again L. nmltitaeniata, the egg-laying period was divided

into three instead of two portions. The first and third were

passed under normal conditions, the second under the artificial

conditions of the last experiment. The first and third

batches of eggs gave nothing but typical muUitaeniata ; the

second consisted entirely of the forms melanothorax and

ruhicunda, each of which continued to breed true.

Experiment G. — Finally, a similar experiment was tried

with another tropical species, Leptinotarsa undecimlineata.

Again the result was the pi’oduction by artificial means of a

varietal form {angustovittata), which continued to give pure

descendants showing no tendency towards reversion.

After these experiments there seems no possible room to

doubt that the germ-plasm is accessible to external infiuences,

and that it may by these means be transformed in such a way

as to give rise to a permanent race of descendants showing

marked differences from the parent form.

I will not now stop to discuss Tower’s interpretation of the

results of these and his numerous other experiments. His

theoretical views seem to me to differ in value, some being

weighty in the extreme, and a few, to say the least, question

( Piii )

able. But there can be no dispute as to the high import¬

ance and interest of the facts that he has brought together,

and I trust that the examples I have given may induce

entomologists who are interested in the study of evolution,

and by whom these researches may hitherto have been over¬

looked, to make themselves acquainted with this mine of

valuable information. They may not find themselves able to

agree with the author at all points, but they will be intro¬

duced to a great mass of material with an important beax'ing

on the nature and causes of variation, the working of

heredity, the efficacy of selection, the significance of warning

colours, and many other matters essential to a proper

comprehension of the problem of evolution.

There is one other phase of this great problem about which

I should like to say a few words, because here again our

special entomological studies have an important part to play.

They have already contributed much towards the comprehen¬

sion of this side of the question, and I am convinced that they

are capable of leading to a still further advancement of know¬

ledge in the same direction. I refer to the psychic aspect of

evolution.

It was fully recognised by Darwin himself that mental no

less than physical characters are subject to evolution. The

same principle was adopted by Wallace, not, it is true, with¬

out reservation, and received at his hands,- some interesting

developments. But to Professor Mark Baldwin belongs the

principal credit of insisting on and driving home the fact that

evolution is psychophysical ; that, as he puts it, “there are not

two evolutions, one ‘ organic ’ and the other ‘ mental,’ but that

mind and body have evolved by one process and in one series

of graduated stages.” Now in order to illustrate in a forcible

manner the interdependence of physical and psychic pheno¬

mena in evolution, he has recourse to the theory of warning

colours in insects. This he expands in the following manner :

“ As preliminary to the theory there is the fact o coloration,

which is distinctly physical. The question is as to its origin.

The theory holds it to be due to the warning given to other

individuals that a particular colouring is distasteful or

poisonous. Now in order that this warning be given, the

( civ )

biologists tell us there is necessary a certain education of the

hostile individuals. The creatures have to learn the meaning

of the coloration; and this learning involves profiting by

experience, . . . Here is as distinctly a mental process in¬

volved as any one might cite. . . . The action of natural

selection, I may add for completeness, secures the survival of

the insects so coloured, seeing that being warned, their

enemies let them alone. The possibility of the evolution of

the definite coloration turns, in fact, upon this series of

psychological processes,”

Here the psychic endowment of the enemy is seen to be a

factor in the evolution of the prey ; and it may of course be

added that to ensure for the warning colour its full effect, it

is necessary that its owner should possess the appropriate

habits. Similar instances will at once occur to every field

naturalist. Protectively-coloured insects instinctively seek

corresponding surroundings. An interesting case of this is

the fact which now seems fairly well established of yellow and

white butterflies selecting for resting-places the neighbourhood

of leaves or flowers of similar colour. Dr. Longstaff’s excel¬

lent plate, drawn from nature, of the resting habit of Eronia

cleodora will occur to many of you. I ought to apologise for

dwelling on so familiar a topic, but the fact really requires

emphasising that the raw material of selection is neither

purely physical nor purely psychical, but a complex of the

two. The admission of this fact, so patent to evei’y observer

of insects, has important consequences. For as soon as we

can recognise a rudimentary form of mentality — the gaining

of a definite result by the method of trial and error — we have

a basis for habit, for memory, and eventually for the higher

psychological faculties. In the instances that I have men¬

tioned of the correlation of appropriate habits with a pro¬

tective colouring, there is no reason to suppose the presence

of anything like conscious accommodation ; the actions in

question are no doubt instinctive in the strictest sense. But

quite low down in the animal scale, and even, I think it will

be conceded, among the insects, we get indications of “ I’esidual

pi'ocesses left by actual experiences ” leading to what can only

be called memory. These processes, of undoubted utility, may

( cv )

no doubt serve in their day, as Professor Baldwin says, until

reinforced and possibly superseded by congenital variations

tending in the same direction. Memoiy thus established as

an inborn faculty, “the experimental use of memory images,

with corresponding success and utility, would be followed in

time by further variations, giving imagination and thought ”

(Baldwin).

In the higher animals we have no difficulty in perceiving

the co-existence of individual plasticity with the congenital

endowments of both mind and body. Instinct, one of these

congenital endowments, is not “ lapsed intelligence,” though

intelligence may be suffered to lapse if and when instinct is

ready to take its place. On the other hand, the reverse

px’ocess may and does occur. Instinct may fall away and

disappear before the encroachments of the increasing power

of individual accommodation, a power which is rooted in the

plasticity, and, to use Sir E. Bay Lankester’s term, the

“ educability,” of the psychic organisation. This final stage

is naturally of most frequent occurrence in man. The relative

proportions of the two principles are regulated by natural

selection ; the best combination in regard to any given pur¬

pose is the one that will win.

Now the special application of these considerations to

Entomology I take to be this. The later stages of psycho¬

physical development are comparatively accessible to our

observation. In the phylogenetic range of the higher verte¬

brates, and the ontogenetic history of man, we have much

material for the study of the interplay of plasticity, educability

and power of individual accommodation, with the congenital

endowments of a relatively fixed and stable character, such as

instinct and the fundamental features of bodily structure.

But the earlier steps in the process are involved in much

obscurity. What do we really know, for example, of the

relative value of the parts played by psychic plasticity and

fixed instinct in the case of the lowest organisms 1 And can

we be sui’e that to any large extent the growth of instinct has

been in their case actually screened by powers of functional

accommodation 1 What we have ascertained on these points

has been, I venture to say, largely or chiefly due to the

( t'vi )

labours of entomologists. Fabre, Avebury, Wasmaun, Forel

are names that will occur to everybody as those of men who

have done much in their several ways to help on an answer to

these and kindred (juestions, and who have shown the road

which future investigators may pursue with profit. And the

study of the social hymenoptera has a further bearing upon a

development of evolutionary theoi’y of the greatest importance,

for it introduces us to the conception of the yroitp as the

selective unit instead of the individual, and so leads on to the

evolutionary side of sociology and ethics, with their accom¬

paniment of organisation within the community, of imitation,

of tradition and the social sense.

This is a tempting subject, and I would gladly pursue it

further did time permit. But I think I have now said enough

to illustrate my contention that entomologists enjoy peculiar

advantages in the attack of the great outstanding problems of

evolution. It is unquestionable that such a mind as that of

Herbert Spencer, capable of welding together into a con¬

cordant whole a mass of facts and conclusions drawn from

every department of knowledge, is an asset of enormous value

to the cause of scientific progress. But it should never be

forgotten that the work of the specialist is equally essential ;

it is he who supplies material without which the generaliser

and unifier of knowledge could not work. And let us beware

of undervaluing kinds of work which do not happen to appeal

to our own individual tastes. I think no one can give atten¬

tive considei’ation to the topics that have been touched on

this evening without seeing that our study has need of the

morphologist, the physiologist, the field naturalist, the museum

worker, the laboratory experimenter, the systematist, and —

shall I add 1 — the arm-chair philosopher. Each one of these

has his contribution to make to the common fabric of organised

and unified knowledge.

{ cvii )

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ^Transactions' ; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Aberrant Lepidoptera, exhibited, Ixiv, Ixviii.

Abruzzi, butterflies from the, exhibited, xlv.

Abyssinian beetle, life tenacity of, exhibited, xliv.

Acraea It/coa, and A. johnstoni, on the specific distinctions between, xlii.

Africa, book on Lycaenidae from South, exhibited, xxiii ; descriptions of

some hitherto unknown, or little-known larvae and pupae of Rhopa-

locera from South, Hi ; revision of species of genus Lycaenesthes

from, 1.

Agriades coridon, double-brooded, exhibited, xxxvii ; southern forms of,

exhibited, xlvii.

Agriades thetis {hellargus) and A. coridon, discussion of the affinities of, vi.

Algeria, descriptions of new Hymenoptera-Aculeata (Sphegidae) from, xvii,

Ixiv, 517 ; summer butterflies from, exhibited, liii.

America, mimics and models from South, exhibited, liv, Ixviii ; beetles from

North, exhibited, Ixxi.

Anthrocerids, British, exhibited, Ivii.

Ants, association of, exhibited, xiii ; and mimic beetle, exhibited, xx ; and

their nests, living, exhibited, xliv, Ixvii ; host and guest, exhibited, lx ;

brachyterous, exhibited, Ixxii ; further observations on temporary social

parasitism, and slavery in, Ixxiii ; nests, some experiments with, 142.

Apaturopsis cleocharis, exhibited, xvii.

Argentine Republic, on the Geometridae of the, xxx, 204.

Argynuid forms, Lycaenid and, exhibited, xii.

Asilid (Promachus sp.), the oothecae of an, xxvii ; and prey, exhibited, lx.

Auditors for 1910-11, appointed, Ixv.

Australia, new fossorial Hymenoptera from, xli, 407.

Beetle, male with female antennae, exhibited, xiii ; teratological example of,

exhibited, xiii ; ant and mimic, exhibited, xx; rare British, exhibited,

xxviii, XXXV, xliii, Iviii, Ixvi ; parasite on, exhibited, xxx ; new, exhibited,

xxxi, Iviii ; from crop of pheasant, exhibited, xxxvii ; life tenacity of

Abyssinian, exhibited, xliv ; abnormal, exhibited, liii ; collection of

North American, exhibited, Ixxi.

Bignell, George Carter, notice of death of, xi.

( cviii )

Borneo, new earwig from, exhibited, ii ; protective attitude of Mantis from,

exhibited, 1 ; two new species of Lycaennpsis from Sarawak, Ixxiii.

Braconid, new Britisli, exhibited, liii.

Britain, Orta musculosa in, exhibited, Ixiii.

British, Coleoptera, rare, exhibited, xxi ; species of Hydroecia, separation of,

xxiii ; beetle, rare, exhibited, xxviii, xxxv, xliii, Ixvi ; Hemiptera, rare,

exhibited, xliii ; Xylophasia, rare, exhibited, xlvii ; Braconid, new,

exhibited, liii ; Anthrocerids, exhibited, Ivii ; Lepidoptera, bred rare,

exhibited, Ixxii.

Butterflies, from the Carpathians, exhibited, xxviii ; from the Abruzzi,

exhibited, xlv ; from Algeria, summer, exhibited, liii ; from Dutch New

Guinea, on some rare and undescribed, Iviii ; from South America, close

resemblance of, Ixviii.

Callopkrys avis, bred specimens of, exhibited, xxi ; on, 85.

C'ameroons, mimetic Lepidoptera from the, exhibited, xxix.

Canadian Coleoptera, paper on, xxiii.

Carpathians, butterflies from the, exhibited, xxviii.

Cetoniidae from Uganda, exhibited, xxxvi.

Chagos Isles, descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Mauritius and the,

xxxiii, 366.

Charaxes, error in account of breeding experiment with, xli.

Cicadoid genera Lemheja, remarks on, lii.

Coleoptera, rare British, exhibited, xxi ; paper on Canadian, xxiii ; during

floods, on the behaviour of, xxx, 379 ; rare and variant, exhibited, Ixxi.

Congress in August, 1910, announcement as to Entomological, i ; delegates

to, xxviii, xxxv ; photogi-aph of members at, exhibited, xliii.

Conversazione, postponement of, xxxv, xlii.

Council for 1910-11, nomination of, Ixv, Ixix.

Darwin Medal, announcement as to, Ixv, Ixx.

Dermaptera, revision of the Laliduridae, a family of the, xi, 161 ; revision of

the Lahiidae, a family of the, Ixv.

Deuterocopus, on the genus, 107,

Diplatys, a revision of genus, xxx.

Diptera, rare and variant, exhibited, Ixxi.

Drepanopsaltria, remarks on, lii.

Earwig from Borneo, new, exhibited, ii.

Ematurcja atomaria, melanism of, xxxvi.

Envelopes for storing butterflies, exhibition of paper, ii.

Euralia in Natal, experimental breeding of forms of Nymphaline genus, xiv,

xli, 498.

Fabre Memorial, plaquette for, exhibited, Iviii.

Fellows, election of, i, xii, xx, xxviii, xxxiv, xliii, lii, Iviii, Ixv, Ixx.

Floods, on the behaviour of Coleoptera during, xxx, 379.

France, living larvae from South of, exhibited, xxxvii ; Pieridae from,

exhibited, xlv.

Geometridae of the Argentine Republic, on the, xxx, 204.

Glow-worm pupa, exhibited, xxxvi.

Goldthwait, O. C., notice of death of, liii.

Hemiptera, rare British, exhibited, xliii.

Heterocera from^Japan, new species of, Iviii.

( cix )

Holoparamecus caularum, living examples of, exhibited, xxi.

Hydroecia, separation of British species of, xxiii.

Hymenoptera, -Aculeata (Spheyidae), descriptions of new Algerian, xvii, Ixiv

from Australia, new fossorial, xli, 407.

Hymenopteron, rare, exhibited, xxxv; Lycaenid in attendance on, xxxviii,

xxxix.

Ichneumon, rare, exhibited, xxxi.

India, description of a new Nymphaline butterfly from British, Ixxiii.

Insects, and their natural enemies, a few words respecting, xvii, 151 ; from

Portugal, rare, exhibited, xxxviii ; in the tropics, and their influence on

mimicry, notes on enemies of, Ixiv ; introduced and new, exhibited, Ixxi.

Italy, Pieridae from, exhibited, xlv ; Ehopalocera from, exhibited, Ixix.

Japan, new species of Heterocera from, Iviii.

Jubilee Celebration of Entomological Society of Russia, announcement as to,

ii ; address to, xi ; account of, xviii.

King, address to the, xxxiii, xlii.

Kirkaldy, George Willis, notice of death of, xi.

Labiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera, revision of the, xi, 161.

Lahiidae, a family of the Dermaptera, revision of the, Ixv.

Larvae from South of France, and imago, living, exhibited, xxxvii.

Lasiocampid nests, exhibited, xiv.

Lasiocampidae, new genera and species of, Ixix.

Latiorina (Lycaena) orhitulus, an amyrmecophelous Plebeiid butterfly, on the

early stages of, Ixix.

Lemheja, remarks on the Cicadoid genera, lii.

Lepidoptera, from the Cameroons, mimetic, exhibited, xxix ; edibility of

larvae of, xxxi ; improved photographic process for, exhibited, lii ; aber¬

rant, exhibited, Ixiv, Ixviii ; bred rare British, exhibited, Ixxii.

Leucania l-alhum, bred, exhibited, Ixii.

Luciola, description of two new species of, Ixxiii, 532.

Luflp, W. A., notice of death of, liii.

Luperina gueneei, variation of, exhibited, Ixii.

Lycaenesthes, revision of the African species of the genus, 1 .

Lycaenid, forms, exhibited, xii ; butterflies, on Zizeeria, a group of, xvii,

479 ; in attendance on Homopteron, xxxviii, xxxix.

Lycaenidae, book on South- African, exhibited, xxiii ; hybrid, exhibited,

xxxvi ; revision of the African species of the Lycaenesthes group of

the, 1.

Lycaenopsis from Sarawak, Borneo, two new species of, Ixxiii.

Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of, xlii, 430.

Mantis from Borneo, protective attitude of, exhibited, 1.

Mauritius and the Chagos Isles, descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from,

xxxiii, 366.

Melanism, of Ematurga atomaria, xxxvi ; in Melitaeids, exhibited, Ixxiii.

Melitaea aurinia, new forms of, exhibited, liii.

Melitaeid, variety, exhibited, Ixiv ; melanism in, exhibited, Ixxiii.

Micro-Lepidoptera, from Mauritius and the Chagos Isles, descriptions of,

xxxiii, 366 ; descriptions of Malayan, xlii, 430.

Mimicry, mimetic Lepidoptera from the Cameroons, exhibited, xxix ; mimics

and models from South America, exhibited, liv, Ixviii ; notes on insect

^ ( cx )

euemies in the tropics, and their influence on, Ixix ; butterfly and mimic,

exhibited, Ixxiii.

Natal, experimental breeding of forms of Nymphaline genus Euralia in, xiv,

xli, 498.

New Guinea, on some rare and undescribed butterflies from Dutch, Iviii.

Nymphaline, genus Euralia in Natal, experimental breeding of forms of, xiv,

xli, 498 ; butterfly from British India, description of a new, Ixxiii.

Obituary. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., G. W. Kirkaldy, G. C. Bignell,

A. Piffard, xi; G. S.’ Saunders, F.L.S., xxxi; O. C. Goldthwait, \V. A.

Luff, liii.

Officers for 1910-11, nomination of, Ixv, Ixix.

Orgyia splenclida {cJubia), on the larva of, Ixix.

Oria musculosa in Britain, exhibited, Ixiii.

Orthoptera, third paper on the Tetriginae in the Oxford University Museum,

xvii, 346.

Os»refa-species of the adtoica-gvowp, further notes on two, xvii, 155.

Oxford University Museum, third paper on the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in

the, xvii, 346.

Palaearctic moth, rare, exhibited, Ixvi.

Paper envelopes for storing butterflies, exhibition of, ii.

Parasite, on beetle, exhibited, xxx.

Pheasant, beetles from crop of, exhibited, xxxvii.

Photographic process for Lepidoptera, improved, exhibited. Hi.

Pieridae from France and Italy, exhibited, xiv.

Piffard, Albert, notice of death of, xi.

Portugal, rare insects from, exhibited, xxxviii.

President for 1910-11, nomination of, Ixv, Ixix.

Promachus, the oothecae of an Asilid, xxvii.

Ptinella britannica, example of, exhibited, xxx.

Rhone Valley, Rhopalocera from, exhibited, ii.

Rhopalocera, from Rhone Valley, exhibited, ii ; descriptions of some hitherto

unknown, or little-known larvae and pupae of South African, Hi ; Italian,

exhibited, Ixix.

Ehopalosomidae, with def5cription of a second new species, on the position of

the, xli, 386.

Russia, Entomological Society of, announcement as to Jubilee Celebration of,

ii ; address to, xi ; account of, xviii.

Saunders, Edward, notice of death of, xi.

Saunders, G. S., notice of death of, xxxi.

Saw-flies, on the saws of, xvii ; oviposition of, xxxv.

Scoliidae, notes on the, xli, 391.

Seal of the Society, new, exhibited, xlii.

Sesia andreniformis, ova of, exhibited, xxxvi.

Smerinthus, variation in, exhibited, xxxvii.

Sphegidae, descriptions of new Algerian Hymenoptera-Aculeata, xvii, Ixiv,

517.

StriphnopUrygidae, new genera and species of, Ixix.

Stylopidae from Australia, on a new genus of. Hi, 514.

Tapinostola, ova and appendages of, exhibited, xxi.

Teratological specimens, exhibited, lx.

( cxi )

Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum, third paper on

the, xvii, 346.

Travel grant, announcement as to, Ixxi.

Trimen, K., letter of congratulation to, Ixx.

Uganda, Cetoniidae from, exhibited, xxxvi.

Uropteryx samhucaria in connection with their colour surroundings, experi¬

ments with the larva and pupa of, Ixiv.

Variation, in AS'mgj'tKtAMs, exhibited, xxxvii ; in Xanthia ocellaris, exhibited,

Ivii ; of Luperina gueneei, exhibited, Ixii.

Vice-Presidents for 1910-11, nomination of, i.

Xanthandrus comtus, notes on, xxv.

Xanthia ocellaris, variation in, exhibited, Ivii.

Xylophasia, rare British, exhibited, xlvii.

Zizeeria, a group of Lycaenid butterflies, on, xvii, 479.

Zygaenid forms, exhibited, xiii.

( cxii )

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ' I'lvinsactions' ; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings'

abnormis (Cylindrogaster), 187

,, (Rhopalosoma), 386, 388

Abraxas, Ixviii, 152, 153

Abraxinae, 280

abrupta (Tiphia), 395, 396

acaciae (Nordiuannia), xlvi

Acanthostethus, 428

Acasis, 243

acerbata (Anapalta), 249

achilles (Morpho), lii

Achlora, 211

Acidalia, 205, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219,

220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228,

2-29

Acidalidae, 213

Acidaliinae, 213, 274

Acniophyllum, 346, 349, 355

Acraea, xlii

Acraeidae, xxix, Ixviii

Acratodes, 222

Acrocercops, 373

Acronycta, Ixi

Actinote, Ixviii

actinote (Dismorphia), Ixviii

Actizera, 483, 494, 495, 496, 497

Aculeata, 389

acuminata (Melanophila), xliii

adela (Acidalia), 222, 223

,, (Haraalia), 222

,, (Lipomelia), 222

adelaidae (Tachysphex), 425

adherbal (Lycaenesthes), 33, 38, 40

adippe, var. cleodoxa (Argynnis), xlvi

adsciti (Ichneumones), 389

adumbrata (Spododes), 308

adunca (Osmia), xvii, 155, 158, 159

adusta (Tachyuomyia), 407

,, f. uniformis (Tachynomyia), 408

adustus (Thynnus), 407

advena (Anisolabis), 176

advenaria (Epioiie), Ixiv

aegon (Lycaena), 487

aegoii (Plebeius), xlvi

Aelurus, 407

aemula (Herbita), 310

aenea (Honorana), 319, 321

,, (Salpis), 320, 321

,, (Tachytes), 523

aenigmatica (Sibylliua), 388

Aeolothynnus, 413, 416, 417

aequalis (Hypsaeus), 347, 350

aerata (Synchlora), 211

aetheria, var. algerica (Melitaea), liv

aethiops (Eriirliinus), Ixvi

affiiiis (Stilicus), 384

affirmata (Calocalpe), 265, 266

,, (Scotosia), 265

afra (Lycaenesthes), 16, 27

africanus (Prototettix), 361

afrum (Ecliinosoma), 164

Agaristidae, xxix

agathon, var. phryxe (A])oria), Ixxiii

aggerata (Meridarchis), 430

agilis (Dielis), 404

aglaia (Argynnis), xlvi, Ixiv

Agi’iades, vi, vii, viii, ix, x, xi, xii,

xxxvi, xxxvii, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 1,

Ixviii, Ixix

Agriomyia, 408, 409, 410

alaris (Discolia), 403

albarita (Heterolocha), 289

,, (Melinoides), 289

alberta (Lycaenesthes), 16, 28

albidulata (Acidalia), 227, 228, 229

,, (Craspedia), 227

albimaculata (Amauris), xiv, xv, 499,

506, 508, 510

albipes (Anchomenus), 381, 383

,, (Teclinomyrmex), Ixxii

albipunctaria (Salpis), 320

albipunctatus (Deuterocopus), 112, 122

albipuiictella (Sochchora), 141

albirenata (Ira), 310

albocoeruleus (Zizera), 486

( cxiii )

albosignata (Philereme), 259

,, (Scotosia), 259

albovittata (Anisolabis), 176

albulata (Perizoma), 269

alceae (Erinnys), xlvi

alcetas (Everes), xlvi

Aids, 335

Aletis, xxix

alienus (Lasius), Ixxii

Alindria, xliv

Allostethinae, 161, 162, 163, 176

Allostethus, 162, 163

Allotiiius, xxxviii, xxxix, xl, xli

Ahnodes, 209, 210

alniaria (Ennomos), 305

alope (Zizera), 486

alaus (Coenonympha), 496

,, (Zizera), 479, 480

altaica (Crosita), xxxvii

alternata (Coremia), 261

,, (Epirrhoe), 249

altliaeae (Erinnys), xlvi

alveus (Hesperia), xlvi

ainauda (Polyommatns), xlvi

amarah. (Lycaenesthes), 17, 38

Amaurinia, 279

Amauris, xiv, xv, 498, 499, 501, 506,

508

amberia (Boarmia), 339

,, (Hymenomima), 339

ambigua (Euborellia), 180

Amblurodes, 327

Ameria, 233

americana (Forcipula), 186

,, (Psalis), 181, 182

ainethystata (Bassania), 308

ammorrhoa (Eupithecia), 278

amnicincta (Azelina), 315

,, (Pero), 313, 315, 316, 317

amoena (Pacliropbylla), 241

Amphidasys, 343

amphitricha (Epiphractis), 373

amplificata ( Heterusia), 234

anacardii (Salamis), 511

anadema (Lycaenesthes), 16, 22

Anaitis, 236

Anapalta, 249

Anaphantis, 472

Anaphe, xiv

Andiomenus, 381, 383

Ancylometis, 371

andereggaria (Catasda), 330

andreinii (Anisolabis), 180

andreniforniis (Sesia), xxxvi

angulatus (Coptotettix), 363

,, (Hypsaeus), 347, 349

angulifera (Anisolabis), 176

anguliferata (Cidaria), 270

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND. , V. 1910.

angustatum (Sphecosoma), Iv

angustatus (Dyscbirius), xxi

angustivertex (Euparatettix), 360

Anisodes, 214, 215

Anisolabis, 163, 168, 169, 170, 171,

174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,

181, 188

Auisoperas, 306, 307

anisojjhthalnia (Antizera), 494

annandalei (Euborellia), 181

annulata (Dielis), 405

,, (Elis), 405

,, var. ferrugineipes (Dielis), 405

,, „ (Elis), 405

anuulicornis (Anisolabis), 176

annulipes (Anisolabis), 175, 176, 177

,, (Coptotettix), 364

anomala (Haminaptera), 246

Anomalon, 389, 390

Anomphax, 212

antanossa (Zizera), 481, 482, 484

,, (Zizina), 483, 488, 492, 495,

497

antenna (Anisolabis), 176

antenuata (Salpis), 320

Anteois, 217, 220, 221

anteviridata (Cidaria), 273

anthedon (Euralia), xvi, 498, 499, 507,

509, 510

Anthobosca, 391, 397, 398, 399

Anthrocera, xiii, Ivi, Ivii, Iviii

Anticlea, 252

antipodes (Cerceris), 422

antis (Astylus), Iv

Antizera, 481, 494

antoni (Anisolabis), 176

Antygophanes, 320, 324

Apaturopsis, xvii

apicalis (Cymatophora), 341

,, (Melanolophia), 341

apicata (Haramaptera), 245

Apida, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306

apiciata (Geometra), 211

Apiciopsis, 306

apicitnmcaria (Thysanopyga), 301

Apion, 385

Aplodes, 207, 210, 211

apollo (Parnassius), xxviii

,, var. carpaticus (Parnassius),

xxviii

Aporia, xlvi, Ixxiii

aporonoma (Anisolabis), 175, 176

apparitaria (Acidalia), 227

appendiculata (Haeraouia), xliv

approbata (Acidalia), 227

approximans (Atyria), 231

,, (Atyriodes), 231

apricaria (Heterolocha), 288

H

( cxiv )

apiicaria (Melinoides), 288, 289 '

,, (Metrocampa), 288 |

arabica (Aiitliobosca), 397, 399 |

arana (Caripeta), 326

,, (Eriloj)hodes), 326

,, (Leucolithodes), 326

arcauia (Coenonympha), xlvii

,, var. insubrica (Coenonympha),

xlvii

arcanioides (Coenonympha), liv

arciel (Epactiothynnns), 415

Ardiosteres, 476

arenisca (Macaria), 294

arenosa (Nematocampa), 287

arcnulavia (Sabulodes), 308

arescopa (Cnpidesthes), 6, 9

ar^ante (Cato]isilia), lii

argentilinea (Ratiaria), 287

argentina (Coremia), 257

,, (Ochyria), 256, 257, 269

,, (Rhopalodes), 240

ai'gia (Zizera), 486

argica (Eupithecia), 277, 278

argilai'ia (Cymatophora), 341

argiolus (Celastrina), xlvi

,, var. sikkima (Lycaenopsis),

490

argopa (Ethniia), 461

Argynnis, xlvi, Ixiv

argyrognomon (Plebeius), xlvi

argyrophaea (Tisis), 439

Argyroploce, 435, 436

Aricia, xlvi

aridnla (Cryptolechia), 456

arion (Lyeaena), xlvi

arispe (Caligo), lii

Arixenia, ii

Arizela, 207, 324, 325

Arlex, 189, 190, 191

armata (Enborellia), 180

armiger (Aeolotliynnu.^), 417

arnobia (Ani])hidasys), 343

,, (Phalaena Geometra), 343

,, (Thyrinteina), 343

aiticulatum (Bembidium), 383

arnndinis (Nonagria), xlvii

ascanius (Papilio), lii

asceta (Ptychopoda), 217

Ascotinae, 280

As('llodes, 213

asina (Drepanodes), 302

a.sinana (Herbita), 309

Aspilates, 208, 221, 273, 291, 326, 327

Aspitates, 221

assimile (Bembidium), 383

Astatus, 519, 520, 521

asthcnaria (Acidalia), 215, 216

,, (Deptalia), 216

Astheninae, 231

Asthenothynnus, 411, 413, 414, 415

astraea (Antizera), 494

astrarche (Aricia), xlvi

Astyliis, Iv

Atemeles, 148

aterrima (Phyniatocera), xxxv, xxxvi

aterrimus (Pterostichus), Iviii

athalia (Melitaea), Ixiv

Athrypsiastis, 457, 458

atlanticus (Hydroecia), xxiv

atoniaria (Acidalia), 227

,, (Ematurga), xxxvi

atrapex (Deuterocopus), 112, 115, 118,

120, 121, 135

atrescens (Coryptiluni), 475

atridiscata (Acidalia), 229

,, (Craspedia), 229

atrigemmata (Actizera), 483, 494, 496,

497

,, (Antizera), 481, 495

,, (Zizera) 482

atropesaria (Choerodes), 308

,, (Sabulodes), 308

atrosignata (Imma), 465

Atteria, 433

Atteva, 470, 471

Atyria, 207, 229, 230, 231

Atyriodes, 230, 231

Auophylla, 211

aurantiaca (Cerceris), 420

aurea (Lycaenesthes), 20, 59

aurelia (Melitaea), xxviii

auricularia (Forficnla), 179

aurinia, var, aurunca (Melitaea), liii

,, var. comacina (Melitaea), liii

auritula (Luciola), 533

aurora (Eudule), 233

aurulenta (Dielis), 404

australis (Cerceris), 422

,, (Spilomena), 418

austriacaria (Larentia), 252

Austrostylops, xliii, 514, 515

Autanepsia, 221

autononia (Brachmia), 369

avia (Labiduromnia), 18S

avis (Callophrys), xxi, xxii, xxiii,

xxxviii, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,

92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,

103, 104, 105, 106

Azelina, 288, 307, 312, 313, 314, 315,

316, 318, 320

azteca (Anisolabis), 169

baccata (Camptogramma), 261

Badister, Ixxii, 383

balanota (Atteva), 471

balistaria (Ptychopoda), 219

ballus (Thestor), xxxvii

( cxv )

balteolata (Larentia), 259

barberae (Lycaena), 495

Barylypa, 390

basina (Xanthyris), 230

Bassania, 308

Bassarodes, 459

bathychasma (Deuterocopus), 112, 130

batida (Eupitliecia), 275

batis (Hammaptera), 245

baynei (Pseudobrephos), 328, 329

Bayiiia, 208, 242, 243

Bedellia, 374

bellargus (Agriades), vi, xi, xxxvi,

xlviii, Ixviii

,, (Polyoinniatiis), xlvi

bellimargo (Eupithecia), 276

,, (Tephroclystia), 276

Bembidium, xxi, lix, 382, 383

benesignata (Almodes), 210

bengalensis (Labidura), 185

,, (Lycaenesthes), 1, 14

benigna (Scoparia), 366

bernsteiniella (Dasycera), 440

beryllitis (Tortyra), 462

bicineta (Coricia), 290

,, (Loniographa), 290

bicolorella (Tisis), 437, 440

bicornis (Hyineiiopus), 1, li

bicurvata (Pero), 314, 316

bidentata (Odontopera), xxxi

bifoveolata (Brachylabis), 196

,, (Metisolabis), 196

bigemma (Idioglossa), 373

bihe (Lycaenesthes), 17, 34

bilineatus (Coptotettix), 364

liiinaculata (Snellenia), 440

bimaculatus (Stenus), 383

bipartitus (Epactiothynnus), 416

bipunctata (Tetrix), 359

bipunctatum (Conosoma), xxi

bipunctatus (Stenus), 382, 383

bipustulatus (Badister), Ixxii, 383

biskrensis (Tachytes), 521

Biston, 152, 343

Bistoninae, 280

bitje (Lycaenesthes), 19, 50

bjerkandrella (Choreutis), 374

Boarmia, xxxi, 205, 209, 332, 333, 334,

335, 337, 338, 339, 343

Boannidae, 259

Boarmiinae, 208, 280

bogotata (Epione), 308

bolivari (Echinosoma), 164

boops (Astatus), 520, 621

Borellia, 168, 179

boi-mansi (Anisolabis), 176

Bormansia, 189

botydaria (Acidalia), 217

botydata (Acidalia), 224

,, (Hamalia), 224

Braccinae, 207

brachicera (Dielis), 403

Brachmia, 369, 450, 451

Brachylabidae, 202

Brachylabinae, 161, 162, 188, 189, 190,

191

Brachylabis, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195,

196, 198, 199, 201

brachymorpha (Platyptilia), 367

Braconidae, Iv, 389

branchiodes (Argyroploce), 435

brasiliensis (Thermastris), 166

brassicae (Ganoris), 152

,, (Mauiestra), 152

braueri (Isolabis), 196

,, sub-sp. donisthorpii (Preno-

lepis), Ixxii

Brenthia, 467, 468, 469

Bronthis, xiii, xxviii

brevibractea (Echinopsalis), 166, 167

brevilinea (Sarraceua), 273

britannica (Ptinella), xxx

Bronchelia, 207, 342, 343

Brotis, 301

Bruchus, Ixxii

brunnea (Lycaenesthes), 13

,, (Propyragra), 166, 167

brunneata (Sphacelodes), 301

brunneri (Anisolabis), 175, 177

bruuneus (Cupidesthes), 7, 13

,, (Lycaenesthes), 13

brunnipes (Stenus), 383

bryifera (Syrtodes), 327, 328

Bryoptera, 326, 332

buccholzi (Lycaenesthes), 19, 49, 50

bucculentus (Prototettix), 362

bucephala (Pygaera), 152, 153

bufo (Trachytettix), 348

buphthalmus (Stenus), 383, 384

burri (Psalis), 182

,, (Pseudisolabis), 188

buscki (Propyragra), 166, 167

butleri (Lycaenesthes), 34, 35

Byssodes, 286, 287

Cacoecia, 432

Cacogamia, 437

caeca (Anisolabis), 176

caelicola (Brenthia), 468

caementaria (Osmia), 155, 157

caerulea (Lycaenesthes), 82

,, (Triclema), 72, 82

Calathus, xiii

calbisaria (Apicia), 302, 304

c-album (Polygonia), Ixiv

Caligo, lii

callichalca (Monopis), 474

H 2

( cxvi )

Callimorpha, 345

Callipia, 207, 238

Callipseustes, 327

Callophrys, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxxviii,

85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,

97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,

105, 106

Calocalpe, 265, 266

Calopteron, Iv

calycodes (TineaJ, 474

Calyptocome, 225

Caiiibogia, 226, 280

Camilla (Linienitis), xlvi

campestris (Cicindela), xxx

Campsomeris, 400, 403, 404

Camptogramma, 258, 259, 260, 261,

268

caiiadaria (Melanolopliia), 341

canaliculata (Drusilla), 385

,, (Tiphia), 397

canis (Ctenocephalus), Ixvi

capitalis (Tachysphex), 526

capitaria (Nipteria), 290

capona (Herbita), 310

capucina (Xyloloclia), 307

Capys, 3

Carabus, xliii

carcharias (Crocanthes), 444

Carcinophora, 181, 183

carcinota (Lyonetia), 374

carfinia (Thysanopyga), 301

Caripeta, 326

carlinae, var. cirsii (Hesperia), xlv

carnea (Catascia), 208, 330, 331

carneitincta (Salpis) 208, 320, 321,

822

Carphotricha, Ixxi

Carposina, 431

Carposiuidae, 430

Carsia, 236, 239, 257

carthami (Hesperia), xlvi

Cassiopeia (Pseudasellodes), 213

cassununga (Megauthopus), liv

Castalius, 83, 495

castetsi (Psalis), 182

castina (Xantliyris), 230

Catascia, 208, 330, 331

Cataspilates, 291

Catocala, lii

Catophoenissa, 328, 329

Catopsilia, lii

caudelli (Metisolabis), 196 198

caularum (Holoparamecus), xxi

cauqiienenais (Scotosia), 267

,, (Triphosa), 266, 267

, , inca (Triphosa), 267

Celastrina, xlvi

celosoides (Boarmia), 335

celosoides (Steiialcidia), 335

celtis (Libythea), lx

censoria (Platyptilia), 367

centrifuga (Tortyra), 463

ceiitrostrigaria (Coremia), 262

,, (Orthonama), 262, 263

cepliise (Callimorpha), 345

Cerberus (Trichura), Iv

Cerceris, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424

certata (Calocalpe), 265, 266

Cerura, 151

cervinalis (Calocalpe), 265, 266

cervinicolor (Anisoperas), 307

cervus (Lucanus), 153

Cetoniidae, xxxvi

Ceuthorrhynchideus, xxxv

Ceuthorrhynchus, xxxv

chalybaeella (Tisis), 437

chauchaui (Cymatophora), 331

,, (Gnophos), 208

chandala (Zizera), 486, 487

charadraea (Tisis), 439

Charaxes, xv, xli, 506

Chelidura, 194

chelophora (Procalyptis), 431

chephise (Melanchroia), 345

,, (Phalaena Geometra), 345

Chesias, 235, 236, 238

cliibcha (Atyria), 207, 229

,, (Flavinia), 229

,, ab. cuneifera (Cyllopoda), 229,

230

chilenaria (Colotois), 320

,, (Salpis), 320, 323

chilensis (Brachylabis), 190, 192, 193

chillanensis (Larentia), 266

Chilopora, 384

cliincha (Eupithecia), 276

chirinda (Lycaenesthes), 16, 27

chlamydaria (Sarracena), 273

Chloraspilates, 273

Chloridolum, xiii

chloroelystata (Amblurodes), 327

,, (Syrtodes), 327

chlorophaearia (Cidaria), 327, 328

Choerodes, 308

chomatias (Osphretica), 475

chontalia (Pyragra), 166

Clioreutis, 374

Chrismopteryx, 208, 252, 253, 331

chryseostictus (Neurellipes), 66, 67, 68

Chrysididae, xix

chrysitis (Plusia), 151

Chrysophanus, 3, 98

Ciampa, 255

Cicadula, xlii

cicatriculata (Hoplolygris), 207, 255

„ (Lygris), 255

( cxvii )

cicatriculata (Pehirga), 255

Cicindela, xxx

cicindeloides (Stenus), 379, 380, 381

Cidaria, 205, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250,

260, 261, 262, 270, 273, 327, 328

Cidariophanes, 327

ciucticollis (Psalis), 182, 183

cinerasceus (Tinissa), 476

Cionus, lix

cisplatensis (Eueupithecia), 274, 275

citrata (Dysstroma), 268, 271

,, (Geometra), 271

,, (Phalaena), 271

citrinata (Perusia), 289

citrogastei- (Leptodeuterocopus), 138

Cladonotae, 347, 355

Cladoramus, 346, 348, 354

claustrata (Lecithocera), 448

Clavelia, xxxv

Claviger, lx, 145, 146

clavipennis (Pterygopterus), Iv

clavipes (Rhopalotettix), 357

cleistostoma (Tretothorax), lix

cleochai'is (Apaturopsis), xvii

Cleopatra (Gonopteryx), Ixix

Cleoia, 340

clorinde (Gonepteryx), Hi

clypeatus (Piezotettix), 347

Clysia, 307

Cnemodes, 214

Cnephora, 318

Cnethocampa, xxvii

Coenocalpe, 262, 264

Coeuonymplia, xxviii, xlvi, xlvii, liv,

480

coerulea (Amaurinia), 279

coerulescens (Dianous), xxx, 379, 383,

384

Colias, Ixix

collaris (Myrmedonia), 385

Colohopsis, XX

colonella (Ethinia), 462

colorata (Erilophodes), 326

colossea (Anisolabis), 168, 175, 176

Colotois, 320

colubraria (Pantherodes), 291

Columbiana (Psalis), 183

combustaria (Eucosmia), 244

,, (Hammaptera), 244

,, (Larentia), 244

comitata (Pelurga), 255

comma (Pamphila), Ixix

comminuta (Marragodes), 281

,, (Narragodes), 281

commixtata (Iridopsis), 340

commotaria (Cymatophora), 341

,, (Stenalcidia), 333

compensata (Acidalia), 227

completa (Hypolepis), 272

compressa (Anisolabis), 177

comtus (Xanthandrus), xxv, xxvi,

xxvii

concophanes (Sobareiitis), 470

concolor (Echinosoma), 164

,, (Tapinostola), xxi

concoloraria (Acidalia), 226

concomitans (Dicliromatopodia), 216

confertaria (Acidalia), 226

confrater (Sphex), 420

Congo (Forcipula), 187

congoata (Scotosia), 265

congolense (Echinosoma), 164

Conops, Ixxi

Conosoma, xxi

conradti (Acmophyllnm), 349, 355

,, (Tiphia), 394

conspicua (Atteva), 471

consti'icta (Hammaptera), 245

continua (Myzine), 392

,, (Plesia), 392

contorta (Azelina), 288

,, (Semiothisa), 288

convexirs (Coptotettix), 364, 365

Coptotettix, 363, 364, 365

Coremia, 245, 257, 261, 262

coriacea (Brachylabis), 192, 193

coriacella (Stagmatophora), 372

coriarius (Odontomaclius), lix

Coricia, 290

coridon (Agriades), vi, vii, viii, ix, x,

xi, xii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlviii,

Ixix

,, var. albicans (Agriades), x

,, var. arragonensis (Agriades), x,

xii

,, ab. aurantia (Agriades), ix

,, var. borussia (Agriades), x

,, ab. caerulescens (Agriades), x,

xii

,, var. caucasica (Agriades), ix, x

,, var. constanti (Agriades), x,

xxxvii, xlvii

,, var. corydonis (Agriades), xi

,, var. corydonius (Agriades), ix,

X, xi

,, ab. excelsa (Agriades), ix

,, var. hafiieri (Agriades), ix

,, var. hispana (Agriades), ix, x

,, var. et ab. marginata (Agri¬

ades), X

,, var. meridionalis (Agriades), x,

xlvii, xlix, 1

,, var. meridionalis, f. constanti

(Agriades), x, 1

,, var. meridionalis, f. rezniceki,

(Agriades), x, xlix, 1

( cxviii )

coridoii var, olympica (Agriadea), x, xi

,, var. rezniceki (Agriades), x

,, f. semisyngrapha (Agriades), ix

,, ab. suavis (Agriades), xlviii

,, var. syriaca (Agriades), ix, x,

xi

,, ab. unicolor (Agriades), ix

,, (Polyomrnatus), xii, xlvi

,, var. appeiinina (Polyoiniaatus),

xlvi, 1

Correbidia, Iv

corrivulata (Epirrhoe), 249, 250

,, (Euphyia), 249

corticeata (Camptogramma), 268

corvaria (Phalaena), 345

Corycia, 289

Coryptiliiin, 475

Cosilidae, 390

Cosiliuae, 397

Cosinopterygidae, 372, 452

Cosniopteryx, 372, 452

costata (Eudule), 231

costipuncta, ab. ocellata (Cyclomia),

300

Coydalla, 449

Crabro, 429, 525

crambalea (Epimactis), 458

Craspedia, 226, 227, 228, 229

Craspediopsis, 221

crataegi (Aporia), xlvi

crawshayi (Lycaenesthes), 18, 45

Cremastogaster, xx

crenulatus (Oladorainus), 348, 354

Crepidodera, lx

crinanensis (Hydroecia), xxiv, xxv

crinita (Dielis), 403

,, (Elis), 403

,, (Scolia), 403

Criocephalus, Ixvi

crisiifrons (Xerophyllum), 352

cristitrons (Xerophyllum), 351

cristulata (Pantelia), 348

Crocantbes, 442, 443, 444, 445

Crocota, 231

Crosita, xxxvii

cruciata (Scordylia), 234

cruciferaria (Odontothera), 208

cruciferia (Aspilates), 327

,, (Odontothera), 327

crypsichola (Carposina), 431

Cryptoleehia, 456, 458

Cryptopbagus, xliv

Cryptophasa, 457

Ctenisolabis, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197,

198

Ctenocephalus, Ixvi

cubitalis (Sapheneutis), 377

culta (Discolia), 404

culta (Scolia), 404

cultratus (Piezotettix), 347

Cupidesthes, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11,

12, 13

Cupido, xlvi

cupraria (Crocota), 231

,, (Eudule), 231, 232

curriei (Dasyleurotettix), 359 ■

curvicornis (Lissotes), liii

curvifascia (Nipteria), 290

curvilinea (Broncbelia), 343

custodiata (Coenocalpe), 262

cyanae (Cicadula), xliii

cyanolycliiia (Placoptila), 453

cyanoplaca (Ptilosticha), 440, 441

cyanosoma (Eretmocera), 454

Cyclomia, 300

Cylindrogaster, 187, 197

Cyllopoda, 229, 230

Cyllopodinae, 213

Cymatophora, 331, 332, 333, 341

Cymopsis, 344

cynarae (Hesperia), xlv

cynorta (Papilio), xxix

cypridia (Tortyra), 462

Cyrtorrhinus, xliii

cytherea (Mennis), 232

cytis (Antizera), 494

dacryodes (Cosmopteryx), 372

daemona (Euralia), 509

daplidice (Pontia), xlvi

dardanus, sub-sp. cenea (Papilio), xv,

xvi, 508, 510

,, f. hippocoon (Papilio), 508,

510

,, f. trophonius (Papilio), 508

Dasycera, 441

Dasyleurotettix, 359

debilis (Psalis), 182

Decadarchis, 473

deceptor (Euralia), xiv, xv, xvii, 498,

499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 511, 512

deceptrix (Numia), 289

declaratus (Stenus), 383, 384

decolyi (Forcipula), 186

decreta (Zizera), 489

decurtaria (Ira), 310

Dielis, 402, 403, 404, 405

definita (Hammaptera), 245

,, (Lycaenesthes), 16, 26, 27

defixaria (Acidalia), 227

defixata (Rumia), 289

Deileptenia, 209

Deiliniinae, 280

delinquaria (Iridopsis), 340

delospila (Zizera), 495

demissaria (Ptychopoda), 217

Demogorgon, 185

( cxix )

densata (Hymenomima), 338

dentata (Thoradonta), 359

denticularia (Boarmia), 332

denticulata (Imma), 464

,, (Polygraphodes), 226

,, (Spartopteryx), 327

dentilineata (Monoctenia), 320

,, (Salpis), 320

dentipes (Dinetus), 530

Deptalia, 215, 216

derivata (Anticlea), 252

Dermaptera, xi, 161, 193

Dermatoptera, xix

designata (Ochyria), 257

desilineata (Orthonania), 263

despecta (Stenalcidia), 335

detexta (Bronchelia), 342

Deuterocopus, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112,

113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122,

124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,

132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138

Deuteroscopus, 109, 111, 118

Devarodes, 344

Diadema, 498

diademata (Epeira), 152

Dianous, xxx, 379, 380, 383, 384

Dianthoecia, Ixxii

dibapha (Catophoeiiissa), 329

,, (Epimecis), 329

Dichromatopodia, 216

dictynna (Melitaea), xxviii, Ixiv

,, var. vernetensis (Melitaea),

Ixiv

dictynnoides (Melitaea), xxviii

didyma (Melitaea), xlvi

differens (Stenalcidia), 333

diffusa (Euralia), 509

Diliacos, 400

dilucida (Ancylometis), 371

diluta (Zizera), 486, 487

dilutata (Oporinia), 269

dimidiaria (Boarmia), 333

,, (Stenalcidia), 333

,, (Tephrosia), 333

dimidiatipemiis (Dielis), 403

dimidiatus (Aeolothynnus), 417

Dinetus, 530, 531

Diplatys, xxx, 189

Diplura, xxxviii

Discolia, 403, 404

discolor (Coptotettix), 364

discreta (Decadarchis), 473

discriminaria (Acidalia), 229

Dismorphia, Ixviii

dismutata (Rhopalista), 243

dispar (ObiJa), 264

distans (Parasemia), 293

distant! (Echinosoma), 164

Ditlialaraa, 221

Ditliecodes, 221

ditiorana (Glyphipteryx), 374

ditrapezium (Noctua), Ixiv

divisaria (Thysanopyga), 301

divulsata (Scotosia), 264

doddii (Crabro), 429

dohrni (Psalis), 182

,, (Pyragra), 166

doriae (Allostetlius), 163

,, (Forficula), 163

dorilis (Loweia), xlvi

doris (Melodryas), 472

Drepanodes, 301, 302

Drepanopsaltria, lii

drucei (Euralia), 499, 509

Drusilla, 385

Dryas, liv

dubia (Euralia), xvi, 498, 499, 505,

509, 510

,, var. Cerberus (Euralia), 499, 511

,, (Flavinia), 230

(Orgyia), Ixix

dubiferata (Scotosia), 265

dubitata (Triphosa), 267

dubronii (Anisolabis), 178

ducalis (Larrada), 425

,, (Liris), 425

dukinfieldia (Boarmia), 334

,, (Stenalcidia), 334

dulcis (Arizela), 207, 325

,, (Lycaenesthes), 37

durnfordi (Atyria), 207, 230

,, (Flavinia), 230

Dyschirius, xxi, 384

Dyscia, 300

Dysstroma, 268, 270, 271

eatoni (Harpactopus), 518

,, (Spliex), 518

,, (Tachysphex), 525

eburneata (Acidalia), 226

eclieria (Amauris), xiv, xv, 499

Echinopsalis, 165, 166, 167

Echinosoma, 163, 164

Echinosomatinae, 161, 163, 165

eclipes (Acidalia), 228

Ectropis, 342

edmondsii (Hypochroma), 257

,, (Xanthorhoe), 208, 257

edna (Phibalapteryx), 286

oduardi (Tachysphex), 527

eductata (Cidaria), 245, 249

,, (Euphyia), 249

edusa (Colias), Ixix

,, ab. helice (Colias), Ixix

effluata (Orthonama), 262

ega (Morpho), lii

egialea (Amauris), 499

( cxx )

eion (Flavinia), 230

electa (Goiiolabis), 169, 170, 171, 173,

174

electrica (Placoptila), 454

elegans (Tisis), 437

Elis, 401, 403

Elyinnia, xxix

Einaturga, xxxvi

emberizata (Cidaria), 245

,, (Hammapteia), 245, 249

Emmelesia, 270

Emmiltis, 226

emolus (Lycaenesthes), 1, 4, 14, 15, 30,

32

enana (Boarmia), 337

,, (Physocleora), 337

Eiiicmus, lix

ennomaria (Gynopteryx), 302, 303, 304,

305

Ennominae, 280

Ennonios, 205, 305

enotata (Macaria), 293

Entephria, 248

Eois, 217

Epactiothyniius, 415, 416

Epeira, 152

ephialtes (Antlirocera), Ivi

Ephyra, 215

epicurta (Cacoecia), 432

Epimactis, 458

Epiniecis, 329

Epione, Ixiv, 308

Epiphractis, 373

Epirrhoe, 248, 249

Erebia, xxviii

Eretmocera, 454, 455

ergaiie (Pieris), xlv, xlvi

Ergavia, 210

Erilophodes, 325, 326

erina (Achlora), 211

,, (Miantonota), 211

,, ab. disjuncta (Miantonota), 211

Erinnys, xlvi

Eriogaster, xxxviii

Eriopygidia, 272

Erirrhinus, Ixvi

Eristalis, 153

eros (Polyoniinatus), xlv

Erosina, 308, 309, 310

erosinata (Tetracis), 306

erschoffi (Plebeius), 494

erythrogaster (Crabro), 429

Erythrolophus, 221

erytliropoecila (Lycaenestlies), 57

erythropoecilus (Lycaenesthes), 20, 57,

58, 59

esau (Arixenia), ii

escharota (Argyroploce), 436

escheri (Polyommatus), xlvi

Esplialmeninae, 161, 163, 169, 202

Espbalmenus, 163, 170

eterononia (Anisolabis), 175, 177

Ethniia, 460, 461, 462

Ethniiadae, 460

Euacidalia, 220

Eubolia, 258

Euborellia, 168, 175, 176, 179, 180,

181

Eucestiinae, 231, 238

Euchloe, liv

euchroma (Cei’ceris), 421, 424

Eucosmia, 244, 266

Eucosinidae, 368, 434

Eucymatoge, 274

eudora (Microdontopera), 322

,, (Salpis), 320, 322, 323

Eudule, 231, 232, 233

Eudulinae, 231

Eudulophasia, 233

Eueides, Ixviii

Euephyra, 215

Eueupithecia, 274, 275

Eulepidotus, 286

euinedon (Aricia), xlvi

Euparatettix, 359, 360

Eupbaedra, xxix

Euplianessa, 231

eupheno (Euchloe), liv

Euphyia, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 260

Eupileta, 280, 284

Eupithecia, 205, 274, 275, 276, 277,

278, 279

Euprepia, 152

Euralia, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xli, 498,

499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505

506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512,

513

euria (Camptogramma), 260

enrylampis (Tisis), 438

eurytus (Pseudacraea), 498

Eustroma, 270

Evaesthetus, 384

Everes, xlvi, 494

exacta (Calocalpe), 266

exagitata (Camptogramma), 261

exangulata (Hymenomima), 339

exanthista (Tortyra), 464

excavaria (Anisodes), 215

excavatum (Acmophylluin), 355

excavatus (Zaspilothynnus), 420

exhonorata (Sabulodes), 307, 308

exiguata (Eupithecia), 278, 279

expolita (Chrismopteryx), 252, 253

expositata (Tanagra), 345

exsecta (Formica), xliv, 146, 147

exsulatum (Labiduroinma), 188

(

extensuin (Xerophyllum), 350, 351

extersaria (Hymenomima), 338

extrema (Tapinostola), Ixxii

fagi (Stanropus), 152

famulus (Deuterocopus), 112

fasciata (Lycaenesthes), 81

fasciatipennis (Discolia), 403

fasciatus (Lycaenesthes), 81

,, (Triclema), 72, 81, 82

fasciolata (Perizoma), 268

fausta (Lecithocera), 449

felderi (Azelina), 320

,, (Salpis), 320

felis (Ctenocephalus), Ixvi

felix (Anisolahis), 178

femoralis (Psalis), 182

fernandezi (Ctenisolabis), 197, 198

ferrugata (Ptychopoda), 217

,, (Xanthorhoe), 269

, , ab. unidentaria (Xanthorhoe),

268

ferruginata (Eois), 217

ferrugineipes (Dielis), 404, 405

,, (Scolia), 404, 405

festae (Anisolahis), 175, 177

festiva (Psalis), 181, 182

Fidonia, 300

Fidoniinae, 280

figinii (Paralabidura), 185

filamentaria (Nematocampa), 288

filipendulae (Anthrocera), Ivii, Iviii

,, var. chrysanthemi (Anthro¬

cera), xiii

,, ab. flava( Anthrocera), xiii

fimbriata (Calocalpe), 266

,, (Metachanda), 369

flammea (Meliana). Ixxiii

Flavinia, 229, 230

flavipes (Stenus), 382, 384

flavisquamata (Eriopygidia), 272

,, (Spargania), 272

flavomaculata (Lycaenesthes), 53

flavomaculatus (Lycaenesthes), 19, 53,

65

flavopicta (Anthobosca), 399

flavus (Lasius), Ixxii, 145, 146

fletcheri (Ctenisolabis), 197

flexicosta (Metasiopsis), 219, 221

,, (Ptychopoda), 219, 220, 221

flexifascia (Hamalia), 222, 223

floccosaria (Pterocypha), 264

,, (Scotosia), 264

floridensis (Sphacelodes), 301

fluvialis (Cerceris), 421

fluviata (Geometra), 261, 263

,, (Percnoptilota), 261

foedata (Camptogramma), 259

forbesi (Echinosoma), 164

cxxi )

Forcipula, 184, 186, 187

Forficula, 163, 179

Forticularia, 202

Forficulidae, 202

Formasimus, xxxvi

Formica, xiii, xliv, xlv, xlvii, Ixxii

Formicomus, xx

formosa (Dielis), 403, 404

,, vai-. maculiceps (Dielis), 403

,, (Scelolophia), 226

forticornis (Ilyobates), 381

fossulatus (Prototettix), 362

foveolatus (Claviger), 145

fragilis (Tephrinopsis), 295, 296

fragosa (Oinophila), 376

freygessneri (Tachytes), 521, 522, 523

fringillata (Cidaria), 245

,, (Hammaptera), 245

Frisilia, 446

frondaria (Aplodes), 210, 211

,, (Synchlora), 210, 211

fugax (Solenopsis), 146

fuliginosus (Lasius), Ixvii

,, (Quedius), 384

fulva (Tapinostola), xxi

fulvago (Xanthia), Ivii

fulvicornis (Tiphia), 396

fulvilinea (Drepanodes), 302

fulvimacula (Lycaenesthes), 68

fulvitincta (Cleora), 340

,, (Iridopsis), 340

,, (Melinoides), 288

fumida (Hammaptera), 246

,, (Nephodia), 290

,, (Nipteria), 290

,, (Upenora), 290

fumigrisea (Cymatophora), 331

fumipennis (Astatus), 519

furcata (Mesovelia), xliii

furciferata (Larentia), 245

furva (Calocalpe), 265

fur^dpennis (Eupithecia), 276

,, (Tephroclystia), 276

fusca (Azelina), 313

,, (Formica), xliv, xlv, 144, 146,

147, 148, 149, 150

,, (Pero), 313

,, (Psalis, 181

,, (Stenalcidia), 333, 336

fuscata (Narragodes), 281

,, (Pyragra), 165, 166, 167

fuscovariata (Disclisioprocta), 259

,, (Gnophos), 259

fuscum (Echinosoma), 164

,, (Olophrum), xxxi

,, (Xerophyllum), 351

fusilinea (Apicea), 305

fusilineata (Brotis), 301

( cxxii )

gal)raria (Azelina), 307

,, (Geitonia), 307

,, (Xylolocha), 307

gagatina (Psalis), 182, 183

gaika (Zizeeria), 481, 482

,, (Zizera), 479, 482

„ (Zizula), 483, 491, 492, 493, 495,

496, 497

galatea (Melanargia), xlvii

galeatuin (Xerophyllum), 351

Gaiioris, 152

gariazzi (Forcipula), 187

Gastrosericus, 529

gaudens (Anisolabis), 176

Geitonia, 307

Gelasma, 210

Gelechiadae, 369, 437

geminus (CyrtoiThinus), xliii

gemniata (Geometra), 261

,, (Ptychopoda), 217

gemmifera (Neurellipes), 67, 70

geniculata (Brachylabis), 195

,, (Chelidura), 194

genuini (Ichneumones), 389

genurnia (Hammaptera), 244

Geometra, 211, 261, 263, 271

Geoinetridae, xxx, 204, 205, 207, 255,

265, 268, 320, 344

Geometrinae, 210

germanica (Cicindela), xxx

giacomellii (Litliostege), 234, 235

,, ab, angulata (Lithostege),

234, 236

gigantata (Macaria), 292

giganteiis (Goliathus), xxxvi

gilesi (Cercei'is), 422

gilvago (Xanthia), Ivii

glabrifrons (Trypophyllum), 348

gladiaria (Gynopteryx), 302, 303, 304,

305, 306, 311

Glaucopteryx, 254, 268

glauculata (Amaurinia), 279

,, (Thalassodes), 279, 280

globosus (Dyschirius), 384

glyphicarius (Aspilates), 327

Glyphipterygidae, 374, 462

Glyphipteryx, 374, 470

gnamptographa (Melaiiolopliia), 341

gnoma (Anoinpbax), 212

,, (Omphax), 212

Gnophos, 205, 208, 259, 330, 331

Gnypeta, 385

Godana, 432

Goliathus, xxxvi

Gonaepa, 442

Gonepteryx, lii

Gonolabidae, 169

Gonolabina, 161

Gonolabis, 163, 168, 169, 170,171, 172

173, 174, 175

gonopteraria (Azelina), 313

„ (Pero), 313

Gonopteryx, Ixix

gordius (Loweia), xlvi

Gracilariadae, 373

gracililinea (Geitonia), 307

gracilipes (Austrostylops), xliii, 515

gracilitarsis (Tachysphex), 527

giamraica (Lycaenesthes), 83

granillosa (Cymatophora), 341

,, (Melanolophia), 341

Graphidipus, 239

Graphipidus, 239

greeiii (Euborellia), 180

grisea (Stenalcidia), 334, 335, 338

griseata (Azelina), 318

,, (Cnephora), 318

grosei (Lycaenesthes), 40

grossulariata (Abraxas), Ixviii, 152, 153

,, ab. varleyata (Abraxas),

Ixviii

grumata (Hammaptera), 245

guanicola (Thomosis), lix

gueneei (Luperina), Ixii, Ixiii

guttata (Echinopsalis), 167

,, (Psalis), 163

„ (Stenus), 382, 383

guttularis (Carphotricha), Ixxi

gyda (Nanagodes), 207, 281

Gynopteryx, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,

311

Gypsochroa, 259

gyritis (Paramorpha), 431

hades (Triclema), 71, 74, 76

Haemalea, 222

Haemonia, xliv

haesitata (Gypsochroa), 259

,, (Scotosia), 259

Halictophagidae, 515

Halictus, 419

halisma (Hammaptera), 248

halixanta (Argyroploce), 435

Hamalia, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225

Hammaptera, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247,

248, 249, 269

Hanna, xxix

Harpaetopus, 518

Hasodima, 325

Hastula, xxv, xxvi

hecate (Amauris), 499

,, (Brenthis), xiii

helcita (Aletis), xxix

Helcon, liii

heliarcha (Gonaepa), 442

heliaula (Atteria), 433

Heliconidae, Ixviii

( cxxiii )

helioclina (Tisis), 437

heliodoxa (Atteva), 471

hellmaniii (Tapinostola), xxi, Ixxii

helopioides (Oodes), 381

hemiacma (Lecithocera), 448

heiiiicausta (Thriambeutis), 470

heinichlorata (Aspilates), 273

Hemimei'us, ii

Hemitheidae, 210

Hemitheinae, 210, 213

heniixysta (Tisis), 438

Heodes, xlvi, 3

Herbita, 309, 310

hermanui (Agriom3da), 408

hero (Coenouympha), xxviii

Hesperia, xlv, xlvi

hesperia (Nyctemera), xxix

hesperina (Eudule), 231

Heterolocha, 288, 289

heterolocha (Hyperythra), 302, 304,

305

Heterothops, 384

Heterusia, 233, 234

Heterusiinae, 231

hewitsoni (Lycaenesthes), 40

Hexadactilia, 107, 108

Hibernia, 205

Hieroxestis, 375

himalayensis (Tiphia), 396, 397

hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), Ivii, Iviii

,, (Zygaena), xiii

Hippodes, 346, 347

hirtaria (Biston), 152

histricus (Paratettix), 360

histrio (Enicmus), lix

hobleyi (Lycaenesthes), 16, 24, 25

,, (Pseudacraea), xxix

hoedularia (Azelina), 312

„ (Pero), 312

holcias (Lycaenesthes), 83

holdansi (Nannisolabis), 194, 195

Holoparamecus, xxi

Homalotae, 384

Homaloxestis, 446

Homona, 432

Honorana, 319, 321

Hoplolygris, 207, 254, 255

Horisme, 262

horridum (Echinosoma), 164

horsfieldi (Allotinus), xxxviii, xxxix,

xl, xli

howardi (Leptisolabis), 199

hnnaboldti (Dielis), 404

,, (Scolia), 404

humeralis (Luciola), 532

hyacinthina (Tisis), 439

hyberniaria (Tephrosia), 332

yberniata (Erosina), 309

Hydata, 213

Hydriomena, 263

Hydrionieninae, 231

Hydroecia, xxiii, xxiv, xxv

liyerana (Hastnla), xxv, xxvi

hylas (Polyonimatus), xlvi

Hylograptis, 450, 451

Hymenomima, 334, 338, 339

Hymen opus, 1, li

Hypera, 385

Hyperetis, 288

Hyperythra, 302, 304, 305

Hypochroma, 257

Hypolepis, 271, 272

Hypolimnas, xvi, 498

Hypsaeus, 346, 347, 349, 350

Hypsidae, xxix

ianthes (Ypsolophus), 452

icarus (Lycaena), 487

,, (Polyommatus), xlvi, xlviii,

Ixviii, Ixix

Ichneumones, 389

Ichneumonidae, 386, 389

Ichneumonides (Methoca), xxx

Idialcis, 208, 284, 285, 286

Idioglossa, 373

iduna (Perizoma), 270

ilicis (Nordmannia), xlvi

illineata (Stenalcidia), 334

Ilyobates, 381

imitata (Thamnonoma), 292

Imma, 464, 465, 466, 467

immanata (Dysstroma), 268

,, (Phalaena), 271

iminissus (Biston), 343

imparata (Acidalia), 215

impauperata (Scotosia), 259

imperatrix (Tisis), 440

1 impressa (Crepidodera), lx

,, (Luciola), 532

inipi’essus (Prototettix), 361

iinpromissata (Perizoma), 254, 267, 268

,, (Ypsipetes), 267

inaequalis (Hypsaeus), 347

inca (Gonolabis), 163, 170

incandescens (Ptilosticha), 441

incerta (Anisolabis), 175, 177

incolorata (Phrygionis), 286

incurvata (Stenodonta), 318

indefinita (Eupithecia), 276

,, (Lycaenesthes), 16, 25

indica (Zizera), 479, 481, 482, 484, 486,

488, 489

„ (Zizina), 483, 488, 489, 490, 491,

492, 493, 495, 496, 497

indicum (Allostethus), 163

ineffectaria (Tephrosia), 332

inermis (Labidura), 185

cxxiv )

inexcisa (Semiothisa), 294

inexpectata (Cerceris), 421

infelix (Anisolabis), 178

,, (Sabulodes), 320; 321

,, (Salpis), 320, 321

infuscata (Coptotettix), 365

insifinis (Prosopigastra), 528

insolita (Gnophos), 208, 331

,, (Scotopterix), 331

iiisulanuin (Echiiiosoma), 164

insularia (Acidalia), 215, 216

,, (Deptalia), 215

,, (Pleuropruuha), 215

,, (Ptychopoda), 216

iiifeularis (Liacos), 400

,, (Scolia), 400

iiitaminata (Piagetia), 426

intercalata (Cidaria), 245

intevguttella (Coydalla), 449

,, (Onebala), 449

interlineata (Cymopsis), 344

,, (Devarodes), 344

internexata (Craspedia), 227

interrupta (Plesia), 392

interruptata (Cidaria), 262

iiiteiTuptus (Euparatettix), 359

iiitestinata (Phibalaptertyx), 259

,, (Pliibalapteryx), 259

intrudens (Syagrius), Ixxi

intrnsata (Phibalapteryx), 261

invaria (Ameria), 233

,, (Eudule), 233

,, (Eudulopliasia), 233

invenusta (Stenalcidia), 334

iostrota (Limnoecia), 454

Ira, 310

Iridopsis, 340, 341

Isanthrene, Iv

Ischnopteryx, 327, 328

isis (Atyria), 230

isochrysa (Anaphantis), 472

I.solabidae, 189, 190, 202

Isolabis, 190, 191, 195, 196

Issoria, xlvi

ituria (Lycaenesthes), 16, 22

iveni (Catascia), 330

ja (Lycaeuestlies), 20, 58

jaciiitaria (Pachrophylla), 241

jacintha (Idialcis), 285, 286

jacintharia (Cidaria), 244

jacksoni (Deuterocopus), 124, 129

jacobsoni (Forcipula), 187

jamaicensis (Pero), 313, 314

Jamides, 1

janeirensis (Euborellia), 180

japonica (Zizera), 486

jatropharia (Cyllopoda), 230

javana (Anisolabis), 174

iavana (Gonolabis), 169, 170, 171, 172,

173, 174

jermyni (Parhestina), Ixxiii

johnstoni (Acraea), xlii

jouesaria (Azelina), 313

,, (Pero), 313

juba (Lycaenesthes), 20, 63, 64

jiigurtharia (Cidaria), 244

,, (Hammaptera), 244

junctilinea (Alcis), 335

,, (Stenalcidia), 335

juno (Stenus), 382, 384

kamilila (Triclema), 71, 76, 78

kampala (Lycaenesthes), 19, 52

karsandra (Zizeeria), 480, 481, 482,

484, 485, 491, 495, 496,

497

,, (Zizera), 479, 480, 481, 482

karschi (Piezotettix), 347

Karschiella, 189

kersteni (Lycaenesthes), 44

kirbyi (Anisolabis), 171

,, (Euralia), xvi, xvii

,, (Gonolabis), 169, 170, 171

,, (Salius), Iv

kiiviiyu (Lycaenesthes), 17, 37

Klugia, xlvi

knysna (Zizera), 486

korlana (Everes), 494

kudagae (Anisolabis), 178

kurandae (Nitela), 428, 429

kurandensis (Asthenothynnus), 411

labecnlata (Cerceris), 421

Labidura, 175, 183, 184, 185, 187

Labiduridae, xi, 161

Labidurinae, 162, 165, 183

Labidurodes, 168

Labiduromma, 188

Labiidae, Ixv

labilis (Gnypeta), 385

labradus, var. otis (Zizeeria), 481

,, (Zizera), 482, 484, 486, 489

„ (Zizina), 483, 489, 490, 491,

492, 495, 497

,, var. dryina (Zizina), 489,

490, 491, 492, 495

,, var. otis (Zizina), 489, 495

,, var. sangra (Zizina), 489,

495, 496, 497

Laccobius, lix

lachares (Lycaenesthes), 3, 18, 19, 47,

48, 50, 51. 53, 66

,, var. obsolescens (Lycaenes¬

thes), 48

lachrymosus (Aeolothynnus), 416

lacides (Lycaenesthes), 73

,, (Triclema), 71, 73

lactevirens (Eupithecia), 276

( cxxv )

lactevirens (Tephroclystia), 276

lacunata (Pseudasellodes), 213

lades (Macrocneme), liv, Iv

laeta (Anisolabis), 177

laetus (Astatus), 520

laevipennis (Apicia), 306

laevis (Narragodes), 280

laica (Cryptolechia), 456

1-album (Leucania), Ixii

lamias (Lycaenestlies), 79

,, (Triclema), 71, 72, 79

lamprocles (Lycaenestbes), 65

,, (Neurypexina), 49, 65

Lampyris, xxxvi

lanestris (Eriogaster), xxxviii

lapidata (Coenocalpe), 262

lapillata (Camptogramma), 261

laqueata (Taragmarcha), 370

Larentia, 244, 245, 252, 254, 259, 260,

265, 266, 273

Lareutiinae, 231, 235, 259, 269

Lariada, 425

larydas (Lycaenestlies), 3, 10, 15, 18,

43, 44, 45, 46, 50

,, (Pseudodypsas), 44

Lasiocampidae, Ixix

Lasiops, 319, 320, 321

Lasius, lx, Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixxii, 144, 145,

146, 147

lasti (Lycaenestlies), 17, 22, 29, 84

lateraria (Coremia), 245

laternaria (Asellodes), 213

latlionia (Issoria), xlvi

Lathrobium, lix, Ixvi

latifasciella (Tisis), 437

latioiata (Amelia), 233

Latiorina, xlviii, Ixix

latirupta (Hydriomena), 263

,, (Phibalapteryx), 262

lativalvis (Tachysphex), 524

lativentris (Gonolabis), 169

lavaterae (Erinnys), xlvi

Lecithocera, 447, 448, 449

Lembeja, lii

lembula (Meridarcbis), 430

lemnos (Lycaenestbes), 17, 30, 47, 83

leonina (Cupidestbes), 5, 6, 12

,, (Lycaenestbes), 12, 13

Lepidoptera, lii

leptines (Lycaenestbes), 20, 56, 57, 58,

64

Leptisolabis, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196,

198, 199, 200, 201

Leptodeuterocopus, 107, 138, 141 •

Leptomeris, 217, 220, 222, 226

Leptostales, 219

Leucania, Ixii

Leucocbesias, 208, 326

leucoclora (Lecitbocera), 448

Leucolitbodes, 325, 326

leucostigma (Macrocneme), liv

leukokescba (Lycaenestbes), 51

levis (Lycaenestbes), 18, 42

Liacos, 400

libanota (Tortyra), 463

librata (Parelliptis), 445

Libytbea, lx

ligea (Erebia), xxviii

lignata (Ortbonama), 262

,, (Pergama), 318

,, ab. obscurior (Pergama), 318

,, (Pero), 317, 318

ligulifera (Gynopteryx), 302, 304, 305

ligures (Lycaenestbes), 3, 16, 23, 25,

28, 83

limbata (Eudule), 232

,, (Eupbyia), 251

,, (Mennis), 232

,, (Nematocampa), 288

Limenitis, xlvi

liinitata (Epirrboe), 248

,, (Ptycbopoda), 217

Limnoecia, 453, 454

limosa (Melanolopbia), 342

,, (Tepbrosia), 342

lindenii (Dielis), 404

linearis (Xylolocba), 307

Linoclostis, 458

bodes (Lycaenestbes), 17, 32, 34, 38

liparis (Lycaenestbes), 47, 48

Lipomelia, 222

Liris, 425

Lissocblora, 211

Lissopsis, 239

Lissotes, liii

litbas (Cupidestbes), 6, 11

,, (Lycaenestbes), 11, 40

Litbina, 292

Litbostege, 208, 234, 235, 236, 237,

238

littorea (Anisolabis), 178

litura (Rbizobius), 385

liturata (Macaria), 293

livida (Lycaenestbes), 17, 34

lividipes (Paralabidura), 184, 185

lobifonnis (Eudule), 232

lobulatus (Prototettix), 362

locbias (Lycaenestbes), 31

locra (Lycaenestbes), 43

locuples (Lycaenestlies), 19, 52

lombokianum (Allostethus), 162

Lomecbusa, Ixxii, 144

Lomograpba, 290

longicollis (Cionus), lix

longicornis (Claviger), lx

„ (Tbynnus), 411

Y cxxvi )

ongicovnis (Zeleboria), 411

longipedata (Ptycliopoda), 218, 220

longipemie (Lathrobium), lix, Ixvi

longipeniiis (Stenorrboe), 274

longitarsis (Chilopora), 384

loiiicerae (Zygaena), xiii

lophopteryx (Deuterocopus), 112, 118,

121

lorquirjii (Zizera), 479

loti (Diplura), xxxviii

,, (Osmia), 155, 156, 157

Loweia, xlvi

Lozograiuma, 292

Lucanus, 153

lucens (Hydioecia), xxiv, xxv

lucida (Actizera),483, 494, 495, 496, 497

,, (Antizera), 481, 494

Luciola, Ixxiii, 532, 533

lucretia (Lycaenesthes), 80, 81

lucretilis (Lycaenesthes), 80

,, (Triclema), 2, 71, 72, 80, 81

luctuosus (Agriomyia), 409

lugeus (Sphex), 519

lulu (Zizera), 495

luuulata (Lycaenesthes), 11, 17, 18,

32, 40, 42

,, (Neolycaena), xxiii

Luperina, Ixii, Ixiii

lurida (Forcipula), 186

luscinata (Cidaria), 262

lusones (Lycaenesthes), 68

,, (Neurellipes), 66, 67, 68, 69

lustrator (Stenus), 383, 384

luteago, var. barrettii (Dianthoecia),

Ixxii

luteela (Tisis), 437

Lycaena, xlvi, xlviii, Ixviii, Ixix, 14,

495

Lycaenesthes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10,

11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,

29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,

38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,

47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,

56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,

65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74,

75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84

Lycaenidae, xxiii, xxxviii

lycaenina (Lycaenesthes), 4

Lycaenopsis, Ixxiii, 480, 490

lychnaptes (Lycaenesthes), 20, 61, 62

lychnides (Lycaenesthes), 19, 53

lychnoptera (Lycaenesthes), 62

lycoa (Acraea), xlii

lycotas (Lycaenesthes), 51

Lygris, 255, 270

Lymantriadae, xxix

Lyouetia, 374

lyrifera (Iinma), 466

lysicles (Lycaenesthes), 3, 18, 46

lysigania (Tanychastis), 371

lysimon (Zizeeria), 480, 481, 482, 483,

484, 485, 486, 491, 495, 496,

497

,, var. knysna (Zizeeria), 496

,, (Zizera), 479

ly'zanius (Lycaenesthes), 2, 64, 65

,, (Neurypexina), 54, 64, 65, 66

inaartensi (Allostethus), 163

Macaria, 292, 293, 294

macra (Periacina), 455

macrochalca (Acrocercops), 373

Macrocneme, liv, Iv

Macrolyrcea, 319

Macronychus, lix

maculata, var. variegata (Agidoniyia),

410

maculicornis (Tachytes), 523

madagascariensis (Euralia), 509

maeander (Lycaenesthes), 69

,, (Neurellipes), 66, 69

inaera (Pararge), xlvi

,, f. adrasta (Pararge), xlvi

maha (Zizeeria), 480, 481, 482, 484,

485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492,

495, 496

inahallokoaena (Lycaena), 495

inahota (Lycaenesthes), 20, 59

major (Anisolabis), 176

,, (Platylabia), 162

inakala (Lycaenesthes), 20, 58

malacodes (Nothris), 451

maldama (Apicia), 302, 303, 304, 305

maleformata (Sebastia), 275

malgacha (Metisolabis), 196

inalvata (Larentia), 260

Maniestra, 152

manicata (Osmia), 155, 158, 159

manifesta (Agriomyia), 409

manni (Pieris), xlv

,, ab. erganoides (Pieris), xlv

,, var, rossii (Pieris), xlv, xlvi

mansueta (Scolia), 402

Mantidae, li

marginalis (Anisolabis), 176, 177

mai'ginata (Nii)teria), 290

,, (Zizej'a), 486

maritirna (Anisolabis), 178

Marmarea, 312

Marragodes, 281

marshalli (Dielis), 402

• ,, (Lycaenesthes), 79

,, (Scolia), 402

, ,, (Triclema), 72, 79

martena (Physocleora), 334

martharia (Acidalia), 227

( cxxvii )

Mascora, 326

mathewi (Deuterocopus), 124

mathilda (Azelina), 314

„ (Pero), 314

raathina (Tricliura), Iv

mauritanica (Anisolabis), 177

maurorufus (Quedius), 384

maxima (Anisolabis), 176, 178

Jlecoceratinae, 209

mediata (Phibalapteryx), 262, 263

Jledinopliyllum, 346, 349, 355

medon (Aricia), xlvi

medusa, var. hippomedusa (Erebia),

xxviii

megalorma (Cryptnpbasa), 457

Meganthopus, liv

meisteri (Rhyucliopyga), Iv

melambrota (Lycaenesthes), 50

melambrotus (Lycaenesthes), 19, 50,

78

uielanardis (Frisilia), 446

ilelanargia, xlvii

Melanchroia, 345

Melanippe, 247

melanocephalum (Pison), 419

Melanolophia, 333, 341, 342

Melanopbila, xliii

melanota (Deuterocopus), 112, 113

melas (Isanthrene), Iv

meleager (Polyommatus), xlvi

Meliana, Ixxiii

Melinoides, 207, 288, 289

meliorella (Tisis), 437

l\lelitaea, xxviii, xlvi, liii, liv, Ixiv,

Ixxiii

Melodryas, 472

menciana (Homona), 412

,, (Pandemis), 432

Mengeoidea, 515

Mennis, 232

Meridarchis, 430

meridionalis (Eubolia), 258

Mermis, Ixxii

meropia (Erosina), 308

Jlesa, 394

mesargyrata (Leucochesias), 208, 326

meskearia (Stenaspilates), 312

mesoscia (Tephrinopsis), 298

Mesovelia, xliii

messapus (Lycaena), 495

Metachanda, 369

Metacliandidae, 369

metagrammata (Seotosia), 265

Metasiopsis, 219, 220, 221

Methoca, xxx

Metisolabis, 191, 195, 196, 198, 200

metria (Idialcis), 284

Metrocaiiipa, 288

Miantouota, 211

micacearia (Sphacelodes), 301

michaelseni (Gonolabis), 169, 170, 174

,, var. dentata (Gonolabis),

174

Microdontopera, 320, 321, 324

Microgoiiia, 307, 310, 311

Micro -Lepidoptera, 366

Microxydia, 289

millari (Lycaenesthes), 17, 35

miltocosma (Polemograptis), 432

mima (Euralia), xiv, xv, xvi, 498, 499,

500, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507,

508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513

raimetica (Cupidesthes), 7, 13

minietis (Cosmojderyx), 372

Mimophyle, 208, 283, 284, 286

mimulus (Sphex), 419

minima (Anthobosca), 398

,, (Lycaenesthes), 17, 36

minimus (Coenonympha), 480, 496

,, (Cupido), xlvi

,, (Zizera), 480

I minor (Astatus\ 521

,, (Pyragra), 166

minorata (Acidalia), 229

minuata (Aplodes), 211

,, (Thalera), 210

minuscula (Cerceris), 422

minuta (Anisolabis), 180

minutissimus (Asthenothynnus), 413

minutus (Coptotettix), 363

misippus (Diadema), 498

,, (Hypolimnas), xvi

mixtus (Ceuthorrhynchideus), xxxv

mnemosyne, var. frlihstoferi (Pariias-

sius), Ixix

Mnesteria, 438

moesta (Euborellia), 181

molaria (Odysia), 332

mblleri (Parasapyga), 405

mollis (Calathus), xiii

mollita (Byssodes), 287

monastica (Imma), 465

moncus (Lycaenesthes), 43

Monoctenia, 320

monomatapa (Tiphia), 396

Monopis, 473, 474

monoplanetis (Atteva), 470

montana (Ctenisolabis), 197

monteironis (Lycaenesthes), 33

morawitzi (Osmia), 156, 157

raoricei (Gastrosericus), 529

mormopa (Imma), 467

Morpho, lii

mortuaria (Plemyria), 261

multiguttata (Cerceris), 421

multiplagiata (Auophylla), 211

( cxxviii )

munda (Gelasnia), 210

raundaria (Bronchelia), 343

mundata (Microgonia), 307, 311

,, ab. crassior (Microgonia), 311

,, (Oxydia), 311

nmsagetes (Lycaenestlies), 3, 16, 21, 23

miiscilineata (Ptychopoda), 218

muscosaria (Rhopalodes), 240

innscosata (Perizoma), 268, 269

inusciilosa (Oria), Ixiii

,, (Synia), Ixiii

musicodes (Linoclostis), 458

niutabilis (Cidaria), 250

,, (Ypsipetes), 251

M3"riapoda, 191

Myrmedonia, 382, 385

Jlyrmica, 146

inyrtillata (Catascia), 330

Myzine, 391, 392, 393

Myzininae, 391

Nacaduba, 1

Nannisolabis, 190, 191, 194, 195, 200

napi (Ganoris), 152

,, var. napaeae (Pieris), xlvi

Narragodes, 207, 208, 280, 281, 282,

283, 284

natalensis (Lycaenestlies), 30

,, (Tiphia), 396

nazadaria (Apicia), 302, 303, 304

,, ab. inapicata (Gynopteryx),

303

neanthes (Charaxes), xv, 506

neavei (Xerophyllum), 351, 352, 353

neglecta (Lycaenestlies), 31

Nematocainpa, 287, 288

Neochesias, 236, 237, 238

Neolycaena, xxiii, 88

neoniger (Lasius), Ixxii

Neopithecops, 495

Neotaxia, 286

nepalensis (Paralabidura), 185

nephalia (Boarinia), 338

,, (Hymenomima), 334, 338

Nepliodia, 290

Nephodiinae, 280, 290

Nepliogenes, 455

Neurellipes, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 82

Neurypexina, 49, 54, 64, 65, 66

niavius (Amauris), 499

,, sub-sp. dominicanus (Amauris),

xiv, 499, 506, 510

nicbolsoni (Oloplirum), xxxi

nictitans (Hydroecia), xxiii, xxiv

niger (Lasius), Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixxii, 144,

146, 147

,, var. americanus (Lasius), Ixviii

nigeriae (Lycaenestlies), 78

,, (Triclema), 72, 78

nigra (Bracliylabis), 199, 201

,, (Ctenisolabis), 197, 198

,, (Heterotliops), 384

,, (Metisolabis), 200

,, (Polybia), liv

,, (Psalis), 182, 183

nigrescens (Pliysocleora), 337

nigricans (Nitela), 428

nigricosta (Tliysanopyga), 301

nigriplena (Bronchelia), 343

nigrirostris (Hypera), 385

nigrita (Myzine), 391

nigrocaudata (Lycaenestlies), 26

nigrociliata (Hamniaptera), 247

nigrolineata (Hamniaptera), 246

nigropuiictata (Lycaenesthes), 17, 36

nigro-punctatum (Acmopliylluni), 355

nimbata (Microgonia), 310

,, (Oxydia), 310

niobe (Argyiinis), xlvi

Nipteria, 290, 291

nisa (Liponielia), 222

Nitela, 428, 429

nitida (Bracliystichia), 303

,, (Gynopteryx), 303

nitidus (Tacliyspliex), 524

nivalis (Allotinus), xxxviii, xxxix, xl,

xli

niveata (Perizoma), 269

niveigutta (Hamniaptera), 245

niveipennaria (Aspilates), 208, 326

noctiluca (Lampyris), xxxvi

Noctua, Ixiv

noctuata (Mimopliyle), 283, 284

nodosa (Lecithocera), 447

Noniiades, lx

Nonagria, xlvii

Nordmannia, xlvi

norma (Azeliiia), 316

,, (Pero), 313, 316, 317

nossima (Amauris), 499

notata (Macaria), 293

notaturia (Honorana), 319

Notliris, 451

novae zeelandiae (Parisolabis), 188

noverca (Pseudospliex), liv

nubigena (Imma), 466

Niimia, 289

nupta (Catocala), lii

Nyctemera, xxix

Nymplialidae, xxix

obfuscaria (Catascia), 330

Obila, 264

obliquaria (Anteois), 220

,, (Apiciopsis), 306

obliquata (Iridopsis), 340

oblita (Gonolabis), 169, 170, 171, 172,

173, 174

( cxxix )

obruptata (Coremia), ‘Jdl

obscura (Ephyra), 215

,, (Physocleora), 336

,, (Tricleina), 72, 82

obscurus (Pterophorus), 115

obsoletaria (Cidaria), 260

obstipata (Ortlionama), 261, 262

,, (Phalaena), 261

obtiisaria (Hammaptera), 248

occidentale (Echinosoma), 164

occidentalis (Anisolabis), 177

occultaria (Pterocypba), 264

ocellaris (Xaiitliia), Ivii

ocellata (Cyc-loiiiia), 300

ocellatiis (Smerinthus), xxxvii

ocblea (Amauris), xiv, 499, 501

ochribasis (Entepbria), 248

„ (Hammaptera), 248

ochrifascia (Thamnoimma), 299

ochritiucta (Perizoma), 268

ochroleucata (Acidalia), 229

Oehyria, 256, 257, 259, 269

octonias (Lecithocera), 447

oculata (Lobophora), 241

„ (Pat'liropbylla), 208, 241

oculatiis (Lycaenesthes), 78

,, (Triclema), 72, 78

odatis (Cambogia), 280

Odites, 458

Odontomacluis, lix

Odontopera, xxxi

odontota (Baynia), 242, 243

Odontothera, 208, 327

Odontothynnus, 399

Odysia, 332 '

Oecoplioiidae, 373, 455

Oecophylla, 15

Oenoclirominae, 209

oenopodiata (Acidalia), 214

,, (Semaeopus), 214

Oenothalia, 301

Oinophila, 375, 376, 377

olivacea (Pero), 315

olivata (Apicia), 305

Olophrum, xxxi

olympusa (Lycaenesthes), 38

omphacina (Larentia), 273

Omphax, 212

Onebala, 449, 450

onopordi (Hesperia), xlvi

Oodes, 381

opalina (Zizera), 486

operaria (Catascia), 330

Opisthograptis, 292

opistholeuca (Neocliesias), 238

Oporinia, 269

opposita (Cerceris), 420

oppositaria (Boarmia), 343

PROC. EIW. SOC. LOND., V. 1910.

Opticus (Stenus), 383, 384

orbata (Braclimia), 450

orbiculosa (Oxytripia), Ixvi

orbifera (Antygophanes), 324

,, (Salpis), 320, 324

orbitulus (Latiorina), xlviii, Ixix

,, (Lycaena), xlviii, Ixix

oreas (Gnophos), 208, 331

Orgyia, Ixix, 152

Oria, Ixiii

Orneodidae, 111

orsitaria (Microxydia), 289

,, (Stegania), 289

Orthonama, 261, 262, 263, 264

Orthoptcra, xvii, 346

Orthostixinae, 209

osiris (Atyria), 230, 231

,, (Cyllopoda), 230

Osmia, xvii, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159

Osphretica, 475

ossa (Zizeeria), 480, 481, 482, 484, 485,

486, 487, 488, 495, 496, 497

ossium (Stenus), 382

ossularia (Leptomeris), 220

otacilia (Lycaenesthes), 17, 36, 37, 38,

40

,, var, kikuyu (Lycaenesthes), 37

Otis (Zizeeria), 481, 484, 489, 490, 491

otophora (Rhopalodes), 208, 240, 241

Ourapteryginae, 280

Oxydia, 310, 311

Oxypoda, 384

Oxyptilus, 110, 111

Oxytelus, 385

Oxytripia, Ixvi

Pachrophylla, 208, 241

Pachycoj»sis, 211

pacifica (Anisolabis), 175, 176, 179

pales (Brenthis), xxviii

,, var. arsilache (Brenthis), xxviii

Palex, 162

Palicinae, 161, 162

pallescens (Iridopsis), 340

pallidata (Xenoecista), 299

palmirensis (Azelina), 314

,, (Pero), 314

palpina, var. brevipennis (Pterostoma),

lx

paludis (Hydroecia), xxiv

Palyadinae, 207

Pamphila, Ixix

pamphilus (Coenonympha), xlvi

panagaea (Actizera), 483, 494, 495,

496, 497

Pandemis, 432

pandora (Dryas), liv

paiinaria (Scelolophia), 226

panteata (Bryoptcra), 326

I

( cxxx )

jianteata (Leucolithodes), 326

Pantelia, 346, 348

Panthera, 291

pantlierata (Leucolithodes), 326

Pantherodes, 291

panzeri (Tachysphex), 527

,, var. oranieiisi (Tachysphex),

527

Paptilio, XV, xvi, xxix, lii, 508, 510

jiaracyrta (Oditcs), 458

paradoxata (Uyssodes), 286, 287

,, (^Eulepidotus), 286

,, ( Plirygionis), 286

. , incolorata( Phrygioiiis), 207,

287

Paraethiia, Iv

jiaiaguaj'eiisis (Propyragra), 166, 167

,, (Pyragra), 166

Paralabidura, 183, 184, 185, 187

parallelaria (Tephriiiopsis), 297

Paramorpha, 431

paraneiisis (Plemyria), 262

paraptera (Schoeiiotenes), 433

Pararge, xlvi

Parasapiyga, 405

Paraseniia, 293

Paratettix, 360, 361

Paratyria, 230

pai'dalaria (Panthera), 291

., ab. obliterata (Panthera),

291

,, (Pantherodes), 291

Parellipdis, 445

Parhestina, Ixxiii

parinotata (Haminaptera), 246

Parisolabinae, 161, 162, 188

Parisolabis, 188

Parnassius, xxviii, Ixix

jiarthenie (Melitaea), xlvi, Ixxiii

,, ab. rhoio (Melitaea), Ixxiii

parvulum (Echinosonia), 164

jiarvulus (Coptotettix), 365

pauperula (Lycaenesthes), 84

j)avana (Eueides), Ixviii

pax (Lithostege), 208, 235, 236, 237

p)ectinicornis (Bruchus), Ixxii

pectinipes (Tachysphex), 524, 526

pectoralis (Anisolabis), 176

pedestris (Formiconius), xx

,, (Tiphia), 396

Pelopaeus, 390

peltigerata (Macaria), 293

Pelurga, 255

pentacarpa (Oinophila), 376

peracutata (Cidaria), 261

percheron (Psalis), 181

Percnoptilota, 261

peregrina (Anisolabis), 176

I perfiiscimargo (llyiuenomima), 339

Pergama, 312, 315, 318

Periacma, 455

perichlora (Homaloxestis), 446

pericles (Lycaenestlies), 44

periploca (linma), 466

(lerirrorata (Ptychopoda), 219

Perizama, 208, 254, 267, 268, 269, 270

perkinsi (Ani.solabis), 176, 178

,, (Asthenothynnus), 414

,, (Cerceris), 420, 423

Pero, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,

318

perornata (Phacelophora), 242

persiniilata (Acidalia), 215

perspiciiata (Cidaria), 245

])ersuasoria (Rhyssa), xxxi

Perusia, 289

peruviana (Euborellia), 180

peruviensis (Aniaurinia), 279

petraria (Lithina), 292

Phacelophora, 242

Phaegorista, xxi.x

phaeochalca (Hieroxestis), 375

jihaeoleuca (Athrypsiastis), 458

Phalaena, 261, 271, 345

,, Geoinetra, 343, 345

pharetrata (Mnesteria), 438

Phasis, 3

jdiasmatopa (Stenoina), 460

Phibalaptertyx, 259

Phibalapteryx, 259, 261, 262, 263, 286

pliilea (Catopsilia), lii

Philereme, 259, 260, 265

i philetas (Nanni.solabis), 194, 200

philippi (Tachysphex), 524

phlaeas var. eleus (Rumicia), xlvi

phoebe (Melitaea), xlvi

phoenicis (Lycaenesthes), 75

,, (Triclenia), 71, 75, 79

phorcaria (Scelolophia), 225

phrictodes (Tinissa), 477

Plirygionis, 207, 286, 287

Phymatocera, xxxv, xxxvi

I physalodes (Rhopobota), 368

Physocleora, 334, 336, 337, 338

Piagetia, 407, 426

piagetioides (Tachysiihex), 524

picata (Eiiphyia), 249

picea (Gonolabis), 169, 171, 174

picina (Psalis), 183

pieipes (Stenus), 382

pictus (Dinetus), 530, 531

I ,, (Paratettix), 361

Pieridae, xlv

I Pieris, xlv, xlvi

1 Piezotettix, 346, 347

; Pigia, 220

( cxxxi )

pif^rata (Coreinia), 261

piligera (Anisolabis), 163, 176

piligenim (Allostethus), 163

pilosellus (Ceutlion'liyuchus), xxxv

,, (Sphodrotes), 427

pilosulus (Aehu’us), 407

pil)erata (Ptyeliopoda), 216

Fisoii, 419, 427

pityocaiiipa (Ciiethocampa), xxvii

Placoptila, 453, 454

plagioscia (Planeuia), xxix

plana (Neotaxia), 286

Planema, xxix, 498, 499

planeta (Dentcrocopiis), 112, 131, 132,

133, 134, 138

platensis (Hanialia), 224

platinata (Ilatiaria), 287

,, (Urapteryx), 287

platycorys (Xeiopliyllnm), 351

Platylabia, 162

Platylabiinae, 162

Platyptilia, 110, 367

Plebeius, xlvi, 494

plebeja (Psalis), 182

plebejata (Apicia), 301

,, (Drepanodes), 301

Plemyria, 261, 262

pleniyraria (Acidalia), 220

,, (Ptychopoda), 219, 220

plemyrata (Cidaiia), 261

,, (Orthoiiama), 261

Plesia, 392, 393, 394

Pleui’opmclia, 215

pliiithiota (Stathniopoda), 454

plurilincata (Aspilates), 291

,, (Cataspilates), 291

Plusia, 151

Plutellidae, 470

pluto (Anisolabis), 176

pluvialis (Labidura), 185

jioeyi (Rhopalosoma), 388

poggei (Xanthospilopteiyx), xxix

Polemograptis, 432

Polochrum, 405

polonus (Agriades), viii, ix, xxxvi

Polyliia, liv

I)olydora (Epione), 308

,, (Sabulodes), 308

Polygonia, xliv

Polygraphodes, 226

Polyominatus, xii, xlv, xlvi, xlviii,

lx viii, Ixix

Polyijhasia, 271

Polysemia, 209, 210

Pompilidae, liv

poinpiliformis (Clavelia), xxxv

Pontia, xlvii

pontina (Haminaptera), 247

; pontina (.Melaiuppe), 247

1 populi (Smerinthus), xxxvii

. praeclara (Etlimia), 460, 461

j praedura (Cerceris), 422

i praeinatura (Hieroxestis), 375

Pi'enole})is, Ixxii

- pretiosa (Tortyra), 464

primaeva (Scardia), 478

I princeps (Cainpsoineris), 403

i ,, (Lycaeuestlies), 17, 31, 32, 39,

40

jn'ionograinma (Hypolepis), 271, 272

piivignaria (Bj'ssodes), 286, 287

probolactis (Lyonetia), 374

Procalyptis, 431

processionea (Thauinatopoea), xiv

prodigella (Tortyra), 464

profugaria (Larentia), 273

progressata (Scotosia), 265

Ib'oiuaclius, xxvii

Propyragra, 165, 166, 167

prosecusa (Everes), 494, 495

Prosena, Ixxi

Prosopigastra, 528, 529

I Prosopolophinae, 280

' protona (Anaphantis), 472

Prototettix, 361, 362

prouti (Coenocalpe), 264

,, (Ortbonama), 264

providus (Stenus), 383, 384

Psalinae, 162, 167, 183

Psaliodes, 271, 272

Psalis, 163, 167, 168, 175, 181, 182,

183

Pseudacraea, xxix, 498, 499

Pseudagenia, Iv

pseudaluina (Cataspilates), 291

Pseiidasellodes, 213

Pseudisolabis, 188

Pseudobreplios, 328, 329

Pseudodypsas, 14, 43, 44

Pseudosalpis, 319, 320, 321

Pseudosphex, liv

Psodopsis, 208, 282, 284

psycliidia (Xarragodes), 281, 282

psyttalea (Amauris), 499

Pterocyplia, 264, 265

Pterophoridae, 107, 111, 367

Pterophorus, 110, 115

Pterosticlius, Iviii

Pterostoma, lx

Pterygopterus, Iv

Ptilosticha, 440, 441

Ptinella, xxx

Ptoclioryctis, 458

Ptychopoda, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,

221, 222, 224

ptychopoda (Hanialia), 223

( cxxxii )

pudibunda (Ortlionaina), 2G4

pudicaria (Bronchelia), 342, 343

l)uechi (Lasiops), 320

,, (Microdontopera), 321

,, (Salpis), 208, 320

piiella (Perizoina), 208

pwellaria (Bronchelia), 342, 343

,, ah. coiifcrtisltriga (Bronehe-

lia), 343

pugiiator (Tachys[iliex), 42r>

pugnax (Forcipula), 186

,, var. niiiior (Forcii)ula), 186

pulcher (Lycaenesthes), 4, 48 •

pullata (Ethmia), 461

pullatana (Tortrix), 432

jnilvillus (Euparatettix), 360

pnnctata (Brachylabis). 108

,, (Lcptisolahis), 190, 20o

punctatissinia (Prosopigastra), 020

punctatus (Lissotes), liii

pnnctilla (Physocleora), 337

,, (Stcnalciilia), 338

punctiini (Elis), 401

,, (Trielis), 401

pimctuosus (Sphodrotes), 428

pustulatuni (Bembidiiiin), xxi

Pygaera, 1.02, 153

pygidialis (Taclij^sphex), 527, 528

Pygidicraninae, 165

pygmaeata (Auteois), 217

])ygmaeus (Asthcnotliynnus), 414

Pyragra, 165, 166, 167

Pyragropsis, 165, 167

Pyragiinae, 161, 163, 165, 183

Pyralidae, 205

Pyraustidae, 366

Pyrinia, 216

pyrochorda (Gonaepa), 442

pyrnptera (Lycaenesthes), 20, 61

Pythagoras (Lycaenesthes), 20, 64

pythonias (Rhopobota), 434

qnadricostaria (Boarniia), 343

,, (Thyrinteina), 343

([uadrifasciata (Straiigalia), liii

([uadrilineata (Hyperetis), 288

,, (Ureihone), 288

(inadrituT)ercuiatus (Macronychus), lix

quadris])inosa (Forcipula), 187

quadruplicaria (Heternsia), 233

,, (Scord)’lia), 233

,, var. latior (Scoidylia),

233

,, var. latissima (Scor-

djdia), 234

Quedius, 384

quelchi (Forcipula), 187

(juerula (Lecithocera), 440

quinquefasciata (Dielis), 402

(juinquefasciata (Scolia), 402

([uisquiliaria (Stcnalcidia), 336

Bacheospila, 212

radialis (Astatus), 520, 521

radlata (Lycaenesthes), 10, 55

radiila (Dielis), 403

,, (Scolia), 403

,. (Tiphia), 403

ralaria (Cidaria), 248

,, (Hannnaptera), 248

ramparia (Macaria), 294

,, (Seiniothisa), 204

rapae (Ganoris), 152

,, (Pieris), xlv, xlvi

,, var. metra (Iheris), xlv.

Ratiaria, 287

rectilineata (Tephrinopsis'i, 294, 295,

296

rectura (Iridopsis), 340

recusataria (Acidalia), 227

regilla (Lycaenesthes), 65

regillus (Lycaenesthes), 64, 65

regularis (Laccobius), lix

regulata (Macaria), 293

rcpandaria (Hannnaptera), 243

,, (Rhopalista), 243

rejietita (Macaria), 292

resistaria (Nematocanq)a), 287

responsaria (Tcphrina), 332

revestita (Strangalia), xxix

Rhagigaster, 407

rhamnata (Phileretne), 265

Rhizobius, 385

Rhodostrophia, 221

rhombaria (Gynopteryx), 302, 304

rhoinboidaria (Boarniia), xxxi

Rhopalista, 243

Rhopalodes, 208, 240, 241, 242

Rhopalosoma, 386, 388, 389

Rhopalosoinidae, xli, 389

Rhopalotettix, 356

Rhopobota, 368, 434

rhotliia (Spilonota), 368

Rhynchopyga, Iv

Rhynchotettix, 357

Rhysopaussidae, lix

Rhyssa, xxxi

rigida (Tinissa), 477

riparia (Labidura), 175, 185

ritseinae (Deuterocopus), 112, 132, 134,

136, 137

robusta (Carcinophora), 183

,, (Cupidesthes), 2, 5, 6, 7, 11,

12

,, (Cymatophora), 341

,, (Melanolophia), 341

rosenbergi (Calocalpe), 365

„ (Psalis), 181

( cxxxiii )

roseoliva (Scelolopliia), 225

rosula (Rhopaloiles), 241

rotalis (Stagmatophora), 453

rotundiceps (Agriomyia), 409, 410

rubens (Salpis), 208, 320, 321, 322

nibi (( 'allophiys), xxi, xxii, xxiii, 85,

86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91. 92, 93,

94, 97, 98, 99, 100, I'Ol, 102,

103, 104, 105

,, var. fei’vida (Callopbrys), 86, 87,

91, 92

,, var. suaveola (Callopliry.s), 91,

92

,, (Theda), 91

rubricatus (Spliodrotes), 426

j'ubricincta (Lyeaenesthes), 21

nibricinctus (Lyeaenesthes), 16, 21

rubrimaculata (Lyeaenesthes), 29, 84

nibripnneta (Cneinodes), 214

,, (Semaeopus), 214

rnbrodaetylns (Denterocopus), 112,126,

127, 131, 132, 134, 135

, , ( Deuleroseopus), 134,135,

136, 137

irubromaeulatus (Aeolotliynnus), 413

,, (Asthenothynnus), 413

,, (Thynnns), 413

nifa (Formica), xiii, xliv, 143, 144,

146, 147, 150

I’ufibarbis, var. fusco-rntibarbis (For¬

mica), xiii, xliv, 144, 145, 146, 147,

148, 149, 150

rnfieoesia (Anapalta), 249

,, (Enphyia), 249

ruficorne (Pison), 427

rnficorpus (Anapalta), 249

,, (Enj)hyia), 249

rnfifimln'iata (iMicroxydia), 289

rufifrons (My/.ine), 392

rnfinodis (Myzine), 392

nifipcs (Astatus), 520

,, (Coptotettix), 365

rutblnteus (Thynnns), 417

,, (Zaspilothynnns), 417

rntbmarginata (Lyeaenesthes), 19, 54,

56

rnfoplagata (Triclemal, 71, 72

Rumia, 289

Rnmicia, xlvi

rnspator (Helcon), liii

rnspina (Enpliaedra), xxix

Tussns (Formasimus), xxxvi

rnstieata ( Ptychopoda), 218

,, (Sabulodesl, 309

rnsticus (Criocephalus), Ixvi

rntilellum (Coryptilnm), 475

rutilus (Ohrysophanus), 98

xytinatettix, 362

Sabulodes, 307, 308, 309, 320

sabnlosa (Mimophyle), 283, 284

saeva (Cereeris), 422

salaconia (Brentliia), 4 88

I Salamis, 511

Salius, liv, Iv

Salpis, 208, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323,

324

sambnearia (Uraptcry.x), 152

,, (Uropteryx), Ixiv

I Sangaloi)sis, 207

sangra (Zizera), 481, 484, 486, 488,489

: ,, (Zizina), 488, 489, 490, 491,

492, 495

sanguinea (Formica), Ixvii, I.xxii, 144,

145, 146, 147, 148, 149,

150

,, (Lyeaenesthes), 18, 41

sangiiinipunctata (Lissochlora), 211

Sapheneutis, 377

Sapyga, 405

Sapygidae, 405

Sarisophora, 445

Sarracena, 273

saturata (Nipteria), 291

satyrodes (Scardia), 477

Satyrus, Ixix

sanssurei (Mesa), 394

,, (Plesia), 394

,, (Pyi'agra), 166

scabrosa (Tiphia), 396

Scardia, 477

sceletopa (Crocanthes), 445

Scelolopliia, 220, 225, 226

Schoenotenes, 433

scintillula (Lyeaenesthes), 3, 20, 60, 62

scioxantha (Crocanthes), 443

scodionoeata (Salpis), 320

Scolia, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405

Scoliidae, xli, 390, 391

Scoliinae, 400

scolopaiea (Rronchelia), 343

Scoparia, 366

Scordylia, 207, 233, 234

Scotopterix, 331

Scotopterj'ginae, 280

Scotosia, XXV, xxvi, xxvii, 250, 258,

259, 264, 265, 267

scotti (Bi'aehylabis), 193

scudderi (Psalis), 182

scntellaris (Cremastogaster), xx

,, (Laccobius), lix

Sebastia, 275

seenra (Caeoeeia'), 432

sekalavnm (.Eehinosoma), 164

; selenc (Rrenthis), xiii

i Selidoseminae, 280

Semaeopus, 214, 220

^ cxxxiv )

scniiarf:;us (Noniiades), Ix

Heinicaiia (Ectropis), 342

seinidivisa (Atyria), 230, 231

,, (Cyllo])oda), 230

seiiiilugcns (Pluiathecia), 270

,, (Tepliioclystia), 276

Seiuiothm, 288, 293, 294

Seniiotliisinae, 280

seiniustus (Erythroloplais), 221

seiiescens (Tonica'), 456

septeniciiicta (ScoHa), 404

sercna ( Dy.scia), 300

scriavia (Gynopteryx), 302, 304, 305

Serieopliorus, 428

serraticeps (Ctenocephalus), Ixvi

seiTatilinea (Ilyjiolepis), 271, 272

,, (Psaliodes), 271

serratulac (Hesperia), xlvi

serratmu (Calopteroii), Iv

serrulata (Euepliyra), 215

servillei (Xeroiiliyllnm), 347, 350

Sesia, xxxvi

setaria f Ijozogramina), 292

setiger f Allostetlms), 163

seudora (Salpis ', 322

Sibylla (Eupithecia), 279

Sibylliiia, 386, 388, 389

siccata lOinopliila), 375

sicliela (Lycaeiiesthes), 33

sidoiiia fCrocaiitlies), 442

sigillaria (Racheospila), 212

sigillata (Dicliromatopodia), 216

sigiiata (Conops), Ixxi

,, (Scolia), 402

signataria (Cainptogramma), 261

,, (Tephriua), 332

silvaiius (Lycaeiiesthes), 15, 18, 4-"’>

,, (Pseiidodypsas), 43

Siniaetliis, 467

simile (Xeropliylluui), 351

similis (Pliaegorista), xxix

siiiilaciisis (Tiphia), 396, 397

simpliciata (Pterocyplia), 265

simiilicipes (Dinetiis), 530

simulaua (Godaiia), 432

sinensis (X'eolycaena), xxiii

Siosta, 207

siriaca (Bassarodes), 459

sitcllata (Gypsochroa), 259

sjoestedti (Arlex), 189

sjiistedti (Brachylabis), 191

sinaragdina (Oecophylla), 15

Smeriiithns, xxxvii

sinithi (Lyeacnestlies), 17, 31

smitliiana (Spilonota), 368

Snellenia, 440

Sobareutis, 469, 470

Soclichora, 141

sochclioroides(Lcptudeutei'oco]ius),138,.

140, 141

sociata (Epirihoi'), 249

socotrana (Dielis), 402

,, (Scolia), 402

socotranus (Dcnterocopiis), 112, 115,.

I 124, 127, 128, 129

soleata (Dielis), 402

Solenopsis, 146

somnnlentella ( Bedel lia), 374

, sordescens (Perizonia), 208, 269

sparattoidcs (Palex), 162

Spargania, 272

Spartopteryx, 327

spectabilis (Anisolabis), 176

S spernata (Acidalia), 217

,, (Ptychopoda), 217

Sphacelodes, 301

I Sphacridium, lix

Spliecosoma, Iv

Sphegidae, xvii, Ixiv, 390, 418

j Sphegophaga, 390

Sphenarches, 110

Sphex, 419, 420, 518, 519

Sphingidae, xxvii

Sphodrotes, 407, 426, 427, 428

I Spiloinena, 407, 418, 419

i Spilonota, 368, 434

I spilosata (Hydata), 213

Spilosoma, 152

, spini (Klugia), xlvi

j spintheritis (Brenthia), 469

j spleudida (Orgyia), Ixix

I Spododes, 308

sqnalida (Zizera), 486, 487

sqnamigera (Boarmia), 209

,, (I)eileptenia), 209

Stagmatophora, 372, 453

Stainnodes, 238, 239

j Stapliylinidae, 384

' Stathmopoda, 454

I statilinus (Satyrus), Ixix

1 staiidingeri (Lycaeiiesthes), 69

,, (Ncurcllipes), 67, 69, 82

Stanropus, 152

I stefania (Apicia), 306

! ,, (Apiciopsis), 306

I Stegania, 289

stellata (Actizcra), 483, 494, 495, 496,

497

! ,, (Cainptogranima), 258

,, (Gypsochroa), 259

,, (Scotosia), 258

stellidaria (Alniodes), 209

,, (Polysemia), 20i*

Stenaleidia, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335,.

336, 338, 341

Stenaspilates, 312

( cxxxv )

Stenoclonta, 312, 318

Stenoma, 460

Stenomidae, 459

Stenopla, 275, 276

Stenorrhoi^ 274

Steims, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384

stephanitis (Atteria), 433

stereodes (Themeliotis), 476

Steri'hinae, 213

stigma (Scolia), 401

,, (Trielis), 401

stigniatica (Gelasma), 21 1

Stilicus, 384

stollaria (Anisodes), 214

straminea (Pelurga), 255

Straiigalia, xxix, liii

strepsizona (Imnia), 467

sti'iaiia (Toi'tyra), 464

strigata (Thysanopyga), 300

strigosa (Braclimia), 450

Striplinopterygidac, Ixix

strumosa (Lomechusa), 144

Stylopidae, Hi, 514

subarmata (Anisolabis), 176

subcarnearia (Anisodes), 214

,, ab. grisea (Anisodes), 214

subcertaria (Larentia), 265

subcervinella (Hieroxestis), 375

subclararia (Choeiodes), 308

subclatlirata (Macaria), 294

,, (Semiothisa), 294

siibcoeruleus (Zizera), 495

subdepressns (Cryptopliagus), xliv

subnitens (Lycaenesthes), 81, 82

subopaca (Campsomeris), 404

,, (Dielis), 404

,, (Scolia;, 404

subopalaria (Clysia), 307

subpallida (Anisodes), 214

,, ab. figurata (Anisodes), 214

subpisciata (Graphidipus), 239

,, (Graphipidus), 239

subpiilverata (Hammaptera), 245

subqnadrata (Acidalia), 226

subscripta (Tephrinopsis), 208, 297, 298

subsordida (Hymenomima), 339

siibstrigata (Ptychopoda), 221

subulata (Tetrix), 359

subumbrata (Tephrinopsis), 207, 296,

297, 298

subusta (Lipomelia), 222

subvinosa (Hammaptera), 247

suffocata (Xantliovhoe), 257

snffusella (Cryptolechia), 458

,, (Epimactis), 458

sulphurata (Corycia), 289

sumatrana (Gonolabis), 169, 170, 172,

173, 174

sumatranum (Echinosoma), 164

superjecta (Orthonama), 263

suquala (Lycaenesthes), 17, 38

Syagrius, Ixxi

sybavita (jMonopis), 474

,, (Prosena), Ixxi

Sybarites, 273

Sybillina, 389

syllidus (Lycaenesthes), 43

sylvanus (Lycaenesthes), 30

sylvatica (Cieindela), xxx

Synchlora, 210, 211

Synemia, 312

Synia, Ixiii

Synnenria, 208, 239

Syntomidae, liv, Iv

syntricha (Oinophila), 377

syrniaria (Iridoj)sis), 340

I Syrtodes, 327, 328

I Tachynonyyia, 407, 408

Tachypori, 384

j Tachysphex, 425, 524, 525, 526, 527^

I 528

I Tachytes, 521, 522, 523

tamiodes (Sarisophora), 445

Tanagra, 345

Tanychastis, 371

Tapinostola, xxi, Ixxii

Taragmarcha, 370

tansalis (Stenus), 379, 382, 384

tarsata (Forcipula), 186

tartarea (Amauris), 499

tasmanica (Euborellia), 181

Technomyrmex, Ixxii

techowi (Scolia), 400, 401

,, (Trielis), 400, 401

tcctigera (Argyroploce), 436

tegularia (Cambogia), 280

teilinii (Anisolabis), 177

telysaria (Gynopteryx), 302, 304

tenieraria (Crocanthes), 443

tenax (Plristalis), 153

tenera (Hammaptera), 246, 269

,, (Psendisolabis), 188

tengstroemi (Deuterocopus). 110, 112,

115, 117, 118, 120, 124,„

126, 127, 135

,, (Deuteroscopiis), 118

,, (Xeolycaena), xxiii

tennicornis (Paralabidnra), 184, 185

tennimargo (Kacheospila), 212

tenuis (Cyllopoda), 229

Tephrina, 332

Tephrinopsis, 207, 208, 294, 295, 296,

297, 298

Tephroclystia, 276

Tephroclvstiinae. 231

Tephrosia, 254, 332, 333, 342

cxxxvi

tepidata (Glaucopteryx), 254, 268

,, (Larcntia), 254

ternata (l*achropliylla\ 241

tersata (Horisnie), 262

testacea (Lupcrina), Ixii, Ixiii

,, al). iii"i'escc‘us (Luperiiia), Ixii

testaceum (Splieoosoina), Iv

Tetraei.s, 306

tetrica (Scotosia), 250

Tetri.ginae, xvii, 346

Tetrix, 359

thalassitis (Spiloiiota), 434

Thalassodes, 279

Thaleia, 210

thalia (Actiiiote), Ixviii

'I’hainnonoraa, 292, 299, 300

Tliaiimatopoea, xiv

Tliecla, 88, 91

Tliemeliotis, 476

tlieodota (Hairaa), xxix

theoiiae (Leptisolabis), 198, 201

Therniastris, 166

Thestor, xxxvii, 88

Thestoridi, 88, 105

thetis (Agriades), vi, vii, viii, ix, x,

xi. xxxvi, xlviii, xlix, Ixviii,

Ixix

,, ab. coelestis (Agriades), ix

,, ab. inarginata (Agriades), ix

',, var. puiictif'era (Agriades), ix

,, ab. ixiiicolor (Agriades), ix

,, (Lycaeiia), 487

,, (Polyonimatus), xlvi

theto)ia (Nepliogenes), 455

thiantlia (Jlonopis), 473

Thomosis, lix

tlioracica (Platylabia), 162

,, (Psalis), 167, 183

Tiiorjidonta, 358, 359

thoraea (Ethmia), 461

thrasydora (Crocautlies), 444

Tliriambeiitis, 470

thryptica (Hylogi’aptis), 451

Thyuiiidae, 390, 407, 410, 416

Thyiiims, 407, 411, 413, 417

Thyrinteina, 343

tbyrsis (Cupidestbes), 6, 10, 11

, , (Lycaenesthes), 1 0

Tliysanopyga. 300, 301

tibiale (Heinbidiiini), lix

Tinea, 474, 475

Tiiieidae, 374, 473

Tineina, 430

Tiugentera, 437

Tinissa, 476, 477

Tipba, 437

Tiphia, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403

Tipbiinae, 394

Tirallis, 437

tisamenus (Lycaenesthes), 74

,, (Tricleina), 71, 74

Tisis, 437, 438, 439, 440

Titanolabis, 167, 168, 176

togoensis (Ctenisolabis), 190, 197

Tomopteryx, 241

Toinopygia, 184, 187

Tonica, 456

toraula (Cosuiopteryx'i, 452

tortilinea (Psodopsis), 282

Tortricidae, 431

Tortricina, 430

Toi’trix, 432

Tortyra, 462, 463, 464

Trachytettix, 346, 348, 354

transitaria (Broncbelia), 343

transversata (I’liilereine), 265

transvisata (Macariu), 293

Tretothoracidae, lix

Tre to thorax, lix

triangularis (Anteois), 220, 221

;, (Jletasiopsis), 221

,, (Ptychopoda), 221

trias (Acidalia), 227

Tricentra, 220

Tricbopteryginae, 231

Triclioptilns, 367

Trichura, Iv

Triclema, 2, 3, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,

75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83

tridens (Acronycta), Ixi

tridentata (Pachycopsis), 211

Trielis, 400, 401

trifolii-minor (Antbrocera), Ivii, Iviii

trigonodes ( Ancyloxnetis), 371

trilobata (Hexadactilia), 108

tripartita (Thamnonoina), 299

Triphosa, 260, 266, 267

'ITiptila, 242

trisecta (Callipseustes), 327

triseriata (Paraethria), Iv

trispiuosa (Forcipula), 186

tristani (Pyragropsis), 167

trixysta (Oinoi)hila), 376

Ti’ogopbloei, 384

truncata (Dysstroiua), 271

,, (Labidura), 185

,, rufibrunnea (Polypliasia), 271

truncatijxeunis (Eupithecia), 276

,, (Tephroclystia), 276, 278

truncatus (Colobopsis), xx

Truxalis, xxxviii

Trypopbylluni, 346, 348

turbata (Canibogia), 226

,, (Lycaenesthes), 65

,, (Scelolophia), 226

tui'batus (Lycaenesthes), 2, 65

( cxxxvii )

turbatus (Nemypexina), 65

turneri (Zcugophora), Ixvii

tzaddi (Litliostege), ’236

Uganda (Lycaenestlies), 17, 32

ukerewensis (Lycaenestlies), 23, 30, 83

umbratus (Lasius), lx, Ixvii, 144

umbrinata (Pterocy[)ha), 264

,, (Scotosia), 264

,, ab. velutina (Scotosia), 264

umbripennis (Aeolothynnus), 417

undiliiiea (Anisoperas), 306, 307

undularia (Tephrosia), 254

undulata (Scotosia), xxv, xxvi, xxvii

undiilatum (Acinophyllum), 349, 355

unicolor (Eudule), 233

,, (Euplianessa), 231

,, f. lyelli (Rbagigaster), 407

,, f. inutatus (Rbagigaster), 407

unicornata (Acidalia), 228, 229

,, (Craspedia), 228

uniformata (Carsia), 239

,, (Synneuria), 208, 239

uniformis (Pergama), 318

„ (Pero), 318

Upenora, 290

uranitis (Imnia), 465

Urapteryx, 152, 287

Urepione, 288

Uropteryx, Ixiv

urticae (Aglais), xxvii

usambarana (Leptisolabis), 198, 201

ustifuinosa (Biyoptera), 332

,, (Cymatophora), 33

,, (Stenalcidia), 332, 341

uxiaria (Apicia), 302, 304

vallonia (Urepione), 288

Vanessa, 151

varia (Luciola), 532

,, (Melitaea), Ixxiii

varians (Pachrophylla), 241

variaria (Pero), 313, 314

variegata (Mascora), 326

,, (Rhopalodes), 240

,, ab. derufata (Rhopalodes),

240

varipes (Cerceris), 421

venusta (Cerceris), 421

Verhoeffia, 191

verhoeffi (Gonolabis), 169, l7l, 175

versatilis (Lycaenesthes), 19, 49, 50

Vespidae, 389

vesta (Anisoperas), 307

vestita (Oenothalia), 301

vestitaria (Nematocampa), 287

vexans (Quedius), 384

vicarius (Hippodes), 347

vicina (Chrismopteryx), 253

victrix (Cerceris), 420, 422

vinosa (Cycloniia), 300

,, (Fidonia), 800

vinula (Cerura), 151

violacea (Campsomeris), 400

,, (Diliacos), 400

,, (Scolia), 400

violaceus (Carabus), xliii

,, var. exasperatus (Carabus),

xliii

virescens (Phacelophora), 242

,, (Stenopla), 276

j viretata (Acacis), 243

I virgaureae (Heodes), xlvi

virgellata (Synneuria), 239

I vittata (Oxypoda), 384

j vittulata (Ortlionania), 263, 264

I ,, (Pbibalapteryx), 263

' voeltzkowi (Brachylabis), 196

,, (Metisolabis), 196

voltae (Cupidesthes), 5, 6, 7, 11

,, (Lycaenestlies), 7

,, var. gabunica (Lj'caenestbes), 8

vosseleri (Anisolabis), 176

vulgata (Eupithecia), 277

vulneraria (Brotis), 301

,, (Sphacelodes), 301

waddyi (Psalis), 182

ivalilbergi (Echinosoma), 164

,, (Euralia), xiv, xv, xvi, 498,

499, 500, 502, 503, 504,

505, 506, 507, 508, 509,

510, 511, 512, 513

,, var. niadagascariensis (Eu¬

ralia), 499

,, (Tricboptilus), 367

walkeri (Forcipula), 187

westerinanni (Echinosoma), 164

westwoodi (Hypsaeus), 347

weyenbergliii (Eudule), 232

willeyi (Nannisolabis), 194

wilverthi (Paratettix), 361

woodwardi (Gonolabis), 169, 171, 173,

174

,, var. dentata (Gonolabis), 174

Xantbandrus, xxv, xxvi, xxvii

Xanthia, Ivii

xantbocblorata (Sarracena), 273

,, (Sybarites), 273

xanthonota (Eretmocera), 455

xanthopoecila (Ijycaenesthes), 51

xantbopoecilus (Lycaenestlies), 19, 51

52

xantbopus (Labidura), 185

Xantborboe, 208, 257, 268, 269

Xanthospilopteryx, xxix

Xanthyris, 230

xenia (Anisolabis), 176

Xenoecista, 299

( exxxviii )

xerophylloides (Acinopliyllum), doS

,, (Medinophyllum), 349

Xerophylluni, 34 d, 347, 350, 351, 352,

353, 354

xuthogastia (Cosmopteryx), 452

xylinata (Isclinopteryx), 328

,, (Syi'todes), 328 ,

Xylolocha, 307

Xylopliasia, xlvii

Xyloryctidae, 457

yorkense (Ecliiiiosonia), 104

Ypsi petes, 251, 267

Ypsolopliiis, 452

ytenensis (Laceoldus), lix

Zaspilothyniius, 417, 420

Zeleboria, 411

zeiikeri (Lycaeiiesthes), 20, 62

zenobia (Papilio), xxix

Zerene, 205

zeiitis (Heterusia^, 234

zeritis (Scordylia), 234

Zeugophora, Ixvii

Zizeevia, xvii, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484,

485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491,

492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497

Zizeeriidi, 480, 481, 482, 483

Zizera, xvii, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483,

486, 495

Zizina, 482, 483, 488, 489,490,491,

492, 495, 496, 497

Zizula, 483, 492, 493, 495, 496, 497

zollikoferi (Xylopliasia), xlvii

,, ab. pallida (Xylopliasia),

xlvii

zooliiia (Cliaraxes), xv, xli, 506

,, f. neantlies (Cliaraxes), xli

zona (Euphyia), 250

,, (Scotosia), 250

Zygaena, xiii

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

For the Year 1910.

I. A Revision of the African species of the Lycaenesthes

group of the Lycaenidae. By G. T. Bethun e-Baker,

F.L.S., F.Z.S.

[Read October 6th, 1909.]

Plates I— XIIL

The genus Lycaenesthes was created by Moore in 1865

(Proc. Zool. Soc. Bond,, 1865, p. 773) for the reception of

his species L. hengalensis, i.e. emolus, Godart. The neura-

tion is quite ordinary, and is very closely allied to Nacaduha

and Jamides, from which however, it may be known by the

possession of three short hair-like tails in the secondaries,

this characteristic will also separate it from almost all

other genera of the Lycaenidae. The Oriental species

require a good deal of sifting, whilst those obtaining in

Africa are much in the same condition in spite of the

fact that Aurivillius dealt with the genus so admirably in

his able work, “Rhopalocera Aethiopica ” ; since the issue of

that book, however, a considerable amount of material has

come to hand, and we are thus in the position of being

able to elucidate many points and species. Africa may be

said to be the headquarters of the genus; it was the un¬

ravelling of many species from the West Coast, together

with Doherty’s collection from the Mau Escarpment in

the Tring Museum, that necessitated my taking up a more

detailed study of the genus, and thus led to the present

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART I. (JUNE) B

*2 ^Ir. G. T. ] 5{iiPinie-Baker's Revision of the

Revision of the African species of the group. In 1893

Kar.scli divided the genus into two, creating a second,

Triclema (Berlin Ent. Zeit., 1893, p. 227) with lucretilis,

Hew., as its type ; the difference in the two genera lying in

the subcostal veins, Lycaenesthes having four, Triclema only

three, whilst vein 11 anastomoses with 12 in Triclema

but not in Lycaenesthes. Aurivillius (in op. cit.) objects to

this subdivision on the ground that in one species vein 8

is very short and almost wanting. It is with very great

hesitation that I venture to differ from so able and revered

an authority as the celebrated Swedish professor, but the

fact remains that in the species he cites — turhatus, Grose-

Smith (a synonym that must fall before lyzanius, Hew.) —

the vein 8 remains : it is short, no doubt, but it remains,

and therefore it does not belong to Triclema. This opens

a wide subject, viz. •“ On what characteristics may we found

new genera?” It is now almost universally conceded that

where structure differs, another genus should, or may be

erected ; and the learned professor himself acts on this

theory, for in this group that we are dealing with he has

created the genus Cupidesthes (Ent. Tid., xiv, 1895, p. 215),

on the ground that the eyes are naked, that the shape of

the wings differs slightly, and that the species rohusta,

Auriv., is, as its names signifies, more robust. Now the

neuration of the Lycaenidae is one of their most constant

and reliable characters. Many years’ study of the group

from all over the world has certainly revealed a remarkable

constancy of this character, whilst the study of this one

genus only has revealed the fact that in more than one

species the eyes may be hairy or not in individuals of the

same species. I hold the view that neuration is a very

important structural point, and, generally speaking (apart,

of course, from those exceptional genera where tlie sexes

differ in neuration as also in some cases individuals like¬

wise, but these are probably instances of change; the

species and the genera being in a period mutation), is

sufficient of itself to establish the validity of a genus.

Under these circumstances I cannot do otherwise than

maintain the validity of Karsch’s genus; but more than

this, I am Avith some reluctance perhaps, raising two

additional genera for the group. In several species vein

11 and 12 anastomoses and there are four subcostal veins,

whilst in several other species veins 11 and 12 do not

anastomose, but there are only three subcostals. 1 do not

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 3

consider that tliese can rightly be put in either Lycaenesthes

or Triclema, so that for the sake of the observer of the

future it appears to me to be advisable to further sub¬

divide the genus, then the man who follows me hereafter

may be able to show whether the group has become more

homogeneous, or whether it has been further subdivided

in its struggle for existence. The whole group has proved

to be very complex and most difficult to treat ; the under¬

side pattern separates itself into two well-marked sections,

the upperside separates itself into four or five equally well-

marked sections, whilst there are individual species that

stand out quite separate from these ; unfortunately for the

systematiser, however, these well-marked groups according

to colour or pattern do not run structurally along similar

lines, but fall somewhat indiscriminately into the various

genera. The genus Lyeaenesthes takes all the species

(sens, strict.) and forms a most homogeneous section, but

apart from these a large number of a quite different pat¬

tern and colour must be included in the genus in its wider

application, so that we find no less than 56 species falling

under its range. The other genera are more homogeneous

on the whole, the one or two divergences occurring will be

found mentioned under the respective species. I still con¬

sider that a genus should not be raised on the character of

pattern and colour only ; our knowledge of the physiological

changes required to produce an alteration in pigment colour

or pattern is almost nil, and therefore apart from structure

it should not be used. The development of pattern of the

underside is readily followed through the somewhat simple

markings (simple for Lycaenidae) of the musagetes-ligures

section, through the heavy pattern of the larydas group

into the complex design of the lysicles-scintihdla sub¬

sections. It is also interesting to find in tropical Africa

an almost precisely similar evolution of colour as obtains

in the temperate regions of the world; we have in this

small group blues of all shades, browns, and coppers — the

latter a colour quite separable from the coppers of the

Capys and Phasis genera of South Africa, and it also differs

from Heodes (if the species usually cited under it really

belong to that genus), which is more closely allied to our

Palaearctic Chrysophanus. The sexes are occasionally

somewhat different, this being more noticeable in the

species lachares originally described by Hewitson from a

female, and being brown with a largish yellow patch,

B 2

4

Mr. G. T. Be^^ine-Baker’s Revision of the

whose male was unrecorded until Grose-Smitli described

it under the name <pulchei\ this being of a beautiful sub¬

dued lustrous blue sometimes variegated with a more

subdued ochreous patch ; the underside of the female at

first sight is very different from the intricate and closely

packed pattern of the male, but careful examination reveals

the pattern in embryo, and its evolution into that of the

male can be easily imagined. The life history is not

known of any of the African species, but de ISiceville has

given us the life history of two of the Eastern species,

L. lycaenina (J. A. S. B., Ixix, p. 237) and L. emolus (But!.,

India, vol. iii, p. 129) ; they are both attended by ants.

The scales of the wings present no points that call for

special attention except for the fact that the long battle¬

dore scales are very few in number.

All the species of the group are robustly built, with

strong triangular primaries and fairly full roundish

secondaries, betokening a brisk, restless habit ; the thorax

is unusually robust considering the small size of the insects.

They are all strong-flighted, wary little creatures, fond of

sunninor themselves on the foliage of trees, and all — of

which we have observations — delighting in flowers and in

settling on damp spots for the benefit of the moisture they

can imbibe. Though small in size they are of a pugnacious

disposition, and will often take up a position on a twig

and give battle to any passer by, even though it may be

an insect much larger than itself, returning very frequently

to the same twig time after time. I am greatly indebted

to Dr. Holland for most beautiful coloured figures painted

amidst very great pressure of work, by his own hands of his

species now in the Carnegie Museum, which have saved me

from more than one probable error; also to Mr. H. H.

Druce for access at all times to his valuable collection,

and to Prof. Aurivillius and M. Mabille for the loan of

their types. Had it not been for the kindness of these

gentlemen, it is doubtful if some of the species would have

been properly identified, and I now accord them my hearty

thanks, as also to Mr. Heron of the British Museum, for

constant and unfailing courtesy and help at all times.

Genus Cupidesthes, Aurivillius.

Synonymy : Genus Cupidesthes, Auriv., Ent. Tid., 1895,

p. 215; id. Rhop. Aethiop., p. 345 (1898); Lycaenesthes,

African siJccies of the Lycaenesthes yroxi'p of Lycaenidae, 5

Hew., Ill. Diurn., p. 224 (1878) ; id. H. H. Druce, Ann.

Mag. N. H., 1890, p. 24 ; id. id. Sharpe, p. 105 (1890) ; id.

Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1890, p. 555; id. Smith

and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., p. 110 (1894); id. Auriv., 1. c. m

parte ; id. Beth. -Baker, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1903, p. 333.

In creating this genus Aurivillius stated that it was

very near Lycaenesthes, but differed through its quite

naked eyes, through the almost straight costa of the

primary, through the truncated inner edge of the second¬

ary, and through the much stronger build of the whole

insect.

I define it as follows —

Caput and frons hairy, eyes glabrous or hairy more or less, palpi

scaled, end segment longish, nearly naked, i.e. quite smooth. Thorax

and wings robust. Wings ; costa of primaries nearly straight, broad

and triangular ; secondaries less ample, termen truncated, anal angle

reduced. Neuration : primaries, vein 2 at a third from the lower

angle, 3 fr^m just before, 4 from the angle, 5 from about the middle

of the discocellulars, 6 from just beyond the upper angle of the cell,

8 stalked from 7 at half to a third from the apex, 9 absent, 10

and 11 free from the cell ; secondaries, with two inner veins, la

and 16 ; vein 2 given off from beyond the middle of the cell, 3 and

4 from the lower angle, 5 from about the middle of the cell, 7 from

the cell, 8 highly curved at the base and long. The genitalia are

also very different to those of the following genera, the clasps

especially being of a totally different structure, as will be seen from

the descriptions of these organs.

Type, Cupidesthes rolxista, Auriv.

Prof. Aurivillius lias been so kind as to lend me

his type, which is intermediate in size between the smaller

leonina xnihi and the larger voltae, Sharpe. I am including

several species in the genus with more or less hairy eyes

they so obviously are of the same type of insect, being

decidedly larger than Lycaexiesthes in one or both of the

sexes, with the same class of pattern on the underside

and similarly restricted blue, generally bright, on the

upperside, so that I find it impossible to locate them

elsewhere. I shall consider the eyes under each individual

species.

G

Mr. G. T. Bu^i no-Baker’s Revision of the

Key to Figure for Description of Genitalia.

a. Hai'pago (in pairs) ; also called clasps.

b. Ciugula ; consisting of two arms or a girdle confluent with

the tegumen, and jointed to the harpagines.

c. Tegumen ; always divided into two sides or cheeks in the front.

d. Falces (in pairs) ; also called hooks.

e. Furca ; consisting of two arms from a common base in the har¬

pagines, the support to the penis.

/. Penis sheath.

j KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Blue above.

1. Underside : primaries with a spot in

middle of cell, secondaries with a

series of sub-basal spots below

each other . rohusta.

2. Blue very restricted above in

primaries. Below with markings

large, postinedian stripe in

primaries very broad, no sub-basal,

series of spots in secondaries . . voltae.

3. Palest bluish green above restricted

in primaries . arescopa.

4. Small in size. Below pattern consist¬

ing of small spots . tJiyrsis.

5. Small in size. Below pattern with

larger spots, postmedian stripe in

primaries very broad . lythas.

6. Small in size. Brown with a deep

leaden blue lustre above, pattern

below very large on a dark ground

in , on a white ground in the 5 leonina.

African species of the Lycacncstlies group of Lycacnidac 7

B. Brown above.

1. Both wings uniformly brown above

and below, the undersurface having

numerous fine white lines . . . bninneus.

2. Both wings white above ; secondaries

with a terminal row of black spots.

Below white with pattern small

and broken up . mimetica.

Giqyidesthes rdbusta, Auriv, (Plate I, fig. 3.)

C. robusta, Auriv., Ent. Tid., 1895, p. 215; id. Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 845 (1898).

$ Eyes almost glabrous ; under a low-power lens ( x 6) the eyes

appeared to be glabrous, but under a higher power ( x 10) a few

isolated hairs were visible. Both wings brown with restricted bright

blue area. Primaries, with the blue occupying the cell, evenly curved

off to about a quarter from the cell on the inner margin. Secondaries

with the blue occupying the cell and nearly to the angle and termen,

but leaving the apex broadly brown ; the cell closed by a dark mark.

Underside very pale brown largely covered with white scales.

Primaries with a spot in the cell and a larger L-shaped one at the

end, postmedian stripe very irregular, first spot on the costa below

which are two at an angle follow’ed by a fourth shifted inwards, very

oblique, fifth again inwards less oblique, sixth scarcely traceable, a

very obscure subterminal scalloped stripe. Secondaries with three

sub-basal marks, below the third, which is a dash, are two round

spots on the inner margin, the upper one being very pale ; a large

oblique spot closing the cell ; postmedian stripe divided into three

parts, the first two spots near the large cell spot, spots 3 to 6 shifted

right out in an irregular row, spots 7 and 8 angled and shifted right

inwards ; a trace of a subterminal line •, marginal spots in the anal

area iridescent.

Expanse 36 mm.

Hah. Cameroons (Kitta), April.

Type, Mus. Holmiae (Stockholm).

Gupidesthcs voltae, E. M. Sharpe. (Plates I, fig. 1 ;

IV, fig. 1.)

Lycaenesthes voltae, Sharpe, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1890,

p. 105 ; id. Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1890, p. 555,

Pl. 18, f. 6 ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 349 (1898).

8

JMr. G. T. Be^iue-Baker’s Bevision of the

Primaries brown with the area below the cell and to about

half vein 2 palish violet blue. Secondaries entirely violet blue as in

the primaries with a short apical dark brown dash. Underside : both

wings greyish white, with the usual markings of the ground-colour

with a double edging first broadly of pale brown then finely of

white. Primaries, with the postrnedian stripe irregular, very broad,

the four subcostal spots confluent oblique, fifth spot ovate shifted

inwards, sixth spot very broad its inner margin shifted far

inwards, seventh spot waved quadrangular shifted well in, its

inner edge reaching the angle of vein 2. Secondaries with the post¬

median stripe twice fractured, not so broad as in the primaries, the

third, fourth, and fifth spots confluent shifted well outwards, sixth

spot large its inner edge shifted well inwards, seventh and eighth

angled spots inwards again — anal spots reduced to very small dimen¬

sions.

9 . Primaries brownish with a large white patch occupying

the cell the fold and lower radial area to the inner margin.

Secondaries entirely white with termen broadly brownish with an

obscure row of scalloped brown spots. Underside of both wings

white, pattern as in the male, but obscure with fine obscure outlines.

Genitalia. — Harpago very specialised, of very moderate breadth at

the base, very rapidly tapering down to a long, narrowish arm, the

whole of the upper edge straight, tip terminating in a blunt point

with its upper edge dentated. Cingula rather narrow, expanding

but little to the tegumen, which is well excised at the front of the

dorsum, cheeks with a straightish front edge. Falces very fine and

long, highly curved at a third. Furca with short arms curved

backwards rising directly from their base. Penis sheath very long

and exceedingly narrow, the hinder two-fifths being of moderate

width. Tegumen and harpagines with very long, strong bristles

extending far down the latter.

The genitalia alone of this genus are so specialised, especially in

the harpagones and penis sheath, as to be almost sufficient alone to

substantiate Aurivillius’ genus.

Var. gabunica, Auriv.

Differs only in that it has no white patch.

Ifah. Volta River ; Sierra Leone ; Ashanti; Uganda.

Type in the British Museum.

This species should be readily known by its large size

and palish violet blue colour. It avas originally described

from a female, the only male I have seen being that from

Ashanti in the British Museum.

African sjiccies of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycacnidae. 9

Cupidesthes arcscopa, sp, nov. (Plates I, fig. 2 ; IV, fig. 2.)

g . Both wings blackish brown. Primaries with a restricted area

of very pale silvery greenish blue, restricted to below the cell.

Secondaries with the pale bluish area below vein 6, extending well

beyond the cell and up to the abdominal margin and the tornus,

these latter areas becoming whitish. Underside : both wings pale

brownish almost entirely covered with white scales, so as to look

w'hitish, the spots being only marked out by their brown margins,

but being filled in with white. Primaries with a spot closing the cell ;

postmedian stripe very broad, the third and fourth spots confluent

shifted outwards, fifth and sixth each slightly inwards ; to this point

the spots form one continuous band, but the first spot on the costa

is absent, the seventh spot is isolated and shifted right inwards

so as to be below the spot closing the cell. Secondaries with a

sub-basal subcostal pale brown spot, an oblique spot closing the

cell ; postmedian stripe with the third spot shifted out on to the

outer edge of the second, fourth and fifth confluent shifted slightly

out, sixth oblique shifted slightly in, seventh and eighth angled

spot shifted far in below and almost to touch the spot closing the

cell, an indefinite subterminal brown line interrupted at the veins,

a trace of a preterminal interrupted line, a small black terminal

spot between veins 2 and 3 and a larger one at the angle, with a

trace of a few metallic scales and slight yellow internal edges.

5 . Both wings darkish brown. Primaries with a white central

roundish patch. Secondaries with a larger patch below vein 6 to

the inner margin, and occupying about half the radial area. Under¬

side as in the male.

Expanse $ 87, P 42 mm.

Ifab. Bitje; Ja Kiver, Cajieroons.

Type in the National Collection.

Mr. H. H. Druce has a series of this species from the

same locality with females, and my description of this sex

is from one of his specimens. I have no doubt in my

own mind as to the determination of the sexes.

Genitalia. — Harpago somewhat roughly and narrowly reniform at

the extreme base, suddenly reduced to an exceedingly fine, narrow,

long point, with long, strong bristles most of its length. Cingula

rather narrow, tapering wider towards the tegumen, which is well

excised in the front of the dorsum (or dorsal apex). Falces very long

and narrow, well curved at a quarter from their sockets. Furca

with short, narrow arms rising directly from the harpagines, and

10

Mr. G. T. B^une-Baker’s lievision of the

evenly curved backwards. Penis sheath with the hinder half

rather Indian-club shaped, the fore half very narrow with a

blunt, rounded tip.

Cupidesthes thyrsis. (Plate IV, fig. 3.)

Lycaenesthes thyrsis, Hew., Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 224,

PI. 92, ff. 42-44 (1878) ; id. Auriv., Rliop. Aethiop., p. 349

(1898).

This species is easily distinguished by its smaller size, the blue

in the primaries is confined to the cell, to below vein 2 including

all the area below the cell, but not reaching into the tornus; in the

secondaries the whole of the wing is bright blue to vein 6. The

underside pattern is very typical, very irregular as to its postmedian

stripes, but not absolutely fractured as in the type of the genus.

The species should be easily recognisable. The female is entirely

brown above.

Hal). Gaboon, Fernando Po ; Ogowe, French Congo

{Coll. B.-B.).

Type in Mus. Brit.

Though this species is decidedly smaller than the type

species, I have no hesitation in placing it in this genus,

the pattern obtaining in precisely similar fascies ; the eyes

of my male, whilst not glabrous, yet are not hairy — in the

female they are hairy. I do not, however, trust this

character, my doubting it seriously has made me test it,

and I have found it very easily removed. Lycaenesthes

larydas, Cram., has densely hairy eyes; in one specimen of

this insect I removed the hairs with a gentle application

of a soft camel-hair brush, in two other specimens this

failed, but they immediately yielded to a quite gentle

treatment from a small hogs-hair brush. This shows that

as a character it should be used with very great caution

as it is open to accidental alteration.

Genitalia. — The harpago is reduced to an exceedingly narrow

process for the basal half being highly and sharply excavated on

its upper edge, forming a sharp tooth, the curve below being very

rapid, the lower portion is then produced forward into a long,

sharp point rather longer than the basal part ; the cingula is well

developed, its basal hind extremity being projected backwards

into a long, bluntly ended tube, its girdle expands rapidly to the

cheeks of the tegunien which are very fully developed with a fairly

A frican species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 1 1

erect but uneven front edge ; the fakes are very long, sharply

curved, almost at a right angle at a third from their sockets, the

extremity forming a small talon ; the dorsal apex is very highly

excavated as to its fore margin only ; the furca is very short,

divided almost from its base, and sharply curved backwards

from its base also. The penis sheath is very “ Strymonid ” in shape,

its hinder two-fifths being broadish, the fore three-fifths tapering

narrowly to its orifice which suddenly expands and is somewhat

trumpet-shaped.

The cheeks of the tegumen are well furnished with strong, long

hairs, the harpagines being scantily furnished with them, a few of

which are, however, of exceptional length.

Cupidesthes lithas, H. H. Druce. (Plate IV, fig. 4.)

Lycaenesthes lithas, H. H. Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1890, p. 24; id. Smith and Kirby, Rliop. Exot., p. 110,

PI. 24, ff. 8, 4 (1894) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348

(1898).

A species very close on the upperside to the previous one, but

the blue is less bright, not lustrous, and in the secondaries it often

extends up to vein 7, and generally beyond vein 6. On the under¬

side it differs more, the pattern is not composed of small spots,

but of large ones, the postmedian fasciae, especially of the primaries

consisting of very broad conjoined spots after the style of G. voltae,

whereas G. thyrsis has the pattern more like that obtaining in

G. robusta. There is also the subcostal spot near the base on the

secondaries which is lacking in thyrsis. The blue of this species

may be variable, as I have a specimen in which it is quite mauve

in tone. The female is entirely brown in both wings, with a

trace of white showing beyond the cell in the primaries, and

a row of four scalloped marginal black spots in the anal area

of the secondaries, the underside being like the male but slightly

modified.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Ashanti (Adda).

Type, Coll. Druce.

The insect described by Grose-Smith as the female of

this species is the male of lunulata, Trimen, a species

wddely distributed and equally widely confused by authors.

Writers, however, of even twenty years ago ought to be

excused much, the material available and the means of

identification were very different tben to Avhat they are

to-day. The female is brown without any blue, this

12

Mr. G. T. Jl^iiine -Baker’s Revision of the

obtains throughout the genus where both sexes are known,

and may be expected to prove to be the case in robusta

also.

Genitalia. — Harpago of moderate width at base, but rapidly

and evenly tapering to a point. Cingula well developed, the

basal bind extremity produced far backwards, and ending in a

small globose termination, the girdle or arms taper gradually up to

the cheeks of the tegumen, which have erect front edges ; the falces

are very long and fine, highly curved at about a third from their

socket ; the dorsal front apex is deeply excavated. Furca shortish,

with fine erect arms. Penis sheath somewhat “ Strymonid ” in

shape, with the hinder two-thirds hroadish, then gradually tapering

narrowly to an oblique apex ; both the cheeks of the tegumen and

the harpagines are well furnished with longish hairs, the latter

having them almost to the base.

Gupidesthes leonina, B.-B.

Lycaenesthes leonina, Beth. -Baker, Arm. Mag. N. H.,

1903, p. 333.

(J. Both wings dark brown. Secondaries wuth a leaden lustre in

the cell and below it, and with four or five terminal dark .spots

edged palely inteimally. Underside: both wdngs dark brown with

spots palely edged. Primaries with a spot closing the cell and

one above it. Postmedian stripe broad, third and fourth spots

conlluent shifted outwards, fifth well inwards, sixth inwards again

and largi.sh, seventh very large right inwards, terminal area broadly

whitish, with an internervular series of scalloped marks. Second¬

aries with a sub-basal spot below the costa and on inner margin, a

spot closing the cell ; postmedian stripe beginning and ending right

over and under the cell spot, second spot shifted outwards, third and

fourth confluent shifted outwards, the fourth being slightly further

out than the third, fifth and sixth small, and each shifted in, seventh

and eighth angled spot right in ; terminal area broadly whitish with

a lunular dividing line, a black terminal spot between veins 2 and

3, and at the angle edged internally wuth yellow, with a trace of

iridescent scales.

Expanse 32 mm.

The female is entirely brown, but I have a specimen from Busoga

w’ith a wUite postmedian area in the primaries and a whitish curved

postmedian stripe in the secondaries.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Upper Congo ; Busoga ; Uganda

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycacnidae. 13

{Mincliin)-, Gold Coast {Dudgeon)-, Volta River {in

]\his. Brit.).

Types, ^ in my collection, ^ in coll. Gator.

When I described this species originally, from Sierra

Leone, I was much puzzled as to the sex in the absence

of the forelegs ; since that time, however, I have received

an undoubted male from the Upper Congo, and the British

Museum have also received a male, which though entirely

brown above is certainly the same species, the latter mates

well with my Busoga

Gupidesthes brunneus, Smith and Kirby,

Lycaenesthes brunneus, S. & K., Rbop. Exot, p. 106,

PI. XXIII, £f. 18, 14 ; L. br'unnca, Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop.,

p. 348 (1898).

9 . Uppersicle uniformly brown in both wings. Secondaries

with a terminal row of black spots, decreasing rapidly to the apex

where they become minute, the row is finely edged laterally with

whitish. Underside uniformly brown with numerous whitish lines

in both wings. Secondaries with two small dark spots on the

costa.

Hab. Ogowe River.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

I only know this species from Smith and Kirby’s figures,

but it is evidently near my C. leonina. The pattern

below is, however, quite different, and it has no white

ground-colour at all, either above or below. I think there

is not much doubt that I am right in placing the species

in this genus.

Gupidesthes mimetica, Druce. (M.S.)

This species ditiers from the preceding in being practically all

white both above and below, the pattern below is also different,

being much broken up.

Hab. Bitje ; Ja River, Cameroons.

Type in the Druce collection.

Mr. Druce has let me see this species before his descrip¬

tion has appeared. It is a very distinct insect, quite

different from others of the genus. Its clear, cream-white

wings should make it recognisable at a glance, and as I

14

Mr. G. T. l!^^une-Baker’s Revision of the

understand he will figure it in his paper, I would refer my

readers to his plate and description.

Genus Lycaenesthes, Moore.

Synonymy : Lycaena, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., p. 234

(1866) ; Lycacnedhes, Moore, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 773; id. Hew.,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1874, p. 343; Ill. Diurn. Lep.,

p. 219 (1878) ; id. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i, p. 87 (1881) ; id.

Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 232 (1884); id. Trimen, S. A.

Butt., ii, p. 93 (1887) ; id. de Nic^ville, Butt. Ind., iii, p. 127

(1890) ; id. Karsch, B. E. Z., p. 214 (1893) ; id. Reuter, Act.

Soc. Sc. Fen., 22, i, p. 182 (1896) ; id. Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 345 (1898) ; id. id. Arkiv. Zook, ii, p. 16 (1905) ;

id. Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 50 (1891); id. id. Ent. News,

iv, p. 25 (1893); id. Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., ii, p.

97 (1893) ; id. id. iii, p. 137 (1901) ; Pseudodypsas, Reuter,

1. c.

“ Eyes hairy. Palpi long, compressed porrect ; third joint long,

attenuated, half the length of the second. Legs moderate ; femora

slightly pilose beneath ; mid and hind tibiae with two short apical

spurs. Antennae slender at the base, thickened near the end which

is finely pointed. Thorax and abdomen robust. Wings moderately

broad ; f.w. with costal margin arched at the base ; apex rather

acute ; exterior margin slightly oblique ; subcostal vein with

first branch arising at one-third the length of the wing, second

and third equidistant, fourtli remote, fifth joined at the base to the

third ; h.w. rounded exteriorly ; two small very fine tail-like

fascicles of hair near anal angle. Lycaenesthes bengalensis type( =

moZtts).”— (P. Z. S., 1865, p. 773.)

The African sjDecies agree entirely in neuration and

other generic characters with the type named by Moore,

whilst the species themselves (sens, strict.) follow the

general pattern of the underside in a remarkably constant

manner. The neuration has nothing remarkable about it,

and may be defined thus —

“ Primaries with vein 2 from well beyond the middle of the cell,

3 from in front of the lower angle, 4 from the angle, 5 from just

above the middle of the discocellulars, 6 from the upper angle, 7

and 8 stalked about a third from the apex, 7 being emitted from near

the end of the cell, 9 absent, 10 and 11 from the cell ; secondaries, 2

from just beyond the middle of the cell, 3 from close to the angle, 4

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 15

from the angle, 5 from directly above the middle of the discocellu-

lars, 7 stalked from 6 from the cell.”

De Niceville describes the larva of the Eastern species

emolus, Godart, thus —

“ Larva when full fed ‘62 of an inch in length, somewhat dark

green in colour of a darker shade than most Lycaenid larva, smooth

and shining, the whole upper surface covered with minute pits to be

seen only under a strong magnifying glass. The head is very small

and retractile as usual, and of a pale green colour, the second segment

is unmarked, the third to sixth segments inclusive have some

obscure reddish-brown dorsal blotches, the three following segments

are unmarked, the tenth to twelfth have somewhat similar blotches

to those on the third to sixth, but they are more distinct and darker

in shade. There is a pale yellow lateral line just above the legs.

All the segments are irregularly and broadly pitted at the sides ;

these pits seem more or less to assume the form of a longitudinal

subdorsal depression, below which to the lateral line the colour of

the insect is slightly paler. The whole larva is much depressed,

somewhat wider than high, and seems to gradually increase in

breadth to the segment 10, the last segment is almost as broad and

rounded. The larva varies greatly in colour and markings, some

being pale green throughout and unmarked, others again are reddish

brown throughout. It feeds, in Calcutta, on Nephelium litchi.

Lamb, Cassia fistula, Linn., Heynea trijuga, Roxb., and not im¬

probably, as it feeds on so many bushes, it will eat others. Dr.

Forel identifies the ant which attends the larva as Oecophylla

smaragdina, Fab., the large red and green ant that makes immense

nests of growing leaves in trees.

“ Pupa '4 of an inch in length of the usual Lycaenid shape, the

tail pointed, the thorax slightly humped, and ending in a somewhat

sharp ridge line on the back ; it is coloured pale ochreous and bears

a prominent diamond -shaped mark posteriorly. It is smooth

throughout, reddish brown, sprinkled with minute darker dots.” —

(Butt. India, iii, p. 129.)

We have no information about the ova, and there are

one or two points in the brief life history that would be

interesting to elucidate by a more critical examination of

both larva and pupa — these gaps we hope by degrees will

be filled. Silvanus and larydas appear to be common in

many parts of Africa, so that it ought to be possible to

obtain a more detailed record of their metamorphoses ; at

present nothing is known of these details of any of the

IG Mr. G. T. H#^une-Baker’s Revision of the

Ethiopian species. I would appeal to observers in the field

to give us these records. Many Eastern species have been

described, some of which de Niceville deals with ; whilst he

admits three Indian ones he states he believes there are

only two, and it is to my mind clear that, when carefully

sifted, the number of species now standing in the Oriental

region will have to be considerably reduced. A study of

the genitalia of the section we are now considering has

been of great assistance in checking the natural groups

into which the individual species fall, and it bears out

previous experience that they are of the utmost value both

specifically and generically.

KEY TO SPECIES.

I. Lycaenesthes (.sens, strict.). Blue above, spotted below.

A. No basal spots in either wings.

1. Brown above, secondaries with broad

yellow terminal band . ruhricinctus.

2. Blue above, below spots plain almost

as ground-colour . musagetes.

3. Blue above, below spots much filled in

Avith reddish . itnria.

4. Blue above, below one red spot on

costa and one red one on inner

margin in secondaries . anadeuia.

B. Basal spots in secondaries only.

1. Deep blue above, below' spots almost

as ground-colour . ligurcs.

2. Deep blue above, below spots with

traces of red in primaries, much

red in secondaries . Iwblegi.

3. Deep blue above, postmedian stripe

broad almost confluent very slightly

fractured . indefinita.

4. Blue lilacine, below grey, no basal

spot in cell of secondaries . . . definita.

5. Mauve blue above, with fine termen in

both wings . chirirtda.

6. Dark blue above, with broad dark

apex and termen in both Avings . afm.

7. Dark blue above, Avith broad dark

apex and termen ; below spots large,

primaries Avith postmedian stripe

very oblique as to costal spots 1 to 4,

twice strongly fractured .... alberta.

African species of the Lycaencsthes group of Lycaenidac. 17

8. Dark blue above, secondaries with two

red costal and two red inner-margi¬

nal spots . lasti.

9. Mauve blue paler above, below with

three basal chestnut spots in

secondaries . lemnos.

10. Blue cupreous above, below no basal

spot in cell, costal spot bright blue smithi.

11. Cupreous lilac above, below secon¬

daries with two dark costal but

no basal spot in cell . princeps.

12. Leaden lilac above . Uganda.

13. Mauve blue above, below white ; sec¬

ondaries with no basal spot in cell,

spot at base of costa and inner

margin dark and definite . . . liodes.

14. Blue darkish above, apex broadly

brown, anal spots edged with red,

below no basal spot in cell . . . bihe.

15. Greyish blue above, apex and termen

broadly brown, below secondaries

with only one small dark basal

spot on costa . livida.

16. Blue very restricted above, below with

three small dark basal spots . . . millari.

17. Mauve blue above, below all marks

obsolete except dark basal spot

below costa . nigropunctala.

18. Brown above, pale brownish below

with pattern near to otacUia . . . minima.

19. Blue restricted to cell and below ; sec¬

ondaries below with four basal spots,

a dark one on costa, two paler in

cell, and one below . otaciliu.

20. Blue not restricted . kikuyu.

21. Brown above, underside like lunulata

without black spots . s}cquala.

22. Shining grey above, below primaries

with black basal bar below cell,

secondaries with three black costal

and four black basal or sub-basal

spots . amarah.

23. Lustrous blue above, below secondaries

with two strongly emphasised round

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART I. (JUNE) C

18

Mr. G. T.

une-Baker’s Revision of the

black or crimson subcostal spots

and one inner-marginal ....

24. Blue lilacine evanescent somewhat

restricted, anal spots surmounted

with orange ; below, costal and

inner-marginal spots small scarlet .

25. Blue restricted in both wings above.

In primaries below postmedian

stripe strongly fractured, costal part

very oblique ; in secondaries a

blackish subcostal spot and a

similar smaller spot on the inner

margin, no sub-basal spots in cell .

26. Deep purplish above. In primaries

below postmedian stripe irregular

but confluent ; in secondaries three

largish round sub-basal spots, post-

median stripe strongly accentuated

27. Blue dark indigo purple above. Prim¬

aries below with a large angled

basal mark, secondaries with four

largish sub-basal spots often con¬

joined, both wings much covered

with the pattern .

28. Blue pale lilacine above. Both wings

below pale with scarcely darker

spots somewhat similar in pattern

to larydas .

II. (Sens. lat.).

A. Above blue or brown, below with patches

as well as spots.

1. Both wings with blue patches, pri¬

maries with blue restricted to cell and

below ; secondaries, blue restricted

below cell interrupted by a black

bar. Below, subterminal line in pri¬

maries invaded obliquely by both

first and second portion of post¬

median stripe .

2. Blue lilacine paler somewhat tran¬

sparent above, primaries occasion¬

ally with a subdued yellow spot.

Below postmedian stripe not oblique,

subterminal line not invaded . . .

hinulata.

sanijuinea.

levis.

sihamis.

larydas.

cratvshayi.

lysicles.

lachares.

African species of the Lycaenesthes group) of Lycaenidae. 10

3. Brown above, with lustrous blue in

fold of primaries, trace of yellow in

blue below vein 2 ; secondaries

with a sub-lustrous blue stripe from

vein 2 to 5 . versatilis.

4. Brown above, secondaries with a blue

dash and an orange lunule . . . biichhohi.

5. Brown above, with orange spot in pri¬

maries and an orange transverse

dash in secondaries . bitje.

6. Brown aboA^e, with a distinct row of

terminal spots in the secondaries ;

below white, stripes disintegrated,

a row of terminal sjAots in each wing meUanJtrotiis.

7. Brown above, primaries Avith large

OA'al yellow patch, secondaries with

curved postmedian row of four

whitish blue small spots .... xanthopoecilus.

8. Brown above, primaries with a largish

spot of pale 3'ellowish below vein 2 kampala.

9. Brown above ; below Avith pattern

almost like lachares . hjchnides.

10. Brown, both wings al)Ove darkly

spotted, primaries with two obscure

yellowish spots on the fold and

slightly in the postmedian area,

secondaries Avith an obscure

yellowish shbterminal line . . . flavomaculatns.

11. BroAvn, primaries aboA^e with an

obscure orange patch beloAV the

angle of vein 3 ; secondaries Avith

a more or less j^rominent terminal

border of orange yellow tapering

finely toAvards the costa Avith black

internervular spots .

12. Brown, primaries above with veins

orange yelloAV ; secondaries Avith

broad terminal orange yelloAV

border .

B. Orange red above.

1. Primaries aboAm with a large orange

red j)atch, secondaries Avith a smaller

patch, below both Avings deep

cream, spots comparatively feAV . .

rufomdrginata.

mdiato.

locuples.

C 2

20

Mr. G. T. Bellume-Baker’s Revision of the

2. Botli wings with large red patches,

secondaries witli a prominent black

subterminal line . leptines.

3. Underside white, with orange mark in

fold of primaries . erythropoecilus.

4. Underside with large areas of orange

colour . jci-

5. Underside grey, postmedian stripes

with dark spots . malcala.

G. Eed area larger above, below with

closely placed darkish grey pattern mahota.

7. Golden orange above . aurea.

8. Golden red above, below dark grey . scintilhUa.

9. Both wings entirely golden red above,

primaries with apex broadly black,

tapering evenly off on the costa and

termen ; below yellowish orange,

primaries with upper part of post¬

median stripe very oblique invading

the subterminal dark line .... pyroplera.

1 0. Both wings entirely bright coppery red

above, secondaries witli costa and

termen very broadly black ; below

black pattern merely marked out

by rather fine white lines .... lychnuptes.

11. Both wings orange red above, pri¬

maries with very broad dark costa

and termen, secondaries very broadly

margined all round with dark

brown ; below with a large white

area in both wings at the end of the

cell . juha.

12. Primaries with a largish central round

orange patch, rest of wing black,

secondaries with an orange broad

dash in lower radial area ; below

both wings with two snow-white

patches each . zenkeri.

13. Deep orange red above, secondaries

with dark submarginal line ; below

after the pattern of jxiba .... pythagoras

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycacnidae, 21

Lycaenesthes ruhricinctus, Holland.

L. ruhrieinetus, HolL, Psyche, p. 51 (1891); L. rubric

cineta, S. & K., Rhop. Exot., p. 100, PI. XXII, ff. 11, 12

(1893) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 349 (1898).

^ . Primaries entirely uniform brown above. Secondaries uni¬

formly brown above, except for a very broad yellow terminal band

from the tornus up to vein 6.

Hob. Kangwe ; Ogowe River.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

I know this insect only from Smith and Kirby’s figures,

and the upperside alone will serve to distinguish it from

all others in the whole group. The very broad yellow

marginal band of the secondaries is wholly unlike any

other species dealt with in this paper. It is apparently a

true Lycaenesthes (sens, strict.), and evidently belongs to

the first division, viz. species without any basal marks in

either wing.

Lycaenesthes musagetes, Holl. (Plate V, fig. 5.)

L. musagetes, Holl, Ent. News, iv, p. 25 (1898); id.

Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 349 (1898).

. Both wings above very dark indigo purple ; below uniformly

warm brown with spots no darker than the ground, or very little

darker, with no basal or sub-basal spots in either wings.

ITab. Cameroons ; Gaboon ; Sierra Leone ; Ogowe ;

French Congo ; Volta River and Angola {Mus. Brit.) ;

Rena Bendil (Congo); Makala, Beni, Mawambe

(Upper Congo); Uganda.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

This species can easily be recognised from its allies by

the uniform brown colour, both of the ground and the

spots of the underside.

Genitalia. — Harpago very broad, the lower edge slightly curved,

the upper edge gradually rising in a strong curve to about the

middle, then tapering very slowly to the front upper apex, front edge

produced into three strong teeth, highly excavated between each, one

tooth being at the upper, one at the lower, apex, and one midway

between them. Cingula with long arms or girdle, the hind base

produced backwards into a blunt curved point, the arms of moderate

width, very gradually expanding into the cheeks of the tegumen,

22 Mr. G. T. I’^une-Baker’s Revision of the

which have an evenly curved front edge ; the dorsal apex of the

tegumen is deeply excavated in the front ; the falces are very strongly

formed, of unusual width at their sockets and well curved, ending in

a short talon ; the furca is short, with moderately broad arms, and

curved backv'ards. Penis sheath with the hinder two-thirds broad,

the front third being a somewhat curved tube of nearly even width,

slightly expanding at the orifice. The front edge of the cheeks of

the tegumen is thickly furnished with hairs, the harpagines having

but few.

Lycaenestlies anadema, H. H. Druce.

L. anadema, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1905, p. 258.

The blue of the upperside is scarcely distinguishable from its

close allies, but on the undersurface it is more easily separated ; the

costal spot of the postmedian stripe of the secondaries is red, whilst

the eighth spot, forming the lower angle of the angled spot, is like¬

wise red ; these characteristics separate it easily from its allies. At

first sight it looks very close indeed to lasti, but Druce’s species has

no basal spots in either wing, therefore it will not fall into that

section.

Hah. N. W. Rhodesia.

Type in the Druce coll.

Lyeaenesthes ituria, sp. nov. (Plates I, fig. 4 ; V, fig. 6.)

g . Upperside : both wings deep brownish purple, with fine linear

black margins ; fringes dark brown. Underside : both wings rufous

brown, with pattern scarcely darker than the ground-colour, but in

the secondaries somewhat filled in with reddish ; all the pattern has

paler edges. Primaries cell closed by a good-sized quadrate spot with

a pale central line ; an irregular postmedian band, slightly fractured

inwards at vein 4, and well fractured inwards below vein 2 ; a sub¬

terminal band from the apex to vein la. Secondaries with no spots

nearer the base than the quadrate spot closing the cell, which has a

paler middle line. The postmedian band is very irregular and

mostly filled in with red ; the second spot is shifted right outwards,

the third to fifth spot form a subconfluent series shifted right out from

2, l)ut the fifth is slightly shifted in from the fourth, sixth spot

oblique and shifted in, angled spot shifted in again, and very

strongly filled in with red ; beyond this another red spot on the

inner margin ; a trace of a subterminal band, a large, and prominent,

velvety black spot between veins 2 and 3, and a double prominent

one at the angle, all with bluish metallic scales, and edged broadly

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 23

with bright red, this edging extending into a bright dash above the

angle.

Expanse 32-34 mm.

Hah. Beni, Makala and Mawambe (Congo Free

State), February.

Type in my collection.

I have a series of this species which is closely allied to

L. musagetes, but is readily distinguished by the orange

brown of the underside, by the markings being decidedly

reduced in size, and by the postmedian stripe of the

secondaries being largely filled in with orange red.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, wall curved above and below, con¬

stricted slightly near the front, with upper and lower extremities

forming a strong, sharp, projecting tooth. Cingula widish, expanding

into the tegumen, which is deeply excised at its front apex, with the

cheeks gradually sloping off and not very broad. Falces strong,

curved near the middle. Furca with longish arms, curved backwards.

Penis sheath broadish, moderately even in width, with a curved,

oblique tip. Cheeks of tegumen and apices of harpagines well

supplied with long hairs.

Lycaenesthes ligures, Hew. (Plate V, fig. 7.)

L. ligures, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1874, p. 349 ; Ill.

D. Lep., p. 2'20, PI. 90, ff. 1, 2 (1878); id. Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 849 (1898) ; L. ukerewensis, Strand, Ent.

Zeitsch, xxiii, p. 127 (1909) in parte.

Separable from its near allies by the three sub-basal spots across

the secondaries. The female, hitherto undescribed, is entirely pale

brown, with a broad, obscure, whitish terminal area in the second¬

aries, in which are two preterminal broadish lines, the outer one the

darker of the two, a prominent dark spot at the anal angle and one

above it. Below the colour is quite white, the pattern following that

of the male, but larger and broader. The Sierra Leone specimens are

very much greyer in shade and of a smoother texture than those

from Central or Eastern Equatorial Africa. In a series of the insect

thfey are recognisable at a glance.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Ashanti ; Old Calabar ; Came-

ROONS ; Gaboon; Congo; Angola; Upper Congo

(Makala, Mawambe) ; Toro, Nandi.

Type in the British Museum.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, similar in outline to L. musagetes, but

the front edge has but two teeth, the upper and lower extremity only

24< Mr. G. T. Dilhune -Baker’s Revision of the

being produced into a strong tooth. The cingula is also similar to

Holland’s species, hut broader and rather shorter ; the cheeks of the

tegumen and the tegumen as a whole are not developed very fully ;

the dorsal front apex is well excavated, and the cheeks are gradually

and evenly rounded on their front edge ; the falces are strongly

developed, and well though evenly curved ; the furca is not large,

the arms curved backwards being but moderately long. Penis sheath

very broadly developed for its hinder two-thirds, gradually rising to

its highest point, where it is suddenly reduced in front to a broadish

even tube for its front third. The front edge of the cheeks of the

tegumen is well furnished with hairs, the front edge of the harpagines

having a smaller supply.

Lycaenesthes hobleyi, Neave. (Plates I, fig. 9; VI, fig. 10.)

L. hobleyi, Neave, Novit. Zook, vol. xi, p. 339 (1904).

A species closely allied to the preceding one but separable at once

by the fact that nearly all the spots of the undersurface pattern are

more or less filled in with vivid red; the costa is also finely of the

same colour. The female is bluish in both wings ; primaries with

costa and termen very broadly brown, apex brown to the cell ;

secondaries with costa brown to the cell and vein 6; termen broadly

brown with a bluish interrupted dividing line ; a black spot at the

anal angle with a second above it internally edged with orange red.

Undersurface : both wings very pale greyish brown with the markings

as in the male but larger.

Hab. IMau Escarpment {Doherty).

Tring Museum ; and in my collection from the Kikuyu

District, also the Nandi country.

Type in coll. Trimen.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, evenly curved above and below, the

curve of the upper edge being very bold ; about a third from the

front upper apex is a curious sqiiare process, unique so far as I am

aware in the genus, consisting of a strong, short tooth on each side

of the harpago, joined by a chitinous bar ; the upper and lower front

extremities are each produced into a strong tooth. Cingula with the

girdle strongly developed ; the lower extremity produced well back

into a curved hook-like projection. Tegumen raised at its hind

dorsal apex, highly excavated at its front dorsal edge, the cheeks

being unevenly rounded off. The falces are very strong and broad,

rising directly from the socket in an even curve upwards. Furca

moderately long, with narrowish arms slightly curved backwards.

Penis sheath of moderately even width throughout, narrow with the

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 25

upper part of the tip cut off for nearly a third, and gradually taper¬

ing to the tip. Cheeks of tegumen well supplied with hairs, there

being but few on the harpagines.

Lycaenesthes indefinita, sp. nov. (Plates I, figs. 7 $-8

V. fig. 9.)

^ . Upperside : both wings deep brownish purple with linear black

margins with pale extremities. Underside : both wings brownish

grey with slightly darker pattern with pale edging. Primaries with

a large subquadrate spot closing the cell, the postmedian band con¬

sisting of seven spots, the first four confluent curved, the next two

confluent shifted inwards, the last spot shifted right in, the outer

margin being almost confluent with the inner margin of the sixth

spot ; a trace of a subterminal band. Secondaries with three sub-basal

spots, viz. one on vein 8, one in the cell, and one on the inner margin ;

a large quadrate spot closes the cell. Postmedian band with the

second spot shifted outwards, third and fourth almost confluent also

shifted out, fifth inwards, sixth inwards, angled spot inwards again ;

subterminal band more distinct, a black spot between veins 2 and 3

and at the angle, with metallic-blue scales, and edged above and

laterally with deep yellow.

Expanse 35 mm.

5 . Both wings brown. Primaries with pale bluish below the cell

and vein 3. Secondaries with the radial area up to the termen pale

bluish, the subterniinal band dividing it and the black spot between

veins 2 and 3 prominent, edged above with deep yellow. Underside :

both wings quite white, but with the pattern practically as in the ^ .

Hah. Kikuyu, 6,000 feet; Toro, February; Nairobi,

Uganda, Kikuyu, Njoro and Ruwenzori {British

Museum) ; Mau Escarpment {Tring Museum).

Types in my collection, also in the British Museum and

at Tring.

The species is slightly variable as to the fracturing of

the postmedian band of the primaries. It is more closely

allied to L. hohleyiy Neave, than to ligures, Hew., but it has

no red at all below, and the postmedian fasciae in both

wings are broad and confluent to a degree quite unattained

in either of those species.

Genitalia. — Harpago exceedingly broad, with the lower edge deeply

shouldered at a quarter from the lower apex and produced forward

into a gouge-shaped extremity, the upper edge being furnished with

two strong teeth at about a quarter from the apex. Cingula with a

short basal backward process, longish arms expanding but slightly ;

26 Mr. G. T. J »#Plune- Baker’s Revision of the

tegumen moderately developed, the dorsal front apex being well

excavated with a straightish edge on each side, slightly angled at the

true fore-apex ; the cheeks then descend in a fairly straight line ; the

falces are strong, evenly curved, ending in a very long talon ; the

furca has longish arms, not very wide and curved well backward.

Penis sheath gradually rising from the hind extremity to rather

beyond the middle, where it is very broad, then gradually tapering

to the tip, the front third being somewhat shagreened on its upper-

side. The tegumen and harpaginea are furnished with hairs.

Lycaenesthes deflnita, Butler. (Plates I, figs. 5^6^.)

L. definita, Butler, Ann, Mag. N. H., 1899, p. 342 ; id.

P. Z. S., 1900, p. 927 (1901); id. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lend., 1905, p. 253; L. nigrocandata, Pagenstch., Jahrb.

Nassau, Iv, p. 156 (1902).

A species easily to be identified, as the blue is quite different,

much more lilacine, and decidedly paler than any of the very deep

blue species that are allied to it ; it is also very much paler on its

underside, being of a pale clear'grey, as are the markings also. The

female likewise differs, being pale blue in both] wings above, with a

prominent dark spot closing the cells, and a broad dark postmedian

foscia likewise in both wings, the termen being broadly brown ;

whilst in the secondaries there is an additional dark spot in the

middle of the cell.

Hal. Kikuyu ; Cape Colony ; Natal ; Mashonaland

(Umtali); Uganda; Fort Jameson (N. W. Rhodesia);

Nandi; Kilimanjaro; Mount Elgon; Nairobi.

Type in the British Museum.

Dr. Pagenstecher has been good enough to lend me his

type of L. nigrocaudata, and it is a specimen of the above

insect with the basal spot of the secondaries rather obsolete,

but it is quite visible in one wing under a low-power lens.

Genitalia. — Harpago almost elliptical, tapering rapidly beyond the

middle and terminating at the upper and lower extremity in a strong

tooth. Cingula produced well backwards at the lower base, with

longish arms, very narrow ; tegumen highly excavated at its front

dorsal apex with the fore edge of the cheeks very slightly curved ;

falces long, narrow, deeply curved at a quarter from the socket; furca

with longish arms, united for a fifth at the base, receding well back¬

wards. Penis sheath narrow, gradually increasing for two-thirds,

then tapering down into a trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen well

furnished with hairs ; harpagines but scantily supplied with short

hairs.

African species of the Lycaenesthes grcnip of Lycaenidae. 27

Lycaenesthes chirinda, sp. nov, (Plate I, fig. 10.)

$ . Upperside : both wings darkish mauve blue with the finest

possible dark linear borders to all the wings. Underside pale grey with

whitish fine edges to the spots. Primaries with spot closing the cell

largish, and a small costal one above it ; postmedian stripe near the

termen, consisting of six confluent spots, angled slightly at the fourth,

seventh spot shifted well inwards ; a subterminal row of interner-

vular broadish dashes. Secondaries with a sub-basal spot below vein

8, and a small one on the abdominal margin ; postmedian stripe sub¬

confluent, the second, third and fourth spots each shifted out rather

further than the predecessor, fifth and sixth each shifted slightly in,

seventh and eighth angled spot shifted further in ; a terminal row of

internervular lunules ; two black terminal spots with iridescent

scales and red inner margins.

5 . Uniformly brown above, except that the secondaries have a

broad white radial patch. Underside white with the postmedian

stripes in both wings rather more confluent than in the male.

Eah. Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 3,600 feet,

October.

Types in my collection (2 pair).

This species is superficially very difficult to separate from

L. definita, the main difference being that the postmedian

stripes in both wings are decidedly nearer the termen than

in Butler’s species. The genitalia are, however, markedly

different. The female is also quite different, with no blue

and no spotted band above.

Genitalia. — Harpago subovate tapering from the middle to a blunt

apex without any dentation. Cingula produced w'ell backward at

the base with arms of moderate length and width ; tegumen

moderately developed, with a somewhat straight front edge ; falces

strong, slightly curved ; furca smallish, with arms narrow, inclined

strongly backwards. Penis sheath long, wide for the hind three-

fifths, then gradually tapering to a trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen

and apex of harpago furnished with longish hairs.

Lycaenesthes afra, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 12.)

d . Both wings deep indigo purple. Primaries with costa broadly

brown, termen broader still, and apex yet broader. Secondaries

with costa brown to the cell margin and vein 6, termen broadly

brown, two dark marginal spots [near the angle. Underside : both

wings grey, with scarcely darker markings margined with whitish.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell, having a paler central line, a

28 Mr, G. T. B^Piune-Baker’s Bevision of the

costal spot near the postmedian band, which latter consists of seven

more or less confluent spots, viz. a pair at the costa, another pair

curved and shifted outwards, fifth spot shifted inwards, sixth well

inwards, seventh right inwards, larger and curved ; an obscure scal¬

loped subterminal band. Secondaries with three quite small sub-basal

spots, viz. one on vein 8, one in the cell, and one on the abdominal

margin, a largish spot closing the cell with a pale central line ;

postmedian band consisting of eight spots, the seventh and eighth

forming the angled one, the second spot shifted outwards, third and

fourth confluent, shifted outwards, fifth inwards, sixth inwards,

oblique, angled spot right inwards ; a trace of a subterminal band,

with a scalloped whitish fine outer edging, below which is a black

spot with blue metallic scales, edged with orange colour, and a similar

smaller double spot, similarly edged at the angle.

Expanse 31 mm.

Hah. Makala, Congo Free State, July; Bitje,

Cameroons.

Type in my collection from Makala ; also in the British

Museum, and in the Druce collection from the Cameroons.

The broad black borders to both wings should suffice to

distinguish it from other species ; the underside is very

close to Sierra Leone specimens of ligures.

Lycaenesthes alberta, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 11.)

^ . Both wings deep brownish purple. Primaries with the costa

and termen broadly brown, the apex more broad, a black line closing

the cell. Secondaries with very broad brown costa tapering round

the termen to the angle, where it is moderately narrow. Underside :

both wings brownish with pattern edged finely with white. Primaries

with a large quadrate spot closing the cell with a pale central line,

a small costal spot above it and shifted slightly outwards. Post-

median band consisting of four confluent obliquely arranged spots,

each shifted slightly beyond its predecessor,’ spots five and six con¬

fluent shifted inwards, the sixth spot decidedly larger than the fifth,

seventh spot shifted well inwards and oblique ; a scalloped post¬

median band indefinitely edged with whitish, particularly on its

inner edge. Secondaries with three sub-basal spots, viz. one on

vein 8, one in the cell, and one on the inner margin. A large

quadrate spot closes the cell, finely dusted with whitish ; postmedian

band darkish with pale central lines ; spots two, three, and four, each

shifted slightly beyond each other, fifth spot shifted inwards, sixth

inwards, angled spot very obtuse, shifted slightly inwards ; subterminal

line obscure, scalloped, broadly and indefinitely edged internally

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lyeacnidac. 29

with whitish, less broadly externally ; a black spot with bluish scales

on the margin between veins 2 and 3, edged above with deep yellow,

a small double spot at the angle similarly scaled and edged. There

is a considerable amount of pale fine irrorations over a good deal of

the secondaries.

Expanse 30 mm.

Hal. Albert Edward Nyanza, October ; Entebbe,

Uganda ; Congo (Makala) ; Angola.

Type in my collection from Makala, and in the British

Museum from Entebbe (coll. Minchin).

This is exceedingly close to the preceding species above,

but below it is more easily recognisable ; the pattern is

decidedly larger, the postmedian stripe being very broad,

the fractures being different and the spots darker.

Lycaenesthes lasti, Smith and Kirby.

L. lasti, S. & K., Rhop. Exot., p. 109, PI. 24, ff. 1,

2 (1894) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898) ; id.

H. H. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1905, p. 253 ; L.

rubrimacidata, Strand, Ent. Zeitsch., xxiii, p. 129 (1909).

The upperside of .this species would be most nearly described as

plum colour; it is a distinct tone from other species. The underside

is pale grey with two red costal spots, and two red spots on the

abdominal margin, the upper one of which is sometimes inclined to

obsoletion. These characters will enable the insect to be easily

identified. The female is brown above in both wings ; the primaries

with a greyish white patch in the fold and the lower radial area ;

the secondaries with a similar stripe in postmedian area. The

Kambove form, as brought home by Mr. Neave, has the red spots

much reduced both in size and colour, the one at the beginning of

the postmedian line of the secondaries being often plain, not red.

Hal. Mombasa ; Chirinda Forest, Gazaland,

3,600 feet, October; Rhodesia, Kambove,

Type in coll. Grose-Smith.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, evenly curved below, highly curved

above for its basal two-fifths, then nearly straight to the apex, which

is produced into two very strong teeth, the lower extremity being

produced into a three-toothed process. Cingula well produced

backwards at its base, with narrow arms of moderate length ;

tegumen with dorsum weakly developed, excavated in front, cheeks

very ample, with evenly curved front edge ; falces very broad

30

Mr, G. T. Be^une-Baker’s Revision of the

curved from the socket ; furca small, short in the arms, and narrow,

inclined well backwards. Penis sheath almost elliptical for its hinder

half, then tapering forwards, suddenly reduced near its tip, but

expanding equally suddenly into a trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen

and harpagines fairly well supplied with hairs.

Lycaenesthes lemnos, Hew. (Plate VI, fig. 11.)

L. lemnos, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 221, PI. 90, ff. 13, 14

(1878); id. Holland, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 241 (1895) ;

id. Auriv,, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 347 (1898) ; L. sylvanus, Hew.,

Ill. D. Lep., p. 222, PI. 92, f. 41 (1878); id. Trimen, S, A,

Butt., ii, p. 98 (1887); id. Staud., Exot. Schm., i, Taf. 94

(1887); emolus, Gerst. Deckens, Reise iii, p. 378, Taf. 15,

f. 4 (1878); natalensis, Stand., Exot. Scfim., i,p. 273 (1888);

id. Butler, P, Z. S., 1900, p. 927 ; ukereivensis Strand,

Ent. Zeitsch., xxiii, p. 127 (1909).

The undersides of the secondaries contain the best points of

difference between this and other species ; tliere are three sub-basal

almost round spots of a distinctly brown tone different from the

other markings, varying from chestnut colour to very dark brown.

No doubt it was a specimen -with this latter colour that made Trimen

confuse it with sylvanus, from which it is abundantly distinct. The

postmedian fasciae in both wings are very broad.

This is the species that was first confused with emolus,

Godart, and secondly with sylvanus, Drury. Now that we

have more material in our hands it has needed but little

to difierentiate it from either of the species mentioned ;

the ground-colour below is quite different from sylvanus, as

also is the pattern.

Ilab. Natal ; Delagoa Bay ; Mombasa ; Uganda ;

Upper Congo.

Type in the British Museum.

frenffaZm.— -Harpago broad, suboval with the lower extremity

forming a long, strong, double-toothed process, the upper edge being

very highly dentate for fully a tliird to the apex some of the teeth

being very highly developed. The cingula is well produced back¬

wards at its base, the arms being of moderate length and wfidth ; the

tegumen has very ample cheeks ; the front dorsal apex is deeply

excavated, rounded off into the cheeks, which have a fairly straight

front edge; the falces are long, of moderate widtli; the furca is long

A frican species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 81

with narrow arms united for a third from the base. Penis sheath

very broad for its hinder three-fifths, then slowly tapering to a

blunt oblique tip. Tegumen well furnished with long, strong hairs,

harpagines with hairs shorter and finer.

Lycaenesthes smithi, Mabille. (Plate I, fig. 13.)

L. smithi, Mab., An. Eut. Fr. (5) 7, Bull. 72 (1877);

id. Hist. Madag. Lep., i, p. 213, PI. 27, ff. 9-11 (1887);

? lochias. Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 221, PI. 90, tf. 7, 8 (1878); id.

Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898).

A very rare species, of a cupreous lilac in both wings with very

fine dark margins. The undersurface is pale brownish grey wdth

broad white margins to the spots. In the secondaries there is a

blue sub-basal spot below vein 8 white-edged, whilst the black

iridescent spot between veins 2 and 3 is edged internally with

crimson, a most unusual colour in this genus, orange and orange

red being almost universal.

Hah. Madagascar.

I am indebted to M. Mabille for the loan of this type,

which is in his collection. I have little doubt that it is a

local form of L. princeps, Butler,

Lycaenesthes princeps, Butler. (Plates I, fig. 17 ;

VII, fig. 15.)

L. princeps, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1876, p. 484; id.

Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 349 (1898) ; L. neglecta. Trimen,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1891, p. 175 ; id. id. p. 132, PI. 8,

ff. 7, 8 (1893) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898).

cj. Both wings a delicate cupreous lilac colour with very fine

dark terminal lines ; the underside is a delicate shade of grey with

a cupreous lustre in parts in certain lights, the distinguishing

feature being two subcostal dark spots in the secondaries, the one

sub-basal below vein 8, and the second forming first spot of the

postmedian line ; there is also present a similar dark spot on the

abdominal margin ; this, however, is liable to obsoletion, and I

have one specimen in which it is totally absent. The female is

greyish brown with a very restricted bluish base in both wings,

the underside presenting no difference whatever to that of the

male.

32

Mr. G. T. B^iune- Baker’s Revision of the

Butler’s ^ type in tlie British Museum does not belong

to this species ; there is no question at all that it is the

$ of lunulata, Trimen.

Hah. Abyssinia; Niger; Somaliland; Natal; Zulu-

LAND; Zomba; Salisbury; Sierra Leone; Gold Coast

{Dudgeon) ; Delagoa Bay {Monteiro).

Type in the British Museum.

Genitalia. — Harpago roughly oval with the upper fore ex¬

tremity produced into a serrated point, llie front edge erect, slightly

excavated. Cingula well developed with the lower hind extremity

produced far backwards, the sides rapidly expanding upwards

towards the tegumen which is wholly excised as to its apex, the

neck being quite narrow at the back top of the cingula ; the falces

are slightly curved at the tip, of only modeiate length and curved

sharply near their socket ; the furca has its main stem long and

strongly curved forwards, the diverging arms then curve back and

are long and narrow ; the penis sheath is long and large for its

hindmost half being suddenly reduced in width, the fore half having

an open boat-shaped structure with a somewhat flat constricted tip ;

the tegumen is abundantly furnished with long, strong bristles,

those on the apex of the clasp being only few in number.

Lycaenesthes nganda, sp. nov.

Both wings upperside greyish lilac with white fringes.

Primaries with very fine linear black costa and slightly wider

termen. Secondaries with fine black termen. Underside ; both

wings pale ashy grey with darker ashy-grey markings prominently

edged with pure white. Pattern similar to L. princeps, Btl., but

larger and broader, with a wdiite band in both wings between the

postmedian and subterminal bands.

Expanse 31 mm.

Hah. Entebbe, Uganda, 3 specimens {Minchin).

Type in British Museum.

This is near to princess, Butler, and may prove to be

a local form of it; but the difference in colour is quite

marked, and there are also equally perceptible differences

of the underside pattern.

Lycaenesthes liodes, Hew. (Plate I, fig. 14.)

L. liodes, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 349 ; id.

Trimen, S. Afr. Butt., ii, p. 100 (1887) ; id. Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 349 (1898) ; id. H. H. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1905, p. 253 ; eviolus, Triineu, Rhop. Afr. Aust.,

African species of the Lyeacnesthcs group of Lycaenidae. 33

p. 234, PI. 4, £f. 8, 9 (1866); id. Mab., Hist. Mad. Lep.,

p. 202, Pi. 27, ff. 1, 2 (1887) ; sichela, Hew., Ill. D. Lep.,

p. 222 (1878); id. Trimen, S. Afr. Butt., ii, p. 101 (1887);

adhcrhal, Mab., Bull. Zool. Soc. Fr., p. 217 (1877); id.

Butler, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 660 (1894) ; id. id. p. 120 (1896);

id. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 253; id. Auriv.,

Arkiv. Zool., ii, p. 16 (1905) ; Monteironis, Kirby, Hew,, Ill.

D. Lep., p. 223 (1878); id. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1905, p. 253.

Upperside : both wings slightly lustrous violaceous, with

tennen finely dark. Secondaries with a dark terminal spot between

veins 2 and 3. Undersurface whitish grey, almost dirty white, with

slightly darker spots of the usual pattern. Primaries with the post¬

median stripe fractured outw'ards below the second spot, inwards

below the fourth, and again inwards below the sixth spot. The

distinguishing point of the secondaries is the presence of two small

round dark grey sub-basal spots, one below vein 8 and one on the

abdominal margin. The female vai’ies considerably as to the extent

of blue on the upperside ; in some specimens there is only a trace

of pale blue scales in the fold of the primaries, and scattered scales

in the cell of the secondaries ; in others, the blue is quite marked

and occasionally there is a considerable area over both wings ; the

undersides, however, all agree and follow the male pattern entirely.

Expanse ^ 30, $ 28-34 mm.

Hak Gaboon; Calabar; Angola; Midodoni (B. E.

Africa), British Museum \ Sierra Leone; Northern

Nigeria, Bassa Prov. {Coll. Bctlmne- Baker) ; Cape

Colony; Kaffirland; Natal; Transvaal; Landana.

Type in the British Museum.

There has been considerable difficulty in elucidating

the various species, but the advent of a pair of specimens

of both sexes from Nigeria, together with the loan of

Mabille’s type, at once showed that the synonymy as given

above was quite correct. There should be little difficulty

in identifying the species in the future. It is widely

spread, but either very local in its distribution or very

retiring in its habits. It is interesting to note that a ^

and ^ in my collection of this species have glabrous eyes,

one ^ has eyes slightly hairy, and in another ^ the eyes

are more hairy. None of the specimens are in bad

condition, so that it is a reasonable deduction that the

eyes are in their natural condition.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART 1. (JUNE) D

34

Mr. G. T. BdiTuue -Baker’s Revision of the

Lycaenesthes hike, sp, nov. (Plate I, fig. 15.)

Both wings brightish purple. Primaries with broad brown

costa and broader apex tapering very rapidly to about vein 5, from

whence the termen is quite fine. Secondaries with costa broadly

brown, termen linear, a black spot on the margin between veins 2

and 3, and another at the angle broadly edged above with orange.

Underside ; both wings pale grey with darker spots edged with white.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell with whitish central line ;

postmedian band consisting of seven small spots, two below the

costa, two shifted outwards, the fifth spot oblique right inwards,

sixth oblique also right inwards, seventh slightly curved far inwards

and isolated ; subterminal line definite, scalloped. Secondaries

with two basal sjjots, one small one almost tawny on vein 8 and one

blackish one on the inner margin ; a large quadrate spot closes the

cell witli a pale central line ; postmedian band very irregular in

pairs, a pair on the costa, a pair shifted right out detached, a pair

right inwards, the lower of which is further in, fourth pair forming

the angled spot right inwards and detached ; subterminal line fairly

distinct, a good deal of whitish between it and the postmedian line,

small black spot on the margin between veins 2 and 3, with a few

metallic scales margined with bright orange red, a similar minute

spot at the angle, wdth a largish round orange-red spot above it, over

which also are some metallic scales.

Expanse 31 mm.

Hah. Bihe District, Angola.

Type in my collection.

This is a well-marked species allied to liodes, Hew., but

recognisable by its darker and more purple colour, by the

red spots at the anal angle of the upperside, and by the

sub-basal spot on the undersurface of the secondaries being

red.

Lycaenesthes livida, Trimen. (Plate VI, fig. 12.)

L. livida, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1881, p. 443 ;

id: S. Afr. Butt., p. 103, PI. 7, ff. 7-7a (1887); id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898); L. hutlcri, Auriv., Rhop.

Exot., p. 348 (1898); Lycaena hutleri, Oberth., An. Mus.

Genov., p. 170, PI. I, f. 2 (1880).

^ . Both wings blui.sh grey. Primaries with costa broadly brown,

termen more broadly, and apex yet more so ; a dark dash closes the

cell. Secondaries, rather bluer than the primaries, with a sub¬

terminal scalloped line, the usual black anal spots bordered inter-

African species of the Lycaencsthes group of Lycaenidae. 35

nally with yellow ; a dark spot closes the cell. The underside may

be recognised at once by the fact that there is only one sub-basal

spot, a small dark round one below vein 8.

A large female from the Kikuyu District, agreeing

entirely Avith Oberthiir’s description and figure of hutUri,

differs somewhat from Trimen’s description on the upper-

side. The blue is brighter and the area more definite,

being confined to the cell, the fold and the lower

radial area below vein 3; there is a dark spot in the angle

of vein 2. In the secondaries the blue is as in the

primaries but diffused, with a short postmedian row of

confluent spots from vein 2 to 6. The underside is quite

typical, paler than the male.

Hah. Cape Colony ; Natal (Mulkolomba Mountains) ;

Kikuyu District {Coll. Bethune- Baker) ; Abyssinia.

Genitalia. — The harpago is very full with rounded outline above

and below, the fore part of the upper edge being strongly and evenly

excised ; the cingula of moderate development, somewhat produced

backwards at the base, developing more heavily towards the tegumen,

which is large and copious, well excised at apex in the front, less so

at the back ; the falces are long and well curved with the tip slightly

hooked ; the furca is longish with narrow arms and rising from near

the middle of the harpagines ; the penis sheath is long, highly

enlarged for two-thirds of its length in the middle with a trumpet-

shaped orifice.

Lyeaencsthes millari, Trimen. (Plate VI, fig. 13.)

L. millari, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1893, p. 133,

PI. 8, f. 9 ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aetliiop., p. 348 (1898).

^ . On the uppersurface this species is exceedingly close to

Uvula, Trim., but the blue is paler, less extensive, and more distinct ;

in its undersurface it can be at once recognised by the fact that it

has on the secondaries a series of three or four dark sub-basal small

spots, one below vein 8, one or two in the cell, and one on the

abdominal margin. This character is a prominent feature.

Hah, Natal (Tugela River).

Genitalia. — The harpago is a broad oblong with the upper front

edge rounded off to the lower extremity ; the cingula is broad, well

developed, the basal extremity being produced backwards in a long

horn ; the tegumen very ample in the hood, whose front edges are

nearly straight, moderately excised at the apex, scarcely at all at

1) 2

m

Mr. G. T. BcTTiune-Baker’s Revision of the

tlie back ; the falces are strong, deeply curved, almost at a right angle ;

the furca is short with strong arms ; penis sheath long, straight,

tapering gradually from the broad back extremity to the tip, w'hich

is bluntly pointed.

Lycaencsthes nigrojpunctata, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. IG.)

Both w’ings darkish mauve blue with fine linear black

margins. Secondaries wdth two distinct black spots (one at the

angle and one between veins 2 and 3). Underside : both wings clear

French grey with the spots finely edged with greyish white.

Primaries with a small costal spot above the spot closing the cell ;

postmedian stripe with the costal four spots confluent, curved and

compressed, fifth spot shifted inwards, sixth inwards again as to its

inner margin only, seventh spot yet further in ; subterininal line

fairly distinct, consisting of a series of six internervular scallops.

Secondaries with a defined black sub-basal spot below vein 8 ; post¬

median stripe with the first costal spot darkish, second spot shifted

out, third and fourth confluent compressed shifted out, fifth com¬

pressed shifted inwards, sixth slightly further in, seventh and

eighth angled spot still further in ; subterminal line less defined,

scalloped ; anal sirot and that between veins 1 and 2 black with

metallic-blue scales, edged above with bright red.

$ . Entirely brown above. Below like the male, but the ground¬

colour whitish ash grey.

Expanse 27-29 mm.

Hal. Fort Jameson, N. E. Rhodesia; Lakes Bang-

WEOLO (4,200 feet) and Tanganyika (4,500 feet), N. W.

Rhodesia, June, July and August. (A. S. Neave.)

Type in my collection.

Lycaenesthes minima, Trimen.

L. minima, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893, p.

135, PI. 8, f 10 ; tf?. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 347 (1898).

Trimen describes this species as brown with a slight

cupreous gloss ; the underside is very close to otacilia.

Trimen, the sub-basal series of spots of the secondaries

having an additional one on the abdominal fold. The

species, however, should be readily separated from otacilia,

for it is not blue at all on the upperside.

Hal. Natal ; Mashonaland ; Ndola District, N. E.

Rhodesia ; Ndzovuni (B.E.A.).

The specimens from Rhodesia show no trace of a

cunreous gloss.

A O

African species of the Lycacncsthcs group of Lycaenidae. 37

Lycaenesthes otacilia, Trimen. (Plates II, fig. 1 ;

VI, fig. 14.)

L. otacilia, Trimen, Trans. Eut. Soc. Lend., 1868, p. 90 ;

id. S. Afr. Butt., p. 102, PL 7, f. 8 (1887); id. Aiiriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898) ; L. didcis, Pagenstch., Jahrb.

Nassau, Iv, p. 156 (1902).

d. With the blue of a dullish, sub-lustrous violaceous shade,

confined in the primaries to the cell, the fold, and below vein 3 in

the radial area ; in the secondaries the blue is evenly di.stributed

with a broad brown termen. The undersurface is warm greyish

brown with the spots closing the cells in both wings, and the post¬

median fasciae broadish and prominent ; the secondaries have a

prominent small dark round sub-basal spot below vein 8, another

paler one in the cell, and a third just below the cell.

I have a female which is entirely brown, without any

blue colour at all. It is a small, well-marked species,

widely distributed. Dr. Pagenstecher’s L. dulcis, the type

of which is before me, is only a small specimen of it.

Ilcch. Cape Colony ; Kaffirland ; Natal ; Zambesi ;

Dar es Salaam and Ruwenzoki (^n7. Mus.); Njoro and

Uganda (Coll. Bethune- Baker).

Genitalia. — The harp)ago is somewhat lozenge-shaped, with the

front termination divided into three deeply excised points or fingers.

The cingula is strongly developed, with the lower basal hind

extremity well produced backwards and strong, the sides approach¬

ing the tegumen broad ; the tegumen is well developed, very

deeply excised at the front apex, with the hind apex practically

level with the cingula ; the falces are long and broadish, very broad

for the size of the insect, well curved and tapering gradiially to the

extremity ; the furca is rather long with arms of moderate width.

The penis sheath is almost boat-shaped for nearly half its length ;

a short depression occurs after this point, but it rises again, and

then tapers to the front tip rapidly, the upper portion being more

or less open — it is unusually stout.

Lycaenesthes otacilia kikuyu, var. nov.

(Plate II, fig. 2.)

(J. Differs from otacilia. Trimen, in that all the wing is blue,

leaving only the apex of the primaries broadly brown tapering

rapidly along the termen to the torniis, whilst the secondaries have

also a larger blue area practically up to the termen, except just at

38

Mr. G. T, Betliune-Baker’s Bcvuion

tlie apex. Uiulersnrface : the colour is much paler than in the

parent form with the markings blending closely into the ground¬

colour, and the basal dark spots much less pronounced.

9. Strongly marked with iridescent blue in both wings. Under¬

surface as in the male.

JTah. Kikuyu District, January, 5,000 to 6,000 feet.

'J'ypes in my collection.

The female of otacilia is very rare, but those I have

seen are all entirely brown, one has the least trace of blue

scales at the extreme base of the secondaries.

Lycaencsthes stiqualct, Pagenstecher.

L. suquala, Pagenstch., Jalirb. Nassau, Iv, p. 155 (1902).

9 . Dark lustrous brown with termen blackish and white fringes.

Secondaries with an anal black spot bordered with yellowish red.

Underside : both wings with four dark brown whitish bordered

spotted lines with two black dots on the fore edge of the secondaries

and the usual spots in the anal area.

Jfah. N. E. Africa.

Type in Dr. Pagenstecher’s collection.

Dr. Pagenstecher, who has been good enough to lend me

his type of this species, describes it as near L. adherlal,

Mab. (i. e. liodes, Hew.). The specimen, possibly owing to

rough usage, is now in very poor condition, so that the

scales are mostly more or less absent, but there is a trace

of blue scaling on the uppersurface, whilst the underside

pattern, just discernible, is exceedingly close to L. otacilia,

Trimen ; but there is no trace whatever of two black spots

at the fore edge (“am Vorderrande ”) as described. Dr.

Pagenstecher, however, describes his species from a female,

whilst the specimen before me should be a male, judging

from the shape of the Avings ; the legs are unfortunately

absent. It may therefore be that I have not the original

type before me. The species under these circumstances

must be left in this somewhat uncertain condition.

Lycaenestlics amctrah, Guerin. (Plate VII, fig. 16.)

A. amarah, Guerin, Lefeb., Voy. Abyss., vi, p. 384, PI. 11,

ff. 5, 6 (1847) ; id. Wallengrn., Khop. Caffr., pj. 40 (1857);

id. Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., p. 235 (1866) ; id. id. S.

Afr. Butt., ]). 94 (1887) and p. 411 (1889); 7c?. Anri v.,

Rhop. Aethiop.,}!. 347 (1898) ; id. id. Arkiv. Zool., ii, p. 12

(1905) ; olympusa, Walker, Entomologist, p. 53 (1870).

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 39

There are two forms of this species, one apparently ob¬

taining in the hot arid parts of the south and one in other

districts ; the difference in colour is quite marked. The

former has both wings of a pale bright shining cupreous

grey with the red-edged black anal spots in marked con¬

trast, the underside is also slightly paler ; the other form

is dark greyish brown with scarcely any gloss, and the anal

spots much less marked — a natural result of the increased

tone of colour. In the underside this species stands quite

alone, as in addition to the usual Lycaenesthes pattern, it

has in the primaries a broad blackish bar in the fold ; in

the secondaries there are four bold blackish brown spots

below vein 8, the basal one being small, two similar sub-

basal spots, one in the cell, one below- it, and two small

ones on the abdominal margin.

It has been a matter of considerable difficulty to assign

the species its position ; the genitalia are nearest to L.

princeps, but the other characters seem to bring it more into

the present position, and on the whole I am inclined to leave

it here. It is very widely distributed over the continent,

the dark form prevailing throughout Eastern and Central

Equatorial Africa, throughout the whole of the West Coast ;

the pale form only occurring in the hot dry regions, so far

as my material enables me to judge ; the palest forms of

all coming from Bomba and Muscat, with the ^ almost

the same colour as the I have not, however, examined

a large number of specimens from the latter district.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Angola ; Ovamboland ; Cape

Colony; Kaffraria; Natal; Transvaal; Mashuna;

British East Africa; German East Africa; Abys¬

sinia; Congo; White Nile; Bomba; Aden; Muscat;

Poona.

GenitnUa. — Harpago somewhat oval, slightly excised above and

below to the front edge, which is erect and slightly excised, the

bottom front extremity thus forms a small acute angle, whilst the

upper extremity is produced forward and upward into a long point;

the cingula is fairly developed, the lower extremity produced back¬

wards into a long, strong, curved process, the sides rapidly increasing

in width towards the tegumen, which is wholly excised on the apex ;

the neck being quite narrow and slightly elevated at the very back,

the fore edge bearing the falces being evenly rounded ; the falces are

large and strong, highly curved from the sockets with a formidable

hook at the extremity; the furca has an erect, tapering, short main

40

Mr. G. T. une-Baker’s Revision of the

stem with the diverging arms suddenly increasing in width forwards

and forming roughly an isosceles triangle. Penis sheath of a long and

irregular shape, the hind two-thirds broad, suddenly constricted, the

fore part being narrow with an elliptical orifice and a pointed

extremity.

Lycaenesthes Innulata, Trimen. (Plates II, fig. 4, ^ 5 $ ;

VII, fig. 17.)

L. lunulata. Trimen, P. Z. S., 1894, p. 51, PI. VI, f. 12 ;

L. princeps Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1876, p. 484 (m

parte) ; L. otacilia, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 228, PL 92, ff.

85-87 (1878); L. hewitsoni, Auriv., Rhop. Aetliiop., p. 347

(1898) ; L. litlias Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., p. 110

{in parte), PI. 24, ff‘. 5, 6 (1894); L. grosei, Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 848 (1898).

^ . The upperside of both wings is of a beautiful sub-lustrous

lilacine violet ; the primaries having a broad brown costa, a*broader

brown apex tapering rapidly to the tornus, the eye spot between

veins 2 and 3 is prominently edged internally with orange red ;

below, the prominent character is the two largish costal spots of the

secondaries below vein 8, these are sometimes black and sometimes

red in both sexes. Mr. Cator who took the species commonly in

Sierra Leone noticed the difference when capturing them, the red

spotted ones sometimes had the colour a brilliant blood red. The

female is like the male, but the blue of the upperside is brighter and

less extended.

Hob. Sierra Leone; Nigeria (Bassa Prov.); Came-

ROONs ; Angola ; Congo Free State ; Masiionaland ;

Gazaland ; Rhodesia ; L. Nyassa ; Mombasa ; Patigo

Kissegneis (Albert Edward Nyanza) ; Mazoe (Mashoiia-

land).

This species appears to have been very misunderstood,

and considering the very marked underside, it is some¬

what surprising. It is very distinct from the little L.

otacilia, Trimen, with which Hewitson confused it. Auri-

villius at once recognised its diversity, and his quick eye also

saw that Grose-Smith’s $ of lithas did not belong to that

species, hence his two new names ; but he did not succeed

in recognising Trimen’s figure, considering it to be a male

of Mabille’s adherhal, which had been described from a

female. I have been able to see most of the types, ami

African species of the Lycaencsthes group of Lycaenidae. 41

have no doubt as to the correctness of the synonymy of

the species.

Genitalia. — Harpago with its njiper part elongated into a somewhat

fan-shaped extremity with the outer and lower inner edges strongly

dentate, below this the front edge has a deep circular excavation

with the lower extremity terminating in a point. Cingula fairly

broad M’ith the hinder base produced broadly backwards ; girdle

expanding but little to the tegumen, which is of quite moderate

dimensions, with the front dorsal apex well excavated ; cheeks evenly

rounded off ; falces strong, highly curved at a third from their

sockets ; furca rising in two arms almost directly from the base

with a small patch of short strong bristles at the back at the base of

the arms, and a larger patch of longer bristles rather higher in the

front ; arms broad and inclined backwards. Penis sheath long and

narrow, waved with a slight expansion for the hinder half ; cheeks of

tegumen with long hairs, as also the extremities of the harpagines.

Lycacncsthcs sanguincct, sp. nov. (Plates II, fig. 3 ;

VII, fig. 18.)

. Both wings delicate lilac blue, somewhat fuller in tone when

held up directly facing the light, extending to the costa in the

primaries, but only to about vein 7 in the secondaries. Primaries

with the apex broadly brown tapering rapidly to the termen, and

much narrower from vein 3 to the tornus. Secondaries with a

black internervnlar marginal spot between 2 and 3 edged

above broadly with red. Underside : both wings very pale buff grey

with spots no darker than the ground-colour, faintly and finely

edged with whitish. Primaries with an obscure spot closing the

cell; posterior stripe consisting of three spots slightly curved below

the costa, two spots shifted right in so that their outer margin

touches tlie inner margin of the upjier three, sixth spot oblique

shifted right in precisely as the two middle spots were; a subterniinal

row of internervular dashes. Secondaries, with two quite small

spots below the costa almost scarlet with white irides, a sub-basal

usual-coloured spot on the abdominal margin. Cell closed by an

obscure spot ; posterior stripe with the first spot below vein 7 and

the second and third each shifted outwards beyond its predecessor,

fourth and fifth each shifted inwards in like manner, seventh angled

spot again inwards; a subterminal row of lunules, a black termina

spot as on the upperside but with metallic-blue scales and edged

above with orange red, a small similar spot at the angle,

$ . With the blue darker and brighter and only extending partly

42 Mr. G. T. PJ^mne-Baker’s Revision of the

into the cell of the primaries and below vein 3. Secondaries

with blue below vein 4, a marked series of terminal spots en¬

circled with whitish, the black spot edged with red as in the male.

Undersurface as in male.

Expanse $ 30, $ 29 mm.

Hah. Bihe District ; Angola ; N. E. Rhodesia.

Types in my collection.

This species I at first thought to be a local form of L.

lunulata, Trimen, but the advent of more specimens which

are very constant in their markings makes me more than

doubtful of it. The area and the tone of blue differ, the

latter very considerably, though this is less important than

the former ; the pattern and general appearance of the

undersurface is markedly diverse, and could be separated

at a glance from the very pronounced underside of

Trimen’s species, of which I have a good series, and of

which a very large number have passed through my

hands. It is certainly close to lunnlata^ and apparently

replaces that species in the Bihe District. Mr. Neave

thinks this may be the dry-season form of L. hinulata, but

my specimens from Angola show a distinct modification

of the genitalia ; the harpagines are not excavated to

nearly so great an extent ; the falces are decidedly more

slender, and the penis sheath is broader at the back and

decidedly more slender in the front. The genitalia com¬

pared are fully as large as each other, which points to the

modifications mentioned being more than merely indi¬

vidual differences.

Lycaenesthes levis, Hew. (Plate VII, fig. 19.)

L. levis, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 221, PI. 91, ff. 21, 22

(1878) ; id. Smith and Kirby, Khop. Exot.,p. 118, PI. XXIV,

ff. 11-13 (1894) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 348 (1898).

^ . Upper wings bright sub-lustrous mauve blue ; primaries with

blue restricted to cell and fold, secondaries to about vein 5 to 6,

termen very broadly brown with a fine scalloped interrupting sub¬

terminal line. Underside brownish grey with pattern large for the

size of the insect. In the primaries the postraedian stripe is com¬

posed of four pair of confluent spots, the second pair projected well

outwards, third pair inwards touching the cell spot, fourth pair well

inwards to beloAv and rather beyond the cell spot. The same pattern

obtains in the secondaries, and there is a prominent round sub-basal

Af rican species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidac. 43

subcostal spot, the ocellated spots at the anal angle have iridescent

scales and are edged internally with orange.

Hob. Gaboon ; Ogowe Kiver; Sierra Leone ; N’dola

District, N. E. Rhodesia (Neave).

Genitalia. — Harjjago roughly oblong with its front extremity

extended into two strong, long tusks, the upper one being the longest

and strongest ; the cingula is well developed with the hind lower

extremity projected backwards to a moderate length, the sides

developing well as they approach the tegumen, which is deeply

excised in the front, with the falces long and strongly arched and

having a hook at their extremities; the furca has its arms bent back¬

wards, of moderate length and width ; the penis sheath is long and

straight, the hind half being broad, tapering very rapidly in the

middle and narrowing to half its width or less, the orifice being tongue¬

shaped, with apparently a small opening ; the cheeks of the tegumen

are clothed with strong hairs, and the extremity of the harpagines

have also a few scattered hairs which are long and fine.

Lycaenesthes silvanus, Drury. (Plate VIII, fig. 20.)

L. silvanus, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins., ii, p. 5, PI. 8, ff. 2, 3

(1773); id. Auriv., Ent. Ticl., xvi, p. 215 (1895); id. id,.

lihop. Aethiop., p. 347 (1898); $ moncus, Fab., Spec. Ins.,

ii, p. 113 (1781) ; id. Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep., p. 188, PI. II,

f. 10 (1870); silvanus, Herbst., Naturs, Schm., xi, p. 49,

PL 303, ff. 5, 6 (1804); syllidus, Hiibner, Verz., p. 76

(1826) ; larydas var., Godart, Enc. Meth., ix, p. 619 (1823) ;

$ locra, Plotz, S. E. Z., xli, p. 203 (1890); Pseudodypsas

silvanus, Staud., Exot. Schm., i, PI. 94, ii, p. 273 (1888).

^ . Both wings intensely dark purple blue with very fine dark

termen. Below both wings pale greyish brown, with the radial

area whitish ; the postmedian stripes very confluent, rather irregular,

very as to its outer edge in the secondaries, standing out very promi¬

nently on the pale ground ; a series of three round almost black sub-

basal spots, one below vein 8, one in the cell, and one on the

abdominal margin.

This is probably the largest of this genus, and its

strongly-marked underside should enable it to be recog¬

nised at once. On the West Coast it is common in many

places, but I have been unable to trace it into Central,

South or Eastern Africa.

41*

Mr. G. T. BiWunc-Baker’s Bevision of the

Hah. SiEiiiiA Leone; Volta River; Nigeria

(Northern and Southern) ; Togo ; Cameroons ; Gaboon ;

Lower and Upper Gongo; Angola.

Genitalia. — Harpago very broad, strongly convex on upper and

lower edges, specially so on the former, gradually tapering down to

the front edge, which is composed of two blunt teeth, the lower one

larger than the upper ; the upper edge is also heavily dentate for its

outer half. Cingula broadish, produced far back at its base. Tegumen

highly excised at its front apex, with broad cheeks. Falces broad,

curved evenly almost from their sockets. Furca rising from the

middle of the harpagines, arms long, broadish, well curved back¬

wards. Penis sheath broad, expanding highly at a fifth from the

base, suddenly contracted at a third from the semispherical top.

Cheeks of tegumen and harpagines with numerous hairs.

Lycaenesthes larydas, Cramer. (Plate VIII, fig. 21.)

L. larydas, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iii, p. 160, PI. 282, H.

(1780); id. Herbst.,Naturs. Schm., x, p. 287, PI. 290, f. 1

(1800); id. Godart, Enc. Meth., ix, p. 619 (1823); id.

Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 222, PI. 92, f. 40 (1878); id. Tri¬

men, S. Afr. Butt., ii, p. 96 (1887); id. Karscli, B. E. Z.,

p. 229 (1893); id. Auriv., Ptliop. Aethiop., p. 349 (1898);

Pseudodypsas larydas, Stand., Exot. Schm., ii, p. 273

(1888) ; 'pcrichs. Fab., Ent. S3'st., 3, i, p. 273 (1793); id.

Donov., Ins. India, PL 42, f. 4 (1800) ; kerstem, Gerst.,

Archiv. Naturg., 37, i, p. 359 (1871) ; id. Deckens, Reise

iii, p. 373, PI. 15, f. 5 (1873); id. Butler, P. Z. S., 1894,

p. 568.

. Both wings above very deep indigo blue. Underside dark brown

almost entirely covered with the pattern. Primaries with a broad

angled sub-basal double spot confluent at the lower margin of the

cell, above this and above the spot closing the cell several small

costal spots ; postmedian stripe broken up into three oblique parts,

the second part shifted inwards and the final lowest spot inwards

again. Secondaries with four or five sub-basal spots below each

other, generally touching each other ; spot closing cell large ; post¬

median stripe broad, more or less confluent, but irregular in outline.

These points are the main characters of differentiation

of the underside. Kersteni, Gerst., has the same pat¬

tern, but very broadly edged with wliite and with white in

the ground, which applies to the female as well, though by

African species of the Lycaencstlics group of Lycaeniclae, 45

no means to so great an extent, as the female of laryclas

(sens, strict.) has much more white below than the male.

In the male the two forms are easily separable, but they

fly together, and the genitalia are the same.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Assinie ; Ashanti ; Togo ;

Nigeria; Old Calabar; Cameroons; Congo; An¬

gola; Natal ; Kaffraria ; Delagoa Bay; AIanica-

LAND; N. W. Rhodesia; Makala (Upper Congo);

Albert Edward Nyanza; Toro, Uganda; British

East Africa; German East Africa; Uganda;

Ruwenzori.

This species is probably the most widely distributed of

all, and the commonest. There should be no difficulty in

determining it at a glance, as, with the exception of L.

crawshayi — a smaller and much more delicate-looking

species — there is nothing quite like its underside pattern.

Genitalia. — Harpago shortisli with basal half broad gradually

tapering to a blunt fore extremity (ham-shaped), from the main con¬

striction a long, strong, horn-like tusk is emitted on the upperside

and (.‘xtends forward to the apex. Cingula shortish, strongly

developed, of moderate width, extended backwards at its lower

extremity into a short, strong process at right angles with the main

sides. Tegumen very specialised, highly excised in the front apex,

slightly so at the back with the neck raised into a high saddle ; the

cheeks are broad, extended well forward, terminating in a gradually

tapering blunt point above and below. The falces are moderately

short, strong and curved forward nearly from their origin. The

furca has rapidly-expanding arms, slightly excised on the hinder

eJge for the upper half, and are nearly erect. The penis sheath is

short for the size of the insect, very broad for its hinder half, sud¬

denly constricted and narrow for its apical portion, the orifice

ending in a tapered point. The cheeks of the tegumen are well

furnished with long, strong hairs, and the apex of the harpagines

has also a few hairs distributed at the end and its lower portion.

Lycaenesthes craiushayi, Butler. (Plates II, fig. 6 ;

VIII, fig. 22.)

L. craivshayi, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1899, p. 342.

. Upperside blue in both wings, sub-lustrous lilacine, with ter-

men finely dark brown. Secondaries with a dark spot at the anal

angle and another between veins 2 and 3. Underside pale greyish

4G Mr. G. T. Bet^l^ie-Baker’s Revision of the

brown with markings very similar to those in larydas, Cram., but

smaller.

9 . Dull grey with a bluish scaling at the extreme base of both

wings. Secondaries with a terminal row of small spots in a lighter

ground. The colour of the upperside varies somewhat ; in some it

is a full-toned lilacine, in others very pale, and in others, viz. the

type, somewhat cupreous. In some specimens the dark border is

decidedly wide, but generally it is only linear.

The species can be separated easily from L. larydas,

Cram., its nearest ally, by the colour of the upperside and

by the pale colour of the underside.

Hah. Sierra Leone; N. Nigeria; Nyassa;

Uganda; Nandi; Ruwenzori ; Lake Njoro ; Kili¬

manjaro.

Type ill the British Museum.

Genitalia. — Harpago very broad, roughly oval for its basal two-

thirds, erect the apical third, spread out into a hood whose

two front edges are strongly serrated, the lowest tooth being the

largest, below which is a deep circular excavation, the lower edge of

which is produced into a long, blunt, horn-like process. The cingula

is heavily developed, broad from its origin, tapering gradually and

more widely to the tegumen ; the basal hind extremity is produced

backwards into an egg-shaped cavity. Tegumen very highly exca¬

vated at its front apex and slightly at its back, the narrow neck

rising into a high, saddle-like process ; the cheeks are evenly

rounded in front, broad and well developed, with the falces long and

strong, highly curved some little distance up from their sockets ; the

furca is curved backwards with the arms expanding broadly for half

their length, then diminishing to a point. Penis sheath very broad

for the basal three-quarters, then suddenly reduced with a some¬

what trumpet-shaped orifice. Both the cheeks of the tegumen and

the end of the clasps are furnished with longish fine hairs.

Lycaenesthes lysicles, Hew. (Plates II, fig. 7 ; VIII, fig. 23.)

L. lysicles, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., Loud., 1874, p. 348 ;

Ill. D. Lep., p. 224, PI. 91, ff. 15, 16 (1878) ; id. Auriv.,

Khop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898).

. Both wings blackish, with the cell and below vein 4 brilliant

lustrous purple blue ; in the secondaries there is a broad black dash

in the lower radial area. The underside of both wings is dark

brown with the pattern marked out by broad white lines. Primaries

with a large wedge-sliaped mark, a broken broad stripe at the end of

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 4-7

the cell all across the wing ; postniedian stripe divided into two

parts, the costal portion oblique, and the lower part less oblique but

shifted right inwards, a double terminal line, the inner one being

broad. Secondaries, with a broad, irregular basal dash, a spot closing

the cell ; postmedian stripe very irregular, the first spot on the costa

large dark, second small and paler, third and fourth confluent

shifted outwards, fifth and sixth inwards and smaller, seventh and

eighth angled spot dark and shifted right inwards ; a strongly-curved

subterminal line, an anal black terminal spot with a second between

veins 2 and 3, with iridescent scales and the latter edged with

yellow’.

5 . Brown above. Below like the male, but the white is pre¬

dominant.

This species forms the first of the second division of

the genus. In structure it is a typical Lycaenesthes, the geni¬

talia are allied to the lemnos group ; but the pattern is

quite diverse, and is so different and so homogeneous with

others that follow that they form a well-marked sub¬

division so far as the pattern of the underside is concerned.

There is, however, no structural point of separation.

Hah. Sierra Leone ; Gaboon ; Old Calabar ;

Cameroons.

Type in the British Museum.

Genitalia. — Harpago roughly ovate, wdth a deep tooth about three-

quarters along the low’er edge, two Avell-developed deep on its front

extremity, and another on its upper edge near the tip. Cingula

well developed but narrow’, with the lower extremity produced back¬

wards into a strong lobe. Tegumen excavated on the apex in front

with the cheeks, having almost a straight front edge ; the falces being

very strongly developed highly curved near the sockets, and with a

strong hook at ’the tip ; the furca expands widely from the base,

suddenly contracts narrowly at a half, and bends backwards, the

penis sheath is small comparatively, of moderate width for its basal

half, gradually tapering to the apex, which is slightly bulbous, having

a shortly excavated extremity. Both tegumen and harpagines are

supplied with long, fine bristles.

Lycaenesthes lachares. Hew. (Plates II, fig. 9 $ ;

VIII, fig. 24.)

L. lachares, Hew., HI. D. Lep., p., 225, PI. 91, IT. 33, 34

(1878) ; ? id. Auriv., Eut. Tid., 1895, p. 216; id. Auriv.,

Ptliop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898); L. liparis. Smith, Novit.

48

Mr. G. T. 1 *4^une-Baker’s Bcvision of the

Zool., V, p. 357 (1898); id. Aiiriv., Rhop. Aetliiop., p. 350

(1898); L. indclier, Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., ]>. 105,

PI. 53, ff. 9, 10 (1893) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop.,

p. 350 (1898); L. liparis, G.-Smith, Rhop. Exot., p. 138,

PI. XXIX, ff. 4, 5 (1901).

Both wings above a delicate sub-histrous violet colour with

broad brown margins ; the primaries with a largish subdued ochreous

patch about the end of the cell. Underside very similar to lysides,

Hew. ; the postmedian stripe of the primaries being moderately

confluent with spots three and four shifted outwards on their outer

margin.

9 . Both wings dark brown. Primaries with an ochreous yellow

.spot in the angle of vein 2 and extending well beyond. Secondaries

with a yellow dash in the lower radial area just over the yellow line

bordering the anal sjjots. Underside : both wings white with the

pattern of the male carried out, but in a somewhat vestigial manner.

o . Var. obsolescens, var. nov. (Plate II, fig. 8.)

Similar to the type form, but entii-ely without the ochreous patch

in the primaries.

Smith and Kirby were the first to describe the ^ of this

species under the name oi puhher (/. c.), and I have, there¬

fore, taken that as the type form. The unicolorous violet

form flies with the type species, and I have no doubt it is

only a variety of it.

Hewitson described it in the first instance from a 9- I

have a good series of both sexes from several parts of West

Africa, and have no doubt whatever that Smith and Kirby’s

species is the ^ of lacliares, Hew. I have, through the

kindness of the Tring Museum, also had the type of liparis,

S. & K., and it in all respects agrees with this species. It is

widely distributed in West Africa, but I can find no record

from other localities.

Hal. SiEREA Leone ; Old Calabar ; Ashanti ; Benin ;

Warri; N. Nigeria; Gaboon.

Type 9 in the British Museum.

Genitalia. — Harpago rouglily oblong willi the front upper apex

raised into a blunt cone, front edge straight, serrated, ending in a

sharp tooth, excavated shortly below in a curve, then receding in a

straightish shoulder to the lower edge, which is slightly hollowed at

this point. Cingula well developed with narrow sides, the lower

basal extremity produced backwards into a long, curved, blunt pro¬

cess, the sides expand rapidly at about halfwaj" into the tegumen,

A frican species of the Lycaencsihes group of Lycaenidae. 49

which is deeply excavated at front apex and less so at the back, the

narrow neck being slightly raised ; the cheeks are evenly rounded

off to their lower angle ; the falces being very long and strong, curved

sharply well above their sockets, and with the tip developed into a

sharp, strong hook ; the furca is very long, curved well back, with

arms long and narrow. Penis sheath very wide for its hinder half,

gradually tapering narrowly to the tip, whose orifice is excavated into

a hollow point. The cheeks of the teguinen are furnished with fine

hairs, and the upper apex has also a few shorter ones sparingly placed

down the front edge.

Lycaencsthes versatilis, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 10.)

^ . Both wings blackish bi’own. Primaries with the area below

the cell and between veins 1 and 2 dull lustrous purplish blue to a

quarter from the termen ; below vein 2 there is a trace of a yellow

dash showing through the blue. Secondaries with a short, dull,

lustrous blue stripe across the wing in the postmedian area from

vein 2 to 5. Underside white with greyish-brown markings.

Primaries with a basal subcostal dash, below which is a broad dark

mark along the inner edge, angled suddenly upwards at vein 2 ; cell

closed by a large spot, with another below it below vein 2 ; post¬

median stripe further out than usual, slightly curved, shifted out at

vein 6 ; subterminal line broad, touching the postmedian stripe at

vein 2. Secondaries with a broadish basal dash, having a dot below it

on the inner margin ; cell closed by a largish spot; postmedian stripe

so broken up as not to appear in sequence at all, viz. costal spot

very dark, with an indefinite mark below’ it ; a dark, confluent spot

between veins 4 and 6, shifted well out, follow’ed by a less dark spot

between veins 2 and 4 shifted iirwards ; angled spot below this very

dark ; subterminal line broadish ; a black terminal spot between

veins 2 and 3, and another at the angle, both with metallic scales

and margined with reddish.

Expanse 27 mm.

Hab. Gaboon.

Type in the National Collection.

I have described this underside as white ; it is no doubt

brown, almost entirely covered with white superimposed

scales, and there are therefore, strictly speaking, no white

lines around the spots. The species is in markings nearest

to Neurypexina lamproclcs, Hew., but the neuration is

different, and it will therefore, with L. huchholzi, Karsch,

hold a somewhat isolated position in this genus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. BOND. 1910. — PART I. (.JUNE) E

50

Mr. G. T. l^Wume-Baker’s Revision of the

Lycaenestlies hLchholzi, Plotz.

L. htchholzi, Plotz, S. E. Z., p. 202 (1880) ; id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898).

. Upperside : both wings uniform bluish black. Underside

similar to larydas, Cram., but with the base and the terminal areas

white, and tlie postmedian stripe oblique in the primaries.

$• Upperside : both wings blackish browm. Primaries with an

ovate orange spot. Secondaries with a fine blue stripe in the inter-

nervular spaces of veins 1 to 3, and between veins 2 and 3 a small

orange spot.

Hah. Cameroons (Victoria).

Type ill coll. Erliardt, Muiiicli.

I have not been able to see this species, but it is

evidently near iny versatilis.

Lycaenesthes hitje, Druce.

Mr. Druce is describing this species from the Cameroons ;

it is closely allied to L. versatilis, but has yellovv-oi'ange

spots not blue, and the underside also differs slightly.

Hah. Bitje; Ja River, Cameroons.

Type in the Druce collection.

Lycaenesthes nielamhrotus, Holland. (Plate II, fig. 11.)

Tj. melamhrotus, HolL, Ent. News, p. 27 (1893); L.

melamhrota, Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898).

5 . Both wings brown on the upperside ; the secondaries with a

marked row of dark marginal spots with an outer white line bordering

them. Underside very similar to an obsoletely-inarked female

lacliares, with a terminal row of black-pupilled white spots in both

wings. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Holland for a coloured figure

of this species ; his figures of other species known to me are so

accurate that I have no hesitation in reproducing this figure. At

the same time it apj^ears to be probably a sport. The whole appear¬

ance of the insect leads me to this conclusion, and I should not be at

all surjtrised to find, if its genitalia could be dissected, that it w'as a

(jynandromorph.

Hah. Ogowe River.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. nl

Lycaenesthes xanthopoccihis, Holland.

L. xanthopoecilus, Holl., Ent. News, p. 27 (1893) ; L.

xanthopoecila, Auriv., Khop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898) ;

L. lycotas, Smith, Novit. Zool., p. 356 (1898) ; id. id.

Rhop. Exot., p. 137, PI. XXIX, ff. 1-3 ; id. Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 350 (1898) ; L. leuhokescha, Karsch, Ent.

Nach., p. 295 (1895) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 352

(1898).

d . Both wings brown above. Primaries with a large orange-

yellow nearly-round patch in the lower radial area. Secondaries

with a row of blue spots in the ^Jostmedian area from vein 1 to 5,

and a fine bluish subterminal line interrupted by the black spot

between veins 1 and 2. Underside white with dark spots, no scat¬

tered markings in the median area of the primaries from the sub-

basal wedge-shaped mark to the postmedian transverse stripe,

except a single mark at the end of the cell and one below it, between

veins 1 and 2 ; tranverse stripe confluent curved to vein 2, where it

nearly touches the thickened end of the subterminal line, wdiich is

broadish and evenly curved. Secondaries with a curved basal

costal line, a broad sub-basal Imnd ; a largish indefinite spot closes

the cell ; postmedian stripe broken into four pairs of spots, tlie costal

upper spot being large and dark, the lower spot paler and smaller,

third and fourth spots dark shifted right out, fifth and sixth small

shifted right inwards, seventh and eighth angled, isolated and

shifted far inwards ; subterminal line evenly curved, edging inter¬

nally the anal black-jjupilled yellow spots which have iridescent

scales.

9 . Like the male above, except that the yellow spot in the

primaries is paler, and the row' of blue spots in the secondaries is

replaced by a band of yellow'. Underside like the male, but the

markings reduced.

Hab. Ogovve River ; Bopoto ; Mukenga ; Congo

Free State.

Type (a ^) in the Carnegie Museum.

I am fortunate in having an excellent figure of Holland’s

and also of Karsch’s species, together with the Tring type,

and they all agree one with another ; Karsch’s .species is

smaller than the others, but that is all the difference.

This species is very similar to the $ of lachares, especially

to those that have much development of yellow on the

upperside of the wings ; the underside, however, differs

E 2

52

Mr. G. T. Bf^nume-Baker’s Brvision of the

decidedly in the paucity of markings in this species. Both

species seem to be very constant in the pattern of the

underside.

Lyeaencslhes locuples, G. -Smith.

L. locwpUs, Grose-Smith, Novit. Zook, p. 357 (1898); id.

Auriv., Rhoi). Aetliiop., p. 352 (1898) ; id. G. -Smith,

Rhop. Exot., p. 138, PI. XXIX, ff. G, 7 (1901).

d- Botli wings dark brown. Primaries with a very large deep

orange-red patcli occupying the median and radial areas. Second¬

aries with a large orange-red spot at the end of the cell and in the

radial area. Underside very deep cream with an orange tinge, the

pattern of both wings similar to xanthojwecilKs, Holh, birt with fewer

marks in the secondaries ; in the primaries the postmedian stripe is

curved, confluent, and not so near the termen; in the secondaries

the postmedian stripe is present only in vestigial remains, the seventh

and eighth angled spots being the only ones really well developed in

the usual way; the subterminal line is very evenly .curved like

Holland’s species but broader.

JIab. Warri, Niger District.

Type in the Tring Museum.

This is a very distinct species, and should be recognised

without any difficulty.

Lycacnesthcs kampala, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 12.)

^ . Both wings very dark brown. Primaries with a small chrome

yellow ovate patch between veins la and 2 in the radial area of the

wing. Secondaries with the white inner edge of the subterminal

line on the undei’surface showing through, a small black terminal

spot between veins 2 and 3, obscurely edged finely with yellow, a

trace of two more smaller black dots between this and the angle,

a preterminal fine white line interrupted by the veins. Undenside :

both wings dark sooty grey with the pattern marked out by broad

lines of pure white, the enclosed spots being only occasionally darker

than the ground-colour. Primaries with a sub-basal wedge-shaped

spot followed liy an irregular H-shaped mark across the outer part

of the cell, a broad dash from vein 5 to 2, from whence it descends

to la in a fine line ; beyond this from the costa is a broad-angled dash

to below vein 3, angled between 5 and 4, and succeeded by an outer

narrower dash from the costa to vein 5 ; a double subterminal line

rather irregular, the outer one being decidedly narrower than the

inner of the two. Secondaries with a broad l)asal dash from the lower

Af rican species of the Lycaenesthes grovp of Lycaenidae. 53

margin of the cell to the costa, curved at the costa ; sub-basal dash

broad, suddenly contracted about vein la ; cell closed by a narrow

spot ; postmedian stripe with the first spot large and dark, second

much smaller and not so dark, third and fourth confluent dark shifted

right outwards, fifth and sixth confluent darkish shifted inwards,

seventh and eighth angled shifted right inwards ; subterminal line

strongly marked followed by the least trace of a preterminal

interrupted line, a black terminal spot between veins 2 and 3, and at

the angle with metallic-bluish scales, the former also edged finely

with yellowish.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hah. Kampala ; Uganda, April.

Type in my collection.

Lycaenesthes lychnides, Hew. (Plate II, fig. 13.)

Ij. lyehnidcs, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 224, PI. 91, f. 32, PI.

92, f. 38 (1878); id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethioj), p. 351 (1898).

^ . Upperside uniformly brown in both wings. Underside similar

to L. lachares. Hew.

? • Upperside uniformly brown above in both w'ings. Primaries

with a yellow dash between veins 1 and 2.

This species has not been recorded again since the

original description ; it is near to lacharcs, but its male

may be recognised by being brown above, not blue ; whilst

the female has much less white on its underside than is

usual in the female of lacharcs.

Hah. Old CalabaPv.

Type in the British Museum.

Lijcaenesthes fiavomaculatus, Smith and Kirbj''.

(Plate IX, fig. 25.)

Tj. fiavomaetdatus, S. & K., Rhop. Exot., p. 104, PI.

XXIII, ff. 7, 8 (1893) ; flavoniaculata, Auriv., Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 351 (1898).

$ . Upperside : both wings darkish brown with darker spots and

dirty yellowish-creamy small patches. Primaries with a spot closing

the cell ; postmedian stripe broken up into three nearly detached

parts, viz. a very oblique costal dash, two spots below it shifted

right inwards, and edged outwardly by a dirty deep creamy patch,

the third part being a single spot shifted right in and edged on

54 Mr. G. T. Betlnme- Baker’s Revision of the

each side l)y a deep creamy patcli, that on the outside being tlie

larger of the two. Secondaries with a spot closing the cell ; post-

median stripe very irregular, the spots small ; outside this a deep

yellowish-cream line almost angled at vein 5, a terminal row of

small spots decreasing towards the apex and edged internally by a

fine whitish line. Underside white with the usual markings of this

section of the group — the distinguishing feature being the exces¬

sively oblique costal part of the postmedian stripe of the primaries.

Hob. West Afeica; Bassa Prov. (N. Nigeria)

Bihe District, Angola.

Type in the British Museum.

The species is quite different from others of this genus ;

it is superficially nearest to Neurypexina lyzanius, Hew.,

but the neuration is that of a true Lycaenesthes.

Genitalia. — Harpago subovate, with the fore edge developing two

teeth, the upper one formed by a slight excision of the front line

and not extruded, the lower one at the apex longish. Cingula well

developed with a deep curve at the back of the girdle, making the

tegumen very narrow ; it (the tegumen) is deejjly excised with the

cheeks tapering off narrowly into an acute angle at their lower

extremity. Falces much exposed owing to the narrowness of the

cheeks of the tegumen, moderately strong and well curved at about

a third from their sockets. Furca short, almost erect with short

narrow arms. Penis sheath small, widest beyond the middle, i. e.

near the top, where it tapers down very rapidly to the oblique

extremity. Cheeks of tegumen with an abundance of long hairs,

harpagines with a more scanty supply.

This species is with some difficulty separable from

many specimens of Neurypexina lyzanius, Hew., if the

colour and pattern only are considered ; the genitalia, how¬

ever are decidedly different, so that with the neuration

differing also, we are abundantly justified in placing Hewit-

son’s species in another genus.

Lycaenesthes rufomarginata, sp. nov. (Plates II, fig. 14;

IX, fig. 26.)

(t. Botli wings uniform dark brown. Primaries markless.

Secondaries with three marginal spots edged all round, except on

the termen, with orange yellow, one between veins 3 and 4, one

between 2 and 3, and a twin spot at the angle. Underside ; both

wings pale greyish, with the pattern marked out by white lines not

darker than the ground-colour except in one or two places which

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 55

will be specially mentioned. Primaries with a long, slightly wedge-

shaped sub-basal mark, followed by an irregular H-shaped mark

across the end of the cell ; postinedian stripe irregular, spots 1 and

2 small confluent just below the costa, 3 and 4 confluent dark

shifted well outwards, 5 and 6 confluent with dark externals shifted

right inwards, 7 confluent with 6 but no dark patch in it ; sub¬

terminal line somewhat scalloped. Secondaries with a long, irregular

sub-basal band, a spot closing the cell ; postmedian stripe not con¬

tinuous, first spot dark below vein 8, second obsolete, third and

fourth dark confluent shifted right outwards, fifth very small,

somewhat obsolete, confluent with the sixth, which is darker,

eighth and ninth angled and dark shifted far inwards ; subterminal

line farther from the termen than usual ; outside the terminal

pupilled spots, one of which lies between veins 2 and 3 and is black

with metallic-bluish scales edged with yellow, and a smaller similar

one at the angle.

9. Like the male, but with a very obscure tawny patch in the

median area of the primaries.

Expanse ^ 31, $ 29 mm.

Hob. Makala (Congo Free State), June, and Lake

Albert Edward, March.

Types in my collection, a short series.

In one ^ specimen there is a distinct small orange tawny

patch about the angle of veins 2 to 4.

Genitalia. — Harpago somewhat oblong with the upper edge

hollowed but rising to a head at the front apex, front edge serrated,

the teeth being short but strong, lower edge slightly hollowed near

apex, then recurved somewhat boldly. Cingula well developed,

■widening rapidly towards the tegumen ; the lower basal extremity

produced backwards into a long, broad, straight, horn-like process.

Tegumen with the fore apex deeply excised, the hind apex slightly

so ; cheeks with a straight front edge. Falces long, strong, highly

curved directly above their sockets, with talon-like extremities.

Furca with very long, narrow arms inclined backwards. Penis

sheath long, the hinder half hollowed, somewhat boat-shaped, rising

to a broad centre from whence it is gradually reduced into a

narrowish tube with a trumpet-shaped orifice. Both the cheeks of

the tegumen and the front edge of the harpagines are furnished with

longish hairs.

Lycaenesthes radiata, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 15.)

(J. Both wings brown, with yellow markings. Primaries with

veins la, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, and the lower margin of the cell, more or

56 Mr. G. T. I#! )une-Baker’s Eevidon of the

less completely marked out with yellow ; a marginal small patch of

yellow between veins 2 and 3. Secondaries with the termen yellow

from the apex, rapidly increasing towards the tornus ; a terminal

blackish spot between veins 2 and 3, and a minute one between

3 and 4. Underside : both wings greyish brown, with the pattern

more or less dark, edged broadly with white. Primaries with a large

wedge-shaped sub-basal mark, a squarish spot closing the cell ; post¬

median stripe most irregular, composed of three pairs of confluent

spots and a seventh ; the first pair on the costa small, second pair

dark, twice as large, and shifted well outwards, third pair dark,

smaller, shifted right inwards, seventh spot waved and oblique

again shifted right inwards ; an even subterminal stripe. Secon¬

daries with a broad basal band widest in the centre, a squarish .spot

closing the cell ; postmedian stripe composed of four pairs of spots —

first pair on the costa with upper spot blackish, second pair blackish

shifted well out, third j)air dark shifted well inwards, fourth pair

angled, dark, shifted well inwards again ; subterminal stripe

strongly arched ; a dark terminal spot between veins 2 and 3 and at

the angle overlaid with metallic blue and edged with orange

yellow.

Expanse 34 mm.

Hob. Sierra Leone, July.

Type in my collection.

Genitalia. — Very closely allied to L. rufomarginata ; the harpago

is slightly hollowed above and below beyond the middle, rising in

each case to the apex, which is curved and strongly serrated. Cingula

fairly developed, the basal backward process being broadly trian¬

gular ; the tegunien is well excavated at its fore apex only, and the

cheeks have a curved front line ; the falces being curved at nearly

right angles just above their sockets very strong, with talon-like

extremities ; the furca is very long with very narrow arms curved

backwards. Penis, with the hinder half somewhat hollowed and

apparently open above (probably this is only apparent), rising i;p-

wards towards the centre, where it reduces rapidly to the tip, the

orifice having a taper tip. The cheeks of the tegunien and the front

edge of the harpago is well furnished with longish hairs, those of

the harpagines being fine.

Lycaenesthe^ leptines, Hew. (Plates II, fig. 17 ; X, fig. 29.)

L. Ie2')tines, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lend., 1874, p. 348 ;

id. Ill. D. Lep., p. 226, PI. 91, ff. 23, 24 (1878) ; id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898).

African species of the Lycacncsthcs group of Lycacnidae. 57

. Both wings with large orange patches above. Primaries with

broad borders to the costa and terinen, a very broad dark apex and

narrow dark inner margin. Secondaries wdth costa very broadly

dai’k, extending over the base to two-thirds of the cell ; abdominal

margin dark ; a dark defined subterminal line with dark spots at the

angle; cell closed by a dark .spot. Underside greyish with the

usual pattern, but little darker than the ground-colour.

Hah. Gaboon; Congo; Beni; Mawambe (Upper

Congo).

Type in the British Museum.

Genitalia.- — Harpago, rounded at first on its upper and lower edge,

at a quarter from the front ajiex it suddenly rises into a bluntly

shouldered extremity, the lower edge is equally suddenly produced

outwards into a broad large horn which is strongly excavated on its

front edge and is then developed into a .sharp tooth whence the

fore edge which is strongly serrated rises erectly to the upper apex.

Cingula moderately wide, expanding somewhat into the tegumen,

w’hich is well excavated at its front dorsum with the cheeks nearly

straight but gradually increasing to their lower extremity where

they are broadest. Falces strong highly curved at a third from the

sockets. Furca with longish arms inclined backwards. Penis sheath

broadest beyond the middle, the apical third being broad and with

a tapered extremity. Tegumen and harpagines with stiff fine hairs.

Lycacncsthcs crythropoccilns, Holland. (Plate III, fig. 1.)

L. crythropoecilus, Holl., Ent. News, p. 26 (1893);

L. crythropoccila, Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898).

^ . Upperside almost exactly like L. leptines, Hew. ; the primarie.«,

however, have a dark subterminal line in the brown area, and the

secondaries have a fine preterminal line in addition to the sub¬

terminal one. Underside : both wings pure white, with the usual

pattern, the distinguishing characters being in the primaries ; the

postmedian line is confluent, slightly curved and not fractured until

the lowest spot, which is shifted right in and surrounded with

orange scales ; the postmedian stripe is followed by three finer dark

lines. Secondaries with the postmedian stripe much disintegrated,

the seventh and eighth angled spots shifted far in below the spot

closing the cell and separated from it by some orange scaling.

Hah. Ogowe River.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

This species though near Icjdines, Hew., is evidently dis¬

tinct, and should he recognised at once by its distinctive

underside.

58

Mr. G. T. BGliune-Baker’s Revision of the

Lycaenesthes ja, Druce.

]\Ir. Druce is describing this species from the Ja River

in the Cameroons ; it is very near to L. erythropoecihis,

Holland, but the underside is almost entirely bright

orange, and the pattern also differs.

Hah. Bitje; Ja River, Cameroons.

Type in the Druce collection.

Lycaenesthes niahala, sp. nov. (Plates II, fig. 16 ; IX,

figs. 27-28.)

^ . Both wings blackish brown, with pale orange-yellow areas.

Primaries with a large pale orange-yellow patch occupying nearly

all the cell to the inner margin and nearly all the radial area, this

area being defined outwardly in a bold curve; termen narrowly

brown. Secondaries with the wing beyond the cell orange from

vein 1 to 6 up to the termen. Underside : both wings dull grey,

not pale, with more or less darker markings edged with creamy

white. Primaries with a darkish long wedge-shaped sub-basal

mark ; a large spot closing the cell ; postmedian stripe with two

small confluent pale spots on the costa followed by a pair of large

dark spots projecting well outwards, third pair smaller shifted well

inwards, seventh spot erect shifted right inwards ; subterminal line

somewhat scalloped increasing in width to the tornus, between this

and the termen is a second narrower line. Secondaries with a basal

band of nearly even width ; a spot closing the cell ; a postmedian

stripe of four pair of spots, the first pair on the costa with the upper

spot large and dark, second pair shifted right out with the outer

half of the spots dark, third pair smaller shifted well in, fourth pair

angled sliifted far in, isolated ; a row of subterminal lunular marks ;

a black spot between veins 2 and 3, and a small double one at the

angle each overlaid with bluish-metallic scales and edged with

orange yellow.

Expanse 32 mm.

Hah. Beni and Makala; Congo Free State,

January — April.

Type in my collection.

This species is near leptincs. Hew., but the yellow

area is much larger and the underside different in many

particulars.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad with the lower edge nearly straight,

the upper edge strongly curved and gradually rising to the upper

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycaenidae. 59

extremity, where it suddenly ascends into a high collar, front edge

strongly serrated, the lower extremity being deeply but shortly

excavated and forming two strong long teeth ; cingula narrow with

the lower extremity produced backwards into a broad process, the

arms expand but little imtil they fuse with the tegumen, which is

very deeply excavated at the front apex only, the cheeks being

gradually rounded off in the front ; the falces are long and strong,

curved at right angles at near their middle, and terminating as usual

in a talon-like hook ; the furca has a short base with long, narrow

arms receding backwards ; the penis sheath is twice cxirved, the hind

extremity being blunt and narrow, slightly angled at a little distance

along when it suddenly expands and is deeply curved, and hollowed

on its upper edge, at about three-fifths it is again curved and gradu¬

ally tapers in an even tube, to the orifice, having a short tapered

extremity. The cheeks of the tegumen and the fore edge of the

harpagines are sparingly furnished with fine, long hairs.

Lycaenesthes mahota, G. -Smith.

Z. mahota, G.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1887, p. 65 ; id.

Trimen, S. Afr. Butt., iii, p. 390 (1889) ; id. Monteiro,

llelagoa Bay, Frontisp. f. 8 (1891) ; id. Smith and Kirby,

Bhop. Exot., p. 99, Pi. XXII, ff. 7, 8 (1893) ; id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Exot., p. 352 (1898).

d. Both wings with large deep orange patches and broad dark

borders. Primaries with costa and termen broadly dark brown, the

orange patch not rounded at the apex but of the same shape as the

wing only smaller. Underside : both wings greyish white with the

usual pattern of this section. The postmedian stripe is fractured,

the third and fourth spots confluent and shifted out, fifth and sixth

each shifted slightly in, seventh right inwards ; subterminal line

broadish and interrupted at each vein. Secondaries with the spots

of the postmedian stripe isolated and very dark.

JIah. Delagoa Bay; Cameroons.

A species very near to Z. erythropoecihis, Holl., but

the shape of the orange patch of the primaries above is

different, and the postmedian stripes in both wings are

different, as already described.

Lycaenesthes aurea, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 2.)

d. Both wings deep golden yellow (not red). Primaries with

costa and termen finely black. Secondaries with the base and costa

broadly black, abdominal fold broadly black decreasing towards the

60

Mr. G. T. Bi^unc-Baker’s Revision of the

angle, termen finely black, tlie least trace of a dusky subterniinal

line, more defined at the a2)ex and the angle. Underside : both

wings with all the dark markings broadly edged with deep cream

colour. Primaries with a dark wedge-shaped basal j^atch, a largish

dark spot closing the cell, with another below it below vein 2 ; post¬

median stripe with the first three scoots oblique, fourth and fifth

shifted well inwards ; snbterminal stripe broad. Secondaries with

a broad unbroken basal band ; a large spot closing the cell ; post¬

median stripe with the second and third sjiots shifted outwards,

fourth, fifth and sixth shifted well inwards and vertical, seventh and

eighth angled and shifted right inwards; subterminal line broad,

strongly curved, black terminal spots between veins 2 and 3 and at

the angle with metallic scales and margined with red.

Ex^^anse 28 mm.

Hah. Begoro ; Goi.d Coast (Dudgeon).

Type in the National Collection.

Lycaenesthes scintilkda, Holland. (Plates III, fig. 3 : X,

figs. 30-31.)

L. scintillida, Holl., Psyche, p. 50 (1891) ; id. Ent.

News, p. 26 (1893) ; id. Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot.,

p. 98, PI. XXII, ff. 3 and 4 (nee 5 and 6) (1893) ; id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898).

6 • Ujri^erside. Primaries brilliant lustrorrs coppery orange, base

very restricted black, costa linear black, aj^ex broader black, termen

very narrowly black. Secondaries as primaries, but costa base and

abdominal fold broadly deep black, an isolated black terminal sjjot

between veins 2 and 3. Underside darkish brownish grey with

darker sj)ots with cream-coloured edges. The 2)Ostmedian stripe is

composed of three sections, the first to the fourth spot confluent

gradually incre§sing in width and oblique, fifth and sixth erect

shifted right in on to the inner edge of the fourth, the seventh large

shifted right in on to the inner edge of the sixth. Subterminal line

broadish almost broken at vein 4 and again at vein 2. Secondaries

with the postmedian stripe composed of four pair of spots, all very

dark except the fifth and sixth; the second pair is shifted well out¬

wards and is erect, the third pair right inwards and oblique,

fourth pair deeifiy and acutely angled far in to below the spot

closing the cell ; the ground between the first and the third jiair

which are below each other is deep cream.

5 . Similar to the male, but with very broad borders to the costa

and termen and a narrow dark inner-marginal border in the prim-

African species of the Lycacncsthcs group of Lycaeniclae. Gl

aries. The secondaries with a broadish dark subterminal line, the

dark brown extending to the termen along the veins. The under-

side of both wings is just like that of the male but paler.

Hah. Ogowe River ; Sierra Leone ; Gaboon ;

Ruwenzori ; Beni ; Mawambe ; Congo Free State,

February.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

This species is easily recognised by its very brilliant

colour above and by the entire w'ing being coppery red.

The description of the female as also the figures of that

se.x given by Smith and Kirby (Rhop. Exot., p. 98, PI.

XXir, If. 5, 6) do not belong to tins species ; I have both

sexes and they cannot be mistaken. The figures are, I

have no doubt, the female of L. lychnaptes, Holl.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, nearly straight as to its lower edge,

but rising up to a high ridge at its upper extremity, front edge highly

serrated from apex forming a long, strong, straight 2)oint at about a

quarter from the lower extremity, immediately below which it is

highly excavated and terminates in a heavy j)ointed shoulder.

Cingula heavily developed at the base with the backward projection

broad, the arms forming the girdle rather short, narrowish, expand¬

ing but little at the tegumen. Tegumen deeply excavated at the front

apex, cheeks gradually taj^ering to a straight front edge and not

large ; the fakes large and strong, terminating in a heavy talon

curved at right angles at about a quarter from their sockets. Furca

with base small, the arms long, very narrow, receding well back¬

wards. Penis slightly hollowed for its hinder half, the fore half

gradually reduced to the orifice, which suddenly expands slightly,

terminating in a tapering trumjjet-sliaped tip. The cheeks of the

tegumen are well furnished with strong hairs at their lower angle,

the hairs on the harpagines being very few.

Lycaenesthes pyroptera, Auriv.

L. ygroptera, Auriv., Ent. Nachr., p. .382 (1895); id. id.

Rbop. Aethiop., p. 352, PI. 6, f. 3 (1898).

(?• Ujq^erside : both wings brilliant coi)2)ery orange. Primaries

with a broad blackish ajiex and somewhat broadish termen. Second¬

aries with black base reduced to a minimum, the red extending even

into the abdominal fold. Underside : both wings jjale tawny with

whitish dividing lines. The characteristic feature of both wings is

the 2)ostmedian stripe, wdiich has a series of small oval black ^jupils

02

Mr, G. T. Btii^ine-Ba.ker’s Revinion of the

ill the more or less confluent spots ; the shajie of this line together

with the black pupils distinguishes the species from all others.

Hob. Banana; IMompono; Congo Free State;

Bitje; Ja River, Cameroons {Bruce Coll).

This is a very pretty and distinct species,

Lycaencsthes lychnr.qjtcs, Holland.

L. lychncqMes, Holl., Psyche, p. 51 (1891) ; id. Ann. Mag,

N, H,, 1893, p. 250 ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p, 352

(1898); L. lyclinoptera, Smith and Kirby, Rliop, Exot.,

]), 97, PI. XXII, ff. 1, 2 (1893) ; L. scintilluld S. & K.,

p. 98, PI. XXII, ff. 5, 6 (1893).

d . Upperside : both wings bright orange yellow. Primaries with

costa and termen broadly and evenly dark brown. Secondaries with

costa, fold and termen to about vein 3 broadly dark brown. Under¬

side very dark blackish brown with creamy fine lines marking out

the usual pattern of this section of the genus; the markings are all

so confluent and solid, that the description can be.st be realised by

detailing the lines. Primaries with an oblique creamy line at the

base, two short parallel ones at the end of the cell, below which are

three oblique ones; from the costa midway to the cell are two more

short lines at converging angles, with a longer curved line below, and

extending between, two subterminal lines. Secondaries with two

sub-basal lines, another interrupted across the wings at the end of

the cell, double and angled below the cell ; three or four short dashes

in the radial area, a curved subterminal line, and an interrupted

terminal one.

Hah. Ogowe River, West Africa.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

The broad borders of the upperside, and the very black

and solid pattern of the underside, will serve to discriminate

this species from others, as already mentioned. I have

little doubt that Smith and Kirby’s ffgures 5 and G {1. c ),

called by those authors scintillula, are really tliis species.

Lycaencsthes, zenkeri, Karsch. (Plate III, fig. 4.)

L. zenkeri, Karsch, Ent. Nadir., ji. 293 (1895); id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 253 (1898).

^ . Primaries in fresh specimens almost black, with a good-sized

orange patch nearly in the centre of the wings. Secondaries black

with a broad irregular orange dash in the po.stmedian area from

African apecies of the Lycamcstlics group of Lycaenidac. G3

vein 2 to 6. Termen with a whitish line interrupted at the veins.

Underside ; both wings blackish brown with white patches and

stripes. Primaries with a white basal dasli, a large white patcli in the

centre, a broad subapical dash to about vein 5, two fine pretenuinal

lines. Secondaries with a broad suboval white mark across the cell

to the abdominal edge and a longer curv'ed broad dash just outside

it, a trace of a black terminal spot between veins 2 and 3 edged

with reddish with a trace of iridescent scales, a preterminal fine

scalloped line.

Hah. Yaunde ; Bitje, Cameroons.

Type iu the Berlin Museum.

The underside pattern of this species will at once

separate it from its nearest ally, viz. L. juba, Fab.

Lycacncstlics juba, Fabricius. (Plate X, fig. 32.)

L. juba, Fab., Mant. Ins., p. 82 (1787); id. Auriv., Ent.

Tid., 1895, p. 219 ; id. Rhop. Aethiop., p. 353 (1898).

(J. U])perside’: both wings dark brown with large orange-red

patches. Primaries with the orange patch occupying all the median

and radial areas. Secondaries with the patch occupying irregularly

the postmedian area. Underside dark brown with white patches

and marks. Primaries with a broad basal dash along the U2)per

margin of the cell, a very large irregular white patch in the radial

area and along the fold nearly to the tornus, but being invaded on

the fold by the highly-curved postmedian broad line which is con¬

fluent and nearly semicirculai' ; a white curved subapical broad dash

terminates at the point where the broad dark subterminal line

touches the postmedian stripe. Secondaries with a large white patch

in the median and radial areas terminated by the curved postmedian

broadish stripe ; beyond this stripe is a broadish white one inter¬

rupted about veins 2 and 3 by the subterminal line, which is also

broad.

? • Upj)erside like the male, but paler with smaller spots. Under¬

side just like the male.

Hah. Sierra Leone; Bonny; S. Nigeria.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad somewhat saddle-shaped, but cut olf

straight at the bottom edge, fore apex rising into a saddle peak

rounded and slightly hollowed below on its front edge. Cingula

strongly produced backwards at its base with the girdle or arms

shortish. Tegumen well developed, deeply excavated at the front

64

Mr. G. T, Bf^^une -Baker’s Revision of the

dors.il apex, with the cheeks somewhat rounded. Falces long, narrow,

highly curved. Furca moderate in size with narrow arms inclined

backwards. Penis sheath broadish for its hinder part, then tapering

gradually to its trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen and harpagines

with strongish hairs.

Lycaencsthes 'pythagoras, Fabricius.

L. Pythagoras, Fab., Eiit. Syst., iii, p. 259 (1893) ; id.

Donov., Ins. Incl., PI. XXXIX, f. 8 (1800); tV?. Godart, Enc.

^[eth., p. 619 (1823).

(J. Upperside very close indeed to L. leptines, II ew. Underside

not unlike L. juba, Fab., but the secondaries apparently have all the

basal marks confluent, with a band of white beyond, following which

is the postmedian line. I have been quite unable to discover where

this type is or whether it exists. I therefore only know the insect

from the figure in Donovan’s work {1. c.), and I havevei’y little doubt

that the artist used both his imagination and his colour so as to

improve upon his model. This is specially evident in the underside.

Hah. “ In Indis ” ? ?.

Neurypexina, gen, nov.

The general neuration is similar to that of Lycaencsthes,

but in the primaries 11 and 12 anastomose; veins 7 and

8 are on a very long stalk branching to the apex and costa,

very near the latter, so that 8 is quite a short vein ; the

fork, however, is distinct under quite a low-power lens.

Eyes hairy. Palpi thickly scaled with hairs, end segment

long, smooth.

Type, Neurypexina lyzanius, Hew.

KEY TO SPECIES.

1. Blackish, above with blacker spots and less

dark intersjjaces. Below dark pattern

closely compressed . lyzanius.

2. Brown above, more uniform. Below white,

spots and marks well separated, decidedly

fewer markings than in lyzanius .... lamprocles.

Neurypexina lyzanius. Hew. (Plate XI, figs. 33-34.)

Tj. lyzanius. Hew., E. M. Mag., 1874, p. 86 ; Ill. H. Lep.,

p. 226, PI. 91, ff. 27, 28 (1878) ; L. regillus, Holland, Psyche,

African species of the Lycaenesthes yronp of Lycaenidae. 65

p. 51 (1891) ; L. regilla, Auriv., Khop. Aetbiop., p. 351

(1898); L. turlahis, Smith and Kii'by, Rhop. Exot., p.

105, PL XXIII, ff. 11, 12 (1893) ; L. turhata, Auriv., RIiop.

Aetbiop., p. 851 (1898).

^ . Both wings brown with darker spots ; these spots are produced

by the under.side pattern showing through, though in an intensified

and more definite form. Primaries with the basal wedge, the spot at

the end of the cell, and the postmedian stripe present ; the latter

broken up into three ; a sliort costal oblique dash ; two spots .shifted

well inwards, the lower one much the larger of the two, and a large

spot in the fold again shifted well in, each of the three being practi¬

cally isolated. Secondaries with the spots less evident, one at tlie end

of the cell ; the postmedian stripe irregular, composed of three pairs of

spots, the middle pair being shifted right outwards ; the seventh and

eighth angled spots though very definite on the underside do not

appear at all on the upperside. Undersurface very close to Lycae¬

nesthes flavomucxdai'as, S. & K., but with a dark line in tlie primaries

between the wedge spot and that closing the cell, also the costal part

of the postmedian stripe is much less oblique.

Hal. Old Calabar ; Ogowe River ; Cameroons ;

Gaboon ; Sierra Leone ; Bassa Province and Oruga

(N. Nigeria); BiHE District (Angola).

Type in tbe British Museum.

It has been somewhat difficult to unravel this species.

Fortunately, however, I possess N. turlatus, sent me by

Staudinger before his death. Dr. Holland has been good

enough to send me most beautiful and evidently most

accurate coloured figures of his regillus made by his own

hand, and a very careful comparison showed them both

to be Hewitson’s species lyzanius. The question then,

however, arose as to the relationship with L. flavomaculatus,

S. & K., to which it is very closely allied superficially ; the

underside pattern, however, shows definite differences as

already mentioned, and added to these the neuration of the

two species also differs, thus separating them generically.

L. flavomaculatus is a true Lycaenesthes, whilst in lyzanius

veins 11 and 12 anastomose.

Neurypexina lamp'ocles, Hew.

L. lamprocles, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., jx 225, PI. 91, f. 81

(1878) ; id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 351 (1898).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART I. (JUNE) F

06

Mr. G. T. Bi^uiie-Baker’s Revision of the

. Both wings nnifonn dark brown above. Primaries below with

a large spot closing the cell and a still larger one below it below

vein 2. Postinedian line less oblique and continued down to vein 2.

PTudersurface near lachare-% Ilew., but the markings are decidedly

fewer tlius showing more white of the ground-colour.

Hah. West Africa; Cameroons.

Type in the British Museum.

This is an obscure species, again very closely allied to a

true Li/caencsthcs, viz. ^ lachares, but it lias fewer spots and

they are more localised. From the ^ of lachares it can be

easily separated by its brown upperside and by the fact

that the underside is like the ^ and not like the ^ of that

species. From N. lyzanius it may be recognised by the

underside having decidedly fewer markings, which are also

more separated.

Genus Neurellipes.

Differs from Tricleina, Karscli, in that veins 11 and 12

do not anastomose ; the neuration is otherwise similar to

Triclema, in which veins 8 and 9 are absent. Eyes hairy.

Palpi roughly scaled with hairs, end segment of moderate

length, somewhat robust.

Type, Neurellipes lusoncs, Hew.

KEY TO SPECIES.

1. Both wings blackish brown ; primaries

with an oval orange-coloui-ed spot

between veins Ici and 2. Below

blackish, spot on primaries above

does not show through ....

2. Both wings blackish brown ; jirimaries

M'ith a largish round orange spot

in lower radial area. Below brown

spot on primaries above showing

through .

3. Both wings dark brown ; primaries

with a largish round orange spot ;

secondaries with a short blue dash

in the internervular spaces of veins

1-3 .

cliryseosticUis.

lusones.

maeander.

African si^cdcs of the Lucaenesthes gron]} of Lycaenidae. G7

4. Blackish brown above ; j^rimaries with

basal half of fold blue. Below

strongly patched with white . . . standingeri.

5. Warm brown above, spotted like Ly-

caenesthes (sens, strict.) below. Sec¬

ondaries with a marginal row of

black spots with metallic scales . yemmiferu.

JVcurellipcs chri/seostictiis, sp. nov. (Plates III, fi" 5;

XII, figs. 37-38.)

(J. Both wings on the upperside blackish brown; primaries with

an orange-red oval spot in the fold between veins la and 2, beyond

the end of the cell, rarely extending very slightly over vein 2

Underside like N. lusones, Hew., but the colour is not brown but

blackish, and the orange patch of the primaries does not show through,

the white margins to the marks are whiter and broader ; with the

exception of these differences the underside pattern is very closely

similar. There are certain divergencies, however, in the structure of

the pattern and in the look of it that render the separation of the

two comparatively easy.

5 . Like the male both in the upper- and undersides ; whereas the

$ of lusones is paler above, and in the secondaries has a pale sub¬

terminal line, whilst below it is decidedly paler, with the mark¬

ings reduced to a certain extent by the broadness of the white

lines.

Hctb. Sierra Leoxe; Bass a Province (N. Nigeria).

Types ill my collection.

This species and N. lusones, Hew., are found flying

together from November to February, and it is possible

that they may be in many collections mixed together. The

spot in the primaries of lusones is, however, much larger

and is always more or less round ; in my species it is much

smaller and always oval. The genitalia also differ in

several points.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, evenly excurved as to its lower edge,

gradually rising on its upjier edge to near the apex, when it suddenly

rises again into a high ridge ; front edge erect, at a third very highly

excavated, fornang a sharp long tooth, the previous part being

slightly serrated, the lower extremity being produced into a chisel¬

like edge. The cingula is of moderate width, well produced back¬

wards at its lower edge, gradually tapering to the cheeks of the

F 2

(38

tej,uiinen, which is well excavated at its front apex, tlie cheeks oradii-

ally curved to their base, and somewhat serrated at the edge. Falces

long, gradually curved from their sockets. Furca rising from a high

base, with fine arms, nearly straight, inclined backward.s. Penis

sheath long, broadish for the hinder half, then nearly straight to the

tip, which is somewhat trumpet-shaped.

Neurdli'pes lusones, Hew. (Plates III, fig. G ; XII, figs.

85-36.)

Lycaenesthes lusones, Hew., Trans. Eat. Soc. Load.,

1874, p. 347; id. Ill. Diara. Lep., p. 227, PI. 91, if. 17,

18 (1878) ; id. Dewitz., N. Acta. A. N. C., p. 202, PL 26, f. 8

(1879); id. Auriv., Rliop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898); X.

fidvimacula, Mab., An. Eat. France, p. 24, PI. II, f. 5 (1890);

id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 352 (1898).

(J. Both wings brown above. Primaries with a large orange -yellow

spot in the lower radial area and extending into the fold. Underside :

both wings brown, with the pattern marked out by greyish-white

lines. The main distinguishing feature is that the orange-coloured

spot of the upperside shows well through in tlie primaries on the

underside.

9 . Paler brown above. Secondaries with a pale subterminal

line ; the underside decidedly paler brown, with the lines much

whiter and broader than in the male.

Hob. Sierra Leone; Ivory Coast; N. Nigeria;

Bassa and Kabba Provinces ; Cameroons ; Gaboon ;

Congo Free State ; Angola.

Type in the British Museum.

The differences between this species and the previous

one (chryseostictus) have already been referred to under

the latter description. M. Mabille has been so good as to

lend me his type of fidvimacula from the Ivory Coast, and

it agrees in all particulars with Hewitson’s.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, with the upper edge gradually rising,

then very slightly hollowed, from whence it rises into a highish

process, the front edge being quite straight ; at its lower extremity

it is very highly excavated, the lower extremity thus forming a

longish tooth or point, the excavation being gradually rounded off

to the lower edge, which is slightly hollowed at first, and then

nearly straight to its origin with the cingula ; this is w'ell developed,

rapidly expanding towards the cheeks of the tegumen, and having

its lower hind extremity produced backwards in a long, hollowed

African species of the Lijcacncsthcs group of Lycaenidae. 60

formation ; the tegiunen is deeply excavated at its fore apex, the

clieeks are gradually rounded off with their lower edge straightish ;

the falces, with talou-like tips, are highly curved at about a third

from their sockets ; the furca is long, with a high, narrow, pyramidal

base, and longish narrow arms curved backwards. Penis sheath of

moderate length, hollowed for its hinder third, and gradually tapering

from its highest point at two-thirds to the orifice, which is trumpet-

shaiied.

Neurellipes maeandcr, Plotz.

Lycacnestlics maeandcr, Plotz, Stt. Eut. Zeit., 1880, p

202; id. Auriv., Eiit. Tid., 1895, p. 218; id. id. Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 351 (1898).

^ . Both wings uniformly blackish, with an orange spot in the

primaries, which spot does not show through on the underside. In

the secondaries there is a fine blue streak in cells 1 to 3.

5 . Like the male, but the orange S2)ot of the primaries shows

through on the undenside.

Hob. Einingo ; Ogowe River ; Gaboon ; Cameroons.

I have been unable to find the type of this species.

Herr Plotz’s collection was unfortunately disposed of

piecemeal, so that I have not seen the species. It is

evidently near N. lusones, Hew.

Neurellipes staudingeri, Smith and Kirby. (Plate XI,

fig. 39.)

Lycaencstlies staudingeri, S. & K., Rhop. Exot., p. 112,

PI. XXIV, ff. 9, 10 (1894); id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p.

150 (1898).

d. Both wings brownish black above. Primaries with a deep

sub-lustrous blue dash in the fold below the cell, and extending

slightly below vein 2. Underside blackish, with the usual marks

typical of this section of the group ; the separating lines are very

fine and interrupted, and there are several white patches which are the

distinguishing feature of this species. Primaries with an oval white

patch across the end of the cell ; two subapical white spots. Second¬

aries with a large white spot at the end of the cell, and a larger one

at the apex.

$ . Brown above. Primaries with a whitish spotted subterminal

line. Underside palish brown in both wings with the pattern as in

the male.

Hah. SiERHA Leone ; Ogowe River ; Ashanti ;

Upper Kasii District; Congo Free State.

70

ilr. G. T. I une-Baker’s Revision of the

This species, of which I have a series from different

localities in Sierra Leone, can be recognised immediately

by its underside pattern, which is very distinct in its

prominent white spots from any other of the family.

Genitalia. — Harpago verp specialised, consisting of a narrow bifid

arm, the upper portion of which is an erect, curved, very narrow arm,

the Iqwer arm being bent, Avith a knob-shaped extremity, with a

blunt, broad tooth at a quarter from the tip, the edge being well

excised from the tooth. The cingula is produced far backwards at

its basal extremity, the girdle being strongly curvmd, expanding

slightly to the cheeks of the tegnmen ; this is deeply excavated at

the front apex, the cheeks being moderately evenly curved ; the

falces are narrow, somewhat Aveak, and curA'ed Avell above their

sockets ; the furca rises as a narrow-nrmed fork directly at its base,

and is inclined gently baseAvards. Penis sheath broaclish for its

hinder half, Avell curved on its loAver margin, and forming a gradualh"-

tapering tube as to its fore half. The hairs on the cheeks of the

tegumen are someAvhat restricted, and those on the harpagines are

much restricted.

Neurelli'pes gemmifera, N eave.

Mr. Neave took iu the East LoangAva district in 1905 Iavo

specimens of a broAvn “ Lycaenesthid ” Avbich form a most

interesting species, truly tyjDical Lycaenestlies (sens, strict.)

beloAv, except that they have a terminal roAv of largish

black spots on the secondaries, margined finely Avith bright

orange and with bronzy-green metallic scales ; it is quite

remarkable in appearance, whilst also in the secondaries

each of the veins form at the termination a short, fine, hair¬

like tail as at anal angle.

The neuration is that of this genus.

Hah. Petauke ; N. E. Rhodesia, 2,400 feet, March.

Type in the British Museum.

Triclema, Karsch.

Triclema, Berliner Stt. Ent. Zeit, p. 214 (1893); id.

Reuter, Acta. Soc. Sc. Fen., p. 182 (1896) ; id. Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 345 (1898); Lycacncsthes {in parte),

Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop., pp. 345-353 (1898), trf. ; Ark.

Zook, II, p. 16 (1905).

Head roughly haired ; palpi A^ery hairy ; end segment of moderate

length ; eyes hairy ; neuration similar to Lycaenestlies, but with veins

S and 9 of the primaries absent, Avhilst veins 11 and 12 anastomose.

African r,<pccic& of the Lycacncstlus gvonf of Lycacnidac. 71

Type, Triclema lucretilis, Hew.

Karscli was the first to divide the somewhat large and

intricate genus Lycaenesthes into two, when he separated

the species in which vein 8 was absent and in which the

costal vein anastomoses with 11. However closely a

group of insects may be allied together by a merely super¬

ficial likeness of pattern, yet when it is seen that a certain

number have structural characters differing along the

same line, it is evident that the family is in the process

of change, and that in the evolution of the group it is

splitting up itself into different genera. Under such

circumstances it appears to me not only justifiable but

necessary to adopt the lines that are being worked out by

the insects themselves, and when structure in the imago

changes then that species should form or be placed in

another genus, and this should apply in all cases, except

where it is known that such structure varies inter se in the

species of the genus. The genus diagnosed by Kai’sch

should thei’efore be adopted. In the species T. lamias,

whilst the neuration of the male is constant that of the

female is not so, for out of a fairly long series I have two

in which veins 11 and 12 do not anastomose, though even

here there is a possibility of an aberration.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. Upper side brown.

t. Primaries above with a tawny patch . rufoplagata.

2. ,, „ uniform dull brown . lacides.

.3. „ with no basal spots in

either wing . tisamenus.

4 Primaries above blackish ; markings

below very dark . hades.

5. Primaries above dull brown, dark spot

at end of cell, dark subtermiiial line in

both wings. Below pattern markedly

divided with white . phoenicis.

6. Both wings warm brown above ; primaries

with a trace of a short paler subter-

ininal line ; secondaries with a distinct

pale subterminal line. Below warm

brown with broad white dividing

lines . lamilila.

72 Mr. G. T. I '^Piune-Baker’s Revision of the

7. Both wings blackisli above witli obscure

subterniinal lines. Below greyish

with obscure whitish-grey dividing

lines . tiUjeriae.

8. Both wings brownish above ; secoiulai’ies

only with a pale subterniinal line.

Below whitish with pattern broken

up into more or less parallel stripes . orulatvs.

9. Both wings brownish above ; secondaries

with a pale postmedian line and a

terminal row of small spots. Below

white with the usual pattern . . . marshalli.

10. Both wings brownish above with pale

lilac-blue spots . Inmias.

11. Both wings black with bright blue lines ;

primaries with a bright blue sub-basal

figure 8. Below black with white

patches . h(cretili>t.

12. Both wings blackish; 2)rimaries with

mauve-blue reflections in lower part

of cell and in fold. Below black with

white dividing lines . fanciatus.

13. Both wings with blue patches above.

Underside with less white .... ohscura.

14. Both wings blue above . caernlea.

Triclcvia o'vfoitlagata, sp. nov. (Plates III, fig. 8 ; XI,

fig. 40.)

^ . Both wings brown ; primaries only with a pale tawny chest¬

nut patch around the angle of veins 3 and 4, extending but little into

the cell and well into the postmedian area. Underside : both wings

dark greyish brown with darker spots edged with whitish. Primaries

with a broad, wedge-shaped sub-basal spot, an oblique spot closing the

cell, with a small one above it; postmedian strij^e irregular with two

costal spots, followed by two slightly angled shifted well outwards,

below which are two shifted well inward.s, the lower of which is the

larger, and having its inner edge shifted further in, seventh spot

oblique shifted right in with its outer whitish edge confluent with

the inner edge of the previous sjjot; subterminal line increa.sing in

width towards the tornus. Secondaries with the large basal band

broken up into two spots, the upper one ovate, the lower irregular,

large, projecting outwards in the cell to touch the somewhat oblique

African sjJccics of the Lycacncdhcs gronjj of Lycaenidae. 73

spot closing the cell. Postmeclian stripe irregular, with the second

spot smaller than the first and shifted slightly outwards, third and

fourth larger, confluent, fifth spot small shifted slightly inwards,

sixth larger shifted well inwards, seventh and eighth strongly angled,

confluent, and shifted right inwards; subteruiinal line broadish,

increasing in width towards the angle ; a black terminal spot between

veins 2 and 3, and a double one at the angle, each with bluish-

metallic scales and edged above and laterally with orange red.

$ . Like the male in all particulars, except that the chestnut

patch on the upperside of the primaries is larger.

Expanse ^ 28, 9 29 mm.

Hctb. Sierra Leone.

Types in my collection — a series from ditferent places

in the Colony.

Genitalia. — Harpago somewhat pear-shaped, tapering to a narrow

extremity, strongly serrated and curved downwards, the upper edge

is evenly curved and wmll studded with minute tubercles and teeth ;

the cingula is erect, narrow with long arms expanding very little at the

cheeks of the tegumen ; the base is produced backwards into a long,

blunt, tube-like process ; the tegumen is fairly developed, excavateil

somewhat at the front apex, with cheeks having evenly-curved rather

long fore edges; the fakes long and strong with small talon-like tips,

and are highly curved almost from their sockets ; the furca has longish

narrow arms curved well backwards. Penis sheath broad, hollowed

for the hinder two-fifths, and gradually tapering from thence to the

orifice, which is thickly studded for a fifth with fine, close serrations,

reminding one closely in arrangement of the teeth in the palate of a

pike. The cheeks of the tegumen and the upper edge and extremity

of the harpagines are furnished with long hairs.

Triclema Ictcidcs, He^v. (Plate II F, fig-. 7.)

Lycacnesthes lacides, Hew., Traus. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1874,

p. 348; Ill. D. Lep., p. 227, PI. 91, ff. 19, 20 (1878); id.

Auriv., Rhop. Aetliiop., p. 351 (1898).

5 . Both wings uniform dull brown above. Ltndersurface : both

wings similar to above, but decidedly warmer in tone, with markings

scarcely darker than the ground-colour. Primaries with the upper

four spots quite confluent and nearly straight, not touching the

white subterminal line. Secondaries with the basal band not broken

into spots, a whitish patch near the apex above the third spot of

74

Mr. G. T. luric-Baker’s Bxvision of the

the postniediau stripe. The otlier spots have little to call for

dilTerentiatioii.

llab. Angola.

Type in the Britisli Museimi.

Triclema iisamcnus, Holland. (Plate III, fig. 13.)

Lycacnesthes iisamcnus, Holl., Psyche, p. 52 (1891); id.

Aiiriv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 849 (1898).

g. Both Avings uniform dull brown above. Underside pale

brownish grey with no basal spots in eitlier wing. Primaries with

a spot closing the cell ; postmedian stripe conlluent and evenly

curved to vein 2 ; the sjiot l)elow this is shifted inwards, a narrow

dark subterminal line. Secondaries with a sub-basal spot below

the costa and a small one on the abdominal margin; a small spot

near the end of the cell; postmedian stripe with two confluent

spots on the costa, below which it is resolved into an indefinite

waved line ; subterminal dark line slightly waved.

Hal. Ogowe River.

Type in the Carnegie Museum.

The absence of basal spots should enable this species to

be recognised very easily.

Trichma hades, sp. nov. (Plates III, fig. 9 ; XI, fig. 41.)

g . Both wings uniform dark brown. Primaries with an obscure

dark spot closing the cell and an obscure dark subterminal arched

line of even width, and not parallel with the termen from the costa

to the .inner margin. Underside : both wings dark brown with

slightly darker spots finely edged with whitish. Primaries with a

lu’oad, wedge-shaped sub-basal mark, an olilong spot closing the cell,

above which is a small costal spot ; postmedian stripe irregular, first

and second spots confluent, the second the larger of the two, third

and fourth spots larger, confluent, slightly angled internally, the

fourth the larger with its outer edge shifted outwards, both being

shifted well out from the second, fifth and sixth large shifted right

in, extending below the spot closing the cell and touching it, sixth

spot the larger, its inner edge extending rather beyond the fifth,

seventh spot very oblique shifted right in so that its inner edge

nearly touches the wedge-shaped mark, a broadish arched sub¬

terminal line (showing through on the upper side), followed by a

fine, even, preterminal line. Secondaries with the basal broad band

broken up into two, the upper part subovate, the lower part

African sjjccies of the Lycacnesthes gronyj of Lyccicnidae. 7 5

irregular, broken outwards at the lower margin of the cell and

constricted below this, an oblique oblong spot closing the cell ;

postiuedian stripe irregular, the first two spots confluent, the first

the larger and the darker of the two, third and fourth confluent

shifted well outwards, the fourth being shifted slightly further out as

to its outer margin, fifth spot very small shifted well in, sixth larger

with its inner margin beyond and touching the spot closing the cell,

seventh and eighth shifted right in, strongly angled, almost touching

the sub-basal band ; a well-arched subterminal broadish line, followed

by a series of four small sublunular dark terminal spots from the

apex to the blackish spot with metallic-blue scales edged with deep

orange red, at the angle is another similar spot but smaller.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hal. Sierra Leone.

Typo in my collection.

This species is near T. 'pliocnicis, Kar.sch; the dilferences

are very difficult to describe in words, though real in

effect ; the figures will show them better than words.

Genitalia.— Harpago broad, hollowed, its lower edge slightly

curved, its upper edge tapering down to three quarters, where it is

excised and suddenly elevated into two long sharp teeth, from

where it rapidly tajiers to the extremity which is develo])ed into a

very long fine curved tusk-like jirocess. Cingula with narrow

arms expanding somewhat into the cheeks of the tegumen, the basal

process projected backwards into a gradually tapering formation.

Tegumen moderately developed, the whole of the front apex slightly

and gradually excavated, cheeks evenly rounded from the excavation,

then straight, with the falces long, strong, slightly hooked at the

extremities, highly curved about a quarter from their sockets.

Furca with base short, longish narrow arms curved backwards.

Penis sheath with the hinder half broadish somewhat oval, gradually

tapering at the middle to the tip, tbe extremity of which is exca¬

vated, the apical fifth being roughly shagreened.

Trichvia inlioenicis, Karseb. (Plates III, fig. 10 ; XIII,

fig. 42.)

Lycacncsthcs iiliocnids, Karseb, B. E. Z., 1893, p. 238 ;

id. Auriv., Rbop. Aetliiop., p. 351 (1898) ; id. id. Ent. Tid.,

1901, p. 118.

g. Both wings uniformly brown above. Secondaries with an

obscure dark terminal spot between veins 2 and 3. Underside : both

wings very pale brownish with the usual Triclema pattern divided

7G

Mr. G. T. 1 >^iune-Ijaker’s Revision of the

l)y whitish lines; postmedian stripe with the costal four .spots nearly

confluent very slightly oblique, the third and fourth spots dark,

fifth and sixth also dark and shifted far inwards, seventh spot

dark and again shifted far in ; an obscure darkish subterminal line

increasing in width somewhat towards the tornns. Secondaries with

the basal I'and divided into spots touching each other; postmedian

stripe, with first costal spot longish and dark ; second, small, same

colour as the ground; third and fourth shifted right out, dark; fifth

and sixth shifted right in, slightly darker than the ground ; seventh

and eighth angled spot dark and shifted far inwards ; anal spots

blackish and one above it, edged internally with reddish and having

metallic scales.

$ . Upperside paler brown than the male. Secondaries with a pale

subterminal curved line interru^sted at the veins. Undersurface like

the male, but the white dividing lines broader.

Hah. Togo; Cameroons; Ogruga (Nigeria); Sierra

Leone; Patigo (Acholi Country); Uganda Protect¬

orate ; N. E. Rhodesia (Neave).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

A species very near T. hades, B.-B., but less dark above,

whilst below the pattern is less prominent and smaller

altogether.

Genitalia. — Harpago broad, hollowed, both upper and lower edges

minutely serrate, the lower developing into a strong tooth in front

of the extremity, the lower apex forming a chisel-like projection

with a serrated edge, the upper apex forming a longish strong tooth.

Cingula well developed with the lower base produced well back¬

wards, the girdle narrow, expanding but slightly at the cheeks of

the tegumen, which is very narrow, slightly hollowed in front, with

small cheeks. Falces long and strong, well curved at a third from

their sockets. Furca with long narrow arms well apart. Penis sheath

a long ellipse for three-quarters its length, suddenly narrowing to

an oblique extremity. Hairs on cheeks of tegumen and end of

harpagines long, but not numerous.

Triclema kamilila, sp. nov. (Plates III, fig. 11; XIII,

fig. 43.)

g. Both wings brown. Primaries with a dark dash closing the

cell, around which is a small patch of a lighter tone, an obscure

series of internervular marginal dashes, obscurely and palely edged

internally. Secondaries with a strongly-ai’ched series of subterminal

internervular whitish-grey dashes from the costa to vein In, followed

African species of the Lycaenesthes group of Lycieniclac. 77

by a series of terminal black points gradually developing into spots

towards the angle ; ternien finely black with grey fringes. Secondaries ;

both wings coffee brown with darker spots broadly edged with white.

Primaries with the usual wedge-shaped sub-basal spot, the oblong

spot closing the cell with a small costal one above it ; the postmedian

stripe irregular, the first four strongly oblique, of which the lower

two are shifted well outwards but continuing the oblique position,

fourth and fifth confluent, slightly oblique, shifted right in and

touching the cell spot, seventh oblique shifted far in so that its

outer margin is confluent with the inner margin of the sixth spot ;

subterminal line very fine in its upper radial area, increasing in

width in the tornal area, broadly edged laterally with white ; a fine

preterminal line. Secondaries with the sub-basal band broken up

into three spots, the upper one ovate, the middle one reniform

divided into two by a white line, the third and lowest one con¬

stricted ; cell closed by an oblique rectangular spot with a fine

central line ; postmedian stripe with the first spot dark, second paler

shifted outwards, third, fourth, and fifth confluent arched, shifted

well out, the third and fourth being dark, the fiftli paler and smaller,

sixth shifted inwards, seventh and eighth angled and shifted right

in ; subterminal line obsolescent, a terminal series of obscure small

dashes, the subterminal area being broadly whitish, a dark spot

between veins 2 and 3 and a smaller one at the angle, well covered

with bluish-metallic scales and broadly edged with bright orange.

Ternien very finely dark.

5 . Just like the male.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hah. Kamililo; Nandi, June; Sierra Leone.

Type in my collection.

Tlie type was taken in tlie Nandi country ; but I have

a female from Sierra Leone that exactly corresponds with

this male, and as it suits no other species I conclude it

must be this.

Genitalia. — Hariiago broad, well hollowed, upper apex sharply

triangular, lower apex produced into a longish blunt-edged point

finely serrated, lower edge developing a longish fine tooth just

beyond the middle. Cingula broadly produced backwards at its

base, girdle longish, narrow, expanding slightly to the tegumen,

which is narrow, very slightly hollowed, with rather wider cheeks.

Falces long, narrow, well curved at a third from the sockets. Furca

with long, narrow arms strongly curved backwards. Penis sheath

a gradually tapering ellipse suddenly hollowed at a quarter from the

78

Mr. G. T. I une-Baker’s Revision of the

tip, then expanding into a .sliglitly trumpet-shaped orifice. Cheeks

of teguincn and apex of harpago scantily supplied with hairs.

Triclema nigeriae, Auriv.

LycaenestlLCs nigeriae, Auriv., Arkiv. Zool., ii, p. 16, PI. Ill,

f. 4 (1905).

Both wings sooty blackish above; each with a terminal

broadish border obscurely edged by palish scalloped lines. Under¬

side pale greyish with pattern very similar to Kamilila, B.-B., but

the spots smaller and the pattern somewhat different.

Hah. Benue; Lokoja; Nigeria.

It is very difficult to describe the differences between

this and my species. Kamilila, my insect, is a warm

brown above and below, not at all black ; whilst the

pattern described in words would be quite similar, the

appearance is very different, the whitish terminal areas,

the iridescent scales to the anal spots of the secondaries

edged above with bright pale orange, and the somewhat

different spots, make the insect look very different.

Triclema oculatus. Smith and Kirby.

lAicaenestkcs oculatus, S. & K., Bhop. Exot., p. 101,

PI. XXIII, ff. 1, 2 (1893); id. Auriv., Rhop. Aethiop.,

p. 350 (1898).

9 . Upperside : both wings entirely pale brown above. Secondaries

with a brown subterminal line edged on each side rather broadly

with deep cream colour. Underside: both wings whitish crossed by

numerous brown lines. Primaries with an oblicpie basal line, two

transverse median, a postmedian and a subterminal brown line.

Secondaries with the radial area crossed by numerous short, very

fine dark dashes, the median area pale brownish with obscure traces

of tlie white ground ; the usual anal spots are present but small.

Hah. Ogowe River.

I do not consider that this species has anything to do

with L. mclamhrotus, Holl.; they belong to different genera

and are widely separated in pattern. It is an obscure little

species, and may be best recognised by the fact that the

usual pattern is converted into a series of stripes ; there is

no veal postmedian line present, this applies in a special

degree to the secondaries.

African species of the Lycacnesthes group) of Lycaenidae. 79

Triclcma marshalli, Betliune-Baker. (Plate III, fig. 12.)

Lycacnesthes marshalli, B.-B., Ann. Mag. N. H., Ser. 7,

Vol. XII, p. 332 (1903).

Differs from T, phoenicis, Karscli, in the underside, which is

browner, the basal spots in both wings are very dark brown; in

Karsch’s species they are the same colour as the ground, viz. grey ;

all the spots are more filled in with brown, whilst the angled seventh

and eighth spots of the secondaries are entirely dark in my species,

but in 2)hoen}cis, of which I have seen a long series, they are quite the

same as the ground-colour.

Hah. Sierra Leone; Ogruga (Nigeria).

Type in my collection.

Genitalia. — Harpago broadish with lower extremity forming a long,

sc^uare serrated point, the lower edge being produced into a blunt

point at a quarter from the apex, between which it is well excavated,

upper edge develoi:)ed into a short, sharp tooth. Cingula with base

well produced backwards, girdle very narrow. Tegumen of even

width with slightly expanding cheeks. Falces long of moderate

strength, highly curved at two-fifths from their sockets. Furca with

very long arms inclined forwards, the arms are broad at first then

suddenly constricted very narrowly. Penis sheath broadish, hollowed

for the hinder half, then gradually tapering down to a suddenly

expanding trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen and harpagines well

supjjlied with long hairs.

Triclcma lamias, Hew. (Plates III, fig. 14; XIII, fig. 44.)

Lycacnesthes lamias, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 227, PL 91,

ff. 25, 26 (1878); id. Auiiv., Rhop. Aethiop., p. 351

(1898).

g . Both wings sooty brown above. Primaries with i)ale bluish

spots in the postmedian area of the wing, and a double one in the

middle of the fold, and a horizontal dash further out near the tornus.

Secondaries with a pale bluish po.5tmedian line interrupted at the

veins, and an obscure fine subterminal scalloped one enclosing an

obscure row of small spots. The characteristic feature of the under¬

side in the primaries is the postmedian stripe, which is reduced to

an oblique confluent stripe from the costa to vein 3, the whole of

the lower part being absent; in the secondaries the basal band is

irregular but confluent, and is not broken up into separate spots ;

the postmedian stripe is divided into three pair of spots, the fifth

and sixth spots being reduced to a minimum ; the second pair is

80

IVlr. G. T. rtW lUiie-Baker’s Herismi of the

shifted right out, and the seventh and eighth angled spots being

shifted right below the sj)ot closing the cell and touching it ; the

dark subterininal stripe edged with white is broadish and distinct ;

the anal spots of the secondaries are present as usual.

9- Entirely pale brown above in both wings. Underside like the

male, but with broader wliite lines.

Jlal). Sierra Leone; Nigeria; Cameroons; Gaboon.

Type in the British Museum.

This species, a common one in Sierra Leone, can

easily be recognised by the pale whitish-blue marks of the

upperside ; they are, liow^ever, somewhat fugitive, the super¬

posed scales being very easily rubbed off ; they leave,

however, behind a slight trace of their former presence.

Genitdlia. — Harpago deeply split from the fore edge, the lower

part forming e.xteriorly an angled sharp-pointed curved knife with

a minutely-serrated edge, the upper extremity being somewhat

hammer-headed. Cingula well developed with the base produced

backwards and the arms fairly wide. Tegumen narrowish with

wider cheeks. Falces short, curved at their middle. Eurca with

narrow waved arms inclined backwards. Penis sheath very broad at

the base, gradually tapering to a trumpet-shaped orifice. Tegumen

and harpagines fairly supplied with hairs.

Tridema lucretilis, Hew.

Lycacnesthes lucretilis, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., IST-f

p.349; id. Bl. D. Lep., p. 228, PI. 91, fif. 29, SO (1878) ;

id. Dewitz., N. Acta. Acad. N. Cur., p. 180, PL 26, f. 4

(1879) ; id. S. & K., Rhop. Exot., p. 103, PI. XXIII, ff. 5, 6

(1893) ; id. Auriv., Pdiop. Aethiop., p. 351 (1898); id. id.

Arkiv. Zook, ii, p. 16 (1905) ; Lycaenesthes lucretia. S. & K.,

Rhop. Exot., p. Ill, PI. XXIV, ff. 7, 8 (1894) ; il Auriv.,

Rhop. Aethiop., p. 351 (1898); Tridema lucretilis, Karsch,

B. E. Z., p. 214 (1893); id. Reuter, Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., p.

182 (1896).

8 • Upperside : both wings black with bright blue marks.

Primaries with a brilliant fine blue figure 8 in the median area, two

fine blue lines more or less parallel beyond it from vein 1 to 5 or

6, a subterminal fine double blue line. Secondaries with a fine blue

circle in the cell, which is clo.^ed by a parallel double blue short line ;

postmedian stripe marked out by a double line of broken fine blue

short dashes ; termen very finely blue preceded by a similar line

African species of the Lycaencsthcs group> of Lyeacnidae. 81

just beyond tlie postmedian. Underside blackish brown with the

pattern common to this section marked out by white lines. Primaries

with a white spot closing the cell, and below it two broad short white

dashes in the fold. The white subterminal line is completely inter¬

cepted by the exceedingly oblique costal part of the postmedian

stripe. Secondaries with a white spot in the cell near its end, and a

smaller one at the apex.

Hob. Sierra Leone; Gaboon; Ogowe Kiver;

Chinchoso; Angola.

Type in the British Museum.

This is a very distinct species, both as to its upper- and

undersides. It is the species for which Karsch created the

genus. Smith and Kirby’s L. lucretia is really only

recognisable by the absence of the red edging to the anal

spots of the underside of the secondaries; this is a feature

that is variable in Incretilis, being sometimes reduced to a

very fine line. I have little doubt that it is Hewitson’s

species ; the iridescent anal spots, both in size and width

of edging and also in the metallic-blue scales, are very

variable and cannot safely be used in species making.

Triclcma fasciatus, Auriv. (Plates III, figs. 15 16 $;

XIII, fig. 45.)

L. fasciatus^ AxinY., Ent. Tid., 1895, p. 218; L.fasciata

id. Rhop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898); id. id. Arkiv. Zook, ii, p. 16

(1905); L. suhnitens, B.-B., Ann. Mag. N. H., 1903, p. 332.

^ . Both wings blackish above. Primaries with the fold deep

lustrous violaceous blue to a quarter from the tornus, with discoidal

area of the same colour. - Underside: primaries with the postmedian

stripe twice strongly fractured, the four costal spots conliuent very

oblique, each spot rather further out than its predecessor, the fifth

and sixth spot confluent vertical shifted well in, seventh spot oblique

shifted far in, white subterminal stripe unbroken. Secondaries with

basal band of even width and unbroken ; postmedian stripe fractured

three times, the second pair of spots shifted right out, third pair and

fourth pair each well in from its predecessor, subterminal white line

highly curved with a marked indentation oi;twards at about its

middle.

9 . Both wings uniformly brown. Primaries with a postmedian

spotted palish line. Secondaries with a pale postmedian and subter¬

minal line, somewhat interrupted at the veins. Underside as the

male, but white lines broader.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART I. (JUNE) G

82 Mr. G. T. lune-Baker’s Revision of the

Hob. Cameroons ; Congo Free State ; Sierra

Leone.

Type ill the Stockholm Museum.

Prof. Aurivillius has been good enough to let me

see the type of his T. fasciatus, and it is the same as my

siLhnitens, only in his specimen the blue is considerably

faded; it is highly to be desired that, in genera wherein the

species are so very closely allied, a figure of the species

sliould be given.

There should be little difficulty in recognising this

insect ; the uj^perside is somewhat near N. staudingeri,

S. & K., but there are no white patches below, and the

neuration of staudingeri is different, so that it has been

necessary to place it in another genus.

Genitalia. — HAi'i^ago very deeply bifid aluiost to the base, tlie

upper arm being well curved, narrow, and tongue-shaped, the lower

very narrow, slightly increasing to a knobbed extremity ; at a quarter

from its end is a short blunt tooth, from whence to the tip it is well

excised. Cingula well produced backwards at the base, narrow,

expanding to the cheeks of the tegumen, which is deeply excised at

its front apex, v’ith the fr.mt line oblique not curved until the lower

extremity. Falces longish, narrow, strongly curved at about a quarter

from their sockets. Penis sheath very narrowly elliptical, tapering

very narrowly from the middle to an oblique tip. Lower extremity

of harpagines and cheeks of tegumen -well supplied with longish

hairs.

Triclcma ohsciira, Druce.

Tiiis species is very close superficially to Neurcllipes

staudingeri, S. & K., but has blue on its secondaries as

well as the primaries, whilst the underside has very much

less white, and has practically only one white patch in the

secondaries.

Hah. Bitje ; Ja River, Cameroons.

I am indebted to Mr. H. H. Druce for the loan of this

species, which he is about to describe; it may be at once

distinguished from N. staudingeri by the underside, for in

the primaries the oblique costal part of the postmedian

stripe does not invade the white subterminal line.

Triclema cacrulea, Auriv. (Plate III, fig. 17.)

Lgcaenestltes cacrulea, Auriv., Ent. Tid., 1895, p. 217 ;

id. id. Rhop. Aethiop., p. 350 (1898).

African species of the Lycaenesthes group) of Lycaenidac. 8!^

8 . Both wings mauve blue. Primaries with apex broadly dark

brown gradually tapering along the termen to the tornus. Secondaries

with termen narrowly brown with a dark line of subterininal

dashes between the veins, costa brown above vein 8. Underside :

both wings w^arm brown with the usual Triclema 'pattevn. Primaries

with the postmedian stripe reduced to a curved tapering confluent

band to vein 2. Secondaries with the basal band divided into three

sjrots touching each other. Postmedian band fractured thrice below

each pair of spots, second pair shifted well out, third pair well in

and almost unicolorous with the ground-colour, fourth angled pair

shifted right below the spot closing the cell and almust confluent

with it.

ITah. Cameroons.

Type in the Stockholm Museum.

I am again indebted to Prof, Aurivilliiis for the loan of

this species ; it will be readily distinguished from all others

of the genus by its pale mauve blue colour extending

almost entirely over both wings.

Species Omitted.

I. liolcias, Westwood.

The type of this species has not yet been discovered

and as the late Hope Professor stated in his description

“ cauda mdlaf I have no hesitation in eliminating it.

L. yrammica, Smith and Kirby.

I have seen this type, and it is a Castcdius.

Since the foregoing paper went to press I have received,

through the kindness of Herr Embrik Strand of the

Berlin Zool. Museum, a copy of his paper describing three

species of this group, and he has made for me accurate

coloured figures now in my possession. I would tabulate

them as follows —

Lycaenesthes uhereiuensis, Strand

I cannot regard this as otherwise than a variety of

lernnos ; this species gradually changes as it approaches

Equatorial Africa, and I have no doubt it is Hewitson’s

insect.

The however, is without any question ^ ligures. I

have several exactly the same with their males from the

Victoria Nyanza.

G 2

84 Mr. G. 'J\ Betiiune-Baker’s Revision of Lycaencsthcs.

a.b. imuycrula, Strand.

This I believe to be a distinct species, and is veiy close

to iny cliirinda ; the postniedian band in the primaries is

fractured differently to mine, so that until more material

comes to hand we must leave them distinct standing next

one another.

Lycaencsthcs nibrimaculata, Strand.

This cannot be other than Grose-Smith’s lasti.

Explanation of Plates I — XIII.

[Nee Exphincdion facing tite Plates.]

Explanation of Plate I.

Tran s Ent. Soc. Loivd,.,] 91 0. PL. T.

E.C. Knight del.etlith.

West, Newman chr.

AFRICAN SPECIES OF LYCAENESTHES &c.

I

r

. I

•f

!

1

‘

H

I

'■ -

is-

Explanation of Plate II.

Fig. 1. Lycaenedhes otacilia^, p. 37.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

kikmju ^ , p. 37.

sanguiikea ^ , p. 41.

lunulata^, p. 40.

lu'imlata 9 , p. 40.

crawshayi^i p. 45.

lysicles ^ , p. 46.

lachares ohsolescens ^ , p. 48.

lachares ^ , p. 47.

versatilis^^ p. 49.

melamhrohis (1 sex), p. 50

kampala $ , p. 52.

lychnides^, p. 53.

rufomarymata^, p. 54.

radiata^, p. 55.

makala^, p. 58.

leptines , p. 56.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Load.,! 910. PL. II.

•C.Kniglit del etlith.

West.Newman chr.

AFRICAN SPECIES OF LYCAENE S THE S .

.1'

I ^ 1 •

■i

-•/ 11^

Explanation of Plate III.

Fig. 1. Lyc(tenedhes erythropoecilus^ , Y*-

Trans. Eat. Soc. Lon d., 1910. PI. III.

'..Kraght deLecliui,

West.Newmar. chr.

AFRICAN SPECIES OF LYCAENESTHES &c.

3

I

i-

\

I

Explanation of Plate IV.

Fig. 1. Ciopidesthes voltae. Genitalia in profile, p. 8.

„ 2. „ arescopa „ „ „ p. 9.

,, 3. ,, thyrsis ,, ,, ,, p. 10.

,, 4. ,, litJius ,, ,, ,, p. 11.

All the i^rofile preparations of the genitalia have been mounted

with as little pressure as jiossible so as to examine the organs as

near the state of nature as could be. The few vertical views have

been cut and then spread out absolutely flat. All have been

magnified 50 diam., then reduced a third.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., IQTO, Plate IV.

(J

1

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF CUPIDESTHES.

Explanation of Plate V.

Fig. 5. Lycaenesthes mtisagetets. Profile view of genitalia, p. 21

Trans. Knt. Soc. Land., igio, Plate V

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

Explanation of Plate VI.

Fig. 10. Lycacnedlies hobleyi. Profile view of genitalia, p. 24.

Tracis. Ent. Sac. Lond., iQio, Plate VI.

s?

S

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

Explanation of Plate VII,

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

■-S

►i

;vi

4

•7*

7

Explanation of Plate VIII.

Profile view of genitalia, p. 44.

» ,, ,, P- 45.

5) )) P- 46.

„ M V p. 47.

51 5, „ p. 48.

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

Explanation of Plate IX.

Fig. 25. Lycaenesthes Jlavomaculatus. Genitalia, profile view, p. 54.

„ 26. „ rufmiarginata „ ,, „ p. 55.

,, 27. „ makala „ „ „ p. 58.

„ 28. „ makala „ vertical view pressed

fiat, p. 58.

I rails. iLiit. ,boc. Lona., IQto, I'laie ja..

■S

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

Explanation of Plate X.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., ipio, Plate

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF LYCAENESTHES.

Explanation of Plate XL

Fig. 33. Nenrypexina lyzanius.

34

5) ))

,, 39. NeurelUpes dandingeri

„ 40. 'Tridema rnfoplagata

„ 41. „ hades

Genitalia, profile view, p. 64.

„ vertical „ flat, p. 64.

,, profile „ 70.

„ » » P- 73.

>) >1 P-

Trans. Ent. Sac. Land.., 1910, Plate XI.

'Cliel. p/iu/o, A. H

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF NEURYPEXINA, NEURELLIPES, AND TRICLEMA.

t

Explanation of Plate XII.

Fig. 35. Neurellipes lusunes. Genitalia, profile view, p. 68.

,, 36. „ ,, ,, vertical „ Hat, p. 68.

„ 37. „ dbryseodict’us „ profile „ p. 67.

„ 38. „ ,, ,, vertical „ fiat, p. 67.

95

Trans. Ent. Sac. Land., /gio, Plate XII.

G

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF NEURELLIPES.

Explanation of Plate XIII.

Fig. 42. Triclema phoenicis. Genitalia, profile view, p. 76

,, 43. „ kamiUla „ „ „ p. 77

„ 44. „ lamias „ ,, „ p. 80

„ 45. „ faseiatus „ „ „ p. 82

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., iQio, 1 laie XIII.

Sr-

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF TRICLEMA.

( 85 )

II. On Callophrys avis, C%p'm. By T. A. Chapman,

M.D., F.Z.S.

[Read November 17th, 1909.]

Plates XIV— XLIII.

It is a remarkable circumstance that this very interesting

and pretty butterfly should have remained quite unknown

until so late a date as this, a species somewhat widely

distributed, occurring in France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco

(probably Algeria) * and Tunis. It is not a matter of dis¬

tinguishing or establishing a species previously confounded

with another or regarded as a mere variety, but a species

of which so far as I have been able to ascertain, only some

half-dozen specimens, beyond my own capture.s, exist in

collections, and of these, three, I think, were captured in

the present year. The species, as observed by me, is

extremely localised in each habitat, and this is no doubt

true throughout its whole distribution.

One circumstance about the specimens of C. avis that I

have ascertained to exist in collecbons is somewhat striking,

that is, that they all or nearly all are solitary specimens,

each from a different locality. My two HyO'es specimens

were taken in two different years at two different places.

Then there is one from Tangier in the British Museum,

one taken by Prof. Reverdin on the Riviera, one taken by

Mr. Rowntree at Bussaco, one by Prof. Tavares at Jerez, and

M. Oberthiir’s specimens (two, not one) from Tunisia. But

that my curiosity about the insect had been aroused, there

would probably have been a further one from AmMie-les-

Bains.

The explanation is, I think, simple. Most collectors

more or less ignore C. rnhi as beneath their notice,

o ^ '

perhaps pick up half-a-dozen. C. ruli has habitats by

the square mile. Tlie habitats of C. avis may usually, I

imagine, be measured by acres, or even yards. In picking

up his half-dozen G. ruhi, he may happen to pick up an

odd specimen of C. avis, but before he captures another,

* Under date November 24th, M. Oberthiir tells me that Mr, H,

Powell took two (^s at Khenchela (Province of Constantine).

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910.— PART IL (JUNE)

8G Dr. T. A. < TTapman on CaUoplirys anis.

be lins quite left the C. avis habitat, and that odd one is

all he has. With no clue but my first capture and think¬

ing it was possibly an aberration of C. niM, I failed to recog¬

nise the habitat though I knew approximately where it

was, and in my second year’s search, picked up another in

quite another spot, which unfortunately did not make me

work this second locality, but rather, at the time, confirmed

the idea that it was a sporadic aberration. Not perhaps

an unnatural result, as those were the only two known

specimens.

An account of C. avis involves at many points a

comparison with C. rnln, and it will be found that the

following notes deal largely with C. rubi. I have been

somewhat struck, however, by the circumstance that

many of the details as to G. riibi with which I have to

deal, are more or less new, and, at any rate, have not been

dealt with adequately, if at all, in any British medium.

The original description of Callophrys avis is as follows

(from “ Ent. Record,” vol. xxi, p. 130) —

“ ]\Iuch resemliles Cullojihrys ruhi. C. oris is larger, .32 min. to

36 mm. in expanse ; C. rubi rarely exceeds 32 mm. It has hardly

any trace of tails. The upper surface has a ruddy tint, in excess

usually of that of G. rubi var. fervida, and the venation is often,

especially veins three, four, and five of the upperwing in the s.

marked by rather broad dark lines as if raised, dift’ering from the

narrower flatter lines seen in G. rubi. A marked character is that

the head has a long ruddy fur, replacing all trace of the silver lines

round the e3'es so conspicuous in G. rubi. The androconial brand

on the cJ forewing is triangular, perhaps a shade broader than in G.

rubi, but of only about half the length along the line of the veins,

that it has in G. rubi, in which it is oval or fusiform. The club of the

antenna is red or flesh-colour, all along the lower inner side, a colour

confined in G. rubi to a few terminal joints of the club, and the same

on all aspects of the antenna. There is rather a different shade

of green on the underside, and the white line has quite a different

character from that in G. rubi. It is narrow, but continuous ; it is,

in fact, usually broken bj’ each vein, but looks cbntinuous compared

with G. rubi, in which the line breaks up into spots, rather than

become narrow as in G. avis. Either really, or as an effect of its

narrowness, it has a suggestion of being faintly tinted green. It is

entirely without the dark scales along its inner margin that are so

constant in G. rubi. The portion in each interneural space is curved.

It occupies all the spaces on each wing, from the costa to the space

87

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Calloj)lirys avis.

in front of vein two, but is bright towards the costa (space between

six and seven), and fades towards the inner part of the wing. The

row of spots in C. rubi is much more irregular. The first spot on

the hindwing slopes inwards, in C. rubi it slopes outwards, giving

the second spot the appearance of being displaced inwards in G. rubi,

outwards in G. avis. The appendages have only slight differences.

I have not examined sufficiently numerous specimens to be able to

assert that these are constant.

“ It specialises in its foodphuit, instead of being quasi-omnivorous

like G. rubi.

“Habitat, Southern France (Var, and Pyrdnees-Orientales), Morocco

(Tangier). The only specimen I have seen, not in my possession, is

one in the Brit. Mus. Collection, ranged with G. rubi var. fervida,

and labelled ‘ Tangier, Elwes Coll.’ ”

My original description does not need much amplifica¬

tion, but one or two points deserve notice, perhaps the

most important is in the lengths of the palpal joints, a

reference to Plate XXI will show that in C. avis the second

joint is rather longer and stouter than in G. ruhi, but the

last joint definitely shorter’.

The white line on the underside is really often slightly

tinted green, especially beneath the forewing ; sometimes

it is continuously a line, at others, and more usually, a

little broken up. Sometimes it is nearly a straight (or

curved) line. In other specimens, on the hindwing, tlie

costal spot, for example, inclines inwards, the next three are

nearly in line quite outside this, and the fifth and follow¬

ing spots are again further out. In C. rubi, the spots are

always in a continuous chain, sometimes in a regular line

(or curve), at others with some zigzag.

In G. avis, apart from some variation on the forewing,

all the spots are present and the total variation is com¬

paratively small. In C.-ruhi, as is well known, they vary

to the greatest extent, as to some, more, or all being absent.

The general position of the line is much nearer the base

of the wing than in G. rubi. In (7. avis it is, for example,

on the hindwing very near the end of the ceil; in C. rubi

it is much nearer half-way between the cell and the hind

margin.

The red colour beneath the knob of the ’antenna strikes

one as a novelty compared with the more familiar G. rubi,

and one is inclined to assume that the black area in G. rubi

is scaled. It is, however, the case that the scaled and

88

Dr. T. A. l^iiman on Callophrys avis.

unsealed areas are almost identical in the two species. The

unsealed area corresponds to the red area in C. avis. The

rest of the antenna is of the same colour if the scaling be

removed ; this is also the case in C. ruhi, the difference

between the two antennae, denuded of scales, being the

blackness in C. rubi of the black part of the unsealed

portion (Plate XIV).

The face differs less than one at first supposes. C. avis

has rather more and longer liairs, but the great difference

is the absence of the silver lines of ruhi (from which the

genus is named), these scales being red in G. avis.

The brilliance of these lines in C. ruhi makes the hairs

curiously inconspicuous, an effect aided by their duller

colour, which varies from grey (sometimes almost brown)

to black (Plate XIV).

In regard to the dark margins to the white spots in

C. ruhi, it is worth noting that in the genus Ncolycaena,

there is a very similar row of white spots with very similar

dark margins. Taking into account the very similar

androconial brand, there is no doubt that hail Neolycaena

had a green undenside (after all a really trivial difference),

we should have considereil the species to belong to Callo-

2^hrys. Staudinger places the Neolycamas in Theda,

though he separates ruhi under Callophrys. Curiously

Bingham retains Neolycaena amongst the “Blues,” although

Bethune-Baker, so long ago as 1892, showed (in our

Transactions) their true position. Callophrys, Neolycaena,

and Thestor iorva a very natural tribe (7’/;e.s’to?’hf'i). 1 would

venture to predict that the larva of Neolycaena will be

found to possess a honey-gland. I have noted the brand

in C. avis as triangular, really it is polygonal and might

almost as well be called circular. Its lower margin is

rather angular. The relative measurements in the two

species are; longitudinal, i. e. in line of veins, 0. ruhi, 1'7

Tum. ; C. avis, 1'2 inm. ; transverse, C. ruhi, 0‘75 mm.; C.

avis, 1'05 mm.

It will be seen on reference to my figures (Plate XVI),

that the difference in the form of the brand is not so much

due to a difference in the portion of the wing occupied by

it, as to a marked difference in the arrangement of tlie

veins underlying it — a difference not easy to describe but

obvious on inspection. These figures are rough and dia-

"rammatic, but are nevertheless sketched under camera,

and may be trusted as correct on this pomt.

89

Dr. T. A. Chapman 07i Calloj)hrys avis.

The androconia (Plate XVI) of both species are parallel¬

sided with rounded extremities, those of C. avis are

apparently rather more loaded with pigment. There is,

however, a very notable difference in form between them.

Those of G. avis are short and broad, of C. ruli long

and narrow, i. e. compared each with the other.

The following figures are the result of measuring

thirteen scales of each, taken at random, just as they

came. They are of course not so accurate as if a much

larger number were taken, but are probably not far out,

as they agree with one’s impressions on looking over a larger

number.

The relative measurement of the palpi (Plate XXI,

fig. 1) in the two species is interesting, especially in view

of Rambur’s note on his Andalusian specimens of C.

Tuhi (?).

The actual lengths of the three palpal joints in the two

species are in millimetres.

The second joint is also slightly more robust in G. avis.

In G. rubi its end is nearly transverse ; in G. avis it is

sloping, so that its upper margin has much the aspect of

ending in a spine. In both, the end of the third joint

looks truncate and has the well-known terminal tube.

The male ancillary appendages (Plate XX) are very

similar, quite within limits that are exceeded by mere

variation in many species, but we know that in several

groups of Lycaenids, specific and even generic, differences

are often very small.

In this case all the G. rubi examined absolutely agree

90

Dr. T. A. il?rij)mau on Collo'plirys avis.

together, and the one C. avis I have mounted differs in

several points from these.

The proximal ventral projection (saccus) is in G. avis

broader but with straighter sides, and therefore sharper

point, than it is in C. ruin. The dorsal hooks are at their

bases suddenly bent rather than curved and are thicker,

especially towards their ends ; their to.pering extremities

being shorter in C. avis than in G. rubi. The exserted

portion of the shaft of the aedoeagus is rather more slender.

The dense portion of the clasps is very distinctly more long

and slender in G. avis (as 7 to 6).

In the medio-dorsal line the proximal margin is a sharp

angle in G. avis, an open arch in G. ruin, whilst the distal

margin is narrower in G. avis and the denser chitinous

elements more solidly knitted together.

The preparations I have made of the female abdomen

(Plate XXT, fig. 2 ; Plate XXII) are far from being as satis¬

factory as I should like, but one or two points of difference

between the two species, G. avis and G. rubi, are evident

enough.

The long chitinous tube in the eighth segment (corre¬

sponding to the very long aedoeagus of the male Theclid),

is narrower in G. avis (two specimens examined) especially

towards its lower end, so that in G. avis it gradually in¬

creases in width from its lower end forwards. In G. rubi

the narrowest part is about the middle, thence enlarging

towards either end. The tube is also distinctly longer in

G. rubi than in G. avis, though I have a specimen of rubi

that approaches G. avis more nearly than the one photo¬

graphed. The two remarkable spinous organs in the wall

of the bursa seem to be nearly alike, viz. each with two

long sharp spines ; in G. riibi there seems to be much

variation in the length of the second spine ; in G. avis they

are both equal, but an examination of further specimens

may (or may not) show them to be as variable as in G. rubi.

The reason for supposing they are not so variable in G. avis

is, of course, that in other characters in which the two

species differ, G. rubi is always the more variable.

I took my first specimen in the little range of hills

between Hyeres and Carquieranne ; of these hills the

best known is the Gollinc, des Oiscanx, near Costcbelle, and

so, assuming this fly to be one of the birds for which that

summit is famous, I have given it the specific name of

Avis.

91

Dr. T, A. Chapman on Calloplir.ys avis.

My interest at the time in Callophrys rnti was stimu¬

lated by Mr. Tutt’s impending treatment of that insect in

his “ British Butterflies,” in connection with Avhich he

expected me to supply him with various important

observations. Possibly without this stimulus the specimen

of C. avis would not have been taken. It puzzled me very

much ; I hardly thought it could be a distinct species, but

there were almost greater difficulties in supposing it to be

a hybrid with some other Theda or an aberration of C. rnhi.

The specimen is noted in Tutt’s “ British Butterflies ”

(vol. ix, p. 90) under the head of C. rnhi, C vav. fervicla.

“ A very remarkable example of this form, taken by Cliapraan at

Hyhres in April 1906, is very large, 36 mm. ; has a very narrow and

yet almost continuous white line on the undenside of the wings ;

has the underside of the antennal club largely red, a character that

appears to be very rare, judged by our long series, and we believe

not before noticed by any lepidopterist.”

The colour of the upper surface would lead to its being

placed with G. onihi var. fervida, but no notices of fervida

I have come across report specimens possessing the

peculiar characters of C. avis, and the localisation of C. avis

and its rarity even where it occurs make it unlikely that

many specimens exist unrecogni.sed in collections. Even

in his great collection, where one would expect to find it,

if anywhere. Mods. C. Obertbiir tells me that he cannot

detect one.

Rambur’s note on Theda ridn in his “ Catalogue of the

Lepidoptera of Andalusia” leaves on my mind little doubt

that some, at least, of his specimens were C. avis. He

says the specimens are distinguished “ by the ochreous of

the upper wings and by the continuity of the white line

beneath the lower ; the last joint of the palpi is also

shorter.” The last item at least is definite, and it is the

case that this last joint is shorter in C. avis than in C. rnhi

(see ante and Plate XXI).

Staudinger’s var. suaveola of 0. rnhi agrees with

C. avis in its large size and in the want of tails. In all

other respects it agrees with C. rnhi. I have examined

two specimens at the Brit. Mu.s., South Kensington, from

Artrabad and Shahkuh, and one from M. Oberthiir’s col¬

lection, from Syria.

The last palpal joint is more like that of C. rnhi than

92

Dr. T. A. (#lhpman on Gallo'phrys, avis.

of C. avis, and the green of the underside lias a little of

the tone that distinguishes C. avis, but a similar tone is

not uncommon in 0. rnhi. The underside spots have the

dark scales at their inner margins as in C. ruhi. On the

meagre amount of material examined, I do not feel at all

positive that suaveola is not perhaps a species, distinct

from C. ruhi, as it certaiidy is from C. avis.

The var. fcrviila of C. ruhi, with which I was at first

inclined to agree with Mr. Tutt in placing my first odd

specimen of C. avis, agrees with C. avis only in approach¬

ing its ruddy tint, 1 have seen no sj)ecimen reaching the

rich tones of a really line G. avis', and in a little approach

also in many specimens in the tint of green on the under¬

side — in all other respects it differs from G. avis as does

ordinary G. ruhi. It was the prevailing form of G. ruhi

at Amelie-les-Bains.

I have not met with any further reference to the species,

except my own note on the capture of my second Hyeres

specimen in 1907, which appeared in “ Ent. Record,” vol.

xix, p. 152, until I described the insect as a new species

in the “ Ent. Record,” vol. xxi, p. 130 (see ante), and ex¬

hibited specimens at the Society’s meeting on June 2nd

last (Proc. 1909, p. xxix).

I was enabled to do this in consequence of having taken

a few specimens in the Pyrenees-Orientales (at Amelie-les-

Bains), and luckily observed a ovipositing, and thus suc¬

ceeded in obtaining eggs, and have reared the insect, up to

the present, of course, only so far as the pupal stage.

Since the description of the species was published Prof.

Reverdin tells me he took a specimen some 20 kilo¬

metres east of Hyei'es, and I have seen a specimen in the

collection of Mr. A. S. Tetley, of Scarborough, taken by

Mr. Allan Rowntree at Bussaco, Portugal (within the old

monastery pi'ecincts), on May 27th, 1904. The specimen

is a ^ of 34 mm. expanse, in fair condition, but sufficiently

worn to have perhaps been sometime on the wing. Still,

the date seems later than one would expect, but the

Atlantic side of the Peninsula probably does not warm up

in spring so rapidly as the Mediterranean littoral.

The specimen is very interesting as showing a wider

distribution of the species than merely the western end of

the Mediterranean basin.

This Portuguese specimen led to my writing to my

friend Prof. C. Mendes at Sao Fiel, asking him to look

])r. T. A. Chapman on CaUo'phrys avis. 93

over his series of C. ruhi in search of any intrusive

C. avis.

He writes me that he “ has found one specimen taken by

his colleague Prof. Tavares in May at Jerez. It is one of

two specimens, of which one is C. ruhi, the other C. avis,

with the hindwings somewhat worn. The distinction is

perfect. I have also examined more than twenty speci¬

mens from the neighbourhood (Sao Fiel), from Lisbon and

from Algarve, all of which are G. o'lchi.”

Spain can thus be added to the habitats of C. avis.

On October 26th, 1909, M. C. Oberthiir wrote me that he

had just received from Tunisia two specimens that appear

to be G. avis, and later, after actual comparison, he tells

me that they certainly are G. avis (2 ^ from Aiu-Draham

(Kroumirie), Tunis.

Unfortunately, by the time I liad “ spotted ” my butter¬

fly at Amelie-les-Bains the weather became dull and

unsettled, so that I can say little of its habits. It can fly

strongly in good weather, but does not stray far from its

proper habitat. It affects (for feeding probably) flowers of

a species of Etqihorhia, where it is sometimes accom¬

panied by specimens of C. riibi. Owing to weather, I

had no opportunity of seeing it orient itself in the sun

as G. rubi does.

The butterfly I saw ovipositing on April 20th was lay¬

ing her eggs on the flowers (?), calyx really, of Goriaria

myrtifolia.* I found at this date that two $ $ that I had

placed on Gytisus spinosibs (or closely allied species), which,

by their joint distribution, seemed to be the chief food-

plant of G. rubi at Amelie, three days before, had laid

only two eggs. They began to lay at once when given

Goriaria. Un April 30th an egg laid wild, hatched ; eggs

laid in confinement began to hatch on May 8rd.

The following are my notes of experiments on the food-

plants of G. rubi and G. avis. They show that G. rubi

would not touch, or only sparingly and ineffectually, the

foodplaut of G. avis. Whilst G. avis absolutely refused all

the ordinary pabula of G. rubi.

May 26th. — Placed some newly- hatched larvae of

G. rubi, j^arents taken amongst Goriaria at Vernet-les-

Bains, on Goriaria, and found that they refused for 24

* The local botanists (Messrs. Raine, Powell, Jehandiez, etc.) say

that Goriaria myrtifolia does not grow near Hybres, it follows that

C. ori.s must there subsist on some alternative foodplant.

94 Dr. T. A. o% CalloplirTjs avis.

liours to touch it. When jhaced on Ulex europaeus flowers

they at once settled down and soon began to feed.

H aving done so twice before, I again placed a half-

grown larva of 0. avis on mixed flowers of Ulex europaeus and

Cytisus scoparius, and another on flowers of Cornus san-

guinea. Left for 24 hours the larvae on each occasion starved.

Larvae of C. ruhi, newly hatched, placed on flowers of

Cornus sanguinea, went for the open flowers and did some

eating ; next day, however, they had eaten very little, and

were very restless, three of them being down on the stem ;

they became quite pacified and settled down when given

blooms of Ulex.

Larvae of C. rubi placed on Heliantheimiin at once

attacked the flower-buds and appeared to thrive on them ;

one then placed on Eroclimii attacked a flower-bud, but,

that demolished, and there being no other, it and a second

larva starved rather than touch the leaves or any other

part of the plant. Larvae given buds of bramble, made

deep holes in the buds, but after a time and after seeming

to be quite at home, left them and seemed very discon¬

tented. First-instar larvae placed on Goriaria. starved

rather than eat it ; last-stage larvae ate it sparingly, but

in two days were smaller rather than larger, got on a little

better for a day or two, but then were obviously doing so

badly that they were restored to broom flowers.

C. avis refused any of the ordinary flowers loved by

ruhi, such as gorse, broom, Sp)artiuvi jttnceum, etc.

I fed my young larva on the flowers, and they seemed

somewhat inditferent what portion they ate, but as the

male flowers rapidly become useless on the stamens burst¬

ing, I found them to take more especially to the female

flowers, clearing out the immature fruits. When they

were in their second instars I found them eating such

portions of leaves as I had given them with the flowers,

and on giving them leaves they seemed to prefer them to

the now not too tender flowers (or rather fruits). Thereafter

I fed them on leaves, and I owe many thanks to Monsieur

Boixo, the “ Roi du Canigou,” for sending me supplies of

leaves on which to feed my larvae after my return to England.

The last larva hatched on May loth, and on May 18th

the first larva is supposed to be in third instar.

In the first instar the larva is a greyish green, or even perhaps

cinereou.s, but pale and in a sense colourless, tlie head black and the

95

Di'. T. A, Chapman on CallofUrys avis.

hairs also, except just at emergence. The youngest larvae are now

(May 18th) somewhat grown and are of a pale brownish tint, consist¬

ing, however, of the effect of the sparse black hairs, with a skin in

two colours. The black hairs are the long dorsal ones, the, nearly

as long, lateral ones, are pale or colourless.

Tlie ground-colour is a light ochreous yellow with a trace of green

and the reddish-brown markings are a light or diluted maroon.

The prothoracic plate is dark but not black, the anal plate darkly

tinted but pale by comparison with the prothoracic plate. The

reddish markings are a line down each side of the dorsum, not quite

central to the dorsal flange but rather to its inner side, and slightly

interrupted at the incisions. A similar subspiracular line, leaving

the dark dots of the spiracles on a pale line or area above it. Above

the spiracles a line or band broadest at the front margin of each

segment, leaving another pale area between this and the subdorsal

line, somewhat triangular on each segment, from being broadest at

its posterior margin, complementarj- to the red line beneath it, and

centrally in this pale area a triangular red mark, with its posterior

margin not quite coincident with the posterior margin of the seg¬

ment. On dorsal view the prothorax often looks dark (pale Indian

ink) from the black head retracted into it. The larva is of the

usual onisciform shape, about 2 mm. long and 0'7 mm. broad, fairly

equal in width, but perhaps slightly tapering backwards, the ends

little more than semicircles. On end view, the lateral flanges are

marked, but the dorsal ones are the rather sharp margins of a flat

dorsal area.

In the second instar the larva is at first reddish in general tone,

about 3'5 mm. long. The ground-colour is a green slightly toned

with yellowish brown, but the greater part of the surface is occupied

by pale reddish brown, viz. two brown lines (or bands) on each side

of the dorsal line (left of the yellowish green ground-colour) and

just inside tubercles I and II. The broad brown flange line below

the spiracles, along the prominent bosses of IV and V forming the

flange. The spiracular level is of pale ground-colour, but above it

is a darker area, higher on the front of each segment, leaving a pale

area narrow in front and broader behind, above it containing a

darker spot in its centre.

As it grows in this instar it becomes wholly green, the change in

size and colour being so remarkable that I had some difficulty in

satisfying myself that an unobserved moult had not taken jjlace. The

length reaches 4'5 to 5'0 mm. The previous markings are just

indicated in darker green. The head is dark except the mouth

parts and just above the labrum.

In the third instar (in which were still a few on June 3rd) the

96

Dr. T. A. on Callophrys avis.

larva attains 12'0 nun. when stretched in walking with head ex¬

tended ; the width about 3'0 mm., and of head about 0’6 mm. Tlie

head black, except where the vertex is usually within prothorax,

labruni whitish. The rest of the larva is wholly of a transparent

green, except a very narrow lateral line, yellow, and the prothoraeic

plate of a purplish pink, with a faint pale median line. The s])iracles

are darker dot.®, apj)arently very narrow rings of deep brown.

When about to moult the larva spins a few threads to surrounding

leaves as well as a silken pad.

In the last instar when full grown (Plates XV, XVII, XVIII) the

larva Avhen active attains a length of about 20 mm., but when resting

or sulky only some 15 or 16 mm., but is then some 5'5 mm. wide, and

5 mm. high ; short and thick, thickest about first and second

abdominal segments.

The larva is of a uniform transparent green, with a yellow lateral

line and a brilliant red (purplish pink) prothoraeic plate. The

depression of the prothoraeic plate is conspicuous, lying deeply

under mesothorax with the front of the prothorax rising above it.

The broad red stri})e across the prothorax, and the uniformity of

all the larvae in the light transparent green colour, broken only by

the plate and by the thin lateral line, render the larvae conspicuously

different from any other I have seen.

The red stripe is like nearly all colouring in Lycaenid larva, a

little way below the cuticle, and though one supposes at first it is a

colouring of the prothoraeic plate, this is not so, as it e.xtends widely

to each side beyond the plate, almost right across the prothorax.

Oidy one larva varies from this, in having a broad lateral rusty red

band, obscuring the yellow lateral line, which seems deeply buried,

but has some of the rusty tinting at the incisions. The rusty tint

is superficial and involves the whole flange practically up to the

spiracles. The prothorax is ruddy tinted and there is a slight tint

on the dorsum of the seventh abdominal segment.

I copy tlie above as it appears in my notes, but furtlier

notes show that this larva was in the first stage of the

change of colour that is undergone when the larva is pre¬

paring to search for a pjlace for jrupation.

The larva never goes anywhere without making a silken

path and often quite a pad, on the leaf it is eating. When

recently moulted into the last instar, there is quite a

ruddy halo due to the closeness of the reddish hairs.

When the larva is full-fed the hairs become so far separated

as to be hardl}^ visible.

On June 7th, I noted that on each of the past three

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Callophrys avis. 97

days some larvae have assumed a darker tint, gradually

deepening to a dark olive green, almost black, as com¬

pared with the bright light green of the feeding larvae.

They have the yellow lateral line changed into a

red, almost brick-red one, looking dee23ly sunk in the

tissues.

In looking for a place to pupate, the larvae of C. avis

were quite disconsolate when I provided them with some

loose earth with a little loose rubbish on top, such as I

had found suited G. riibi admirably. With such provision

G. o'uhi goes out of sight and pupates, if not strictly under¬

ground, still beneath the loose surface material. On

providing G. avis with bits of stick, leaves, paper and so

on, I found tliat after a period of wandering, that is

common to so many larvae that have to travel often some

distance in search of a puparium, they settled down, on

some object an inch or two above the surface, sometimes

in a little hollow, sometimes between two surfaces such as

two dead leaves, etc., and here did some slight spinning,

amongst which some few threads were usually disposed,

though often separatel}^ as a girth, and there was also a

more or less distinct anal pad. Not one example \vent

into even the most superficial rubbish.

In comparing the larvae of C. avis and C. mhi, we find that in

C. rithi, in the first instar wlien fairly grown the larva has the white

patches below the dorsal line Ijroad, very white (not ochreons) and

without any brown patch in it on each segment as in C. avis.

In the second instar (June 2nd) it looks not unlike C. avis in the

same instar, but is a little greyer ; as it grows it loses all likeness to

first-stage larva, at first rather striking, and becomes green, but with

very marked darker and lighter green on pattern of the brown

and white, and reaches a length of 6 mm.

In the third instar (June 8th) (Plate XXXII), it is green with a

very marked pjale dorsomedian line, dorsal flange line and oblique

stripes, these are quite yellow in some specimens, pale green in others,

but seldom quite as bright as the yellow lateral line. The hairs are

bltick, not quite so in some, but without the rich ruddy tint

they have in avis in the later instars. The prothoracic plate is

clearly seen brownish-black, the colouring being confined to the

plate itself. Length 10-12 mm., according to how much extended.

The larvae appear frequently to eat the cast skins and

apparently the heads with them, if one may judge by the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE) II

98

Dr. T. A. on Callophrys avis.

difficulty of finding tlie cast heads. A circumstance that

adds mucli difficulty to counting the moults.

When the young (first instar) larva of G. ruhi attains its

colour, ■which it does a shade earlier than does G. avis, the

colours are not pale ochreous green and brown, but a

white that is almost that of porcelain and a more ochreous,

less red, brown. The dorsal brown lines are broader.

The white below it looks broader and perhaps is, but its

greater effect is more due to its whiteness, aud to its

wanting the brown patch on each segment, the sub¬

dorsal hairs (ill ?) are visible with a hand lens easily,

being black as are the lateral (llange) hairs (colourless

in avis).

In the last instar, the uniform green tint of G. avis con¬

trasts in its light transparent tone with that of G. rubi

(Plate XV), in the same stage, and in its uniformity, quite

unbroken by any trace of the oblique stripes, which are

always more or less present in G. rnbi. Any appearance

of stripes in G. avis is the effect of the illumination on

the irregularities of the “ upholstering ” of the sides.

G. avis has its yellow lateral line and its red mark across

the prothorax, but no other colouring, aud each larva is

like every other without any variation. G. rubi always

has the oblique stripes, sometimes as a different tone of

green, sometimes as more or less bright yellow, and

sometimes further emphasised by some red margins,

making a very handsome and gaudy larva. I did not

meet with this brilliant form this year, so have not got it

figured. An essential point, moreover, is not merely the

j)resence of these stripes in some form, but the great

range of variation that the larva presents, as compared

with the uniform G. avis. It never has any approach to

the red thoracic mark, and may even seem almost without

a thoracic plate ; the mark here in G. rnbi being merely

the very small central brownish portion of the plate,

Avithout any further colouring.

Another marked difference between the two ' species in

the last instar, is the much greater dorsal swelling of the

segments and the correspondingly greater depth of the

nicisions dorsally in G. rubi. So that on lateral view,

G. rubi has a very serrate dorsal outline, as compared

with the tolerably smooth aspect of G. avis, the latter

might, in I'act, wlien compared with G. rubi, almost be

taken for a Chrysophanid like G. rutihis.

99

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Calloiihrys avis.

Callophrijs avi.‘i lias a pupa (Plate XIX) very similar to that of G.

a little larger and stouter, length 10 mm. ; measurement does not,

however, show that it is any stouter. In this living pupa the pale

(brown) ground-colour seems more easily seen and more abundant

than on ruhi, and the two tints brown and black seem more dis¬

tinctly separated. The abdominal dorsum distinctly looks paler than

in ruhi, owing to the gi'eater amount of brown ; this may easily,

however, be a matter of racial or even individual variation.

The spiracles (abdominal) are more obvious in 0. ar is, being nearly

white on a very small brown area, whilst in C. rubi they are brown

on a (usually) rather larger brown area. The hair and surface

sculpturing present no differences to be detected in the living pupa.

The cremaster appears to possess a much larger number of hooks,

corresponding with the more frequent occurrence of a practicable

girdle.

On August 26th, 1909, I overhauled pupae of C. avis

and C. rubi. Those of C. avis have wings very black and

opaque ; those of rubi are brown, in some, suggesting

that there was clear fluid under a brown skin, but in

others (to my surprise) the brown was paler and opaque

suggesting wing-development going on, and in these the

eye-spots were also blackening. The eyes and wings of

C. avis were too black and opaque to make it probable

similar changes, if going on, would be visible. Kept several

advancing rubi up in warm room to see if they would

force, but without effect after several weeks. With hardly

an exception the C. rubi were all on the earth at the

bottom of the jars, or even in if not below it, and without

an adhesion to anything. The C. avis were equally away

from the ground, an inch or more, and with some attach¬

ment in man}^ cases, and in one or two with something like

a distinct girth. The decay of material to which they

were attached made this impossible to verify in probably a

good proportion of cases in which it had existed.

The egg (Plate XXIII, et seq.) is laid in the flowers of

Coriaria my7'tifolia, those I saw laid naturally on the calyx of

the male flower, and providing them with similar material I

found those in captivity did the same, varying a little by

laying occasionally on the stamens, as well as on the short

flower-stalks, and even on the stems at the base of the

flowering racemes.

In no case was an egg attached by anything but its

lower surface, and though put to some extent out of

II 2

loo

l)r. T. A. ^apnian on CaUo'phrys avis.

sight was not often wedged into any sort of crevice, differ-

ing therein much from the egg of C. win, which is almost

as a rule pushed in between two surfaces, and adheres by

its top to the upper one, only a little less than by its base.

The ejig is extremely like that of G. ruhi (Plate XXIII) ; it may

he a shade larger, 0'7 mm. in diameter, or sometimes rather wider. In

colour it is like G. ruhi, green, and in some respects nearly white,,

but on the whole it is less green and has usually a whiter appearance.

The sculpturing is almost alike. The actual egg is in fact green, but

the superficial adventitious coating is white, and differs from that in

G. ruhi in consisting not merely of the columns and ribs, but has

also a slight laj'^er over the bottom of the cells that seems to be

wanting in G. rxhi.

In photographing the micropyles of the two species, Mr.

Clark found such a difference in the nature of this adven¬

titious coating, that he made various prej^arations and quite

a research to elucidate the differences. He notes that

“ 0. ruhi has apparently a single coat, which is quite

transparent when mounted in glycerine ( Farrant’s medium),

and shows the network structure of cells perfectly, either

in this way or when mounted as a dry object.” On

the other hand, “ G. avis has apparently two coats, tlie

outer one bears the sculpture of network, is granular,

especially under pressure, and separable from the inner

coat ; the latter being transparent and devoid of any

special structure or trace of cell formation. The sculp¬

ture is fairly well seen mounted as a dry specimen,

whilst in fluid (Farrant’s) it becomes a granular amor¬

phous mass.” He also notes that “ the basal portion of

these eggs is of simple cells ” (i. e. without adventitious

coat), “ which terminate abruptly when the side of the egg

is reached.” This is the case in all Lycaenid eggs I have

examined, though the cellular structure of the base is often

so faint as to require some looking for. In Calloplirys it is

very distinct. Mr. Clark also notes that “ the micro pylar

structure is best seen when mounted and pressed quite flat

in Farrant’s medium. I could detect no ‘ pores ’ as is the

case in some eggs.”

The adventitious coat of Lycaenid eggs, as a rule,

breaks up into an amorphous pulp when treated with

any medium such as alcohol, benzole, glycerine, etc.,

so that it is useless to try to preserve or observe them

101

Di'. T. A. Chapman on Callophrys avis.

in any way but as dry objects. Mr. Clark’s observa¬

tion on C. avis eggs shows tliat it follows this usual rule,

and in glycerine it is at once seen that the eggshell has

two layers — the true shell which is persistent and the white

coating which disintegrates. His remarkable discovery is

that in the egg of C. ruhi the adventitious coat differs

entirely from that of C. avis, in some chemical or other

. quality, as to be uninjured by Farrant’s medium, and acts as

if the true eggshell and the coating were one homogeneous

layer. One would hardly expect so considerable a

difference to exist between two so closely allied species.

I ought perhaps to say, though it is carrying coals to

Newcastle, that I do not report Mr. Clark’s discovery

without having repeated and verified it m3’^self. As per¬

haps having some connection Avith this point, I may

observe that an egg of C. avis is easily obtained, pure and

simple, an egg of C. ruhi has nearly always attached to it

some hairs or filaments belonging to the plant on Avhich it

Avas laid (see Plate XXIII). A corollary no doubt of the cir¬

cumstance that the egg of C. avis is attached merely by its

base, Avhilst that of C. rubi adheres also, if possible, by

some part of the upper surface. This is probably asso¬

ciated with a different composition of the white coating,

a difference revealed in another Avay by Mr. Clark’s

experiment.

The eggshell of G. ruhi comes out little if at all in¬

jured after successive treatment by water, by alcohol, and

by benzole, that of G. avis is decidedly damaged both by

alcohol and by benzole, but by Avater it is much altered,

and the water around it exhibits a multitude of minute

colourless spindle-shaped bodies of about O'OOl mm. in

length.

In all cases, the base, Avhich has no coating, is unaffected,

and retains its network unaltered.

Plates XXV and XXVII shoAv the eggshell of G. rubi Avith

the mesh of ribs arranged in triangles, so that they Avould

obviously fall into hexagons but for the exigencies of a

curved surface. The columns are end on, and so do not

.^ihoAv their height. The double outline of the ribs is, no

doubt, an optical effect in the dry shell of the empty egg ;

it is seen also in G. aws and in other Lycaenid eggs. Fig. 2

is a portion of the eggshell of G. avis dry, and not

pressed.

In Plates XXVI and XXVII Ave have three specimens of

102

Dr. T. A. <^Phpman on Callophrys avis.

the eggshell of C. avis showing the inicropylar area, and

showing also the effect of pressure in Farrant’s medium

in destroying the meshwork of the surrounding area, and

in the example of C. rnli (Plate XXVII, fig. 1) it appears

unaltered by this treatment, except a little distortion by

pressure and some blurring due to the high magnification

( X 350) making its thickness too great for being in focus

tluoughout. Though Mr. Clark says there are no pores

visible, I think I detect them in the preparations from

which Plate XXVII, fig. 2 {avis) and same Plate, fig. 1 {ruli)

are taken. They have probably become more evident by

lapse of time, as often happens to objects in Farrant’s

medium. In Plate XXVI, fig. 2, there are five cells to the

inicropylar rosette (four and six respectively in the other

two figures of C. avis), and apparently five pores ; but it is

also the case that in the specimen of C. rwii! (Plate XXVII,

fig. 1), which has seven cells to the rosette, there are

equally five pores, arranged most regularly in the centre.

The breaking down of the adventitious coat, especially in

Plate XXVi, fig. 2, and Plate XXVII, fig. 2, in G. avis

makes the distinction between the cells of the microiiylar

area (without adventitia) anA those surrounding it very dis¬

tinct, and shows that two rows with a few odd ones surround

the rosette. Though the demarcation is not so fully

demonstrated in the preparation of C. rubi, it is neverthe¬

less very obvious, and more so in the actual preparation

than in the photograph, that there are about four rows of

cells round the rosette in that species, and that as the

cells do not differ much in size, the area (or “depres¬

sion ”) is larger in C. ridn than in C. avis. In dealing

Avith the details of hairs, lenticles, etc., of the larva at

different stages, I may refer to my notes on C. rubi in

Tutt’s “British Lepidoptera,” vol. ix, p. 104 ct seq.,

which are fairly full, and also to the photographs by Mr.

F. N. Clark, accompanjdng this paper, from specimens I

have prepared. This will save much verbosity.

In comparing the larvae in the first instar, C. avis

(Plate XXVIII) seems smaller and more delicate (though

the egg seemed, if anything, larger), certainly it has a smaller

head, and certain hairs, present in C. rahi (Plate XXIX),

are wanting and others less developed. The most notable

of the absent hairs are those (ill ?) between the sub¬

dorsal lenticles and the spiracle. Of these C. ridn has two in

each of the abdominal segments one to seven. They are

103

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Calloplirys avifi.

well-developed hairs, nearly half as long as the long ones

of tubercle i. These are wanting in C. avis absolutely in

all of nearly a dozen specimens examined, except in one

that has a hair here on the first and second abdominal

segments, and on one or two others,

Another hair well developed in C.ruhi, absentia C. avis,

is one in front of the long dorsal hair (i ?) on seventh

abdominal segment. The short hair in front of I on the

abdominal segment is little more than half tlie size in

C. avis that it is in C. rnhi.

Plate XXVIII is taken from the specimen of C. avis in

which the supra spiracular hairs (ill ?) happen in a few

cases to be present.

The prothoracic plate has four short hairs along the

front margin in C. rnhi that are wanting in C. avis. This

is in accordance with the general stronger development of

hairs in C. ruhi.

In the first instar there is no trace of a honey-gland.

In the second instar (Plate XXXj less difference

between the panoply of hairs is discoverable than in the

first, between the two species. C. rtihi (Plate XXXI) is,

however, rather more strongly haired. The longest hairs

are about 0'37 mm. long in C. avis, and few reach this ;

the corresponding figure for C. ruhi is 0‘‘i2 mm. The two

photographs (Plates XXX and XXXI) give a not very

unfair indication of the difference between the two,

although it is much emphasised by accidental differences

in preparing the specimens.

In these photographs, as in several of the others, it is

necessary to point out that in Plate XXXI the prothoracic

plate is properly displayed, in Plate XXX its posterior

margin is bent under.

In both species there is in this instar a first indication

of the honey-gland on seventh abdominal segment, a slight

failure of the ordinary hairs appear, and there are three or

four lenticles in line, marking the posterior lip of the

opening, which I suppose is always present, though I have

only managed so to speak to “ glimpse ” it in two or three

specimens. Each pad of the prolegs and claspers, which

in the first instar had two hooks, now has five — two longer

and three shorter.

To complete the view of these crochets it may be noted

that in both species eleven seems to be the number of

hooks to each pad in the third instar, eleven on one pad

104 ])r. T. A. (^^pinan on Calloinlirys avis.

and nine on the other being not uncommon, a larger

number, twelve or thirteen, is rare ; they alternate large

and small, with small ones at each end, sometimes the end

of each series is smaller than the middle ones.

In the last instar they are much more numerous but

much alike and variable in the same wa}'’ in the two

species ; twenty-one to twenty- three is about the average ;

one may find twenty-three on one pad and seventeen on

the other, and as many as twenty-five occur — sometimes

the front, sometimes the posterior, pad has the fewer

crochets. They are alternately longer and shorter, but the

longer set often varies again into longer and shorter.

In the third instar (Plate XXXII) the hairs are again

just appreciably longer and stronger in C. ruhi (Plate

XXXIII). The honey-gland (Plate XXXVI, fig. 2) is now

quite distinct in both species by a flight of lenticles

along both lips and by the recession of the principal

hairs.

In the last (fourth) instar, the honey-gland (Plate

XXXVII) is very obvious; a space is made for it by the

loss of the longer dorsal hairs. The appearance shown in

Plate XXXVII, fig. 1, of four circles right down in the

fjland, is one I am familiar with in the larvae of “ Blues,”

but what precisely they represent, functionally or homo¬

logically, I do not know.

I suspect them, however, to represent the two pairs of

dorsal hairs (1 and II) changed into glandular structures.

The hairs at all stages (if we except the curving in the

first stage) are simple and straight and armed with fine

spicules ; in the last stage, however, these have so

dwindled that it may be said they have disappeared,

traces of them are more easily detected in C. ruhi than in

C. avis.

At all stages the bases of the hairs are spread out and

divided by lines, so as to take the floral aspect they have

in many other Theclids.

I have already noted the extra hairs that C. ruhi has on

the prothoracic plate in the first instar. In the later

instars (Plates XXXIV, XXXV, and XXXVI) the hairs and

lenticles of the 2:»rothoracic plate vary so much that it is

difficidt to find two individuals with precisely the same

dispositions, so that the differences one may note in a few

specimens between C. avis and C. ruhi are more ^mobably

individual than specific. The special angular hair does

105

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Calloplvrys avis.

not declare itself in the first instar, but afterwards is

present equally in both species and is well seen in the

photographs of those of the second and third instars

(Plates XXXIV and XXXV).

In the last instar (Plate XXXVI) they are not so easily

found, as the outer angle of the plate on which they are

is not at all chitinised, and is, in fact, like the rest of the

skin. I believe I am correct in saying that the red mark

in C. avis goes far beyond the plate, but I may not have

made enough allowance for this non-chitinisation of its

lateral wings. In Plate XXXVI, fig. 1, the special hairs

would be about half-an-inch outside the picture.

So far as I know the existence of a honey-gland in the

Thestoridi has not been previously reported. It

certainly escaped the notice of both Mr. Tutt and myself,

both in his researches in the literature of the species and

my (I fear rather perfunctory) observations of the living

larvae. There is no mention of it in Tutt’s account of

Calkyjhrys ruhi in his “ British Lepidoptera,” vol. ix.

I may add that I have searched for indication of the

fans or scent (?) glands of the eighth abdominal segment

and have not succeeded in discovering any ; I incline to

believe they do not exist, still, if they are rudimentary,

they might be present and easily elude me.

So far I have had no empty pupa shell of C. avis to

mount. The only one I have mounted had to be cleaned

by some maceration in potash, which has had the effect of

softening the hairs and rendering them useless for de-

scrijDtive purposes. In other respects I believe the

specimen is trustworth}^ I believe the hairs are practi¬

cally identical with those of C. riiin, as the result of such

observations as can be made on the living pupa. Nor in

other respects have I been able to seize any decided

differences. Both species, for example, appear to have

structural provision for movement between the fifth and

sixth abdominal segments. Both have the peculiarity that

I have only discovered in Theclids of having not only the

eighth but also the seventh abdominal spiracle merely

cicatricial. In neither is there any scar of the honey-

gland, present in not a few “ Blues.”

The general characters will be better gathered from the

few photographs reproduced than from long descriptions

(Plates XTX, XXXVIll, and XLIII).

P.S. — A few further notes will be found in Proceedings

O

106

Dr. T. A. O^pPJ^nnan on Gallo2')hriis avis.

under date March 16, 1910. M. Oberthur figures and

describes C. avis in Fasc. IV of his “ Etudes de

Lepidoidcrologie Com'pa.ree'G which will be published about

the same time as this. Prof. C. Mendes has a note on

the species in P>roteria 1910, p. 67.

Explanation of Plates XIV — XLIII.

[.See Explanutiun facing the Plates.]

Explanation of Plate XIV.

The figures of the imugines of C. avis and G. rnhi explain

themselves.

The figures of the heads are fairly accurate, the palpi are of course

not so accurate as those on Plate XXI, nor does the ruddiness in

C. avis give any idea of how dominant this feature is when a living

C. avis is looked in the face.

The undersides of antennae are open to the criticism that at this

magnification the individual segments are visible.

F

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lorbd.,1910,Pl.JCIV.

Avis.

Avis. Rizbi.

E.C. Knight del.

West, Newman chr.

CALLOPHRYS AVIS AND C. RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XV.

Five larvae of C. nvis on Coriaria and four of C. rubi on Cytia^ix,

last instar x 2.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. ,191 0,PL. JCV.

E.C.Knight del.

West, Newman chr.

LARVAE OF CALLOPHRYS AVIS AND C.RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XVI.

Region of androconial brand, roughly sketched under camera x 16.

Fig.

5?

55

1.

2.

3.

4.

Callophrys rubi.

„ avis.

C. avis']

^ . y Androconial scales x 150.

C. rub I f

Trans. Ent. Sac. Land.., iQio., Plate XVI.

C. Hen/st'hel.

ANDROCONIAL BRAND-(i) RUBI, (2) AVIS.

ANDR0C0NIA-(3) avis, (4) RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XVII.

Larvae of G. ruhi, pliotograplied by A. E. Tonge.

The upper on growing point of gorse are in third instar magnified

X 5, the lower in last instar, natural size, on Spartium junceum.

Tnitis. E7it. Soc. Lo>td., ^910, Plate X V JI.

C. Hentsckel. Photo, A. E. Touge.

LARVAE OF C. RUBI -THIRD INSTAR ON CORSE x 5,

LAST INSTAR ON BROOM, NAT. SIZE.

r

i

'i

f '

’nl

i

'i

:S

>

1

• ^

Explanation of Plate XVIII.

Larvae of G. avis on Curiaria, last iiistar, natural size, photographed

by IMr. Main and Mr. Tonge. The figures on the right .show very

well the level back, as compared with the serrations of C. ruhi.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.., iQio, Plate XVI II.

C. Hentschel. Photo, A. E. Tonge and H. Main.

LARVAE OF C. AVIS- LAST INSTAR, NAT. SIZE.

Explanation of Plate XIX.

Fig. 1. Pupa ol' C. avis, dorsal view x 4. i tt •

, w 1 . Q Photo, IT. Main.

„ 2. „ „ lateral „ x 4-8. I

„ 3. „ „ liead and portion of front X 30.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., 1910, Plate XIX.

C. Hentschel.

C. AVIS— PUPA X 4, AND HEAD x 30.

Explanation of Plate XX.

Male ancillary appendages of

(1) 0. avis X 20,

(2) 0. r'libi X 20.

I selected the preparation of G. ruhi from others a.s likely to make

the best photograph, though it is imperfect in having lost the

proximal end of the Aedoeagns.

Trafis. Ent, Soc. Land., 1910, Plate XX.

Hentschcl. Photo, F. N. Clark.

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES x 20— (i) C. AVIS, (2) C. RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XXI,

Fig. 1. Two pairs of palpi of G. rubi and one pair of C. avis x 13.

The differences are obvious. One pair of the C. rubi are more

denuded of scales than the other.

Fig. 2. Terminal abdominal segments of C. avis 9 , opened dorsally

and spread, x 18.

A portion of the same specimen is shown on Plate XXII.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., igio, Plate XXI.

C. Hentschel. Photo, F. N. Cl^rk.

PALPI OF C. RUBI (2 PAIRS) AND C. AVIS.

OVIPOSITOR, ETC., OF C. AVIS.

Explanation of Plate XXII.

Portion of eighth abdominal segment 9 of

(1) G. avis X 30,

(2) G. rnbi x 30,

showing chitinous tube and spines in the wall of Bursa. The two

spines in the specimen of G. avis are so nearly .superposed that

tiiey will probably appear as one in the reproduced photograph.

These spines are so variable in G. rn&f, that probably no specific

differences in them can be relied on.

Trans. Ent. Sac. Land., iQio, Plate XXI 1.

C. Hentschel.

CANAL AND BURSA OF (i) C. AVIS 9, AND (2) C. RUBI 9 , x 30.

Explanation of Plate XXIII.

Stereoscopic view of the egg of C. avis x 60. The pictures are

placed sufficiently close together to combine ea.sily without a

stereoscope. An injury to the adventitious coat, a portion being,

as it were sliced up, is obvious ; probably occurring In journey of

egg from South France.

The lower figures ( x 60) are non-stereoscopic views of C. rubi ova.

The adherence of the hairs of the plant (Ulex) to the eggs is to be

noted. Photos by A. E. Tonge.

Trans. Tnt. Soc. Lo^id.., 1910^ Plate XXIll.

C. Hentschcl. Photo, A. E. Tonge.

STEREOSCOPIC VIEW OF EGG OF C. AVIS ^

TWO VIEWS OF EGG OF C. RUBI^^

1

m

• «

4

Explanation of Plate XXIV.

Fig. 1. Eggs of G. avis x 40.

„ 2. Egg when pressed x 180.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., ipio, Plate XXIV.

2

C. Hentschel.

(I) EGGS OF C. AVIS x 40.

(2) EGG PRESSED x 180.

Explanation of Plate XXV

Portions of e^oshells of

(1) C. rnhi

(2) C. avis /

not pressed x 200

Imrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iQio, Plate XX P.

C. Hentschel.

EGGSHELLS (NOT PRESSED) x 200.

(I) C. RUBI, (2) C. AVIS.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

Explanation of Plate XXVI.

Two photographs of iiiicropyle of egg of G. avis x 385.

Coating shown broken down by Farrant medium — less so in part

of Fig. 2, where the coating has only been partially wetted by the

medium.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., igio, Plate XX FI.

C. Hentschel. F. X. Clark.

MICROPYLAR AREA (2 SPECIMENS) OF EGG OF C. AVIS

IN FARRANT’S MEDIUM x 385.

Explanation of Plate XXVII.

Micropylar areas of eggs of

(1) G. nibi, (2) G. avis,

mounted in Tarrant’s medium x 350. Shows also the breaking

down of the adventitious coat of the egg in G. avis in this medium

which that of G. rubi resists.

Trans. Ent. Sac. Loud., igio, Plate XXVII.

C. Hcnlschcl. Photo, /•'. Clark.

MICROPYLAR AREAS OF EGGS OF

(I) C. RUBI, (2) C. AVIS, X 350, IN FARRANT.

SHOWS RESISTANCE TO DISINTEGRATION IN C. RUBI.

■ ,'<• r .

■(t

_ tiJ-

Explanation of Plate XXVIII.

Skin of first-stage larva of G. avis, opened ventrally and spread

out X 36.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lana., ipio, Plate A'A^ VIII.

C. Hentschel. Photo, F. N, Clark.

SKIN OF C. AVIS LARVA, FIRST INSTAR x 36.

Explanation of Plate XXIX.

Skin of larva of G. rubi in first instar x 36.

Tra7is. Ent. Soc. Land., ipio, Plate XXIX,

C. Hentschel. Photo, F.

SKIN OF C. RUBI LARVA, FIRST INSTAR x 36.

i"". Clark.

Explanation of Plate XXX.

Skin of C. avis in second instar x 24.

Trans. Ent. Sac. Loud.., iQio, Plate XXX.

C. Henfschel. Photo, F. N. Clark.

SKIN OF C. AVIS LARVA, SECOND INSTAR x 24.

u

n

Vj'is

3

'V

'■ ' f ,_•

^ I

» . * V ’ .

;> T r'\r ’'.

^ *1*.

•>V-J

‘

/•

<1^ -

.'M> ■...v'*

\ta

Jv;' ■

' . -<

/

at-di

Explanation of Plate XXXI.

Larva skin of C. rnhi in second instar x 24.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., 1910, Plate XXXI.

C. Hentschel. Photo, F. N. Clark.

SKIN OF C. RUBI LARVA, SECOND INSTAR x 24.

Explanation of Plate XXXIL

Skin of C. avis in third instar x 24.

/

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iQio, Plate XXXII.

C. Heutschel. Photo, F. N. Clark.

SKIN OF C. AVIS LARVA, THIRD INSTAR x 24.

r:

t

-• ; '

; *• ^ ?♦ ■ '

v'' i

'y :.

*3>

/

•? *

*

;:t'-

r:<^

j^.

- V .-■'«

‘ ^

i

Explanation of Plate XXXIII.

Skill of C. ruhi in third instar x 24.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., iQio, Plate XXXI II.

C. Henfschel.

Photo. F. X. Clark.

SKIN OF C. RUBI LARVA, THIRD INSTAR x 24.

Explanation of Plate XXXIV.

Prothoracic plate of larva of

(1) C. rubi, (2) G. avis, in second instar x 150.

The latter has posterior margin folded under, as has also Plate

XXXV, fig. 1.

Trafis. Ent. Soc. Loud., igio, Plate XXX IV

C. Ilenischel. Clark.

PROTHORACIC PLATES OF (i) C. RUBI, (2) C. AVIS,

SECOND INSTAR x 150.

Explanation of Plate XXXV.

Prothoracic plate of larva of

(1) C. r'lihi, (2) G. avis, in third instar x 150.

The special hairs at outer angles are well shown on both this and

previous plate.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud.., K^io, Plate XXXV.

C. Hcntschel. F. N. Clark.

PROTHORACIC PLATES OF (i) C. RUBI, (2) C. AVIS, IN

THIRD INSTAR x 150,

Explanation of Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Prothoracic plate of C. avis in last instar x 150, or rather

of the central chitinised portion of it, the ends which are here like

the rest of the skin in texture, witli the special angular hairs, are

outside the figure.

Fig. 2. Honey-gland area of C. avis in third instar x 100.

Tra?is. Ent. Soc. Lend., ip/o, Elate XXXVI.

C. Hcntschel. Photo. F. Clark.

C. AVIS.

(I) PORTION OF PROTHORACIC PLATE, LAST INSTAR x 150,

(2) HONEY-GLAND AREA, THIRD INSTAR x 100.

r

Explanation of Plate XXXVll.

Honey-gland area of

(1) C. rubi, (2) C. avis, in last instar x 100.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., igio, Plate XXXVII.

'C. Hentschel. Photo, F. X. Clark.

HONEY-GLAND AREA IN LAST II N STAR x lOO.

(I) C. RUBI, (2) C. AVIS.

\

1

• r

/

wmw.

f

i

j.

Explanation of Plate XXXVIII.

Portions of cremastral region of pupae of

(1) G. avis X 200,

(2) G. rubi x 200.

These show the greater length and slenderness of the hooks in

C. avis, despite the maceration that has injured the hairs, which are

much alike in both species. A fine specimen is seen in the G. rubi

photograph.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., iQio., delate X\X VII 1.

C. Hentschel. P-

CREMASTRAL REGIONS (PORTION) OF (i) C. AVIS,

(2) C. RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XXXIX.

Pupa of C. ruhi.

Portions of pupa, chiefly to show hairs, which are almost identical

with those of C. avis, in my preparations of which they happen to

be destroyed or absent, enabling, however, the other features to be

more easily seen.

Fig. 1. End of prothorax x 80.

Fig. 2. Portion (dorsal) of 5-6 abdominal incision x 45, to show

functional intersegmental membrane. It is nearly identical in C.

avis, but was not so well shown in specimen.

Trans. Tnf. Sac. To?id., iQjIO, Plate XXXIX.

C. Hcntschel. Photo, F. N. Clark.

PORTIONS OF PUPA CASE OF C. RUBI.

Explanation of Plate XL.

Pupa of G. avis.

Fig. 1. Prothorax of pupa x 18, a portion of mesothorax with

spiracle covers also shown.

Fig. 2. Half of prothorax x 36.

N.B. — Hairs destroyed.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., ipio, Plate XL.

C. Hentschel. Photo, F. N. Clark.

PORTIONS OF PUPA CASE OF C. AVIS.

Explanation of Plate XLT.

Pupa 6f G. avis.

Fig. 1. Portion of mesothorax x 30. Spiracle cover in front,

dorsum on the right, forewing on the left, of picture. The change

of skin sculpture from the body to the wing is very distinct, the

former having hairs, lenticles and rosettes, the latter only network.

It is noteworthy that the .spiracle cover belongs to the wing area.

Fig. 2. A portion of wing x 50 to show sculpture.

Trans. Enf. Soc. Loud., igio, Plate XLI.

C. Hentschel. Photo, F. X. Clark.

PORTIONS OF PUPA CASE OF C. AVIS.

Explanation of Plate XLII.

Pupa of C. avis.

Fig. 1. Portion of antennae, legs and maxillae x 50. Chiefly to

show lenticles at tibio-tarsal (?) joints ; the only jdace where the

appendages (wings, legs, antennae, etc.) are not absolutely without

any hairs, lenticles, rosettes, or any skin process but network.

Fig. 2. Metathorax of one side x 35.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., iQ^o, Plate XL II.

C. Hentschel.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

PORTIONS OF PUPA CASE OF C. AVIS.

1

■* ?

f

i

\

-■3

'4

3

r

\

I

Explanation of Plate XLIII.

Pupa of C. avis.

Fig. 1. Portions of sixth, seventh and eighth abdominal segments

X 50, to show spiracle on sixth and only scars on seventh and

eighth. The obsolete seventh abdominal spiracle being characteristic

of Theclid pupae.

Fig. 2. A spiracle and its surroundings of third abdominal segment

X 100, showing lenticles and rosettes and hairs, the latter as already

explained damaged in preparation.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ipio, Plate XLIII.

C. Hentschel. Pholo, /•'. .V. Clark.

PORTIONS OF PUPA OF C. AVIS.

I

( 107 )

III. 071 the, genus Deuterocopiis, Zdlc7\ By T. Bain-

BRiGGE Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.

[Read Decembei’ 1st, 1909.]

Plates XLIV, XLV.

The present paper deals with those species of the

Ftco’ophoo'idae in which the forewing is cleft into three

lobes. Hitherto all these forms have been included in

the single genus Deute7'oc(ypus, 2i., but, owing on the one

hand to the very distinctive appearance of members of

this group, and on the other hand to the insufficiency of

former descriptions based on very scanty material, great

confusion has resulted, three or four distinct species often

being referred to under one common name (and that often

wrongly applied to any one of them). Tliis paper is an

attempt at a revision, not only of the species of these

little Plume-moths so far as ive know them at present,

but also of all the previously published literature concerning

this group.

I may say at once that such a task would have been

quite impossible without the kind help rendered by Lurd

Walsingham, who most generously put at my disposal the

whole of his unrivalled series for examination and de¬

scription, and I take this opportunity of acknowledging my

indebtedness.

So far as we know them at present, the Plume-moths

with trifid forewings are included in three genera, two of

which are here described as new, and consist of only 13

species. Their head-quarters appear to be in the Indo-

Malayan region, but further research will probably show

that these little moths are widely distributed throughout

the Tropics.

The three genera may be artificially tabulated as

follows : —

Fo7'ewing with tlwee scginents.

2. f

\

General appearance Trichoptiline, first cleft from about

abdomen long and slender .... Hexadactilia

General appearance Oxyptiline, first cleft from beyond i,

abdomen short and stout. ....... 2

Second cleft at least {y length of first . . Deuterocopns

Second cleft not more than J length of first Leptodeiiterocopxs

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE)

108 Mr. T. B. FlCTclier on the genns Dcntcrocojpns.

Hexadactilia, n. g.

Lilbial pal})! longer than length of heiul. Alalonien long and

slender. Posterior tibiae with three tufts of s[)inoi;s hairs. Wings

Fio. 1. — Hexadactilia trilobata.

long and slender. Forewing cleft from about 1, first segment very

narrow, second segment again cleft from within ^ of its length, sub¬

segments linear. II indwing cleft from about and from near base,

segments very slender and linear, third segment with a large apical

scale-tooth.

Type : — 11. trilobata.

Hexadactilia trilobata, ii. s.

(Plate X LI V, fig. 1.)

Expanse 15 mm. Labial palpi long, semi-erect ; second joint

slightly dilated ajjically, light fuscous annnlated with darker ; third

joint rather over half-length of second, smoothly scaled, dark-fu.s-

coiis. Antennae dark-fuscous, dotted with whitish above. Head

and thorax tawny-fuscous. Abdomen long and slender, tawny-

fuscous, sufl'used with dark-fuscous ; fourth segment with jialer /\

markings, posterior segments margined with whitish. Foreleg dark-

fuscous : tibia short, dilated liy a tuft of blackish scales banded

and tipped with white ; tarsus narrowly banded with white at joints.

!Midleg long, slender, tawny-fuscous : tibia with scale-tufts at | and

apex, the latter tuft emitting a pair of long spurs. Hindleg long

and slender, tawny-fuscous, irrorated above with dark-fuscous :

tibia with pale scale-tufts at L and apex, second and third tufts

each emitting a pair of long slender blackish-tipped spurs ; tarsal

joints slightly thickened with scales apicall3^

Forewing long, slender, cleft from about I, second segment again

cleft from about J of its length ; first segment very narrow, cleft

wide and conspicuotts ; subsegments linear, first subsegment parallel

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocopus. 109

to first segment, divergent from second su’osegment ; pale tawny-

fuscous, suffused with fuscous ; base of cleft preceded and edged by

a longitudinal blackish discal spot ; first segment with central third

pale-tawny, cut at | by a narrow transverse white line, area beyond

this pale-tawny ; second segment pale-tawny at base of second cleft ;

subsegments cut at of their length by a narrow white line, area

beyond this paler. Cilia on costa fuscous-brown, pale-ochreous

opposite paler areas, a whitish subapical dot ; on hiirder-margin of

first segment whitish-ochreous mixed with a few whitish liairs and

scattered black scales, on third fourth blackish, on outer fourth

whitish-ochreous ; on fore-margin of second segment pale-ochreous,

blackish on central third of segment ; orr hinder-margin of first sub¬

segment whitish-ochreous with a few scattered black scales ; on

fore-margin of second subsegirreut whitish-ochreous orr first forrrth of

segment, beyond J pale-firscous with a few scattered black scales ,

on dorsrrrn ochreous-whitish berreath bases of both clefts, otherwise

blackish, with minute black scale-tufts at f and apex.

Iliudwing cleft from within J arnl from near base, segments very

slender and lirrear j dark-fuscous. Cilia dark-fuscorrs, third seg

nrerrt orr both margins with a large black apical scale-tooth and a

few scattered black scales between this and base.

Type ^ (No. 41944') in Walsingham Coll., and Co-t3^pe

(No. 8527) in Bainbrigge Fletcher Coll. ; both from Ron,

New Guinea, in July 1897 {Doherty). A third example

in Lord Walsingham’s collection was collected by Doherty

at Humboldt Bay, Northern New Guinea, in April 1893.

Deuterocopus, Z.

Deuterocopus, Zeller, Linn. Ent., vi, 402 (1852) ; Bull. Soc.

Nat. Mosc., XX vi, pt. ii, PI. 4 ff. 17-20 ; Walker,

Cat., XXX, 951 (1864) ; Meyrick, T.E.S., 1886, 8 ; Rebel,

Denk. Matli-Nat. K.K. Ak. Wiss., Ixxi (ii), 85-87

(1907) ; Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., vi, 16-19, PI. B

f. C. (1909).

Deuteroscopus, Hofmann, Iris, xi, 329 (1898) ; Pagen-

stecher, Abh. Ges. Zook, xxix, 241.

The following is a translation of Zeller s original

diagnosis of the genus : —

“ Deuterocopus, nov. geii. (From bevrepos, second, and

KOTiro), I cut.)

Forewings semi-trifid (== bifid, the second segment also bifid).

Hindwings trifid, the third segment very .short. Abdomen stout.

Anteiiiiae rather sliort, lilifonu. liej^s short, tibiae willi knots of

scales, posterior tibiae with long spurs.

“ A very distinct genus, at first sight in appearance a

Pterophorus of Section B. {Oxyptilns, Z.] But distin-

guished from that genus by the fact that the. lower segment

of the forevnng is cleft from half its length into two linear

divergent subsegments and that the third segment of the

hindxoing is only half the length of the second segment.

Besides these points the abdomen is very thickset and finely

pointed posteriorly ; the antennae are unusually short, the

legs short and stout and thickened with knots of very

enlarged long scales at the roots of the strong, long spurs,

as well as at the ends of all the tibiae.”

Fig. 2. — Deiiterocopus tengstroeini.

In Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1880, p. 8, Mr. Meyrick

diagnosed the genus Deiiterocoims as follows

“ Forehead without tuft. Auteniiae in male — (?). Palpi moder¬

ate, ascending, 2nd joint with appressed scales, terminal joint

moderate, acute. Tibiae thickened on origin of spurs with dense

spreading whorls of scales ; posterior tarsi with similar smaller

whorls on apex of two basal joints. Forewings trifid, cleft centrally

from middle and lower segment cleft from two-thirds ; 2 and 4

from point of angle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from

below angle long, 8 and 9 long-stalked, 10 from near angle, 11 from

near 10. Hindwings trifid, 3rd segment unusually short, terminating

in a tuft of black scales ; 2 from middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6

very short, 7 to apex.

“ I have examined D. tengstroeini, the only known

species. The genus is derived from Plcdyptilia, and other¬

wise most nearly allied to Sphenarches.” It may be added

that the species examined by Meyrick was evidently not

tengstroeini, and that he was incorrect in giving as a

generic character the absence of vein 3 of the forewing.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuteroco'pus. Ill

In his monograph of the Palaearctic Orneodidae, Dr. O.

Hofmann remarked : —

“Tlie genus Deuteroscopus from Java, with three lobes to the

fore wing, which Zeller (Lin. Ent., vi, p. 402) on its foundation

alleged to have a relationship with the Orneodidae, is according to

investigation of its neuration a typical Pterophorid standing next to

the genus Oxyptilus, Z. The cleft of the lower segment of the

forewing is only a continuation, stretching deeper into the wing-

membrane, of the forking which in Oxyptilus is found between the

extended branches IIP of the Medius [vein 4] and IV^ of the

Cubitus [vein 3]. Also the club-scales on the branches of the

Cubitus of the hindwing, characteristic of the Pterophoridae, are in

Deuteroscopns also present and indeed in two rows on the base of

both branches, only in one row beyond that in the periphery itself.”

In these observations Dr. Hofmann was perfectly correct

— except for his misquotation of the name of the genus —

and I quite agree tliat Dcuterocopus may be regarded as

an offshoot from the Oxyptiline stem.

In “ Spolia Zeylanica," vol. vi, pp. 16-17, I made some

remarks on the Sinhalese members of the genus, but at

that time I had concluded that the different forms occurring

in Ceylon all belonged to one highly variable species.

This is an opinion which I have now seen reason to alter,

and my previous remarks under this heading must be

considered as cancelled.

The following characters are now given as a revised

definition of the genus : —

Labial palpi upturned, third joint about 4 length of second. Haustel-

lum developed. Antennae moderate, minutely ciliated in Head

with erected scales on crown. Abdomen short, thickset, third seg¬

ment usually edged posteriorly with a raised band of scales. Fore¬

tibia with apical scale-tuft, mid-tibia with a scale-tuft and pair of

spurs at apex, hind-tibia very stout with a moderate whorl of scales

near base and two large whorls, first beyond half, second apical, each

emitting a pair of very long spurs, posterior tarsi with small whorls

of spinous hairs on apex of two basal joints. Forewing moderately

broad, cleft from about second segment again cleft, subsegments at

least half length of second segment. Hindwing cleft from about f

and from near base, segments linear, third segment with large apical

scale-tooth and smaller tooth on dorsal margin at about half.

Neuration ; — Forewing : 2 from lower edge of cell, 3 and 4 from

beneath base of first cleft, 5 and 6 very short or absent, 7 from above

112 Mr. T. B. Fiff •her on the genns B enter oco’pxts,

main cleft to liimler-niargin of first segment near apex, 8 and 9 long-

stalked, 10 from near angle of cell, 11 from near 10, 12 into costa

before cleft. Hind wing : 1*’ to apex of third segment, 2 from middle

of cell, short, 3 absent, 4 to apex of second segment, 5 and 6 very

short or absent, 7 to apex, 8 into costa at about half. Spina of

frenulnm single in 5 .

Synopsis of species of Deuteiiocopus.

1. -!

2.

3.

4

6.

f Blackish species, f.w. and abdomen witbout any ferruginous-

I orange markings ........ 2

I Not blackish species, f.w. and abdomen with ferrnginous-

[ orange markings ......... 3

JCo.sta of f.w. with scale-tuft at about f . . . melanota

\ Costa of f.w. without scale-tuft at about f . . famulus

f Pectus and venter whitish . . . 4

\ Pectus and venter jiale-yellowish ...... 9

rSecond cleft only about ^ length of first . . . . .o

\ Second cleft at least f length of first . . . . .0

j'Dorsum of f.w. with a small l)lack scale-tuft beneath base of

I first cleft . . atrapex

1 Dorsum of f.w. without scale-tuft beneath base of first

1^ cleft . . . . . . . . . tengstroemi

f Costa of f.w. with tuft of scales at about f . . lophojdergx

\Costa of f.w. without tuft of scales at about f ... 7

[Dorsum of f.w. with dark scale-tuft beneath base of first cleft 8

J Dorsum of f.w. without dark scale-tuft beneath ba.se of first

cleft ........ (dhipunctatus

(Expanse 10 mm. ; posterior tarsi ringed with whitish or

paler . socotran us

Expanse 12 mm. ; posterior tarsi unicolorous golden-

ferruginous ....... bathychasma

Second cleft f length of first ; no scale-tuft in dorsal cilia of

f.w. beneath base of first cleft ..... planeta

Second cleft less than f (usually about |) length of first ; a

dark scale-tuft in dorsal cilia of f.w. beneath base of first

cleft .... ritsemae (including rubrodacti/his)

Dcutex'oeopus famulus, Meyr.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 2.)

Deuteroco'pus famxdus, Meyrick, T.E.S., 1907, 474.

“ 9 . 15 mm. Head, palpi and antennae [evidently a lapsus calami

for ‘thorax’] dark coppei’y-fuscous w'ith a few _ white scales.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocofus. 1 Bj

Antennae dark-fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, first .segment

white except a dorsal stripe, second segment wholly ochreous- white,

third ochreous-white on sides, ventral surface wholly ochreous-white.

Legs dark coppery-fuscous, anterior and middle pairs lined and

sprinkled with -white, posterior tibiae banded with white, -with

expansible wdiorls of scales on origin of spurs (tarsi broken). Fore¬

wings cleft firstly from before second segment cleft from its middle ;

dark prismatic coppery-fuscous a few' irregularly scattered white

scales ; cilia fuscous, towards apex of segments suffused with dark-

fuscous, beneath apex of first and second segments with a slender

white bar, on dorsum with a wdiite space extending from middle to

I, including a central fuscous bar. Hindwings cleft firstly from 4,

secondly from h, segments slender ; dark-fuscous ; a pellucid streak

in disc ; two or three wdiite scales in middle of third segment • cilia

pale pri.smatic purplish-fuscous, darker towards tips of segments,

apex of third segment with a small projection of black scales above

and beneath.

“ Kei Islands, in May ; one specimen.”

I have examined three examples of this species in the

collection of Lord Walsinghara. They are labelled : —

Fergusson Id., D’Entrecasteaux Is., 8-30, ix, 1894, Meek,

No. 17328; Patani, Halmahera, Doherty 1897, No,

419C0; and Batian, viii, 1897, Doherty, No. 41948.

Dcuterocoims mclanota, n. s,

(Plate XLIV, fig. 3.)

Deutej'oeopus mclanota, Wlsm., MS. (ined.)

(J. Expanse 11 mm. Palpi erect, smoothly scaled, third joint

filiform, acuminate, shorter than second ; greyish-wdiite, banded

with brown at joints and at apex. Antennae brown, dotted with

wdiitish above. Head dark-browm, sprinkled with wdiitish ; some

anteriorly-erected scales on top of crown. Thorax blacddsh-brown

sprinkled wdth greyish-ochreous ; joectus whitish. Abdomen blackish-

brown, sjDrinkled with greyish-ochreous especially towards base ;

second segment with two short submedian posteriorly-divergent

wdiitish streaks, apex of segment edged with a few scattered wdiitish

scales ; apex of third segment edged wdth a raised band of ochreous-

whitish scales intermixed with blackish-brow'n ; fifth segment wdth

a pair of whitish submedian dots separated by a darker space ; anal

tuft long, blackish-brown : venter wdiitish, fourth segment crossed

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE) I

114 Mr. T. F!(i?l ler on the fjenus Devteroco'pns.

l)y a l)lackisli-bro\vn bar. Foreleg fnscous-brown : tibia short and

tliickened with scales ; tarsus whitish, banded with blackish-brown

in middle and at apex. (Mid legs broken.) Hindleg blackish-brown ;

tibia with slight whorl of scales at ^ and moderate whorls at f and

apex, broadly lined with whitish at base and below whorls ; tibial

spurs strongly -developed, dai’k -brown, wdiitish in centre and at apex,

posterior edges roughly haired, spurs of proximal pair longer than

those of distal pair ; tarsus blackish-brown, apices of joints with

gradually decreasing clusters of spinous hairs, first tarsal jointbroadly

lined with white above, third tarsal joint suffused with greyish.

Forewing cleft from within |, segments narrow, second segment

again cleft from about J of its length, subsegments linear : blackish-

coppery-brown, irrorated with whitish-ochreous : a narrow whitish

subdorsal dash at J, a broad whitish subcostal spot at about reach¬

ing nearly to dorsum but separated from base of cleft by a narrow

black interval ; first segment cut at about J and f by ill-defined

whitish bars of which the inner is the more distinct ; first and second

subsegments with a few whitish scales a little beyond Cilia on

costa blackish-brown with a conspicuous projecting tuft of black

hair-scales above base of first cleft and slight tufts of black hair-scales

at about * ; at apex black ; on hinder-margin of first segment

brownish, black from about f length of segment to just before apex,

beneath apex greyish-ochreous, base of cilia black and forming a

small posteriorly-projecting tooth ; on fore-margin of second segment

blackish-brown, beyond 4 black ; on apex of first subsegment greyish-

ochreous ; on hinder-margin of first subsegment greyish-ochreous,

blackish beyond | to just before apex, beneath apex a small posteriorly-

projecting scale-tooth ; on fore-margin of second subsegment blackish-

brown to 4, beyond that blackish ; on apex of second subsegment

greyish-ochreous ; on dorsum greyish-ochreous, with a small black

scale-tooth at about f (beneath base of first cleft), beyond f

blackish-brown, beneath tornus a small black posteriorly-projecting

scale- tuft.

Hindwing cleft from -I and from near base, segments linear ;

blackish-coppery. Cilia blackish-brown, on hinder-margin of second

segment greyish-ochreous at about 4, third segment with a large

spatulate tooth of black scales occupying exterior fourth of both

margins and a small black scale- tooth on dorsum slightly within

Type ^ (No. 42101) in Walsingham Coll.; Perak (3000

feet), October 1890 {Doherty).

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deutcrocoims. 115

Deutcrocojms tcngstroemi, Zell.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 4.)

Deuierocopus tengstroemi, Zeller, Linn. Ent., vi, 402-404

(1852) ; Zeller, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc., xxvi, pt. ii,

t. iv. It. 17-20, p. 516 ; Walker, Cat., xxx, 951 (1864).

nee

Meyrick, T.E.S., 1886, 8 ; Pagenstecher, Abb. Ges. ZooL,

xxix, 241 Q.atrapex)] Meyr., J. Bombay N. H. Soc.,

xvii, 134 { = socotranus, Ptbl.) ; Meyr., T.E.S., 1907,

474 { — ato'apex, Fletcher); Fletcher, S^^ol. Zeylan., vi,

16-17,18,19-20 (1909) {— soc otr anus, Rbl.) ; Max-

well-Lefroy, Indian Insect Life, jd. 528 (1909).

The following is a translation of Zeller’s original descrip¬

tion : —

“ Body and wings ferruginous, cilia of the latter spotted with fus¬

cous ; third segment of hindwing with black scaling in middle of

dorsum and around apex (d ? )•

“ Size of a small Pt. ohscnrus. Body and wings rust-yellow, the

former rather shining and somewhat browned on the thorax. An¬

tenna in 5 half-length of forewing, moderately thick, ringed

with white and brown, basal ly white above ; antenna of ^ somewhat

longer, less ringed, above dilated and with broader white markings ;

terminal joint somewhat thickened, apex acuminate. The hairs on

the hinder margin of the head erected and inclined forwards. Palpi

as long as the head, moderately thin, horizontal ; the terminal joint

pointeil, white above, before the tip and on the underside yellow-

brown. Haustellum yellowish, as long as the thorax. Pectus

white-spotted on the side. Venter white, the edges of the first tAvo

segments with small rust-yellow bands enlarged laterally. Forelegs

rather shining on the femora and base of tibia ; the end of the tibia

is thickened knottily with unequally-long, very plentiful, rust-brown

scales; out of the knots project the long wliitish spurs, blackish on

one side ; the tarsi are whitish above, the first joint thickened ajAically

with scales and black, the three folloAving not densely scaled beneath,

the two last suffused with black. In the second pair of legs the tip

of the tibia is only slightly thickened, the tarsi whitish blackened at

the tip. [N.B. — By some error Zeller has evidently transposed the

descriptions of the fore- and mid-legs, and this must be borne in

mind when reading the above ti’anslation. — T.B.Pb] In the posterior

legs the tibiae are extraordinarily thick, with three thickenings; the

I 2

16 Mr. T. B, Flff^ber on the fjeniLS T) enter oco'puH.

weakest is near tlie base ; tlie second is strong, milled up in the

shape of a funnel, sprinkled with brown at its l)ase, and is situated

at tlie root of the first pair of spurs ; the third is still stronger and

longer, is likewise ruflled up and thickly suffused with blackish and

is situated at the extremity of the tibia : the upper pair of spurs

reaches somewhat beyoncVthe extremity of the tibia and is thickened

with hairs, rusty-yellow on one side, on the other white and blackish-

brown at the tip ; the second pair of spurs is as long as the first tw’o

tarsal joints and is also hairy on one side, rusty-yellow', black at the

root and in the middle, and at the tip wdiite with a small black spot.

The first three tarsal joints are rusty-3'ello\v, the first wdth a some¬

what weak apical hair-funnel, tlie second with a weaker hair-funnel

white apically, the third wdth a still weaker browm hair-fnnnel ; the

last tw'o joints are black.

“Forewdngs 2| to 2^ lines long, moderately slender ; the fissure

stands somewhat separated. The first segment, which is almost

half as long as the wdng, is brown and strewn longitudinally wdth

blackish scales. A bright yellowdsh transverse streak cuts off the

beginning of the darkening to a narrow' bar. The costal cilia are

bright rust-yellow wdth three black longitudinal streaks at. equal

distances up to the apex. The yellowdsh inner-marginal cilia are

blackish at the mouth of the fissure ; betw'een these places and tlie

black streak coming out to the tip of the w’ing the fringes are light-

yellow on the blackish edge-line. The second segment is browned

on its outer three-fourths, darker than the first segment ; at its

middle it splits into two divergent, linear subsegments, of wdiich the

anterior is the longer ; the cilia of both subsegments are of the ex-

tremest pale-yellow at the tip ; moreover, the first subsegment is

black-fringed at the extremity of its fore-margin and also on the

inner half of its lower-margin ; and all the cilia of the second subseg¬

ment are also so coloured ; but both these subsegments have black

scales at their apices at the base of the pale cilia.

“ The first tw'o segments of the hindwing are cleft up to three-

fourths of the wdng-length ; they are faintly browned posteriorly

and the lower margin of the second segment has thei)alest yellowdsh

cilia. The third segment is so extraordinarily short that it only

reaches a little beyond the cleft between the first tw'o segments ; it

is very slender, and has in the middle of the dorsal margin a small

deep-black scale-tufr,, and at its apex is edged w'ith a large rounded

black scale-spot enclosing both margins.

“ Underside coloured almost like the upperside.

‘^Habitat. — Java. I have named the species after its discoverer,

Herr J. af Tengstrbm, the airthor of the ‘ Bidrag till Finlands Fjiiril-

Fauna.’ ”

]\Ir. T. B. Fletcher on the gmns D enter ocojjns. 117

In the following year Zeller published figures of this

species, but without any text beyond description, in Bull.

Soc. Nat. Moscou. Figure 17 shows the whole insect,

but it is to be noted that the second segment is here

shown as cleft from about whereas figure 20 (which

gives a more enlarged view of two wings) shows this

cleft from h only in accordance with the description.

Figures IS and 19 show the raid- and hind-leg.

The following is a redescription of one of Zeller’s original

specimens of D. tengstroemi, now preserved in Lord Wal-

singham’s collection. It is labelled “ Java, Tengstr.” and

also “ Type 2/2 ” : —

5. Expanse 12 mm. Palpi long, slender, semi-erect, pale-ferru¬

ginous ; second joint very slightly dilated at apex, where it is banded

with dark-ferruginous ; third joint slightly over half length of

second, aexuninate, broadly banded with dark-ferruginous at base

and apex. Antennae dark-ferruginous, dotted with whitish above.

Head light-ferruginous, top of crown with long anteriorly-erected

scales. Thorax light-ferruginous ; pectus marked with whitish.

Abdomen stout, light-ferruginous with traces of whitish submedian

spots on second segment, and of a narrow transverse white band

along posterior edge of third segment ; ventral surface white, mottled

on sides with ferruginous-golden, fourth segment margined posteriorly

with ferruginous-golden. Foreleg whitish-ferruginous, tibia with

apical scale-tuft of darker ferruginous scales (but no “ white spines’’).

Midleg whitish-ferruginous, tibia with apical scale-tuft of dai’ker-

ferruginous scales (spurs broken). [Hindlegs missing.]

Forewing cleft from rather within f, first segment moderately

broad with slight hinder-angle, second segment expanded posteriorly

and again cleft to one-half of its own length, subsegments linear,

first parallel to first segment, divergent from second : bright ferru¬

ginous-golden slightly suffused with light ferruginous : first segment

lightly suffused with ferruginous except on costa at i length of seg¬

ment, cut at about | by a nearly obsolete inwardly-oblique whitish

line ; second segment lightly suffused with ferruginous, first subseg¬

ment with a minute whitish dot near base. Cilia on costa light-

ferruginous, slightly darker on base of first segment, on first segment

black at f as a slight bar, with slight blackish admixture at | and | ;

at apex black ; on hinder-margin of first segment whitish-ochreous

from I to immediately before hinder-angle blackish-ferruginous, a

hinder-angle a small blackish wisp preceded by a very narrow

ferruginous wisp, on termen pale-ferruginous with a blackish basal

line ; on fore-margin of second segment whitish-ochreous, beyond |

118 Mr. T. B. Flmcher on the genus De^derocoims.

blackish-ferruginous, at apex of first subsegment whitish-oebreous

with a broad blackish basal line surrounding apex of subsegment and

forming a very small posteriorly-directed scale-tooth ; on hinder-

margin of first subsegment dark-ferruginons to i, beyond | whitisli-

ochreous ; on fore-margin of second subsegment dark-ferruginous to

i, beyond I blackish ; at apex of second subsegment whitisli-ochreous

with a black basal line produced into a small posteriorly-directed

tornal scale-tooth ; on dorsum whitish-ochreous, a small blackish

wisj) beneath base of second cleft, cilia beyond this darker.

[N.B. — The cilia on the forewing are in very good order, and tliere

is no sign of there ever having been a scale-tooth beneath the base of

the fird cleft.]

Ilindwing cleft from about | and from near base, segments linear ;

liright ferruginous-golden slightly suffused with light-ferruginous.

Cilia whitish-ochreous ; third segment with a large apical blackish-

ferruginous scale-tooth on both margins, a few small scattered black

scales on fore-margin, and a small blackish tooth on dorsum slightly

before i.

llahitat. — Zeller’s original specimens, one of which I

have examined, were from Java. The only other examples

which I have seen are two Irom Queensland in Lord

Walsingham’s collection, one from Cedar Bay {Meeh, 1894),

the other — very worn and possibly not really tengstroemi,

its condition making its identification doubtful — from

Geraldton, near Cairns (J/cc/r, 1894).

Deuteroco'pus atrapex, Fletcher.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 5.)

Dcuterocopus atrapex, Fletcher, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. vi, p.

19 (1909).

Dcuterocopus tengstroemi, Meyrick, T.E.S., 1907, 474 (piec

Zeller).

? Deuteroscopus tengstroemi, Pagenstecher, Abh. Ges. ZooL,

xxix, 241 {nee Zeller).

In my original brief description I had confused this

species with D. lopihoptcryx and therefore I now give the

following redescription of the type of D. atrapex : —

Exp. 13 mm. Palpi erect, smootlily-scaled, sickle-shaped,

reaching vertex ; third joint about one-half length of second, acumi¬

nate : whitish-ochreous, banded with ochreous-brown at joints.

Head dark-brown sprinkled with dark-ochreous ; a few anteriorly-

erected scales on crown. Haustellum well developed. Antennae

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the gmns Deiiterocopus. 119

ferruginous-brown with a series of whitish dots above. Thorax

golden-ferruginous, wholly suffused with dark-brown ; pectus

whitish. Abdomen rather stout, golden-ferruginous lightly suffused

with dark-brown, across third segment a broad transverse dark-brown

bar ill-deffned posteriorly and tending to be continued as a short

subdorsal stripe on either side ; anal tuft short, concolorous with

abdomen ; venter whitish with a ferruginous transverse bar across

fourth segment. Foreleg : femur ferruginous ; tibia short, ferrugin¬

ous, banded with whitish at base and provided apically with a large

flattened brush-like tuft of dark -ferruginous scales ; tarsi-whitish,

dark-ferruginous at apex of first joint and beyond ^ of third joint.

Midleg ferruginous : tibia with a large apical tuft of dark-ferruginous

scales below which projects a pair of moderate spurs ; tarsi lined

with whitish above, first tarsal joint incrassated apically with short

divergent posteriorly-projecting spinous hairs. Hindleg bright

golden-ferruginous minutely irrorated with blackish : tibia large and

stout with whorls of scales at i, f and apex, the second and third

whorls subequal, much larger than first, and each emitting a pair of

long whitish slightly curved spurs which are banded with blackish -

ferruginous at their bases and before their apices and which are

roughly haired all along their posterior edges ; the inner proximal

spur is slightly longer than the outer, those of the distal pair are

equal and are each rather shorter than the outer proximal spur ;

tarsal joints with very small apical whorls of spinous hairs, these

whorls decreasing in size on successive tarsal joints, second joint

moderately, third and fourth heavily, suffused with blackish.

Fore wing rather short, cleft from second segment again cleft

from about i of its length, segments sublinear without any appreci¬

able angles : bright golden-ochreous, suffused with ferruginous

especially evident between i and f : extreme base of wing blackish,

a whitish subcostal patch at f ; first segment wholly black, cut at

^ of its length by a narrow transverse ferruginous fascia most

evident costad ; second segment sharply cut at base by a line extend¬

ing obliquely outwards from base of cleft to dorsum, the whole area

outside of this line (and including both subsegments) wholly black.

Cilia golden-ochreous on costa, ferruginous opposite ferruginous

suffusion and with traces of three pale-ferruginous patches (sometimes

well marked) between f and apex ; at apex black ; on hinder-margin

of first segment blackish with a few heavy black scales towards base,

at 5 a moderate patch of pale-ochreous and a narrow patch of pale-

ochreous just before termen, where the cilia are black at their base

and pale-ochreous apically ; on fore-margin of second segment

blackish ; on termen of first subsegment p ile-ochreous, blackish at

their base around apex of subsegment ; within second cleft blackish ;

120 Mr. T. B. Filler on the genus Deuteroco'pus.

at tornus pale-oclireous ; blackish at their base ; on dorsum ochreous-

yellow with a small blackish scale-tuft at f (beneath base of first

cleft), blackish beyond I.

liindwing cleft from about -f and 1, segment linear: golden-

ferruginous irrorated with blackish. Cilia pale-ferruginous, darker

around apices of segments and at ^ on hinder-margin of second seg¬

ment, third segment with a large terminal patch of blackish scales

occupying exterior fourth of both margins, a small black scale-tooth

on dorsum at i, and a few scattered blacki.sh scales on anterior

margin.

Type No. 6650, in Bainbrigge Fletclier Coll.: Ceylon,

Central Province, Kandy (1600 feet), May 1907 {Tl. Ernest

Green).

I have examined examj)les from the following localities : —

Ceylon — C. Prov., Kandy, May 1907 {E. E. Green)

[Fletcher Coll., No. 6650, Type atrapex] ; S. Prov.,

Galle, June 19, 1908 {Fletcher), one.

Assam — Khasi Hills, Dec. 1906 [Meyrick Coll., one].

Selangor — Batu Estate, July 27, 1902 {H. E. Durham)

[Brit. Mus., one].

Tenasserim — Mergui, 1888 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, one].

S. E. Borneo — Pulo Laut, 1891 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll,

one].

Tern ATE — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, one].

Amboyna — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, seven].

Batian — August 1897 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, one].

S. Celebes — low country, 1896 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll,

one]; Macassar, 500 feet, 1891 {Doherty) [Wlsm.

Coll, one].

Sanguir — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, one].

Ombay (= Allor) — Oct., Nov. 1891 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll,

two].

Halmahera — Patani, 1897 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll, one].

Neu Pommern — Kinigunang {C. Eihbe) [Wlsm. Coll, one

example labelled tengstroemi topotype,” so that

atra2)eo'y may be the species recorded from Kinigunang

by Pagen steelier as tengstroemi, Z.].

N. New Guinea — Dorey, 1897 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll,

one].

Kei Isds. — Little Kei Id., April 23,1898 [Meyrick Coll,

one].

D’Entrecasteaux Isds. — Fergusson Id., Sept. 8-30, 1894

{Mcele) [Wlsm. Coll, two].

Mr. T, B. Fletcher on the gemis Deuterocoi^ns. 121

BeuUroeogns lophopteryx, n. s.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 6.)

D enter ocoims atrapex, Fletcher, Spolia Zeylanica, vi, pp.

18-19 (gmrtim).

$ . Exp. 12 mm. Palpi erect, slender, smoothly-scaled, third

joint about half length of second ; ferruginous, banded with darker

apically; third joint ochreous-whitisli broadly banded with blackish

beyond base and at apex. Head brownish-ferruginous, back of head

with some anteriorly-erected scales. Haustellum well developed.

Antennae minutely ciliated (about J)) ferruginous, aniiulated

with darker. Thorax dark brown ; i^ectus whiti.sh. Abdomen

rather stout, dark ferruginous-brown with a nai’row darker dorsal

line, first segment whitish-ochreous dorsally, second segment with

divergent submedian whiti.sh-ochreous patches, fifth, seventh and

eighth segments with small submedian whitish patches ; venter

whitish with a blackish bar across fourth segment. Foreleg pale-

ferruginous dusted with whiti-sh ; tibia with a large apical flattened

tuft of blackish scales ; tarsus darker apically. Midleg pale-fer¬

ruginous ; tibia with a large apical tuft of blackish scales beneath

which projects a pair of moderate spurs ; tarsus lined with whitish

above, darker posteriorly. Hindleg ochreous-whitish heavily dusted

with dark-golden-feiTUginous ; tibia large and stout, provided at

I and apex with whorls of blackish-coppery scales, of which whorls

the second and third are subequal and larger than the first and each

emits a pair of long .slightly-curved blackish-brown spiirs banded

with whitish at middle and at apex and moderately clothed with

short hairs on their i)osterior edges ; of these spurs, the inner

proximal spur is longer than the outer proximal, both tliese being

longer than either spur of the distal pair which are equal in

length.

Forewing short, cleft from |, second segment again cleft from f of

its length ; segments narrow, sublinear : golden-ferruginous much

suffused with blackish-brown ; a whitish patch before base of cleft

surrounded by a more extended area of golden-ferruginous scales ;

first segment with a small ill-defined patch of lighter scaling at of

its length and a minute white dot at f ; both subsegments with a

minute white dot at ^ of their length. Cilia pale-yellow on costa

with a projecting patch of long black hair-scales at f, black between

f and apex but tipped with ochreous immediately before apex ; on

hinder-margin of first segment black with a moderate pale-ochreous

wisp at h and a narrow pale-ochreous wisp before termen ; on fore-

122

Mr. T. B. FiCTclier on the (jenus Deuteroco'j^us.

margin of second segment black with a small pale-ochreons wisp at

on termen blackish, black at base of cilia, the black continued

around apex as a small posteriorly-projecting scale-tuft ; on hinder-

margin of first subsegment black with a pale-ochreous preterminal

wisp ; on foremargin of second subsegment black, tipped with pale-

ochreous on termen ; on dorsum pale-ochreous with a broad blackish

wisp at I and small black scale-tufts at (beneath base of tirst cleft)

and at apex.

Hindwing cleft from about f and segments linear : golden

ferruginous, thickly suffused with blackish. Cilia blackish, a broad

pale-ochreous wisp on hinder-margin of second segment at on third

segment pale-ochreous ; third segment with a large black scale-tooth

occupying exterior fourtli of both margins and a moderate black

scale-tooth slightly before ^ of dorsum.

Type ^ (No. GG52) iu Bainbiigoe Fletcher Coll. :

Ceylon, Central Province, Kandy (IGOO feet), May 1907

{E. Ernest Green).

Besides the type I have seen thirteen other specimens

from the following localities : — -

Ceylon — C. Prov., Kandy, May 1907 {Greeni) [Fletcher

Coll., one] ; Maskeliya (4000 feet) [de Mowbray Coll.,

one]; S. Piov., Yala, Feb. 9, 1909 [Fletcher Coll.,

one].

Amboyna — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll., seven].

Sanguir — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll., one].

S. Ce[.EBES — Macassar (500 feet), 1891 [Wlsm. Coll., one].

Halmahera — [Wlsm. Coll, one labelled “Bernstein, Noord

Halmaheira (Zell. Coll.”)].

Denteroeofus alhiininctatus, n. s.

Deuteroco2nis alh^ninctatus, Wlsm. MS. {ined.).

(Plate XLIV, fig. 7.)

8. Expanse 12 mm. Palpi ei’ect, smoothly-scaled, third joint

shorter than second ; golden-ochreous, ringed with ferruginous

before apex of second joint and at base and apex of third joint.

Head golden-ochreous, top of crown with some anteriorly-erected

scales. Thorax golden-ochreous, suffused with ferruginous ; pectus

whiti.sh. Abdomen ferruginous-golden (details obscured fjy mould),

anal tuft ferruginous ; venter whitish, fourth segment thickly flecked

with golden. Foreleg golden-ferruginous, tibia dilated with an apical

scale-tuft, tarsus lined with whitish above. l\Iidleg ferruginous-

Mr. T, B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocoims. 123

golden ; tibia with a large projecting apical scale-tuft beneath which

is emitted a pair of moderate spurs of which the inner is the longer ;

tarsus light golden-yellow. Hindleg ferruginous-golden : tibia with

a small whorl of scales at and at f and apex larger subequal whorls

each emitting a pair of long spurs which are banded with whitish on

their second and exterior fourths and very slightly rough-haired on

their posterior edges, tibia banded with whitish beyond first and

second whorls ; tarsus with decreasing posteriorly-directed tufts of

spinous hairs on apices of tarsal joints, first and third joints whitish

on their basal halves.

Fore wing cleft from within first segment narrow, second seg¬

ment again cleft from about of its length, subsegments linear :

ferruginous-golden ; a small longitudinal discal dash at a trans¬

verse whitish area at base of cleft, costal area sufi'used with ferruginous

to beyond J ; first segment cut at J by an ill-defined inwardly-oblique

whitish bar, at b\'’ an ill-defined outwardly-oblique whitish line

and with a minute whitish dot on hinder-margin at f of its length ;

second segment with a whitish spot at base of second cleft ; first

subsegment crossed at J and at apex by narrow whitish bars ; second

subsegment cut at ^ by a narrow whitish bar. Cilia on costa fer¬

ruginous to f, opposite first white bar paler preceded and followed

by blackish, on exterior fourth of costa ferruginous-golden ; on apex

blackish ; on hinder-margin of first segment pale golden-ochreous,

with dark-ferruginous scales beyond } ami between f and 4 fer¬

ruginous, and with a narrow wisp of ferruginous before apex ; on

fore-margin of second segment pale golden-ochreous, on outer third

of segment ferruginous ; around apex of first subsegment pale golden-

ochreous, with a narrow ferruginous posteriorly-directed scale-tuft

beneath apex; on hinder-margin of first subsegment pale golden-

ochreous, with a ferruginous wisp beyond ^ ; on fore-margin of

second subsegment pale golden-ochreous, beyond 5 ferruginous ; on

tornus pale golden ochreous; on dorsum pale golden-ochreous, suf¬

fused with ferruginous at about 4 and with a narrow ferruginous

posteriorly-directed scale-tuft beneath tornus.

Hindwing cleft from about f and from near base, segments linear ;

bright ferruginous-golden. Cilia greyish-golden; apex of third seg¬

ment surrounded by a large spatulate tuft of ferruginous scales

occupying exterior fourth of both margins, dorsum with a large

tuft of ferruginous scales at about i.

Type $ in Walsingliam Coll. ; Japan, Naga, Tokei.

A second specimen, also in Lord Walsingbani’s collection

(No. 62353), was collected in Korea by Ito iu 1887 {ex

Leech Coll).

124 Mr. T. B. Flt^P.ier on tlt.c genus Deuteroco^nis.

The National Collection also contains an example from

the Snowy Valley, near Chekiang (JF. B. Fryer).

Deuterocopus socotranns, Kebel.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 8.)

Deuterocoinis socotranus. Rebel, Denk. Math-Nat. Ak. Wiss.,

Ixxi, part ii, 85-87 (1907).

Dcuterocoyus tengstroemi {ncc Zeller), Meyrick, T.E.S., 188G,

8 {partim)-, Meyrick, J. Bomb. N.H.S., xvii, 134;

Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., vi, 16-20.

Denterocopus mcdliewi, Wlsm. MSS. {ined.).

Betdeo^ocopius jachsoni, Wlsm. MSS. (ined.).

This clingy little short-winged species, which seems to

be one of the most widely- distributed members of its

genus, appears to have been first collected in New Guinea

by G. F. Mathew in 1884, and in the same year Lord

Walsingham stated (Notes Leyden Mus., vi, 243) that he

had lately received specimens from West Africa. Under

these circumstances it is perhaps somewhat unfortunate

that its first validly published name should have been

derived from its occurrence within the circumscribed area

of Sokotra.

In some examples there is a great extension of the

white scaling on the forewing, giving at first sight a

different facies, but this variation appears to be confined

to individuals and not to coincide with geographical

distribution.

Professor Ur. Rebel, who has very kindly compared some

Sinhalese examples with the original types of this species

from Sokotra, writes that in all essential points they are

in full agreement and that he considers the two forms as

conspecific, although he adds that in socotranus the palpi

appear slightly longer and the coloration a little darker

(less bright red-yellow). This latter point is unimportant,

but the slight difference in the length of the jjalpi, if

constituting a constant difference between the two forms,

may perhaps indicate that we are here dealing with true

local races (incipient new species) ; at joresent, liowever, I

think that we must look on these races (from South aud

West Africa, Sokotra, Ceylon, etc.) as only forming a

single “ species ” in the ordinary acceptation of that word.

The following is a translation of Prof. Ur. Rebel’s original

description of 1). socotranus : —

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deiderocoims. 125

“ • Of this distinct genus, whose hitherto known representa¬

tives belong to the Oriental and Papuan Regions, Prof. Simony

brought back from Sokotra three specimens ( d $ ) of a new species,

and of these the least good specimen was sacrificed to the design of

making a microscopic preparation of the neuration. The specimens

were obtained on January 11, 1890, in the mangrove-swamps in

Western Sokotra by beating the flowers of Avicennia marina.

“ Since hitherto there has only been published a short account of

the system of neuration by Meyrick (T.E.S., 1886, 8), and that in

many respects not concordant with the aforesaid preparations, nor

has a figure of the insect or a sketch of its neuration been published

before, both are here given for the first time. [Dr. Rebel has

evidently overlooked Zeller’s figures in Bull. Soc. Mosc. — T. B. F.]

“ The genus is easily distinguished by the thickset build of the

abdomen and the short antennae, which in the are somewhat

roughly scaled towards the tip. The face is closely scaled, the palpi

are slender, their pointed terminal joint half as long as the curved

middle-joint. The legs also are unusually short and stout, the tibiae

with knot-like dilatations of scales, on the fore-tibia only at the

apex, on the mid-tibia at i and apex, on the hind-tibia at J and also

at the origin of both pairs of the very long spurs. The apices of the

tarsal joints also are more moderately dilated with scales, only the

terminal joints remaining bare.

“ The lower fissure of the trifid forewing does not reach so far

basewards as the upper one. The lengths of both clefts are in the

proportions of 3:2. In the neuration of the forewing, the discal

cell is not closed and veins 5 and 6 are so far wanting that they are

reduced to a quite short termination running into the first cleft.

Veins 8 and 9 are long-stalked. Vein 10 arises separate from these,

vein 11 remote from 10.

“In the hindwing the third segment is only half as long as the

first, the cleft between the first and second segments is to the greatest

length of the hindwing as 27 : 43. In this wing also the cell is not

closed, vein 2 also is wanting [the figure, however, clearly shows

that 2 is present and that it is vein 3 which is absent. — T. B. F.],

Amin 3 does not reach as far as the apex of the second segment, Avhose

main support is formed by A'ein 4, 5 and 6 are much reduced, vein 7

traverses the first segment to its apex, A’ein 8 is free.

“ Mej’rick (1. c.), Avho must liaAm described the neuration after only

slight clarification, makes veins 2 and 4 of the foreAving arise from

the angle of the cell (which scarcely agrees with the present species),

vein 3 AV’anting, 5 and 6 A’ery short, vein 11 arising near 10. In the

hindwing A’ein 3 is Avanting, according to his account.

“ Unless another system of neuration be admitted for the example

120 Mr. 'r. B. i^’4^rher on the cjcnus Dcnicrocoims.

of Deulerocupiis Imgstroemi (probably from Java) examined by him,

tliere appears to be an error on Ins ]iart easily arising under the

al)ove-mentioned circumstances.

“So far as at present concerns the species from Sokotra, in any

case it stands very near to both the hitherto-described species, namely

tengstroemi, Z., and mhrodadylus, Pag. Perhaps upon the whole we

have to admit of only one widely-distributed species which has

formed local races.

“ In this species also the general coloration is a bright rusty-

brown, the antennae ringed with black-brown towards the base.

The second and third palpal joints with broad central bands. The

pectus is wdiitish, especially laterally. The ground-colour of the

legs is also reall}' whitish with increasing thicker rusty-brown irrora-

tion towards the ends of the joints, noticeably on the tibial dilata¬

tions. The inner side of the hind-femur as well as the ventral surface

of the abdomen is pure white, the latter with brown edging to the

segments in the 5 only. The naked, very long spurs of the hind-

tibiae are white with a blackish central band especially distinct on

their inner side and blackish tips. Head and thorax thickly sprinkled

with rusty-brown, the abdomen much lighter at the base, yellowish,

in the ^ less thickly sprinkled with rust-brown, in Imth sexes with

light margins to the segments. The anal tuft of the seems to

cover a long uncus.

“The rust-brown irroration of the forewung is in the 9 niuch

more uniform, in the ^ strongly intermixed with light yellowish

scales. Beyond the cleft there lies in the first segment a constantly

distinct pale (yellowish) transverse bar, wdiich terminates on the

costa as pure white. Before and beyond this the first segment is

more or less sufl’used with Idackish. On the hinder-margin of the

first segment the cilia are broadly suffused with blackish and they

are also Ijlackish beneath the apex. The first subsegment shows in

the ^ a distinct yellowi.sh patch before i, and beyond this the cilia

on both margins are blackish. On the apex [of the first subsegment]

lies a deep-black scale-tuft which is surrounded with white posteriorly.

The second subsegment is darker, without markings, with broad

black cilia on both margins ; here also a black point occurs on the apex.

“The segments of the hindwing are rusty-brown with lighter

cilia glistening-yellowish basally, the third segment with a small

black cilial scale-tuft in the middle of the dorsal margin and a

similar broad apical scale-tuft surrounding both margins.

“ The under-side of the wdngs is red-brown with a white-yellow

costal spot at the termination of the transverse band of the ujjper

side and a small bright-yellow spot before the apex of the first

segment. Length of forewing 4*5 mm., expanse 9'5 mm.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocofus. 127

“ Di.stinguished from Deutewcopus tengstroenii by the non-hairy

hinder-tibial spurs and the not bright rust-yellow costal cilia of the

first segment, from Deuterocopns ruhrodadylus by the obvious scale¬

thickening at the end of the fore-tibia.

“As already remarked, it may be that the three described forms

of Deuterocopus (tengstroenii, rubrodadgliis and socotranus) are only

local races of one species, but that can only be proved by comparison

of sufficient material.”

As regards the figure of I), socotranus given by Dr.

Bebel, it is particularly to be reinarketl that the slight

scale-tuft in the dorsal cilia of the forewing beneath the

base of the first cleft has been omitted in error ; this tuft

is actually present in the specimens themselves.

The following is a general description of the species : —

Expanse 9-10 mm. Paljii erect, third joint about half length of

second ; very pale -ferruginous, apices of joints banded with darker.

Antennae above blackish dotted with white, beneath pale-ferruginous.

Head and thorax dark brownish-ferruginous, intermixed with darker

and lighter scales ; pectus white. Abdomen dark ferruginous-

brown, first two segments ferruginous-ochreous variably mixed with

whitish, third segment edged posteriorly by a transverse raised bar

of whitish-ochreous scales, fourth, sixth and .seventh .segments with

narrow submedian longitudinal whiti.sh stripes ; ventral surface

white, fourth segment edged posteriorly with red-brown. Legs

ferruginous-brown, paler or whitish towards base and on tarsi : fore¬

tibia with acuminate scale-tuft on apex ; mid-tibia with apical scale-

tuft and a pair of long spurs ; hind-tibia with moderate whorl of

scales at J and larger whorls at f and apex, the.se two whorls

emitting each a pair of long, naked spurs which are banded with

blacki.sh before apex ; the posterior edges of these whorls of scales

are usually paler or whiti.sh and the hind-tibia is more or less

banded with whitish beyond first and second whorls ; posterior

tarsus with first, third and fourth joints, banded with paler or

whitish.

Forewing cleft from about f, first segment moilerately broad,

second segment again cleft from about \ of its length : very dark

brownish-ferruginous intermixed with paler or whitish scaling some¬

times forming a patch at base of first cleft : costal area suffused with

pale-ochreous, especially evident at about ; first segment cut at

about by an inwardly-oblique transverse whitish line preceded by

pale-ochreous, at f by a .similar but more distinct white line not

reaching costa, segment beyond this much suffused with pale-

128 Mr. T. B. l^'^^cher on the genus Deidcroeopus.

ochreous ; both sulisegmeiits cut at about ^ by transver.se white

lines. (Note. — All the white markings on segments appear to be

variable in extent of development.) Cilia on costa ochreous, blackish-

ferruginous above base and middle of first segment ; on apex

blackish ; on ternien iiale-yellowish ; on hineler-margin of first

segment pale-yellowish to I, beyond that blackish, with a small

black posteriorly-directed scale-tooth beneath apex preceded by a

narrow ochreous wisp ; on upper margin of first .subsegment pale-

yellowish mixed with white, beyond |- blackish continued around

apex of sub.segment to a small posteriorly-directed scale-tooth beneath

apex, on lower-margin pale-yellowish to beyond that blackish ;

on upper margin of second subsegment pale yellowish mixed with

white to about |, lieyond that blackish ; on dorsum pale-yellowish,

with a small blackish scale-tuft at about f (slightly lieyond base of

first cleft), blackish on outer J of second subsegment.

Hindwing cleft from about f and from near base, segments linear ;

brownish-cupreous-ferruginous. Cilia pale-yellowish, darker on

outer half of wing ; third segment with a small blackish scale-tooth

on dorsal margin slightly within J and a large apical blackish-

ferruginous scale-tooth on both margins.

Larva. — The larva feeds in Ceylon on the flowers of the

square-stemmed jungle vine ( Vitis quadrangularis) so

characteristic of the dry districts of that island. The

following is a brief description made on October 20, 1908,

from a living larva found at Hambantota : —

Length 7 mm., stout, stoutest at about miil-length, decreasing

rapidly anally ; head capable of retraction into or under prothorax.

Fig. 3.— Dent, socotraiius.

Incisions between segments distinctly marked. Colour a uniform

pale-green ; head yellowish-brown and prothorax dark blackish-

purple. Prothoracic legs pui-ple, other legs and prolegs pale-green ;

legs and prolegs rather short and stout. To the naked eye no hairs

are visible except two paii’s of short whitish curved hairs on the

anal segment and a pair of short submedian hairs, directed forward,

on each thoracic segment. Spiracles high-placed, about half-way up

the side, fairly conspicuous from being outlined in a slightly lighter

green tint than that composing the general colour of the larva.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher mi the genus Deuterocop^is. 129

Movements slow and deliberate, spinning a thread as it moves along

and when it drops. Under the microscope the skin is seen to he

covered with minute skin-points as if shagreened.

Ptfjoa.— The pupa is attached to a flower, flower-stalk or stem of

the food-plant, or more rarely to a leaf of the same, and is usually

enclosed in a very flimsy cocoon composed of a few silken threads.

It is possible however that these threads are merely fortuitous,

having been spun by the larva during its search for a suitable

pupation-place or whilst preparing its cremastral pad. The pupa

is about G mm. long, stout, smooth, rounded and blunt at the

capital extremity. Its usual colour is a pale apple-green, marked

Fig. 4. — Dent, socotranus.

with dark- or purplish-red on the dorsal surface, the markings usually

consisting of (i) a narrow median thoracic stripe broadening

posteriorly into a transverse bar extending obliquely downwards to

about the edge of the wing-covers, and (ii) a series of sulnnedian

patches on the second to fifth abdominal segments forming a more

or less interrupted longitudinal stripe. Some pupae, however, which

had pupated in my boxes, were wholly of a dark -grey colour. The

moth emerges in the early morning.

Distribution. — As already remarked, the geographical

range of this species is very wide. Localities known to

me are : —

West Africa — Gambia, Bathurst, 1885-87 {Carter^

[Wlsm. Coll., four].

South-East Africa — Delat^oa Bay, 1884 (Druce) [Wlsm.

Coll., three].

East Africa — Ibea, Ukambani, Dec. -Jan. 1889 {Jackson)

[Wlsm. Coll., No. 6330, one J > fyp® jacksoni,

Wlsm. MS.].

SoKOTRA — Western Sokotra, Jan. 11, 1890 {Simony)

[Vienna Mus., ^ and ^ types oi socotranus, Rbl.].

India — Ganjam, Aug. 1882 {Minchin) [Wlsm. Coll., one] ;

Bombay, Surat {Lcfroy) [Meyrick Coll.].

TRANS ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE). K

1 oO Mr. T. B. I^TTlc'-ber on the genus D enter oeo'pus.

Ceylon — N. W. Brov., Piittalam, Feb. 1890, March 1902

{Pole) [Wlsm. Coll., four] : E. Prov., Trincoinali,

July 20, 1890 [Brit. Mus., one]: S. Prov., Hamban-

tota, abundant in Oct. and Nov. 1908, about seventy

{Fletcher)-, Yala, larvae common Feb. 9, exc. Feb. 20,

1909, five {Fletcher) : Uva Prov., Madulsima, Coco-

ofalla Estate, 4000 feet, Oct. 1907 and Jan. 1908

(fF. Vaughan) [Fletcher Coll., two].

SuMBA — below 2000 feet, 189G {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll.,

two].

Tamboha — low country, 1896 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll.,

one].

Amboyna — 1892 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll., one].

New Guinea — Port Moresby, 1884 (G'. A’. Matheio) [Wlsm.

Coll., two specimens including No. 2287, type ^

mathewi, Wlsm. MS.] [Meyrick Coll., one] ; Humboldt

Bay, April 18, 1893 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll., three].

Queensland — Townsville {Dodd) [Meyrick Coll.].

Deuteroeapus hathyclmsma, n. s.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 9.)

9 . E.xpanse 15 mm. Palpi upturned, smootldy-scaled, third

joint about half length of second, second joint somewhat enlarged

apically, tliird slender, acuminate ; golden-ferruginous, ringed with

wliitish-ochreous. Head golden-ferruginous, with some anteriorly-

erected scales on back of crown. Antennae golden-ferruginous,

lined above with whitish, extreme tijjs whitish. Thorax golden-

fernxginous with some whitish-ochreous scales intermixed : pectus

whitish. Abdomen rather stout, light golden-ferruginous, with a

few whitish scales tending to form longitudinal lines especially

evident laterally ; venter whitish, fourth segment with a transverse

ferruginous bar. Foreleg golden-ferruginous ; tibia short, with an

apical tuft of scales. Midleg golden-ferruginous; tibia with an

apical scale-tuft emitting a pair of moderate spurs. Hindleg bright

golden-ferruginous : tibia stout, with whorls of whitish-tipped scales

at I, I and apex ; tibial spurs long, strong, slightly curved, ferru¬

ginous, ochreous-whitish in centre and apically, thickly clothed with

short hairs on posterior edge ; the distal spurs are slightly unecpial,

the inner being the longer.

Forewing rather short, cleft from slightly within f, second

segment again cleft from rather within J of its length ; iirst segment

narrow, subsegments linear : bright golden-ferruginous : base of

wing slightly suffused with blackish tending to form longitudinal

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Dmterocopus. 181

lines before base of cleft, a white dot in disc at another slightly

before and above base of cleft, and a third before base of second

cleft ; first segment with a white dot at | and another on its hinder-

margin at I, exterior half blackish-suffused ; both subsegments with

a white dot a little beyond i, outer third of first subsegment and

W’hole of second subsegment blackish-suffused. Cilia golden-ferru¬

ginous ; on costa blackish at about f and J ; on hinder-margin of

first segment with a few scattered black scales basally, a blackish-

brown wisp at f and a small black preapical scale-tuft ; on fore¬

margin of second segment blackish-brown beyond f ; apex of first

subsegment with a small blackish posteriorly- directed scale-tuft ;

hinder-margin of first subsegment with a small blackish -brown scale-

tuft at f ; foremargin of .second subsegment blackish-brown beyond

I ; on dorsum with a small brownish-ferruginous scale-tuft at f

(below base of first cleft), a dark-brown wisp along middle third of

second subsegment, and a small blackish tornal scale-tuft.

Hindwing cleft from about f and ^ ; bright golden-ferruginous.

Cilia golden-ferruginous ; third segment with a large scale-tooth

occupying exterior fourth of both margins, a moderate triangular

dorsal scale-tooth at about and a few scattered scales on fore¬

margin.

Type ^ (No. 42084) in Walsingliam Coll. ; Sumbawa,

Tambora (3000 feet), 1896 {Doherty).

Co-type (No. 8528) in Bainbrigge Fletcher Coll., also

collected by Doherty in Tambora (3000 feet).

Two other examples in Lord Walsingham’s collection are

from Batian (August 1897 ; Doherty) and from Kapaur,

S.W. New Guinea (sea-level to 2000 feet ; Dec. 1896 —

e. February 1897 ; Doherty).

Deuterocopus planeta^ Meyr.

(PI. XLIV, fig. 10.)

Deuterocopus planeta, Meyrick, T.E.S., 1907, 4713-4.

Deuterocopus ruhrodactylus, Fletcher {nec Pag.), Spolia

Zeylan., vi, 20, t. E., f. 7.

I am indebted to Mr. E. Meyrick for the opportunity of

examining the type of this species of which his original

description runs as follows : —

“ (^. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax deep ferruginous, sprinkled

with yellow-whitish. Palpi ferruginous, with several whitish rings.

Antennae whitish, with a biserrate fuscous line. Abdomen whitish-

K 2

132 ]\Ir. T. B, inetcher on the genus Deuteroeopus.

yellow, ubove with three suffused stripes and several transverse

bands ferruginous, third segment with a semicircular silvery-white

spot on posterior margin, anal valves and tuft very lotig and slender.

Legs ferruginous ringed with whitish, posterior pair with whorls of

ex])anded scales at origin of spi;rs and apex of tarsal joints. Fore¬

wings cleft firstly from t [? misi)rint for f], secondly from -j, first

segment narrow, second and third linear ; deep ferruginous, sprinkled

with whitish-yellowish ; undefined slender irregular white bars on

first segment before ^ and beyond -|, before base of second cleft, and

on middle of second segment ; cilia pale-ferruginous, on costa

mostly dark-fuscous, with dark-fuscous bars at apex of segments, and

dark -grey patches or bars on lower margin of first segment towards

apex, ujiper margins of second and third segments towards apex, and

lower margins of second and third segments about middle. Hind-

wings cleft firstly from secondly from near base, segments linear ;

ferruginous, first two segments suffused with dark-fuscous posteriorly;

cilia light-ferruginous, third segment’with a dot of one or two black

scales on dorsum before its middle, and a moderate apical scale-tooth

of black and ferruginous scales extending above and beneath.

“ CooRG (Kuti) (Netveome), Assam (Kliasi Hills); in

October and November ; two specimens. Very similar to

rubrodactylus, but the silvery-white spot on abdomen is an

easy distinction. In D. ritsemae, Wals., the abdomen is

also marked with white, but differently, according to the

description.”

To the above description I would add that the ventral

surfaces of the thorax and abdomen are pale-yellow, and

that the white spot on the abdomen is often more or less

obsolete. D.planeta,\\o\veYe\\ is easily distinguished from

ritsemae or ncbrodaetylus by the greater length of the

second cleft and by the absence of any scale-tuft in dorsal

cilia of tlie forewing beneath the base of the first cleft.

Early Stages. — These were briefly described by me in

“ Spolia Zeylanica ” under the name of rubrodaetylus, and

for the sake of completeness the descriptions are here

reproduced : —

Ovum. — The egg is about '44 mm. long by about ’20 mm. broad ;

in shape it is ovo-cylindrical, the ends rounded and subequal, the

micropylar area distinctly depressed ; the surface is very smooth and

shining, of a very pale-orange colour, suffused with red at either

pole.

Larva.- A larva found at Galle on June 18, 1908, feeding on the

flowers of Leea samhucina (Sinh. “ Bouroula ”) was described as —

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Dcuterocojjus. 133

•• Pale-green without any markings except red suffusion at either

extremity. The skin is roughened into minute knobs (like shark

skin) everywhere, but especially on the ventral region. A distinct

subsegment is formed on the posterior ventral region of abdominal

segments. The hairs, excejjt (i), are very short and inconspicuous ;

(i) is short, less than breadtli of segments. The hairs are trans¬

parent whitish (glassy) and the tubercles very indistinct. The hairs

are longest on thoracic and anal regions. The legs are extremely

short and inconspicuous. There are no secondary hairs, these seem¬

ing to be reduced to skin-points or rather rugosities of the skin.” A

sketch of the arrangement of the tubercles was given in figure 7 of

Plate E of the publication quoted.

Pupa. — A pupa, also found at Galle on June 18, 1908, was brown

with a broad lighter ochreous-fuscous central band ; very few hairs

Fig. 5. — Deut. planeta.

or projections. It was suspended anally to a flower-stalk within a

slight attempt at a cocoon — a few silken threads spun around it to

form a spacious but flimsy enclosure, in wdiich the pupa was fully

visible. The cast larval skin remained at the anal extremity of the

pupa.

Specimens examined by me are from : —

Assam — Khasi Hills, Nov. 1906 [type of planeta in

Meyrick Coll.].

Burma — Bernardmyo, Ruby Mines (5000-7000 feet), June

1890 {Doherty) [Wlsm. Coll., one].

Ceylon — S. Prov., Galle, June 3, June 21, June 23,

October 26, 1908 [Fletcher Coll., four].

Portuguese Timor — 1892, Doherty [Wlsm. Coll., one].

Tenimber (= Timor Laut) — 1892, Doherty [Wlsm. Coll.,

two].

134 Mr. T. B. iMetclier on the genus Benterooo^jus.

New Guinea — Little Kei Isd., April 11, 1897 [Meyrick

Coll., one*]; Feb. 2 and Feb. 14, 1900 {H. Kiihn)

[Brit. Mus, Coll., two].

Deuterocopus ritsemae, Wlsra.

(Plate XLIV, figs. 11, 12.)

Deuterocopus ritsemae, Wlsm., Notes Leyden Mus., vi, 243

(1884) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., vi, 21 (1909).

Deuteroscopus ruhrodactylus, Pag., Abb. Ges. Zool., xxix, 241.

't. Deuterocopus ruhrodactylus, Meyr., T.E.S., 1907, 473.

Deuterocopus ruhrodactylus, Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., vi, t. B,

f. C {nee l.c., p. 20).

Lord Walsingbam’s original description is as follows : —

“ Head ferruginous, palpi ferruginous, annulated and tipped with

white. Antennae dull ferruginous, delicately spotted along their upper

side with white. Thorax ferruginous with two ill-defined yellowish-

white spots anteriorly. Forewings bright shining ferruginous, with

two white spots before the fissure, one on the dorsal margin nearer

to the base than to the fissure, another on the middle of the wdng

nearer to the fissure than to the base, a brownish spot at tlie base of

the fissure preceded by a few brownish scales : the costal lobe

clouded about its middle, but not at its base, with bronzy -brown and

having two blackish streaks on the costal margin and another at the

extreme apex. The central bronzy-brown shade is preceded and

followed by a silvery-white spot. The divided lobe is also some¬

what clouded with bronzy-brown but not at its base, a silvery- white

spot precedes the dark colouring and a second smaller one is about

the middle of the upper division, a dark streak in the fringes at the

apex of each division. In the pale yellowish fringes on the dorsal

margin is a tuft of bronzy scales below the first fissure and another

larger bronzy cloud below the second fissure. Hindwings dark-

ferruginous with purplish tinge in the fringes especially towards the

apex of the lobes ; there is a small tuft of darker scales on the dorsal

margin before the middle of the posterior lobe, a spatule of bronzy-

brown scales at its apex. Abdomen bright ferruginous, with a raised

band of shining silvery scales above the middle, a conspicuous

yellowish-white spot preceding the anal segments. The posterior

legs are bright-ferruginous, banded with white on the tibiae and first

* Mr. Meyrick does not agree that this specimen is conspecific

with his type of planeta, but I have been unable to detect any

difference of specific importance.

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocojyus. 135

tarsal joint ; with long tibial spurs also indistinctly banded, the

raised tufts at their bases rather less conspicuous than in the allied

D. tengstroemi. Under-side of throax and abdomen very pale

yellow ; the anal tuft ferruginous.

“ Expanse of forewings 11 mm.

“Java (Muli4) ; a single specimen.

“ This species differs from D. tengstroemi, Z. . . . in the presence

of the white spots and in the pale bases of the lobes of the fore¬

wings, also in the less thickly scaled posterior legs and in the absence

of scales in the spurs themselves. . .

The following is a translation of Pagenstecher’s original

description of the form ruhrodactyhis : —

“ In the Ribbe collection there are several specimens of a new species

from Neu Pommern (Kinigunang) which is closely allied to the

preceding (U. tengstroemi, Zeller [= ? atrapex — ^T. B. F.j) and which

Herr Snellen regards as tengstroemi. Dr. Hofmann, however, makes

the following comments

“ ‘ Does not agree with the description of D. tengstroemi, Zeller,

Linnaea Ent., vi, p. 402. The belly, the coxae, the sides of the

pectus and the frontal area are bright sulphur-yellow, as is the

upper-side of the two first segments of the abdomen. The forelegs

have no scale thickening at the end of the tibiae and no spurs, as

described for tengsU-oemi. [As already pointed out, Zeller’s state¬

ment to this effect is evidently incorrect. — T. B. F.] The very

long spurs of the hind tibiae are not thickened wdth hairs. Fore¬

wings brilliant red-brown, with black longitudinal spots and tips

dusted with black. Three segments in the hindwing as in tengstroemi.

The species should be easily recognisable by means of the characters

here indicated.’”

In spite of Dr. Hofmann’s concluding remark, the above

description is quite insufficient for the recognition of this

form, and I have therefore drawn up the following descrip¬

tion from one of Ribbe’s original specimens now preserved

in Lord Walsingham’s collection and labelled as the type

of ruhrodactyhis (No. 73186) : —

5. Expanse 12 mm. Palpi long, smoothly-scaled, erect ; second

joint whitish-ferruginous, broadly banded with dark-ferruginous at

base and before apex; third joint acuminate, rather more than half

length of second, whitish-ferruginous, broadly banded with dark-

ferruginous at base and before apex. Antennae blackish-ferruginous,

dotted with white above. Head ferruginous, summit of crown with

136 Mr. T. B. Fl^R*lier on the genus Deutcrocopus.

erected scales. Thorax golden-ferruginous, mottled with darker ;

pectus pale-yellow. Abdomen large and stout, golden-ferruginous

sprinkled with darker ; first two segments pale-yellow, third segment

with indications of a whitish semi-circrrlar spot on posterior margin

preceded by darker, posterior margins of third and succeeding seg¬

ments faintly outlined in whitish scaling ; ventral surface pale-

yellow. Foreleg whitish-ferruginous-golden, tibia with slight indi¬

cation of scale-tuft at apex. Midleg bright ferruginous-golden, tibia

lined with whitish beneath and banded with whitish before apex

where a dark-ferruginous scale-tuft emits a pair of short equal spurs ;

tarsi whitish. [Hindlegs broken.]

Fore wing cleft from about first segment narrow, second again

cleft from slightly beyond half its own length : bright ferruginous-

golden : costa blackish to J, a short blackish shade along dorsum,

a blackish longitudinal subcostal spot at a blackish suffusion along

costa at ^ leading into first segment and broadly continued down¬

wards into disc but not reaching dorsum ; two black dots preceding

cleft, one above base of cleft, the other below ; first segment with

costal area suffused with black to cut at ^ by an inwardly-oblique

black line, area beyond this wholly black except for a small whitish

dot on hinder-margin at | ; second segment with a longitudinal

whitish spot at area beyond this (including both subsegments)

suffused wdth blackish ; first subsegment with a whitish spot at ^ of

its length, second subsegment with a few whitish-ochreous scales near

its base. Cilia on costa blackish, on first quarter of first segment

ferruginous-golden ; within cleft blackish, w'hitish-ochreous in central

third and with a narrow jjale-ochreous wisp at hinder-angle of first

segment ; on hinder-margin of first subsegment blackish to i, then

whitish-ochreous to just before apex, where blackish ; on fore-margin

of second subsegment blackish ; on dorsum blackish with black scale-

tufts beneath base of each cleft, area between these tufts whitish-

ochreous

Hindwing cleft from | and from near base ; golden-ferruginous,

first two .segments suffused with blackish. Cilia blackish ; on third

segment whitish-ochreous with a large blackish-ferruginous apical

scale-tooth on both margins, a few scattered blackish scales on fore-

margin and a small blackish scale-tooth on dorsum slightly before

Although the two forms, ritscmae, Wlsm., and rubro-

dactylus, Pag., appear abundantly distinct when contrasted

with one another, a long series soon reveals a complete

gradation between them, nor does the development or

suppression of the pure-white markings on the forewing

and abdomen seem to follow the geographical distribution

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the gemis Dcuterocopus. 137

of the species, specimens with these markings w^ell de¬

veloped or quite obsolete being found side by side in

Assam, Ceylon, Batian, Tambora, etc.

I have examined 37 examples, as under : —

In my oivn collection ; —

Ceylon — C. Prov., Peradeniya, July 1907 {E. E. Green),

one; S. Prov., Galle, June 5, 1907, June 4-24, 1908,

eight, including three bred specimens.

In Lord Walsmgham's collection : —

Assam — Margherita, 1889 {Doherty), two.

Tenasserim — Mergui, 1888 {Doherty), one.

S.E. Borneo — Pulo Laut, 1891 {Doherty), one; Riam

Kiwa, 500-1000 feet, 1891 {Doherty), one.

Tambora — low country, 1896 {Doherty), three ; 3000 feet,

1896 {Doherty), three.

Batian — August 1897 {Doherty), eight.

Bali — 1896 (Doherty), four.

Ternate — 1892 {Doherty), one.

Halmahera — Gani, 1897 {Doherty), one.

N. New Guinea — Humboldt Bay, April 1893 {Doherty),

two.

Neu Pommern — Kinigunang {C. Bibhe), one (type of

rnhrodactylus, Pag.).

Early Stages. — These are as yet practically unknown.

The moth was bred by me from pupae found at Galle,

Fig. 6. — Deut. ritsemae.

Ceylon, suspended anally from the upper surface of leaves

of Leea sambucina, which is evidently the foodplant. The

different method of suspension, as compared with the pupa

138 T. B. FleTTlier on the genus Dmtci'ocopus.

of D. 2')laneta, is noteworthy. On tlie same bush I found

a larva feeding inside an unopened flower-bud ; it appeared

to be very similar to that of but wanted the

terminal red suffusion ; unfortunately I failed to rear it,

Leptodeuterocopus, n. g.

Labial palpi long, smooth-scaled, erect, sickle-shaped. Abdomen

rather short and stout. Legs strong ; posterior tibiae with tufts of

Fig. 7.— Lept. citrogaster.

spinous hairs at about 4 and apex, second and third tufts each

emitting a pair of long spurs. Forewing cleft from about f ; first

segment rather narrow, without hinder-angle ; second segment ex¬

panded posteriorly, again cleft from about of its length. Hindwiug

cleft from about ^ and | ; second segment with a slight scale-tuft

about centre of its hinder-margin ; third segment with a large scale-

tooth surrounding its apex and a small scale-tooth on dorsal margin

nearer the base.

Type : — L. citrogaster.

The two species described below are readily separable

by the following character ; —

Dorsal cilia of f.w. with a large white pi’etornal patch . sochchor aides

Dorsal cilia of f.w. without a large white pretornal patch citrogaster

The slightly different shape of the second cleft in these

species may indicate a generic difference ; otherwise they

appear very closely allied, agreeing with one another and

differing from Dcuterocopus, in the different positions of

the scale-tufts on hind tibiae, the less deeply cleft hind¬

wing, etc.

Leptodeuterocojms citrogaster, n. s.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 13.)

g. Expanse 14 mm. Palpi long, slightly curved, erect, smoothly

scaled; second joint ferruginous-yellow, banded exteriorly before

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuterocoims. 139

apex with dark-ferruginous; third joint more than half length

of second, acuminate, pale yellow, broadly banded at base and

before apex with dark-ferruginous. Antennae dark-ferruginous,

dotted above with pale-yellow. Head dark-ferruginous intermixed

with paler, back of crown with long anteriorly-erected scales.

Thorax dark -ferruginous ; pectus pale-yellow. Abdomen large and

stout, golden-ferruginous, pale-yellow on two basal segments; third

segment edged posteriorly by a narrow band of large pale-yellowish

scales, .sixth segment pale-yellowish except narrowly on anterior

margin ; venter -pale-yellow ; anal tuft dark golden-ferruginous.

Foreleg pale- ferruginous ; tibia short with large apical tuft of dark-

ferruginous scales. Midleg dark golden-ferruginous ; tibia with

apical scale-tuft emitting a pair of unequal spurs ; tarsus whitish,

ferruginous at apex of first tarsal joint and lightly sufifused with

ferruginous on fourth and fifth joints. Hindleg pale-yellowish ;

tibia large and stout with tufts of spinous hairs at about |, t and

apex, broadly suffused with ferruginous- golden above second and

third tufts which each emit a pair of long slightly-curved spurs

broadly banded wdth dark-ferruginous at base and before apex and

roughly clothed with short hairs on their posterior edges.

Forewing cleft from about f, first segment rather narrow, second

segment expanded posteriorly and itself cleft from | of its length,

the second cleft as wide as deep : bright golden-ferruginous : basal f

slightly irrorated with dark-brown ; first segment preceded by a

patch of blackish suffusion from costa to base of fir.st cleft, cut at J

by a narrow inwardly-oblique white line ended on hinder-margin of

second as a small longitudinal white spot, outer half of segment

lightly suffused with dark-brown ; second segment lightly suffused

with dark-brown, with whitish dots on dorsum near base and at J

length of segment and a short white longitudinal streak on fore¬

margin at I length of segment, base of second cleft narrowly edged

with blackish. Cilia on costa ferruginous-golden, on outer half of

first segment blackish to just before apex ; on lower margin of first

segment ferruginous-ochreous, on terminal third blackish to apex;

on fore-margin of second segment ferruginous mixed with blackish

scales, apex of first subsegment with a small posteriorly-directed

blackish scale-tuft ; within second cleft pale ferruginous-ochreous ;

on dorsum ferruginous-ochreous, blackish beyond f, with a small

tuft of blackish scales at about | (just beyond base of first cleft)

followed by a broad wisp of pale ferruginous-ochreous and a small

blackish scale-tooth at tornus.

Hind wing cleft from about | and from near base, golden-ferruginous

irrorated with ferruginous. Cilia ferruginous-ochreous ; second seg¬

ment with a small blackish scale-tuft in centre of hinder-margin ;

140 Mr. T. B. Fl< m ler on the genus Dcuterocopus.

tliird segment with a large blackish apical scale-tooth on both

margins, a few scattered blackish scales on fore-margin and a small

black triangular dorsal scale-tooth at about

Type (No. 42125) and Co-type (No. 41929), both in

Walsingliain Coll, and both collected by Doherty in

Ainboyna in 1892.

Leggtodeuteroco'pus sochchor aides, n. s.

(Plate XLIV, fig. 14.)

Sex d ( D- Expanse 13 mm. Palpi upturned, long, slender,

smoothly scaled, reaching vertex; second joint long, sickle-shaped ;

third joint rather short, straight, acuminate : ferruginous-orange,

banded at joints and striated exteriorly with yellowish- white.

Antennae ciliate (about D> blackish-fuscous, basal third lined above

with short pale yellow streaks, apical portion wholly greyish. Head

bright purplish-golden-reddish, with two lines of pale-yellowish

scales between the eyes, one before and the other behind origin of

antennae ; eyes margined j)osteriorly with pale-yellow. (Abdomen

broken.) Foreleg bright reddish -orange ; tibia short, with two ill-

defined pale-yellowish bands, apex dilated into a small blackish-

tipped scale-tuft ; tarsi darkened apically. Midleg pale-yellowish

suffused and banded with golden-orange ; tibia with a small golden-

ferruginous scale-tuft before 4, apex dilated with a small dark-golden-

ferruginous tuft emitting a pair of long blackish white-banded spurs

of which the inner is the longer; tarsi whitish, golden-fuscous at

apices of joints. Hindleg golden-orange; tibia with a minute golden-

ferruginous tuft at i and large tufts at |- and apex, these two large

tufts emitting pairs of long smoothly-scaled spurs of which those of

the proximal pair are slightly unequal (the inner spur being the

longer), those of the distal pair equal, areas between all these three

tufts narrowly banded with pale-yello%v ; tarsi blackish-fuscous with

a slight golden tinge, first two tarsal joints with small apical tufts of

hair-scales.

Forewing rather long and narrow, cleft from about f, second

segment again cleft from about f of its length : golden-ferruginous

suffused exteriorly with reddish-fuscous : two ill-defined yellowish

spots at I and f, the first costal, the second midway between costa

;uid base of cleft, the space betw'een them blackish-fuscous; first

segment blackish on costa, with a silvery-white square spot on costa

at I length of segment, a white dot in disc at 4, an inwardly-oblique

narrow white line from below costa to hinder-margin at J and a

white costal dot in extreme apex ; second segment broader than first,

expanded posteriorly, with a shallow cleft on termen barely reaching

Trans. Enl. Soc. Loud., igio. Plate XLIV.

H. Knight, del.

SPECIES OF DEUTEROCOPUS.

Andre & Sleigh. Ltd.

Explanation of Plate XLIV.

. <

Trans. Ent^h\ Loud., ipio, Plate XL V.

C. Hentschel.

APPENDAGES OF DEUTEROCOPUS.

Explanation of Plate XLV.

Fig. 1. Denterocopus socotranus, Rebel, genitalia, x 40 (from a specimen

from Hambatonta, Ceylon).

„ 2. Deuterocopiis planeta, Meyr., genitalia, x 40 (from a specimen

from Galle, Ceylon).

f

I

Mr. T. B. Fletcher on the genus Deuteroeopus. 141

to f length of segment, base of first subsegment cut transversely by

a narrow inwardly-oblique white line, second segment with a large

and conspicuous patch of pure white at about \ length of segment

resting on dorsum but not extending to fore-margin of segment ;

dorsum of wing with a few scattered wliitish scales between J and

white ])atch. Cilia on costa and at apex blackish, dotted with

whitish on basal half, wliite opposite white spots ; within first cleft

dark reddish-ferruginous with a purplish tinge, with a few white

scales around base of cleft and some darker scales exteriorly ; on

termen blackish ; within second cleft pale reddish-fuscous on

basal half of lower-margin of first subsegment, followed by a

narrow whitish patch ; around tornus blackish ; on dorsum fuscous-

ferruginous, with a slight purplish-fuscous scale-tuft at f, followed

by a broad patch of pure white extending half-way to tornus.

Hindwing cleft from about f and i, first and second segments

sublinear, second segment with hinder angle nearly obsolete, third

segment linear : golden-ferruginous : first segment wholly blackish,

with a broad white spot at about | opposite white patch on forewing ;

second segment wholly blackish ; third segment about | length of

second, apical fourth dark-purple. Cilia blackish on costa ; white at

apices of first and second segments, pale-fuscous within cleft, pale-

ferruginous on basal half of lower margin of second segment, on

second segment with a narrow ferruginous-fuscous scale-tuft on

lower margin at i, on third segment pale-ferruginous, its apex

broadly surrounded by a dark purplish-ferruginous scale-tooth, and

a few scattered dark purplish-ferruginous scales between scale-tooth

and base on fore-margin and dorsum.

Type in British Museum Collection.

Habitat. — Brazil, Ega {Bates).

Observation. — In size, colour and general appearance

L. sochehoroides exhibits a great resemblance to a species of

Soclichora {S. albipunetella) which was also collected at Ega

by Bates. Both show the same coppery-brown forevving,

and both have a large and conspicuous white spot in about

the same position, but whilst this spot in the Leptodeutero-

copus is on the dorsal margin of the forewing, in the

Soehchora it is on the tip of the first segment of the hind¬

wing. Thus the same effect is produced by two different

methods.

Explanation of Plates XLIV, XLV.

[Nee Explanation facing the Plates.]

( 142 )

IV. Some Eo:periments with Ants' Nests. By Horace St.

J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.

[Read December 1st, 1909.]

A COLONY of ants may be founded in several ways —

(1) The most simple and ordinary method is that in

which the queen ant, after her marriage flight, starts the

colony herself. She relieves herself of her wings, either

by brushing them off with her feet, or, as I have sometimes

seen myself, by grasping them with her jaws, and removing

them with a jerk. Selecting a suitable spot, she digs a

small chamber in the ground or under a stone, and laying

her egffs she tends them till the first batch of workers are

hatched.

(2) The female, again, may obtain admission into a

small queenless colony of a different species, and there

bring up her offspring. When the host species has died

out, there will remain a pure colony of the queen species.

This has been called “ Temporary Social Parasitism.”

(3) The queen may also enter a small colony of another

species, and killing the workers, take possession of the

pupae. When these have hatched and have helped her

to bring up her own brood, the mixed character of the

nest is kept up by raids on the host species, which is

commonly known as “ slavery ” in ants.

(4) A female may obtain admission into the nest of

anotlier species, and there permanently reside with

her offspring, this has been called “ Permanent Social

Parasitism.”

Now, as is well known, ants, as a rule, strongly object

to the intrusion of strange ants, either of their own or of

another species. Touch and smell are the two principal

senses in ants, and the antennae are the chief organs in

which they chiefly reside. Forel says the members of a

colony know each other by smell and contact. Wasmann

has called their antennae “ touching noses,” and says they

do not know each other personally, but recognise each

other by an intelligent “ parole,” a recognised form of

antennae stroke. Miss A. W. Fielde has carried out a

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE)

Mr. H. St. J. K. Donistliorpe on Ants’ JVests. 143

number of experiments to prove that each of the different

joints of an ant’s antennae has a different function. For

example, the 12th or final joint recognises the home or

nest odour, the 11th recognises personal relations, the

10th the path or track, etc. The authoress also concludes

that the whole nest aura changes every two or three

months. Though these experiments were very carefully

elaborated, I do not think too much importance should be

attached to them ; and this, I believe, is the opinion

of both Father Wasmann and Prof. Wheeler. The

subject is far too difficult and intricate to be settled at

once. Herr Bethe wished to prove that it was only by

smell that ants knew each other, and he found that when

they were washed in alcohol and water, dried, and bathed

in a liquor of crushed ants from another nest, they were

received by that nest. This, however, is only the case

for a short time, the strangers being eventually killed.

Also ants returned after similar treatment to their own

nest are not recognised for a long time. Lord Avebury

has pointed out that ants that had been soaked in water

were not at first recognised by their friends.

Any careful experiments with ants’ nests are therefore

of the greatest value and interest, as a means of helping

those who are endeavouring to clear up these difficult prob¬

lems. I will now give the results of some experiments

with ants’ nests, which touch on the different points

discussed above.

On April 2ncl, 1907, I established a nest of Formica rufa, from

Oxshott, in my study. It contained 12 ^ $ and many ^ 5, etc.

On April 12tli I brought up from the same nest at Oxshott, some

more 5 ? and ^ 9 • They were at once recognised and received

with pleasure, the $ $ being cleaned and led into the nest. On

April 26th, I brought up a $ and some ^ 9 from anotlier nest at

Oxshott, far removed from the first nest. These also, to my surprise,

were equally well received.

These ants must have sprung from the same stock,

since and from Weybridge and Bournemouth were

attacked, and dragged about and killed. I have also been

in the habit of obtaining ants in the spring from the same

nests I took them from the year before and introducing

them into my observation nests, and always found them

well received and undoubtedly recognised. I extract the

144' j\Ir. T^St. J. K. Doiiisthorpo on

following from one of my note-books — “May lOtli, 1907.

Took part of a nest of F. rufa at Weybridge then later

on, “April 7tb, 1908. Got some more ddhris from the

same nest at Weybridge, 4^$, ^ etc.; ants all well

received.” This is the rufa nest I have still, which is

doing very well.

Mr. Keys, of Plymouth, when starting some observation

nests of Formica rufibarlis v. fusco-rujibarhis from Whit-

sand Bay, told me that he mixed ^ ^ and ^ ^ from different

nests in that locality, and that they agreed perfectly well

together. These facts look as if the “recognition method”

is inherited in a common stock, and also appear to

disagree with the theory of the progressive odour of ants.

In the “Ent. Mo. Mag.” for April and May 1909, Mr.

Crawley publishes some experiments with Lasius species,

ants which found their colonies in the simple or primitive

method. He records cases where queens of Lasius

umbratus were accepted by colonies of L. nigcr.

On May 17th, 1907, I obtained and fixed up in a large glass bowl,

a nest of Formica sanguinea from Woking, which contained very

few slaves, and all the ^ ^ were of a small type. (The nest con¬

tained over 60 specimens of Lomechusa strumusa, wliich may account

for the small size of the ^ 5 ? though no pseudogynes had yet been

produced.) Large sangninea ^ ? taken from a nest at Woking,

tpiite near to this one, were all dragged about and killed when

introduced into this observation nest.

lu this case workers of the same species from another

nest in the same locality were attacked and killed.

On April 17th, 1909, I took a small nest of Formica rufibarbis v.

fusco-rufibarbis at Whitsand Bay. It contained a $ and about 25

^ 5 , and I put them into a small plaster nest on April 22nd. No

eggs were ever laid by this $ . On June 1st I removed some of the

9 ^ and introduced them into a small bowl which contained sand

and a 9 of A’, fusca taken at Bradgate Park on May 3rd, 1909.

This queen had laid a few eggs in a small chamber underneath a

piece of damp sponge. On June 27th, I introduced the rest of the

rujibarbis v. fusco-rufibarbis 9 9 • The queen was not attacked, and

on July 4th all the 9 9 collected under the sponge with

the queen. On August 3rd I liberated them all at Eyde in the

Isle of Wight.

Ill this experiment a fusca 9 was adopted by workers of

a dilferent race from a different locality.

145

Some Experiments with Ants Nests.

On .hily I4th Mr. Keys sent me up several different nests of

rufibarhis \ . fusco-rvfibarbis from Whitsand Bay, which contained

many pupae. On August 10th I allowed two of these colonies,

which I had placed in separate compartments of a combined Fielde

and Jannet nest, to mix, by removing the obstruction in the passage

between the two compartments. They were all quite friendly, and

eventually collected all the pupae that were left (many ^ ^ had

hatched from the others) in one side of the nest.

Here ttvo colonies from different nests in the same

locality combined at once when allowed to mix with each

other.

On May 9th I took 5 $ $ and a number of 5 from a nest of

Fonnica-sangmnea at Woking. These I eventually put into a large

bowl with sand, and a damp sponge. The ants burrowed into the

sand under the sponge. On July 23rd I introduced many winged

$ $ and ^ ^ , some pupae and a few ^ 5 from a sangninea nest at

Bewdley Forest. None of these were attacked ! On July 25th the

Woking 9 $ were up under the sponge, and all the ants were

together with the pupae.

Here ants of the same species from quite a different

locality mixed quite peaceably together. This is very

strange ; it may be that as the first colony were under the

sand, and did not come up till tw'o days after the second

lot of ants had been introduced, , the latter may have

acquired the smell or nest aura. Also the first nest was not

very strong as many of the ^ ^ had died. In any case I can

only state what actually occurred.

On April 21st I put a number of ^ 5 of Lasius flavus, which I

had brought up from Whitsand Bay, into a glass bowl with sand.

On May 6th I introduced two $ 5 flnvus from Bradgate Park, these

were accepted by the § ^ on May 8th eggs were laid in a small

chamber under a bit of damp sponge, and the 5 $ were attended by

the 9 • A $ flavus from Portland was attacked and killed when

introduced. The nest was eventually destroyed by mould.

In this experiment $ ? of the same species were accepted

by from a different locality in a nest without a

On June 1st Mr. Forsyth sent me up from Portland a large nest

of Lasius flavus, which contained 3 9? many ? ?, eggs and pupae,

and some 50 Claviger foveolatus. I kept the main nest in a large glass

bowl with sand, and put 2 of the ? ? and a dozen ? ? and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE) L

146 Mr. ^ St. J. K. Donisthorpe on

Clavigers into a small plaster nest for observation. From June 1st

till the end of August I kept introducing $ 9 from the main nest

into the small plaster nest, and they were always recognised and

well received. On August 9th I introduced ^ 5 oi Solenopsis fugax

taken with Lasins niger at Sandown. These were all killed by the

Jiavus 9 9 •

Here we see that ants from the same nest, separated

for some time, were recognised and well received when

brought together again. The experiment with Solenopsis

was perhaps too severe a test, as the little parasitic ants

had nowhere to hide in the plaster nest.

I now come to my experiments with nests of Formica

fusca and miJibarUs v. fusco-rnjiharhis and $ $ of Foomiica

sanguinea. The modern view of the foundation of colonies

by the Formica rufa, sanguinea and exsecta group supposes

that the $ after her marriage flight enters a small nest of

F. fusca, or one of its races, and takes possession of the

pupae, being accepted by the woi’kers, or killing them if

they prove to be antagonistic. This opinion is held, I

believe, by both Father Wasmann and Prof. Wheeler. It is

certainly the case that no one has ever witnessed, either

in Europe or Ameiica, a $ of the rufa group founding a

colony by herself, as may be seen in Zccsius and Myrmica,

etc. I have observed quite small nests of F. rufa at

Weybridge, which appear to have been quite recently

formed, but I believe these to have split off from older

nests, of which there are large numbers in the locality.

I have also seen individuals of this species at Buddon

Wood moving the whole nest to a new situation ; the

pupae and entire contents of the nest and most of the nest

materials being carried bodily away. For fifteen years I

have known a very large nest at Weybridge. A few years

ago a part of the ants in this nest moved to a spot close

at hand. This year the ants in the old portion have

moved to another spot near to the first new settlement,

the old nest being deserted. Nests may spread in this way,

but this has nothing to do with the founding of a colony

by a single queen. I have no doubt some of the young

queens return to the old nest after their marriage flight,

but the problem is to ascertain the fate of those that do

not. In order to test this question in the most exhaustive

manner, we require a young female just after her marriage

flight, and also a small, or impoverished, fusca nest. The

147

Some Experiments with Ants' Nests.

latter, as Prof. Wheeler quaintly remarks, are as rare

as “hens’ teeth” when one starts to look for them. As

to the former, I have personally never seen or come across

a marriage flight of either rufa, sanrjuinea, or exsecta. I

therefore made up small colonies of fusca and ruflbarhis v.

fusco-rufiharhis by putting a limited number of ^ ^ and pu j)ae

into a combined Fielde and Jannet nest, and introduced

^ $ of sanguinea. I used both old dealated, and doubt¬

less impregnated, $ and young winged virgin $ taken

from sanguinea nests. From the latter I removed the

wings, as Wheeler has shown that when the wings are

removed the ^ acquires the instincts of an impregnated

female.

Before describing my experiments, I must mention that

I kept sanguinea ^ ^ in bowls of sand for months, alone

and together, and they never attempted to lay eggs or

start a colony. When, however, a few pupae, of this or

another species, were introduced, they sometimes collected

them together and sat upon them.

No. 1. A small nest of F. /(tsca $ ^ and larvae taken at Sherwood

Forest on June 13th. On June 24th I introduced a $ sanguinea,

which I had taken from a nest at Aviemore on May 17th. She still

retained one wing, which I removed. The fusca $ 9 ran away at

first when the 5 approached them, but later attacked her. The $ bit

at the /uscas when attacked. In the evening they were still fighting.

The $ did not pay any attention to the larvae and did not try

to conciliate the $ but ran away from them. By June 25th

5 ? 5 had been killed by the $, and the rest were in the passage

between the two compartments with the larvae. June 27th, $ still

attacked a little, several more 5 9 killed. I introduced some

large niger pupae, which the/wscos collected with their larvae. On

J line 28th, the $ appeared to be accepted by the ^ ^ , &s they were

all sitting together, and several § ^ were cleaning the 5 . On

July 2nd, the 9 dead, no doubt from injuries received in the

previous encounters.

In this experiment the ^ was finally accepted by the ^

although she died from injuries received.

No. 2. July 4th, introduced dealated $ saiiguinea, taken at

Woking, May 5th, into small fusca nest with pupae. The 9

apjiroached the pupae and tapped them with her antennae, evidently

much interested in them. The 9 9 removed them, but the 9

148

Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe on

was little attacked and repulsed ^ . I gave them a little honey,

and the $ and ^ ^ fed side by side. July 5th, the $ had collected

all the pupae into a corner and sat on them, 2 5 9 with her,

but several others were dead and injured. July 6th, 5 on guard

over all the pupae in one corner, all 9 9 killed but 3. These

try to remove i^upae one by one. $ brings them back again. I

introduced some pupae and larvae from a fusca nest from Wey-

bridge. 5 collected them all together into her corner. July

15th, only 2 9 9 left, quite friendly with 9? all sitting together

on the pupae. July 18th, all well and friendly together.

This experiment was quite successful, the 9 took posses¬

sion of the pupae, killed § ^ when attacked, and eventually

became friendly with the remaining two.

No. 3. On July 12th Mr. Hamm sent me up a small fusca nest

from Shotover. It contained many pupae, 9 9 and 2 Atemeles

larvae. I placed them all in a combined Fielde and Jannet nest.

July 15th, introduced a dealated sanguinea $ taken at Woking,

May 9th. The 9 was at once fiercely attacked by the 9 9 • She

was not very aggressive herself when attacked. In the afternoon

she was still being attacked, and held by her legs and antennae by

many 9 9- 16th, 9 "o longer attacked, but has lost an

antennae. July 17th, 9 iiot attacked, in corner by herself. July

18th, 9 dead.

In this experiment the 9 took no notice of the pupae,

did not resist much when attacked, and finally died from

injuries received. One difficulty in these experiments is

that it is not possible to provide a means for the 9 to

escape, if she wished to do so, as she could in nature.

No. 4. July 15th, Mr. Keys sent me up several F. rujibarbis v.

fusco-rufibarbis nests from Whitsand Bay. July 17th, introduced

dealated snagfumeo 9 taken at Aviemore, May 17th. She approached

the p)upae, when she was fiercely attacked by the workers, and killed

the same day.

No. 5. Another rufibarlns v. fusco-rufibarbis nest. July 17th,

introduced dealated sanguinea 9 j from Aviemore. Imme¬

diately attacked by 2 9 9) with which she fiercely grappled and

killed both during the day. July 18th, 9 dead !

Nos. 6 and 7. July 23rd, introduced virgin sanguinea 9 ?

(having removed their wings), taken at Bewdley, July 21st, into

Sovie Experiments with Ants Nests. 149

two rufibarbis v. fusco-rujibarbis nests. Both 5 ? killed the same

day.

No. 8. July 23rd, introduced virgin sanguinea $, from Bewdley,

having removed her wings, into a /usca nest. 5 attacked

and killed same day.

No. 9. July 2.3rd, removed the wings from a virgin 5 sanguinea,

taken at Bewdley, and placed her in a tin with some pupae. July

24th, introduced this $ into the fusca nest from Shotover.

Attacked by 2 ^ 5 , which she killed. Later 5 captured some of

the pupae and sat on them in a corner. The ^ ^ collected the rest

of the pupae into another corner. Later 5 injured another ^

killed one that fastened on to her leg, and captured more of the pupae.

July 25th, all 9 $ killed but one, $ sitting on all the pupae in one

corner. July 26th, 5 carrying pupae about and arranging in

corner, where she sat upon them. I introduced a few rufibarbis v.

fusco-rujibarbis 9 ^ into the nest. When these approached the

pupae the 9 sprang forward and seized them and shook them as a

terrier shakes a rat, and killed them all.

This experiment was quite successful. The ^ killed all

the ^ and took possession of all the pupae.

No. 10. July 25th, introduced virgin 5 sanguinea, from Bewdley,

into a rufibarbis v. f'usco-rufibarbis nest. On J uly 23rd I had removed

the wings and placed her in a small dark tin with a few pupae. 9

was attacked and killed in two hours.

No. 11. July 25th, introduced a virgin 9 sanguinea, from

Bewdley, which had been treated like the last one, into a rufibarbis

Y. fusco-rujibarbis nest. 9 attacked and killed several 9 9- July

26th, 9 dead.

No. 12. July 28th, introduced virgin 9 from Bewdley,

after same treatment, into a rufibarbis v. fusco-rujibarbis nest. Much

attacked by 9 9- July 29th, 9 dead.

No. 13. July 28th, separated 6 rufibarbis y. fusco-rujibarbis 9 9

with pupae into one compartment of nest. August 9th, introduced

virgin 9 sanguinea, from Bewdley, which had shed her wings.

Immediatel}^ attacked by 2 of the 9 ^ > und killed the same

morning.

It will thus be seen that in no single case was a 9

sanguinea accepted by rufibarHs v. fusco-rujiharhis ^ the

9 always being killed, and generally the same day she was

introduced. This ant is a much bolder race than pure

fusca, the latter being a timid and cowardly species. In

150 Mr. H. St. Donisthorpe on Ants' Nests.

nature when a fusca nest is disturbed, the ants imme¬

diately scatter and run away, all disappearing in a very

short time. This is by no means the case with rufibarhis

V. fusco-ru fibarhis.

In future for further experiments I shall only use fusca

^ and shall next try ^ ^ of i^. rnfa.

The two successful experiments -with fusca show that it

is quite possible for a sanguinea ^ to start a colony in this

way, but it seems rather a precarious method to depend

upon.

( 151 )

V. A few words respecting Insects and their Natured Enemies.

By Arthur G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

M.B.O.U.

[Read March 2nd, 1910.]

I WAS much interested in the perusal of Mr, H. Eltring-

ham’s account of his experiments on the edibility of

Lepidopterous larvae by lizards ; for, although it is now

many years since I made experiments with these charming

reptiles, I have for a long time — since 1883 in fact — kept

a large family of living birds, with which I have frequently

experimented.

That a bizarre appearance or startling colours afford

considerable protection to certain caterpillars, in the case

of all birds not intimately familiar with them, is an un¬

doubted fact ; though in the case of birds which see them

daily they afford the caterpillars no protection whatever,

but rather serve as an attraction. Thus many birds which

naturally seek their food upon the ground will not look at

or will be nervous of seizing the caterpillar of Cerura

rinula, w'hereas those birds (like the Tits) which seek for

much of their insect-food among the branches of trees

seize it and tear it to pieces without a moment’s hesitation.

Bright colours, and especially metallic colours, are very

attractive to birds ; consequently the golden chrysalides of

some of the Vanessae and the more metallic Pkisiae, such

as P. chrysitis, are eagerly devoured by many birds ; a fact

w'hich used to be doubted, on the supposition that a bird

would mistake the colouring for actual metal. That birds

reason I have no doubt; but, when in search of food, they

test an object first, and reason about it afterwards when

they have found it unpleasant.

Touching so-called warning colours I am very sceptical ;

a bird has a great appreciation of form and outline, and,

however coloured, rarely attempts to eat a really nauseous

insect after the first trial ; though in the case of some

moderately unpleasant caterpillars, rejected at first per¬

haps because their flavour w’as unusual, I have known a

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE)

on

152 I'^^Arthur G. Butler

hungry bird to take them a second time and acquire a

taste for them.

To many birds, though by no means to all, the cater¬

pillars of Ganoris hrassicac are objectionable, and are

systematically rejected, whereas those of G. rapae and

7iapi are greedily eaten by all, and those of Mamesti'a

hrassicae by most. In like manner the hairy caterpillars

of Orgyia, S])ilosoma and Eiiprcpia are eaten by most of

the larger birds after the longer hairs have been rubbed

off ; but the smaller birds as a rule refuse them.

The larger Geometrid larvae are, I believe, protected

quite as much by their thick skins as by their twig-like

appearance and stiff immobility during the daytime. I

have seen a bird try to break the skin of Biston hii'taria

or TJraptoryx samlucaria by banging it on the ground ;

but, owing to the rigidity of the long body and its lack of

weight in proportion to its length, making no impression

and rejecting it in disgust. Caterpillars fed upon ivy

probably carry the rank smell of the leaves about them,

and this may be offensive to birds apart from the flavour

of the larvae themselves; so that the same caterpillars

when fed upon apple would naturally be accepted without

hesitation by a bird strong enough to break them up.

The caterpillars of Abraxas grossulariata are usually

rejected by birds on account of their acid or acrid flavour,

but Mr. W. T. Page, a member of the Avicultural Society,

found that his Weaver-birds ate them without hesitation,

and the imago of the same species is greedily accepted by

several birds : this may also be the case with the generally

rejected larvae of the Cinnabar Moth, but of late years I

have had no opportunity of testing this point.

Most birds reject with scorn the caterpillar of Pygaera

bucepliala, yet it is the favourite food of the Cuckoo, and

Jays will accept it, although they do not seem to care very

much for it ; if hungry, no doubt they would eat it freely.

I should expect all birds to eat caterpillars of Staui'opus

fagi, on account of its somewhat spider-like aspect when

viewed from the front ; spiders are the favourite food of

all insectivorous birds and are snatched up greedily even

by the tiniest birds, the little Waxbills of Asia and Africa

attacking and devouring full-grown females of Epeira

diademala with avidity.

For a sick insectivorous bird there is no better medicine

than half-a-dozen good-sized spiders for two or three days

Insects and their Naturcd Enemies. 153

ruiiuing. I have on two, if not three, occasions saved the

life of one of my Scarlet Tanagers by supplying it with

this medicine.

Touching terrifying attitudes in larvae I have no faith

whatever, A Sphinx-larva is attacked at once whatever

its attitude. On the other hand, if its anterior segments

are so ornamented as to resemble the head of a venomous

snake I do not for a moment doubt that, whatever its

attitude, a bird would avoid it.

Birds are not terrified by attitudes, and a hungry bird

is rarely deceived by the resemblance of an insect to a leaf ;

he sees the legs and immediately approaches and pecks it,

which usually settles the matter to his satisfaction. It is

against the passing bird not pressed by hunger that the

insect’s resemblance to surroundings is a protection.

In the case of a Stag-beetle, a Mantis, or probably of

some of the larger tropical spiders, the upright attitude

with ojaen claws ready for defence naturally make the

attacks of a bird wary : he leaps from side to side, getting

in a peck and jumping back out of harm’s way until he

has capsized his small opponent, and then (for a time at

any rate) he has it at an advantage. It is a most entertain¬

ing sight to put a good-sized Lucanus cervus into the cage

of a Thrush in which there is space for free movement :

the attitude of the little creature does not alarm but

simply makes the bird cautious and cunning. It always

seems to me that the more enthusiastic of the advocates

of protective assimilation are in too great a hurry ; they

wish to prove that the advantages of protection are far

greater than they actually are ; as though it did not come

to the same thing in the end if an animal’s disguise or

nastiness served at times to protect it as it would do if it

were universally efficacious : it is merely a question nf

time, and Nature has had any amount of time to work

her miracles in. That some caterpillars are more pro¬

tected than others doubtless explains the fact that they

have become a general nuisance, like those of Pygaera

huccphala and Abraxas grossidariata.

Nastiness is the factor which protects insects best from

birds : they will rarely touch the common Soldier-beetle ;

but by far the greater number will freely eat the buzzing

bee-like Eristalis temcx or the wasp-like Sun-flies ; yet

among the larger birds there are not a few which feed

freely upon wasps, like the Bee-eaters, the Jay-Thrushes,

154 Dr. A. G. B^er on Insects and their Enemies.

and others. In the case of Dryonastes (Jay-Thrushes) the

wasp is seized and its tail rubbed backwards and forwards

between the tail-feathers of the bird, in order either to

break the sting or exhaust its venom, before it is eaten.

That many small birds are not afraid of wasps is

evidenced by the fact that they build their own nests

close to those of these much-shunned insects because of

the protection thus afforded against predacious mammals.

Insectivorous birds as a rule do not touch wasps because

they object to the sting, and doubtless the intelligent

little insects are well aware of the fact and therefore do

not object to them as neighbours : possibly an occasional

dead youngster tossed out of the nest may afford a wel¬

come feast for the wasps.

Neither birds nor insects are credited generally with so

much reasoning power as they undoubtedly possess, though

the fact that they do reason is beginning to dawn upon

men’s minds.

( 155 )

VI. Further Notes on two Osmia-sj?ecies of the adunca-^row^j

By the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S.

[Read March 2nd, 1910.]

In a paper read on December 5th, 1900, and published in

the Society’s transactions for the following year, I offered

some remarks on such (9s?Rm-species of the adunca-gxoxx^ as

were then known to me, and endeavoured to clear up

certain difficulties about their synonymy. Among the

forms discussed in that paper were two, of which I knew

$ $ only. One was so large and striking a form that

it surprised me to find it apparently undescribed. But

undescribed it seemed to be, and I named it manicata n. sp.

The other I ventured to identify with a species described

by Morawitz under the name loti, which name was pre¬

sently “ sunk ” by Gerstaecker (owing in my opinion to a

mistake), and appears in later works only as a “ synonym ”

— the ^ of one • species, the ^ of another. Having since

become acquainted with the ? ? of both these forms, and

having taken manicata, both sexes together, in several

new localities, I offer the Notes here following as a kind of

supplement to my former paper.

1. Osmia loti, Morawitz.

According to Gerstaecker, loti, Mor., is merely the

well-known caementaria, Gerst. But Morawitz expressly

notes that his species was exclusively attached to Lotus,

whereas caementaria, so far as is known, visits only Fchium.

However much, therefore, the description of loti ^ may

have suggested caementaria, it was surely a rash assumption

on the part of Gerstaecker, who (N.B.) does not seem to

have actually examined Morawitz’s types, that the two

must necessarily be identical. If it can be shown that in

or near the region whence loti was described a distinct

species exists, attached to Lotus and not to Fchium, and

having in both sexes the characters assigned by Morawitz

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART II. (JUNE)

156 Rev. F.^. Morice’s furtlur Notes on

to his loti, the whole theory of Gerstaecker seems to me

to break down. There is no longer any reason for doubting

that Morawitz’s $ and ^ belonged to the same species, nor

for altering the name in either sex. The name “ mora-

witzi, Gei'st,,” must become a mere synonym of loti ^ ; and

if the laws of priority will allow any species to bear still

the name morcmitzi (as to which experts must decide), it

must be applied in future to the morawitzi of Perez and

Schmiedeknecht — a species which I believe I have shown

to be distinct from loti, and consequently from “ morawitzi,

Gerst.,” which is simply the latter re-named for no good

reason !

I now proceed to offer further evidence in support of my

view that such a species does in fact exist, and that the

name of loti, Mor., should therefore be restored to the list of

European 0s7nm-species.

In 1900 I knew only that a ^ Osmia answering as well

as, and in my opinion even better than, morawitzi, Perez, to

the original description of loti was to be found on the hill

called Petit Saleve, within a walk of Geneva, but on the

French side of the frontier, I had a vague impression

that I had taken my specimens on LoUis, and was pretty

sure that they had not occurred on Echium. But I

abstained from mentioning this point till I could verify it,

and rested my argument solely on consideration of the

characters assigned to loti by its author. Since my paper

appeared I have twice been in the neighbourhood of the

Saleve, but once only Avhen the Lotus was in bloom, viz. in

the spring of 1908, On the latter occasion I made frequent

excursions, sometimes alone, and sometimes in company

Avith my old and revered friend the veteran Swiss hymeno-

pterist, M. Emil Frey-Gessner, of the Geneva University

Museum, on purpose to clear up, if possible, the mystery

as to the habits of loti^, and to discover its $. In the first

object I succeeded, again taking ^ ^ with all the peculiar

characters described in my former paper, and finding that

they did occur, as anticipated, only on Lotus cornicula-

tus. But Ave sought in vain for ^ And, although on

examination of M. Frey-Gessner’s cartons containing his

captures of recent years, and also in the collections of the

late M. Tournier, certain $ ^ from the Saleve and else-

Avhere occurred, resembling, but apparently distinct from,

morawitzi. Per., some of Avhich Avere actually ticketed as

found visiting Lotus coo’nictdatus, there Avas no actual proof

tm Osmia-spccies of the adunca-group. 157

that these were the $ $ of my Saleve $ though we both

thought it very likely that they might be so.

Being obliged to return to England I had to bequeath

my problem to M. Frey-Gessner for further investigation,

and he continued to make excursions to the Saleve with

that object in the spring and summer of 1908, which,

however, met with no success, till at last on June 28th, in

company with Dr. H. A. Schulz, he found both sexes of an

Osmia visiting the Lotus — the ^ J agreeing with those

taken by myself, and the $ $ with those which we had

expected would prove to be their partners ! He has

recorded these captures, making kind allusion to my paper

of 1901 and expressing his agreement with its views, in

the Transactions of the Swiss Entomological Society (July

1909), and has also most kindly presented me with several

of the ^ which now' lie before me.

0. loti ^ much resembles caementaria in sculpture and

pilosity, and like tliat species has pale calcaria. But it is

even more like morawitzi, Per., and might easily be mis¬

taken for it without most careful examination. It seems,

how'ever, to be a smaller insect than either morawitzi or

caementaria — at least I have seen no specimen of either

sex more than 8 mm. long, a size which is generally a good

deal exceeded in both the other species. The best char¬

acter, however, by which it can be at once separated from

either morawitzi or caementaria, and which originally led

M. Frey-Gessner to set it apart in his collection, is to be

found in the sculpture of the clypeus. This in the other

species is evenly punctured all over, but in loti is bisected

longitudinally by a smooth and shining carina which is

uniformly developed, and quite unmistakable when once

noticed, in every specimen that I have seen. Nothing of

the sort seems to exist in any other ^ ^ of the group.

And this fact, coupled with the characters of the ^

antennae and 6th ventral-plate, which my former paper

describes in detail, to my mind fully justifies the retention

of this as a distinct species.* Unfortunately Morawitz says

nothing as to the clypeus of his loti ^ ; but, notwithstand¬

ing this omission, I feel practically certain that his species

* M. Frey-Gessner has lately written to me that he finds the usual

habitats of morawitzi and loti differ, the former occurring chiefly

on the higher Alps, the latter on mere hills and in the valleys. Yet I

have also taken morawitzi in North Italy near the sea and at no great

height above it, I think on Echiwm.

3 58 Rev. F^. Morice’s further Notes on

and the present were the same. He gives no character

for either sex that I cannot recognise in the Saleve insects ;

and liis statement that the species is attached exclusively

to Lotus is borne out by all the facts that have come before

me.

2. Osmia manieata, Morice.

In 1900 I could only record two examples of this species

(both ^ ^), one from Algeria, the other taken by the late

Sir S. S. Saunders probably in the Ionian Islands. I

have now quite a long series of both sexes, and can record

it from the following additional localities : Spain (Granada),

South Italy (Taranto and Brindisi), Greece (neighbourhood

of Athens and Olympia, both sexes common in May 1901),

Asia Minor (Smyrna ^ and ^). Its range therefore extends

over the Avhole length of the Mediterranean.

0. mcinieata, in both sexes, is generally at once recog¬

nisable simply by its great size. Its length may extend

to 13 or even 14 mm. (that of adunca only from 9 to 11),

Its breadth is still more remarkable, quite twice (!) that

of a normal cidunea in all my specimens. This regular

difference in size, and still more in proportions, makes

it perfectly easy to separate examples of the two forms ;

and, as shown in my former paper, the ^ ^ differ entirely

in the structure of the concealed 6th ventral-plate. In

the $ $, however, I have quite failed to recognise any

points of detail on which a reliable “ character ” for their

separation can be based. The calcaria, indeed, are usually

(perhaps always) somewhat rufescent in manieatet (black in

adunea), and the antennae also tend in the former species

to show rufescence beneath, but the extent of this rufes-

cence varies. The normal number of wing-hoohs seems to

be greater in manieata than in adunca (13-14 against

11-12); but, as we commonly find large and small exam¬

ples of a single species differing in this wa}^ 1 have some

hesitation in suggesting that such a difference may be

here “specific.” Still when, as in my collection, a long

series of manieata and another of adunca from many

localities are exhibited side by side, the general “ habit ” of

the two forms is so obviously dissimilar that no amount of

common characters can make them seem identical ; and

there can at least be no doubt that the ^ ^ differ markedly

and regularly (for I have dissected many specimens of both)

in the paradoxically developed 6th ventral-plate of the

tivo Osiiiia-spccics of the adunca-group. 159

abdomen. I feel justified therefore in upholding manicata

as a form differing sufficiently from adimca to deserve a

separate name.

Being certainly no rarity in several Mediterranean

countries, it probably figures as a variety of adunca in

many collections, as it did in my own, until I examined

the concealed $ ventral segments.

July 19, 1910.

( 101 )

VII. A Preliminary Revision of the Labiduridae, a family

of the Dermaptera. By Malcolm Burr, D.Sc.,

F.L.S., F.B.S.

[Read February 2nd, 1910.]

Plates XLVI, XLVII.

The family Lahiduridae was erected by me in a recent

paper (1909^) as one of the five families into which I

divide the order Dermaptera. It is well characterised by

the peculiar form of the pygidium ; this organ is i*epre-

sented by a flap of the dorsal sclerite of the last abdominal

segment, which is bent downwards between the branches of

the forceps, so as to present a more or less vertical sur¬

face. The passage from the dorsal surface to the posterior

is marked by an angular fold which is usually sharp and

distinct; only in the curious Chilian genus Gonolahina,

Verhoeff, is the passage gradual and the line of division not

marked.

We may add that the antennae have generally numerous

segments ; the first few after the basal one being as a rule

short.

In the paper referred to above, the group is sub-divided

into six sub-families; this I now propose to raise to nine.

The Echinosomatinae are separated from the Pyragrinae, the

Parisolabinae from the Brachylabwae, and a new sub-family,

the Palicinae has been since added, with a single species.

The arrangement of these sub-families is as follows ; —

1. Corpus valde deplanatum . 1. Paiucinae.

1.1. Corpus baud valde deplanatum.

2. Mesosternum valde angnstatum . . 2. Allostethixae.

2.2. Mesosternum hand angnstatum.

3. Prosternum valde angustatum . 3. Esvhalmexinak.

3.3. Prosternum baud angustatum.

4. Metasternum postice sinuatum.

5. Prosternum antice rotun-

datum . 4. Echinosomatinae.

5.5. Prosternum antice acum¬

inatum . 5. Pyragrinae.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) M

162 Hr. ]\ralcoln1^)Urr’s Vrdiminary Revision of the

4.4. Metasterniun postice tnm-

catuin, vel vakle productuiii

et convexum.

5. Mesosternum postice rotun-

datiini . G. 1’sai.ina.e.

5.5. Mesosternum postice trun-

catum.

G. Antennae 25-35 segmen-

tatae ; elytra perfecte e.x-

plicata . 7 Labidurinae.

G.6. Antennae ad 15 segmen-

tatae ; corpus apterum.

7. Segmentuni u 1 1 i in u m

dorsale truncatum . . 8. Parisolabinae.

7.7. Segmentuni ultiinurn

dor.sale emargina-

tum ac bilobum . . 9. Brachylabinae.

Sub-family l.—PALIGINAE.

I am inclined to think that it was this species that

Dohrn described under the name Platylabia major. It is

the creature whicli de Bormans took for P. major, as the

specimens recorded by him from Burma under that name

are Palex gjiaxattoides, and nothing else.

It is odd, but not incredible, that he should have

described it in 1900 as a new species, after he had already

liandled it under the other name. I have no doubt about

the identity of de Bormans’ Burmese specimens, since I

possess some of the original ones.

If this is correct, Palex sparatfoidcs, Borm., falls as a

homonym of Platylahia major, Dohrn, and the sub-family

must be named Platylabiinae, and a new generic name

formed for the group represented by PI. thoracica, as I

know of no other species congeneric with P. sparattoides.

For the present, however, I am in a position neither

to assert nor prove the identity, but I consider it exceed¬

ingly probable.

Sub-family 2.—ALLOSTETHINAE.

The sub-family contains the single genus Verb.,

characterised by the triangular prosternum and strongly

narrowed metasternum. I consider A. loiiibohianum,

Verb., a good species, as it appears to be restricted to

Lombok and has a perfectly distinctive appearance. A.

Labiduridae, a famil'y of the Dermaptera. 163

setiger, Verb., and A. maartensi, Verb., I regard as mere

varieties of A. indicum, Hag.

It is necessary to remove to this genus Psalis guttata,

Borm., wliicli is the same as Forficula doriae, Diibr., so the

correct name is now Allostethus doriae, Dubr.

Anisolabis piligera, Borm., has been looked upon as an

aberrant form of the genus Anisolabis, but the pro- and

mesosternum are strongly narrowed, so it must be removed

to the Allostethinae. It may be the nymph of A. indicum,

but as the three syntypes in my possession appear to be

adult, we may provisionally call it Allostethus piligerum,

Borm. ; if it really is mature a new genus must be formed

for its reception, since it is completely apterous.

Sub-family Z.—ESPHALMENINAE.

This group was recently revised by me (1901^), and

I have nothing to add, except that Gonolabis inca,

Burr, from Peru, should be included here ; it is a true

Esplialmenns.

Sub-family 4:.—EGHINOS()MA TINAE.

This group I have recently separated from the Pgra-

grinae, in which Verhoeff included them, on the strength

of the form of the prosternum ; in the former group this

plate has the anterior margin rounded ; in the latter it

is more or less bluntly pointed. The Ecliinosomatinae

is formed only for Echinosoma, Serv., which is essen¬

tially an Old World group; the forceps of the male are

invariably remote, cylindrical and arcuate, and the whole

body is covered with stiff hairs and numerous, blunt,

dilated bristles. All the species have a strong family

likeness, and doubtless several may be advantageously

reduced to the rank of local races or varieties.

A number of the existing species can only be discrimin¬

ated by coloration, as a glance at the synoptical table of

de Bormans will show. Unfortunately, sufficient material

is not yet available to establish a satisfactory arrange¬

ment.

The following notes, however, may be of use for the

identification of species, and may contribute to the estab¬

lishment of a rational arrangement based on structural

characters.

One species has the segments of the antennae clavate ;

M 2

164 ])r. MalcolilFlltirr’ s PrcUniinurij Jievlsion of the

this is £J. parvulum, ])ohrn, the smallest known species,

apparently confined to Ceylon. Brachypterous and mac-

ropterons forms occur. In all other species known to me

the antennal segments are quite cylindrical.

Two species have the sides of the 7th-9th abdominal seg¬

ments in the male acute and carinulate; these are E.for-

hcsi, Kirby, from Dinner Island, and E. distanti, Burr,

from the Transvaal. In all other species known to me the

sides of these segments are rounded or convex, but not

acute nor carinulate.

Three species, all Ethiopian, have the penultimate ven¬

tral segment of the male entire, that is, neither sinuate

nor emarginate. E. wahlhergi, Dohrn, occurs in the African

Continent; the female has a transverse pygidium, and the

pronotum and wings are spotted.

The other two, with the pygidium of the female narrow,

are E. sehalavum, Borm., a small variegate<l species, and

E. holivari, Rodz, a large black species with uniform

tawny wings. Both are confined to Madagascar and

the adjacent islands.

The remaining species known to me all have the

penultimate ventral segment of the male sinuate or

emarginate.

The pygidium of the female is transverse and the

abdomen of the male almost parallel in E. afrum, Beauv.,

and E. horridum, Dohrn. The former Ethiopian, the

latter a Javanese species. In the former the penulti¬

mate ventral segment of the male is gently sinuate, in

the latter decidedly emarginate.

The abundant Oriental E. sumatranum, Haan, with

which I sink E. ivestermanni, Dohrn, as a mere colour-

variant, has a narrow pygidium in the female and the

abdomen of the male is moderately dilated about the

middle : but the pygidium is truncate at the apex. It is

either acute or blunt at the apex in E. Juscum, Bor., and

E. insulanum, Karsch, neither of which are known to

me. I have not yet been able to examine in both sexes

authentic specimens of E. occidentale, Borm., from West

Africa ; E. congotcnse, Bor., from the Congo ; E. yorkeoise,

Dohrn, from Cape York, and E. concolor, Bor., from West

Africa, but I hope before long to be able to compare them

with the other forms.

labid'itridac, a family of the Dcrma'ptera.

105

Sub-family b.-PYRAGRINA E.

This sub-family requires a revision and I now offer the

following observations. The group represents the passage

from the Pygidicra.ninae to the Lahidurinae-, both de

Bormans and Verhoetf have given too much weight to the

superficial resemblance to the former family. But apart

from the essentially Labidurine form of the pygidium, the

smooth and rounded femora, the sternal plates, and the

elytra, are quite distinctive.

The anal or axilliary angle of the elytra is weak, and

consequent!}^ a small scutellum is sometimes exposed, but

this apparently Pygidicranine feature is inconstant. De

Bormans examined 150 specimens of Pyrayra fiiscata, and

found this minute scutellum visible in about half of them.

The elytra are not keeled in any known species; the

body is usually strongly pubescent, but never has the

dilated bristles which characterise the Echinosomatinae ;

the lobe of the metasternum has a sinuous posterior margin

as in that group, and as in the Pygidicraninae, but the

anterior margin of the prosternum is always more or less

pointed.

I include here four genera, all exclusively Neotropical,

of which one is new.

TABLE OF GEN EH A.

1. Pronotuin sublongius quain latius,

antice aiigustatuni. (Segnientum

pemiltimuni ventrale ^ emargina-

tum ; tarsi longi.) . 1. Pyragm, Serv.

1.1. Pronotum transversuni, margine

antico recto.

2. Segmentum pemiltimuni ventrale d

emarginatum . 2. Propyragra, n.

2.2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale

^ integrum.

3. Caput depressum ; tarsi breves . 3. Pyragropsis, Borelli.

3.3. Caput tumidum ; tarsi longi . 4. Echinopsalin, Bonn.

To supplement this table we may add that the head is

depressed and the femora rather heavily thickened in all

the genera, except Echino^isalis ] while tlie tarsi are long

in all, except Pyragropsis.

160 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the

Genus 1. — Pyragra, Serv.

The genus Pyrayra, as thus restricted, contains three

species, as follows : —

1. Elytra unicoloria, fusca.

2. Statura minore (18 mm.) ; forceps

asymetricns . 1. minor, Borelli.

2.2. Statura majore (23 mm.) ; forceps

symetricus . 2. fuscxita, Serv.

1.1. Elytra fulvo-vittata . 3. dohrni, Scudd.

All authors are agreed in sinking Thermastris, Scudd.,

its type, 27i. hrasiliensis, Gray, being in my opinion,

synonymous with Pyragra fuscata, Serv., the type of

Pyragra ; I also agree with Rehn that Serville’s descrip¬

tion and figure of P.fnscata is perfectly clear, so that it is

unnecessary to employ any other name ; P. ckontalia,

Scudd., and P. sanssurei, Dohrn, are only based on wing-

coloration, and so I sink them as mere trifling variations

of a con.mon and widely distributed species.

I think it probable that the creature described by

Rehn (1903^, p. 300), under the name of Rchinopsalis

brevibractea, is an immature specimen of the same species.

It extends from Mexico to Paraguay and appears to be

common. Pyragra minor, Borelli, is a small species allied

to P. fuscata, occurring in Costa Rica.

Genus 2. — Propyragra, n. g.

Differs from Pyragra in the almost rectangular transverse pronotum,

which is not narrowed anteriorly. In the ^ , the sides of the 6th

and sometimes of the 7th, 8th, and 9th, abdominal segments are

sharply pointed posteriorly, the line joining the points being carried

along as a more or less distinct keel on the sides of the last dorsal

segment, corresponding with the outside ridge of the forceps. In

other respects it resembles Pyragra ; the penultimate ventral .segment

of the male is ample, broad, the angles broadly rounded, and the

posterior margin gently emarginate in the middle. The species are

generally smaller than those of Pyragra.

The type of the genus is Pyragra paragnayensis, Borelli.

The apparently trivial feature of the coloration of the

pronotum appears to be a constant feature. P. paraguay-

ensis seems to be a southern form. P. brunnea is only

known from Peru. P. buscJci is known from Jamaica and

167

Labiduridae, a family of the Dermajptera.

Cuba ; the type is preserved in the collection of the

United States National Museum.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Valcle pubescens : segmentum ulti-

nuini dorsale ^ supra utrinque carina

acuta instructuin.

2. Pronotum antice fuscum, postico

fulvo maculatum ac lineolatum . 1. paraguayensis, Bor.

2.2. Pronotum fuscum, utrinque

maculata singula fulva ornatum 2. brunnea, Burr.

1.1. Corpus fere glabrum ; segmentum

ultimum dorsale ^ carinula super¬

ior! nulla . 3. buscl'i, Caudell.

Genus 3. — Pyragropsis, Bor.

This is a monotypic genus founded by Borelli for F.

tristani, from Costa Rica. It is a handsome species, of a

strikingly contrasted black and yellow coloration.

Genus 4. — Echinopsalis, Borm.

This genus still contains only E. guttata, Bonn., as

E. hrevihractea, Rehn, I consider to be a larva of Pyrogra

fuscata (q. v., ante, p. 166).

I have in my collection a single female from Peru,

which may be referable to this genus; the head is de¬

pressed and brick-red in colour, the pronotum, tawuy, with

black band, as also the elytra and wings ; the tarsi are

Possibly Fsalis thoracica, Serv., is referable here ; it is

certainly a Pyragrid. The specimen figured by de Borman

(1893, p. 4, PI. I, fig. 7) is a female ; it is very small, being

only 6.5 mm. long.

Sub-family Q.—FSALINAE.

This sub-family includes those genera in which the

metasternum is truncate posteriorly, but the mesosternum

rounded, except in the monotypic genus Titanolahia, in

which the metasternum is produced into a lobe, rounded

at the extremity. All the genera include rather stoutly

built species ; the forceps are strong and trigonal, never

very long, nor slender, often subcontiguous in the male,

168 ]^i‘. Malcol in Barr’s Freliminary Revision of the

and frequently asymmetrical, rarely toothed ; many of the

genera are apterous.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Melusterjium ])ostice in lobum angustuin,

apice rotunclatuin, productmn ; (corpus

apterurn; abdomen subparalleluni)

1.1. Metasternum postice tnincatiiin.

2. Abdomen d hasi ad apicein am-

})liatum ; (forcipis braccliia d hasi

remota; corpus apterurn) . . . .

2.2. Abdomen pone medium plus minus

diktat um, apice subangustius.

3. Elytra omnino desunt .

3.3. Elytra rudimentaria, vel perfecta.

4. Elytra rudimentaria ; alae nullae .

4.4. Elytra libera, perfecta ; alae

saejrius adsunt.

5. Antennae segmentis 17-22 . . .

5.5. Antennae segmentis 20-30 . .

]. Titfinolobis, n. g.

2. Gonolabis, Burr.

3. Aiiisoldbis, Fielj.

4. EuboreUia, Burr.*

5. Faalis, Serv.

6. Lahicliirodef^, Borm.

Genus 1. — TitanolohiSj n. g.

Cum genere Anisulabide congruet; ab eo dift’ert pedibus brevibus,

crassi.s, metasterno margine postico in lobulo apice rotundatum

producto.

Type of tlie genus. — Anisolahis colossca, Idohrn.

The powerful build and the great size attained of this

giant among earwigs have always led me to consider it as

forming a distinct group; an examination of the sternal

plates shows that the posterior margin of the metasternum

IS produced with a long, parallel-sided, apically rounded

lobe, which is quite distinctive.

I have never examined one of the Burmese specimens

reported by de Bormans, but I doubt it they are referable

to the true A. eolossea.

The range of size of this creature is very remarkable.

I have in my own collection a female whose length,

inchiding the forceps, which are always short, is 22 o mm.,

and another, which attains 51 mm., both from New South

* Borellia being praeoccujiied by Rebn (1906, Proc. U.S. N. M.,

XXX, p. 379), 1 have projiosed the new name EnboreUia, Burr. See

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, p. 448 (1910.)

Lahiduridae, a family of the Bermmptcra. 169

Wales. Perhaps we may later be able to discriminate two

species.

Genus 2.— Gonolabis, Burr.

The genus Gonolalm has been subject to two distinct

sources of confusion.

First Verboeff's characterisation of his sub-family Gono-

laMdae, with G. lativentris as type, excluding by this very

characterisation G. javana, which liad been originally

chosen as type.

Secondly the doubt as to the identity of the true

G. javana, under which name no less than three species

have been confused in collections.

The first confusion has been cleared up by the separation

of Verhoeff’s '' Gonolahidae” into a separate sub-family, the

Esplialmcninac. (See Burr, 1909^.)

The second confusion is now cleared up, thanks to the

courtesy of Dr. Gestro of Genova and Dr. Holdhaus of

Vienna, who have kindly communicated the respective

types of G. sumatrana, Borm., and G. javana, Borm.

Thus I have been able to examine authentic specimens

of every known species of the genus, the catalogue ot

which now stands as follows : —

1. G. Idrhyi, Burr, Java. Type examined.

2. G. electa, sp. n., Java-Ceylon. Type examined.

3. G. sumatrana, Bonn., Java and Sumatra. Type

examined.

4. G. ohlita, sp. n., Java. Type examined.

o. G. javana, Bonn., Java. Type examined.

6. G. michaelscni, Burr, Australia. Type examined.

7. G-incea, Borelli, E. Africa. Syntype examined.

8. G. moodwardi. Burr, Australia. Type examined.

9. G. verhopffi., Burr, Australia. Type examined.

From this list will be observed that I have been able

to examine and compare the types of every known species,

except G. picea, and of that authentic syntypes kindly

given me by Dr. Borelli, which is almost the same thing.

It will also be noticed from the above list that the

genus is chiefly characteristic of the Oriental and Aus¬

tralian regions, a single species occurring in the Etliiopian

region.*

* Since writing the above I have seen the type of Anisolabis

azteca, Dobrn, from Mexico : it is a female, but evidently a Gonolabis.

It will be discussed in a later paper.

170 Dr. Malcolm Durr’s Preliminary Revision of the

It will be observed that the Neotropical G. inca, Burr,

is omitted. This species is a true Psphalvienus, and

should have been included in the revision of that group.

(Burr, 1909h)

The genus Gonolabis is akin to Anisolabis, differing in

the apically dilated abdomen of the male, and fewer

antennal segments.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Segmentum penultimum ventrale

late rotundatnm (necnon apice ipso

subrecto).

2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale ^

medio depressum, utrinque carina-

tum ; forceps asymetricus ; (species

javana) . 1. kirbyi, Burr.

2.2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale

5 planum, baud carinatum;

forceps symetiiciis.

3. Abdomen segmentis 7-9 d lateribus

acutis ; (statura ininore ; abdomen

^ valde dilatatum ) . 2. electa^ Burr.

3.3. Abdomen segmentis 7-9 lateribus

rotundato-convexis.

4. Segmentum ultimum dorsale

margine postico truncato, rectis-

simo ; (colore rufo, pedibus uni-

coloribus) . 3. sumatrana, Borm.

4.4. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ^

margine postico subsinuato ;

(colore atro, pedibus annulatis). 4. oblita, sp. n.

1.1. Segmentum penultimum ventrale ^ $

angustum, lateribus obliquis, apice

subtruncato, fere triangulare.

2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale

medio carinato ; (species javana) . . 5. javaim, Borm.

2.2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale ^

laeve.

3. Segmentum ultimum dorsale

utrinque plica cristata instruc-

tum ; (statura majore ; species

westralica) . . 6. michaelseni. Burr.

Lahid^iridae, a family of the Dermaptera, 171

3.3. Segmentum ultimiim dorsale ^

plica cristata nulla.

4. Forcipis bracchia ^ nec dentata

nec denticulata ; (colore ater-

rimo ; species africana) .... 7. picea, Borelli.

4.4. Forcipis braccliia ^ ornata ;

(species australicae).

5. Forcipis bracchia prope basin

siiperne crenulata . 8. woodwartli, Burr.

5.5. Forcipis bracchia (J prope basin

superne dente forti armata . . 9. verhoefi. Burr.

1. Gonolahis kirhyi, Burr.

Anisolabis? Icirbyi, Burr (1897'^), p. 311.

This Javan species is well characterised by the form of

the penultimate ventral segment of the male, which is

broad and rounded but depressed in the middle, with a

well-marked ridge on each side.

The abdomen is also more strongly and more abruptly

dilated towards the apex than in most other species, thus

resembling G. electa, and the forceps are asymetrical, the

right branch being bowed inside the left.

It is so far only known from the unique male in my

collection, taken by Friihstorfer at Pengalengan, in

Western Java, at an elevation of 4000 feet.

2. Gonolabis electa, Burr.

Gonolabis electa. Burr (1910^), p. 79, fig. 21.

Gonolabis javana, A., Burr (1908^^), p. 78.

This species is probably represented in many collections

under the name of G. java.na, together with G. oblita.

Several years ago Dr. Borelli called my attention to the

fact that apparently two species were confused in col¬

lections under this name, and inquired my opinion. It

was not, however, until the opportunity of examining de

Bormans’ type of G. javana presented itself, that it

became obvious that neither of these two was the real G.

javana, and consequently new names became necessary

for them both.

G. electa, which occurs in Ceylon and in Java (c.m.) is

one of the smallest of the genus, and has the most strongly

dilated abdomen, in correlation with which we find the

172 Di\ Malcolm Burr’s Frdiminary lirvidon of the

sides of the 7th-9th abdominal segments strongly acute in

the male. The female may be recognised by her small

size, deep colour, and broad abdomen,

3. Gonolahis sumairana, Bonn,

(tonolabis sumatrana, Bonn. (1900^), p. 452.

This species is discriminated by de Bormans from G.

javana only by the coloration. From the true G. javana

it differs in the form of the penultimate ventral segment

of the male, but it is probable that in the synoptical table

given by de Bormans (1900^), p. 451, he includes in G.

javana the common species wliich we discriminate under

the name G. ohlita.

A comparison of the type of G. sumatrana with a good

series of G. ohlita shows that though quite different in

appearance, tliere are few structural characters to separate

them.

G. sumatrana is somewhat larger and of stouter build,

of a uniform reddish brown, with plain feet and antennae ; *

the pimctulation of the abdomen is finer, and the pubes¬

cence is very dense in the type, but is apparently worn off

in a second specimen from Java, in the Leyden Museum.

4. Gonalahis ohlita, sp. n,

Gonolahis javana, Burr (1902), p. 479.

Gonolahis javana, B., Burr (1908^’)) P-

Statiira parva ; colore nigro-castaneo ; anteiinai' pedescpie annu-

lati ; abdomen vix dilatatum ; segmentum penultinnini ventrale ^

late rotundatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale laeve, margine pos-

tico subconcavo ; forciins braccliia d tyjiica, arcuata.

d ?

Long, corporis . . . 9-10 mm. . . . 9'5-12 inm.

Long, forcipis . . . „ ... 1-2 „

Of medium size and rather slender build ; colour deep shining

reddish black.

Antennae black, ringed with white before the apex ; with 13-14

segments.

Head smooth, tumid ; sutures obsolete.

Pronotum subquadrate, slightly longer than broad, and slightly

173

Lahiduruhtc, a fumihj of the Derma ptcro .

widened posteriorly, sides straight ; prozona soniewluit tumid,

separate<l by a transverse depression from the metazona.

Meso- and metanota typical.

Sternal plates typical, pale yellow.

Legs yellow, femora broadly banded with black ; tarsi very slender.

Abdomen punctulate, gradually and gently widened towards the

apex ; sides of 7th, 8tb, and 9th segments in ^ convex but not

acute. Last dorsal segment quite smooth, shining, transverse,

with a sharp low keel on each side in correspondence with the outer

edge of the forceps, and a slight protuberance on each side of the

hinder margin, in correspondence with the upper edges of the

forceps ; between these two points, tlie hinder margin is subconical ;

in female similar, but decidedly narrowed apically and simple.

Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded, in ^ rather

obtusely triangular.

Pygidium narrow, comj)ressed.

Forceps with the branches remote, stout, trigonal, unarmed,

straight at first and tapering ; apical third smooth and arcuate ;

in $ nearly straight, contiguous, stout, trigonal, and tapering.

Java (c.m.), Buitenzorg (c.in.), Malang (e.rn.), Am-

barawa (c.m.).

This species has invariably been considered to be de

Bormans’ G. javana, but the penultimate ventral segment

of that species is absolutely distinctive. Under the

common name of G. javana it has been confused with G.

electa, but the gradually and gently dilated abdomen and

longer body give it a totally distinct appearance.

It is structurally nearest to G. snmatrana ; the deep

red-black colour, black-banded femora, and pale ringed

antennae give it a different appearance ; it is smaller in

size and slenderer in build ; the sculpture of the abdomen

is coarser ; the abdomen also is less pubescent ; the forceps

in G. oblita are arcuate, that is, bent inward at a curve,

whereas in G. snmatrana, they are more usually bowed,

that is, bent at an angle.

This species has a strong superffeial resemblance to

G. woodwarcli, but differs in the totally unarmed forceps,

apart from the different penultimate ventral segment of

the male.

It appears to be common in -Java.

De Bormans himself confused it with G. javana, as I

possess a female which came from that collection under

that name. •

174 Dr. Malcoln'^iurr’s Preliminai'y Revision of the

5. Gonolabis javana, Bonn.

Anisolahis javana, Bonn. (1883), p. 63, PI. II, fig. 4,

(19002), p. 27.

Anisolahis java7ia, Bonn. (1900^), p. 451 partim.

Gonolabis javana, Burr (lOOO^), p. 49 (nec 1902, p. 479).

Most collections have specimens under the name of

G. javana, as we have seen under G. electa and G. oblita,

but it is probable that no authentic specimen exists

beyond the type in the Brunner collection, now in the

Vienna Museum.

In size and general appearance it closely resembles

G. suniaGrina.

The head and pronotum are brick red, with black

markings, the general colour is a dull blackish red.

Absolutely distinctive in the form of the penultimate

ventral segment, which is figured by de Bormans ; it is

in the form of a blunt pointed obtuse triangle, with a

prominent central compressed crest or ridge.

The tyi^e is from Java, and is numbered 14, 6996.

6. Gonolabis 7iiichaelse7ii, Burr.

Go7iolabis 7nichaelse7ii, Burr (1908^^), p. 73, PI. I, fig. 4.

„ „ do. va7\ de7itata, op. cit. p. 7 5,

PI. I, fig. 5.

This striking species, the giant of the genus, is described,

figured and discussed in detail in the work quoted.

7. Go7iolabis picea, Borelli.

Gonolabis picea, Borelli (19072).

This, the only known Ethiopian species, was discovered

by H.R.H. the Duke of the Abruzzi at Butiti, in Eastern

Africa.

It is remarkable for its intense pitch black colour.

8. Go7iolabis Tvoodioardi, Burr.

Go7iolabis 7ooodwa7'di, Burr (1908^^), p. 75, PI, I, fig. 1.

„ „ var. dentata, op. cit., PI. I, fig. 2.

This species, which is abundant in Western Australia,

is discussed, figured, and described in the Avork quoted.

Lahiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera. 175

9. Gonolahis verhoeffi.,* Burr.

Gonokibis verhoeffi, Burr (1905^), p. 487.

This species is well marked by the prominent teeth on

the upper surface of the forceps of the male, near the base.

In addition to the two males in the Hope Museum,

Oxford, I have received a third from Kuranda, Queensland,

sent me by Mr. Simmonds.

Genus 3. — Anisolabis, Fieber.

This genus contains about forty species, even after the

separation of those furnished with rudimentary elytra into

the genus Enhorellia. It requires a thorough revision, as

a good many names will require to be sunk in synonymy,

and perhaps one or more new genera may be necessary.

For instance, the gigantic Anisolabis colossea, Dohrn, from

New South Wales, may be conveniently separated owing

to its produced and apically rounded metasternal lobe.

I will not, however, offer a revision yet, as the material is

not complete.

Immature specimens of Psalis are frequently mistaken

for some of the less well-marked species of Anisolabis.

Some of the smaller kinds seem to pass insensibly from

one form to another, with subtle distinctions that are

difficult to express. My personal inclination is to sink all

species which are not clearly defined upon some well-

marked structural character, though it is not always easy

to say which forms should be fused. In this respect, as

in the analogous case of Labidura riparia, I assume the

attitude of a frank “lumper.” j-

The genus Anisolabis has become less unwieldy now

* Since writing the above, I have identified this species with

Anisolabis brunneri, Dohrn, of which I have seen the type. A.

bnmneri of Burr is a totally different creature.

f Since going to the press, further material has been examined,

which will be dealt with in a later paper. But it may be mentioned

here, with reference to the above table, that A. incerta, Borm.,

appears to be a melanic form of /estae, Borelli ; that vl. etero-

nonm, Borelli, is in my opinion indistinguishable from A. anmdipes,

Luc., as also A. aporonoma, Borelli.

The species referred toby me as A. brunneri, Dohrn, and recorded

and figured by me in (1908*9) P- I* hg-

brunneri of Dohrn, which is the same as Gonolahis verhoeffi, Burr ;

the A. brunneri figured by me is a well-known species which requires

a new name, unless it can be identified with A. pacijica, Erichson.

170 ]^r. Malcoln^^ inn’s Prclbiiinanj Revidnn of iltc

that nine species with nuiiinentary elytra have been

removed to form the genus Eiiborellia, and A. colossea

separated in a new genus Titcmo/abis.

The number is furtlier reduced by the removal of

ijcra to the Allostethinae, and by the sinking of a number

of names, such as A. hormand, Scudd., A. iintoni, Dohrn,

and other well-known synonyms, under A. annulipe!^.

There still remain a good many whose exact position is

still doubtful ; such are A. coporonoina, Bor., A. (jaiulens,

Burr, A. spectahilis, Phil., A. pacijica, Erichs., A. anrjulifera,

Dohrn, A. pectorcdis, Etsch., A. annuHcornis, Blanch.

I am not yet certain which of tw'o kindred forms is the

true A. margvnalis of Dohrn.

A. alhovittata, Burr, is probably immature. A. advena,

Mein., A. subarmata. Kirby, and A. antenna, Kirby, are

unrecognisable ; as also A. peregrina, Mjbberg, A. pluto,

Rehn, which is the female of A. angidifera, Dohrn. .T.

major, Brulle, is probably the larva of A. maxima, Bridle.

The following table is not intended for a scientific

discrimination of species, but purely as a provisional

arrangement, as help-notes for identification.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Oculi desunt . 1. caeca, Bor.

1.1. Oculi adsunt.

Abdomen d segmentis 6-9 lateribus

rotundatis, vel convexis, neqne

acuminatis, necpie carinulatis, nec

striolatis.

3. Statura gracili ; forcipis braccbiis

elongatis, attenuatis ; anten-

narum segmentis 4 et 5 cylind-

ricis.

4 . Statura minore ; species bawai-

ensis . 2. perkinsi, sp. n.

4.4. Statura maj ore; species africana 3. i:osseleri, Burr.

3.3. Statura robustiori ; forcipis brac-

chiis curvatis vel subrectis, hand

elongatis ; antennarum segmentis

4 et 5 fere globularibus.

4. Forcipis braccliia d margine in-

terno excavata . 4. xenia, Kirby.

4.4. F'orcipis braccliia d margine in-

terno baud excavato.

Lahkluridae, a family of the Dermaptera.

177

5. Forcipis bracchia ^ dentata.

6. Colore fusco-castaneo ; capite

rufescenti ; species austra-

lica . 5. occidentalis, Kirby.

6.6. Colore piceo ; species equa-

toria . 6. incerta, Borm.

5.5. Forcipis bracchia inermia.

6. Femora fusco-annulata ; spe¬

cies japonica . 7. mory/maiis, Dohrn.

6.6. Femora fulva ; species ha-

waiensis . 8. eteronoina, Bor.

2.2. Abdomen segmentis 6-9 lateribus

acutis vel valde convex is.

3. Abdomen ^ segmentis 6-9 lateribus

striolatis et carinulatis.

4. Forcipis bracchia ^ basi remota,

valde arcuata.

5. Forcipis bracchia intus den¬

tata.

6. Corpus atrum ; species aus-

tralica . 9. hrunneri, Dohrn.

6.6. Corpus pallescens; species

equatoria . 10. festae, Bor.

5.5. Forceps ^ inermis.

6. Statura minore ; femora

maculata ; species africae

orientalis . 11. teilinii, Bor.

6.6. Statura majore ; femora

fulva ; species algerica . 12. mauritanica, Luc.

4.4. Forcipis bracchia ^ basi sub-

contigua, paullo arcuata.

5. Segrnentum ultimum dorsale

(J lateribus externis baud

carinatis; caput rufum; pedes

unicoloribus ; species africae

orientalis . 13. laeta, Gerst.

5.5. Segrnentum ultimum dorsale

margine externo carinu-

lato.

6. Caput pallidum ; pedes uni¬

colores ; species africae

orientalis . 14. compressn, Bor.

6.6. Caput nigrum ; pedes annu-

lati ; species cosmopoli-

tana . 15. anmtUpes, Luc.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (nOV.) N

178 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the

3.3. Abdomen ^ segmentis 6-9 lateri-

bus punctatis vel stiiolatis, baud

carinulatis.

4. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ^

utrinque tuberculatum.

5. Forceps ^ valde arcuatus ;

species ceylonica .... 16. liudagae, Burr.

5.5. Forceps ^ elongatus, apice

tantum arcuatus ; species

canariensis . 17. maxima, Brulle.

4.4. Segmentum ultimum dorsale

inerme.

5. Forcipis braccbia ^ basi remota,

fortius arcuata, symmetrica.

6. Forcipis bracchio dextro ^

dente rectangulari armato.

7. Caput nigrum ; species

cosmopolitana . . . .18. maritima, Bon.

7.7. Caput rufum ; species

afric£E orientalis . . .19. felix, Burr.

6.6. Forceps inermis ; species

australica . 20. littorea, White.

5.5. Forcipis braccbia basi sub-

contigua, vix arcuata.

6. Forcipis braccbia ^ intus

crenulata ; caput rufum ;

species birmanica . . .21. duhronii, Kirby.

6.6. Forcipis braccbia ^ baud

crenulata ; caput nigrum ;

species africana . . . .22. infelix, Burr.

Anisolabis perhinsi, sp. n.

Statura mediocri, gracili ; colore fusco-castaneo et nigro ; antennae

segmentis 4 et 5 baud globularibus ; abdomen gracile, vix dila-

tatum, segmentis lateribus laevibus, baud acutis ; pedes longi,

graciles ; forcipis braccbia ^ $ subcontigua, triquetra, subarcuata,

attenuata, inermia.

c? ?

Long, corporis . . . . 13 mm . 15 mm.

j, forcipis .... 3 „ .... 3*5 „

Of medium size; build slender; general colour dark chestnut

brown to black.

Labiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera. 179

Antennae with 16 segments, dark brown ; first long and slender,

apically clubbed ; third long and slender, cylindrical ; 4th and 5th

cylindrical, each about half as long as the 3rd, the rest gradually

lengthening, all slender and cylindrical, the apical segments about

as long as the third.

Head dark brown, smooth and shining ; eyes small.

Pronotum slightly longer than broad ; gently widened posteriorly,

all margins straight, sides gently refiexed.

Meso- and metanota transverse, typical : all the thora.x dull deep

brown, with a few brown bristles ; smooth.

Sternal plates lighter brown ; prosternum almost parallel sided;

mesosternum rounded ; metasternum truncate posteriorly.

Legs long and slender, dull brown ; tarsi very slender.

Abdomen slender, feebly dilated beyond the middle and apically

attenuate in both sexes, exceedingly finely punctulate; sides of

segments 6-9 in ^ rounded and smooth.

Last dorsal segment ^ 5 slightly narrowed apically, with a

median sulcus, posterior margin subsinuate, with a slight convexity

corresponding to the upper ridge of the forceps.

In forceps with the branches ^ 5 subcontiguous at the base, tri¬

gonal, rapidly attenuate, feebly arcuate, more so in the ^ than in

the $ , slender ; black, with a fulvous spot on the outer face near

the base.

Sandwich Islands: Kaui, Koholuamano, 4000 ft., and

Waimea, iv/95 and vii/96 (Perkins).

This is evidently the species quoted by Brunner (P.Z.S.,

1895, p. 892) and by Perkins (Fauna Haw., 1899, p. 4)

as A. pacifica, Erichs., but it is not “ half the size of

F. aiLricularia," nor do the forceps correspond to Erichson’s

description.

There are specimens in the British Museum, and a pair

in my collection, the male of which is my type.

The two sexes are very much alike ; the slender body

and limbs distinguish it, as much as the relatively long

fourth and fifth segments of the antennae.

According to Perkins, it is found only in the mountains

of Kaui.

Genus 4. — Euborellia, Burr.

This genus was erected recently, under the name

Borellia, by me (1909^, p. 325) for those species, formerly

included in Anisolabis, with distinct rudimentary elytra,

named in honour of my good friend Dr. Alfredo Borelli, of

N 2

180 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Prcli'iiiinary Revision of the

Turin, who has clone valuable work upon the Dermapterous

fauna of the Neotropical and Ethiopian Regions, but as

the name is praeoccupied by Rehn (1906, Proc. U. S. N. M.,

XXX, p. 379), I have suggested a new name Enborellia. It

contains at present nine * species, which may be arranged

as follows : —

1 . Elytra libera per luar^iiieni suturaletii,

usque ad apicem contigua, sub-

quadrata ; species americanse.

2. Pedes uuicolores, testacei; anten-

narum segiuenta 1 et 2 Hava,

ceteris flavo-brunneis .

2.2. Femora fusco-aiinulata ; anten-

iiarum segmenta 1 et 2 rul'e-

scentia, ceteris brunneis . . .

1.1. Elytra baud contigua, lateralia, vel

saltern per miuiniam partem mar-

ginis suturalis contigua.

2. Elytra in parte basali angnsta,

me.sonotum in modum scutelli

liberantia ; in parte postica valde

dilatata, ad suturam attingentia,

metanotum obtegentia ; species

ceylonica .

2.2. Elytra angustata, lateralia, nequa-

quam contigua.

.3. Forceps ^ dentatus; species

americanae

4. Forceps d dente magnoarmato ;

segmentum ultimum dorsale

lateribus plicis 2 instruc-

tum ; colore aterrimo . .

4.4. Forceps dente parvo arma-

tus ; segmentum ultimum

dorsale lateribus tuberculis

2 instructum .

1. iimhigna, Borelli.t

2. jayi.eirensis, Dobrn.

3. (jreeni, Burr.

4. peruviana, Borm.

b. armata, Borelli.

* Anisolabis andreinii, Bor., from Eritrea bas rudimentary elytra,

and so tbis species also must be included bere, and also Anisolabis

minuta, Caudell.

■f Since writing tbe above, I bave compared syntypes of E. ambkjna,

Borelli, with autbentic specimens of E. ianeirensis, Dobrn, with

wbicb I now sink it as a bomonym.

Lahiduridac, a family of the Dcrmaytera.

181

3.3. Forceps $ inerniis ; species

mundi antiqui.

4. Forceps ^ valde asymetricns ;

species tasmanica .... 6. tasmanica, Borm.

4.4. Forceps ^ regiilariter vel fere

regulariter arcuatus vel

curvatus.

5. Femora liaud annulata.

6. Abdomen laeve ; pronotum

planum; caput thoraxque

fusca ; species europaea . 8. moeda, Gbnb.

6.6. Abdomen ptunctatum ;

pronotum pi’ozona tu-

mida ; caput tlioraxque

pallescentia ; species

indica . 9. anncmdalei , Burr.

Genus 5. — Psalis, Serv.

This genus only differs from Anisolahis and Euborellia

in having fully developed organs of flight. Carcinophora,

Scudder, must fall, the only real difference from typical

Psalis being the abbreviation of the wings alone ; as the

character is insufficient to justify specific rank, it cannot

support a genus.

I now include it in the following sixteen species : —

1. Pronotum parallelum ; species ameri-

canae.

2. Elytra abbreviata, scutello saepius

j'atenti ; elytra maculata ....

2.2. Elytra perfecte explicata.

3. Elytra maculata.

4. Statura mediocri; (14-18 mm.);

elytra ad humeros maculata.

5. Corpus glabrum ; abdomen seg-

mentis 6-9 lateribus acutis .

5.5. Corpus pilosum ; abdomen

segmentis 6-9 baud acutis

4.4. Statura majore ; (18-25 mm.)

Elytra disco maculata . . .

3.3. Elytra unicoloria.

4. Caput longurn . . .

4.4. Caput brevius.

1. fediva, S]>. n.

2. perchewn, Guer.

3. roKenhergi, Burr.

4. americana, Beauv

5. fusca, Borelli.

182 Dr. MalcoH^]’) hit’s rreliminary Revision of the

5. Antennae seginentis 4-5-6

longis ; pronotuin longius

qnain Latins . 6. ciagatina, King.

5.5. Antennae scginentis 4-5-6

globularibns ; pronotuin

aeqne longnm ac latum . 7. nifjra, Caiul.

1.1. Pronotuin postice ampliatum.

2. Elytra triangularia ; species orientalis 8. castetsi, Bob

2.2. Elytra rectangularia.

3. Antennae tenues, segmentis apice

valde clavatis.

4. Alae nullae; species americana 9. imddyi, Burr.

4.4. Alae perfecte explicatae ;

species orientalis . 10. femoralis, Dohrn.

3.3. Antennae fortiores, cylinclricae

vel subcylindricae.

4. Antennae segmentis 4-5-6 globu-

laribus, omnibus brevibus . . 11. Dohrn.

4.4. Antennae .segmentis, 4 brevi,

5 et 6 longioribus, ceteris

subcylindricis.

5. Antennae segmento primo

brevi ; species americana . .12. burri, Borelli.

5.5. Antennae segmento primo

longo.

6. Antennae segmento 3 brevi.

7. Colore fulvo-castaneo,

hand metallico ; species

americana . 13 satdderi, Bonn.

7.7. Colore atro caeruleo-

nitenti ; species ori¬

entalis . 14. duhrni, Kirby.

6. Antennae segmento 3 longo ;

S2iecies africanae.

7. Antennae segmento 4 glo¬

bular! ; pronoto brevi,

scutello parvo liberanti . 15. debilis, Burr.

7.7. Antennae segmento 4

cylindrico ; pronoto

super elytra producto 16. cincticollis, Gerst.

Rsalis f estiva, sp. n.

Allied to P. americana ; differs-in the smaller size, more

slender build, abortive wings, and strongly abbreviated

183

Lahiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera.

elytra. Length of body 18’5-23 mm, ; of forceps S’oOmm.

^ ^ unknown.

Brazil, Bahia (Mus. Vienna),

This species is represented by three females in the

Brunner von Wattenwyl collection, now in the Hof-

museiim, Vienna, and will be fully discussed in a forth¬

coming work on the material of that Museum.

Psalis gagatina, Klug.

I have recently discussed the identity of this species

(1909®, p. 126). I consider that Carcinophora rohusta,

Scudder, with its synonymous Psalis columhiana, Borm., is

the real P. gagatina of Klug.

Psalis nigra, of Caudell, from Trinidad, is only known

from the female ; the almost square pronotum and short,

thick antennal segments appear to be characteristic

features.

Psalis cinciicollis, Gerst., is discussed elsewhere in a

recent paper (1909®, p. 113). Psalis picina, Kirby, falls as

a synonym.

Psalis thoracica, Serv., I believe to be referable to the

Pyragrinae (q.v,, ante, p. 167).

Sub-family l.—LABIDURINAE.

The group includes Lahidura, and its immediate allies ;

in structure it agrees in many respects with the Psa-

linae, but the mesonotum is less rounded posteriorly. The

organs of flight are all well developed ; the antennae are

multisegmentate ; the forceps rather slender and usually

remote at the base.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Pedes breves ; femora postica pronoto

baud lougiora ; tarsorum posti-

corum segmentis 1 et 3 subaeque

longis, pronoto unitis baud longi-

oribus (pronotum postice ampli-

atum) . 1. Paralabidura, n. g.

1.1. Pedes longi ; femora tarsique pos-

tici pronoto longiores ; tarsorum

posticorum segmentum primum

tertio longius.

184 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision oj the

2. Pronotum postice anipliatuni, loii-

"ius (piam latius ; sciitello nullo ;

femora postica pronoto circa 1^

longiora.

.3. Abdomen lateribus integris . . 2. Labidura, Leach.

.3..3. Abdomen lateribus spinulis vel

plicisconstatis armatum . . 3. Forc^yida, ’Bo).

2.2. Pronotum quadratum ; .scutello

magno ; femora postica pronoto

triplo longiora . 4. Tomopyijia, Burr.

Genus 1. — Paralabidura, n. g.

Cum genere Labidura congruet ; differt statura minore et graci-

liori, tarsis brevioribus, posticis pronotum longitudine baud vel vix

superantibus, segmentis primo et tertio subaequantibus.

Differs only from Labidura in the smaller size and slender build,

and shorter tarsi, the posterior pair scarcely, or not at all, exceeding

the pronotum in length, the first and third segments approximately

equally long, and the third segment slightly exceeding the first.

This genus is raised for the reception of the small, dark

slender species, hitherto included in Labidura.

In all known species the colour is dark chestnut.

The posterior tarsi are of different lengths in the dif¬

ferent species, but in no case does the posterior pair

exceed the length of the pronotum, and first, second and

third segments are either equal, or the third a little

longer than the first ; in Labidura and Forcipuki the first

segment is the longest.

The type of the genus is Paralabidura lividipcs, Duf.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Forcipis bracchia margine interno

baud laminato . 1. lividipes, Dufour.

2. Tar?i postici pronoto breviores ; for¬

ceps arcuatus, hand depressup.

2.2. Tarsi postici quam pronotum

aeque longi ; forceps ^ elonga-

tns, depressus . 2. tenuicornis, Bonn.

1.1. Forcipis bracchia margine interno

laminato.

185

Lahiduridac, a family of the Dermwptera..

2. Forcipis braccliia ^ parte laminata

parallela, apice rectaiigula, species

indica . 3. nepalensis. Burr.

2.2. Forcipis bracchia parte laminata

in dentem valde aentnm pro-

ducta, species africana .... 4. Jigini% Burr.

Faralabidura lividipes, Duf., is a widely distributed and

familiar species ; the development and armature of the

forceps vary considerably, as would be expected, and

consequently there are several synonymous names.

P. tenuicornis, Bonn., is a larger, but allied, species from

Sumatra.

P. nepalensis, Burr, has laminate forceps ; it is only

known from Nepal, and is figured in a recent work (Burr,

I910h fig. 30).

P. fginii. Burr (1908^-, p. 176), also has laminate

forceps : it is based on a pair from Eritrea, in the Genoa

Museum. It is interesting to note that it has a strong

resemblance to some undescribed species preserved in

Baltic amber of Oligocene age.

Genus 2. — Labidura, Leach.

This genus now includes only L. hengalensis, Dohrn,

and the polymorphic L. riparia, with its numerous forms,

mutations, varieties, races, sub-species, or even species,

according to the individual opinion of every author. The

synonymy is consequently very involved, and it is diffi¬

cult to assign the correct name to the various forms.

Kirby (1908) has given a useful preliminary arrange¬

ment; he separates the apterous Neotropical race into a

distinct genus, Demogorgon, and is followed by Borelli, but

I can hardly agree with either. Personally I cannot

allow more than specific rank to these large, pale, apterous

forms, and not even that with a feeling of real conviction.

I can only say that certain well-marked geographical

races stand out, as pluvialis, Kirby, from New Guinea ;

truneata, Kirby, from Australia; a small apterous form

from India, that I have provisionally identified with “ var.,

inermis" of Brunner, and xanthopus, Stal, from South

America ; hengalensis, Dohrn, from Bengal, is of no higher

rank.

186 Dr. Malcoll^lj urr’s Preliminary Revision of the

Genus 3. — Forcipula, Bol.

This is a well-marked genus, containing several large

earwigs, occurring in tropical parts of Asia, Africa and

America, having the sides of the abdomen furnished with

spines, tubercles or crests in the male, and elongate

slender forceps. I offered a revision of the genus in

1904^, p. 288, and now suggest the following modified

arrangement : —

FORCIPULA. •

1.1. Abdomen segmentis nonnnllis lateri-

bus crLstis obliqnis serratis in-

structis.

2. Colore nigro, elytris rufis ; species

americana . 1. americaim, Borm.

2.2. Coiore fulvo ; species indica . . 2. hirida, Bol.

1.1. Abdomen lateribus segmentis non-

nullis spinis armatum.

2. Abdomen lateribus segmentis 3-6

spinis binis armatum ; elytra

brevia ; alae abbreviatae ; species

indica . 3. decolyi, Borm.

2.2. Abdomen segmentis nonnullis

spinis singulis armatum.

3. Elytra costa carinula nulla ;

species indicae.

4. Statura majore 3.0-43 mm. (alae

longae ; abdomen spinis 4

armatum) . 4. pugnax, Kirby.

4.4. Statura minore (16-20 mm.,

alae breves ; abdomen spinis

2 vel 3) . 4a. var. minor. Burr.

3.3. Elytra costa carinula instructa.

4. Elytrorum carinula debili, fere

laevia.

5. Segmentum ultimum dor-

sale inerme ; forceps con-

strictus ; abdomen spinis

3 ; colore fusco ; species in¬

dica . 5. irispinosa, Dobrn.

Lahiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera. 187

5.5. Segmentum iiltimum dor-

sale utrinqiie tnberculo

erecto magno armatum ;

forceps sinuatus ; colore

fulvo ; species africana . 6. congo, Burr.

4.4. Elytra granulosa, carinula

fortiori.

5. Forceps constrictus ; species

orientates.

6. Forceps ad angulum den-

tatus . 7. tarsata, Westw.

6.6. Forceps ad angulum in-

ermis ...... 8. quadrispinosa, Dohrn.

5.5. Forceps sinuatus.

6. Abdomen spinulis 3 ; pygi-

dium trispinulosum ;

forceps unidentatus ;

species americana . . 9. quelchi, Burr.

6 6. Abdomen spinulis 4 ;

abdomen inerme.

7. Statura majore t34-38

mm.) ; forceps uni¬

dentatus ; species afri¬

cana . 10. gariazzi, Bor.

7.7. Statura minore (21-22

mm.) ; forceps basi

denticulatus ; species

orientales.

8. Forceps rectus ; abdo¬

men granulosum,

spinulis recurvis . 11. jacobsoni, Burr.

8.8. Forceps undulatus ;

abdomen punctul-

atum ; spinulis

rectis .... 12. walker i, Kirby.

Genus 4. — Tomopygia, Burr.

This genus was erected by me in 1904, p. 287, for the

curious creature from Java described by de Bormans

under the name Cylindrogaster abnormis. It is undoubtedly

allied to Labidura and Paralabidura, but the abbreviated

elytra, broad short scutellum, small, square pronotum and

exceedingly long and slender legs, are all strong characters.

188 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Prcliminfir]i Bevidon of the

Sub-family ^.—PABISOLABINAE.

This group was formed by Verhoeff for a district New

Zealand species which he described under the name Pari-

solahis novae zee-landiae (1904, p. 120). I have recently

added the genus Pseudisolahis (1908^, p. 254) for P.

walkeri, also from New Zealand. Later still, I have

raised the groiip to the rank of sub-family (1910\ p. 102).

Tlte genus Pseudisolahis now contains also/*, hurr\ Borelli,

and P. tenera., Burr, both Indian species.

Sub-family 9. —BRA CHYLABINAE.

This interesting group was separated by de Bormans

from Anisolabis, with which it had been unnaturally

arranged previously, but it has been little known until

recently.

The group is interesting on account of several appar¬

ently primitive features. In a number of genera we find

that the eyes are not spherical, as in most earwigs, but

ovate or elliptical, and very large, extending from the

insertion of the antennae backwards almost to the hinder

margin of the head ; at the same time, the head itself is

not pentagonal, but almost triangular, so that in these

particular genera the eyes may be said to be truly

lateral.

That this large size and lateral position of the eyes is

a primitive feature is indicated by the discovery of a

number of fossil earwigs in the famous Tertiary Lake

Basin of Florissant, in Colorado, from which IScudder

described and figured no less than eleven species.

These all show an approach to a primitive type in the

uniformity of character, simplicity of structure, and general

similarity, but the most remarkable feature is the great

size and lateral position of the eyes. This is best seen in

his figs. 2 and 3 (Z. avia), fig. 12 (Z. cxsulatum). (Scudder

1890, Tert. Ins., PI. XVI.)

So much was Scudder impressed by this feature that he

erected a species genus, Lahiduromma, for their reception.

There are other features, too, in the Brachylahinae that

appear to be primitive ; for instance, the forceps are in¬

variably simple ; they are, in fact, the simplest imaginable

type of forceps, the branches being cylindrical, that is

circular in cross section, absolutely unarmed, tapering and

Liihiduridae, a family of the Dcrmaidera. 189

very gently arcuate. The only sexual dilference in the

forceps is that in the female the branches are somewhat

closer together at the base than in the male.

The pauci-segmentate antennae may perhaps be looked

upon as another primitive feature, as also the spindle-

shaped body. In many or all of the species there is a pair

of curved impressions on the frons between the eyes ; can

these be vestiges of ocelli ? These organs are unknown in

earwigs.

The total absence of organs of flight is probably to be

explained rather by degeneration than by non-develop¬

ment, since one African form, Arlex sjoestedti, Borg.,

possesses signs of rudimentary elytra on the mesonotum

analagous to the same rudiments in Karschiella, which is,

moreover, also a primitive type, its larva probably having

segmented caudal setae instead of forceps, as in its near

ally Borniansia, and the not distantly related Diplatys.

The legs in the Brachylahinae are very simple, and show

neither keels on the femora nor specialisation in the seg¬

ments of the tarsi. The second segment is decidedly

longer than in most other earwigs. I can detect no trace

of pulvillus between the claws, nor are the claws different

from those of other earwigs. The Brachylahinae all have a

strong family likeness and cannot be confused with any

other group.

Apart from the various features enumerated above, the

last dorsal segment has the posterior margin emarginate

or concave, and the two lobes are pointed and slightly

produced over the forceps. All known species are deep

dull black in colour, and probably are clothed in life with

a long velvety pubescence, which is generally worn off in

cabinet specimens.

They appear to be rare insects, but are widely distributed

throughout the tropical regions, occurring in Java, Burmah,

India, Ceylon, Madagascar, Africa, Guatemala, Brazil, Peru,

etc. This wide distribution of so well-marked a type of

earwig is probably also an archaic feature.

Verhoeflf was the first to draw attention to the great

size of the eyes in certain Brachylahinae : in his paper on

“ Neue ungefluegelte Eudermapteren-Gattungen” (SB. Ges.

Naturfr. Fr. 1901, p. 10) he makes a special point of this

feature in distinguishing his family Isolahidac. 'I'he words

he uses are : “ Augen sehr gross, hoechstens um ^ ihres

Durchmessers von Hinterhaupte entfernt.”

190 Dr. Malcoli^Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the

In a recent paper I revised tlie Bracliylabinae (Ann.

Mag. N. H. (8) vol. ii, pp. 246-355, 1908), showing that

Verhoeff’s Isolahidae coincide with the already known

Brachylabinae.

In that paper I sunk Ctenisolabis, VerhoefiF, in Brachy-

lahis, Dohrn, not because I considered C. togoensis (type of

Ctenisolabis) congeneric with B. chilensis (type of Brachy-

labis), but because Verhoeff’s diagnosis of Ctenisolabis gives

no character not common to Brachylabis.

But the consideration of the eyes, suggested by the

study of fossil forms, suggests a modification of this

arrangement, because B. chilensis, the type of Brachylabis,

has eyes which are large, it is true, but do not reach

back near to the posterior margin of the head, being

more normally situated.

Most of other species of Brachylabinae known to me

have lateral eyes, and this appears to be the case in Cteni¬

solabis togoensis, Verb., judging from a sketch of the type

made for me by Herr Flandetsky in the Berlin Museum.

It would accordingly appear necessary to eon^we Brachy¬

labis to its type, B. chilensis, and to revive Ctenisolabis

with its type, G. togoensis, Verb., and also for some of the

other species formerly included by me in Brachylabis,

separating others into a new genus which stands in exactly

the same relation to Isolabis that Ctenisolabis stands to

Leptisolabis.

This modification of my former views, suggested by an

examination of further material, was first put forward in a

recent work on the Earwigs of India, the faunistic scope of

which, however, prevented the treatment of the whole group.

I accordingly now offer a revised system, with sundry

observations, upon all forms known to-day.

TABLE OF GENEEA.

1. Oculi parvi, anteriores.

2. Elytra rudimentaria adsuiit . . . 1. Arlex, n. n.

2.2. Elytra omnino desunt.

3. Mesonotum carinatuni ... 2. Brachylabis, Dohrn.

3.3. Mesonotum hand carinatuni . 3. Nunnisolabis, Burr.

1.1. Oculi magni, laterales.

2. Antennarum segraentum 3 elon-

gatuin, duplo longius quam

latius ; 4 sat longum hand

globulare.

191

Labiduridae, a family of the Dermaptera.

3. Mesonotum liautl carinatum . 4. Isolabis, Verb.

3.3. Mesonotum carinatum ... 5. Metisolabis, Burr.

2.2. Antennarum segmenta brevia,

3 baud vel vix longiori quam

latiori, 4 globulari.

3. Mesonotum carinatum ... 6. Gtenisolabis, Verb.

3.3. Mesonotum baud carinatum . 7. Leptisolabis, \ erh.

SCHEME OF GENERA OF THE BRACHYLABINAE.

A.

Rudimentary Elytra present . . Arlex, n. n.

B.

No rudiments of Elytra.

Mesonotum.

Genus 1. — Arlex, n. n.

Verhoefia, Burr, 1908^, p. 248.

This is the only member of the family showing any

trace of rudiments of elytra. This feature is well shown

in Borg’s figure (1904, p. 568, Taf. XXVI, fig. 2), as also

the normal situation of the eyes.

The genus is monotypic for Brachylahis sjostedti, Borg.

(/. c.), from the Cameroons.

The name Verhoeffia is praeoccupied by Broleman in

Myriapoda in 1895, so I proposed the new name

Arlex.

Genus 2. — Brachylabis, Dohrn.

Brachylahis, Dohrn (partim) (1884), p. 297.

„ Bonn. (1883), p. 64.

„ Burr (1908»), p. 248.

192 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s 1 Preliminary Revision of the

The type of this genus is Brachylahis chilensis, Blanchard,

from Chile,

It is very unfortunate that the true Chilian B. chilensis

is not better known ; it is not represented in any collection

that I have examined, and I have not been able to find

the types in the Paris Museum, where, however, Dohrn

found them and redescribed them.

Now Dohrn’s description is important, for it gives

several features which preclude that species which is

generally labelled B. chilensis in collections, but comes

from Brazil, and not from Chile.

It is a pity that Dohrn does not refer to the size, nor

form of the eyes, nor to the presence or absence of a keel

on the mesonotum.* These are, of course, essential fea¬

tures, and as B. chilensis is the type-species of the group,

it is most desirable tliat the doubt be removed as soon as

possible.

The Brazilian species commonly known as B. chilensis,

being distinct therefrom, requires a new name, for which I

propose coriacea, as some specimens are thus named in

MS. in the Brunner collection.

The points in which B. cormcca, sp. n., differs from

B. chilensis, according to Dohrn’s description, are as

follows : —

B. chilensis, Blanch.

(From Chile ; based on Dohrn’s

description.)

Pronotiim so breit als lang.

Pronotuni in der Mitte quer

geteilt durch eine Sattelfoermige

Vertiefung.

Das 2te und 3te Segment des

Abdomens mit deutlicher Falte.

. . . die folgenden Segmente

beim ^ an der Seite winklig,

nach hinten in eine stumpfe

Spitze ausgezogen.

B. coriacea, sp. n.

(From Brazil.)

Pronotum about H times

longer than broad.

Pronotum not so divided ; no

transverse sulcus.

Tubercles feeble.

Sides of these segments in the

^ rounded.

* Blanchard’s description and figure are equally silent on these

essential points ; his figure is very sketchy, and probably untrust¬

worthy ; it gives small eyes and smooth mesonotum, but we must

not attach too much importance to it.

Lahiduridae, d family of the Derma^dcra. 193

Tlie above discrepancies are to my mind quite decisive,

and I liave no doubt that the Brazilian B. coriacea is quite

distinct from B. chilensis. But as it is generally known

under that name in collections, it is convenient to define

the typical genus Brachylabis by the main generic features

of B. coriacea, as I have done in the preceding table, i. e.

eyes small and normal, and mesonotum keeled; the an¬

tennae segments are cylindrical, not globular, the fourth

being a little shorter than the third.

It is quite possible, or even probable, that when the

true B. chilensis is re-examined, it will be found to be

generically different from B. coriacea. It will then be

necessary to re- characterize the genus, and to erect a new

one for B. coriacea.

B. coriaxca has all the characteristics of the group in

colour, appearance, texture and general structure ; the

antennae have 15-16 segments, and are paler at tlie apex;

the pronotum is about If times as long as broad, gently

widened posteriorly ; the mesonotum has a distinct keel

running its entire length ; the legs are yellowish brown ;

the forceps of the male are arcuate towards the tips, and

sometimes have a blunt tooth near the base.

I possess specimens from Espirito Santo, and in tlie

Bnmner collection there are specimens from Santa

Catherina and Novo Friburgo.

I may add that these are not common insects, and it is

not probable that any one species should be common to

Brazil and to Chile.

Brachylabis scotti, sp. n.

Statura minore, robustiori ; oculi parvi, anteriores; antennae

seginentis 10 elongatis, conicis ; mesonotum baud carinatum ; abdo¬

men dilatatum; forceps paullo arcuatus. $

Long, corporis . ... 6 mm.

„ forcipis . 1‘5

Hah. Seychelles.

I describe this species here briefly ; it will be more fully

discussed in a work upon the Dermaptcra of the Seychelles,

on material obtained by the Gardiner-Scott expedition.

We must provisionally place it in this otherwise Neo¬

tropical genus ; when more material is discovered, its

true relationship will doubtless be better defined.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) O

104 ])r. Malcolm llurr’s J^reliiiiinarii Herisum of tho

Perhaps the creature described by Montroiisier, 18G4,

p, 272, under the name of Glididuvct gmiculata, from New

Caledonia, is to be referred here. De Bormans’ collection

contained a specimen, now in the British Museum, from

New Caledonia, which is decidedly a Brachylabid. The

antennae are missing, and the specimen is a female ; but

the eyes are normal, and the keels of the mesonotum are

very sharp and distinct. The pronotum is a little longer

than broad. It is described by de Bormans, 1000^, p. 54.

Genus 8. — Nannisolabis, Burr.

Nannisolahis, Burr, 1910b p. 106.

I erected this genus for two Cingalese species which

have normal, small, anterior eyes and globular antennal

segments. The mesonotum has in its anterior portion a

transverse depression which is bounded by a raised tumid

ridge. Though somewhat compressed at the shoulders,

this ridge is not sharp.*

In the globular antennal segments and non-keeled

mesonotum it approaches Le^ytisolahis, but differs in the

normal eyes.

The type of the genus is Nannisolahis loilleyi, Burr, the

other species being N. idiiktas. Burr, 1901, p. 322, PI. VIII,

fig. 7. The figure shows the peculiarities referred to.

Unfortunately, of the original pair of this latter species,

owing to an accident, all that is left is the head and thorax

of the male, but this, with the original description and

figure, is enough to allow its position being satisfactorily

determined.

I place here also, provisionally, a very distinct new

species from Australia.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Pronotum longius quam latius ; species

orientales.

2. Pronotum parallelum, punctatum ... 1. philefas, Burr.

2.2. Pronotum postice ampliatum, laeve . . 2. ivilleyi, Burr.

1.1. Pronotum transversum ; species australica 3. hohlansi, sy. n.

* Perhaps some of tliese peculiarities are due to immaturity of the

specimens.

Lahitlvriilac, a familij of fhe Derma'ptera .

195

Nannisolabis hohlausi, sp. ii.

Long, corporis

„ forcipis

13 Him.

•2

Of rather stout build, for this genus large ; colour deep reddish-

lu’own or blackish, scarcely punctate.

Head broad, sutures distinct ; occii)ut rectangular ; eyes anterior

and relatively small.

Antennae with 16 segments, two or three praeapical segments

yellowish ; 3rd segment long and cylindrical ; 4th ovate, about half

as long as the 3rd ; the rest gradually lengthening, the apical segments

about equalling the 3rd.

Pronotum distinctly broader than long, rectangular.

Mesonotum a little shorter and a little broader than the pronotum,

with no keel.

Legs long and slender, typical of the sub-family, yellow, the femora

and tibiae banded with black.

Abdomen somewhat dilated about the middle, tapering apically,

typical.

Penultimate ventral segment narrowly rounded.

Forceps subcontiguou.s, rounded, rapidly tapering.

Australia : Queensland, Cooktown (coll. Brunner,

No. 20, 162, 1 ? ).

Although this specimen is a female, and no male is

known, the characters are so Avell marked that the species

can be easily recognized, apart from the fact that it is the

only known Australian member of the sub-family, except

the doubtful B. geniculata.

I place it in Nannisolabis on account of its small eyes

and smooth pronotum, but in its broad head and transverse

pronotum it differs from the other two known species, as

also in the long antennal segments; a new genus must be

erected for it when the male is discovered. This new genus

will stand in the same relation to Nannisolabis that Leptiso-

labis stands to Isolabis and Cte7iisolabis to Mdisolahis.

The type is in the Brunner collection, now in the Hof-

mnseum in Vienna.

(.) 2

196 Br. Malcolm r)urr’s Preliminary Revision of the

Genus 4. — IsoLABis, Verhoeff.

Isolahis, Verb., oj). cit., p. 14.

Jsolabis, Burr (op. cit.).

This genus is monotypic for J. hraneri, Verb., from

Africa. It is somewhat larger than its allies.

Genus .5. — Metisolabls, Bun-.

Metisolabis, Burr, 1910^, p. 108.

Antennae segmentis longis, omnibus longioribus quain latioribns ;

mesonotum lateribus carina, interdam obtusa, instructum ; ceteris

cum Ctenisolabide congruet.

I formed this genus for those species whicli liave the

antennal segments elongate, cylindrical, always longer than

broad, even the fourth. Thus it approaches Isolabis,

V'^erli., to which it stands in the same relation as Ctenisola-

bis to Lcptisolabis^

The type of the genus is Prrachylabis voeJtzhoun, Burr,

from Nossi-be, though that species has the keels of the

mesonotum decidedly blunt and rounded, thus approaching

holabis.

I place Br. hifoveolcUa here because Bolivar figures it

witli clearly elongate antennal segments and well-marked

keels.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1 . Pronotum longius quam latius ;

species madecassae.

2. Mesonotum carinis obtusis, usque

ad marginem posticum productis 1. •mabjacha, Burr.

2.2. Mesonotum carinis acutis, ante

marginem posticum evanescen-

tibus . 2. voeltzkoivi, Burr.

1. Pronotum vix longius quam latius y

species orientales.

2. Pedes unicolores ; abdomen seg-

mento 4 plicifero . .3. bifoveolata, Bob

2.2. Pedes fulvo-annulati ; abtlomen

segmentis 3 et 4 plicit'eris . . 4. caudelli, Burr.

Lcibiduridae, a family of the De,rma])Ura, 197

Genus 6. — Ctenisolabis, Verb.

This genus is now restricted to those species with

short and almost globular antennal segments and keeled

mesoDotum, with large, lateral eyes.

The type of the genus is Ctenisolabis toejoensis, Verb.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Carinae mesonoti acutae, usque ad

inarginem posticuin percurrentes.

2. Frous punctis impressis postice cou-

fluentibus ; species africana . . 1. togoensis, Yerh.

2.2. Frous punctis impressis baud

couHuentibus ; species americae

meridionalis . 2. nigra, Scudd.

1.1. Carinae mesonoti obtusae, antice

marginem posticuin evanescentes.

2. Corpus valde pilosum ; species

orientalis . 3. fetcheri. Burr.

2.2. Corpus fere glabrum ; species

americanae.

3. Pronotuin vix longius quam

latius ; statura min ore (8 mm.),

robustiori . 4. inontaua, Bor.

3.3. Pronotuin distincte longius

quam latius; stature paullo

majore (11'5 mm.), graci-

liori . 5. fernandezi, Bor.

Ct. torjoensis, Verb., is only known to me from Verhoeff’s

description and a sketch of the type by Herrn Flandezky

of Berlin. It appears to resemble its allies very closely,

but is at present the only known African member of the

genus.

Ct. nigra, Scudd., appears to be relatively common in

Brazil, and extends into Paraguay. It was originally

described by Scudder as a Cylindrogaster , with which

genus, of course, it has no affinities. But in those

days this group was exceedingly imperfectly known, and

Scudder only had a single female.

Ct. fietcheri, Burr, is the only known Oriental species.

Ct. montana, Bor. (1909^, p. 5), from Costa Rica, closely

resembles Ct. nigra and Ct. fietcheri in appearance. It is

198 Dr. Malcolm'^iurr’s Prc/iiiilnar// Jievision of the

well described, but not tigured, by Borelli, It must be

carefully distingiiisbed from Ct. ni(jra. The antennal

segments are rather longer than the other species, thus

affording the transition to Mctisolahis.

Ct. fernandezi, Bor. (1909^, p. 4, fig. 2), is well described

and figured by Boielli. It occurs in Costa Rica. The

unique type has white eyes, which are very prominent, but

this colour is probably not a permanent feature. The body

is longer anti build slenderer than in the other species, and

the pronotum is much more finely punctulafe than in Ct.

montana.

All the species of Ctenisolahis have a strong family like¬

ness, and though when placed side by side tliey appear to

be quite distinct, it is difficult to express the difference in

words. As they are apterous, and rare forms, probably

each with a restricted distribution, the locality becomes an

important specific character.

The occurrence of such similar species in such widely

separated localities is probably an archaic feature, point¬

ing to the great age of a group, now dying out, and

which must formerly have been a dominant and widely

distributed type of earwig.

Perhaps more than one species is confused under

the name Ct. nigra, but I cannot distinguish between

Paraguayan and Brazilian specimens.

Genus 7. — Leptisolabis, Verb.

Le/disoUd/is, Verb., op. cit., p. 12.

JJrachykihis {partim), Borm.

This genus is characterised by the lateral eyes, non-

keeled mesonotum and globular 4th and 5th antennal

seofinents.

The type is L. usamharanu, Verb., from Usambara

(Africa). It includes also the true Br. punctata, of Dubrony

from Java, which is distinct from the species quoted by

him under that name from Burmah, which is Metisolahis

caudelli, Burr.

One of the chief features of the two African species

described by Verhoeff, L. usamharana and L. thcoriac., is

that the anterior border of the pronotum is produced into

Lahichiridae, a family of the Deomiaptera. 199

a naiTOw neck. This is not the case in L. 'punctata, but is in

L. howardi, Burr, from Guatemala.

As the two African forms are unknown to me in the

flesh, I cannot erect a satisfactory table of species, but it is

unlikely that a Central American insect can be confused

with African forms.

By good fortune I have been able to examine the

original insect quoted by Caudell from Guatemala as

Brachylabis nigra. Owing to the distance between Guate¬

mala and Para, I was not surprised to find on examination

that Caudell’s specimen is distinct. It is a true Leptiso-

lahis, as will appear from the following description.

Leptisolahis hoioardi, Burr.

Brachylabis nigra, Caudell, 1907^, p. 172.

Leptisolabis howardi, Burr, 1910, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 38, p. 449.

Statura minore, gracili ; colore atro, antennis pedibusque palles-

centibus ; corpus totum confertim punctulatum ; oculi magni, mar-

ginem posticum capitis fere attingentes ; prouotum elongatum et

postice anipliatum, margine antico in collem producto ; forcipis

bracchia cylindrica, basi baud coutigua, sensim arcuata.

Long, corporis . 8 mni.

„ forcipis . I’To „

Size small and slender.

Colour jet black, dull. The whole boily clothed with long golden

pubescence. The whole surface finely and densely punctulate.

Antennae with 1.3 segments, brownish grey, all the segments very

thick, 3rd scarcely longer than broad, 4th really broader than long ;

5th globular, the rest gradually lengthening and also thickening.

Head tumid, hinder margin straight, sides convex, and in front

triangular. The small marks on the frons indistinct. The punctu-

lations are exceedingly fine.

The eyes are very large and prominent, ovate in shajje, and extend

from the insertion of the elytra almost in the posterior margin of

the head, gently converging posteriorly.

Pronotuin about H times as long as the average breadth, all

margins straight, sides gently diverging as the pronotuin widens

somewhat posteriorly. The anterior margin has the middle portion

produced slightly, and carried a short but distinct cylindrical neck,

so that the head is distinctly separated from the pronotuin.

200 Dr, Malcolm Durr’s rrdiminary Revision of the

IMesonotum transverse, posterior margin truncate ; sides not keeled,

but raised with blunt, tumid ridges converging posteriorly.

Metanotum strongly concave posteriorly, almost entirely covering

the first abdominal segment.

The whole of the thoracic plates are dull black and densely and

finely punctulate.

Prosternum is double as long as wide, jiarallel.

Mesosternum and metastern uni somewhat broader than long, the

posterior margin truncate ; sternal plates reddish black and densely

and finely punctulate.

Legs typical, femora slender, black, yellow at the base and apex,

long and slender.

Tibiae long and slender, yellowish.

Tarsi yellowish, long and slender.

The second segment elongate and cylindrical, nearly as long as the

third ; the first is longer than the second and third combined.

Abdomen typical, of same colour and sculpture as the rest of the

body, passing to reddish beneath ; lateral tubercles on 3rd and 4th

segments faint.

Last dorsal segment very short and transverse, but narrower than

the abdomen ; posterior margin naiTowed, and concave in the

middle, leaving a short triangular lobe in each side projecting

slightly over the forceps.

Penultimate ventral segment short and broad, very obtusely

rounded.

Pygidium short, very narrow and compressed.

Forceps with the branches remote at the base, cylindrical, tapering,

straight at first, gently arcuate towards the apex.

Guatemala : Provincia de Alta Vera Paz, Trece Aguas,

Cacao, April 19 (Leg. Schwarz and Barbar) (in

U,S. N. M. vide Caudell, loc. cit.).

This species has a superficial resemblance to M. nigra.

It differs however in the generic characters, namely, the

non-keeled mesonotum; the 4th-Gth antennal segments

are much shorter, the pronotum longer, and the neck

distinct.

It is more difficult to distinguish from L. punctata,

Dubr., from Java, but is smaller, slenderer, and the

sculpture finer, the antennal segments shorter.

It is not quite so small as N.'philetas, Burr, from Ceylon,

the pronotum is much longer and not parallel, and the

mesonotum has no strong transverse depression.

I cannot compare it with Verhoeff’s two African species,

Lahiduridae, a family of the Dcrmaptera. 201

L. usambarana and L. theoriae, as these are only known to

me from the description.

As these creatures are totally apterous, it is very prob¬

able that the various records of “ Brachylabis nigra ” from

such various localities as Peru, Bolivia and Brazil refer to

distinct species.

It is dedicated to Dr. L. Howard.

Literature.

The following works are quoted in the preceding pages.

The enumeration is that of my complete bibliography, at

present in MS., from which this list is extracted for the sake

of uniformity.

Blanchard, E. (1851.) Orthoptera in: Gay, Historia fisica y

politica de Chile segun Documentos adquiridos . . . y pub-

licada bajo los auspicios del supremo Gobierno. (Zoologia,

vol. vi, and Atlas, Paris, 1851.)

Borelli, Dr. Alfredo. (1907^.) Spedizione al Ruwenzori di

S. A. R. Luigi Ainadeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, xxvii,

Nuova specie di Forficola. (Terza note preventiva.) (Boll.

Mus. Tor., xxii, No. 572, 1907.)

- (1909^.) Forficola nuove o poco note di Costa Rica. (Boll.

Mus. Tor., xxiv, No. 611, 1909.)

Borg, Hjalmar. (1904.) Forficuliden aus Karaerun ; Beitriige

zur Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kainerun. (Arkiv for

Zoologi, Band 1, pp. 563-580, Tafel 26, 1904.)

Bormans, A. De. (1883.) Etude sur quelques Forficulaires

nouveaux on peu connues, precede d’un tableau synoptique

des genres de cette famille. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., pp. 59-90,

pis. 2 et 3, 1883.)

- (1893.) Dermaptera : in Biologia Centrali-Americana. (Zoo¬

logia, Orthoptera, 1, pp. 1-12, pis. 1 and 2, 1893.)

- (1900h) Quelques Dermapt^res du Musee civique de Genes.

(Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., (2) xx. pp. 441-467, 1900.)

- (1900-.) Forficulidae in “Das Tierreicli,” 11 Lief. Orthoptera,

pp. 1-142, 1900.

Brunner, V. Wattenwyl. (1895.) Orthoptera of the Sandwich

Igles. Proc. Z. S. Loud. 1895.

;’()2 Dr. Malcoli^lJurr’s Preliinmary Revidon of the

Bukh, Malcolm. (1897'*.) On new Species of Forficuloria. (Ann.

Mag. N. H., (fi) XX, pp. 310-.316, 1897.)

- - (1900'*.) Forficules exoti<iues du Mnse'e royal d’liistoire natur-

elle de Bruxelles. (An. Soc. Ent. Belg., xliv, pj). 47-0-1,

1900.)

- (1901.) The Earwigs of Ceylon. (Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,

xiv, pp. .59-78 and 316-33(5, pis. A and B. 1901.)

- (1902.) On the Forficularia of the Hungarian National

Museum of Budapest. (Termesz. Fiizetek, xxx, pp. 447-

489, pi. 20, 1902.)

- (1904*^.) Observations on the Dermaptera, including Revisions

of several genera and descriptions of New Species. (Tr. Ent.

Soc. London, pp. 277-322, 1904.)

- (1905^.) Notes on the Forficularia, ix. On new species with

synonymic Notes. (Ann. Mag. N. H., (7) xvi, pp. 486-496,

1905.)

- (loos'*.) Notes on the Forficularia, xiii — A revision of the

Brachylnbidae (Isulabichte). (Ann. Mag. N. H., (8) ii, p. 246,

1908.)

- (1908**.) Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens. Ergebnlsse der

Hamburger siidwest-australischen Forschungsreise, 1905,

herausegegeben von Prof. W. Michaelsen und Dr. R. Haid-

meyer. Band II, Lief. 5 ; .lena, 1908. (Dermaptera, ])p. 69-80.

Taf. xi, 1908.)

- (1908*2.) Sopra alcuni Dermatteri del Museo Civico di

Genova. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., ix, 1!>08, pp. 175-191.)

- (1909*.) Notes on the Forficularia, xv — The Esphalmeidnae.

(Ann. .Mag. N. H., (8) iii, pp. 249-253, 1909.)

- (1909'*.) Note on the Classification of the Dermaptera. (Deutsch.

ent. Zeitschr., pp. 320-328, pi. iv, 1909.)

- (1909**.) Notes on the Forficularia, xvii — On new species, a

new genus, and new synonomy. (Ann. Mag., N. H. (8) iv,

August 1909.)

- (1910*.) The Fauna of British India. Dermaptera (Earwigs),

London, 1910.

Caudell, Andrew Nelson. (19072.) On some Earwigs (Farjicn-

lidae) collected in Guatemala by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber.

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxiii, pp. 169-176, 1907.)

Dohkn, H. (1864.) Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren.

(Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxv, pp. 285 and 417.)

Kirby, W. F. (1903.) Notes on Forficulldae with descriptions of

new species in the Collection of tlie Natural History Museum,

South Kensington. (Ann. Mag. N. IL, (7) xi, 1903.)

Montruuzier. (1864.) Essai sur la faune entomologi(jue de

■TW. V

> A

■ ir.f .

" ^ ••>-

Trans^'jit. Soc. Lond., ipio, Plate XLVI.

E. Wilson del.

C. Hentschel.

DETAILS OF LABIDURIDAE.

Explanation of Plate XL VI.

Fig. 1. Allostethus indicum, Hag., sternum x

2. Echinosoma parvulum, Dohrn, sternum x

3. Gonolabis electa, Burr, sternum x

4. Pyragra dohrni, Scudd., sternum x

5. „ ,, „ tarsus x

6. Gonolabis oblita. Burr, apex of abdomen, ventral

view, ^ X

7. Euborellia ambigua, Bor., thorax x

8. Euborellia greeni, Burr, thorax x

9. Euborellia armata, Bor., thorax x

10. Palex sparattoides, Bonn., sternum x

11. Gonolabis suniatrana, Bonn., apex of abdomen,

ventral view, x

12. Gonolabis oblita, Burr, ^ x

13. Anisolabis maritima, Bor., sternum x

14. Gonolabis javana, Bonn., apex of abdomen, ventral

view, ^ X

6.

11.

10.

4.

10.

6.

5.

4.

6.

10.

6.

5.

10.

Tr^s. Ent. Soc. Land., jpio, Plate XLVIL

E. Wilson del.

C. Hentschel.

DETAILS OF LABIDURIDAE.

Explanation of Plate XLVII.

Jjahidiiridac, a family of the Dermaptcra. 208

Kaiiada (Noixvelle Caledoiiie), et descriptions des qiielques

especes noiivelles ou peu connues. (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xi,

p. 222.)

Perkins, E. C. L. (1899.) Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. ii, part i,

Orthoptera, Cambx’idge.

Rehn, James, A. G. (1903") Studies in American Forticulidae.

(Proc. Nat. Sci. Phil., p 299, 1903.)

ScuDDER, S. H. (1890.) The Fossil Insects of North America.

II, The Tertiary Insects. 1890, New York.

VERHOE.'fF, Karl W. (1901.) Ueber Dermapteren, II. (Sitz, Berlin,

Der Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, No. 1, p. 7.)

- (1902) Ueber Dermapteren, I. (Zool. Auz. No. 665.)

■ - (1904) Ueber Dermapteren, V. (Arch. f. Naturg., 1904, p. 115.)

Explanation of Plates XLVI, XLVII.

[(See Explanation far.imj the Plates.]

( ^04 )

VIII. On the Qeo\niii\'\(\ix(i of the Arncntine liepiihlic. By

Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.

[Road April 6tli, 1910.J

Plate XLVIII.

Although a good foundation has been laid by Bunneister

and Berg for the study of certain Lepidopterous families

in the Argentine Bepublic, the Geometridae have hitherto

been greatly neglected. Burmeister’s work, “ Description

physique de la Republicpie Argentine ” (Paris and Buenos

Aires, 1876-80, 8vo), contained “ Lepidoptera, Part I,”

but this did not reach to the Geometridae, although a few

genera which were formerly classed as Lithosiid foimd

their way into it. Almost all that is known of the

Argentine representatives of the family in question is

therefore to be sought in scattered articles in periodicals,

such as those published in Buenos Aires, where Berg has

described a very few species, Rothschild’s “ Novitates

Zoologicae,” containing Warren’s descriptions of the new

species in the Tring Museum, and the “ Annales de la

Societe Entomologique de Belgique,” containing Dognin’s

of those in his own collection. By gathering these to¬

gether, and at the same time making known the numerous

new species which I have received through the generosity

of j\Ir. A. F. Bayne, F.E.S., of Buenos Aires, his brother,

Mr. W. M. Bayne, of Mendoza, and Dr. Eugenio Giacomelli,

of La Rioja, I hope to bring our knowledge of the

Geometi'idae of Argentina at least up to the level of that

of some of the other, better-worked families. In order to

make this memoir as complete as circumstances will allow,

I am including in it a large number of faunistic records

which have been courteously supplied to me by M. Paul

Dognin, the well-known French student of South American

Geometridae, to whom I am further indebted for his un¬

wearying kindness and co-operation in the quest of the

solution of knotty points. Further records have been

gathered from material kindly sent for my inspection by

Dr. M. Bastelberger, of Wurzburg, as well as from that

contained in the British IMuseum collection. It is much

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1010. — PART III. (NOV.)

Mr. L. B. Pront on Argentine Geometridae. 205

to be regretted that the vast Tring collection of Geometridae

is not yet arranged in a manner which will allow of its

systematic study ; at the same time, I have to acknow¬

ledge with gratitude that every facility possible has been

granted me by the Hon, Walter Rothschild and Dr. Karl

Jordan, while Mr. W. Warren has been ever ready with

his assistance and advice.

Regarding the collection of unnamed moths referred

to by Dr. H. Weyenbergh, on pp. 181-2, of Napp’s “Die

Argentinische Republik ” (Buenos Aires, 187G, 8vo), Mr.

P. C. T, Snellen wrote me (in litt., February 9, 1907) as

follows: “Dr. Weyenbergh indeed handed to me, after

his return to Europe, a small collection of Heterocera.

Unfortunately, however, that collection was, shortly after,

destroyed by accident, with the exception of a few

Fyralidae that were taken out before. Otherwise I

Avould, according to the wishes of my deceased friend,

have worked it out long ago.” Weyenbergh {toe. cit.,

p. 181) commits himself to nothing more definite than

the following : “ The Geometridae appear to be less

numerous, at any rate thus far I know at most fifty

species. . . . The species I have met with represent,

as I believe, the following or related g-enera : Ennomos,

Boarmia, Gnerphos, Zerene ?, Hibernia, Cidetria, Acid alia

and Eninthecia. This group has as 3^et had little

attention.”

Burmeister’s “ Reise durch die La Plata-Staaten ”

(2 Bde., Halle, 18G1, 8vo), though containing much valu¬

able information on the natural history of the country,

and a good many records of Lepidoptera, does not include

any Geometridae. E. W. White, F Z.S., in his “ Cameos

from the Silver Land ” (2 vols., London, 1881-82, 8vo),

only touches the Lepidoptera in one or two places, and

has nothing on Geometridae. The same applies to W. H,

Hudson’s “The Naturalist in La Plata” (ed. 4, London,

1903, 8vo).

I have thought it best, with one trifling exception, to

accept the present political boundaries of the Ai^entine

Republic as the basis of my work. To include the few

scattered records from Argentine Patagonia has not added

materially to the size of my paper; and as the only

systematic surveys which touch Patagonia (Mabille in

“ Mission Scientihque du Cap Horn ” and Staudinger in

“Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammel-

200

Lou is P), Front on the

reise”) confine themselves to the extreme south, it seemed

desirable to give myself the widest scope which my title

warranted. The single exception, to which I have alluded,

consists therefore in the exclusion of the part of Tierra

del Fuego which belongs to Argentina; this could not

have been logically included without the rest of the

island, and in any case I should have had scarcely

anything to add to the work of Staudinger.

The localities where Mr. W. M. Bayne has collected are

of the utmost interest, having been previously almost

untouched by entomologists. His collecting followed the

route of the Argentine Great Western Railway from Villa

Mercedes to Las Cuevas, i.e. right away into the Andes

as far as the Chilian frontier; lie has also taken a few

species at stations on some of the branch lines. Although

some of the geographical names quoted in the following

pages may probably be unfamiliar to some readers, I have

not thought it necessary to indicate their location, as they

are stations on the railway. It may, however, be of some

interest to quote a few of the principal altitudes from the

official prospectus of the railway : — -

Jletres.

Villa Mercedes . .513

San Luis . 719

La Paz . 500

San Rafael . 685

Mendoza . 753

San Juan . 633

Cacheuta . 1245

Puente del Inca . 2720

Las Cuevas . 3151

Puente del Inca is referred to by Mr. H. J. Elwes, in

his valuable paper on “ The Butterflies of Chile ” {vide

Tr. Ent, Soc. Bond., 1903, pp. 264-5), as a promising i

locality for the entomologist, and Mr. Bayne’s experience ■

has borne this out ; nearly all the species which he has ;

there obtained seem to be new to science, though natur- (

ally with some relation to the mountain fauna of Chili,

and, to some extent, to that of the highlands of Peru and

Bolivia.

In the fauna of so vast and varied a country as Argen¬

tina there is, as might be expected, great diversity ; and

although our knowledge of it, as regards the moths, is

Geometridae of the Aryenline Ik])')d>lic. 207

still almost in its infancy, I may venture on a few

general remarks. From the extreme north I have no

records at all, but M. Dognin has received interesting

collections from Metan, while the neighbourhood of

Tucuman has been a good deal worked entomologically.

In these localities there is a considerable element of the

subtropical fauna, though even here we realise that we

are in a different region from the strictly equatorial, the

gorgeous Braccinae” of Warren (Siosta, Sangalopsis, etc.)

and many other tropical genera {Ccdlipia, most “ Pahja-

dinaef etc.) being apparently unrepresented, others again

(e. g. ScordyUa) quite weakly represented. On the other

hand, there is hardly a trace (perhaps not a trace) of

the distinctively southern, or Chilian fauna; Tephrinopsis

siibumhrata, Dogn., may possibly be an exception from

this generalisation. From the north-east the British

Museum has obtained some small but valuable collections

made about Florenzia, Ocampo and Goya ; excepting,

perhaps, Atyria chihcha (Schaus), I have not noted any¬

thing characteristically tropical in these, the affinities of

the majority being distinctly with the Geometridae of

S. Brazil and of Paraguay. When we reach Buenos

Aires, we find nearly the same type of forms still prevail¬

ing; Mr. Druce has recorded Atyria durnfordi (Druce)

from this locality, and Mr. A. F. Bayne has once taken

Phrygionis p)aradoxata incolorata, but I am inclined to

view these as stragglers. Mr. Bayne thinks the Rio de

la Plata forms somewhat more of a natural boundary

than the geographical distance would have led one to

anticipate ; at any rate he has seen at Montevideo and

Tacuarembo several species, and even genera {Aplodes,

Melinoides, Bronchelia, etc.), which have not yet occurred on

the Argentine side. Of the fauna of the pampas country

(which will certainly be but meagre) practically nothing

is known ; from its frontal armature one might hazard

the conjecture that Hoplolygris cicatriculata (Berg) had

its origin here, but it has spread from Tucuman and Goya

in the north to the Rio Negro in the south.

The very few specimens which I have seen from

San Luis, however {Arizela didcis, Prout, Narragodes

gyda, Prout, etc.), seem to indicate the commencement

of the western, or Mendoza fauna. This fauna, as

shown by my material from Balde, La Paz, and even to

Mendoza city, and I think northward {e.g. Retamito),

208

Mi^jouis B. Front on the

is cliaracterised by the predominance of small, obscure

greyish species, particularly of the group of genera

Mimophyh, Narragodes, Psodopsis, Idialcis, though some

totally unrelated species, such as Litkostege pax, Front,

appear superficially to be in quite suitable company among

tliem. The insects from the high Andes are of quite a

different type, the very glossy scaling being a marked

feature, irrespective of generic relationship. Phopcilodes

otophora, Front, the two species of Chrismop)teryx, Teph-

rinop)sis suhscripta, Front, Salpis carneitincta, Front, S. ruheiifi,

Front, and Caiascia carnca, Front, are perhaps the chief

examples; in several of them a more or less pronouncedly

fleshy tone of colouring is observable. A few of these

Andean species, or at least their genera, are already

known to have some northward range, and no doubt

further material (for example, from the Bolivian Andes)

would more extensively exemplify these resemblances. I

may mention that Perizoma sordesmis, Dogn., was described

from Fern, Leucocliesias mcsargyrata, Mab. (under its

synonym of Aspilates niveipmnaria, from Bolivia;

while Salpis carneitincta, Front, has a very close Feruvian

relative in S. pucchi, Dogu., and I have seen in M.

Dognin’s collection a specimen, also from Feru, of a species

apparently indistinguishable from Gnophos (?) oreas.

Front.* I have already mentioned a Chilian element in

this western fauna ; the genus Salpis is best known in

Chili, Xanthorhoii edmondsii (Butl.) was originally described

from Chili, and my new genus Baynia certainly belongs

near some known Chilian genera. As we proceed further

southwards, this characteristic becomes still more marked ;

Berg’s Rio Santa Cruz species {Synneuria uniforrnata,

Odontothera (?) crucifer aria), Mabille’s Pachropliylla oculata,

from Aysen River, and the whole of the Magellan records

point strongly in this direction.

On commencing my work, I contemplated including

tabulations for the determination of genera, in the hope of

stimulating local research, as has been so admirably done

by Meyrick and Turner in their Australian revisions, or

by several others in faunistic works of the best type ; but

I found tliat a far-reaching study such as could have

rendered this effective (especially in the case of the chaotic

Boariniinae) would have delayed publication for an inde-

* Peru is also tlie habitat of the two nearest allies of this species,

rhanchani, Pogn., and insulHa, Warr.

Gcometridae of the Argentine Repuhlic. 209

finitely long period, or turned me aside from revisional

work in other sub-femilies, which is already claiming all

my available time ; I was therefore compelled reluctantly

to abandon the idea, and many of the generic names are

merely given according to the current usage of the few

workers at the Neotropical fauna. I have, however, given

much attention to the structural characters, particularly

in cases of doubtful generic location ; and where I have

transferred species from one genus to another, I have

generally assigned adequate reasons for so doing.

In almost every instance, even with the common species,

I have given information as to the sources of my records

and the collections in which specimens are to be found.

This will, I trust, be of assistance in the future elimination

of errors of determination, etc., of which a few must of

necessity creep into a pioneer work of this kind. The

types of all the new species are in my own collection or in

that of the British Museum, and I shall lose no available

opportunity of placing co-types, or reliably determined

specimens in the latter repository. Mr. A. F. Bayne has

been most generous in withholding nothing which I asked

of him, either in material or in notes, and without his aid,

and the labours of his brother in collecting and breeding,

this work would have been deprived of nine-tenths of its

value.

The measurements of wing-expanse in the descriptions

of the new species are the theoretical extremes (the added

length of the two forewings lAus width of thorax), not the

superficial expanse from tip to tip in set specimens.

S\.\h4a,m{\y—OENOCHROMINAE.

Oenochroininae, Ortliostixinae et Meeoceratinae (Warren).

1. “Almodes stellidaria (Guenee).”

? Polysemia stellidaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

450 (1858).

? Boarmia (Deileptenia) sqnamigera, Felder, Reise Novara,

Lep. Het., tab. cxxvi, 11 (1875).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

The determination of Guenee’s Polysemia stellidaria is

perliaps somewhat problematical, though it was certainly

a true Almodes. I did not study in M. Dognin’s collection

the species which he (or Mr. Warren) has thus identified,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) P

210

MIFLouis B. Piout on the

and merely give the record on liis authority. Guenee’.s

type Avas from Haiti.

2. Almodes(?) benesignata (Dognin).

Almodes hcnesignata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 106

(1906).

Metan, Salta (type), in coll. Dognin.

An interesting species, in some measure intermediate

between Almodes and Ergavia ( = Polysemia, auctt.). The

typical Almodes forms seem to belong entirely to Mexico,

Central America and the West Indies, whereas Ergavia

ranges certainly from Mexico to Paraguay.

^\ih4a.m\\y—HEMITHEINAE.

Hemitheidac, Bruand ; Geometrinae, auctt.

3. Gel ASM A munda (Warren).

Gelasma munda, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 425 (1897).^

1 Gelasma stigmatica, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 20 (l904)-

(var. ?).

(^) La Plata City (type), in coll. Rothschild.

Apparently a Avidely-distributed species in South

America. The British Museum collection has it from

Panama and Venezuela, practically typical, and I am

strongly inclined to suspect that G. stigmatica, Warr.,

from Peru, is a large, strongly-marked aberration, or at

most a local race. I have the typical form from Rio.

4. Aplodes frondaria (Guenee).

Synchlora frondaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 875

(1858).

? Thalera minuata, Walker, List. Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1613

(1866).

Goya, Corientes, in coll. Br. Mus. ; ? Tucuinan and Los

Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Also widely distributed, from Vera Cruz (Mexico) to

Uruguay, but chiefly on the Atlantic side of South

America, and rather frequent in the West Indies. The

only western specimens known to me are from Callao. It

shows no appreciable geographical variation.

Geometridac of the Argentine Re-pnblie. 211

I have little doubt that the insect recorded by M. Dognin

(in litt.) as Aiolodes minuata, Walk., is this species.

Walker’s type is apparently lost, his type label having

been attached to a North American specimen, belonging

to Synchlora aerata, Fab. ; Walker’s description and data

(Santa Marta, collected by Bouchard) sliow that this

cannot possibly be right.

Guenee is in error in stating, under his generic diagnosis

of Synchlora, that the antenna is merely thickened

anteriorly in the ^ . The accepted determination of his

frondaria is evidently correct, or even if his description

can really apply to some other species, it will certainly be

a close ally (e. g. Pachycoims tridentata, Warr., Nov. Zooi.,

iv, 428), while there is no allied species in which the $

antenna is not bipectinate. One must suppose that he

had two females of Aplodes frondeevia before him, and

mistook the sex of one.

5. Lissochlora sanguinipunctata (Dognin).

Lissochlora sanguinipunctata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1, 204 (1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

6. Miantonota erina (Dognin).

Achleyi'a erina, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xl, 143 (1896).

Miantonota erina, ab. di^uncta, Warren, Nov. Zook, xvi, 81

(1909).

Tucuman (type of ab. disjuncta), in coll. Rothschild.

The typical form of the species is distributed from Mexico

to Rio Janeiro, and I believe stands in coll. E. Dukin-

field Jones (from Casti’O, Parana) as Geometra apiciata

(Schaus, MS.).

7. Auophylla multiplagiata (Warren).

Auophylla multiplagiata, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 424

(1897).

Tucuman, in my collection and those of M. Dognin and

Dr. Bastelberger.

o

The species was described from Paraguay, and I know of

no further localities than these two.

212

Louis B. Prout on the

8. Racheospila sigillaria (Guenee).

Eacheospila sigillaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des L^p., ix, 375

(1858).

Racheospila tenuimargo, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 319

(1905) (nov. syn.).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger.

Guenee’s type was from Montevideo. Northwards the

species reaches as far as the West Indies and Mexico.

Warren’s B. tenuimargo, from Brazil, is the same species

(sec. specim. typ.).

9. Anomphax gnoma (Butler).

Omphax gnoma, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882,

p. 367.1

Anomphao: gnoma, Warren, Nov. Zool., xvi, 74 (1909).^

(‘^) Salta, in coll. Rothschild.

Previously only known from Chili (i) ; the series from

which Butler described was collected at Las Zorras by

Mr. T. Edmonds ; Izquierdo, An. Univ. Chile, liii, 815,

says it ranges from Aconcagua to the interior of Araucania.

The species is interesting as being the only member of the

sub-family yet discovered in Chili. It does not seem to

be very closely related to any known species, yet the

following short but interesting account of the early stages,

translated from Izquierdo, shows clearly the Heinitheine

characteristic.

Larva on [Duvarct] Sehmiis dependens DC., reache.s, when full-

grown, a length of 18 mm., thickness H mm. Uniform green, of

the same colour as the leaves of the food-plant ; dorsal area reddish

in some examples. Bears an extraordinary resemblance to a little

twig. When taken between the fingers it feels decidedly hard, more

so than any other larva of like size known to the writer. In the

medio-dorsal line there is a series of intersegmental dots of a dark

coffee-colour. The anterior extremity of the larva terminates in two

small sharp horns with reddish spots, which simulate to perfection

the little buds of a twig. These, horns are appendages of the head,

and this latter, in repose, is bent downwards and closed up so tightly

with the legs that it is impossible to distinguish them. Laterally

the body has a very fine, conspicuous yellow line, which terminates

in the horns of the head. Pupates among leaves without making a

cocoon. The pupa, green at first, becomes nearly white, and two or

three days before emergence, the wing-cases assume a dark green

213

Geometridae of the Argentine Be^iblic.

colour. Duration of pupal stage about 14 days (6 to 20 February).

Imago on the wing from November to March. (Izquierdo, An.

Univ. Chile, liii, 815, tab. iii. 12 [larva].)

10. Hydata spilosata (Warren).

Hydata spilosata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xiv, 204 (1907).

Ciudad de Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild.

Sub-family— A CIDALIINAE.

Stcrrhinae et Cyllopodinae pars (Warren).

11. Asellodes laternaria (Guenee).

Asellodes laternaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 425,

tab. xxi, 3 (1858).

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902, in coll. Br.

Mus.

Giienee’s type was from Brazil. That author described

the genus among his Acidalidae, and I have no hesitation

in accepting this as its correct position. Schaus (Tr.

Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii, 194), on account of the point of

origin of the second radial, would advocate removing this

and the following genus to the Heinitheinae, but the

peculiar abortions of the hindwing and the transparency

of the wings suggest much more affinity with the present

sub-family, while the presence of a double areole in the

forewing is a still stronger argument for maintaining

Guenee’s arrangement.

12. PSEUDASELLODES LACUNATA (Dognin).

Pseudasel lodes lacunata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg

1, 109 (1906).

Metan, Salta (type), in coll. Dognin.

13. PsEUDASELLODES CASSIOPEIA (Bastelberger).

Pseudascllodes cassiopeia, Bastelberger, Ent. Zeit. Stuttg

xxii, 59 (1908).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Bastelberger.

214

Louis B. Prout on the

14. Semaeopus oenopodiata (Gueiioe).

Acidalia oenopodiata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. ties Lep., ix, 509

(1858).

Tuciiman and Metan (Salta), in coll. Dognin ; La Rioja,

])r. E. Giacomelli.

This species was described from Brazil, and certainly

occurs about Rio, whence I suspect a great part of

Guenee’s Brazilian material was obtained. The placing of

the species in Acidalia was an error; the double areole

of the forewing and the highly developed hindtibial tuft of

the ^ point clearly to its relation to Semaeopus, H.-S.,

of which it may be regarded as forming Section III — $

antenna dentate-fasciculate, not pectinate as in the type

and the section Gnemodcs, Guen. (VVarr. restr.)

15. Semaeopus rubripuncta (Dognin).

Cneniodes rubripimcta, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlvi,

344 (1902).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

16. Anisodes subcarnearia (Warren).

Anisodes subcarnearia, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 145 (1900).

Buenos Aires, 1 taken October 12, 1906, by H.

Wilkinson, in coll. Br. Mus. Belongs to the ab. grisect of

Warren, loc. cit.

Warren’s type of the species, as well as that of ab. grisea,

came from Sao Paolo (E. D. Jones). It is by no means

certain that grisea is not a separate species.

17. Anisodes stollaria (Schaus).

Anisodes stollao'ia, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii, 189

(1901).

Anisodes subpallida, ab. figurata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii,

320 (1905).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Widely distributed from Mexico to S.E. Brazil,

agree with Schaus and Dognin in treating it as specifically

distinct from A. subpallida.

Geometridae of the Argentine Bopuhlic.

215

18. Anisodes excavaria (Schaus).

Anisodes excavaria, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Eut. Soc., xxvii, 190

(1901).

Buenos Aires, one ^ taken by Mr. A. F. Bayne, Novem¬

ber 9, 1903, ill coll. L. B. Front.

Tlie species was described from S.E. Brazil. The iden¬

tification of my specimen seems certain, although the ^ is

not so characteristic as the Mr. Bayne has met with

no second specimen as yet.

19. Euephyua serrulata (Packard).

Euephyra semdata, Packard, Fifth Rep. Peabody Ac. Sci.,

73 (1873).

Ephjjra obscura, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii,

536, tab. xeix, 6 (1898) (nov. syn.).

Buenos Aires, not rare from December to February

(A. F. Bayne) ; Tucuman and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin ;

Mendoza (W. M. Bayne).

A species of extremely wide range, occurring from the

southern United States to Buenos Aires; distinctly vari¬

able, but not geographically, unless the West Indian

nnnaria, Walk., be a form of the same, which I hold as at

present too doubtful to justify sinking serrulata.

20. Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Guenee).

Acidalia insulsaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 469

(1858).

Acidalia asthenaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxii, 737

(1861).

Acidalia imparata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1598

(1862).

Acidalia persimilata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., i, 347,

tab. iii, 5 (1863).

Depitedm instdaria, Hulst, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxiii, 300

(1896) ; Dyar s List N. Amer. Lep., 291 (1902) (ex

err. pro insulsaria).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; Gran Chaco, near Florenzia,

in coll. Br. Mus. ; Buenos Aires, one ^ in garden, February

11, 1903 (A. F. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout.

A species of extraordinarily wide range in eastern

America. Mr. Bayne’s specimen represents the southern-

21G

MtT Louis B. Prout on the

most limit yet recorded ; northwards I am not able to

indicate so precisely its known range, but it is certainly

frequent in the eastern United States, and Packard

(“ Monograph,” p. 335) gives several localities in Massachu¬

setts, etc., and one or two even in Maine. I formerly

attempted to keep the more desh-coloured and the more

greenish forms specifically distinct as msMfearm, Guen., and

asthenaria. Walk., respectively, but I cannot find that the

colour difference is even locally constant, except that I

think all the southern ones belong to the green-tinted

form (asthenaoHa). M. Dognin has furnished me with two

records for Tucuman, one as Deptalia asthenaria. Walk.,

the other as Ptychopoda insulsaria, Guen., but I have no

further note on the material in his collection.

21. Dichromatopodia sigillata (Walker).

Pyrinia sigillata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1491

(1862).

Tucuman and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Walker’s type was from Santarem.

22. Dichromatopodia concomitans (Warren).

Dichromatopodia concomitans, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xiv, 207

(1907).

Tucuman, in coll. Rothschild (type) and in coll. Bastel-

berger.

23. Ptychopoda piperata (Warren) (?).

Ptychopoda piperata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, viii, 456 (1901).

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902, in coll. Br.

Mus.

Warren’s types (^ and $) were from Sao Paolo, S.E,

Brazil. They were missing from the boxes of types \vhen

I studied these a few years ago ; but the presence of topo-

types in the British Museum collection and in that of

Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones has enabled me to examine it,

and to confirm Warren’s reference of it to the genus

Ptychopoda. I am not absolutely certain that the Gran

Chaco insect is specifically identical ; its postmedian line

on the forewing is somewhat incurved near the inner

margin.

Geometridae of the Argentine Re^uhlic.

217

24. Ptychopoda spernata (Walker).

Acidalia spernata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxii, 730 (1861)

(nec var. /I).

Acidalia hotydaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1599 (1862)

(nov. syn.).

Ptychopoda limitata, Warren, Nov. Zool, iv, 443 (1897)

(nov. syn.).

Anteois pyginaeata, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 453 (1901)

(nov. syn.).

Goya (Corrientes) and Los Vasquez (Tucuman), in coll.

Br. Mus. ; Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; Buenos Aires, not

rare (A. F. Bayne).*

I do not think the synonymy of this species, as given

above, has heretofore been published, though I called Mr.

Warren’s attention to it a long time ago. Walker’s type,

from Venezuela, is in very poor condition, but the species

varies little, and is very easily recognizable. His type of

hotydaria, from the same collection (Dyson’s), is better,

and would help to remove uncertainties of determination,

if such existed.

This species is to be regarded, so far as present knowledge

extends, as a typical Ptychopoda, though the areole (which

is simple) is rather narrow, and in one specimen which 1

have examined, but not denuded, is almost certainly “ open ”

distally ; i.e. SC^ does not anastomose with, though closely

approaching, the stalk of the other four subcostals. This

peculiarity occasionally occurs in the North American

species genimata. Pack, (an anomalous species, but nearer

to Ptychopoda than to Acidalia = Leptomeris, in which

Hulst places it), and deniissaria, Hiib. = ferrugcda. Pack. ;

see Packard’s “ Monograph,” pi. iii, fig. 16, and Explanation

of pi. iii, fig. 17 (“PJois ferruginata ”). With the last-named,

spernata is closely related — perhaps a geographical race

rather than a species.

25. Ptychopoda asceta (Prout), nov. sp.

9. 12 mm. Head and thorax bone-colour, slightly tinged with

reddish ; abdomen above deep purple fuscous, except anal end,

beneath pale. Forewing bone-colour, slightly tinged with reddi.sh,

* About Buenos Aires, Pt. spernata occurs from November to

February. It probably has a wide distribution in eastern South

America.

218

Mr. Louis B. Prout on the

the entire median area occupied by a rich, dark band, mingled with

ferruginous and bluish scales ; proximal margin of band from two-

lifths costa, angled below SC, thence slightly oblique basewards, but

making a slight curve distad in submedian area, reaching inner

margin at beyond two-fifths ; outer boundary of band (postmedian

line) from beyond two-thirds costa, forming a deep sinus distally to

cell, oblique basewards to submedian fold, thence again forming a

projection at SM^ reaching inner margin at beyond two-thirds ;

band shortly followed by a thick line parallel to its outer margin,

brownish tinted at costal end and not very distinct, overlaid with

slaty scales from E- onward, hence more conspicuous ; diffuse obscure

dark marks distally about R‘^ and submedian fold. Hind wing mostly

dark, having a dark, ferruginous-tinted patch at base, a median

band coloured as in forewing, a broad purple-bluish shade distally to

median band as far as subterminal, redder shading from subterminal

to terinen. Underside duller, the dark markings similarly placed,

but uniform fuscescent, diffuse and ill-defined.

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902 (S. R. Wagner),

type in coll. Br. Mus. A pretty and distinct species, which

in its coloration and banded forewing may be very roughly

compared with Ptychopoda (?) rusticata (Hiib.) of Europe,

but is of much more diminutive size.

Note. — I have a further species of Ptf/chopoda, from La Paz,

Mendoza (VV. M. Bayne), presented by Mr. A. F. Bayne, which I

cannot at present identify, but which is not in sufficiently good con¬

dition to be satisfactorily made the type of a new species, and must

therefore wait for the discovery of supplementary material.

26. Ptychopoda (?) muscilineata (Dognin).

Pfychopoda muscilineata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1,

104 (1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

27. Ptychopoda (?) longipedata (Warren).

Ptychopoda (?) lonqipedata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, vii, 163

(1900).

Parana, Entre Rios (type), in coll. Rothschild.

Mr. Warren, in erecting this species, raises a query as to

its generic position, presumably on account of its leg-

structure and the shape of the wings. He does not mention

the venation, but I am inclined to suspect it will prove to

have the areole double, and to be an aberrant member of

Geometridaa of the Argentine Bepuhlic.

219

111}' new genus Metasiop>ds, next to be described. It does

not seem to liave been observed, unless possibly by Moschle]-

in erecting his genus Leptostciles, how frequent is the double

areole in the smaller new-world Acidaliids, which super¬

ficially might have passed as congeneric with the Ptychopoda

or the Acidalia of the Palaearctic Region.

Metasiopsis (Prout), nov. gen.

Face normal (broad, flat, smooth-scaled) ; palpus minute in the

type-species, always small, shortly rough -scaled below; tongue pre¬

sent, slender ; antenna of ^ dentate, with single longish bristles and

fascicles of longish cilia,* of ^ subserrate, minutely ciliated. Hiiid-

tibia in short, spurless, somewhat hairy, hindtarsus wholly, or

almost wholly aborted ; hindtibia in $ with terminal spurs only,

and these usually not long. Forewing with co-sta subconcave or

nearly straight, apex (especially in 9 , which is narrow-winged) acute,

though not produced ; hindwing rather narrow, particularly in the

9- Forewing with cell somewhat over one-half ; SC2 arising from

cell well before its apex, anastomosing very shortly with SC' and

then more strongly with forming a double areole ; stalk of

SC®-® from just before apex of cell; radials normal; M' approxi¬

mated to R®. Hindwing with C anastomosing at a point with SC,

thence gradually diverging ; SC® long-stalked with R' ; M' closely-

approximated at its base to R®.

Type of the genus : Metasiopsis dcxicosta (Warten) =

Ptychopoda fiexicosta, Warren.

I can find no existing genus, with the possible exception

— if Moschler’s characterisation is defective — of Leptostales,

to which Warren’s fiexicosta ai d its nearest allies can be

referred. Its double areole, and its narrower hindwing,

with C closely approximated to cell for some distance

beyond the subbasal fusion, separate it from Ptychopoda.

Moreover Mr. A. F. Bayne tells me that its resting posture

is different, the wings being more closed. The sexual

* \o. plemyraria, Guen. ( = balisturia, Gnen. = peri rrumta, Pack.),

which is rather closely allied to typical Metasiopsis, the bristle is

long and strong, the cilia apparently ill-developed ; I presume the

bristles are the “ lames, longues, mais extremement minces ” of Guenee

(Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix. 453), who classes the antenna as “pectinee.”

It may well be that Mdschler’s troublesome Leptostales (Abh. Senck.

Ges., xvi. 238), which is also defined as possessing pectinated ^

antenna, comes under the same heading, and that Metasiopsis will

prove to be a development ot this ; but he gives the f hindtibia as

having two spurs.

220

Mi^jouis B. Prout on the

dimorphism in the type species is very pronounced, and it

is not surprising that Mr. Warren, with only museum

material available, described the two sexes as separate

species. Apparently near relatives, which I would at least

provisionally refer to Metasiopsis, are plemyraria, Guen.,

Spec. Gen. des Lep. ix, errata {Acidalia), ossularia, Hiib.,

Zutr., fig. 900-10 {Lcptomeris), trianyularis, Warr. {vide

infra), and no doubt ohliquaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, 147

(Antcois) ; the last-named I have not seen since my atten¬

tion was directed to the generic distinctness of Metasiupsis,

but it appears to be closely allied to plemyraria, and, as

Warren says, it reminds also of trianyularis. Probably

further research will add others to the genus, perhaps

including longipedata, Warr., as suggested above. Hiibner’s

osmlaria has the palpus better developed than in Jlexicosta,

but most of its characters agree well with those of the

last-named, and the sexual dimorphism, though less pro¬

nounced, shows the same tendency ; plemyraria is even

nearer, at least in palpal structure.

On account of the confusion into which these genera

have fallen, and the little attention which has been paid

to the double areole, even by authors who, like Hulst, have

intended to use it as generic, it will not be out of place to

point out wherein the new genus differs from others pos¬

sessing the character. From Euacidalia, Pack., which

virtually agrees with it in leg-structure in both sexes,

MctasiopAs is distinguished by the shape of the wings and

by the point of origin of SC^ of the forewing ; in Euacidalia

this vein is stalked with SC^A From Pigia, H.-S., it also

differs in both these respects (in Pigia SC'^ is short-stalked,

or at least connate, with SC^'^), but here, in addition, the

$ hindleg has four well-developed spurs. From the large

and somewhat heterogeneous group which, pending fuller

revision, I unite as Pdamalia, Hiib., in which SC'^ arises

from the cell as in Metadopsis, the absence of the median

spurs in the $ affords the readiest distinction ; but I do

not know of any species of Hamalia with vein C of the

hindwing as in Metasiopsis. Scelolophia, Hulst, and Tri¬

centra, Warr., have SC‘^ and of the hindwing connate

or very short-stalked, apart from various “secondary sexual”

characters, ^emaeopus, H.-S., agrees with Metasiopsis in

forewing venation, but differs in almost everything else —

size, shape, leg-structure (both sexes), hindwing venation,

etc. The Old World genera are not at all likely to collide

221

Qeometridae of the Ao'rjentine Rejmhlic.

with the present one ; but it may be remarked that they

seldom have SC^ arising from the cell. Rhodostroiihia,

Hiib., Dithalama, Meyr., Dithccodes, Warn, Antanepsia,

Turn., “ Erythrolophus ” semiustus, Hmpsn., and one or two

species of Craspediopsis, Warn, alone occur to me, though

exhaustive research would no doubt reveal a few others.

None of those named bear any resemblance to Metasiopsis,

and it would be easy to point out valid structural distinctions

in each case.

28. Metasiopsis flexicosta (Warren).

$ Ptychopoda JlexicostA, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 101

(1900).

^ Ptychopoda mb^trigata, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 104

(1900).

Buenos Aires, December to March, flies out of “ Alfalfa”

(lucerne) (A. F. Bayne) ; San Luis (W. M. Bayne) ; La

Paz, Mendoza (W. M. Bayne) ; Parana, Entre Rios (both

Warren’s types, besides other ^s, in coll. Rothschild) ;

Tucuman (coll. Dognin et coll. Bastelberger) ; Goya, Cor-

rientes (coll. Bn Mus.) ; Ocampo, Santa Fe, August 1902,

and near Florenzia, Gran Chaco, October 1902 (S. R.

Wagner, in coll. Bn Mus.).

Apparently a common and widely-distributed species in

the Argentine Republic, but with the exception of a pair

from Sapucay, Paraguay, in coll. Bn Mus., I am not yet

acquainted with any taken outside its boundaries. The

Z is very variable in depth of colouring ; the $ somewhat

less variable, always pale, with much stronger and more

diffuse lines (bands) on the underside, somewhat recalling

those of our European Aspitates (Asjnlates).

29. Metasiopsis triangularis (Warren).

Ptychojioda triangularis, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 445

(1897).

Anteois triangularis, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 147 (1900).

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902, in coll. Bn

Mus.

The typical form occurs in S.E. Brazil. The only two

Argentine examples which I have seen are of a slightly

paler colour although in perfect condition ; but I can

see no essential difference.

222

MiT Louis B. Front on the

Hamalia (Hiibtier).

Haemalea, Hiibiier, Zutr., ii, 11 (indescr.).

Hamalia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sclimett., 309 (1826 ?).

Acratodes, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 57 (1858).

Lipomelia, Warren, pars, Nov. Zool., passim (1895, etc.)

(nec Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, jx 359).

I include under this genus those Acidaliids with

normally-shaped wings, in which the hindleg structure

agrees with Acidalia ( = Leptomeris, Meyr. ), the $

leg being aborted, without spurs, the ^ with all spurs,

but in which the areole is double, SC" arising from the

cell, and anastomosing with SCh It will perhaps be prac¬

ticable to divide it, but the stalking of SC" and of the

hindwing, which gives such reliable distinction between

Acidalia and Ptychopoda, does not here seem very promis-

ing ; by far the most usually they are quite short-stalked

or connate, very rarely separate or long-stalked, and it is

just possible that their apparent congeners which show the

long stalking are not really so close to them as they super¬

ficially appear. Two or three South American groups

(? subgenera) which Warren catalogues as Lipomelia — the

ms«-group, the «6?e/a-group, etc. — clearly belong here rather

than to Lipomelia (suhusta, Warr.), which has the areole

simple.

30. Hamalia flexifascia (Front), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIll, fig. 21.)

5 . 21 mm. Head, body and wings nearly concolorous, glossy

light ochreous-brown. Forewing with a somewhat curved ferrugin¬

ous-brown median band, which is narrow at costa, widens a little,

passing behind the upper part of cell, then bending basewards .so

that its proximal edge cuts across lower angle of cell, here forming

a somewhat darkened triangle ; a sinuate, somewhat interrupted

dark line margins the band proximally, while in the centre of the

band there are some patches of somewhat brighter brown ; a dark

subterminal line, following nearly the same course as in Hamalia

adela (Dogn.),* but forming a stronger tooth on and a somewhat

broader lobe in middle of wing, reaching very near the distal margin

below ; a series of dark dashes on distal margin between the

veins, but apparently .shorter and less strongly developed than in

* Acidalia adela, Dogn., Le Nat., 1890, p. 38 ; Lep. Loja (2), 62,

tab. vi, 20.

Geometridae of the Argentine Bcpuhlic. 223

adela, where the pale vein-ends only narrowly break the continuity

of the dark line. Hind wing slightly shaded with grey in basal part,

an elongate cell-spot, shortly followed by an indistinct grey median

line ; an indistinct outer dark line nearly parallel with termen, but

slightly wavy, and somewhat sinuate inwards distally to cell and

below' Mb Underside unmarked, forewing tinged with reddish,

especially at costa and on veins (much as in adela).

Buenos Aires, January 27, 1907 (A. F. Bayne). Type

in coll. L. B, Prout.

I fancy the species has been overlooked, or mixed with

some of its allies ; if it has ever been named, I have been

quite unable to trace it. It comes rather near some forms

of adela, Dogn., but, apart from certain superficial differ¬

ences noted above, the $ antenna apparently has rather

longer ciliations, and the hindwing has SC^ and shortly

stalked, whereas in all the adela which I have examined

they are connate or just separate.* Besides the type

specimen,! possess a worn $ trom Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco,

Venezuela, dated August 17, 1898, which is quite clearly

conspecific, and the British Museum has a $ from Dominica

and another from Grenada which I refer here, the latter

darker-coloured and with the hindwing almost unmarked.

All these three are smaller than the type specimen, perhaps

on account of sex.

31. HaMALIA (?) PTYCHOPODA (PlOUt), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 29.)

^ $. 17-18 mm. Face fuscous, vertex of head white; palpus

short, brown, 2nd joint dark-marked on the outer side ; antenna in

^ (?), in 5 minutely ciliated (more or less broken in all the speci¬

mens). Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings ; ^ hindtibia

thickened and with pencil of hairs, hindtarsus very short and curved ;

$ hindtibia perhaps wdth one median spur absent.f Wings whitish

bone-colour, sprinkled with brown atoms. Forewing with extreme

costal edge fuscous ; discal dots grey -blackish, in the type very small,

* I have seen a single adela in which they might, by a stretch of

the term, be described as “ stalked,” their common base being slightly

prolonged beyond the mere point ; but even this differs materially

from the formation in jlexifascia.

t This is certainly the case with the only 9 hindleg available for

examination, and I cannot find any indication that a spur has been

broken off ; the type 9 has lost one hindleg, the other 9 both. Hence

there is sufficient evidence to justify a query as to the generic position

but not enough for placing it elsewhere.

224

Louis B. Front on the

in the other specimens distinct ; transverse lines vague, formed by-

increase of the dark sprinkling, tlie inner and outer, however, usually

rendered more distinct by dark dots on the veins ; inner line from

one-third costa to about two-fiftlis inner margin, oblique distad from

costa to there bent (almost angled), and thence somewhat in¬

curved ; outer line starting (oblique distad) fi’om a rather distinct

dark costal spot at about three-fourths, nearly parallel with termen

from R2 to inner margin, but somewhat sinuous ; median line (shade)

obsolescent in the type specimen, fairly distinct in the ^ , where it

is seen to be placed midway between the other lines, somewhat

curved outside discal spot, and faintly sinuate basewards in sub¬

median area. Hiiidwing in the type without discal dot, which,

however, is distinct in the other specimens ; two indistinct lines,

the inner crossing discal spot (when this is present), the outer mid¬

way between this and termen. Terminal line of both wings dark,

broadly interrupted at the vein-ends ; fringe pale, dark-spotted at

the vein-ends. Underside without markings.

Mendoza (foothills to Andes), type ($) and one ^ and $

in coll. L. B. Front, all taken February 8, 1903, by W. M.

Bayne. Others in coll. A. F. Bayne, who describes it (in

litt.) as “a fairly common species.” Not known from any

other locality.

In shape and general appearance, this species may be

likened to Haracdia lotydata and its allies ; but

its small size and the weakness of the markings give much

suggestion also of a species of Ptychopoda, with which it

further agrees in the long-stalking of SC^ and in hind¬

wing. The insect may be somewhat variable, but un¬

fortunately none of the specimens are in very fresh condition.

The general facies is pretty uniform, but in the $ the lines

seem rather stronger, and are rather further apart, than in

the ^s. In all the specimens there is some indication of

darker shading in the distal area, but this is never very

prominent, and perhaps sometimes tends to become more

irregular, or concentrated towards the tornus, as in certain

well-known species of both Kamalia and Ptychopoda.

32. Hamalia (?) PLATENSIS (Frout), nov. sp.

(Flate XLVIII, fig. 11.)

9 . 20-22 mm. Face brown, darker above ; vertex white, occiput

and patagia brown, the rest of the body white ; palpus rather short,

* Acidalia botijdata, Walk., List Lep. Ins., xxii, 727.

225

Geometridae of the Argentine Rejntblic.

brown, darker spotted, beneath white ; antenna basally white above,

otherwise brown, ciliation very short. Wings white. Forewing

above between costa and vein C fuscous to beyond one-half ; mark¬

ings light fuscous brown ; antemedian line scarcely indicated, a spot

on costa at nearly two-fifths and one on inner margin at nearly one-

half indicating its position ; a median line or shade indicated by a

spot on costa at about middle, and one on inner margin beyond

middle, and faintly traceable in submedian area in fi’esh .«pecimens ;

postmedian line at nearly three-fourths, indicated by a distinct dark

spot on costa, and a rather indistinct, curved series of vein dots ;

subterminal area with light fuscous clouds, the smaller being across

R*, the larger almost continuous, band-like, from above R® to inner

margin, but really divisible into two spots on R^ and M* and a small

band starting proximally to these, just above JVP, and reaching to

inner margin just before tornus ; some more indistinct terminal

clouding ; cell-spot blackish; marginal line blackish, interrupted at

vein-ends. Hindwing weakly marked, faint suggestions of post¬

median line and sub terminal clouding ; marginal line as in fore-

wing. Underside with costal margin tinged with brown, less darkly

than above, but more broadly (about to SC) and reaching to apex ;

cell-spot of forewing usually present ; otherwise almost without

markings ; marginal line of both wings nearly as above.

Buenos Aires, 3 collected by A. F. Bayne, February 10,

1903 (type), February 23, 1906, and one without date, all

in coll. L. B. Prout. A fourth from the same locality,

in coll. Br. Mus. (H. Wilkinson).

The ^ is still unknown. The $ has four well-developed

spurs and the double areole as in Hamcdia', but in the

hindwing- SC“ and are stalked for nearly one-half their

length.

SCELOLOPHIA (Hulst).

Scelolophia, Hulst, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxiii, 301 (1896).

Calyptocome, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 148 (1901) (nov. syn.).

The ^s of this genus can readily be distinguished from

Hamalia by the tufts or fringes of hair on the hindwing

beneath, the $s by having the outer median spur extremely

small, or often wanting. I have found variation in the

latter point between very close allies; thus it is present in

Scelolophia phor curia (Guen.), absent in>S'. roseo/wa (Warn),

which is sunk at the British Museum to phorcaria ; see

also Warren, Proc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 437.

Mr. Warren, in erecting Calyptocome, overlooked Hulst’s

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) Q

22G

AlrT Lonis B. Prout on the

older genus, which is founded on the same type, imiinaria,

Guen. = formosa, Hulst. I was in the first instance

indebted to my friend Mr. R. F. Pearsall, of Br ooklyn (in

lift., April 30, 1906), for this determination, and my own

study of the literature confirms it.

33. SCELOLOPHIA TURBATA (Walker).

Cambogia turhata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1755

(1862).

Acidalia concolm'aria, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep.

Piet., ii, 121 (1892) (? Dognin, 1890).

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, one in coll. Br. Mus.

The species apparently ranges from Mexico and the

W^est Indies to S.E. Brazil, and I cannot definitely differ¬

entiate it from the North American ‘pannaria, Guen.,

but forbear to sink it until I have been able to study more

North American material. The Gran Chaco specimen is

in rather poor condition, but seems to agree very exactly

with Walker’s type from Brazil.

34. PoLYGRAPHODES DENTICULATA (Warren).

FolygrciflwcUs dcnticulata, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 159

(1900).

Parana, Entre Rios, the type and “ a good series,”

and ^s, in coll. Rothschild; Goya, Corrientes. in coll. Br.

Mus.

35. Acidalia* eburneata (Guenee).

Acidalia eburneata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 474

(1858).

Tucuman in coll. Dognin ; Goya and near Florenzia, in

coll. Br. Mus.

A common and widely-distributed species in South

America, reaching from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina.

36. Acidalia subquadrata (Guenee).

Acidalia subquadrata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix,

459 (1858).!

Acidalia confertaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxii, 733

(1861).2

* On the correct use of tlie name Acidalia (= the LqAomeris

of Meyrick, Graspedia of Ilampson, Emmiltis of Warren) vide

Entoni., xlii, 3. (1909).

227

Geometridae of the Argentine BepuUic.

Acidalia apparitaoda, Walker, List Lep. Ins xxii 733

(1861).3

Craspedia internexata, Warren, Nov. Zool. xi 35

(1904)^ (nov. syn.),

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; Gran Chaco, near Florenzia

in coll. Br. Mus. ’

Also known from (i) Brazil and French Guiana, C) (3)

Honduras, (^) Ecuador, and indeed most parts of Central

and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. Very

common and variable. The British Museum example

belongs to Guenee’s var. A. I suspect that Warren’s other

species of the group {atomaria, approbata, trias) will have

to sink ; possibly also Walker’s compensata from Florida.

37. Acidalia recusataeia (Walker).

Acidalitt, recuscLtOjria^ Walker, List Lep. Ins xxiii 788

(1861).

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Walkei s type (a ^) was from Brazil, and is in worn

condition. A paler ^ labelled “ Argentina ” in coll. Br.

Mus. probably belongs here ; it is at least closely related,

agreeing in all essentials.

38. Acidalia defixaria (Walker) (?).

Acidalia defixaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins xxii 731

(1861).! ^ ’ ’

1 Acidalia martharia, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1627

(1866).

Goya, Corrientes, in coll. Br. Mus.

Walker’s type(i) came from Venezuela. The two speci¬

mens which are thus determined at the British Museum

are in damaged condition, but hardly seem to me to belontJ"

to this species, as their colour appears to be more ochreou?

and their central shade straighter.

39. Acidalia albidulata (Warren) (?).

Craspedia albidulata, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 432 (1897).

Goya, Corrientes, in coll. Br. Mus.

These examples are mostly in poor condition, but

evidently agree with a form from Paraguay which has

been determined for me by Mr. Warren as his alhididata,

described from S.E. Brazil. On the other hand, they are

Q 2

228

Louis B. Front on the

smaller, with the postmedian line of both wings more

dentate, than a topotype of alhidulata presented to the

British Museum by Mr. Schaus. Except in the presence

of the black dots on the post median line, or at least

of the characteristic one on IF, they come very close to

certain forms of A. cclipes, described below.

40. Acidalia qnicornata (Warren).

Craspedia nnicornata, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 151 (1900).

Tucuman and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Warren’s types were from S.E. Brazil. I have not studied

M. Dognin’s specimens, but they have no doubt been

determined by Mr. Warren.

41. Acidalia eclipes (Front), nov. sp. (Flate XLVIII,

fig. 18.)

^ 9- 18-20 mm. Face dark fuscous ; vertex whitish ; {^antenna

moderately ciliated. Wings whitish, faintly tinged with ochreous,

sparsely sprinkled with minute blackish fuscous dots (discernible

only on magnification), and traversed by weak grey-brown lines and

shades ; an antemedian line, bent in cell ; a subdentate postmedian,

parallel with termen, but making a moderate angle distally on ;

an oblique median shade, somewhat angled on R* ; some indistinct

shading on either side of the sinuous pale subterminal ; discal dot

small, black ; a series of small black terminal dots, or short dashes,

between the veins. Hindwing similar, without the antemedian

line ; median shade passing on the proximal side of the cell-spot,

sometimes nearly straight, but usually somewhat bent round it.

Underside whitish, the markings usually weak excepting the post¬

median line, which is rather sharjj, and the terminal dots, which are

as above ; discal dots sometimes well expressed.

Buenos Aires, not uncommon ' from January to early

March (A. F. Bayne), the type ($, February 27, 1903), and

others (both sexes) in coll. L. B. Frout — also in coll. A. F.

Bayne ; ? Gran Chaco, in coll. Br. Mus.

Somewhat variable. The discal dots are usually very

distinct, but I have one specimen in which they are obso¬

lescent on the fore- and minute on the hindwing. In

another, the wings are more strongly powdered with dark

atoms, and the central shade is more strongly developed,

so that the whole insect appears darker.

A thoroughly typical Acidalia in all points of structure,

229

Geomctridae of the Argentine RepMic.

and reminding in its aspect of the Palaearctic A. ocliro-

leucata, H.-S., which in its turn belongs to a large and

difficult group, embracing the African minorata, Boisd.,

and others. From the two preceding species, to which it

also comes very near, it is distinguished by having the

postmedian line somewhat differently formed, and not

marked with blackish points ; from alhidulata also by its

whiter underside, and perhaps somewhat less elongate

wings ; from unieornata by the usually less dusted upper-

side and less ochreous vertex and costa. It may, however,

be a local form of the last-named, its already mentioned

dark aberration particularly approaching it ; or it may

prove to be a local race of one of the little-known species

from further north, such as A. discriminaria, Walk., List

Lep. Ins.,xxii, 732, from Venezuela. In any case it seemed

desirable to figure and call attention to the form, and

better not to refer it definitely to any known species than

to risk associating it with the wrong one, very little

material being available for detailed study.

The two rather small weakly-marked specimens from

Gran Chaco (near Florenzia, October 1902), in the British

Museum collection seem likely to belong here, but I

am not certain. To some extent they look intermediate

between this species and alhidulata.

42. Acidalia ATRiDiscATA (Warren).

Craspedia atridiscata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xi, 33 (1904).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Warren’s type was from Bolivia. I know of no other

localities.

43. Atyria chibcha (Schaus).

Flavinia chibcha, Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc., 287 (1892).

Cyllopoda tenuis, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 312 (1905) (ab.)

(nov. syn.).

'L’ucuman and Metan, in coll. Dognin ; Sante Fe

(Ocampo) and Goya, in coll. Br. Mus.

Schaus’ type was from Peru. The determination of the

British Museum specimens is, I think, by Mr. H. Druce.

Cyllopoda chibcha, oh. cuneifera,Vi axr., Nov. Zool., xi, 15,

does not belong here, but to the following species.

I refer provisionally to the genus Atyria (Hiib., Zutr.,

indescr.) H.-S., the species of the Cyllopoda group in which

230

w Louis B, Front on the

the areole is simple. Mr. Warren, on his favourite char¬

acter of the ^ antenna, recognises at least four genera —

Cyllopoda, Dahn., Atyria (Hiib.) H.-S., Atyriodes, Warr.,

and Paratyria, Warr.

44. Atyria semidivisa (Warren).

? Xanthyris basina, Boisduval, Lep. Gnat., 93 (1870).^

Cyllopoda semidivisa, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 420 (1897).^

Flavinia Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. 'Hist., (7) iii, 296

(1899) (nov. syn.).^

Cyllopoda chihcha, ah. mTiet/cra, Warr., Nov. Zool., xi, 15

(1904) (nov. syn.).^

(2) Parana, Entre Rios (types), in coll. Rothschild.

Also recorded from Bolivia (^) and Paraguay (‘^). The

British Museum has examples from the latter locality.

Mr. Warren (in litt.) tells me he considers it to be the

same as Boisduval’s Xanthyris basina (^) from Guatemala

and Venezuela; but I suspect, on geographical grounds,

that the two may be rather close allies than synonyms.

Even at Santa Catharina, according to Boisduval, basioia

is replaced by another species (castina, Boisd., nom. nud.).

45. Atyria durnfordi (Druce).

Flavinia durnfordi, Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) iii,

296 (1899).

Buenos Aires (taken by Durnford), in coll. H. Druce.

Also occurs in Paraguay.

46. Atyria isis (Hiibner).

Atyria isis, Hiibner, Zutr., ii, 31, fig. 385-6 (1823).^

Fla.vinia dubia, Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc., 286 (1892) (nov.

syn.).2

The northern provinces of Argentina, according to

Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Arg. Rep., v (1), 420.

Distribution : Brazil (^) (^) ; Paraguay (Burmeister, loe.

cit.).

Note. — Burmeister (/or. cf^.) also records Atyria osiris.

Cram.,” from the northern provinces and Parana, Entre

Rios. I am quite unable to say what species he had

before him. The true osiris, Cram. {Cyllopoda), is only

known to me from the Guianas, and the species which is

often confounded with it, Cyllopoda jatropharia (Linn.),

231

Geometridae of the Argentine Re'pnblie.

also belongs to more northerly latitudes. Besides, Bur-

meister implies that both his species have the simple

areole. Possibly his osiris was Atyria {Atyriodes) approxi-

mans, Walk., which agrees in some points (e.g. white face)

with his description, and occurs in Brazil. The only

species which I have yet definitely recorded from Parana

is A. semidivisa (Warn), which is too unlike Cramer’s

figure and Burmeister’s description to satisfy the needs of

the case at all.

^\xh4a,m{\j—LARENTIINAE.

Eudulinae, Heterusiinae, Eiicestiinae, Trichopteryginae, Te-

phroclystiinae, Hydriomeninae et Astheninae (Warren).

47. Eudule cupraria (Walker).

Crocota cupraria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., ii, 536 (1854).

Euphanessa unicolor, Robinson, Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist.,

ix, 153, tab. i, 2 (1869) (nov. syn.).

Eudule hesperina Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Arg. Rep.,

v(l), 428 (1878) (nov. syn.).

Buenos Aires, one February 10, 1903 (A. F. Bayne),

Mendoza, one $ , June 1902 (W. M. Bayne), both in coll.

L. B. Prout; Santa Fe, August 1902, and near Florenzia,

October 1902 (S. R. Wagner), in coll. Br. Mus. ; various

localities in the provinces of Cordova and Buenos Aires

(Burmeister).

The specimen which bears Walker’s type label was from

Peru. The species is of general distribution from the

southern United States to Buenos Aires. The North

American authors do not appear to have discovered the

identity of their species (pinicolor, Rob.) with Walker’s, as it

is still catalogued in Dyar’s List under its younger name.

48. Eudule hesperina (Burmeister).

Eudule hesperina $, Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Arg. Rep.,

v(l), 428 (1878).

Etcdule costata, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 456 (1897) (nov.

syn.).

Provinces of Cordova and Buenos Aires (Burmeister).

I have only seen this species from S.E. Brazil (whence

came Warren’s type) and Paraguay. Burmeister con¬

founded it with the preceding, giving the $ a black costa,

232

M l^^ouis B. Front on the

the ^ not. The distinction is not really sexual, and I

strongly incline to agree with Warren in treating it as

specific ; but it is more in accordance with common pre¬

cedent to restrict Burmeister’s name to his ^ than to his

^.especially as this course preserves an older name, dating

from 1878, and sinks the more recent (1897).

49. Eudule LOBiFORMis (Druce).

EuduJe lohiformis, Druce, Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) iii, 294

(1899).

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Druce’s type was from Maranham, Amazons. There is

also, as Druce mentions, a single specimen from Chiriqui,

Panama, in coll. Br. Mus. Its occurrence singly, in three

such widely distant localities, is curious, and one is half

inclined to wonder whether the remarkable costal con¬

formation, wdiich alone seems to distinguish it from

cupraria, is some recurrent abnormality rather than the

mark of a species.

50. Eudule w^eyenberghii (Snellen).

Eudvle weyenberejhii, Snellen, Bob Ac. Cienc. Cordoba, ii,

890 (i877).

Cordova (Weyenbergh), /fA Snellen.

The British Museum possesses two examples from

Bolivia, which I believe have been compared with Snellen’s

type, but which in any case agree very accurately with

his description of the undersurface and the body parts,

though their upperside agrees more nearly, in the smoky

suffusion, with their under than his description suggests.

Perhaps a local form.

51. Mennis limbata (Burmeister).

Eudule limhata, Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Arg. Rep., v (1),

518, tab. xxiv, 4 (1878).^

Mennis eytherea, Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. 287 (1892) (nov.

syn.).2

Oran, Gran Chaco (M. Ruscheweyh), Burmeister’s

type(^); La Rioja (Dr. E. Giacomelli), one ^ in coll. Br.

Mus. ; Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Schaus’ type (2) Avas from Peru.

Geometridac of the Argentine Bepuhlic. 233

52. Ameria invaria (Walker).

Ameria invaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., ii, 555 (1854).^

Eudnle unicolor (Herrich-Sebaeffer, MS.), Moschler, Verb,

z.-b. Ges. Wien, x.Kvii, 660 (1877) (nec Robinson,

1869).2

Eudule aurora, Burmeister, Descr. Pbys. Arg. Rep. v (1),

427 (1878).3

Eudule invaria, Berg, An. Soc. Cient. Arg., xiii, 179

(1882).^

Eudulophasia invaria, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 456 (1897).

Ameria latiorata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 341 (1905) (ab.)

(nov. syn.).®

(^) Corrientes, one There are also two examples in coll.

Br. Mus., labelled Argentina, O. W. Tbomas, but without

more precise indication of locality.

Range very extensive, from Mexico to S.E. Brazil,

Paraguay and Corrientes, but I have not seen it from

western South America. Walker’s types (^) were from

Venezuela.

Berg’s determination (^) of the names quoted in the above

synonymy (2) (^), is manifestly correct. He informs us that,

as regards Burmeister’s aurora, it is made on the strength

of specimens in coll. Staudinger, which have been compared

with Walker’s types.

The species varies a little in the width of the black

margins, which is somewhat increased in ab. Icdiorata,

Warr. f), described as a separate species.

53. ScoRDYLiA quadruplicaria (Hlibnei’-Geyer).

Heterusia (nom. indescr.) quadrufliearia, Hiibner-Geyer,

Zutr. Exot. Schmett., iv, 7, fig. 603-4 (1832).

Seordylia quadruiflicaria Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep.,

X, 384 (1858).

Seordylia qiiadrupliearia var. latior, Thierry-Mieg, Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr., 1894, 56 (1894) (var.).

Metan, Salta, in. coll. Dognin ; La Rioja (Giacomelli),

in coll. Br. Mus.

Common in Brazil and Paraguay ; Hiibner’s type was

from Rio Janeiro. According to Thierry-Mieg, the form

latior occurs in Peru and N. Brazil, but I have only seen

284

MIFT. ouis B. Prout on the

it fiom Paraguay. S. latissima, Th.-Mieg,* from Peru, I

follow Warreu in treating as a distinct species.

54. SCORDYLIA CEUCIATA (Staudinger).

Seordylia cruciata, Staudinger, Iris, vii, 98 (1894).

Tucuinan, in coll. Dognin.

Staudinger’s types were from Bolivia.

55. ScoRDYLiA ZERiTis (Felder).

Heterusia zeritis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab. cxxx,

1, la (1875).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger.

Felder’s type was from Bogotd, Colombia. The species

is unrepresented in the British Museum collection.

56. Lithosteoe giacomellii (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIIl, fig. 28.)

7 . 22 mm. Head and body grey, sliglitly tinged with brown,

thorax beneath somewhat ligliter than above. Forewing with basal

and central areas and distal margin light grey, finely speckled with

black, a band between basal and median areas ferruginous brown,

outer band (except extreme margin) of the same ferruginous brown ;

basal area bounded by a curved, somewhat irregular w’hitish line ;

median area bounded by whitish lines, tlie jiroximal gently curved,

the distal sinuate, bending outwards below costa, below cell and

above inner margin, which it reaches near tornus ; brown distal area

shading gradually into the greyer termen, a pale subterminal line

scarcely traceable excejjt at costa; terminal line black, interrupted

at vein-ends; fringe (imperfect) apparently pale, chequered with

brown-grey. Hindwing uniform smoky grey, fringe concolorous,

cell-spot extremely indistinct, terminal line less distinct than in fore¬

wing. Underside of forewing weakly marked, divided into two

areas by the indistinctly pale postmedian line, the proximal area

being more grey, the distal more brown ; of hind wing paler brown-

grey than above, the discal dot somewhat less indistinct.

La Rioja (Dr. E. Giacomelli). Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Two other in my collection (Piclii Ciego, January 25,

1905, W. M. Bayne; La Paz, Mendoza, October 25, 1905,

W. M. Bayne) I provisionally refer to the same species, as

* Scxirdylia quadrnplicaria var. lidissima, Tli.-Mieg, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr., 1894, 57 = Heterusia amjdijicata, Warr., Nov. Zool., xi, 89

(1904) (nov. syn.).

Geometridae of the Argentine BepuUic. 235

they agree in structure and general facies ; but in both ,

the ferruginous areas are pale ocbreous, the basal patch

somewhat more angulated, the inner edge of the median

band more strongly concave, and the underside somewhat

lighter and more sharply marked. The La Paz example

is extreme in these respects and may be brietly diagnosed

thus :

ah. angidata, Prout (nov, ab.).

Basal, median and terminal areas much darker, the median

somewhat constricted, pale subterminal line moderately distinct,

conspicuous at costa ; basal area and inner edge of median angled

in cell ; hindwing beneath with a strong dark central line separating

the two areas.

So far as I am aware, this species and those which

follow are the first recorded representatives of the genus

Lithostege in the Neotropical Region, and their discovery

is vei’y interesting, I have much pleasure in dedicating

the present pretty little species to my kind friend Dr.

E. Giacomelli, from whom we may expect further valuable

discoveries in the little-worked district of La Rioja, not¬

withstanding that he finds it but poor in species.

57. Lithostege pax (Prout), nov. sp. (Plate XL VI II,

fig. 30.)

d $ . 20-22 mm. Head and body fuscous grey ; thorax paler

beneath. Forewing with costa and termen somewhat rounded, shape

therefore intermediate between Lithostege and Chesias, which have

not hitherto been very sharply defined ; basal area fuscous grey,

bordered by a darker line, which is bent outwards ; to this follows a

paler area (in the type and some others much paler and sometimes

more brownish tinted, in darker examples little paler and not tinged

with brown), traversed by one or more dusky lines, which are angled

in the cell ; median band fuscous grey, its proximal margin strongly

inbent, its distal margin much as in L. giacomelUi ; a dusky line

traverses this band parallel to its distal margin; a pale, sometimes

white line borders the median band distally ; outer area concolorous

with that between basal and median bands, traversed by some in¬

distinct or moderately distinct wavy lines (vcxriable in individual

specimens), sometimes with the distal margin a little darkened,

sometimes with faint traces of an oblique streak from apex, or of the

“ twin spot” so frequent in the Larentiinae, one with a conspicu¬

ous pale (browmish tinted) dash between SC^ and from end of

230

Mr^^ouis B. Prout on the

median band to subterminal region ; terminal line dark, interrupted

at the vein-ends ; fringe concolorous. Hindwing rather small, fuscous

grey, unicolorous. Underside somewhat paler, usually very w'eakly

marked, with faint traces of the postmedian line on both wings,

which, in one or two specimens, becomes a conspicuous dark

line dividing a darker proximal from a lighter distal area, as in

L. giacomellii, ab. angulata.

La Paz, Mendoza, 4 1 ^ (September to November

1905, at light, etc.), Balde, 1 $ (September 20, 1908), all

collected by Mr. W. M. Bayne, who states (in litt.) that

the moth sits with its wings rather closely folded to the

body. The type La Paz, October 22), in coll. L. B.

Prout, is a rather sharply marked form. The species is

variable, not only in the respects indicated above, but also

in the breadth of the median band, yet is easily recog¬

nised ; only a pale, rather worn $ (March 1903), with the

“twin spots” pronounced, and a slight difference in vena¬

tion, presents a rather distinct aspect, and may be a

separate, though closely allied species.

A noticeable point in the venation of the ^s (excepting

that last named), as also in the unique $ of L. tzaddi, is

the curvature of M^ of the forewing, which arises from M

rather steeply, and rather near M^, afterwards curving into

its normal position. This formation is foreshadowed in

the $ of L. pax, and in many species of the group (par¬

ticularly in Chesias), but seldom so pronounced ; it reaches

its extreme development in Neocliesias, described below.

Veins C and SC of hind wing are, in the ^ of L. pax,

rather far apart towards the base, gradually converge, and

anastomose at a point near the end of the cell ; this is a

slight exaggeration of the structure familiar in the ^ of

the genus Carsia. I do not consider this necessarily

generic; compare the variation in Anaitis.

58. Lithostege (?) tzaddi (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIll, fig. 6.)

$ . 26 mm. Face somewhat jirominent, tufted ; palpus moderate,

strongly rough-scaled ; antenna nearly simple, pubescent ; (legs lost).

Head, thorax and palpus grey (white mingled with fuscous), whiter

beneath. Groundcolour of forewing whitish, densely irrorated with

fuscou.s, markings darker fuscous, mostly somewhat ill-defined : a

difi’use subbasal line, very oblique from costa, acutely angled on sub¬

median fold, thence oblique basewards, but obscured by the dark

Geometridae of the Anjentme Bepuhlic. 237

clouding which follows; a broad, diffuse, dark cloud from costa

before one-third, very oblique to middle of wing, thence bent back

to inner margin, but becoming narrower and more indistinct ; some

rather dark shading in the central area, more brown-tinted tlian the

other markings; marginal area broadly darkened, the pale sub¬

terminal line barely traceable; in addition, some characteristic

blackish-fuscous vein-marks, namely : an oblique line from cell-spot

along SC^ to apex of areole; and a figure slightly recalling, on left

wing, the Hebrew letter tzaddi (placed sideways), formed by con¬

nected markings at the origin of and the medians. Hind wing

and undersurface pale brownish grey without markings.

Cacheuta, January 12, 1904 (W. M. Bayne). Type in

coll. L. B. Front,

From the entire structure and aspect of this species, I

feel scarcely any doubt it is a Lithostege (probably rather

nearly related to L. pax), though it is unfortunate that the

legs are lost, and that the J is unknown. The double

areole is broad, stalked with SC^“^, and following

strongly the peculiar curvature described under the pre¬

ceding species ; in the hindvving SC‘^ and R^ are long-

stalked, from near and somewhat curved.

Neochesias (Prout), nov. gen.

Face with horny prominence, short-scaled; palpus moderate,

rather .stout, rough-scaled ; tongue present ; antenna ( d ) slightly

thickened, tapering, pubescent. Thorax scarcely hairy beneath ;

femora glabrous ; foretibia very short, with strong apical claw ;

hindtibia not dilated, with four well-developed spurs. Frenulum

present. Forewing long and narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

rounded, distal margin very oblique, tornus rounded ; cell over one-

half, discocellulars nearly vertical ; areole double, ample ; SC* from

middle of outer areole, SC^ stalked with SC^'^ from its apex, R*

from about two-thirds of its lower margin, M* from near R^,

from very near M*, strongly curved, running in direction of tornus for

about one-third, parallel with M* for about two-thirds ; R^, M* and

thus forming an irregular trident ; submedian area ample. Hind¬

wing ample, apex somewhat produced, yet rounded, distal margin

slightly gibbous between R^ and IVP, faintly sinuate inwards above

and below the gibbosity ; cell slightly over one-half, very broad,

DC parallel with termen for two-thirds, then oblique outwards ; C

and SC diverging widely near base, anastomosing from beyond one-

third to three-quarters of cell ; SC^ connate or short-stalked with

2:38

B. Prout on the

(varying in individual specimens) ; M* from very near or

even connate, curved almost as in forewing ; submedian area

ample, SM^ normal, running to termen.

Type of the genus : Neochesias opistlioleuca, Prout,

nov. sp.

In spite of an evidently close relationship to Chesias

and Lithostege, as shown by frons, antenna, foretibia, etc.,

the genus differs not only from these, but from the whole

of the group (Warren’s Eucestiinae) in the broad hindwing,

with submedian area (and therefore SRP) normally devel¬

oped, in the extreme curvature of of both wings, and

superficially in the general facies. Its allies, moreover,

have the cell of hindwing less (usually much less) than

one-half the wing-length, at least in its anterior portion.*

59. Neochesias opistholeuca (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 38.)

. 30-32 mm. Head, face, thorax and legs fuscous, more or less

sprinkled with whitish; thorax whitish beneath; abdomen pale.

Forewing fuscous, irrorated with whitish, and slightly clouded with

darker fuscous ; basal area traversed by several obscure wavy lines,

sometimes in part obliterated by the dark clouding; antemedian

line from before one-half costa to one-half inner margin, rather

direct, but more waved in some specimens than in others ; post¬

median from just beyond two-thirds costa to beyond four-fifths inner

margin, more or less angulated outwards in middle ; the enclosed

median area not traversed by dark lines, but sometimes dark-clouded

distally to antemedian line ; postmedian line followed by a narrow,

bisected pale band, as in many Larentiid genera ; subterminal area

with some obscure wavy bands; traces of a short, ill-defined, oblique

dark mark at apex ; a terminal dark line or series of dashes, inter¬

rupted at the vein-end.s. Hindwing white, unmarked, with indi¬

cations of a dark terminal line, distinct only about apex. Underside

of furewing jiale, almost unmarked, excepting a dark mark at costa

representing the commencement of the postmedian line, sometimes

also a lighter, browner mark midway between this and apex ; of

hindwing white, unmarked.

Aristides Villanueva. September 12, 1905 (W. M. Bayne).

Type in coll. L. B. Prout, Another $ from La Paz,

* If the Stamnodes-Gallipia group really belongs to the Euces¬

tiinae,” it is necessary to add this last clause, as they have the

biangulate discocellulars, with consequent prolongation of the cell

in its lower (posterior) half.

Geometridae of the Argentine Be^niblic. 239

Mendoza, November 24, 1905, in coll. L. B. Proiit, A

third, from Balde, in coll. A. F. Bayne. $ unknown.

Synneuria (Mabille).

Synneuria, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ix, 67 (1885) ;

Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep. 25 (1888).

Lisso2)sis, Warren, Nov. Zool., i, 398 (1894), (nov. syn.).

60. Synneuria uniformata (Berg).

Carsia uniformata, Berg, An. Soc. Cient. Argent., iv, 208

(1877).!

Synneuria virgellata, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ix, 68

(1885) ; Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep. 25, tab. ii, 9

(1891).2

Synneuria uniformata, Staudinger, Hamb. Magalh.

Sammelr., ii, Lep. 85 (1899).®

(1) Rio Santa Cruz (F. P. Moreno). Berg states that

Senor Moreno collected about the newly discovered lakes

at the foot of the Andes.

Faunistically this species belongs more to Southern

Chili than to the Argentine Republic. Mabille (^) records

it from Patagonia without precise locality ; Staudinger (®)

from Tierra del Fuego. Mabille, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris

(3) i, 156, gives Punta Arenas (Chili), and I myself have

it from there and from Chilian.

The synonymy of the species, as indicated above, was

first made known by Berg in a short note in Bull. Soc.

Ent. Fr., 1889, p. ccxli. As regards the genus, I am

not sure that it is more than a subgenus of Stamnodes,

Guen.

61. Graphidipus subpisciata (Dognin).

Graphipidus (in err. pro Gra])hidipus) subpisciata, Dognin,

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlvii, 273 (1903).

Tucuman, in coll. Rothschild ; Metan, Salta, in coll.

Dognin; La 'Rioja (Dr. E. Giacomelli), in coll. Br. Mus. et

coll. L. B. Prout.

With the exception of Bolivia, whence the species was

originally described, I know of no other examples than

the Argentine ones here indicated. Hence its geographical

range would appear to be limited.

240

Mf^iOuis B. Front on the

62. Rhopalodes Argentina (Berg).

Bhopalodes arqentina, Berg, An. Soc. Cient. Argent., xv,

164 (1883).

Corrientes, 2 December 1876 (Berg).

I know this species only from Berg’s description, from

which it is clear that it is a true Rhopalodes. It is not

improbable that a closer acquaintance will show it to

supplant some better-known name, e. g. variegata. Warn

(Nov. ZooL, vii, l7l), ab. deriifata. Warn (Nov. Zool., xiv,

246), from Brazil and Paraguay.

63. Rhopalodes (?) muscosaria (Berg).

Rhopalodes muscosaria, Berg, An. Soc. jCient. Argent.,

xix, 273 (1885).

Province of Buenos Aires, one $ (Berg).

Also unknown to me. On account of the small size

(22 mm.), and the fact that Berg knew the $ only, I have

ventured to query the generic position. The insect is

described as having the forewing greenish (or grey-green),

with waved, denticulate black lines, white- or greyish-

margined, the hindwing white.

64. Rhopalodes otophora (Front), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 37.)

^ 9- 28-30 mm. Forewing wliitisli fleshy, irrorated with

brown, the basal, median, and marginal areas marked with fuscous

greyish; lines blackish, slightly interrupted (more so in the 9 )>

namely : a very irregular line bounding basal area, throwing strong

projections into and below cell; an antemedian from about one-third

costa to one-half inner margin, oblique outwards to middle of cell,

thence approximately perpendicular to inner margin, but more or

less dentate ; a postmedian from beyond two-thirds costa to about

three-fourths inner margin, outangled between SC" and R' and

between R'* and Mh incurved between R^ and submedian fold ; a

grey-brown line between basal and antemedian, following the same

course as the latter ; a faint line dividing the pale area distally to

postmedian ; central area pale in the middle, especially in costal

part ; discal mark elongate, standing in an elongate, somewhat ear¬

shaped pale patch, which is more conspicuous in the $ than in the

type (cj); a pale subterminal line, an indistinct dark subapical

dash, dark tornal spot, and weak, much interrupted terminal line.

GcoTnctridae of the Argentine Reimllic. 241

Hindwing slightly paler, without markings, proximally paler than

distally. Underside nearly without markings, the forewing with

faint indications of the pattern of the upperside.

Puente del Inca (W. M. Bayne). Type $ (bred from

larva, January 5, 1906), and one $ (March 16, 1905), in

coll. L. B. Prout, one $ in coll. A. F. Bayne.

The antenna is pointed at apex, but not appreciably

dilated before it; this character, however, at which Guenee

so greatly marvelled, is not essential to the genus — it

does not occur, for instance, in the group of rosida, Dogn.,

Le Nat., 1892, 274 On the other hand, B. otojjhora is

slightly aberrant in having the lobes of the hindwing

rather smaller than in most of the species. In this respect

it comes nearer to some of the Chilian genera. The

venation, as in many of the allies, is slightly variable, but

the three which I have studied agree in having the double

areole ample, very short-stalked with SC^'^, slightly

nearer to R^ than to Rb disco ?ellulars hardly oblique. In

the hindwing the $ has C closely approximated to SC

to near end of cell, connected by the usual bar before

diverging, SC'^ separate from R^ ; both ^s have G ana¬

stomosing strongly with SC, SC“ and are either connate

with the radials or shortly (M^ very shortly) stalked.

“ Larva green, pupa sage-green ” (W. M. Bayne, in

litt.).

65. Pachrophylla oculata (Mabille).

Lohophora oculata, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ix, 70

(1885) ; Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep. 28, tab. iii, 7

(1888).!

Lohophora ? {Pachrophylla ?) oculata, Staudinger, Hamb.

Magalh. Sammelr., ii, Lep. 88 (1899).^

(^) Aysen River, W. Patagonia.

Originally described (^) from Orange Bay, in the S. of

Patagonia, which belongs politically to Chili. Physically,

too, the genus is entirely Chilian. The species would

seem to be quite nearly related to some forms of varians,

Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 400. It has also, no

doubt, much in common with amoena, Philippi = ternata,

Ye\di. = jacintaria. Stand, (nov. syn.), the type of the genus

Tomopteryx. Whether Tomopteryx can really, as Butler

says (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 402), be kept generically

separate from Pachrophylla, I have not yet been able to

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) R

242

M^f^ouis B. Prout 071 the

decide. The types of the two genera stand rather widely

apart in shape, etc., but they seem to be somewhat con¬

nected by intergrades.

Baynia (Prout), nov. gen.

Face smooth (?) ; palpus moderate, with rather long projecting

scales, 3rd joint pointed; tongue developed; antenna (d) rather

long, tapering at extremity, nearly simple, minutely ciliated. Hind-

tibia not dilated, all spurs present. Abdomen probably long (broken

in the unique type specimen). Frenulum present. Forewing with

margins entire, inner margin with triangular tooth of projecting

scales in middle ; cell over one-half, discocell ulars scarcely oblique,

from very slightly below centre ; areole double, ample, SC“

anastomosing rather strongly with SC^, and afterwards with SC^'^

from point of separation of SC® ; stalk of SC^'® connate with R' ;

M* from close to (almost connate). Hindwing {^) with angles

rounded, distal margin nearly straight between (feebly sinuate) ; cell

about one-half, extremely broad, discocell ulars somewhat oblique

inivards ; C anastomosing with SC for about the middle half of

cell ; SC“ well separate from R^ (as in d® of Rhopalodes, etc.) ; R^

from near R^, obliquely placed so as to reach margin nearly midway

between IR and R'^ ; R^ long-stalked with IVP, the former running to

near anal angle, the latter to the angle ; inner-marginal area folded

and somewhat aborted, a small lobe at its base, fringed with long

hairs, SM^ apparently absent; under-surface with a fringe of long

hairs along M and R®, becoming shorter towards termen. 9

unknown.

Type of the genus : Baynia odontota, Prout, nov. sp.

Evidently related to Triptila, Warn, Nov. Zool., i, 898

( = Phacelophora, Stgn, Hamb. Magalh. Sammeln, ii, Lep.

98 = Diphacelo2}ho')'a, Berg, Com. Mus. Buen., i, 311),

which also has teeth of projecting scales from inner

margin. But in the present genus the hindwing is more

ample, its lobes less developed, and the entire inner-

marginal structure different. Of characters which are

usually regarded as generic, the long stalking of with

is the most noteworthy. Staudinger also emphasises

the three thoracic dorsal tufts in 23^')'ornata, Mab. — Avhich,

if not (as I believe) a synonym oi' virescens, Philippi, is at

least an extremely close ally; in my specimen of Baynia

odontota the thorax is badly worn, so that I cannot say

positively that it may not have been tufted.

243

G-eometridae, of the Argentine Bepiiblic.

66. Baynia odontota (Front), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 25.)

22 mill. Face pale grey (probably greenish in absolutely

fresh specimens) ; palpus grey, mixed with darker scales. Fore¬

wing greenish,* copiously marked with dark fuscous transverse lines,

which are mostly more or less interrupted : basal line complete,

double in its anterior half ; some interrupted lines between this and

the median area; anteniedian line complete, blackish, strongly

curved in cell, faintly sinuate posteriorly ; postmedian somewhat

interrupted, outcurved distally to cell, incurved in submedian area,

here followed by a whitish mark ; the anteniedian is duplicated

distally, the postmedian proximally, these duplicating lines meeting

at submedian fold, and enclosing a paler area which contains the

elongate cell-spot; otherwise the median area is somewhat darkened ;

some further interrupted lines in distal area, two of them crossed by

dark vein-streaks on and R^, producing5a subquadrate mark ;

dark vein-streaks on M and SM^ in median area ; various other

dark vein-marks and cloudings ; inner-marginal scale-tuft dark

fuscous. Hindwing white, the termen and inner margin shaded

with smoky brown. Undersurface whitish, without markings, the

forewing greyer tinged than the hindwing ; hair-tuft of hindwing

brownish.

Aristides Villanueva, December 26, 1905 (W. M. Bayne).

Type in coll. L. B. Front.

67. Rhopalista dismutata (Warren).

Rhopalista dismutata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 75 (1904).

Tucuman, October 1901, 700 metres (Dinelli). Type

and another ^ in coll. Rothschild. Also in coll. Dognin

from the same locality and from Salta.

Not yet recorded elsewhere.

68. Hammaptera repandaria (Schaus).

Bhopalista repandaria, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

267 (1901).

Metan, Salta, in coll. Dognin.

* Probably, like the European Acasis vtretata (Hiib.), of a fuller

green when freshly bred. My specimen, which is at present unique,

rather closely resembles in coloration examples of that species which

have stood a few years in the cabinet, or which have been captured

wild.

R 2

244

is B. Front on the

A common species in Brazil and Paraguay, extending

also to Venezuela.

69. Hammaptera combustaria (Herrich-Schaeffer).

Encosmia conilustaria, Herrich-Schaefifer, Samrnl. Aus-

sereur. Scbmett., i, fig. 355 (1855).

Larentia comhustaria, Herrich-Scliaefier, Samml. Ausserenr.

Schmett., i, 52, 66 (1856, 1858).

Cidaria jacintharia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 458,

tab. xii, 2 (1858).

Buenos Aires, September 25, 1903 (A. F. Bayne), in

coll. L. B. Front; a second from the same locality in coll.

A. F. Bayne.

Herrich-Schaeffer’s and Guenee’s types were from Brazil,

whence also it is represented in coll. Br. Mus. Mr. Bayne

tells me it occurs rather freely in Montevideo.

70. Hammaptera genurma (Schaus).

Hamma'ptera genurma, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

270 (1901).

Tucumau, in coll. Dognin.

Schaus’ type was from Peru.

71. Hammaptera jugurtharia (Guenee) (?)

Cidaria jugurtharia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 460

(1858).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

The species was originally described from Colombia.

Its exact range is somewhat uncertain, as it belongs to

a group of forms which have not yet been exhaustively

studied, and which may be either piizzlingly similar but

distinct species, or mere geographical forms and aberra¬

tions. They have been received rather freely of late in

some of the rich collections from Eastern Peru. Guen^e’s

was one of the largest forms — he gives 42 mm. expanse;

the Tucuman race (or relative), of which M. Dognin

has very kindly given me an example, is considerably

smaller, and lacks the white subterminal dots in the dark

apical cloud of the forewing beneath, which seem char¬

acteristic of the Peruvian forms. A comparison of Guen4e’s

types is much to be desired.

Geomctridae of the Argentine Hepublic. 245

72. Hammaptera emberizata (Guenee).

Cidaria emberizata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 461

(1858)4

Larentia fureiferata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxiv, 1188

(1862).2

Cidaria perspieuata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1396

(1862).3

? Cidaria eduetata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1397

(1862).^

1 Hammaptera eonstricta, Warren, Nov. Zoo!., viii, 466

(1901) (nov. syn.).®

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; (®) La Soledad, Entre Rios,

one $ in coll. Rothschild.

Range: (}) (^) (^) Brazil; (^) Venezuela ; Peru, in coll.

L. B. Prout. Probably widely distributed, but I confess

I have not fully mastered the variation of the species.

Warren’s suggestion (Nov. Zool., xii, 47) that griimata,

Feld., batis, Warr., and nireigutta, Schaus (= snbpulverata,

Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, 464, nov. syn.), may be forms of it,

does not seem to me tenable. On the other hand, eon-

strieta, Warr., is almost certainly identical with perspicuata,

Walk., which Schaus determines as emberizata, and which

fits well to Guenee’s description.

73. Hammaptera fringillata (Guenee).

Cidaria fringillata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 462

(1858).

Coremia lateraria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1310

(1862).

Cidaria interealata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1397

(1862) (nov. syn.).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; Goya, Corrientes, in coll.

Br. Mus.

A very variable little species, akin to the preceding.

So far as I know, it does not extend very far north in

South America, but it is evidently common in S.E. Brazil

and in Paraguay. Although I have not cited them in the

synonymy, 1 have not much doubt that H apicata, Warr.,

Nov. Zool., xi, 51, and H. definita, Warr., Nov. Zool., xiv,

227 (which in any case is a synonym or small ab. of

apieata), will prove to be referable here.

246

Mr. Louis B, Prout on the

74. Hammaptera tenera (Warren).

Hammcoptera tenera, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 178 (1900).

Parana, Entre Rios (type and others), in coll. Roths¬

child ; Tucuman, in coll. Dognin, coll. Bastelberger et coll.

Br. Mus. ; Buenos Aires, one $ taken in a “plaza” (scjuare)

in the city, June 18, 1902 (A. F. Bayne), in coll. L. B.

Prout; La Plata City, a good $ taken July 4, 1903 (A. F.

Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout.

I have also examples from Sapucay, Paraguay, July

1902, and have seen it from S.E. Brazil.

This and the following species, though well distinguish¬

able one from the other in the shape of their median

band, etc., are both very closely akin to the common

parinotata, Zell. (Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 495 ; anoinala,

Butl., P. Z. S., 1878, 491) of North and Central America

and the West Indies, and either or both of them might

well form a local race of it. I formerly thought it was

tenera which should sink to parinotata, and it is certain

that the more northerly specimens quoted by Warren

{loc. eit.) with his Argentine tenera, really belong to Zeller’s

species ; but on a close comparison I find an even more

exact correspondence between (especially in its

Jamaican forms, anomala, Butl.) and nigrolineata, Warr.

It is evidently best for the present to keep the three

names separate.

75. Hammaptera nigrolineata (Warren).

Hammaptera niqrolineata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 52

(1904).

? Hammaptera fumida, Warren, Nov. Zool, xii, 47

(1905).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin et coll. Bastelberger.

Sapucay, Paraguay, is the only other locality known to

me for the typical form; I have seen many examples from

there. But Warren’s H. fumida, from Chanchamayo, Peru,

seems to be only a slight local modification of it, and I

have pointed out under the preceding species that it is

quite likely H. parinotata (Zell.) = anomala (Butl.) is

another local race, though it is slightly smaller and

perhaps more slender in build.

Geometridae of the Argentine Republic, 247

76. Hammaptera pontina (Druce).

Melanippe pontina, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het.,

ii, 168, tab. Ivii, 2 (1893).

Tucuman, quoted in M. Dognin’s MS. list as iu liis

collection.

I know only Driice’s Central American specimens

(Mexico and Guatemala). Is the determination correct ?

77. Hammaptera subvinosa (Dognin).

Hammaptera subvinosa, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 206

(1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

78. Hammaptera nigrociliata (Front), nov. sp.

^ . 26 mm. Face blackisli grey ; palpus blackish grey, the joints

tipped with whitish ; pectus and coxae varied with blackish-grey

and whitish, forefemur blackish-grey anteriorly, foretibia and tarsus

blackish with whitish rings, midtibia and tarsus the same, but pale

on their inner side, hindleg pale. Ground colour of wings white,

that of fore wing almost entirely covered by the blackish -grey mark¬

ings, which are without a trace of the green tinge so prevalent in

species of this group. Forewing with dark basal patch, intermediate

band and median band, the three almost joined into one dark area

in one of the specimens (in the type, this part of the wing is much

rubbed, but evidently the space between basal and median areas is

somewhat lighter), the basal and median band.?, however, somewhat

the darkest ; median band occupying middle one-third of costa, and

almost equally broad on inner margin, hence with its outer boundary

here rather near tornus ; its inner boundary somewhat concave, its

outer indented on SC®, sending out a minute tooth anteriorly thereto,

bilobed from R® to M-, and slightly oblique distad from to inner

margin ; a somewhat blacker cell-spot ; a narrow w'hite band

traversed by a weak dark line separates the median from terminal

area, which is again dark, somewhat variegated with a rufous tinge

and with deeper black, and containing the irregular, interrupted,

pale subterminal line. Hindwing white, faintly shadowed with grey

basally, a dark cell-spot rather near base (cell being short), a terminal

black line from tornus nearly to fringe of this part of the wing

blackish ; inner marginal fold moderately developed. Undersurface

of forewing similarly marked to upper, but more’ weakly ; of hind-

248

Mr. Louis B. Prout on the

wing speckled with grey, with weak interrupted grey lines and

bauds, terminal black line reaching SC.^

La Rioja (E. Giacomelli), type and a second $ in coll.

L. B. Prout,

79. Hammaptera (?) ochribasis (Warren).

Entej)hria ochribasis, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 332 (1905).

Tucuman (type, $), in coll. Rothschild.

I cannot quote any further distribution Avith certainty,

I fully believe the insect is conspecific, or at least very

closely related, with Hammapteo'a ralaria (Dogn.),* and

Warren’s name may have to sink ; but I cannot assert

this positively in the face of serious questions which have

not yet been entirely set at rest. Typical ralaria is from

Loja, Ecuador, whence also comes a form that M. Dognin

considers conspecihe, yet “not quite typical”; and it is

this latter form — which also occurs in other parts of

Ecuador, in Peru, and I think in Paraguay — that I have

compared with Warren’s type of ochribasis. Again, the

last-mentioned is somewhat discoloured, being stained at

the base (so that the name is unhappily chosen), and this

does not make identification easier; and Mr. Warren, who

has been in constant correspondence with M. Dognin,

determines a different species as ralaria, and a different

species as ochribasis ! In any case the true ochribasis is

not an Entephria,, for it has not the biangulate disco-

cellulars of the hindwing. If it is not a Hammaptera,

it will no doubt prove a Euphyia. The $ is unknown

to me.

80. Hammaptera halisma (Schaus).

Hammaptera hedisma, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

269 (1901).

Epirrho'e limitata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 117 (1904).

Hammaptera obtusaria, Warren, Nov. Zool.,xiv, 227 (1907).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin,

Schaus’ and both Warren’s types were from Peru. I

have compared the two last-named with a specimen pre¬

sented by Schaus to the British Museum as halisma.

Except that in obtusaria the median band is slightly

narrower, there is no appreciable difference.

^ Cidaria rolaria, Pogn., Ann, Soc, Ent. Belg., xliii, 252 (1899),

Geometridac of the Argentine RepvMic.

249

Tliis species and a few others which are referred by

Warren to Hammaptera may almost be regarded as tran¬

sitions between that genus and Euphyia, Hlib. (type, picata,

Hlib.), which is evidently the genus frequently referred to

by Warren in his papers as Epirrho'e. The true Epirrlio'e

(type alternata^ Miill. = soeiata, Bork.) has the areole simple,

and I am not aware of its occurrence in the Neotropical

Region.

81. “Euphyia eductata (Walker).”

Cidaria eductata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1397 (1862).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Quoted merely on M. Dognin’s authority. He records

it as a separate species in his MS. list, and under the

present genus. Schaus, on the other hand, refers it to

Hammaptera emherizata (Guen.), vide Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1896, 648, and this appears to me correct; Dognin’s

eductata will probably prove different.

82. Euphyia euficorpus (Dognin).

Anapalta riifieorpus, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 205

(1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

I have failed to discover any grounds for maintaining

Warren’s genus Anapalta (Nov. Zool., xi, 43) as distinct

from Euphyia,H\A). — unless possibly for a few species with

different palpi, such as aeerbata, Feld., for which Anapalta

was originally proposed. In any case, most of tlie species

which Warren now refers to his genus have the $ antenna

well ciliated, and the palpus, so far as I have yet investi¬

gated, not materially different from typical Euphyia.

83. Euphyia ruficoesia (Dognin).

Anapalta o'uficoesia, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii,

359 (1904).

Los Vascj[uez (type), in coll. Dognin.

84. Euphyia corrivulata (Warren).

Epirrho'e corrivulata, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 173 (1900),

Parana, Entre Rios, ^ (type) in coll. Rothschild.

I have not seen any other examples certainly referable

to this — i.e. no others of Warren’s typical form. It is

250

Louis B, Front on the

however, very probable that the type in question is a

small and somewhat abnormal specimen of the following,

in which case corriinilata will be the oldest name for the

species.

85. Euphyia zona (Dognin) (praec. subsp. ?)

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 8.)

Scotosia zona, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlv, 181 (1901).

Scotosia tetrica, Berg, MS. (in Mus. Buen. Aires).

Buenos Aires, two one dated December 1, (1902?),

the other January 24, 1909 — the latter here figured — both

presented by Mr. A. F. Bayne ; one or two others in coll.

A. F. Bayne; Tucuman, one ^ in coll. Dognin.

Described from two ^s and one ^ from Santa Cruz, S.

Brazil ; M. Dognin also possesses a $ from Rio Grande do

Sul (probably Porto Alegre), received through Staudinger.

Larger (usually 86 mm., both sexes, as against 30 mm.)

and darker than Warren’s corrivulata, apparently also

somewhat more glossy ; the basal patch better defined,

the distal margin of median band somewhat less outbent

in middle.

When first I compared this insect with Warren’s type,

I took it to be a distinct species, its size and aspect being

so decidedly different. Then Mr. Warren determined them

as couspecific, and I re-examined the question, with the

results indicated above. I had it figured as “ nov. subsp.”

under the name of tetrica, which, I was told by Mr. Bayne,

it bears in the Buenos Aires Museum. But fortunately I

have learned, in time to suppress that name, that it is

Dognin’s zona. Both he and Prof. Berg were trapped, by

its dark coloration, into calling it a Scotosia. The Buenos

Aires examples and those in coll. Dognin suggest that it is

not at all a variable insect as a rule ; on the other hand,

the existence of this form and corrivulata side by side

at Tucuman prevents my treating it wholly as a local race;

while the presence of a ^ in coll. Br. Mus. (simply labelled

Argentinn, O. W. Thomas), somewhat lighter than M.

Dognin’s and mine, yet agreeing with them in size and all

essentials, gives a further hint that possibly Mr. Warren

may be right in sinking zona.

Mr. Bayne tells me it is fond of coming into houses and

buildings, and is difficult to obtain in good condition.

Oidaria mutabilis, Mab., Bull. Soc. Philom., (7) ix, 69

Geometridae of the Argentine Reimblic. 251

( = Ypsipetes mutdbilis, Mab., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep.

31, tab. iii, 2), from Orange Bay, Patagonia, stated to be

very variable, may possibly be allied to zona ; but the

lighter, brighter colour, differently formed basal line, and

less outangled postmedian, render a union altogether too

precarious, especially as I only know it from Mabille’s

figure and description.

86. Euphyia limbata (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 14.)

(J. 31 mm. Face somewhat protuberant, with some whitish scales

(somewhat abraded) ; palpus red-brown, whitish below; antenna pale

ochreous, narrowly reddish in centre of shaft above, provided with

cilia at least as long as diameter of shaft. Forewing with distal margin

somewhat more oblique than in most of the genus ; brownish white,

irrorated with brown, and rather broadly shaded with brown proxim-

ally to subterminal, and distally to subterminal except from apex to

R* and between R^ and ; markings darker brown, namely : a band

close to base, from costa to middle of cell ; a subbasal curved band

from nearly one-sixth costa to inner margin ; a similar, somewhat

waved, antemedian from about one-third costa ; a postmedian from

about two-thirds costa, forming two small teeth directed distad on

either side of R^, two larger teeth or lobes distad on either side of

M', and becoming a mere line below middle of wing, with further

distad bends on either side of SM* ; traces of less distinct transverse

lines between subbasal and antemedian bands, and (almost losing

themselves below middle of wing) proximally and distally to post¬

median band ; an inconspicuous, extremely minute cell-dot in the

pale median space ; subterminal line pale, indistinct. Hindwing

brownish white, with a postmedian dark line from R' to inner margin,

outbent between R^ and and again below ; marginal area

broadly infuscated, except apically and in middle (as in forewing),

and containing indistinct and interrupted traces of a pale subterminal.

Underside of both wings pale, the forewing with the postmedian

band distinct, but narrowed, and losing itself shortly below M^, a

broad distal dark margin almost as above, but somewhat more distinct;

hindwdng marked as above.

Cacheuta, November 15, 1904 (VV. M. Bayne), type m

coll. L. B. Prout.

Apparently a true Euphyia, DC and of the hind¬

wing formed as in the type species. The hindtarsal spinules

seem stronger and more numerous, but this appearance

may be only due to the abrasion of some of the scales ; in

252

Louis B. Prout on the

any case it would not affect the generic position. The pale

central area and the form of the postmedian somewhat

recall Anticlea derivcda (Schiff.), etc.

CiiRiSMOPTERYX (Prout), nov. gen. (praec. subgen.?)

Face prominent, horny, with strongly appressed scales, not tufted ;

palpus rather strong, of moderate length, somewhat up-curved, with

.s/iorfZ|/ projecting scales* ; tongue strong ; antenna rather long, in

rather thick, with short, even ciliation, in 9 slender, minutely cili¬

ated. Legs rather slender ; hindtibia fully spurred. Forewing

with double fireole, the outer long, SC^ anastomosing with SC^'"* only

just beyond SC*, or almost at the point of their separation, stalked

(sometimes quite considerably) with SC**, DC* inbent, R* normal.

Hindwing rather long and narrow, particularly in 9 i being some¬

what produced apically, but with angles moderately rounded off ; C

anastomosing with SC nearly to end of cell, SC* stalked with R\ dis-

cocellulars not biangulate, R* normal, DC* first slightly inbent, then

oblique outwards. Wing-margins entire or very faintly crenulate,

scaling very glossy, fringes very long.

Type of the genus: Chrismeypteryx expolita, Prout,

nov. sp.

I can find no existing genus to Avhich the species about

to be described can satisfactorily be assigned. Yet it is

not without considerable reluctance that I erect a new one

for them, as their distinctive characters — face, palpus, wing-

shape and texture — seem comparatively slight, and they

may possibly be connected with normal species of Euphyia

by intergrades. In the shape of the hindwing, and in the

shiny, almost greasy appearance of the wings, they some¬

what remind of some of the species oi Larentia" (sens,

lat.) of the Alps of Europe, such as anstriacaria H.-S. ; but

these have biangulate discocellulars in the hindwing, and

normal face and palpus.

87. Chrismopteryx expolita (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 34.)

(J. 34 mm. Forewing glossy brown, tinged with fuscous, and

finely irrorated with dark fuscous ; markings weak, consisting chiefly

* In one specimen tliere seems one little tuft of strong, coarse

scales, but in any case the general contrast with the longish-fringed

palpus of Euphyia (and indeed most Larentiids) seems fairly note¬

worthy.

Gcometridae of the Argentine Repuhlic. 253

of three series of dark vein-dots, representing the transverse lines,

and a moderately distinct cell-spot ; subbasal line curved, from about

one-sixth costa, followed by a faintly pale line ; antemedian line

from about two-fifths costa to before one-half inner margin, traceable

chiefly by a faintly pale line which precedes it and by the vein-dots,

somewhat dentate ; postmedian from about two-thirds costa, com¬

mencing obliquely distad, then parallel with termen, a blunt lobe

towards middle, the dots on and M' being placed further distad

than the rest ; the veins, especially R^ and the medians, somewhat

darkened across cell, and less distinctly distally ; no terminal line ;

outer half of fringe paler than inner. Hindwing rather paler than

forewing, unmarked. Underside unmarked. Head and thorax

above concolorous with forewing, abdomen with hindwing.

Puente del Inca (W. M. Bayne), type in coll. L. B.

Prout.

88. Chrismopteryx vicina. (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 33.)

9 . 39-40 mm. Colour and general aspect of G. expolita, to which

it is very closely related, differing as follows. The lines somewliat

better defined, and with traces of additional ones between subbasal

and antemedian, and distally to postmedian ; subbasal line some¬

what more oblique ; antemedian more angled in cell ; postmedian

not appreciably inbent on R^ ; a slightly darkened terminal line,

consisting of a series of somewhat crescentic marks separated by the

vein-ends ; underside paler, a darkened cell-spot and postmedian

present on each wing.

Puente del Inca, April 1904 (W. M. Bayne), type in

coll. L. B. Prout. (An extremely worn, almost scaleless

^ taken in the same locality in April 1902, by Mr. A. F.

Bayne, seems to belong to this species, but may be

C. expolita.) Punta de las Vacas, 9> March 16, 1905

(W. M. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout. A third 2 in coll.

A. F. Bayne.

It is not impossible that this species is only the ^ of

the preceding, as unfortunately no 9 is known of that,

nor any reliable ^ of this ; but Mr. A. F. Bayne, who has

a very true eye for moths, considers the two distinct, and

the differences noted above, though small, are not wholly

unimportant, so that I am inclined to agree with his

view.

254

^ouis B. Prout on the

80. “ Glaucopteryx tepidata (Guenee).”

?? Tephrosia undularia, Blanchard, Gay’s Hist. Chile, vii,

93 (1854).!

?? Larentia tepidata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 281

(1858).!

Glaucopteryx tepidata, Berg, Exped. Bio Negro, 93, tab. ii,

12 (1881).2

(^) Nueva Roma, two specimens.

I have not been able to identify Berg’s species, but

quote it for bibliographical completeness. He gives no

description, and his figure (uncoloured) is only mediocre ;

it suggests a small glossy Larentiid, with very ordinary

forewing, and having, as the most noteworthy feature of

the hindwing, a double series of postmedian (or rather,

postmedian and subterminal) vein-dots. But Berg says

that in some specimens these are entirely wanting. He

evidently, therefore, knew other specimens which he

referred here, besides the two from the Rio Negro

expedition, but how many species he confounded together,

I am not prepared to say. In the British Museum there

is a specimen of Perizoma impromissata, Walk., from

Buenos Aires, which he himself presented as Glaucopteryx

tepidata. Altogether it is most improbable that his

tepidata, or any part of it, was correctly identified as that

of Guenee — nov. nom. for Tephrosia undidaria, Blanch.

This latter was from Chili. (^)

Hoplolygris (Prout), nov. gen.

Frons protuberant, with strong projecting horny plate above

(subconcave in horizontal plane), shorter plate below, and strong

projecting tufts of hairs laterally ; palpus quite moderate, porrect,

2nd joint shortly rough-scaled ; tongue developed ; antenna about

one-half the length of wing, in both sexes nearly simple, minutely

ciliated. Thorax nearly glabrous beneath ; femora glabrous ; fore¬

tibia with well-developed apical claw ; hindtibia not dilated, in both

sexes with all spurs well developed. Abdomen rather short,

moderately stout, the lateral tufts well developed. Wings not

broad, their margins entire ; scaling smooth ; frenulum developed.

Forewing with termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; cell one-

half ; SC“ anastomosing with SCh and then (shortly, or often at a

mere point) with SC^'^ to form a double areole, of which both parts

are ample ; SC'* separating from SC^ shortly after SC^ ; K.^ short-

stalked or (quite exceptionally), connate with SCH Hindwing

255

Geometridae of the Argentine Republic.

with costa long, apex pronounced ; cell nearly one-half, DC“ very

oblique ; C anastomosing with SC to near end of cell ; stalked

with ; R2 central ; M* well separate from R^.

Type of the genus : Hoplolygris cicatriculata (Berg) =

Lygris cicatriculata, Berg.

A somewhat isolated genus. I have not chosen its

name to indicate any close relationship to Lygris, but to

maintain some nomenclatural association with the original

publication of its sole known species by Berg. I suppose

he referred it to Lygris on account of its type of coloration

and markings, and having thus referred it, deceived

himself into seeing, or imagining “ the wings of the ^

beneath with a tuft of hair at the base ” ; if a tuft exists,

even in the very freshest specimens, it must be so slight

as to be practicably negligible, for a most careful in¬

vestigation has failed to discover it, and Warren (Nov.

Zool., viii, 467) passes the same criticism. Warren (Nov.

ZooL, iv, 454), places the species in Pelurga, Hiib., and

describes its frontal armature, without mentioning how

radically this differs from the simple horny protuberance

of P. comitata, Hiib. He ^overlooks the other differences

(except the wing-outline), namely the apical claw of the

foretibia, the non-biangulate discocellulars of hind wing and

some points of detail in the forewing venation.

The presence of the sharp frontal plates is rare in the

Geometridae, though occurring in a few Australian genera,

such as Giampa, Walk. Its general association with sandy

desert country suggests that perhaps the genus Hoplolygris

will be found to inhabit the pampas, and may have had

its origin there.

90. Hoplolygris cicatriculata (Berg).

Ijygris cicatriculata, Berg, Act. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, i, 85

(1875); Bull. Mosc., xlix (2), 223 (1876).^

Pelurga straminea, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 454 (1897).^

Pelurga cicatriculata, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 467 (1901).

(^) Rio Negro, in damp places, November 1874, rather

common, also at Buenos Aires and Cordova ; (f) La Gama,

one November 1893 (Warren’s type), in coll. Roths¬

child; Buenos Aires, a good number (A. F. Bayne and

P. Richards) in coll. L. B. Prout, mostly November, one

each in January and March, also from Berg, etc., in coll.

250

AJp^Louis B. Prout on the

Br. Mus. ; Tucuraan and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin ;

Corrientes and near Florenzia, in coll. Br. Mus.

Not yet recorded outside tlie confines of the Argentine

Republic.

91. OcHYRiA ARGENTINA (Berg, MS.) (Pi’out), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 4).

d $ . 20-23 mm. Face rather strongly protuberant ; palpus

moderate, rather long-haired beneath, 3rd joint moderate, more

shortly rough-scaled ; tongue present ; antenna in d strongly

dentate, with fascicles of cilia, in 9 filiform. Abdomen short.

Forewing triangular, costa little arched, distal margin entire, slightly

convex, oblique (especially in the 9 )> longer than inner margin ;

areole double, the anastomosis of SC^ with SC^'^ very brief, SC®

separating from SC'* shortly after SC® ; hindwing rather narrow

(especially in the 9 ), costa long, distal margin entire, angles some¬

what rounded off, cell less than one-half, discocellulars strongly

oblique, nearly straight or faintly bisinuate, not angled, R® central.

Forewing brown-grey (whitish densely irrorated with brown),

slightly tinged with fleshy ochreous, the usual Larentiid pattern

clearly marked out by whitish transverse lines ; boundary of basal

area before one-fifth, forming an angle outwards in cell ; antemedian

whitish line from beyond one-third costa, gently curved or bent ;

postmedian at about two-thirds, incurved distally to cell, and more

weakly in lower half of wing, forming a rather strong projection at

R® ; subterminal whitish, dentate, especially distinct at costa, placed

on a rather .strongly brown marginal area, which is usually darkest

proximally to the subterminal, and especially over against cell and

towards inner margin ; median area darkest proximally and distally,

its proximal margin spotted with dark fuscous at costa, M, and

inner margin, its distal margin dark-spotted on veins, and dark-

marked from R* to R® ; terminal line dark fuscous, somewhat

variable, usually more or less interrupted at the vein-ends ; fringe

long, dark-chequered at vein-ends, proximal half somewhat darker

than distal. Hindwing brownish grey, usually with weakly paler

l)ostmedian line (course as in forewing), and subterminal ; terminal

line as in forewing. Under-side somewhat richer sandy brown,

forewing with antemedian and postmedian as above, but weaker

(sometimes, as in the type specimen, indicated only by dark costal

spots), and a weakly pale subterminal, preceded by a band of darker

tone tliiin the ground-colour; hindwing beneath dusted with fuscous,

and with the postmedian line distinct, being dark-shaded proximally.

Geometriclae of the Argentine Repuhlic. 257

besides a subterminal line and a darkened band preceding it, much

as in fore wing.

Buenos Aires, April 17, 1905 (A. F. Bayne), tyj^© {$)

coll. L. B. Front. I have two other Buenos Aires ,^s

from Mr. Bayne, one dated, I think (but the label is

nearly effaced), April 18, 1902, the other July 1901, and

noted as “flying on a bright winter day.” The British

Museum also possesses two ,^s from Buenos Aires, sent by

Prof. Berg under the name of Coremia argentina. I know

of no other locality in the Argentine Republic, ]3ut Mr.

Bayne informs me it is common in Montevideo, where he

met with it freely at the end of March 1904 ; the British

Museum has two of each sex labelled Colon, Montevideo,

May 3-7, 1896 (Oldfleld Thomas).

Whether the genus Ochijria has any permanent validity,

I am not at all sure. It is at present used for the species

of the Xanthorhoe group which have the ^ antenna fasci¬

culate, but I know of no other distinctive characters ;

and it is doubtful whether argentina has any close affinity

with them. The shape of wings reminds more of Cctrsia,

which, however, has quite different structure ; and the

strongly dentate, almost pectinate antenna is really not

very closely akin to the subdentate antenna of Ochyria

designata (Hufn.) and its allies.

A somewhat variable species, yet not .excessively, and

always y,»resenting a characteristic aspect. The median

area varies in width, and in the sharpness of its projection

at and M^ ; the subterminal is sometimes much less

distinct and less deeply dentate than in the type, and the

dark shading proximally to it is not always the same ; the

discal spots are sometimes large and distinct in all wings,

both above and below, sometimes ([uite minute.

92. Xanthorhoe suffocata (Dognin).

Xanthorhoe suffocata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 205

(1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

93. Xanthorhoe edmondsii (Butler).

HypocJiroma edmondsii, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882,

364.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) S

258

Louis B. Prout on the

Mendoza (W. M. Bayne), three in coll. L. B. Prout; La

Rioja (E. Giacomelli).

Described from Chili, whence the British Museum has

a fair series, from dift'erent sources. Also occurs at Callao,

Peru (coll. Br. Mus.). I know of no other localities.

The larva has been described and figured by Izquierdo,

An. Univ. Chile, liii, 829, tab. iv, 3. It feeds on Boer-

haavia discolor, and reaches a length, when fully grown, of

27 mm. It has two varieties, one green, the other grey,

the latter being the less frequent. The green variety is

of a • pale, uniform citron-colour, the venter somewhat

paler ; head and legs whitish. The tubercles are small,

provided witli fine setae. Stigmata yellow, surrounded

by dark line. The grey variety is of an earthen colour,

or of that of the bark of a tree. It greatly resembles

the old sticks of the plant. The tubercles are more con¬

spicuous, usually margined with black. Ventrally there

is a pattern formed by some waved lines. The egg is

spherical, whitish, its surface smooth and shining. The

pupa is of a chestnut colour, the body darker than the

wings ; it is not enclosed in a cocoon, but the larva merely

joins the leaves together by a very few threads in order

to pupate. The pupal stage lasts 14 days.

Except in the pectinated ^ antenna, slightly broader

wings and lighter colour, this species reminds somewhat

of Cani'ptogramma (?) stellata (Guen.).

94. Eubolia meridionalts (Wallengren).

Euholia meridionalis, Wallengren, Wien Ent. Monats., iv,

176 (1860).

Patagonia, one $ (type) in the Stockholm Museum,

collectetl on the voyage of the “ Eugenie.”

I have been unable to make out this species from

Wallengren’s brief diagnosis, or even to guess at its

correct generic location. Its author says that its palpus

and wing- form remind of Euholia clicnopodiata (Linn.) =

mensuraria (Schiff.). Staudinger (Hamb. Magalh. Sum-

melr., ii, Lep. 84) surmises it is not from the Magellan

region.

95. Camptogramma (?) stellata (Guenee).

Scotosia stellata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 443

(1858).

259

Geometridac of the Argentine Repuhlic.

V. Scotosia haesitata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 444

(1858).

Phihalapteryx intestinata, pars, Walker, List Lep. Ins.

XXV, 1337 (1862) (nec Guenee).

Scotosia impauperata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1363

(1862).

Larentia halteolata, Herrich-SchaefFer, C.B. zool-min. Ver

Regensb., xxiv, 190 (1870).

Scotosia alhosignata, Packard, Fifth Peab. Rep., 61 (1873).

rhilereme alhosignata, Packard, Monogr. Geom. U.S., 174,

tab. ix, 14 (1876).

Phihalaptertyx intestinata, Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep.

Het., ii, 156 (1893) (nec Guenee).

Gypsochroa haesitata, Hnlst, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxiii, 290

(1896).

Gamptogramma foedata, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii. 172

(1900) (nov. syn.).

Gypsochroa silellata, Hulst (ex err. pro stellata'), Dyar’s

List N. Amer. Lep., 286 (1902).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; Gran Chaco, near Florenzia,

in coll. Br. Mus.

Very widely distributed and common from the southern

United States, the Bahamas and West Indies to Brazil,

Paraguay and Argentina. Varies very little except in size,

and I have not been able to discover any indication of

geographical variation. I suspect that Gnophos fuscovariata,

Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monats., iv, 176 (1860) = Diselisio-

procta fuscovariata, Wallengr., Eugenies Resa, Ins., 379, tab.

vii, 6 (1861), is related to this, but from the figure and

description I cannot actually identify it. Some notes on

its structure, kindly sent me by Prof. Aurivillius,

confirm the suspicion that it belongs to the Larentiinae,

in spite of Wallengren’s erroneously placing it among

Boarmidae.

As I have not been able to satisfy myself concerning the

best generic position for the present species, I have allowed

it to retain provisionally that given to it by Warren and

the other workers at the South American fauna. In spite

of some resemblance to Philereme = Scotosia, it caniiot

remain there, on account of the non-biangulate discocel-

lulars of the hindwing; nor can it be referred to Ochyria,

Hiib. {Gypsochroa, Hulst, nec Hiibner), as it has not even

the true fasciculate $ antenna.

2 GO ilF Louis B. Prout on the

96. Camptogramma (?) euria (Prout), nov. sp.

9. 34 mm. Head, body and wings r. ddisb lirown, abdomen and

liindwing somewhat paler and greyer. Forewing very b'.oad, ape.x

acute, termen gently waved, slightly concave between ajiex and

middle ; traversed by numerous indistinct wavy lines, of a somewhat

olivaceous brown tint, the most distinct being three proximally and

three distally to a narrow, pale median band ; the pale band runs

from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, has an average width

of about 1 mm., is interrupted by a dark line on and widens

somewhat to inner margin ; the interspaces of the lines which bound

it are weakly darkened, so that there is a very faint suggestion of the

characteristic dark median band of the Larentiids, with pale centre ;

on inner margin near tornus, the beginnings of two further waved

lines are moderately distinct ; distal area slightly grey-shaded; ter¬

minal line continuous, brown, tinged with olive ; fringe divided by

a darkish line. Hindwing with angles well pronounced, distal

margin gently waved or subcrenulate ; greyish brown, with five feebly

expressed brownish wavy lines at approximately ecpial distances, the

innermost commencing at costa distally to the cell, but crossing its

oblique lower arm ; terminal line and fringe as in forewing.

Underside without markings, brown, densely irrorated with pale

scales.

Buenos Aires (H. Wilkinson), type in coll. Br. Mus.

I do not know any South American species with

which to compare this, unless possibly it be “ Cidaria”

ob.soletaria, Staml., Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr., ii, Lep. 102,

fig. 23, from Tierra del Fuego, with which it rather nearly

agrees in coloration ; but that has not quite such a broad

forewing, has the termen of the hindwing strongly cren-

ulate and the discoc^llulars biangulate, and is altogether

more of a Triphosa or Philcreme in appearance, so that

there is no probability of a really close relationship. The

European Larcnlia makata (Rbr.) also reminds a little of

the new species, but again only quite superficially ; the

more acute apex, the perhaps even broader forewing and

the venation of the hindwing are distinctive in this

comparison also.

According to imaginal characters, Camptogramma seems

hardly more than a subgenus of Euiihyia, with broader

wings, more crenulate margins, and some other very

minute distinctions. In C. (?) eiiria the face is rather

prominent, rough-scaled, the palpus moderate, rough-scaled,

tongue well developed, antenna laminate, shortly ciliated,

261

Geometridae of the Argentine BepMie.

hindleg with all spurs well developed, forewing with

double areole, hiinlwing with DC somewhat inangled,

from middle.

97. Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius).

Phataena olstipata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., iii (2), 199

(1794).

^ Geometra Jlnviata, Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett., v,

fig. 280, 281 (1796 ?).

7 Geometra gemmata, Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett., v,

fig. 283 (1796 ?).

Camptogramma lapillata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

430 (1858).

Camptogramma haeeata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

430 (1858).

Camptogramma exagitata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1331

(1862).

Phihalapteryx intrusata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1339

(1862)!

Cido.ria peraciitata^ Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1421

(1862).

Coremia dbruptata, Walker, List Lop. Ins., xxvi, 1713

(1862).

Camptogramma signatarvi, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi,

1718 (1862).

Coremia alternata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1681

(1866).

Coremia pigrata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1681

(1866).

Percnoptilota fiuviata, Hulst, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc.,xxiii, 282

(1896). ‘

Plemyrio- mortuaria, Schaus, MS., fide Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash., X, 34 (1908).

Buenos Aires, fairly common (A. F. Bayne) ; Goya, in

coll. Br. Mus.

Range practically worldwide, with the exception of the

Arctic regions, Australia and New Zealand, and Chili. In

the last-named country it is replaced by a very close ally

Orthonama plemyrata (Feld.),* which I regard as specific¬

ally distinct, or at least a geographical race. Elsewhere I

cannot differentiate even geographical forms. The species

* Cidaria plemyrata, Feld., Reise Novara, Lep, Het., tab. cxxxii,

15,

2G2

Ml'. Louis B. Front on the

is suspected of being a migrant, and probably wanderers

from one locality, interbreeding with those which have

bred in jmother, serve to stamp out any attempts at local

variation.

It seems necessary to accejit Guenee’s suggested deter¬

mination of ohslipata, Fab., for this species ; vide Spec.

Gen. des Lep., x, 430, also Dyar, Froc. Ent. Soc. Wash., x,

34. I refer the species and its allies (including the ejfluata

group, etc.), to Orthonama, Hiib., Verz. bek. Schmett., 331

(type lignata, Hiib., Warr. seh). Warren (Nov. ZooL,

passim ; vide ii, 116) recognises two genera, Coenocalpe

and Orthonama, according to the build of the ^ antenna.

I doubt their validity in this sense, and hincy, from the

material I have placed under the microscope, that half-a-

dozen genera could be differentiated as easily as two. In

any case the name Coenocalpe is inapplicable, its type being

lapidata, Hiib., a species with biangulate discocellulars to

the hindwing. Ilorisme, Hiib. (type, tersata, Hiib.) differs

from tlie present group in the dorsal crests, etc.

98. Orthonama centrostrigaria (Wollaston).

Coremia centrostrigaria, Wollaston, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(3) i, 119 (1858).!

Phihalapteryx mediata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1338

(1862).2

rhihalajjteryx latirupta. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1684

(1866)>

Cidaria luscinata, Zell., Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxiii, 205

(1873).^

Cidaria interrwptata, Rebel, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, ix, 76

(1894).5

ricmyria paranensis, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

273 (1901).6

Coenocalpe custodiata, Warren, Nov. Zook, xii, 442 (1905)

(in err., nec Guen.).'^

Buenos Aires, a I'ather worn which is clearly referable

to this widely-distribute.d species. In coll. L. B. Front,

presented by Mr. Fercy Richards.

Bange : Canaries (^) (^), Azores (^), the Atlantic States of

America (^) (^),* and as far south as Brazil (^) (*'). Frobably

Oi'curs pretty generally along the eastern coast of South

* Various localities recorded by Packard.

263

Geometridac of the Argentine Me-piiblic.

America, though I cannot speak positivel}’’ of this. I have a

specimen from Jamaica, and the British Museum another.

I published a note on the synonymy of this species a

couple of years ago (Entom., xli, 77), but bad not at

that time discovered that rnediata. Walk., belonged here.

Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, 646, refers it to jiuviata

but this is explained by the fact, which I learned from

Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones’ collection, that Mr. Schaus

formerly confoumied centrostrigaria and fturiata as sexes

of a single species.* I have now examined Walker’s type

of mediata.

99. Orthonama vittulata (Schaus).

Phihalapteryx vittulata, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc.

xxvii, 272 (1901).

? Orthonama dendlineata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xiv, 228

(1907).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Schaus’ type was from Bolivia. I have not seen it, but

I believe that Warren’s densilineata, from Peru, will prove

a synonym, or an aberration or variety, of the same.

100. Orthonama superjecta (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 40.)

^ . .30 mm. Antenna nearly simple, minutely ciliated. Wings

with margins gently waved (in hindwing suhcrenulate), the terminal

line almost continuous (not broken at all into spots), only slightly

thickened between the veins and interrupted at the vein-ends.

Forewing grey, finely irrorated with brown, crossed by numerous

dark lines (mostly straight), and shaded with brown basally, and

in the median area with the exception of its central part ; edge of

basal area angled on SC, inner brown band of median area slightly

constricted on SC ; subterminal line nearly straight, very faintly

waved, dark shaded proximally ; discal spot distinct, black ; fringe

narrowly pale proximally and distally, more broadly dark medially.

Hind wing similarly, but weakly marked, slightly darkened distally

(especially at inner margin), with rather conspicuous pale sub¬

terminal line. Underside marked nearly like the upper, but much

more weakly.

* When this was written, I had overlooked Dr. Dyar’s note in

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., x, 34 (sub Hydriomena latir\tpta), which

confirms, from Mr. Schaus’ own collection, the deduction which I

made from Mr. Jones’.

264

MrTTjOuis B. Front on the

Buenos Aires, January 31, 1908 (A. F, Bnyne), type in

coll. L. B. Front.

General aspect of fittulata, Schaus, lyndilninda, Warr.,

Kov. Zool., xii, 834, etc., but distinct from all species

known to me. Differs in the subcrenulate margin, the

somewhat darker colour, arrangement of the lines distally

to the postmedian, and in the more unicolorous liindwing,

without a distinct postmedian. No oblique shade from

apex. Size somewhat larger than vittulata, Schau.s.

101. Ortiionama prouti (Bastelberger).

Coenocalpe prouti, Bastelberger, Ent. Wochenbl., xxiv, 207

(1907).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Bastelberger.

102. Fteroca'PHA umbrinata (Guenee).

Scotosia umbrinata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 443,

tab, X, 2 (1858).

Scotosia umbrinata ab. velutina, Oberthiir, Et. Ent., vii, 35,

tab. iii, 16 (1883) (ab.).

Tucuman, the type form and the dark-banded ab.

velutina, in coll. Dognin : I have also seen the former from

the same locality in coll. Bastelberger.

Widely distributed and common in South America.

Guenee’s types were from Brazil, Oberthiir’s from Feru.

103. Fterocypha floccosaria (Walker).

^ Scotosia floccosaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1685

(1866).!

? ^ Obila dispar. Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep., 51 (1869).

Pterocypha occidtaria, Schaus, MS., in coll. E. D. Jones.

Becorded by Druce, Biol. Centr.-Ainer., Lep. Het., ii,

156, as occurring in the Argentine Republic; no detail

given.

Walker’s type (^) was from Bogotfl. I suspect Obila

dispar. Walk., from Limas, is the $ of the same species.

Schaus (Froc. Zool. Soc., 1896, 646) records divulscda.

Walk., as such, but — according to the Walker type (or

cotype) at Oxford- — I do not feel able to accept this.

Ranges from Mexico to Faraguay and S.E. Brazil.

Geomdridae of the Argentine Rcptiblic. 265

104-. Pteeocypha SIMPLICIATA (Warren),

Pterocypha simpliciata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 838

(1905).

Sunclia Corral, Santiago del Estero (type), in coll.

Rothschild.

105. Calocalpe affirm ata (Guenee).

Scotosia affirmata, Guenee. Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 447

(1858).!

Scotosia proqj'cssata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1348

(1862).2 •

Scotosia duhiferata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1849

(1862).3

‘Scotosia nietagrainmata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1349

(1862).-^

Scotosia congoata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1351 (1862)

(ab.).

? Larentia suhccrtaria, Herrich-Schaeffer, C.B. zool. -min.

Ver. Regensb., xxiv, 189 (1870).

Ccdocalpe rosenhergi, Warren, Nov, Zool., vii, 172 (1900)

(nov. syn.).®

Ccdoccdpe furva, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 224 (1905) (nov.

syn.).6

Argentina (witliout exact locality), in coll. Br. Mus., a

single example, referable to the ab. congoata, Walk.

Distribution very general from Mexico southwards.

Q) Brazil, (^) Haiti, (^) Colombia, (^) Venezuela, (^) Ecuador,

(®) Paraguay. Probably the Cuban sicbceodaria, H.-S., is

the same.

Somewhat variable, especially in colour, which follows

somewhat nearly the same shades as in the European

Philercme transverscda (Hufn.) = rhamnata (Schiff.).

Walker’s congoata, erroneously supposed to come from

the Congo,* is the aberration with brighter brown, less

marked, submarginal area, the counterpart of an aberra¬

tion well known to students of Palaearctic Gcomctridac,

from its occurrence in Caloccdpc cerrincdis (Scop.) = ccrtata

(Hub.) and Philercme transverscda.

* Cf. Swiiilioe, Tr, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, 580.

206

Ml'. Louis B. Front on the

106. Calocalpe fimhriata (Front), nov. sp.

$ . 46 mm. Of about the size, shape and colour of the European

Calocal2)e cervinalis, Scoj). (= certata, Hub.), the crenulations of

the liindwing margin not quite so deep as in most of the allies.

Scheme of pattern as in the allies. Forewing with basal patch and

median band bounded by rather sharply defined blackish-fuscous

lines, subbasal line at 2^ mm., somewhat dentate, with a large pro¬

jecting s])ot on M ; antemedian from costa at 9 mm. to inner margin

at 6 mm., bent outward nearly to discal spot in cell ; postmedian

line from costa at 13 mm. to inner margin at about 9 mm., slightly

oblique outwards from costa to beyond SC^, parallel with termen to

between and IVP, then sinuate (or weakly angled) inwards,

finally making two rather strong projections outwards above and

below SM^ ; median band therefore rather narrow ; the pale band

which follows is traversed by a \veak line ; distal boundary line of

this pale band moderately distinct, and marked with some dark

vein-dots ; subterminal line (not thickening into a large tornal spot

as in the ajffirmata group) preceded by a conspicuous dark fuscous

baud, stronger and more regular than the dark shading in any

known form of affirmata and its allies, but interrupted on the veins ;

cell-spot distinct. Hindwing rather weakly marked ; postmedian

line and the succeeding one incficated from inner margin to about

R*, dark-dotted on the veins ; subterminal preceded by dark band,

though much less consjricuous than in forewing. Underside more

weakly marked, but with the cell-spots conspicuous (as in the

allies).

Cacheuta, end of September or beginning of October,

1904, taken by an inspector on the railway. Type in coll.

L. B. Front, presented by Mr. A. F. Bayne.

The specimen is unfortunately in poor condition. Mr.

Bayne tells me he has, or has seen, another example still

more damaged, but I have no further data concerning it.

The species agrees very closely in all points with typical

Calocalpe (= Eucosmia), but as the $ is unknown, I cannot

say positively that it may not belong, like cauqnenensis,

Butl., to the section (or genus) Trip)hosa, Steph., which

lacks the hair-tuft of hindwing beneath. The coarse of

the dark lines is not (piite the same as in affirmata,

Guen., and its small Chilian ally cxacta, Butl., Tr. Ent. 8oc.

Loud., 1882, 415, but its most striking distinction is in the

strong:, dark submarginal band. Otherwise it would seem

rather closely akin to them. I suspect that “ Larentia ”

Geomctridac of the Argentine Bepuhlie. 267

ehillanensis, Butl., Tr. Eiit. Soc. Lond., 1882, 395, is another

rather near relative, but it is certainly not conspecific.

107. Triphosa cauquenensis (Butler).

Scotosia eauquenensis, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882,

415.

Puente del Inca, a fine series bred from pupae collected

under stones during the construction of the railway (W. M.

Bayne); also from Las Cuevas (W. M. Bayne). The first

batch of moths was bred in November 1903, others in

September and October 1905, and probably there are also

other dates which I have not expressly noted.

Hitherto only recorded from the mountains of

Cauquenes, Chili (Butler’s types).

The variation of the Puente del Inca and Las Cuevas

race can har dly be described as extreme, yet some examples

are of a somewhat warmer, browner tone than the others,

some have the transverse lines more strongly, others more

weakly expressed, while the breadth of the median area is

also liable to some variation. There are distinct indica¬

tions of a local race, differing from the Cauquenes types in

somewhat smaller size, warmer tone of colouring, and more

uniform markings — weaker differentiation of the median

band. In the whole of the long series which I have

examined, there is only one which I can call even nearly

typical. I therefore feel justified in describing the

Argentine form as Triphosa cauquenensis inca, Prout,

nov. var. (subsp. ?).

Mr. A. F. Bayne, who bred a large number from his

brother’s pupae, has kindly supplied me with a nice series,

besides presenting examples to the British Museum. He

further sent me some empty pupa-cases. In shape and

colour they greatly resemble that of T. dubitata, Linn.

The cremaster, however, shows distinct differences; in

dubitata this is more elongate, and the pair of spines are

fused for a considerable distance before diverging, i. e. may

be roughly compared to a letter Y with short arms; in

cauquenensis they are divergent from their base, as in the

letter V.

108. Perizoma impromissata (Walker).

Yqysipetes imptromissata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxiv, 1268

(1862).!

268

Mr. Li>nis B. Prout on the

Cam2otograriima corticeata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1715

(1862^2

I'erizoraa fasciolata, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 454 (1807).^

Pcrizoma m uscosata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, vii, 180 (1900).^

? Pcrizoma ochritincta, Warren, Nov. Zool, xii, 336

(1905).^

YPonzomd] imellci, Tliieny-Mieg, MS., in coll. Dognin.

(•‘^) Goya, in some numbers (also from that locality in

coll. Br. Mus.) ; (■^) Parana, Entre Rios ; Buenos Aires

(A. F. Bayne), (also in coll. Br. Mus., from Berg — under

the name “ Glaueo'pteryx tegndatci” vide snjn'a — and from

H. Wilkinson); Mendoza (?) March 1905 (W. M. Bayne).

Geographical distribution: (^) (^) Montevideo ; (^) Para¬

guay (Warren’s type) ; (®) ? Huatuxco, Vera Cruz (Warren’s

type of ochritinda).

I liave very carefully compared Warren’s fasciolata with

Walker’s types, and though the latter are in damaged

condition there can be no doubt about their identification.

They happen to be slightly larger than the average, but

the British Museum also possesses specimens from Colon,

^Montevideo (Oldfield Thomas), which are typical in size.

As regards Warren’s type of ochritinda, its wings are, as

he says, somewhat narrower, or, as 1 have indicated in my

MS. notes, “ somewhat narrower than the average ” as com-

parecl with typical imgiromissata ; were it not for the

geographical difficulty, I should not hesitate to sink it.

Thanks to the generosity of Mr. A. F. Bayne, who has

allowed me absolutely unrestricted selection from among

the long series which he has collected, I have a picked lot

of thirty-seven Buenos Aires examples of this remarkably

variable species. A full analysis of their variation might

almost be made the subject of a separate i3aper; to a

British entomologist one may give some idea by saying

hat it is a veritable Dysstroma citrata (immanata) among

be Argentine Geomdridae. The commonest forms seem

to be the rather sombre ones with a moderately darkened

median band, or pretty nearly unicolorous ; not infrequently

the band is black, reminding of Xanthorhoe ferrugata ab.

unidentaria, especially when (as sometimes happens), the

paler areas are more or less coloured with ochre. Some¬

times tlie nearly unicolorous forms are strongly tinted with

mossy green (ab. muscosata, W^arr.), sometimes they are

nearly melanic. Very fre(piently the median band is more

269

Gcomctridae of the Argentine Rcpuhlie.

or less pale-centred, but this phase of variation gives rise

to an infinity of slightly ditferent forms ; the pale portion

may be broader or narrower, sometimes broken into large

costal and two small innermarginal spots, it may be only

slightly paler than the rest of the band, or even on the

other hand clear white — the most striking forms — or again

it may be tinged with flesh-colour or almost reddish,

slightly suggesting the type form of X. ferrugata, or with

a somewhat more ochreous shade. In one or two speci¬

mens the areas placed proximally and distally to the median

band are quite reddish. My single Mendoza specimen is

of the ab. muscosata.

Mr. Bayne tells me that this is the only Geometrid

common in the winter in Buenos Aires. I find the dates

range from March 31 to September 25, It is interesting

that the only three species for which I have noted winter

records from there — Hamviaptera tencra, Ochyria argentina

and the present species — all belong to the Larentiinae, the

sub-family which is so preponderant in Arctic and mountain

regions, so comparatively deficient in representatives in

tropical climes.

109. Perizoma sordescens (Dognin).

Perizoma sordescens, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., lii, 18

(1908).

La Paz, Mendoza, September 18, 1903, one $ (VV. M.

Bayne); Paltnira, one ^ (W. M. Bayne); both in coll.

L. B. Prout; San Rafael, one in coll. A. F. Bayne.

Dognin’s type was from Peru ; I have compared my

specimens therewith.

A somewhat variable species in colour and in intensity

of markings, but the median band seems constant in shape.

My? is darker than my I have a worn specimen from

Palmira, September 13, 1903, which is apparently a close

relative, or likely even an aberration, of F. sordescens, but

I cannot decide definitely until similar specimens are met

with in better condition. It appears to have the median

band entirely absent — an extreme of variation not unknown

in some of the most variable of the Larentiinae {e.g. Perizoma

niveata, Steph. = albidata, Schiff., Oporinia dilutata, Schitf.,

etc.); but it is harder to reconcile the position of a rather

distinct subbasal band with the markings of P. sordescens ;

on the other hand, the black subapical marks are typical

270

B. Front on the

for tliose of that species. I forbear to name the form at

present. Its captor, Mr. W. ]\I. Bayne, obtained eggs

from it, but the larvae died before a food-plant could be

discovered.

From Maassen’s description and figure (Stiibel’s Reisen,

Lep., 1G8, tab. ix, 15) I should not be at all surprised if

Cidaria aneiuliferata, Maassen, from Bolivia, were another

form of this species, in which case his name would have

priority.

The build of the abdomen, which in the San Rafael $

is, in death, somewhat upcurved anally, and the presence

of an oblique apical dash on forewing, suggest that this

species may have some affinity with the genera Di/sstroma,

Eustroma, Lygris, etc., of the Palaearctic Region — the

genus Cidaria (pro parte) of Guenee’s .system. It is

hardly likely it will prove to bear any close larval re¬

lationship to the seed-feeding Perizoma (= Emmelesia) of

Europe.

110. Perizoma (?) iduna (Prout), nov. sp.

$ . 25 mm. Face slii'htly tufted, palpus rather long, antenna

almost simple, pultescent ; frenulum apparently wanting or very

weak ; discocellulars of hindwing rather weakly biangulate. Fore-

wing with basal and median areas brown, strongly tinged with pink,

traversed by very ill-defined, more fuscous brown waved lines ;

proximal edge of median band ill-defined, its limiting line can just

be made out to be strongly curved ; postmedian line (distal margin

of median band) from about two-thirds costa, dentate and slightly

oblique outwards to below then inbent to Mq where it projects a

sharp angle into median band, then dentate and nearly perpendicular

to inner margin ; distal area pale violet grey, almost whitish, but with

a large apical blotch (to below R") of varied pink, ferruginous and

fuscous, and a small, ill-defined tornal mark. Hindwing uniform

ferruginous brownish. Underside of forewing olivaceous-grey in cell

and submedian area, delicate pink in apical portion and at extreme

margins, the colours not shar])ly defined ; discal spot and postmedian

line well marked in dark olivaceous brown. Underside of hindwing

delicate pink, slightly shaded with olive-grey basally, a large dark

discal dot, and distinct, curved, somewhat diffuse and wavy post¬

median line.

S. Pablo, 1200 in., Villa Novoes (?), Tucuman, September

3, 1901, type in coll. Br. Mus.

Geometridae oj the Argentine Uejiuhlic.

271

111. Dysstroma citrata (Linne)(?).

Phalaena {Geomeira) citrata, Linne, Fauo. Suec., ed. 2, 332

(1761).

Phalaena immanata, Haworth, Lep. Brit. (2), 323 (1809).

Poli/phasia tncncata rufihrunnea, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii,

181 (1900).

“ Parana, Entre Rios,” in coll. Rothschild (types of

Warren’s truncata rujihritnnea).

I have very fully discussed the synonymy of this widely

distributed Holarctic species in Trans. City Bond. Ent.

Soc., xviii, 33-60, together with that of its congener

Dysstroma truncata, Hufn., to which Mr. Warren referred

his rufihrunnea. And I there expressed the doubt, which

I still entertain, whether the supposed Parana record were

not founded on some error in labelling, or — unlikely though

this latter explanation seem — on some European material

accidentally imported into Argentina. “ Not only the

species, but the entire group is absent from the vast

intervening area of tropical America, and the specimens

are so normal in appearance as would be almost incredible

on the assumption of an ancient geographical isolation ”

{loc. cit., p. 51).

112. Hypolepis prionogramma (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 19.)

. 24 mm. Face and palpus light brown. Antenna brown, the

.scales of dorsal surface in alternate bands of brown and straw-colour.

Forewing whitish, dusted and clouded with brown, and with a

decided tinge of straw-colour, especially in basal and costal areas

and on median vein ; the markings brown ; basal line from inner

margin, outangled, bounded distally with white, but lost in the costal

clouding after vein M ; an irregular subbasal band, its distal margin

projecting at SM^ and more broadly below M, the band constricted

in cell, widening again costad ; median band much as in H. serratilinea

(Warr.),* containing distinct white spot at lower angle of cell ; sub¬

terminal line weakly indicated, but with distinct dark patches

pro.ximally to it at costa and (smaller) at inner margin, some vague

dark clouding between ; termen clouded with darkish brown, the

most prominent patch being a large irregular triangle between costa

and its acute apex placed on ^t about 2h mm. from termen ;

* PsaUodes serratilinea, Warr., Nov. Zook, xi, 70 = Hypolepis

serratilinea, Warr., ibid., 521.

272

AiPf Louis B. Prout on the

fringe pale straw-colour, cliequerecl with darkish brown. Hindwing

whitish, tinged with straw-colour distally ; weak beginnings of two

lines on inner margin ; the hair-scales of the inner-marginal area

somewhat browner. Underside of forewing brownish, weakly

marked, the costa broadly yellower and mottled with brown ; a

brown blotch close to distal margin, between and R^ and

(narrower and weaker) between SC^ and IR ; fringe as above.

Underside of hind wing with rather large, distinct dark cell-spots,

a zigzag dark postmedian line running into a large dark spot near

inner margin at about two-fifths, a much weaker dark mark near

inner margin between this and tornus.

Tucuman (type), iu coll. L. B. Prout ; also in coll. Dognin

from same locality.

Similar to H. serrutilinea, Warr., from Peru (under which

name M. Dognin records it in his MS. list), but dis-

tinguished, apart from its somewhat different tone of

colour, by the form of the basal and subbasal dark markings,

and, to a less extent, those of the distal margin. In the

former respect, indeed (and in the presence of the white

mark in the centre of the median band), it comes nearer to

IL completa, Warr., Nov. Zook, xi, 520, also from Peru.

The antenna is quite normal, rather thick — as in all the

males of the group, so far as my observation goes — but

neither “rasped above” nor with “short, subclavate teeth •

below.” According to Warren, Nov. ZooL, xi, 521, H.

serratilinca ^ should be abnormal iu these particulars; but

as I do not feel altogether satisfied that this $ was con-

specific with the original (^) type, I do not emphasise the

antennal characters as a difierential feature of H. priono-

gramma. In the new species the discocellulars are some¬

what bent on loth wings, weakly approaching the

“biangulate” form, and with from slightly below the

middle ; yet certainly not of the typical Fsaliodes form.

The hair-tuft on abdomen beneath is strongly developed.

113. Spargania flavisquamata (Dognin).

Eriop)ygidict fiavisquamata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

xlviii, 360 (1904).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin, also from the same

locality in coll. Bastelberger et coll. Br. Mus.

I consider the genus Eriopygidia, Warr., Nov. Zook, vii,

175, inseparable from Sjmrgania, Guen., Spec. Gen. des

Lep., X, 454.

Geometridae of the Argentine Reggiiblic.

278

114. Larentia profugaria (Herrich-Scliaeffer).

Larentia profugaria, Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur.

Scbmett., i, fig. 410-11 (1855).

Aspilates (?) hemichlorcda, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxiv,

1069 (1862).

Larentia omphacina, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

xlv, 179 (1901).

Cidaria anteviridata, Thierry-Mieg, Le Nat., xxix, 259

(1907).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger.

Tbe species is cbietly known as Brazilian. Tbence

came tbe types of hemiehlorafa, anteviridata, omphacina and

pvohahXy tbongb by an evident mistake Herricb-

Scbaeffer recorded it as from “ North America.” It was

partly tins error, no doubt, wbicb misled Dognin into

redescribing tbe South American insect as omphacina.

There is, however, a good deal of variation in tbe species,

though not such as to I'aise any doubts in my mind as to

tbe specific identity of tbe different forms.

The generic position of profugaria is a matter of some

perplexity, as it seems to present no salient features for

generic differentiation and yet tbe facies suggests that it

should be sni generis. Of course it is only a “ Ijarentia ”

in tbe comprehensive sense in which that name is used by

Hampson — areole double, discocellulars of hind wing bian-

gulate. The suggestian was made tentatively by Packard

(Monogr., p. 212), merely from Herricb-Schaeffer’s figure,

that it might belong to Chloraspilates, and this has been

followed, without even a query, by Hulst in Dyar’s List N.

Amer. Lep., 805 ; but it is of course altogether erroneous.

115. Sarracena xanthochlorata (Walker).

Sgharites xanthochlorata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxiv, 1427

(1862).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Walker’s type was from Venezuela. It is believed that

this form, in spite of tlie very differently coloured hindwing,

is merely the ^ to Sarracena chlamydaria, H.-S., Samml.

Aussereur. Scbmett., i, fig. 73 = Sarracena hrevilinea, Warr.,

Nov. Zook, xi, 524. But as there is no certainty about

this at present, I have accepted M. Dognin’s record, which

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) T

274 I'fff Louis B. Prout on the

will show wliat form (and sex) has as yet been observed in

Argentina.

116. Stenorrhoe longipenxis (Warren).

Stenorrhoe loiKjipennis, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 183 (1900).

Goya, Corrientes, in coll. Br. ^lus.

The species was described from S.E. Brazil. I know of

no other localities.

Eueupithecia (Berg, MS.) (Prout), nov. gen.

Face Hat, not tufted ; jJ^dpus very short, porrect, 2nd joint rough-

scaled, 3rd joint small ; tongue short ; antenna in ^ with strong

fascicles of cilia, a longer and a shorter pair of fascicles to each joint,

in 9 very shortly ciliated. Thorax glabrous beneath ; femora

glabrous ; hindleg short, hindtibia in ^ with hair-pencil, all spurs

wanting, in 9 'vith terminal spurs only. Abdomen long. Wings

long and narrow, smooth-scaled ; frenulum developed. Forewing

with cell long ; SC' from about two-thirds of cell ; SC‘^ out of SC'i

anastomo.sing with SC-'' to form a long, simple areole ; SC'*® from

welPbefore apex of cell ; radials normal ; M' a])proximated to ;

M” approximated to M', noticeably curved. Hindwing with cell

rather long ; C anastomosing with SC to beyond one-half of cell ;

SC‘^ stalked with R' ; R^ from much a1)ove middle of cell ; medians

nearly as in forewiug, M- less curved.

Type of tlie genus : Eueupithecia cis2)latcnsis, Prout,

nov. sp.

According to my invariable custom, I liave adopted an

available MS. name in preference to coining a new one ;

but it must be admitted that Berg’s name is by no means

elegantly formed.

This interesting genus bears much superficial resemblance

to some of the narrower-winged species of Eu]}'ithecia and

Encymatoge, except in its more elongate abdomen ; yet its

smooth, flatly -rounded face, minute palpus and aborted ^

hindleg, all recalling the Acidaliinae, remove it rather

widely therefrom. It is perhaps related to Stenorrhoe,

Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, 183, which shares with it the frontal

and hindtibial structure (I know only one 9 of Stenorrhoe,

with the legs lost), but which differs in having the areole

double, and in some other points.

Geometridae of the Argentine Re'puUic.

275

117. Eueupithecia cisplatensis (Berg, MS.)

(Prout), uov. sp. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 5.)

5 • 21-23 mm. Head, body and legs nearly uniform light grey,

tinged with brown. Forewing with antemedian and iiostinedian

lines scarcely indicated except by dark vein-dots, the former at about

one-third, bent outwards in cell, the latter at about two-thirds,

angled on R* ; cell-spot large, dark, roundish, the faintest possible

indications of a darkened median shade ; terinen with some rather

indistinct dark dots between the veins. Hindwing with no distinct

markings excepting a large, dark, roundish cell-spot and dark

terminal dots ; in addition, very weakly banded with alternately

greyer and browner shades or lines, which are sometimes slightly

better expressed at inner margin. Underside similar, but with

antemedian line obsolete on forewing, on the other hand with a

distinct postmedian line of small dark dots, angled on Rh

Buenos Aires, latter half of January, in coll. L. B. Prout

et coll. Br. Mus., the type ($) January JO, 1903, in coll.

L. B. Prout ; Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902,

in coll. Br. Mus.

I know of no other localities. Specimens were sent

from Buenos Aires to the British Museum by Prof. C. Berg,

as long ago as 1886, under the manuscript name of

Eueiipithecia cisplatensis \ but they have never yet been

described.

118. Sebastia maleformata (Warren).

Sebastia maleformata, W^arren, Nov. Zook, ii, 112 (1895).

Buenos Aires, one J, December 21, 1903 (A. F. Bayne),

in coll. L. B. Prout.

Warren’s type was from S.E. Brazil.

119. Eupithecia batida (Dognin) (?).

Eupithecia batida, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xliii, 140

(1899).

Buenos Aires, one January 5, 1907 (A. F. Bayne),

in coll. L, B. Prout.

My specimen is somewhat worn, and although it seems

to agree with Dugnin’s batida (from Colombia), I cannot be

certain of the identification, upon such slight material. It

is not impossible it belongs to the subgenus Stenopla,

Warn, Nov. Zool., vii, 166 ; it reminds of the type-species

T 2

27G ]\I^Louis B. Prout on the

of that genus, S. mrescens, Warr. {ibid.), of which 1 know

only the

120. Eupithecia semilugens (Dognin).

Tephroclystia semilugens, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1, 209 (1906).

Tucuman (types), in coll. Dognin.

121. Eupithecia chincha (Dognin).

Eupithecia chincha, Tfogwm, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xliii, 138

(1899.)

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Dognin’s types were from Ecuador.

122. Eupithecia furvipennis (Dognin).

Tephroclystia furvipennis, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1, 209 (1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

123. Eupithecia indefinita (Snellen).

Eupithecia indefinita, Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xvii, 75, tab. v, 11

(1874).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger.

Described by Snellen from Bogota.

124. Eupithecia bellimargo (Bastelberger).

Tephroclystia bellimargo, Bastelberger, Intern. Ent. Zeit.

Guben, i, 255 (1907).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Bastelberger.

125. Eupithecia i-actevirens (Dognin).

Tephroclystia lactevirens, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., lii,

21 (1908).

Metan, Salta (type), in coll. Dognin.

126. Eupithecia truncatipennis (Warren) (?).

Tephroclystia truncatig)cnnis, Warren, Nov. Zooh, iv, 451

(1897).

Buenos Aires, one January 27, 1902 (A. F. Bayne),

in coll. L. B. Prout.

Geometridae of the Argentine Republic. 277

The species was described from S.E, Brazil. My

specimen is too worn to admit of any confidence in the

determination, but from its shape and general aspect, I

judge it likely to belong here. Many of the Buenos Aires

species occur also in S.E. Brazil.

127. Eupithecia argica (^Prout), nov, sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 16.)

17 mm. Antennal ciliation minute. Face, palpus and body-

above concolorous with forewing ; thorax paler beneath. Forewing

pale brown-grey, irrorated with fuscous, and traversed by fuscous

lines ; three approximately equidistant lines proximally to discal

spot, rather distinct costally, angled in cell, and becoming more or

less indistinct or obliterated posteriorly ; cell-spot rather distinct,

seated on an acutely angulated (not very distinct) fuscous line, which

runs from costa near thirddine to M well before middle of wing ; post¬

median from costa at nearly two-thirds, accompanied by a dark

wedge-mark proximally at SC^ then oblique distad, rectangularly

bent at thence straight (and parallel with termen) to inner margin;

a very slightly paler band follows, bounded and intersected by two

very weak lines, which follow the same course as the postmedian ;

subterminal line lunulate-dentate, indistinct, shown only by the dark

dusting of the rest of the distal area ; a dark mark on submedian fold

proximally to the subterniinal, as in many neotropical species of the

genus ; marginal line dark, interrupted at the vein-ends. Hindwing

much paler, only the inner- marginal area concolorous with forewing,

and showing weak indications of beginnings of dark transverse lines ;

cell-spot scarcely indicated ; marginal line very weak. Forewing

beneath paler than above, somewhat darkened in costal and distal

areas ; proximal area without definite markings ; discal spot rather

large, distinct ; a curved (not angled) somewhat diffuse postmedian

line, weaker in lower half of wing ; a somewhat pale band following,

and bounded by a curved (not angled) line, to which succeeds the

darkened terminal area with rather indistinct subterminal line, as

above. Hind wing beneath pale, with faint suggestion of a subangulate

antemedian line ; cell-spot rather large, distinct ; postmedian line

fuscous-brown, distinct, strongly curved behind cell-spot ; a similar

line midway between this and distal margin ; marginal line distinct.

Temperlay, Buenos Aires, February 1901 (A. F. Bayne).

Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

An inconspicuous little species, of somewhat the tone

of colour of an average form of the European E. vulgata

278

Mr. Louis B. Prout on the

(Haw.), or intermediate between that and E. e.riguata

(Hiib.). In such a large and difficult genus, it is impossible

to say positively tliat it has not been already described, but

I have studied all Warren’s and Dognin’s types — which

cover by far the greater pro])ortion of those de.scribed —

without finding it, and think it therefore fairly safe to

publish it as new. The specimen I have determined as

truncatipennis, Warr., may be a malformed example of it,

but each looks normal to its own shape. The type of

argica is in good condition.

128. Eupithecia ammorrhoa (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 12.)

9. 21 nun. Head, body and torewing light sandy -grey, irrorated

with darker sandy-ochreous ; thorax and base of abdomen, as well

as forewing, paler beneath. Antenna sandy, darker ringed. Wings

long and narrow. Forewing crossed by several sandy-ochreons lines,

the most distinct being : a curved antemedian from beyond two-fifths

of costa to middle of inner mai’gin ; a postmedian from about two-

thirds of costa, angled distad above (but here weak), distinct again,

and parallel with termen, from R*, slightly inbent from R^ to kP ;

and a finer line accompanying the postmedian distally at about 1 mm.,

following the same course, darkened from costa to the angulation on

SC’, and crossed by a short blackish mark on M" ; termen narrowly

clouded with sandy-ochreous, more broadly at apex ; cell-spot black,

distinct ; costal area somewhat dotted and striated with fuscous ;

marginal line blackish, interrupted at vein-ends ; fringe at base

narrowly white, then with a bar of light fuscous, then again light,

though somewhat mixed with pale fuscous. Hindwing whitish,

with a dark line almost parallel with and near to termen, distinct

from inner margin, but becoming faint before one-half and dis¬

appearing before costa ; the weak beginnings of other dark mark¬

ings from inner margin to M and LP, this area also somewhat less

white than rest of wing and dotted with fuscous ; cell-spot minute ;

marginal line and fringe as in forewing. Underside of forewing

very weakly marked, excepting a moderately dark cell-spot (which

is more elongate than above), and the fine line distally to the post¬

median, which is rather conspicuous in its darkened costal part, and

well traceable across the wing ; underside of hindwing nearly white,

almost unmarked, excepting a small cell -spot.

San Juan, November 15, 1904 (W. M. Bayne), type in

coll. L. B. Prout.

Geomctridae of the Argentine Republic.

279

The shape and the course of markings somewhat recall

Eupithecia sihylla, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 405,

but the colour is entirely different. Except that the bases

of the forewings are somewhat rubbed (probably in setting)

the specimen is in beautiful condition. Besides the mark¬

ings enumerated, there are evidently some further lines in

the basal area, while the median area contains two faint,

angulated lines, the proximal of which crosses the cell-spot

and joins the antemedian at about the middle of the wing.

In structure, the species is a thoroughly typical Eupithecia,

the face perhaps somewhat more sloping (prominent below)

than in some species, the palpus rather stout and rough-

scaled, though not so extreme as is sometimes the case in

the genus.

Egg yellow, oval, of the usual Eupithecia form (W. M.

Bayne, in litt.).

Note. — I have also from Mr. A. F. Bayne a rather worn

$ of apparently another species of Eupithecia, taken in

Buenos Aires on January 16, 1905. I have thus far failed

to identify it, and although it should be quite recognizable,

it is not sufficiently good to justify its being made the

type of a new species, even should it prove to be hitherto

undescribed.

129. Amaurinia glauculata (Walker).

Thalassodes glauculata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1560

(1862).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Walker’s type was from Brazil. I believe the same form

occurs in Paraguay, but its actual range yet remains to be

worked out.

180. Amaurinia coerulea (Warren).

Amaurinia coerulea, Warren, Nov. Zoo!., xii, 51 (1905).

Tucuman ( Warren’s type and others), in coll. Rothschild;

also one example, smaller and more unicolorous, from same

locality, in coll. Baste Iberger.

It is not unlikely that this will sink before some older

name, e. g. peruviensis, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

262, but the species, or forms, run very close, and I have

not yet been able to examine sufficient material to justify

any definite conclusions. I should not be at all surprised

280

Af^Louis B. Prout on the

if the species recorded by M, Dognia as glauculata (vide

supra) proved to be the same as this.

131. Cambogia tegularia (Guenee) (?).

Cambogia tegularia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 433

(1858).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger ; Metan, Salta, in coll.

Dognin.

I am in some uncertainty which species is the true

tegidaria of Guenee, His types were from Brazil, and

will probably prove conspecific with the Argentine insect ;

but a considerable mixture of forms, from different parts

of Central and South America, stands in coll. Br. Mus.

under this name. Mr. WaiTen has named the Metan

specimens in coll. Dognin, as “ odatis, Druce ? ”, but I find

this is certainly not the odatis of Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Lep. Het., ii, 113. Mr. Schaus, in coll. E. D. Jones, calls

it (the Metan species), or something extremely like it,

tegidaria, Guen.

Sub-family BOARMIINAE.

Fidoniinae, Onrapteryginae, Deiliniinae, Nepliodiinae,

Abraxinae, Semiothisinae, Selidoseminae, Ennominae,

Frosopolophinae, Seotopiteryginae, Ascotinae, et Bistoni-

nae, Warren.

Narkagodes (Warren),

Narragodes, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 200 (1900).

This interesting little genus, even if Narragodes laevis,

Warr., Pi •oc. U.S. Mus., XXX, 524 (Peru), and another un¬

described species from Peru really belong to it, evidently

has its head-quarters in S.E. Brazil and the Argentine

Republic. Four species, including the one here described,

are now known from these countries, and I believe some

unnamed Brazilian material in the British Museum col¬

lection will furnish one or two others. Eupileta, Warn,

Nov. Zool. xii, 362, also scarcely differs, so far as I can

see, except in secondary $ characters. Apart from Eupileta

and the doubtful Peruvian species, the genus divides

readily into two sections ; —

A. Palpus short, antennal pectinations moderate, SC^

Geometridae of the Argentine BejjvMic. 281

of forewing anastomosing strongly with C, well separate

from {fuscata, Warr. ; comminuta, Dogn.).

B. Palpus strong, ^ antennal pectinations long, SC^ of

forewing anastomosing at a point only with C, and (at

least mgyda) later at a point with {psychidia, Warr. ;

gyda, Prout).

Both sections agree in general build and scaling, in the

smooth face, dilated ^ hindtibia, strong anastomosis of C

of hindwing with SC, absence of SC^ of forewing, etc,

132. Narragodes comminuta (Dognin).

Marragodes (in err. pro Narragodes) comminuta, Dognin,

Ann. Soc. Eut. Belg., 1, 211 (1906).

Tucuman (type and others), in coll. Dognin.

I possess a ^ from Central Bolivia ; I know of no other

localities.

138. Narragodes psychidia (Warren).

Narragodes psychidia, Warren, Nov. ZooL, viii, 480 (1901).

Parana, Entre Bios (type), in coll. Rothschild ; Tucuman,

in coll. Dognin.

134. Narragodes gyda, Prout, nov. sp.

(Plate XL VIII, %. 15.)

(J. 15-16 mra. Fuscous, finely irroratecl with blackish fuscous,

and with the markings blackish fuscous. Forewing with subbasal

line at 1 mm., not very conspicuous, broadly dark shaded proximally,

at least in costal half of wing ; antemedian from before one- third

costa, strongly bent outward in cell and slightly so towards inner

margin, reaching inner margin at about two-fifths ; postmedian from

costa at just beyond two-thirds, sharply outangled at R^, sinuate

inwards distally to cell, and more deeply in submedian area, again

outbent on SM^, and reaching inner margin at about three-quarters ;

a central shade from costa at scarcely beyond one-half, somewhat

oblique outwards to cell-spot, then very strongly oblique inwards,

running quite near to antemedian line in the inner-marginal half of

wing ; cell-spot moderately large ; subterminal line only indicated

by some indistinct, interrupted dark shading proximally to it ; some

very indistinct marginal spots between the veins ; fringe very in¬

distinctly chequered, the darker and paler shades very little con¬

trasted. Hindwing without markings, a small dark cell-spot barely

indicated. Underside of both wings with cell-spot and indistinct

postmedian line, that of the forewing distinct at costa.

282

Louis B. Front on the

San Luis, December 23, 1905 (type), in coll. L. B. Front;

Meudoza, February 13, 1905, one ^ in coll. L. B, Front ;

La Faz, Mendoza, November 24 and December 22, 1905

two ^s in coll. A. F. Bayne (all these four collected by

W. M. Bayne) ; ? Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October

1902 (S. R. Wagner), in coll. Br. Mus.

Nearly related to N. j^sychidia, Warr., with which it

agrees in structure. It is of a less brown colour (psychidin

might relatively be described as tinged with reddish) and

further differs in the deep inangnlation of the antemedian

line, the stronger expression of the median and postmedian,

etc. The Mendoza specimen is less strongly dark-irrorated

than the San Luis (type), hence its dark lines stand out yet

more clearly, removing it further in aspect from Warren’s

species. The Gran Chaco specimen is not precisely like

the western examples, but I think I am right in referring

it to this species as a dark variety; yet the tongue and

palpus seem slightly more yellow-tinged, the course of the

antemedian line does not look precisely the same, and

future study may possibly establish another closely-related

species.

135. Fsodopsis TORTILINEA (Frout), uov. sp.

(Flate XLVIII, fig. 13.)

^ 5-20 mm. Head, body and wings greyish fuscous, more or

less irrorated with whitish. Forewing with the markings dark

fuscous, only the broad median line conspicuous ; antemedian line

from al)Out one-fifth costa, throwing a very strong projection distad

in cell, and obtusely angled on submedian fold ; median line (shade)

from one-half costa to one-half inner margin, strongly outbent at

and making a sinus inwards between I\P and SM^ ; postmedian line

ill defined except in lower half, commencing beyond two-thirds of

costa, dentate, thickened and strongly sinuate inwards between kP

and SM-, narrowly i ale-margined distal ly ; marginal line slightly

darker than ground-colour ; fringe rather pale, weakly chequered

with darker. Hindwing unicolorous, somewhat paler than forewing.

Underside without markings.

Aristides Villanueva, September 25, 1905 (W. M. Bayne),

type in coll. L. B. Front ; Balde (W. M. Bayne), a ^ in

coll. A. F. Bayne.

I am indebted to Mr. Warren for the generic location

of this obscure little species, as I have not yet had the

opportunity of examining his genus Fsodopsis (Nov. Zook,

Geometridae of the Argentine Re'pvhlic. 283

xi, 560) structurally. It agrees in the small palpus, in the

strong anastomosis of C of hindwing with SC, and in the

general build. The face is slightly prominent, flattened,

smooth-scaled, the antenna in the ^ subdentate, with thin

fascicles of moderate cilia, in the ^ shortly ciliated ; SC^'^

are coincident, not stalked, and anastomose or are connected

with to form a rather long narrow areole ; the costal

area of hindwing is ample, and C, after anastomosis, diverges

from cell even more sharply than in Narragodes, to which

the genus is apparently related.

136. Mimophyle noctuata (Warren).

Mimophyle nochiata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, viii, 480 (1901).

Parana, Entre Rios (type), in coll. Rothschild ; Retamito,

one November 28, 1903 (W. M. Bayne), in coll. L. B.

Front; Palmira, one March 13, 1905 (W. M. Bayne), in

coll. L. B. Prout.

The ^ is still unknown. The three known ^s show no

appreciable variation.

137. Mimophyle sabulosa (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 36.)

d' 22-28 Him. Face prominent, rounded, smooth-scaled ; build

more slender than in M. ')ioctnatn, Warr. ; wings elongate, of delicate

texture, hindwing with anal angle rounded. Head and antenna

pale greyish fuscous; thorax and forewing pale greyi.sh fuscous

above, paler beneath ; abdomen and hindwing dirty white, sparsely

irrorated with fuscous, especially the di.stal half of hindwing above.

Forewing with a dark discal spot and ill-defined, zigzag antemedian

and postmedian lines ; antemedian from about one-third costa,

strongly angled in cell, scarcely traceable below middle of wing ;

postmedian from fourth-fifths costa, throwing out a sharp, deep tooth

into median area between SC“ and R*, a broader projection into

median area between R* and R^, and another in submedian area,

but with a tendency to produce distad-directed teeth on all the

veins ; a dark mark on inner margin before one-fourth, probably

indicating a remnant of a subbasal line ; marginal area somewhat

paler than the rest of wing, especially just distally to the postmedian

line ; a row of dark marginal dots between the veins. Hindwing

with terinen subcrenulate, marginal dots as in forewing; otherwise

almost without markings, the cell-spot small and faint. Under¬

surface almost without markings ; each wing with a very small,

faint cell-spot ; marginal spots weaker than above, more inclined to

284

ouis B. Front on the

be prolonged into a line interrupted by the vein-ends; forewing in

addition with the costal extremity of the postmedian line weakly

indicated.

Retamito, November 28, 1903 (W. M. Bayne), type in

coll. L. B. Front,; La Faz, Mendoza, Angnst 25, 1905 (W.

M. Bayne), one ^ in coll. L. B. Front ; Falinira, September

13, 1903 (W. M. Bayne), one $ in coll. A. F. Bayne ;

Coronel Salas (W. M. Bayne), one ^ in coll. A. F. Bayne.

The ^ is still unknown. The species is probably vari¬

able, both in size and in depth of colour. My La Faz

besides being considerably larger than the type, is more

heavily dark-speckled, particularly in the distal area. The

shape of the wings, and the peculiar conrse of the jiost-

median, gives a very characteristic and unmistakable asjaect.

Whether sabnlosa can be allowed to remain permanently

in Mimophyle must depend on the degree of weight

attached to the frons (not protuberant in oioctuata), the

shape and textnre of the wings, or other characters not

yet specially studied. One curious feature, however,

remains to be noticed, the variability of vein C of tlie

hindwing, usually one of the most stable features in

Geometrid venation. In the type-species (noctuata) this

is very closely appressed to SC for some distance near the

base, with apparently a break in the cell wall atone point,

constituting point anastomosis (the scaling is too dense to

allow of absolute certainty without denudation). In one

example (La Faz) of srdndosa, the left hindwing shows this

point-contact, the right wing an appreciably longer anas¬

tomosis ; while in the type specimen the anastomosis is

still stronger, and in Loth wings. In palpus, antenna, legs,

forewing venation and fovea, sabulosa agrees well enough

with the generic characters of Mimophyle. This genus

(and perhaps the allied Eupileta, Warr., Nov. Zook, xii,

362 ; cf Froc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 521) may be regarded as

making a transition from those with the more perfect

anastomosis of C with SC {Narrayodes and Psodopsis) to

those of more normal Boanniid structure, commencing

with the following genus.

138. Idialcis metria (Front), nov. sp.

(Flate XL VIII, lig. 20.)

d 9 . 22-28 mm. Head and uppersurface of body and wings

brown irrorated wdth fuscous; undersurface much paler, greyish.

Geometridae of the Argentine Bcpnhlie. 285

Forewing with termen subcrenulate ; basal area with a few black

spots ; antemedian line black, bent or angled in cell, then oblique,

but somewhat waved, to inner margin at little beyond one-fourth,

sometimes quite indistinct; postmedian line black, from costa at

about five-sixths, very strongly toothed outwards between SC® and

Rl, then sinuate inwards, projecting again, but more bluntly, between

E,-'* and M', thence strongly oblique inwards to submedian fold,

finally slightly oblique or nearly perpendicular to inner margin at

about one-half ; antemedian accompanied proximally by a diffuse

brown or fuscous band (sometimes distinct, sometimes hardly darker

than the ground-colour), postmedian, accompanied distally by a fine

or thicker brown line ; cell-spot black, distinct ; subterminal line

strongly dentate, pale, sometimes quite ill-defined, sometimes

rendered distinct by being filled up with darkish shading proxim¬

ally ; marginal line black, continuous, thickened more or less into

spots between the veins. Hindwing with termen crenulate ; ante¬

median of forewing and its accompanying proximal band continued

as subbasal markings ; a black cell-spot ; a generally indistinct

median shade, usually nearer to post median than to cell -spot ; a

somewhat sinuous postmedian, but continuing approximately parallel

with termen, accompanied distally by a brown line ; subterminal

nearly as in forewing, sometimes still weaker ; marginal line con¬

tinuous, distinct, not thickened into spots between the veins.

Underside glossy, withoirt markings, excepting a cell-spot on each

wing.

Aristides Villanueva, February 24, 1905 (W. M. Bayne),

type (^) in coll. L. B. Front ; Bakle, February 21, 1904,

the only known $ , in coll. L. B. Front ; also six $s from

La Faz and Mendoza, February and March, 1903-1905, in

coll. L. B. Front et coll. A. F. Bayne : all collected by Mr.

W. M. Bayne.

Decidedly variable, not only in the strength of the

markings, but even in their position, especially in the

course of the postmedian of forewing ; in this the sub¬

costal tooth is constant, but the sinuosities from here to

inner margin seem alike in hardly two examples, varying

from very slight to very deep, the outer line sometimes

approaching close to the inner in submedian area, some¬

times keeping well away from it. Some examples have

distinct pale markings distally to the postmedian, espe¬

cially a patch near the inner margin.

Evidently quite closely related to jacintha, Butl., Tr.

Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 414, from Chili, with wdiich it

28G

Louis B. Front on the

entirely agrees structurally, unless possibly the face may

be very slightly more protuberant and the palpus slightly

more upeurved. It may be distinguished by its generally

smaller size and its darker, much more uniiorm colouring,

but may possibly prove a mere local race. The genus

Idialcis, Warr., Proc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 509, for which Mr.

Warren specifies type jacintha, Butl., was evidently

characterised on some other species, for he gives the $

antenna as bipectinate, of fore wing as “ stalked or

coincident,” etc. According to the rules of nomenclature,

however,* Idialcis must stand io\' jacintha, and the generic

characters must be amended. For present purposes it is

sufficient to point out that the ^ antenna is nearly

siinple, not bipectinate, SC- of forewing arises separately

from cell, anastomosing with SC\ and C of hindwing is

approximated to SC to at most two-thirds of cell (which

can scarcely be described as “ nearly the whole length ”),

and does not appear to anastamose. Phihalapteryx edna,

Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 414, also belongs to this

genus. The essential characters differ little from those of

Mimopliyh, though the point of origin of SC‘^ is different.

139. Neotaxia plana (Dognin).

Neotaxia plana, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii, 3G6

(1904).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

140. Phrygionis paradoxata (Guenee).

Byssodes paradoxata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 400

(1858).!

Eulepidotus paradoxata, Moschler, Abh. Senck. Ges., xvi,

245 (1890).2

Byssodes privignaria, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het.,

ii, 98 (1892).3

Phrygionis incolorata, Warren, MS., in coll. Br. Mus. (var. ;

an sp. ?).

Buenos Aires, one ^ at light in house, April 1901

(A. F. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Pi’out ; a second, undated, in

coll. A. F. Bayne.

* “When in the original publication of a genus, one of the species

is definitely designated as type, this species shall be accepted as type

regardless of any other consideration.” (“ Science,” October 18, 1907,

p. 521, Art. .30, Rule 1 (a).)

Geometridae of the Argentine Repvhlic.

287

Guenee (^) gives the locality for his specimen as

“ Brazil (?).” The forms wliich appear to agree with his

description, and which I take it that Moschler (^) has

rightly identified from Porto Rico, are widely distributed

— West Indies, Central America (^), Para (in coll. Br. Mus.),

Rio Janeiro (coll. Br. Mus.), being localities known to me.

It seems to pass in some collections, as well as in the

“ Biologia,” as 'primgnaria, Guen. ;* but the true privig-

naria, from Martinique, was a “ cafe-au-lait ” coloured

species with the distal margin of forewing somewhat

elbowed. Further south (Sao Paolo, Porto Alegre, Monte¬

video, Buenos Aires) iyficdA par adoxata, is replaced, so far

as I can judge from meagre material, by a local race which

entirely lacks the orange shade behind the postmedian of

hindwing and has the red spot pro.ximally to the subter¬

minal metallic one above R^ wanting or much reduced.

Should this prove constant, as I expect, it will stand as

Phrygionis paradoxata incolorata (Warren, MS.), Prout, nov.

subsp.

141. Ratiaria platinata (Guenee).

Urapteryx platinata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 33

(1858).!

Ratiaria argentilinea, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxii, 827

(1861).2

Byssodes mollita, Doguin, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1891, clvii

(nov. syn.) (var. ?).^

Tucuman, in coll. Rothschild.

Range: (^) (‘^) Brazil; (^) Venezuela ; Colombia, in coll.

Rothschild.

142. Nematocampa arenosa (Butler).

Nernatocampa arenosa, Butler, Tr. Eiit. Soc. Loud., 1881,

323 (1881).

Tucuman and Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Butler’s type was from the Amazons. The species is

also represented in coll. Br. Mus. from Mexico and Rio

Janeiro, and in coll. Dognin from Costa Rica, Ecuador and

south Brazil, so that it evidently has a wide range. It

varies considerably, and may conceivably be the same as

vest'Uaria H.-S., Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., i, fig. 368 =

resistaria H.-S., ibid. p. 41, with which Butler compares it.

* Bijssodes prirkjnaria, Guen., Spec Gen. des Lep., ix, 400.

288

M^Louis B. Front on the,

The last-named species is said to be from Brazil; but

Herrich-Scbaeffer’s figure looks so much like a specimen

of the North American N. limhata (Haw.) = Jilamentaria,

Guen., that I suspect there may be a mistake as to the

locality, as we know is the case with a few of Herrich-

Schaefter’s records.

“ 143. Urepione quadrilineata (Walker).”

Ilijperetis (?) quadrilineata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi,

1502 (1862).^

? Azelina contorta, Thicrry-Mieg, Le Nat., xiv, 217 (1892).-

? Semiothisa (?) contorta. Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep.

Hot., ii, 133, tab. liii, 19 (1893).=^

Urepione quadrilineata, Warren, Nov. Zook, ii, 158 (1895).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

The above synonvmy is according to Schaus, Tr. Amer.

Ent. Soc., xxvii, 177, and the localities should be : (^)

Amazons ; (^) Peru ; (^) Central America, Colombia and

Ecuador. But according to M. Dognin (in litt.j Schaus’

mlloriui {Joe. cit.) is synonymous with contorta and qnad-

rilineata a little different. The three may all be one

species. Personally, I have been inclined to regard those

forms with the antemedian line close to (or touching) the

discal spot as distinct and as the true valloma ; this is the

form (or species) which occurs in Paraguay, and M. Dognin

informs me that the line is so placed in his Tucuman

“ quadrilineata.”

144. Melinoides apricaria (Herrich-Schaeffer).

Metrocampa apricaria, Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aus-

sereur. Schmett., tab. Ixiv, 3G3 (1855).

Heterolocha apricaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 108

(1858).

Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Widely distributed from Mexico to Uruguay, originally

described from Venezuela. Strongly variable.

145. Melinoides fulvitincta (Warren).

Melinoides fulvitincta, Warren, Nov. Zook, xii, 69 (1905).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild.

I have only seen the type specimen, a It is quite

G-eometridae of the Argentine Republic. 280

possible it is only a very extreme aberration of M.

apriearia.

146. Melinoides albarita (Dognin).

Iteterolocha albarita, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxvii,

158 (1893).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Described from Loja. I have seen a large number from

Bogotd, Colombia.

147. Numia deceptrix (Warren).

Nuiiiia deceptrix, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 69 (1905).

Tucuman, in coll. Rothschild (type) et Bastelberger.

148. Perusia citrinata (Snellen).

Perusia citrinata, Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xvii, 25, tab. ii, 1

(1874).

Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Snellen’s type was from Bogotd. I believe the species

(or form) is widely distributed.

149. Microxydia orsitaria (Guenee).

Stegania{T) orsitaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 49

(1858).

? Rumia defixata. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1499

(1862).

? Goi'ycia sulphurata, Maassen, Stlibel’s Reisen, Lep. 161,

tab. viii, 18 (1890).

? Microxydia rufifinibriata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 574

(1904).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin et coll. Bastelberger.

Widely distributed throughout a great part of the

Neotropical Region, though I am not aware of its occurrence

further south than Tucuman and S.E. Brazil.

“Varies excessively,” as Guenee gathered even from the

three specimens known to him. It is probable that the

names cited in the synonymy above should be sunk to it,

and not unlikely some of the others which have been

brought forward as new species of Microxydia.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) U

290

Mr. Louis B. Prout on the

150. Lomographa bicineta (Dogniu).

Coricia hicincta, Doguin, Le Nat., xiv, 144 (1892).

Tucuman, in coll. Dogiiin.

Dognin’s types were from Ecuador. Occurs also in

Peru.

151. Nipteria CURVIFASCIA (Warren).

Nii^teria curvifascia, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 476 (1901).

Rosario, two one $ (type $ and cotypes), in coll.

Rothschild ; Buenos Aires, in coll. Br. Mus.

No doubt the specimens from Castro, Parana, mentioned

by Warren (loc. cit.), belong to a nearly allied species which

stands in coll. E. D. Jones as caintaria, Schaus (MS.), and

which has also been presented to the British Museum by

Mr. Schaus, under the name of curvifascia. I have seen

no other example of true curvifascia than the Argentine

ones.

152. Nipteria (?) fumida (Burmeister).

Upcnora fumida, Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Arg. Rep.,

V (1), 414 (1878).!

Nephodia fumida, Berg, An. Soc. Cient. Argent., xiii, 181

(1882).2

(^) Buenos Aires ; (f) Oran and Salta.

Burmeister’s genus Upcnora was erected for this species.

He figures only the venation (Atlas, tab. xvii, 15) and this

somewhat incorrectly. But Berg’s careful notes and cor¬

rections (^) make it certain that the species belong to the

Nephodiinac of Warren. Its actual identity has not been

made out. The only species of the group which I yet

know from Buenos Aires is curvifascia) but had the

authors had this species before them, they could hardly

have overlooked the distinct band. It is in the highest

degree probable that Berg’s Salta fumida will prove to be

N. marginata, Warr. ; but there is no certainty that Berg

correctly identified this with the Buenos Aires insect.

153. Nipteria marginata (Warren)

(praec. syn. ?).

Nipteria marginata, Warren, Proc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 502

(1906).

Salta, type in coll. Rothschild ; Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Geometriclae of the Argentine BeimUic.

291

154. Nipteria saturata (Dognin).

Nipteria saturata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 117

(1906).

Metan, Salta, type (i^) in coll. Dognin.

155. Pantherodes pardalaria (Hiibner).

Panthera imrdalaria, Hiibner, Zutr., ii, 25, fig. 8o5-6

(1823).

Pantherodes 'pardalaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

200 (1858).

Panthera pardalaria, ab. obliterata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xvi,

100 (1909) (ab.).

Argentina (O. W. Thomas), without exact locality,

in coll. Br. Mus. ; Tucuman, in coll. Rothschild et coll.

Bastelberger. I believe Mr. A. F. Bayne has taken one or

two in Buenos Aires, but have no precise notes; a small

$ from thence (November 7, 1908, C. Gi'ant), in coll. Br.

Mus., has the abdomen entirely dark, and if this is really

a reliable distinction for P. eolubraria, Guen., Avhich Mr.

E. Dukinfield Jones assures me is structurally a distinct

species, it will have to be referred there.

156. Cataspilates plurilineata (Warren).

Aspilates plurilineata, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 473 (1897).

Mendoza, January 1903, one $ (W. M. Bayne), in coll.

L. B. Prout; Cacheuta (W. M. Bayne), one J in coll. A.

F. Bayne.

Warren’s type was from Bolivia. The species occurs

also in Brazil and in Peru.

The single Mendoza example is small and narrow¬

winged, even for a $, but it is of course impossible to .say

whether this indicates the existence of a local race.

157. Cataspilates pseud aluma (Dognin).

Cataspilates pseudaluma, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., li,

18 (1907).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

u 2

292

Mr. Louis B. Front on the

158. Macaria (?) REPETITA (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 3.)

1^. 29 min. Head, body and wings pale reddish brown, irrorated

with darker — nearly as in the European Lithina jMraria, Linn.,

but slightly duller ; hindwing paler abov'e, especially in costal

region. Forewing with the lines dark, mostly straight, only the

po.stmedian well expressed throughout; subbasal line weak ; ante-

median oblique, weakly sinuate, from costa at one-third to inner

margin at scarcely beyond one-fourth, most distinct at inner margin ;

a faint median shade at somewhat before one-half ; postmedian from

costa at nearly four-fifths to inner margin before two-thirds, some¬

what darkened on the veins, and accompanied distally by a weaker

line. Hindwing with a moderately distinct dark discal spot, a post¬

median line from inner margin at about three-fifths, nearly straight,

but faintly curved towards termen, becoming indistinct, and vanish¬

ing about R' ; distal margin from tornus to rather broadly shaded

with 2)ale brownish (colour of forewing). Undersurface rather

thickly scaled (much as in Lithina), inner margin of forewing the

palest ; markings nearly as above.

La Paz, Mendoza, August 23, 1905 (W. M. Bayne).

Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Recalls in shape, and in some other points, Thamnonomct

imitata, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii, 134, tab.

liii, 20, 21, but differs, inter alia, in having non-pectinate

antenna and in wanting the long frontal cone of hairs.

Unfortunately, both antennae are broken, but stumps

remain, one of them to the length of about ten segments,

and these show a somewhat dentate, ciliated structure,

perhaps not so strongly serrate-dentate as in the group of

Maearia gigantata, Guen., Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 78. I

am not satisfied with the existent divisions of Macaria on

secondary male characters, nor, certainly, with Meyrick’s

impossible sinking of the genus to Opisthograptis, Htib.

The present species has not the facies of a Macaria, but

rather that of a Lithina ( = Lozogranima). It may probably

be near, or possibly even a form of Lozogranima (?) setaria,

Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vi, 146, from S.E. Brazil, with

which I am unacquainted, but the brief description gives

no information as to wing-shape or structure, and the

generic query is Mr. Schaus’ own. In Lithina vein SC^

is present; in M. repetita the structure is as in Macaria

and Thamnonoma, SC^ absent, SC^ closely approaching G

Gcometridae of the Argentine Rcfublic.

293

(possibly connected at a point) and afterwards connected

by a short bar with SC^ The fovea is strongly developed.

The hindlegs are wanting.

I have assumed Macaria, Curt. (September 1, 1826), to

be an older name than Hiib. (Zutr., indescr. ;

Verz., 298, 1826 ?). The exact date of publication of the

latter is still unascertained, but as Meyrick and Aurivillius

recommend quoting 1826, and Hampson 1827, it seems

undesirable to substitute the Hiibnerian name for Curtis’ ;

according to a recommendation of the German Zoological

Society, a genus with a type fixed should, in cases of

doubt, be preferred to one without. Curtis fixed his type,

Macaria litnrata (Clerck), and gave a generic diagnosis far

in advance of anything of Hiibner’s.

159. Macaria peltigerata tGuenee).

Macaria peltigerata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 79,

(1858).

Tucuinan, in coll. Dognin.

Guenee’s type was from the Amazons.

160. Macaria transvisata (Guenee).

Macaria transvisata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 7l

(1858).

Paraseinia distans, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, 343

{partinx).

Buenos Aires, February 1901, February 16, and

December 16, 1903 (A. F. Bayne), three ^s in coll. L. B.

Front. I believe Mr. Bayne has taken one or two sub¬

sequently, and there is one from the same locality

(H. Wilkinson) in coll. Br. Mus.

This is the most southerly locality known for this very

widely-distributed eastern Neotropical species (or form),

which ranges northwards to Central America. It is

doubtful whether it is really anything more than an

aberration or variety of M. regulata (Fabr.) = notata

(Cram., nec Linn.) = enotata (Guen.), but the Buenos Aires

examples belong to the transvisata form. Butler’s distans

was properly “ nov. nom.” for notata. Cram. (fig. G), nec

Linn., in other words, an absolute synonym of enotata,

Guen. ; but his Amazonian specimen is a somewhat inter¬

mediate form, though clearly transvisata if that be a

separate species.

294

AF^^jouis B. Prout on the

161. Macaria arenisca (Dognin).

$ Macaria arenisca, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xl, 145

(1896).

$ Semiothisa inexcisa, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 480 (1897)

(nov. syn.).

IVIetan, Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Very generally distributed in the Neotropical Region,

from the West Indies and Colombia to nortliern Argentina.

Dognin described from nine ^s from Ecuador, Warren from

a $ from Trinidad. The two are certainly synonyms,

though there may be some slight sexual differences.

162. Macaria ramparia (Schaus).

Semiothisa ramparia, Schaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii,

168 (1901).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Schaus’ type was from S.E. Brazil, and I have not seen

specimens from any other country, excepting M. Dognin’s.

163. Macaria subclathrata (Warren).

Semiothisa subclcdhrata, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 432 (1897).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Likewise described from S.E. Brazil. Known to me

also from Paraguay and British Guiana.

164. Tephrinopsis rectilineata (Warren).

Tephrinopsis rectilineata, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 206

(1900).

Parana, Entre Rios (type and a series of both sexes), in

coll. Rothschild ; Buenos Aires, fairly common, especially

at light, from February to April (A. F. Bayne); San Juan,

one December 21, 1903, in coll. A. F. Bayne ; ? Tucuman

and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Also occurs at Sapucay, Paraguay.

A decidedly variable species in the strength of the lines,

the presence or absence of a duplicating line or shade,

wider or narrower, distally to the postmedian, etc. It is

not impossible that the specimens which I refer to the

following species really represent another form of this,

in which case the range of variation is still wider.

M, Dognin’s Tucuman and Los Vasquez specimens, no

Geometridae of the Argentine JRepuhlie. 295

doubt identified by Mr. Warren himself as rectilmeata, will

almost certainly prove to belong to the fragilis form. On

the other hand, a nice aberration taken by Mr. Bayne in

Buenos Aires, April 24', 1903, seems to me undoubtedly

referable to reetilineata — perhaps to a second brood. Mr.

Bayne at one time thought it a good species, and pointed

out that in that season reetilineata was observed from

February 27 to March 13 and not subsequently, until this

straggler appeared, in fine condition. Its antemedian line

is curved instead of straight, the median obsolescent,

median area a little narrowed, postmedian line slightly

angled at R^, etc. But other specimens to a large extent

intergrade between this and the typical forms.

1G5. Tephrinopsis fragilis (Warren) (?).

Tephrinopsis fragilis,W oxYQn, Nov. Zooh, xi, 562 (1904),

Tucuman, 450 m., January 1902, in coll. L. B. Prout;

also in coll. Bastelberger from same locality;’^ La Rioja

(Dr. E. Giacomelli), $ and $ in coll. L, B. Prout ; Tunuyan,

IMarch 1902 (A. F. Bayne), one $ in coll. L, B. Prout ; La

Paz, Mendoza, January 1903 (W. M. Bayne), one $ in coll.

L. B. Prout ; Mendoza City (W. M. Bayne), one February

23, 1903, in coll. A. F. Bayne, and one ^ in coll. L, B. Prout;

Villa Mercedes, April 15, 1904, one ^ in coll. A. F. Bayne.

Warren’s Tephrinopsis fragilis was described from Pisco,

Peru, unfortunately from poor specimens ; the British

Museum has apparently the same thing from Callao and

from Paraguay. I repeatedly and carefully compared also

the western Argentine forms (here enumerated) with the

types, and noted that they belonged “ almost certainly ” to

the same species, though somewhat larger, and apparently

with some other very slight differences, I cannot say

positively that the insect which I am recording as fragilis

is not a race of reetilineata, but I have not yet seen any

specimen which I have hesitated to refer definitely either

to the one or the other, and I am glad to know that Mr.

A. F. Bayne also supports me in keeping them distinct.

The fragilis forms, though as variable as the reetilineata,

are always more strongly dark-dusted, the lines weaker

and somewhat less straight, the postmedian of forewing

marked with dark vein-spots or dashes, the underside

* And I think in coll. Dognin from Tucuman and Los Vasquez ;

see under T. reetilineata.

296

JMi^Louis B. Prout on the

less clearly marked, etc. ; they are also a little larger

{rectilineata ; 20-22 mm. ; fragilis 24-25 mm.), but as the

typical fragilis from Peru measure only 20-22 mm., I do

not overpress this. If the two are geographical races of

one species, their range is a little curious ; for although

rectilineata can roughly be regarded as eastern and fragilis

as western, I have recorded a specimen of the former from

San Juan, 68° 57' W. long., and one of the latter from

Villa Mercedes, 55° 20' W. long.

The example from Villa Mercedes is the most interest¬

ing aberration; it is rather large and very well marked,

the postmedian line replaced by the row of dark vein-

dashes, which are very strong, and the shade distally to

postmedian also rather conspicuous. Perhaps, taken in

conjuction with the date (April 15), this indicates a more

sharply-marked second brood, as I have suggested regard¬

ing the previous species.

166. Tephrinopsis subumbrata (Dognin).

Tephrinopsis siihumlrata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1, 119 (1906).

Buenos Aires, one Tucuman, a pair (the three speci¬

mens from which the original description was made), in

coll. Dognin ; also others from Tucuman, in coll. Dognin et

coll. Bastelberger ; Salta, in coll. Dognin ; La Rioja (Dr.

E. Giacomelli), in coll. L. B. Prout ; La Paz, Mendoza, ^

at light, November 22, 1903 (W. M. Bayne), in coll. L. B.

Prout ; Mendoza City, February 2, 1905 (W. M. Bayne),

in coll. L. B. Prout; Palmira (W. M. Bayne), in coll. A. F.

Bayne et coll. L. B. Prout (one or two bred ex ovo, W. M.

Bayne). Mr. A. F. Bayne has also two or three undated

specimens from La Paz, etc.

Not yet known outside the Argentine Republic. A

single example of an undescribed species from Araucania,

Chili, closely related to this, stands in the British Museum

collection.

Another very variable species. The upper surface is

generally quite weakly marked, and comparatively uni-

colorous, though much darker in some examples than in

others ; but one interesting aberration, from Mendoza, has

both wings quite pale proximally to the postmedian line,

and strongly dark-shaded distally thereto. On the under¬

side of the hindwing there is still greater variation ; the

Geometridae of the Argentine Meggnblic. 297

postmedian may be almost continuous, or broken up into

spots, both lines vary much in the acuteness of their angu¬

lation, some specimens are more clouded or banded than

others distally to the postmedian, while the degree of

dark dusting varies just as materially as above. Finally,

the form from Salta, as I learn from an example kindly

sent for my inspection by M. Dognin, is decidedly larger

than the typical forms, being in this respect intermediate

between the present species and the following, though

clearly referable to the present one.

This species, with that about to be described, and the

Chilian insect mentioned above, will form a very compact

group, quite distinct in aspect from normal Teplirinopsis,

and which will possibly in time be found susceptible of

generic separation ; but at the moment I can point to

nothing more tangible than their quite different, more

glossy scaling and their different scheme of markings.

The forewing venation has been examined in most of

them, and yields nothing abnormal; SC^ is absent, SC^

usually free from (though close to) C, anastomosing at a

point or connected with SC^h Even the $ antennal

structure is much like that of the generic type, T. paral-

lelaria (Walk.), being subdentate, the moderate or longish

cilia being arranged in anterior and posterior pairs of

small compact fascicles on each segment.

167. Tephrinopsis sijbscripta (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 2.)

. 33-34 mm. Extremely close to T. suhmnbrata, Dogn., dis¬

tinguished by its considerably larger size, longer antennal cilia (in

subumbrata scarcely longer than diameter of shaft, in subscripta

about twice as long), slightly narrower and more extremely glossy

wings, usually shorter cell of the hindwing, with consequent longer

stalking of SC^ with Rh* and by the position and course of the lines

on the underside of the hindwing. These seem to be always strongly

expressed, whereas in sKbimibrata they are oftenest comparatively

weak and interrupted. Antemedian line from costa at about 6 mm.

to inner margin at about 5 mm. (in the type specimen obsolescent at

its extremities), oblique outwards from C to bifurcation of SC^-R^

thence diffuse, running nearly straight to inner margin, or slightly

* Both species, however, are slightly variable in venation ; in

subtimbrata SC^ and Ri may be either virtually connate or quite

appreciably stalked.

298

m Louis B. Front on the

concave, accompanied by dark marks along the veins ; postmedian

line obsolescent at costa, very oblique outwards from SC^ to R*,

obsolescent distally to cell, very strongly concave from R^ to anal

angle, dark-marked on R^, and

Puente del Inca, type and two co-types (one dated

January 14, 1904) in coll. L. B, Front, one $ in coll. A. F.

Bayne; all collected by W. M. Bayne.

Mr. A. F. Bayne is strongly of opinion that this species

is distinct from T. mihmnbrcda. of the lower altitudes, and

the structural differences favour this view. The great

variability of Dognin’s species, however, has already been

commented upon, and must not be lost sight of, and even

the position of its lines sometimes shows an approach to

T. subsc7'i2}ta ; so that possibly some systematists will

prefer to regard the latter as a local, mountain race. On

the other hand, it is just possible tliat there are tw'o oi

three very closely allied species mixed up under S7(huinhrata.

168. Tephrinopsis mesoscia (Front), uov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 26.)

d. 20 mm. Face fuscous, lighter above. Palpus fuscous. Antenua

much as in the preceding species, with rather thin, sessile fascicles

of moderately long cilia. Legs light brown-grey, spotted with

fuscous ; fore- and midtibiae and tarsi fuscous anteriorly, the latter

ringed Avith light brown-grey ; hindtibia much dilated. Body fuscous

above, light brown-grey beneath. Wings somewhat tawny browm,

the ground-colour being formed by a mixture of brown-grey, tawny

and whitish scales, irrorated with dark fuscous (more sparsely on

hindwing). Forewing with lines blackish fuscous ; a subbasal line

from one-fourth costa, strongly outcurved in cell, weaker and

more slightly outcurved in posterior half ; antemedian from

two-fifths costa to just beyond one-half inner margin, entangled

on M and SM2, accompanied distally by a diffuse dark grey

shade ; postmedian line reduced to a thick, oblique streak from

two-thirds costa as far as R* ; subterminal commencing as a Avhite

streak from costa, obliterated beyond R', where it meets a longi¬

tudinal white streak running to the end of postmedian ; an ill-

defined taAvny blotch in median area distally to cell ; some ill-defined

dark markings in sub terminal region, the most distinct being a dark

spot on each side of R^, like the “ twin spots ” of many Larentiids ;

marginal line dark, thickened between the veins ; fringe intersected

by a weak dark line. Hindwing with an indistinct dark antemedian,

which traverses the extreme distal margin of cell, and is angled at

Geometridae of the Argentine Be'puhlic. 299

lower extremity ot cell ; very faint suggestions of median and post-

median lines. Underside light brown-grey ; fore wing with the lines

indicated at costa and the central shade across the wing ; hindwing

with the markings rather stronger than above.

La Paz, Mendoza, October 25, 1905 (W. M. Bayne),

type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Fovea wanting ; SC^ connected with C, and anasto¬

mosing at a point with SC^'^.

169, Xenoecista pallidata (Warren).

Xenoecista 'pcdlidata, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 484' (1897).

La Plata, in coll. Rothschild.

Warren’s type was from the Amazons ; he states {loc. cit.)

that the La Plata specimen is rather larger and more

darkly marked. Other localities are Colombia (coll.

Rothschild), British and French Guiana and Paraguay

(coll. Br. Mus.). .

170. Thamnonoma tripartita (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 35.)

(J. 24 mm. Forewing light clay-colour, dusted with fuscous grey,

the dusting being the most dense in the median area and terminally ;

proximal margin of central area weakly defined, from about one-

third of costa, curved, then oblique basewards ; weak indications of

a dark median shade near proximal margin of central area, nearly

vertical, becoming more distinct at inner margin ; distal margin of

central area weakly defined, but with a row of vein-dots indicating

postmedian line, somewhat incurved distally to cell and bent distad

at inner margin, otherwise parallel with termen, from costa at

beyond two-thirds to inner margin at about two-thirds. Hindwing

with basal and median areas rather strongly dusted with fuscous-

grey, distal area somewhat lighter, more shaded with clay-colour ;

a dark mark on inner margin indicates probably the point of origin

of an obsolete antemedian. Underside more weakly marked, faint

indications of the colour arrangement of the uppersurface. Head,

body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Aristides Villanueva, November 3, 1905 (W. M. Bayne)

type in coll. L. B. Prout; La Paz, one ^ in coll. A. F.

Bayne.

In the coloration and in the weakness of the markings

this species reminds a little of T. ochrifciscia, Warr., Nov,

iOiiis B. Prout on the

;}0()

Zool., iv, 494, from the Bermudas; but it is different in

shape (hindwing not toothed at R^, etc.), and is hardly a

typical Thamnonoma — fovea undeveloped, face without

hair- tuft. The antenna shows the Thamnonoma structure ;

the hindtibia is rather short and thick, with hair-pencil ;

in the forewing SC^ is absent, SC^ connected by short

bars successively with C and h

171. Cyclomia ocellata (Warren),

Gyclomia costipancta, ab, ocellata, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii,

213 (1900).

Santa Fe, Ocampo, August 1902, and Gran Chaco, near

Florenzia, October 1902 (S. K. Wagner), in coll. Br. Mus.

Described from Venezuela. Warren also mentions

similar forms from Bolivia.

172. Cyclomia vinos a (Dognin).

Fidonia vinosa, Dognin, Le Nat., xii, 19 (1890); Lep.

Loja, 62, tab. vi, 17 (1891).

Metan, Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Dognin’s type was from Ecuador. The species also

occurs in Colombia, Bolivia, and I think Peru. The head¬

quarters of the genus Cyclomia, would seem to be about

the equator, and northward to the West Indies. The

present species and the preceding are the only stragglers

yet detected in Argentina, and even they have not been

found very far south.

173. Dyscia SERENA (Dognin).

Dyscia serena, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 118 (1906).

Buenos Aires, type in coll. Dognin.

174. Thysanopyga strigata (Warren).

Thysanopyga drigata, Warren, Nov. Zool., xiv, 293 (1907).

Ciudad de Tucuman, April 1903, type (^) in coll.

Rothschild ; La Rioja, one ^ (Dr. E. Giacomelli), in coll.

L. B. Prout.

I know of no specimens but these two. My ^ is less

strongly dusted with rust-colour than Warren s type, but

of course it is impossible to say from a couple of specimens

whether the variation is sexual or local or individual.

301

Geometridae of the Argentine Reijuhlic.

The forewing venation is as in the type species {apici-

truncaria, H.-S.) and carfinia, Druce (= nigricosta, Warn,

Nov. Zoo]., xii, 61, nov. syn.), SC^ being free,* whereas

in ail the examples of divisaria, Walk., which I have

examined, SC^ anastomoses with C.

175. Oenothalia vestita (Warren).

Oenothalia vestita, Warren, Nov. Zool., xvi, 105 (1909).

Tucuman, 1100 m., January or February, 1905, type

{$) in coll. Rothschild ; Salta, one $ (“ belongs apparently

to the same species,” Warren, loc. citi) in coll. Rothschild.

176. Sphacelodes vulneraria (Hiibner).

Brotis vulneraria, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett., ii, 23,

fig. 319, 20 (1823) ; Verz. bek. Schmett., 803

(1826 ?).

Sphacelodes vulneraria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

117, tab. xxii, 9 (1858).

? Sphacelodes micacearia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

117 (1858) (ab.?).

Brotis fusilineata. Walker, List Lep. Inst, xx, 264 (1860).

Sphacelodes Jloridensis, Holland, Papilio, iv, 72 (1884).

Sphacelodes hrunneata, Warr., Nov. Zook, xiv, 292 (1907)

(ab. ?) (nov. syn.).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

A widely distributed and often abundant species,

ranging from the eastern United States to Brazil. It

has not yet, however, been much observed in Argentina,

and probably reaches its southernmost limit at about the

latitude of Tucuman.

177. Drepanodes plebejata (Snellen).

Apicia plehejcda, Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xvii, 19, tab. i, 7

(1874).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

I am not able to indicate many localities for this

species, though they suggest a wide distribution. The

* Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 477, says that in Thysanopyga SC^

anastomoses strongly with C ; he must have made this note from

divisaria, or in any case not from the type species, for in the latter

these two veins are quite far apart, so that no error of observation

would have been possible.

302

Af^Louis B. Prout on the

British Museum possesses examples from Paraguay and

Montevideo. Snellen’s type was 'pi'dbably from Colombia.

178. Drepanodes asina (Druce).

Drepanodes asina, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het.

ii, 31, tab. xliv, 4 (1892).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Druce’s type was from Guatemala. The species occurs

also in Peru, and I strongly suspect that D. fidvilinea,

Warr., Nov. Zool., xi, 138, is a mere aberration of it.

179. Gynopteryx gladiaria (Guenee).

Gynoidcryx gladiaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 79

(1858).

Gynopteryx seriaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 79

(1858).

? Gynopteryx rhomhao'ia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix,

79, tab. X, 4 (1858).

Gynopteryx telysaria, Walker, List Le^). Ins., xx, 94

(I860).

Apicia calhisaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 99 (1860).

Apicia nazadaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 109 (1860).

Apicia uxiaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 110 (1860).

Gynopteryx ennomaria, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 492 (1897).

Apicia maldama, Scbaus, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxvii, 175

(1901).

? Gynopteryx liyulifera, Warren, Nov. Zool., xii, 370

' (1905).

Hyperythra heterolocha, Stand inger and Bang- Haas, MS.

Buenos Aires (A. F. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout; also

in coll. Br. Mus. (H. Wilkinson), and mentioned from

there by Guenee (his seriaria, var. A) ; San Luis, La

Paz, Palmira, Mendoza and San Juan (W. M. Bayne),

in coll. L. B. Prout, coll. A. F. Bayne, etc. ; La Rioja

(Giacomelli) ; Tucuman, in coll. Dognin (recorded as

cnnomariai) et coll. Bastelberger ; Los Vasquez (as

ennomaria), in coll. Dognin ; Santa Fe, Ocampo, in coll.

Br. Mus. ; Gran. Chaco, near Florenzia, in coll. Br. Mus. ;

also a few specimens in coll. Br. Mus. without exact

localities (O. W. Thomas).

A common species in the southern parts of Brazil, in

Paraguay and in Argentina. I have not seen specimens

from the eastern part of the continent further north

303

Geometriclae of the Argentine Repuhlie.

than Rio Janeiro. As regards the west it seems to occur

more sparingly in Bolivia and S.E, Peru, and is repre¬

sented in E. Peru by a local race or subspecies which I

propose to describe elsewhere. In Paraguay, about Sapucay,

there occurs also a very interesting twin species, differing

structurally in the shorter, more strongly ciliated pectina¬

tions of the $ antenna, but otherwise excessively similar,

and showing a parallel range of variation, though usually

of a very pale fawn-colour, rarely of the bright yellow

which is commonest mgladiaria, and further distinguishable

in the smaller subapical patch, which is usually broken

up into three black spots, and the sharper postmedian line

of the undersurface. This is Gynopteryx nitida (Warr.),*

? = inapicata (Warr.).t It is not a geographical repre¬

sentative, for true gladiaria also occurs at Sapucay.

For the study of the true Gynopteryx gladiaria and its

aberrations, the brothers Bayne have provided excellent

material. I have already recorded (Proc. Ent. Soc. Bond.,

1906, pp. XV, xvi) that they have bred the species rather

freely ex ovo, and have established the identity of most of

the named forms, which were earlier believed to rank as

specifically distinct. It is unnecessary to reproduce the

statistics there given, but I may add that the ^ form

recorded from San Juan, and which I now take to be that

indicated by Mr. W. M. Bayne in his note on the parent $

of “ brood 1,” seems to be identical with that which Mr.

Warren has named ennomaria. It appeared also among

“ brood 4 ” and “ brood 8,” and is therefore clearly not con¬

fined to any one season of the year. On the other hand,

I have not yet seen any more of the nearly uniform,

purplish brown form (gnaldama, Schaus) which occurs in

both sexes, and which I still think may be seasonal.

The range of variation cannot here be exhaustively

analysed, but it deserves some attention. Guenee’s

gladiaria (the type form) is yellow, in the $ weakly

marked, in the $ (as in all ^ forms) with the lines dis-

* Bruchystichia nitida, AVarr., Nov. Zool., xi, 1.34.

t Gynopteryx nazadaria, ab. hiapicata, AVarr., Nov. Zool.,

xiv, 307. Certainly not referable to nazadaria, Walk., which

has the normal pectinations of gladiaria. Seems to agree accur¬

ately with a form of nitida that occurs at Sapucay, but as it

was described from Peru, I think it safer to quote tlie synonymy

with a query, until confirmatory material comes to hand. In any

case the short pectinations separate it from gladiaria,, so that it need

not be fui’ther considered here.

304

jN^^Louis B. Prout on the

tinct ; Guenee”, says that in the latter the ground-colour,

proximally to the postmedian line and as far as to the base,

is washed with reddish, and this is nearly always the case,

though the depth of the reddish shading varies greatly.

I formerly called those in which it was strongly developed

ah. rhomharia, Guen., in this following some examples so

determined in the British Museum and Oxford University

collections ; but I find Guende founds his rhomharia on

the shape of the forewing — apex less falcate, elbow at end

of more pronounced — hence probably it should rather

supplant (ah. ?) lignlifera, Warn* The ab. seriaria,

Guen., properly speaking, occurs only in the $ ; it is

characterised by the presence of dark spots on the lines

of the forewing, which may be smaller (Guenee’s type

form) or larger (his var. A) ; it is connected with gladiaria

by intermediates, minute spots appearing, in every degree

of development, on the postmedian. Walker’s nxiaria is

synonymous with ab. seriaria ; his telysaria is determined

by Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, 644) as rhomharia,

Guen., but I would rather refer it to the extreme form

of gladiaria ^ which, as noticed above, I formerly called

ab. rhomharia. Walker’s nazadaria is a pale, weakly-

marked ^ aberration, the ground-colour much less yellow

than in the type ; ealhisaria, Walk., is another aberration,

fawn-colour, not yellow, the markings as in ab. seriaria,

to which therefore it bears nearly the same relation as

does the form maldama to typical gladiaria. The form

ennomaria. Warn, may possibly become in some localities

(e. g. San Juan) a local race of the but, as I have

already pointed out, it occurs among typical forms at Pal¬

mira. Schaus’ maldama is the brownish form (? seasonal) of

gladiaria, the lines rather weak in the strong in the

but the two sexes agreeing in colour. As heterolocha, the

firm of Staudinger sent me a ^ from Bolivia, intermediate

in colour between typical gladiaria and the form maldama,

the postmedian line rather nearer the termen than usual,

both lines of forewing with very small dark dots on the

veins. As regards lignlifera, Warr. (? = rhomharia,

Guen.), I have seen only the type and hesitated to

sink it to gladiaria, on account of its less falcate apex and

its slightly ditferent aspect. Yet it is clear that Mr. E. D.

* I find, after writing this, that M, Dognin (in litt.) also siiggests

this synonymy.

Geomeiridae of the Argentine Re'pnblic. 305

Jones, from whom Mr. Rothschild obtained it, must have

taken it for gladiaria, or he would not have parted with

it ; for he has none like it left in his own collection. M.

Dognin, in his MS. list, records ligulifera for Buenos Aires

(Warren determ.) ; I have only ^s from that locality, but

a single ^ in the British Museum collection is quite normal

for gladiaria.

Further variation occurs in the distance which separates

the lines of the forewing. I have an interesting $ of the

maldaina form in which they are strongly convergent,

being only 1 mm. apart at inner margin; at the other

extreme of position (shown in one maldama ^ and in my ^

heteroloeha) they reach a distance of nearly 6 mm. at inner

margin.

From Buenos Aires I have seen the type and ab.

seriaria ; from different parts of Mendoza nearly all the

forms known to me ; from La Rioja and Gran Chaco ab.

seriaria’, from Santa Fe ab. ennomaria.

My Buenos Aires specimens are dated February and

March, but there is evidently a succession of broods. From

eggs obtained in July, Mr. Bayne has reared moths in

November, if not in September ; from larvae which

hatched on September 24, 1903, moths appeared in

November, and from pairings of these another brood

was already emerging on January 11, 1904.

Mr. Bayne tells me the eggs are oval, green, changing

to dark brown or blackish before hatching. As to the larva

I have no information. Mr. Bayne has sent me the empty

pupa case, which reminds somewhat in form, texture and

colour of those of the pseudo-A?momos of Europe {alniaria,

Linn., etc.), but has a series of large, blackish spiracular

spots ; anal extremity with eight hooks, the strong central

pair and six more slender.

180. Apicia fusilinea (Warren).

Apieia fusilinea, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xiv, 298 (1907).

Salta (type), in coll. Rothschild.

181. Apicia olivata (Dognin).

Apieia olivata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., li, 18 (1907).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910 — PART III. (NOV.) X

30G

uuis B. Prout on the

182. Apicia laevipennis (Dognin).

Apicia laevipennis, Bognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Hi, 25

(1908).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

183. Apiciopsis stefania (Dognin).

Apicia defania, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxviii, 130

(1891-).i

Apiciopsiii ohliqimria, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 131

(1904).2

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Dognin’s originals (^) were described from Ecuador,

Warren’s type (^) from Bolivia. Occurs also in Peru.

A variable species. A pale, weakly-marked $ from

Tucuman, in coll. Br. Mus., may possibly be a distinct

but closely related species, but I believe it is merely a

form of stefania.

184. Tetracis(?) erosinata (Dognin).

Tetrads if) erosinata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., li, 19

(1907).

Tucuman, one $ (type), in coll. Dognin.

185. Anisoperas UNDILINEA (Warren).

Anisoperas undilinea, Warren, Nov. Zook, xi, 565 (1904).

Tucuman, one April 1902 (type), in coll. Rothschild ;

also one from the same locality in coll. Bastelberger ; La

Rioja (E. Giacomelli) in coll. L. B. Prout ; Mendoza and

Palmira, a fine series bred by Mr. W. M. Bayne, in coll.

L. B. Prout, coll. A. F. Bayne, etc.

No other localities are known.

There is a moderate range of variation. The colour

varies appreciably, according to the density of the dark

dusting on the light-brown ground-colour ; the ante-

median and postmedian lines vary a little in their distance

one from the other, and the latter in the depth of the

sinus in submedian area ; a brown median shade (near

the postmedian) is usually well developed, sometimes weak,

very occasionally almost obsolete ; the white vein-dots dis-

tally to the postmedian are occasionally almost entirely

wanting. The $s are on the average larger than the d's.

307

Geometridae of the Argentine RepuUic.

Mr. W. M. Bayne, who has found the larva of this

and several other species {Gynopteryoz gladiaria, Microgonia

mundata, etc.) to take kindly to a garden chrysanthemum,

and has been very successful in rearing them, has bred A.

undilinea, ex ovo, on more than one occasion. The dates

of emergence indicated on my specimens are August 31 to

September 13, and November 23 to December 7, so I

suppose there ai’e two generations in the year.

186. Anisoperas cervinicolor (Warren).

Anisoperas cervinicolor, Warren, Nov. Zook, xiv, 297

(1907).

Ciudad de Tucuman, January 1902, type ($) in coll.

Rothschild ; a J from same locality in coll. Dognin.

187. Geitonia gabraria (Walker).

AzelinciiT) gabraria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 256

(1860).!

Anisoperas vesta, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii,

532, tab. xcviii, 18 (1898) (nov. syn.).^

Geitonia gracililinea, Warren, Nov. Zook, xii, 370 (1905)

(nov. syn.).^

Salta and Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Range : (^) {^) Central America ; (^) Venezuela ; Colombia,

in coll. L. B. Front.

The types of the three names cited in the above

synonymy have been compared, and their identity is quite

certain.

Possibly I ought to have used the generic name of

Xylolocha, Warr., Nov. Zook, ii, 158, for this species,

as Warren cited “ Type : Xylolocha gabraria. Walk.

{Azelina)!' But I learn from Mr. Warren that he en¬

tirely misidentified that species ; and I accept as type of

Xylolocha the species capucina, Th.-Mieg, Le Nat., 1892,

217 = gahraria, Warr., nec Walk. (? = linearis, Warr.,

Nov. Zook, iv. 507).

188. Sabulodes exhonorata (Guenee).

Sabulodes exhonorata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 45

(1858).

Clysia suhopcdaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 46, xxi, 493

(1860) (nov. syn.).

X 2

808 B. Front on the

Cli.ocrodes snhc/armna, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 221 (1800)

(iiov. syn.).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Widely distributed, and common from Mexico and the

West Indies to Brazil and Paraguay, perhaps especially so

in the more southerly parts of its range. Guenee’s type

was from Brazil ; Walker’s were both from Haiti, and he

discovered their identity one with the other, but failed to

recognise in them the exhonorata of Guenee. The species

is not particularly variable.

189. Sabulodes atropesaria (Walker).

Choerodes (?) atr02xsaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 222

(1860).

t^abulodes arenularia, Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xvii, 12, tab. i, 1

(1874) (nov. syn.).

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

The types of both the names (which are absolutely

synonymous) come from Bogotfi*. I have only seen the

species from Colombia and Ecuador.

190. Sabulodes polydora (Thierry-Mieg).

Epione ij) polydora Thierry-Mieg, Le Nat., xvi, 235 (1892).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin et coll. Bastelberger.

Originally described from Peru. Seems to be common

in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

Epione hogotata, Snell., Tijd. Ent., xvii, 13, tab. i, 8,

presumably from Colombia, is apparently related, but

distinct.

191. Spododes adumbrata (Warren).

Spododes adumbrata, Warren, Nov. Zoo)., ii, 156 (1895).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Warren’s type was from Brazil.

192. Bassania amethystata (Walker).

Bassania amethystata, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xx, 269

(I860).

Erosina meropia, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii,

55, tab. xlvi, 10 (1892) (nov. syn.).

Geometridae of the Argentine Republic. 309

Tucumaa, in coll. Dognin.

Walker’s type was from Venezuela, Druce’s from Central

America. The species is widely distributed in South

America.

193. Erosina hyberniata (Guenee).

Erosina hyberniata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 149,

tab. vi, 7 (1858).^

Sabulodes rusticata, Maassen, StiibeTs Reisen, Lep. 153,

tab. viii, 1 (1890).^

Tucuman, 450 rn., in coll. L. B. Front ; Tucuman and

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Described from Brazil (^) and Ecuador (“). Another com¬

mon and widely-distributed species, reaching northward

to Mexico and westward to Callao.

194. Herbita asinana (Front), nov. sp.

(Flate XLVIII, fig. 22.)

42-46 mm. Antenna with very short j^ectinations, or long

projecting teeth (hardly longer than width of shaft), well ciliated.

Hindtibia moderately dilated. Forewing with apex acute, termen

elbowed at R ^ ; hindwing with termen less even than in typical

Herbita, etc., being very faintly waved, and minutely produced at

R 3. Forewing greyish fawn-colour, finely irrorated with dark

scales, the irroration weakest in terminal area ; discal dot small,

blackish ; a small, irregular whitish costal mark at or just beyond

four-fifths, bounded proximally by some dark scales ; a faint grey

costal mark between the whitish mark and the apex. Hindwing

somewhat paler, unmarked, the presence of a discal dot faintly

indicated by a few darkened scales. Undersurface of forewing

paler than upper, with costal and distal margins narrowly, and apex

more broadly, shaded with a slightly fuller colour — approaching

that of uppersurface — but with the two shades not sharply differ¬

entiated. Undersurface of hindwing slightly more freckled than

uppersurface, discal spot small, distinct, blackish. Face concolorous

with forewing; thorax above and beneath concolorous wdth upper-

and underside of forewing, abdomen with hindwing.

Cacheuta, June 11, 1904 (W. M. Bayue), type in coll.

L. B. Front ; two other Js from same locality (coll. L. B.

Front et coll. A. F. Bayue), in less fine condition, taken by

an inspector on the railway, end of September or beginning

of October, 1904.

310

Mi^Rouis B. Prout on the

Probably related to Herhita capona, Dognin, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Belg., xliv, 228, with which it agrees in antennal and

leg-structure and in the character of the subapical mark,

and very nearly in wing-shape. The antennal form is quite

distinct from that of typical Herhita, the “ pectinations ”

being here mere lateral prolongations of the strong ventral

lamellae. Hindtibia much less dilated, with the hair-

pencil quite small. Hindtarsus not shortened (nearly as

long as hindtibia). The elbow at slightly more promi¬

nent than in capona. Subcostal venation as in most

Herhita, Ira, Erosina, etc. (SC^ from cell), whereas in

capona the cell is a little shorter, and SC^ arises well

down the stalk of SC^~^.

195. Hekbita aemula (Warren).

Herhita aeimda, Warren, Nov. Zooh, xi, 140 (1904).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Warren’s type was from Mexico. I know of no inter¬

mediate localities.

196. Ira albirenata (Warren).

Ira albirenata, Warren, Proc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 543 (1906).

Ira decurtaria, Warren, loc. cit. (nec Herrich-Schaeffer).

Warren’s type was from S.E. Peru. I cannot separate

that form definitely from the one which Warren mis-

identifies as decurtaria, H.-S. — recognisable by the elbowed

termen of forewing. M. Dognin records this “decurtaria"

from Tucuman. If there be two species, this one will

require a new name.

197. Microgonia nimbata (Guenee).

Oxyd-ia nimhata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 59

(1858).

Tucuman, coll. Dognin.

Appears to be widely distributed from Colombia to

Paraguay and Brazil. I have not attempted to cite any

synonymy, being too uncertain which of the numerous

very similar forms, sometimes cited as species, really

belong here.

Geometridae of the Argentine Mejynhlic.

811

198. Microgonia mundata (Guenee).

Oxydia nmindata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 58, tab.

X, i (1858).^

Microgonia nmindata ab. crassior, Warren, Nov. Zool., xiv,

312 (1907) (ab.).2

Mendoza (W. M. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout, et coll.

A. F. Bayne ; La Rioja (E. Giacomelli), in coll. L. B. Prout

et coll. Br. Mus.

Range : Brazil (^), Paraguay, in coll. L. B. Prout, etc. ;

Peru, Ecuador, etc. 0. Mr. Warren inclines to think that

these latter form a local race, distinguishable by their

larger size, deeper colour, and stronger markings ; yet he

only erects it as an “ aberration.” I have insufficient

material from the more northerly localities to allow of my

forming a definite opinion, but it seems doubtful whether

the distinctions are really racial ; at any rate I possess the

strongly-marked forms from Sapucay and Porto Alegre,

and my Mendoza series shows a wide range of colour-

variation.

Mr. W. M. Bayne has bred a fine lot exovo, from Palmira

and perhaps other localities in Mendoza. One generation

appeared (perhaps more or less forced ?) in June and July

1903, another in December of the same year. The latter

brood seems the lighter-coloured, though both vary. None

are quite so light as some specimens which I possess from

other localities, and the first brood consists of more or less

reddish-brown forms, one or two of the most extreme

becoming fuscous brown. The zigzag subterminal shade

of the hindwing is weak in the entire series of both

broods, often barely traceable. My three examples from

Dr. Giacomelli, La Rioja, also vary a good deal ; all three

belong to the lighter forms, but one is richer (more

ochreous) and strongly marked, one greyer and weaker-

marked.

The pupa reminds of that of Gyno'pteryx gladiaria,

having nearly the same colour and markings, but it is of

course larger. The anal extremity has only two supple¬

mentary hooks, not six, as in gladiaria.

Pero (Herrich-Schaeffer).

Pero, Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., i, 28

(1855).

312

Mr. Louis B. Prout on the

Peryama, Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur. Schrnett.,

i, 28 (1855).

Azelina, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 156 (1858).

Si/ncmia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 163 (1858).

1 Stenas2nlates, Packard, Monogr. Geom., 212 (1876).

Mcmnarea, Hulst, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxiii, 379 (1896).

I am generally loth to merge together genera which are

difterentiable on any structural character, but the group

which I am citing under the oldest name of Few, H.-S.,

seems — with the possible exception of Stenaspilates, Pack.

— so entirely homogeneous in all respects save the $

antennal structure, and a division upon that character

sometimes separates such evidently close allies, that I

feel constrained to regard the distinction as at most sub¬

generic. With the type of Stenaspilates {meskearia, Pack.)

I am not personally acquainted ; but Mr. J. A. Grossbeck

writes me that it differs little from Pew except in the ^

antenna. Stenodonta, Warr., Nov. Zook, xii, 379, probably

forms another section, unless equivalent to Stenaspilates ;

but as the ^ is unknown, and I have no material for study,

I leave it provisionally separate. It may be added that

the application of the names Pew and Azelina was long

reversed; vide Warren, Nov. Zook, xii, 367. The name

Pew belongs typically, as is there shown, to the species

with simply ciliated ^ antennae, while Butler, Tr. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1882, 356-7, virtually restricted Azelina to the

pectinated species.

The Argentine representatives of this genus are mostly

of small size, in comparison with many of those from the

more northern parts of the continent.

Suhgenus I. — Pew, Herrich-Schaeffer. ^ antenna simply

ciliated.

199. Pero hoedularia (Guenee).

Azelina hoedularia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 158

(1858).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

A widely-distributed species, ranging from Central

America and the West Indies to southern Brazil. Guenee

described it from Brazil. I cannot see any appreciable

geographical variation, nor, indeed, any really noteworthy

individual variation.

Geometridac of the Argentine Bcimhlic.

813

200. Pero jonesaria (Schaus).

Azelina jonesaria, Schaus, J. N. Y. Eat. Soc., v, 162

(1897).

Buenos Aires, February 25, 1902, end of November to

December (A. F. Bayne), several in coll. L. B. Prout et

coll. A. F. Bayne ; Mendoza, captured and bred ex ovo,

one generation in December 1903, and another in April,

1904 (\V. M. Bayne); La Soledad, Entre Rios, in coll.

Rothschild.

Schaus’ type was from S.E. Brazil, and I have seen

topotypes in coll. E. D. Jones.

One might almost suspect, in this variable little species,

a much smaller southern representative of Pero variaria

(Walk.) = jctniaieensis (Schaus), but its range of variation

seems even wider than in that species. Besides the

habenaria-\ike forms (costa of forewing yellowish between

the lines) which occur in both sexes and apparently in all

localities with the type, I may mention that I have a

very red-brown $ from Buenos Aires, and a very weakly-

marked $ (the large black discal mark of forewing obsolete)

bred from Mendoza.

201. Pero fusca (Warren).

Azelina fusca, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 483 (1901).

Parana, Entre Rios (type $), in coll. Rothschild.

I know of no other examples, but am inclined to suspect

that the discovery of the $ will lead to the removal of the

species to the subgenus Azelina, which is the richer in

species in the Argentine Republic. P. fusca would seem to

have much affinity with the new species, P. amnicincta and

norma, described below. The type is in poor condition,

which might possibly account for its lacking some of the

characteristic markings of my new species ; but it shows

larger discal marks on forewing, and a somewhat differ¬

ently formed postmedian, and presents a sufficiently differ¬

ent aspect to disallow of their union.

Subgenus II. — Azelina, Guenee. ^ antenna bipectinate.

202. Pero gonopteraria (Guenee).

Azelina gonopteraria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 160,

tab. vi, 5 (1858).

314

iNlfT Louis B. Front on the

]\Ietan, Salta, in coll. Dognin.

Common in some parts of Brazil, whence it was described

by Guende.

203. Peeo MATHILDA (Butler).

Azelina mathilda, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) viii,

36 (1881).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Butler’s type was from Ecuador, and the species is also

very common in Peru. By some mistake, it has been

siudc to variaria, Walk. Walker’s type, a $ and without

locality, is certainly = jamaicensis, Schaus.

204. Pero eicurvata (Warren).

Peo'o hicurvata, Warren, Nov. Zook, viii, 490 (1901).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild ; Tucuman and

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

205. Pero palmirensis (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 39.)

Pero {Azelina) ‘pahnirens.is, Prout, nov. sp.

36 mm. Antenna with moderately long, well ciliated pectina¬

tions. Hind tibia with the terminal spurs rather short. Forewing

with costa slightly arched at base, then straight or faintly concave

nearly to apex ; apex acutely pointed ; distal margin roundly

excised below apex, somewhat projecting at E' and sharply elbowed

at ; light brown, finely irrorated with pale and dusky scales

which give it a dull, slightly greyish tone ; lines brown ; ante-

median rather weak, from costa at 5 mm. to inner margin at 4 mm.,

outbent beneath costa, above M and in submedian area, curved

basewards at inner margin ; postmedian from costa at 14 mm. to

inner margin at 9 mm., rather straight, but faintly curved base-

wards at its extremities ; median area rather dark brown from the

cell-spot (which is small and rather weak) to the postmedian line ;

terminal area paler than basal. Hindwing with distal margin

slightly crenulate to Mk here produced, bluntly angled, thence

faintly sinuate ; pale, brownish grey, becoming slightly browner

terminally, especially in tornal region ; a dark brown outer line

from inner margin at about 2 mm. above tornus, pale-margined dis-

tally, distinct and rather thick (dark-shaded proximally) at first,

becoming finer and more indistinct, almost vanishing beyond IE ;

marginal line faintly darkened. Forewing beneath paler than above.

315

Geometridae of the Argentine BegyiMic.

antemedian line obsolete, postmedian rather distinct at costa, be¬

coming weaker, and vanishing after no other markings ; hind¬

wing beneath somewhat as above, but rather browner-shaded

costally, jjostmedian line reaching to costa, but nowhere very

strongly-marked or thickened, an indistinct diffuse discal spot.

Head (with palpus and antenna), body and legs concolorous with

wings.

Palmira, September 13, 1903 (W. M. Bayne). Type in

coll. L. B. Front.

Not very close to any species known to me. May best

be compared with Pero hicurvata, Warr, Nov. Zool., viii,

490, but is greyer in colour, the median area of fore¬

wing broader, postmedian line less incurved to inner

margin, marginal area unmarked, etc.

206. Pero olivacea (Warren).

Pero olivacea, Warren, Nov. Zook, xi, 578 (1904).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild ; Los Vasquez, in

coll. Dognin.

Quoted in M. Dognin’s MS. as a Pergama, from which

it may be assumed that the antennal pectinations are very

short, and surmounted with cilia, as in the following

species ; but I have no note on the point. Pectinations

certainly exist, being mentioned in Warren’s description.

207. Pero amnicincta (Warren, MS.) (Prout),

nov. sp. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 32.)

Pero (Azelina) amnicincta, Prout, nov. sp.

32-34 mm. Head and thorax greyish fuscous, abdomen

slightly paler. Antenna with short pectinations, surmounted with

fascicles of cilia (intermediate in structure between the present

subgenus and Pergama). Fore wing with produced apex, strong

tooth at end of and an angle at M^, below which the margin is

sinuate inwards ; greyish fuscous, densely sprinkled with blackish

scales ; lines blackish fuscous ; antemedian from costa at about

4 mm. (beyond one-fourth) to inner margin at nearly 4 mm.,

strongly oblique outwards from costa, forming a deep projection

into median area in cell, approximately perpendicular from M to

■inner margin, but with rather strong curves on submedian fold and

just below SM2, as in many of the genus ; postmedian from costa

at nearly four-fifths to inner margin at or before two-tbirds, deeply

incurved between and submedian fold, and again close to inner

316

r. Louis B. Prout on the

margin, dark-shaded proximally ; discal spot minute, black ; mar¬

ginal line fine, blackish, slightly interrupted. Hindwing rather

strongly crenulate, with the longest projection at ; paler than

forewing, except inner margin, which is strongly dark shaded, the

dusting concentrating into a small irregular blotch close to tornus ;

a postmedian line beginning on inner margin near tornus, but

becoming faint, and almost disappearing after middle of wing ;

traces of a fine black marginal line, a series of distinct black dots

placed on it between the veins, those between and and on

either side of the submedian fold the strongest. Underside of fore¬

wing paler than upper, but somewhat darkened and more dusted

along costa and in apical region ; an elongate blackish discal spot,

and the beginning of a tine dark postmedian line from costa.

Underside of hind wing rather strongly dark-speckled, with large

black cell-spot, which is nearly bisected with pale at the fold

(position of R^), and with a strongly sinuate fuscous postmedian

line.

Buenos Aires, October 10, 1905 (A. F. Bayne). Type

in coll. L. B. Prout. A second Mendoza, March 1908,

is clearly of the same species, though rather worn, and

with the median area of forewing considerably narrower —

antemedian making, from costa, a stronger bend towards

postmedian, and thenceforward further from base, while

the postmedian bends slightly more basad towards inner

margin. I also saw a specimen of the species in coll.

Rothschild some years ago — I think from Tucuman —

bearing the MS. name of Pero amnicincta, Warr., which I

have adopted. I have seen almost all the described species

of this extensive genus, and have studied the descriptions

of the few others, and cannot find any agreeing with the

present insect or the following, which may conceivably be

a form of it.

208. Pero norma (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 1.)

Peo'o {Azelina) no^’ma, Prout, nov. sp.

33 mm. Head and body nearly unicolorous light brownish

grey, the face in part and the palpus darker. Antenna as in

P. amnicincta. Forewing divided into three contrasted areas by

the transverse lines, the basal and terminal greyish-fawn colour,

sprinkled with blackish, the median tawny, very weakly sprinkled

with darker, and darker shaded distally ; antemedian line almost

Geometridm of the Argentine Bepuhlie. 317

as in amnicincta, the projection in cell not quite so deep ; post¬

median from about four-fifths costa to two-thirds inner margin,

forming a slight projection between and R^, irregularly incurved

between R® and submedian fold, and again at SM^ ; discal dot

small, black, with a few dark scales behind it ; marginal line not

appreciably darkened. Hindwing pale grey tinged with brownish,

a tawny brown postmedian line beginning from a blackish spot on

inner margin near tornus, but becoming faint, and almost dis¬

appearing after middle of wing ; a small fuscous cloud on termen

from tornus to M^, and three blackish marginal spots, one between

AH and AP, and one on either side of submedian fold. Underside

uniform pale grey, tinged with brownish ; forewing with faint

traces of darker postmedian line, which is pale-shaded distally, and

of an elongate cell-spot ; hindwing with a very weak, wavy post-

median line, and a somewhat crescentic (or angulated), but rather

indefinite, blackish cell-spot.

Rodeo del Medio, May 20, 1904 (W. M. Bayne). Type

in coll. L. B. Front.

The above description has been drawn up from the type

^ alone, because I felt uncertain whether a couple of ^s

in coll. Br. Mus. belonged to the same species ; but a

further ^ received, during the progress of this work, from

my kind correspondent Dr. E. Giacomelli, satisfies me

that this is the case, and I am able to add that the species

is evidently a variable one. If it be further conspecific

with F. anmicincta, it is still more variable, for that has

an altogether darker coloration, and a very much deeper

sinus in the postmedian line of the forewing.* The ^s

lack the tawny median area of the type, have the ante-

median line of forewing rounded rather than angled in

the cell, the postmedian rather straighter, the underside

of the hindwing more strongly dusted with fuscous, and

w'ith its discal spot better expressed. But my specimen

from Dr. Giacomelli has a weakly tawny shade over the

basal and median areas, darkening a little towards the

postmedian line, and in one or two other respects serves

to connect my ^ with the $s which I had previously seen.

Accepting, then, all the four examples as belonging

together, the following localities are to be added : —

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902 (S. R.

* That members of the present genus can vary considerably in

this latter particular is proved by P. Vignata, Warr. ; but the

divergence between amnicincta and norma is even more extreme.

318

i^^^^JOuis B. Prout on the

Wagner), ^ in coll. Br. Mus. ; Goya (collected by Perrins,

presented by Lord Walsingham), ^ in coll. Br. Mus. ; La

Rioja (E. Giacomelli), ^ in coll. L. B. Prout. The species

therefore has a wide distribution in the Argentine

Republic.

Subgenus III. — Fergama, Herrich-Schaeffer. $ antenna

dentate-fasciculate.

209. Pero lignata (Warren).

Fergmna lignata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, iv, 499 (1897).

Fergama lignata ab. obscurior, Warren, Nov. Zooh, iv, 500

(1897).

? Tucuman, etc.

Specimens in coll. Br. Mus. (“Argentina, O. W. Thomas ”)

and in coll. Bastelberger (Tucuman) have been determined

as belonging to this species, and seem to agree well enough

with it ; but they may also be referable to the following.

I am by no means clear that the two are not geographical

races of one widely-distributed species.

Warren described his types and other examples from

Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia and the Amazons. The

species seems pretty generally distributed in Central

America, Ecuador, Peru, the Guianas, etc., and the British

Museum possesses one from Paraguay.

210. Pero uniformis (Warren).

Fergama uniformis, Warren, Nov. ZooL, iv, 500 (1897).

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin ; Argentina ( J. H. Leech),

without nearer indication of locality, in coll. Br. Mus.

Warren’s type was from S.E. Brazil.

211. Stenodonta incurvata (Warren).

Stenodonta incurvata, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xii, 379 (1905).

Suncha Corral, Santiago del Estero (type, ^), in coll.

Rothschild.

212. Cnephora griseata (Maassen).

Azelina griseata, Maassen, Stiibel’s Reisen, 156, tab. viii, 7

(1890).

Metan, Tucuman and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Maassen’s type was from Colombia. Also known to me

from Peru.

Geometridae of the Argentine Bepuhlic. 319

Salpis (Mabille).

Honorana, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1882, 365 (1882),

riec Blanchard.

Salpis, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ix, 65 (1885) ;

Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep. 22 (1888) (nov. syn.).

Lasiops, Warren, Nov. Zool., ii, 143 (1895) (noin. praeocc.).

Pseudosalpis, Staudinger, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr., ii, Lep.

82 (1899) (nov, syn,).

An interesting genus of rather stoutly-built moths, with

densely hairy clothing, occurring chiefly in Chili, the

southern Andes and the extreme south of South America,

though one species is known from Peru. Except in the

shape of the wings, it seems to come very near Macro-

lyrcea, Butl., Tr, Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 349, but I do think

it would be desirable to unite the two. On the contrary,

the present genus will divide readily into at least three

subgenera, which it is by no means improbable may later

take full generic rank.

That l)r. Butler misidentified Blanchard’s figure of

Honorana notaturia,* the type of the genus Honorana

seems to me certain, and Sir George Hampson and Mr.

Warren are entirely in accord with me. What species

M. Blanchard had before him remains at present a mystery,

as nothing like it seems to be known; perhaps it is not

even a Geometrid. The Honorana notaturia of Butler

(vix descr.) will require a new name and an adequate

diagnosis, 'but the present is not the occasion; both it and

Honorana aenea, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 365,

must be transferred to the genus Salpis.

As I have given some attention to the genus, and have

new species to introduce in each of its subgenera, a full

generic diagnosis will not be out of place.

Salpis, Mabille. — Face somewhat protuberant, densely

rough-scaled ; palpus I’ather long, densely haired (long¬

haired in most species), 3rd joint elongate, cylindrical or

somewhat fusiform, with appressed scales ; tongue strong ;

antenna long, in the typical section nearly as long as

forewing. Thorax usually robust, pectus densely hairy.

Femora hairy, hind tibia with all spurs present, $ hindtibia

much dilated, with strong hair-pencil ; tarsi strongly spinu-

lose. Abdomen long, in $ stout. Wings densely scaled,

* Blancliai’d, Gay’s Hist. Chile, vii, 92, tab. vii, 8.

320

\i^Loiiis B. Prout on the

Fieiinlum present. Forewing with cell more than one-

half, C free, SC^ free, SC^ from cell anastomosing with

gQ3-5 fi-0,1) before apex of cell. Hindwing with C

approximated to SC to one-half of cell, SC^ separate from

R^, AH separate from R^. The following subgenera are

differentiable : —

Suhgenns I. — Saljns, Mabille. Antenna extremely long,

in ^ simple or simply ciliated. Terminal joint of palpus

long. Forewing rather broad, apex not produced : einten-

oiata, Mab., aenea, Butl., infelix, Butl.,* p^iechi, Dogn.,j‘

carneitincta, Prout, ruhens, Prout.

Suhgenns II. — {Lasioi^s, Warren, nom. praeocc.) Micro-

dontopera (Warren, MS.), Prout, nov. subgen. Antenna

moderately long, in ^ shortly or moderately bipectinate.

Terminal joint of palpus long, P^orewing not broad, its

apex acutely produced : J chilenaria, Felder,| felderi,

Butl., II elentilinenta, Butl.,^ eiidora, Prout.

Suhgenns III. — Antygophanes, Prout, nov. subgen. ^

antenna very shortly bipectinate. Terminal joint of palpus

moderate. Abdomen very long. Forewing narrow : orhi-

fera, Prout.

Note. — I have, unfortunately, not seen Salpis antenncita,

Mab., the type of the genus, but Mabille’s figure and de¬

scription leave no doubt that it belongs to the aenea group.

Staudinger, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr., ii, 81, 82, evidently

unacquainted with this group of moths, rashly accuses

Mabille of error in referrino' it to the Geometridae, and

erects a new genus, PseiidosaJpis, on the type Salp>is alhi-

pxinctaria, Mab., Nouv. Arch. Miis. Paris (3), i, 155. This

species, which also I do not know in nature, seems quite

rightly placed in the genus, but as I am not quite sure as

to the subgenus, I have not cited it in the above survey.

Salpis scodionoeata , Mab., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (3), i,

* Sahvludeii infelix, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1882, 350.

t Lasiops {!) puechi, Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii, 368.

X Other slighter and less constant differences exist in the less

dense scaling (less mixed with hair-scales), less crenulate margin of

hindwing, somewhat more slender terminal joint of palpus, occasional

approximation or even anastomosis of SC of forewing with C, closer

approximation of to in hindwing, etc.

§ Colotois (?) chilenaria, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab.

cxxiv, 6.

II Azelina felderi, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 355, tab.

xvi, 5.

IF Monoctenia dentilineata, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1882, 358,

tab. .xvi, 12.

Gcometridae of the Argentine RepuUie. 821

15G, tab. xi, 5, also referred by Staudinger to Pseudosalijis,

seems more doubtful generically, though it may quite

conceivably be a more slenderly-built Salpis.

213. Salpis carneitincta (Front), nov. sp.

d $• 37-40 mm. Very similar to o,enea, Butl. (Honorana),

from Chili, but smaller, costa of forewing faintly concave, ground¬

colour tinged with fleshy, the large black discal spots of both wings

and the black terminal line absent, other lines less distinct, some¬

what diffuse, the white vein-dots of postmedian line distinct, a

characteristic whitish line traversing the base of the very long

fringes ; underside nearly concolorous with up2)er (in aenea whitish,

especially on hindwing). Antenna very long, in d almost simple,

minutely pubescent.

Puente del Inca (W. M. Bayne), 2 d, ¥ in coll. L. B.

Front, 2 dj 2 ¥ in coll. A. F. Bayne. The type d (in coll.

L. B. Front) was picked up dead and stiff, yet in good

condition, in March 1902 ; one d and one ¥ are dated

February 17, 1904; another d March 16, 1905.

One pair in Mr. Bayne’s collection may be regarded as

an aberration, or possibly a very closely related species,

showing distinct dark discal spots and moderate dark

shading to the transverse lines, in these respects making

an approach to S. aenea.

Some of the distinctive characters given above for S.

carneitineta are shared by S. infelix, Butl. {Sahidodes), but

that is a darker insect, with the distal margin of hind¬

wing more deeply toothed, postmedian line nearer termen

and differently formed, and numerous other differences.

M. puechi, Dogn. {Lasiops ?), from Peru, is also very close

to carneitincta. I have seen M. Dognin’s unique type,

although I cannot now compare it ; but it should be dis¬

tinguishable by its greenish grey tone, distinct postmedian

line on upper surface of hind wing, absence of whitish line

on the base of the fringes, etc.

214. Salpis rubens (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 31.)

(J. 37-44 mm. Exceedingly like the preceding species, but with

the forewing somewhat more produced,* the ground-colour somewhat

* Five specimens have been carefully measured, and have given

the following result, reduced to an assumed costal length of

TRANS. ENT. SOO. LOND. 1910 — PART III. (noV.) Y

322

M^Louis B. Prout on the

brighter, the transverse lines slightly better expressed, sometimes

Ijlackish-marked on the veins, the fringe less extremely long and

more variegated with paler and darker, its basal line pinkish, not

whitish. The hindtibia is perhaps less strongly thickened, but the

surest structural distinction is in the antenna, which is well

ciliated (the cilia in fine fascicles, their length nearly equal to the

width of the shaft), whereas that of carneitincta is virtually simple.

Zaiijon Amarilla (W. M. Bayne), type and another ^ in

coll. L. B. Prout, both dated November 16, 1905 — one, at

least, at light; Puente del Inca (W. M. Bayne), a slightly

worn $ in coll. A. F. Bayne. The dates, so far as available,

suggest tliat S. ruhens occurs much earlier in the season

than S. carneitincta (the former November, the latter

February and March).

215. Salpis Seudora, Prout, nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 17.)

Salpis (Microclontopera) cudora, Prout, nov. sp.

^ . 38 mm. Pafiius with 3rd joint long (about 1 mm.), fusiform ;

antenna with short, strongly clavate pectinations to beyond two-

thirds, then serrate-dentate. Face grey ; palpus whitish-grey,

marked with fuscous, more strongly above ; antenna mostly ferru¬

ginous, its dorsal scaling grey ; legs whitish grey mixed with fuscous,

the tarsi mainly fuscous, each joint tipped with whitish grey ; thorax

and abdomen nearly concolorous with fore- and hindwing. Fore¬

wing with costa nearly straight, apex acute, distal margin weakly

crenulate ; brownish grey, coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous,

browner on the veins and slightly darker-clouded in distal part ; the

lines fuscous ; antemedian thick, from nearly one-third costa to

beyond two-fifths inner margin, making strong outward curves in

cell and in submedian area, the angles on M and SM^ accentuated by

blackish dots ; postmedian from four-fifths costa, rather weak, but

rendered prominent by a series of blackish vein-dots, each accom¬

panied distally by a pale vein-dot ; the dots on and on are

placed more proxiniad than the rest of the series, and the line itself

is lunulate between the dots ; a terminal series of small blackish

dots between the veins; fringe nearly concolorous with wing,

20 mm., which is the actual measurement of the largest specimen

{rubens) : —

Costa. Inner margin. Distal margin.

(S', rnbens . . 20 13J- to 14 13 to 13|

S. carneitincta 20 15 „ 10 13| ,, 15

Geometridae of the Argentine EejpuUie. 323

weakly paler at its base. Hindwing witli costa ratlier long, apex

moderately pronounced, distal margin weakly crenulate ; white,

with a few fuscous scales in basal part and moderately dusted with

fuscous in distal half; cell-spot rather large, dark fuscous ; a fuscous

postmedian line from inner margin close to tornus to costa at about

three-fourths, sinuate basewards in submedian area and very weakly

between radials, slightly projecting on M* and R^, darker-spotted

on veins ; terminal line very fine, greyish fuscous, with dark dots

between the veins as in forewing; fringe concolorous with wing.

Forewing beneath whitish grey, more brownish costally and distally,

costal region speckled with fuscous ; a small cell-spot and a

moderately distinct postmedian. Hindwing beneath nearly as

above.

Puente del Inca, bred November 12, 1903 (W. M.

Bayne), type in coll. L. B. Prout; a second $ from the

same locality, December 15, 1905, in coll. L. B, Prout;

others, both sexes, in coll. A. F. Bayne ; Balde, one $ in

coll. A. F. Bayne.

The $ seems to have the hindwing less light, and

perhaps shows other slight differences ; unfortunately

I omitted to make detailed notes on Mr. Bayne’s $s. I

possess one myself, which I assumed to be referable to this

species, but which may rather be a very close ally, as I

find, in addition to the more superficial distinctions, that

it has a shorter 3rd joint to the palpus than have my ^s.

The specimen is larger (44 mm.), browner, more strongly

dark-dusted, particularly in the hindwing, the lines are

rather weak, the postmedian in both wings straighter, the

cell-spot of hindwing wanting above. Mr. W. M. Bayne

supplied upon it the following note : “ kil. 168, Transandine

Railway, three pupae under stones. Two have emerged,*

the other remains ; I have kept these, hoping the other

might be a but have had to kill them.” I suspect the

second of the $s must be a specimen in coll. A. F. Bayne

on which I made the note that it was rather larger (^. e.

than typical specimens), “ with hindwing a little darker and

with other slight differences, 2^ossiblg a distinct species;

but I cannot at the moment follow the matter up. To

judge from the few examples which I have seen, the

Chilian group to which S. eudora is the most nearly

related (/S', ehilenaria, Feld., etc.) show a good deal of sexual

dimorphism, as well as of individual variation, and it is

* Mine is dated as bred November 3, 1905. — L. B. P.

Y 2

324 Al^TjOuis B. Front on the

difficult to do iimcli sound revisional work without larger

material.

My type $ Avas bred from a cocoon which Mr, W. M.

Bayne found attached to the underside of a stone, and I

believe a few of the other examples were obtained in the

same manner. He notes that the moth sits Avith the

Avings closed in a more or less Deltoid or Noctuid posture.

210. Salpis orbifera, Front, nov. sp.

(Flate XLVIII, fig. 23.)

Salpis {Antygophancs') orhifera, Front, nov. sp.

g. 30 mm. Palpus moderate, densely hairy, without the very

elongate, fusiform terminal joint which characterizes true Salpis.

Antenna Avith very .short subclavate pectinations. Third joint of

palpus whitish beneath. Head and body fuscous, mixed Avith paler

and blacker scales. Fore wing with costa nearly straight, ape.x

pronounced, but not produced, distal margin oblique, gently boAved,

almost smooth ; fuscous, irrorated with darker fuscous and with

whitish, the markings blacker ; antemedian line almost obsolete,

apparently sharp-angled in cell, thence very oblique and more or

less denate to one-third inner margin ; postmedian sinuous and

oblique, from near apex to two-thirds innej- margin, the pale scales

rather more numerous di.stally to it than proximally; a circular pale

spot, AAuth fine blacki.sh circumscription and some dark scales in

centre, at end of cell, bisected by tlie discocellulars ; fringe con-

colorous with Aving, chequered with slightly paler patches between

the veins. Hindwing with costa long and nearly straight, distal

margin nearly smooth, paler fuscous, with rather large dark discal

•spot. Underside jjale fuscous, costa of forewing and whole of hind¬

wing irrorated with dark scales ; both Avings with faint traces of a

postmedian line ; hindwing with discal spot as above.

Cacbeuta, January 12, 1904 (W. M. Bayne). Type in

coll. L. B. Front.

A very distinct species. Frobably its palpus and other

characters (wing-shape, etc.) are enough to indicate its

generic distinctness from Salpis, yet it has also very much

in common therewith, and especially Avith the subgenus

Microdontop)era.

Arizela (Front), nov. gen.

Face not protuberant, smoothly scaled ; palpus rather .short, por-

rect, shortly rough-scaled ; tongue apparently Avanting ; antenna

Geomctridac of the Argentine Ecjnchlic. 325

scarcely one-half the length of forewing, in hotli sexes shortly

bipectinate nearly to apex, the pectinations very short in the 9,

apical segments nearly simple, with projecting scales and short

ciliation. Thorax hairy beneath ; femora somewhat hairy ; hind-

tibia not dilated, in both sexes with four rather approximated spurs ;

abdomen rather robust, not crested. Wings rather long and narrow,

thickly but smoothly scaled, frenulum present. Forewing with

costa nearly straight, apex not acute, distal margin entire, gently

rounded, oblique ; cell little over one-half, discocellulars incurved,

SCi'2 long-stalked, their stalk anastomosing with C, SC^ later ap-

pressed to SC^'^, but not anastomosing, SC^'^ from before apex of

cell, R* and R^ curved, M* from rather near R^, from beyond

two-thirds of cell. Hind wing with C anastomosing strongly with

cell, SC^ connate with R^, medians as in forewing.

Type of the genus ; Arizeki dnlcis, Prout, nov. sp.

Apparently related to Hasodima, Butl., Erilophodes,

Warr. and, Leueolithodes, Warr., but differing markedly in

the strong anastomosis of the costal and subcostal of hind¬

wing, in various other points of venation, head-structure

(with antenna), etc., so that the relationship can hardly be

very close,

217. Arizela dulcis (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 27.)

. 28 mm. Face and vertex brown ; palpus brown, tipped with

white ; antennal shaft white above, brown spotted, brown beneath, pec¬

tinations brown. Thorax white, narrowdy brown anteriorly, legs white-

and brown-banded. Abdomen whitish, with single dorsal and double

ventral series of brown spots. Wings silky white, the markings

brown, more or less mixed with grey. Forewing narrowly dark at

base ; antemedian line before one-third, somewhat curved, tei’minat-

ing abruptly below M, reappearing only as a large spot on SM^; post¬

median broad, waved, from three-fourths costa to two-thirds inner

margin, parallel with termen, interrupted between R^ and R^ ; a

costal blotch closely preceding antemedian, a second (grey-centred)

in middle, abf5orbing the cell-spot ; an angulated mark from sub¬

median fold to inner margin, closely preceding postmedian line ; a

few subterminal .spots; some dots in costal area and proximally to

postmedian line ; fringe white, broadly chequered with brown from

apex to M*, thence unicolorous. Hind wing with a few costal and

terminal spots, the most con.spicuous being at termen between R* and

R^ ; a very small discal spot, slightly above middle of discocellulars ;

remnants of a postmedian band from costa to R^ (just distally to the

82G

]\I^Louis B. Front on the

cell) and again from before to subincdian fold ; fringe white,

unchequered. Underside the same.

San Luis, February 21, 1904 (W. M. Bayne). Type ($)

in coll. L. B. Front. A ^ precisely similar from Palmira

in coll. A. F. Bayne.

218. Ehilopjiodes colorata (Warren).

Eriloiilwdcs colorata, Warren, Nov. Zool., i, 466 (1894).

Mascora variegata, Schaus, MS., in coll. F. D. Jones.

“Argentina” (J. H. Leech), in coll. Br. Mus., an aberra¬

tion ($) with the ground-colour of both wings strongly

dark-dusted. Described from S.E. Brazil.

219. Leucolithodes arana (Dognin).

GariiJcta arana, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxix, 117

(1895).!

Erilo2diodcs arana, Warren, Nov. Zool., xi, 582 (1904).^

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Dognin (^) described the species from Ecuador. It

occurs also in Colombia.

Warren (^) treats it as an Erilophodcs', though com¬

menting on its close “superficial” resemblance to Leuco-

lithodes pantcata (Feld.),*^ he overlooks the fact that it

virtually lacks the abdominal tufts of Erilophodcs, and also

agrees in venation with Leucolithodes. It is therefore best

treated as forming a second section of that genus, with the

J antenna bipectinate.

220. Leucochesias mesargyrata (Mabille).

Lcncochcsias nusarqyrata, Mabille, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris,

(3) i, 158 (1889).t

Aspilates (?) nimipennaria, Maasseu, Stiibel’s Beisen, Lep.

98, 162, tab. ix, 16 (post August 2, 1890) (nov. syn.).

Port Santa Cruz, E. coast of Patagonia (Mabille) ;

Uspallata Pass, 7000 ft. (Geo. Boag), in coll. Br. Mus.

* Bryoptera panteata, Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab. cxxvi,

V = Leucolithodes pantherata, Warr. (in err. jiro panteata), Nov.

Zool., xi, 582.

t Possibly not published till 1890, as it is indexed in the

“Zoological Record” for that year, and the copy at our Natural

History Museum was not received until May 13, 1890. But even

this, the latest possible date, gives some months’ priority over

Maassen.

327

Geomctridcie of the Argentine Rcpuhlic.

Mabille also records the species from Punta Arenas,

which belongs to Chili. Maassen’s type was from the

highlands of Bolivia.

221. Odontothera (?) cruciferaria (Berg).

Aspilates cruciferaria, Berg, An. Soc. Cient. Argent., iv,

206 (1877).!

Spartopteryx (?) denticulata, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Bond.,

1882, 387 (1882) (nov. syn.).^

Aspilates glyphicarms, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. (7) ix,

66 (1885) ; Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, vi, Lep. 23, tab. ii,

10 (1888).^

(^) Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia (F. P. Moreno).

Also occurs in Chili and Tierra del Fuego (^).

Apparently variable, but I have only seen a very few

specimens.

I know of no existing genus to which this species seems

satisfactorily referable. It differs from typical Odontothera,

Butl.* — which, by the way, was not intelligibly diagnosed,

being compared to certain Larentiid genera — not only in

having the ^ antenna bipectinate, but also in some points

of venation, etc. ; nevertheless it comes rather near it in

most respects, and as it is necessary to assign it some

provisional generic position, I consider Odontothera the

most satisfactory that I can find. I imagine both may

be related, though probably not very closely, to the

Ischnopteryx — Cidariophanes group.

222. Callipseustes trisecta (Warren).

Callipseustes trisecta, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xiv, 287 (1907).

Ciudad de Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild ; also

from the same locality in coll. Dognin.

223. Amblurodes chloroclystata (Guenee).

Syrtodes chloroclystata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x,

452 (1858).

Gidaria cldorophaearia. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxxv, 1690

(1866).

Syrtodes hryifera, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab.

cxxxi, 28 (1875).

* Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1882, 409,

328

MiTLouis B. Front 07i the

Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin.

Guenee’s types were from Brazil. I am not at all sure

that the forms from the more northern parts of the

continent really belong with it. The synonymy is given

as it has been supplied to me by Mr. Warren (in litt.),

since I have not been able personally to investigate it.

Walker’s type of chlorophaearia was from Bogota; Felder’s

hryifei'a (a from French Guiana.

224. Ischnopteryx xylinata (Guenee).

Syi'todcs xylinata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lcp., x, 452

(1858).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Also described from Brazil, where it seems to be a rather

frequent species.

PSEUDOBREPHOS (Prout), nov. gen.

Face protuberant, with a bluntly-pointed, horny projection partly

concealed by rough hairs ; palpus moderate, densely rough-scaled,

3rd joint blunt, smoother-scaled, almost concealed by long hair-

scales of 2nd joint ; tongue apparently short ; antenna moderate, in

^ bipectinate almost to apex with rather short, stout, subclavate

pectinations. Thorax rough-haired above, somewhat crested pos¬

teriorly ; pectus hairy ; (fore- and hindlegs wanting) ; abdomen

moderately robust, not crested. Wings densely scaled, distal margins

nearly smooth, faintly waved; frenulum developed. Forewing

triangular, inner margin rather long, termen little oblique ; cell

rather long ; SC^ free, SC^ from cell, anastomosing at a point with

point of departure of SC^ from which is well removed from

cell ; Ml from close to R^, from rather near end of cell. Hind¬

wing with cell scarcely over one-half, C approximated to cell to near

one-half, thence gradually diverging, SC^ connate with R', medians

as in forewing.

Type of the genus : Tf^euddh^'cphos, haynei, Prout,

nov. sp.

Related to Catophocnissa, Warr., Nov. Zook, i, 464, from

Chili, but distinguished by the longer and sharper frontal

prominence, the absence of abdominal crests and the non-

* This would probably vary somewhat in other specimens, and

need not be insisted upon.

Geometridac of the Argentine Reimhlic. 329

crenulated distal margins of the wings. The venation is

practically identical, for the point of anastomosis of SC^

is no doubt individual ; in the Catophoenissa which I have

examined, this vein anastomoses normally with SC^‘‘

heyond SC^, or remains free.

225. PSEUDOBREPHOS BAYNEI (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 10.)

27 mm. Forewing whitish, strongl}’’ irrorated and marked

with fuscous and dark fuscous, leaving only narrow spaces proxi-

mally to antemediau line and distally to postmedian white, the

latter, however, widening into a patch costally, its limit on costa

being near apex ; lines black ; a basal, angulated in cell, reaching

only to submedian fold ; an antemediau, oblique outwards from

costa, making strong projections into median band in cell and in

submedian area ; a postmedian line from beyond two-thirds costa,

strongly inbent distally to cell, sending three nearly equal teeth

outward on R^, IVP and M^, deeply incurved in submedian area, and

acutely angled outward on SAP ; the area between the lines rather

uniformly dark-shaded, suggesting a median band; termen with

black spots between the veins. Hindwing orange, fuscous-clouded

at base and along margins as far as median band, and rather broadly

bordered with dark fuscous ; a narrow dark fuscous median band,

outangled at posterior angle of cell, and bent towards anal angle

posteriorly; a fine black terminal line. Underside of forewing

whitish, somewhat sprinkled with fuscous, fuscous-shaded along

costa, inner margin and in terminal one-fourth ; a broad dark fuscous

tranverse bar at just beyond one-half (crossing the cell near end), and

faint indications of a second bar margining the terminal shading

proximally ; an orange suffusion in basal half of wing. Underside

of hindwing whitish, sprinkled with fuscous, an angulated transverse

band and dark border nearly as above, the latter weaker and more

diffuse ; no orange suffusion.

Buenos Aires, April 1, 1907 (A. F. Bayne), type in coll.

L. B. Prout.

I know of no second example of this pretty and interest¬

ing little species, which, in its general scheme of colouring,

reminds a good deal of the Chilian Catophoenissa dihapha,

Feld.,* in miniature.

* Epimecis dihapha, Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab. cxxv,

10, 10a.

330

Mi^jouis B. Prout on the

226. Catascia carnea (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XL VIII, fig. 24.)

46-50 ram. Face roumled-promiiient; palpus quite moderate,

rather stout; tongue well developed ; antenna rather long, with

short ciliation. Legs and abdomen slender. Head, body, wings,

etc., rather uniform flesh-colour, wings irrorated witli darker scales,

slightly paler beneath. Forewing with termen rather more oblique

than is typical for the genus (shaped much as in narrow-winged s

of C. andereggaria, Lah., of Europe) ; lines grey, indicated very

faintly except on veins, where they are made rather conspicuous by

dark spots ; antemedian from costa at about one-fourth, inbent about

SM2 ; postmeJian from costa at about 3 mm. from apex, slightly

oblique inwards to E^, outbent to R^, deeply incurved between

and SM^, and reaching inner margin at about two-thirds ; cell-spot

distinct, but small ; no terminal line. Ilindwing somewhat paler

in cell and costally, without markings. Underside without markings.

Puente del Inca, April 12, 1904 (W. M. Bayne), type in

coll. L. B. Prout; a second ^ from same locality, April

1902 (A. F. Bayne), in coll. L. B. Prout ; two from same

locality in coll. A. F. Bayne.

This interesting insect is probably a true Catascia, by

which name I understand Lederer’s section C of Gnophos

{mde Ent. Kec., xvi, 121). The contour of the distal

margin of both wings is very closely that of this group, the

frons, though less strongly protuberant than in some of

them, agrees fairly well with others, while several other

characters, together with the general facies and the

mountain habitat, lend some further support to the generic

position here suggested ; it would fall into Lederer’s first

subsection, with C. myrtillata, Thunb., on account of the

simply ciliated ^ antenna; the ^ is still unknown. Only

the venation of the forewing is not that of typical Catascia ;

SC^ anastomoses shortly with C, SC^ (arising from cell)

shortly with SC\ and subsequently at a point (or in one

specimen by a short connective bar) with SC^‘^ ; in all the

European Catascia which I have examined, SC“ is free

from SC^,* and except in opcraria, Hiib., ancj andereggaria,

Lah., SC^ is also free from C. The inconstancy of the sub-

costals in many Boarmiids is, however, matter of common

knowledge.

* But I find that Meyrick, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, 136, has

recorded eight myrtilldta {ohf'dscaria) with these veins not tree, and

(page 138) one iveni witli triple anastomosis as in carnea.

331

Gcomctridae of the Argentine Repuhlic.

Mr. A. F. Bayne discovered Cataseia carnea on his first

visit to Puente del Inca, of which some account is given

in Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc., xii, 70-72. It was flying

over some low, thorny bushes at dusk, in company — as was

subsequently made out — with a species of Chrismoj^teryx

and perhaps some other Geometrids.

227. Gnophos (?) OREAS (Prout), nov, sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 9.)

5 . 30 mm. Head, body and wings grey, upper surface of wings

coarsely speckled with brownish fuscous, the markings somewhat

ill-defined and mostly diffuse, formed by accumulations of the fuscous

speckling. Forewing with a fine, curved line from one-fifth costa to

one-fourth inner margin ; an ill-defined median band from before

one-half costa to about one-half inner margin, narrowed at costa,

absorbing in its distal part the large but very ill-defined dark cell-

spot ; a second, somewhat narrower band proximally to the pale

dentate subterniinal ; the ill-defined beginning of a postmedian at

costa midway between the bands ; a terminal dark line ; fringe dark-

marked at the vein-ends. Hind wing with a somewhat dentate

median line, accompanied proximally by an ill-defined band con¬

tinuing that of forewing and absorbing the cell-spot ; subterminal

line and its accompanying band nearly as in forewing. Underside

more weakly dark-speckled, both wings with large, roundish dark

cell-spot and dark submarginal band ; terminal dark line distinct.

Cacheuta, January 12, 1904 (W. M. Bayne). Type in

coll. L. B. Prout.

Evidently rather closely related to Gnophos insolita

(Warr.) * and chanehani (Dogn.) f, forming with them a

compact group which may provisionally — after Warren —

be treated as a section of Gnophos, Tr. = Scotopterix, Hiib.,

with veins SC^-^ coincident, as in Sienalcidia, etc. The

termen is less crenulate than is typical, the $ antenna

bipectinate with long pectinations, but the wing-form and

pattern and the absence of fovea in $ distinguish them

from Stenaleidia. The frons is less protuberant than in the

European species which I have studied, but if the con¬

stitution of the genus as given in Hampson’s “ Moths of

* Scotopterix insolita, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, 479 = Cyniatopliora

{!) fumigrisea, Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 211 (nov. syn.).

f Cymatophora Ci) chanehani, Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii,

364.

382

M^^iouis B. Front on the

India” can be inaintainetl, still more extreme instances of

flattened Irons can be found.

228. Odysia molaria (Guenee).

^ Odysia molaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., x, 4,

tab. xvi, 6 (1858).

Boarmia dcnticularia. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi. 362

(I860).

Tephrosia inefectaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi, 412

(1860).

Tephrina siqncdaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi, 1657

(1862) (ab.).

Tephrina responsaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxvi,

1658 (1862).

Argentina, a pair without exact locality (0. W. Thomas),

in coll. Br. Mus.

Common in S. Brazil, whence came all the types.

Occurs also in Paraguay.

I have examined Walker’s types, as well as a specimen

in M. Dognin’s collection, which has been compared with

Guenee’s. The sexes differ somewhat, both sexes further

vary in size, and Walker’s signataria is a light aberration;

but the species is easily recognised, and the variation is

not such as to justify the list of synonyms or the confusion

that has hung over it. It has been erroneously believed

to be the Tephrosia hyherniaria of Guenee (Spec. Gen. des

Lep., ix. 264), but I am not aware that the error has

found its way into print.

It is quite possible that the following genus of Warren’s

will have to sink to Odysia. So far as I have checked

them, the characters of the two genera agree quite closely,

excepting the curious specialisation of the $ antenna in

Odysia.

229. Stenalcidia (?) ustifumosa (Warren).

Bryoptera (?) ustifumosa, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 466

(1897).^

Cymatophora ustifumosa, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 196

(1902).2

(2) Parana, Entre Rios, a series in coll. Rothschild ; Metan,

Salta, in coll. Dognin ; Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, 2 $

in coll. Br. Mus. ; La Paz, Mendoza, September 22, 1905

(W. M. Bayne), 1 in coll. L. B. Front.

Geomctridae of the Argentine Rejniblie.

333

Warren’s type (^) was a ^ from Paraguay. I have not

seen the Parana series, and am not absolutely certain that

all the others are correctly referred. Warren (^) says that

the sexes differ considerably, but it would seem that the

^s are also very variable inter se.

I suppose, from Warren’s reference of the ^ to “ Cyma-

tophoi'a ” {Melanolophia, infra) that it has no fovea, but I

am not quite clear about his use of that name. It has

certainly no close affinity with the commotaria group.

The venation, etc., are typical for Stenalcidia, but if fovea is

really wanting, it will form a new section, or allied genus.

230. Stenalcidia dimidiaria (Guenee).

Tephrosia dimidiaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 261

(1858).

Buenos Aires, common, sitting on trees, posts, etc. (A. F.

Bayne); La Plata City, June 9, 1896 (Oldfield, Thomas),

a worn ^ in coll. Br. Mus.

Apparently distributed in the southern part of Brazil ;

I have also seen it from Paraguay and (a local race ?) from

Ecuador.

M. Doguin, in his MS. list, also records “ Stenalcidia

dimidiaria, Walk.” from Tucuman. Walker’s Boarmia

dimidiaria (List Lep. Ins., xxi, 355), from Bogotd, was

erected quite independently of Guenee’s Tephrosia, but

(sec. specim. typ.) happens to be also a typical Stenalcidia,

so that his name becomes invalid. I believe, however, that

the Tucuman species has proved to be entirely distinct

from the Colombian ; hence the record must be allowed to

lapse until further elucidation is forthcoming.

231. Stenalcidia fusca (Warren).

Stenalcidia fusca, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 472 (1897).

Tucuman, 3 $ in coll, Dognin.

Described from Paraguay ; also occurs in S.E. Brazil.

232. Stenalcidia differens (Warren).

Stenalcidia differens, Warren, Nov, Zook, iv, 471 (1897).^

(^) La Plata City, one in coll. Rothschild,

The species was described from Paraguay, whence also

it is represented in coll. Br. Mus, Warren {loc. cit.) says

that the La Plata example is smaller.

334

MrllK Duis B. Front on the

233. Stenalcidia dukinfieldia (Schaus).

Boarmia duhinjicldia, Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v, 104

(1897).

Buenos Aires, common excepting in midwinter (A. F.

Bayne), in coll. L. B. Front et coll. A. F. Bayne ; also

from the same locality (H. Wilkinson) in coll. Br. Mus.

Schaus’ types were from S.E. Brazil. The species has

apparently a rather wide distribution, yet is not at present

known from further north than Bolivia. I have seen

examples from that country and from Faraguay, as well as

from Brazil and Argentina.

Varies considerably in depth of colour and somewhat in

intensity of markings. Mr. Bayne has given me one or

two very pretty, light-coloured forms, and others, again,

of quite a dull fuscous. The ^s are, on the average, more

obscurely marked than the ^s.

234. Stenalcidia invenusta (Dognin).

Stenalcidia invenusta, Bognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii,

121 (1904).

Tucuman (type) in coll. Dognin ; La Rioja (Giacomelli),

in coll. L. B. Front.

M. Dognin described this species from only. Dr.

Giacomelli has kindly sent me a ^ which agrees exactly

with these, and also a somewhat smaller, with the lines

of the forewing rather closer together and stronger, the

outer more deeply elbowed, which I have hardly any doubt

is the other sex of the same species.

235. Stenalcidia illineata, Dognin.

Stenalcidia illineata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1, 210

(1906).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin.

236. Stenalcidia grisea (Warren) (?).

Stenalcidia grisea, Warren, Nov. Zook, vii, 198 (1900).

Physocleora martena, Schaus, MS., in coll. E. D. Jones.

Dr. Bastelberger records this species from Tucuman. I

saw his specimen some years ago, and noted it as a small

Hymenouiima which I could not definitely determine, pos¬

sibly a small specimen of ne2Jhalia, Druce (see infra), but

Gcomctridac of the Argentine Bc^ublie. 335

with the postmedian line of the hindwing placed further

distad and without a dark border beneath. The specimen

has since been determined for Dr. Bastelberger (I do not

know by whom) as Stenaleidia go'isea, but it scarcely seems

to me possible that this can be correct.

Typical S. grisea is from S.E. Brazil, and it is very

likely that the species will be discovered in the Argentine

Republic.

237. Stenalcidia celosoides (Dognin).

Boarmia celosoides, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxix,

111 (1895).

Tucuman, in coll. Bastelberger.

Dognin’s type was from Ecuador.

238. Stenalcidia junctilinea (Warren).

Aids jttnetilinea, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 477 (1901).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild.

Occurs also in Paraguay (coll. Br. Mus.).

Excepting their generally somewhat larger size, I can

find absolutely no difference between the group to which

this species belongs and typical Stenaleidia. Unless the

whole of that genus were suppressed as structurally in¬

separable from the old-world Aids, it would seem impossible

to xeiei junctilinea to the last-named. Provisionally I can

point to nothing more definite by way of distinction than

the constant coincidence of SC^'^ in Stenalcidia, which I

have not yet found in Aids.

239. Stenalcidia despecta (Prout), nov. sp.

(Plate XLVIII, fig. 7.)

d $ . 24-30 mm. Face fuscous ; palpus fuscous, paler beneath ;

d antennal pectinations rather long. Thorax concolorous with fore¬

wing, tarsi pale-marked at the ends of the joints. Wings somewhat

narrower than in most of the genus, the crenulations of termen of

hindwing pronounced. Forewing pale greyish ochreous, usually

dusted with fuscous, very variably in intensity, the least dusted

part being placed distally to the postmedian ; lines very ill defined,

usually obsolete except at inner margin ; antemedian line (when

discernible) from costa at beyond two-fifths, outcurved in cell,

thence oblique basewards to inner margin at from one-third to two-

fifths (variable) ; postmedian from costa at beyond two-thirds.

336

j\M^jOuis B. Prout on the

somewhat projecting about lb'* and M’, then oblique basewards to

inner margin at scarcely beyond one-half (thus near antemedian),

sometimes accompanied distally by a weak and ill-defined brownish

or greyish shade, which occasionally terminates on inner margin as

a distinct spot ; in a few well-marked examples some dark vein-

dashes on this shade, somewhat as in S. quisquiliaria, Quen. ; cell-

spot minute, indistinct, sometimes obsolete ; a pale subterminal

indicated in a few of the darkest examples ; terminal dark line fine,

thickened into blackish dots between the veins. Hindwing usually

slightly paler, especially in costal region ; terminal area usually con-

colorous with that of forewing ; inner margin usually dark-shaded,

especially in its middle, where there are nearly always the beginnings

(often quite distinct) of two or three dark lines, which disajjpear at or

before the cell ; cell-spot sometimes rather large and distinct, some¬

times small and inconspicuous, occasionally obsolete ; pale sub¬

terminal indicated in the darkest examples ; terminal line with the

interneural dots weaker than in forewdng. Undersurface nearly

unicolorous fuscous greyish, hindwing somewhat paler and rougher-

scaled than forewing, cell-spot usually present on both wings or at

least on hindwing, sometimes quite conspicuous on the latter.

Mendoza, La Paz, Palmira, etc. — mostly bred (W. M.

Bayne), a large number in coll. L. B. Prout, coll. A. F.

Bayne, etc. ; type $ (excl. SeiAember 8, 1905) in coll.

L. B. Prout.

Mr. W. M. Bayne lias been very successful in breeding

this species ex ovo on chrysanthemum ; the broods emerged

May 1904, and August (end) to September 1905; 1 have

also wild specimens from La Paz, March 1903, and

Palmira, December 1903, and suppose there is a succes¬

sion of broods. Extremely variable, though always an

obscure-looking little insect. One or two of the lightest

specimens are virtually free from dusting, and marking¬

less; sometimes three approximated dark spots on inner

margin (ends of antemedian, postmedian, and shade

distally to the latter) are the only distinct markings.

A typical Stenalcidia in structure, but with ^ hindtibia

not dilated. Perhaps nearest to S. fusea, Warr.

240. Physocleora obscura (Schaus).

Physoeleora obscura, Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vi, 148

(1898).

Buenos Aires, one $, December 9, 1902 (A. F. Bayne),

in coll. L. B. Prout.

Gcometridae of the Argentine Republic. 837

Described from S.E. Brazil. I have seen co-types in

the collection of Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones, and a specimen

presented by Mr. Schaus in that of the Bi'itish Museum,

and believe the identification is correct ; but I cannot say

that I am absolutely certain. Mr. Warren inclined to

refer my specimen to enana, Dognin.

241. Physocleora punctilla (Schaus).

Physocleora punctilla, Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vi, 148

(1898).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Schaus’ type was from S.E. Brazil ; the species occurs also

in Paraguay.

242. Physocleora enana (Dognin).

Boarniia enana, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxix, 112

(1895).

Los Vasquez and Tucuman, in coll. Dognin. Dognin’s

type was from Ecuador.

243. Physocleora nigrescens (Prout), nov. sp.

9 . 20 mm. Light brown, densely speckled with blackish, only

the median area of forewing remaining light (somewhat speckled

with darker brown), a very broad distal area of forewing and almost

the whole of hindwing particularly blackened. Forewing with base

of costa blackish ; a suhbasal, irregularly curved dark line at beyond

one-fifth ; an antemedian, incurved below cell, at two-fifths ; a post¬

median, strongly inbent below cell, at nearly three-fifths, followed

by a dark ferruginous shade, to which again follows the blackish

marginal area ; cell-spot black, distinct ; subterminal line in¬

distinctly pale, strongly dentate, filled in proximally with black ;

terminal black spots between the veins. Hindwing with black

cell-spot and terminal spots distinct, black antemedian and post¬

median lines (slightly inhent below cell), and pale subterminal dis¬

cernible, a ferruginous tinge distally to po.stmedian. Undersurface

similar, basal area of forewing more obscure, no ferruginous shading

di.stally to postmedian.

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902 (S. R.

Wagner). Type and another quite similar ^ in coll.

Br. Mus. A worn example from Tucuman, in coll.

Bastelberger, seems to be the same species. Possibly

TRANS. ENT. ,SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. TnOV.) Z

338

I mis B. Front on the

an extremely darkened form of S. 2'>U7ictiUff, Schaus, of

which I can only compare very poor specimens.

Venation normal for the group, SC^ ‘‘^ of forewing co¬

incident, from very slightly above middle of disco-

cellulars. In the type specimen, the stalk of is

almost connate with SC^‘^. It is very doubtful, as I

understand Mr. Warren now recognises, whether Fhyso-

cleora is structurally differentiable from Stenaleiclia\ it

seems to be merely a “ genus of convenience,” for the

accommodation of the smaller species, which have rather

a different facies from the more typical Stenalcidia.

244. Hymenomima extersaria (Warren).

Ilymenominut extersaria, Warren, Nov. Zook, iv, 4G7

(1897).!

Hyrienoriima densata, Warren, Nov. Zook, xiv, 27G (1907)

(ab.) (nov. syn.).-

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Described from Colombia Q) and Peru (2). I have seen

a good many specimens from Peru, but do not know of

any more southerly records beyond that t)f M. Dognin.

The species varies in depth of colour and strength of the

pale distal blotch of forewing, which is almost absent in

the ab. densata-, the undersurface seems very constant.

245. Hymenomima nephalia (Druce)(?).

Boai'mia oicijhalia, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii,

75, tab. xlviii, 10 (1892).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin ; also (?) in coll. Bastelberger.

The true nephalia is from Mexico, and I have seen only

Druce’s type specimen. There stand with it, in the British

Museum, two other examples from Paraguay, which may

possibly represent a local race, with rather longer hind¬

wing, its postmedian line further from the cell-spot and

some other differences, but which I should personally have

been disposed to regard as a separate, though nearly allied

species. I believe it is to this latter that M. Dognin’s

“ nejphalia ” should be referred ; and I have already (see

Stenalcidia grisea, Warr.) recorded that Dr. Bastelberger

has a specimen which might be an extreme aberration of

the same. Here, as in many other cases, more material is

the great desideratum.

Geometridac of the Argentine Republic. 331)

246. Hymenomima amberia (Schaus).

Boarmia amberia, Schaus, Tr. Anier. Ent. Soc,. xxvii, 183

(Feb. 1901V

Hymenomima subsordida, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 478

(Dec. 1901V

(“) Parana, Entre Rios (type), in coll. Rothschild ; Tucu-

man, in coll. Dognin ; ? Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, in

coll. Br. Mas. ; Pirapb (Bastelberger, J. B. Nass. Ver.

Nat,, Ixi, 75).

Schaus’ type (^) was from S.E. Brazil ; I have also seen

the typical form from Paraguay.

The British Museum example from Gran Chaco is con¬

siderably smaller and of a somewhat different aspect ; it

may represent a local race or allied species, though possibly

it is a mere aberration.

I have accepted the synonymy as communicated to me

by M. Dognin, and this may possibly prove to be correct,

although on going into the question together last year, we

decided that it was by no means a certainty.

247. Hymenomima perfuscimargo (Prout), nov. sp.

d. 29 mm. Of the size and somewhat the aspect of B. exangulata,

Warn, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc., xsx, 508, from British Guiana ; fovea

extremely develoj^ed, much as in that species. Wings bone-colour

tinged with ochreous, speckled with fuscous, and with almost the

entire distal area broadly fuscous, though with the apex of forewing

paler, the subterminal pale line faintly traceable and the space

between this and the termen irregularly mixed with the lighter

groundcolour, especially on the hindwing ; proximal boundary of

this area (= postmedian line) on forewing from two-thirds of costa

to three-fifths of inner margin, incurved below cell, on hindwing

from near three-fourths of costa, outangled at SC^, somewhat out-

curved from Bb then inbent below cell, finally reaching inner

margin at beyond two-thirds, by a bend distad, as in H. exangulata.

Forewing in addition with basal area more or less fuscous, a fuscous

discal mark, preceded by a dark mark on costa which represents the

beginning of a faintly traceable median shade, angled below SC,

crossing discal spot, running obliquely towards inner margin and

continued as an antemedian line on hind wing. Hindwing in

addition with a rather large comma-shaped cell-spot, placed rather

near postmedian line, the cell being longer than in most of the allies.

Undersurface much more weakly marked, the terminal dark baml

Z 2

340

Mi'^iduis B, Proub vn the

of forewing ill-defined but complete, that of hind wing still weaker,

and only present in costal half of wing, vanishing beyond R3.

Head, body and legs of groundcolour, face and palpus rather more

strongly fuscous-speckled, foreleg dark-marked anteriorly.

Gran Chaco, near Florenzia, October 1902 (S. R.

Wagner). Type in coll. Br. Mus.

248. Iridopsis fulvitincta (Warren).

Chora fulvitincta, Warren, Nov. Zool., iv, 460 (1897).^

1 IridojJsis commixtata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii,

121 (1904) (nov. syn.).^

Irido'psis ohliquata, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii,

364 (1904) (nov. syn.).^

Iridopsis pallescens, Warren, Nov. Zool., xiv, 277 (1907)

(nov. syn.).^

(^) La Plata City (type), in coll. Rothschild ; )2) (^)

Tucuman (types), in coll. Dognin, also from same locality

in coll. Bastelberger ; Buenos Aires (A. F. Bayne) in coll.

L. B. Prout, also from same locality in coll. Dognin ;

Metan and Los Vasquez, in coll. Dognin (recorded as

ohliquata) ; La Rioja (Giacomelli), in coll. L. B. Prout ;

Argentina (O. W. Thomas), without more precise locality,

in coll. Br. Mus.

Evidently a very widely distributed species in the

Republic. Elsewhere, the only specimens which I can

with any confidence refer here are Warren’s type of

pallescens {*), from Paraguay, and three examples from

Callao in coll. Br. Mus. The species is. an exceedingly

variable one, and will give some trouble, being very closely

allied to several others (such as syrniaria, Guen., delin-

quaria., Walk., etc.), which are nevertheless evidently

distinct. I think the synonymy proposed above, with the

possible exception of commixtata, Dogn., will prove correct ;

but unfortunately Warren’s type of fulvitincta is in

exceedingly bad condition, and it will be impossible to settle

its identification positively until a long and representative

series from La Plata is available for study.

249. Iridopsis rectura (Dognin).

Iridoqjsis rectura, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xlviii, 363

(1904).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Dognin; I also saw in coll.

Bastelberger, from the same locality, an example of an

Gcometridac of the Argentine Republic. 341

Iridopsis, which I noted as perhaps a form of the same

species.

250. Melanolophia apicalis (Warren).

Cymatophora apicalis, Warren, Nov. Zool., vii, 195 (1900).

Buenos Aires (H. Wilkinson), 2 1 ^ in coll. Br. Mus.

Warren’s type was from S.E. Brazil; I know of uo

further distribution.

The Buenos Aires $ is larger and of a warmer, darker

brown than the ^s.

The name of Cymatophora (Hiibner, Tent., indescr. ;

Packard, nom. praeocc. — nec. Treitschke) is clearly unten¬

able for this group, which indues argilaria, Guen., coin-

motaria, Mssn., and many others. On the other hand, it

is certainly referable to Melanolophia, Hulst, Tr. Amer.

Ent. Soc., xxiii, 357 ; the agreement of the South American

representatives with canadaria, Guen., the type of that

genus, is very close structurally, and even superficially.

251. Melanolophia (?) granillosa (Dognin).

Cymatophora (?) granillosa, Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

xlvi, 349 (1902).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

Dognin’s type description does not give any definite clue

as to the generic affinities.

252. Melanolophia (?) eobusta (Warren).

Cymatophora robusta, Warren, Nov. Zool., viii, 477 (1901).

Parana, Entre Rios, type in coll. Rothschild.

From the figure in the British Museum Collection (I

cannot now compare the type), I do not think this can

really be a Melanolophia. The shape, and the style of

pattern, much rather suggest that it is related to usti-

fnmosa, Warren, which I have provisionally placed with

Stenalcidia.

253. Melanolophia (?) gnamptographa (Prout),

nov. sp.

7 . 38 aim. Head, body and legs brown, more or less tinged

with reddish. Forewing reddish brown, irrorated with dark fuscous ;

lines brighter brown, with a slight olivaceous tinge ; anteraedian ill-

defined, from before one-fourth costa to before one-third inner

842

Mr. Louis B. Front on the

margin, outbeiit in cell, in submedian area and close to inner

margin; postmedian distinct, concise, from about two-thirds costa

to nearly two-thirds inner margin, forming a sinus in cell and a

second in submedian area, and accompanied distally by some ill-

defined grey shading, which is densest in costal half of wing, and

somewhat obscures the postmedian itself on costa ; an ill-defined,

greyer (less ferruginous-brown) median shade at about two-fifths

(well before discal spot), slightly outenrved in middle of wing ;

subterminal white, much interruj)ted, especially in posterior half of

wing ; distinct between SC^ and SC^ and between SC^ and R* as

elongate white spots and from Ri to as an outcurved line, or

lunule, accompanied distally (and in anterior half of wing proxi-

mally) by some blackish-fuscous marks ; cell-spot small, blackish ;

termen with distinct blackish dots between the veins ; fringe clouded

with fuscous, with a narrow ■i)ale line at its base. Hindwing paler,

especially in basal part, nearl}' unicolorous, cell-dot indistinct,

terminal dots almost obsolete, fringe with narrow pale line at base.

Underside almost unmarked, cell -dots weak, the faintest possible

suggestion of a paler, proximally darker-shaded postmedian on hind¬

wing. Shape rather near M. (?) limosa (Dogn.),* but slightly nar¬

rower, termen of forewdng slightly more elbowed at IF, hindwing

slightly more produced apically.

Tucuman, 450 in., type in colL Br. Mus.

254. Eotropis semicana (Bastelberger).

Ectroins semicana, Bastelberger, Soc. Ent., xxii, 138 (1907).

Tucuman (type), in coll. Bastelberger.

255. Bronchelia pudicaria (Guenee).

Bronchelia ijudicaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep, ix, 287

(1858).!

Bronchelia detexta, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi, 452

(1860).2

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin et coll. Bastelberger.

A widely distributed species, described by Guenee (^)

from Brazil, by Walker (‘^) from the West Indies. On

Dr. Bastelberger’s Tucuman examples see J. B. Nass. Ver.

Nat., lx, 90. I saw a ^ from his collection which I was

inclined to refer to 'puellaria, but I may have been mis¬

taken ; I imagine it is the ''pudicaria of his note.

* Tephrosia limosa, Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxix, 116.

Gcomctridac of the Argentine Bcimhlic.

343

256. Bronchelia puellaria (Guenee).

Bronehelia puellaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 287

(1858).

Bronchelia mundaria, Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi, 452

(1860).

Bronchelia nigriplena, Warren, Nov. Zook, xiv, 272 (1907)

(nov. syn.).

Bronchelia puellaria, ab. confertistriga, Bastelberger, J. B.

Nas. Ver. Nat., lx, 89 (1907) (ab. ?).

? Tucuman (see under B. pudicaria, supra).

Widely distributed from Mexico (?) to Brazil.

257. “Bronchelia transitaria (Walker).”

?? Bronchelia transitaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi, 453

(1860).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

This name is included in M. Dognin’s MS. list, but I

suspect some error of determination. Walker’s transitaria

was from Haiti, and is (sec. specim. typ.) a synonym of the

common Bronchelia scolopaiea (Drury) of Central America

and the West Indies, of which I have never seen specimens

from far south.

258. Bronchelia curvilinea (Warren).

Bronchelia curvilinea, Warren, Nov. ZooL, xiv, 271 (1907).

Ciudad de Tucuman (type), in coll. Rothschild.

259. Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll).

Phalaena Geometra arnobia, Stoll, Cramer’s Pap. Exot., iv,

188, tab. ccclxxxiii, I (1782).

Amphidasys arnobia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. des Lep., ix, 211,

(1858).

Boarmia oppositaria. Walker, List Lep. Ins., xxi, 361,

(1860).

Boarmia quadricostaria, Herrich-Schaeffer, C. B. zool.-min.

Ver. Regensb., xxiv, 52 (1870).

Biston immissus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Het., tab.

cxxxiii, 24 (1875) (ab.).

Thyrinteina quadricostaria, Moschler, Abb. Senck. Ges.,

xvi, 269, fig. 12 (1890).

Tucuman, in coll. Dognin.

344

M^Louis B. Prout on the

Common and widely distributed from Central America

and the West Indies to Brazil. Decidedly variable, I am

not sure whether the synonyms here given have ever

before been published, though they have long been known

to w'orkers at the South American Geometridae.

260. Devarodes interlineata (Berg, MS.) (Prout),

nov. sp.

Cymopsis (?) interlineata, Berg, MS., in coll. Br. Mus.

Devarodes interlineata, Warren, Nov. Zook, xvi, 100

(indescr.)

28 mm. Body and wings dull black, slightly tinged with

brownish. Basal joint of j^alpus, collar, breast and tail orange-

yellow. Forewing above with a long whitish streak from base to

near termen, margined anteriorly by cell and posteriorly reach¬

ing well beyond submedian fold, which appears as a dark line

bisecting it ; an elongate whitish patch from DC to near termen,

margined by and R^, bisected by R^ as a dark line. Hindwing

above unicoloroi;s. Forewing beneath with the streak obsolescent,

but remaining distinct as a larger or smaller spot at its distal end ;

subajiical blotch broadened, so as to reach to SC^, but rounding off

distally. Hindwing beneath with elongate whitish marks distally

to cell and between this and costa.

Missiones (C. Berg), in coll. Br. Mus., the type of the

species.

A second almost identical, though with slightly more

white beneath, from Sapucay, Paraguay, stands in coll. Br.

Mus. ; Warren mentions this, or another, from the last-

named locality.

I do not know what are the actual affinities of this

species, which Warren — overlooking the fact that Berg’s

name was unpublished — does not describe in the note in

which he advocates removing it to Devarodes. Berg pre¬

sented it to the British Museum with the MS. name of

Cymopsis (1) interlineata attached. Warren communicates

nothing further than that “ the hindwing has no radial ”

{i. e. no R^). The following particulars may aid in the

recognition of the species. Face somewhat prominent ;

eye small; palpus moderate, porrect, rather slender, 2nd

joint shortly scaled; ^ antenna bipectinate, with rather

long, strong branches ; hindleg {$) rather short, tibia

dilated, with terminal spurs only ; retinaculum long and

strong, C of forewing well removed from subcostals, SC^‘^

Trnn.s. Ent. Soc. Lond., 19J0. Pl.XLVIIf.

ARGENTINE GEOMETRIDAE

Explanation of Plate XLVIIl.

Fig. 1. Pero (Azelina) norma, Front, uov. sj)., ^

2. Tephrinopsis suhscripta, Front, nov. sp., ^

3. Macaria (?) repetita, Front, nov. sp., ^

4. Ochi/ria argentma, Front, nov. sp., ^

5. Eneitpiithecia cisplatensis, Front, nov. sp., ^

6. Lithostege (?) tzaddi. Front, nov. sp., 9

7. Ste7ialcidia despecta, Front, nov. sp., ^

8. Pnphyia zona (Dognin) (corrividata, Warr. var. ?),

9. Gnophos (?) omts. Front, nov. sp., 9

10. Pseudobrephos haynei, Front, nov. sp., ^

11. Hamaha {T) platensis, Front, nov. sp., ^

12. Papifhecia aiyimorrhoa, Front, nov. sp., $

13. Psodopsis tortilinea, Front, nov. sp., ^

14. Pnphyia limbata, Front, nov. sp., ^

15. Narragodes gyda, Front, nov. sp., ^

16. Eupithec.ia argica, Front, nov. sp., ^

17. tz>alpis (Microdontopera) eudoi'a, Front, nov. sp., ^

18. Acidalia ecUpes, Front, nov. sp., ^

19. Hypolepis prionogramma, Front, nov. sp., ^

20. Idialcis metria. Front, nov. sp., 9

21. Hanadia flexifascia, Front, nov. sj)., $

22. llerbita asinana, Front, nov. sp., ^

23. Salpis (Antygophayies) orbifera, Front, nov. sp., ^

24. Catascia carnea, Front, nov. sp., ^

25. Baynia odontota, Front, nov. sp., ^

26. Tephrinopsis mesoscia, Front, nov. sp., ^

27. Arizela dulcis, Front, nov. sp., 9

28. Lithostege giacomellii, Front, nov. sp., 9

29. HamaMa (?) ptychopoda, Front, nov. sp., 9

30. Lithostege pax, Front, nov. sp.,

31. Salpis rubens. Front, nov. sp., ^

32. Pero {Azelina) aynnicincta. Front, nov. sp., ^

33. Chrismopteryx vicina. Front, nov. sp., 9

34. Chrmnopteryx expolita, Front, nov. sp.,

35. Thamnonotna tripartita. Front, nov. sp., ^

36. Mimophyle sabulosa. Front, nov. sp.,

37. Rhopalodes otophora. Front, nov. sp., ^

38. Neochesias opistholeuca. Front, nov. sp.,

39. Pero {Azelina) palmirensis. Front, nov. sp., ^

40. Orthonama superjecta. Front, nov. sp., 9

Geometridac of the Argentine Republic. 345

long-stalked, SC^ running into SC^'^ (or, SC^ absent, SC^

connected by SC^ '^ by a bar), discocell ular, nearly vertical ;

hindwing with cell rather long, C free, nearly parallel to

SC (not very close) to fully one-half cell, thence gradually

diverging.

261. Melanchroia chephise (Stoll).

\Plialaena Geometra] chephise, Stoll, Cramer’s Pap. Exot.,

iv, 182, tab. ccclxxxi, E (1782) {Phalaena Geometra

cephise, ibid.. Index, 248).

Phalaena eorraria, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., ii, 881 (1787).

Melanchroia cephise, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., 173

(1826 ?).

Callimorpha cephise, Verloren, Cat. Lep. Crameri, 142

(1837).

Tanagraif) expositata,WQ\keY, List Lep. Ins., xxv, 1461

(1862).

Tucuman (Burmeister).

Widely distributed from the southern United States,

Mexico and the West Indies to Paraguay and southern

Brazil, but I have at present no other records for Argentina

than that contained in Burmeister’s Descr. Phys. Rep.

Argent.

Explanation of Plate XLVIII.

[See Explanation facing the Plate.]

( S4(j )

IX. Third Paper on the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the

Oxford University Museum. By J. L. Hancock,

M.D., F.E.S.

[Read March 2nJ, 1910.]

Plate XLIX.

The present studies are mainly founded on a series of

forty-seven specimens of Tetriginae (Orthoptera) recently

acquired by the Oxford University Museum. I am indebted

to Professor E. B. Poulton and Mr. R. Shelford for the

privilege of examining them. They have enabled me to add

supplemental data to my two former papers published in

the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London.

These studies are made still more complete by the

inclusion of notes founded on material in my private

collection.

The section Cladonotae is represented by ten known

genera in Africa ; the following diagnostic table based on

their distinctive characters may prove useful in separating

them. Bolivar* recognised in his “Essai” (1887) species

belonging to three genera, namely : Xcrophyllum, Trachy-

tettix, and Pantelia. Later Karschf (1890) added species

of Acmo-phyllum, Trypophylhim, Hippodes, Hypsaeus, and

still later Piezotettix,^ making eight genera recognised up

to that time. I have recently added another genus, Clado-

ramus,^ and in the present paper supplemented a new one,

Medinophylluin, bringing the whole number up to ten now

known and differentiated in the table herewith presented.

In each genus the type is given. The genus Hypsaeus

and Piezotettix also occur in the Oriental region, while the

other eight genera are confined to Africa.

* Ann. Soc. Entorn. Belg. xxxi, 1887.

I Entoniol. Nachricht. 1890.

J Berl. Entom. Zeit., xxvi, p. 196.

§ Trans. Entom. Soc. London, p. 217, 1907.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.)

Dr. J. L. Hancock’s Third Paiicr on the Tetriginac. 347

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF AFRICAN GENERA

OF THE SECTION CLADONOTAE.

1. Anterior and middle femora slender,

elongate.

2. Pronotum compressed, foliaceous.

3. Dorsum of pronotum strongly com¬

pressed, highly foliaceous, angu-

late, pronotum in profile triangu¬

late ; first articles of posterior

tarsi nearly twice the length of

the third. Type westivoodi, Boh Hypsaeus, Boh*

3.3. Dorsum of pronotum subfolia-

ceous, more or less compressed,

tectiform- cristate, in profile

above straight or arcuate ; first

articles of posterior tarsi nearly

three times the length of the

third. Type cultratus, Stal . Piezotettix, Bol.f

2.2. Pronotum not compresso-foliaceous,

low obtuse tectiform, apex of pos¬

terior process abbreviated, widely

rounded ; elytra and wings

wanting ; first articles of pos¬

terior tarsi much longer than the

third. Type vicarius, Karsch . Hippodes, Karsch.

1.1. Anterior and middle femora with

both margins more or less foliaceo-

dilate, carinae either entire, un¬

dulate, lobate, serrate or lobato-

dentate.

4. Facial frontal scutellum more or less

compressed, and either crenulate

or spinulose, but not glabrous.

5. Crest of pronotum highly foliaceous

above, more or less semicircular

and regularly arcuate, the border

smoothly longitudinally silicate

at the anterior two-thirds. Type

servillei, Fairm . Xerophyllum, Fairm.

* The African species are aetpialis, Karsch, inaeipudis, Karsch, and

(ingulatus, sp. nov.

t The African species are clypeatus, Karsch, and karschi, Bolivar.

848

Dr. J. L. T^ncock’s Tldrd Paper on the

5.5. Crest of pronotum low, com-

presso-cristate, siibfoliaceous,

scabrous-spinose, 2)rocluced for¬

ward, border above somewhat

distinctly sulcate longitudi¬

nally and crenulate or erose

sjiinulose posteriorly. Type

crenulatus, Hanc . Cladoramub, Haiic.

6. Pronotum dejiressed.

7. Humeral angles outwardly pro¬

duced, amjiliate, laminate and

serrate ; eyes substylate ; vertex

very wide, and armed with dis¬

tinct acute sj^ine on each side.

Type hnfo, Costa . Trachytettix, Stal.

7.7. Humeral angles wanting, dorsum

of j^ronotum acute tectiform,

anteriorly acute ; vertex

narrow ; body apterous. Type

cristidata, Bol . Pantelia, BoL

6.6. Pronotum largely comjDressed and

foliaceous, border above sharp, not

at all longitudinally sulcate.

4.4. Facial frontal costa glabrous.

8. Margins of anterior and middle

femora entire or below sub¬

undulate.

9. Foliaceous crest of 2:)ronotum per¬

forate with foramina, border

subsemicircular but little

obtuse angirlate above about

the middle. Type (jlabrifrons,

Karsch . Trypophylluji, Karsch.

9.9. Foliaceous crest of j^ronotum

arcuate before the middle,

not abruptly cristate, rounded

angulate above at about the

middle and dellexed back¬

ward, aj^ex subobtuse or

lengthily extended backward

beyond the hind femoral

apices, acuminate ; inferior

external carinae of posterior

Tetriginae in the Oxford University Museum. 349

femora entire. Type xero- [nov.*

j)hylloides, Bol . Medinophyllum, gen.

8.8. Margins of anterior and middle

femora below tri- or quadrilo-

bate ; foliaceous crest abruptly

highly elevated cristate forward,

superior margin above undu¬

late or sinuate ; inferior ex¬

ternal carinae of posterior

femora incrassate bearing lobes.

Type undulatum, Karsch. . . Acmophyllum, Karsch.

Genus Hypsaeus, Bol.

Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, xxxi, p. 200, 1887.

H. angidatus, sp. nov.

Face in profile subrounded, little sinuate below the frontal scu-

tellura ; scutellum elongate, margins entire, above curvate divergent,

but subparallel below toward the median ocellus ; antennae inserted

between the lower fourth of the eyes. Pronotum triangulate, strongly

compresso-foliaceous, highly elevated and angulate above the middle,

the summit of the angle rounded, anteriorly extended beyond the

head, the inferior margin of process convex, the frontal apex obtuse-

rounded ; margin above at the anterior half of crest arcuate toward

the process in front, but flattened toward the elevated summit ;

behind the middle deflexed backward and toward the hind apex very

slightly undate-sinuate ; anterior and posterior halves of the upper

margin subequal in length, the posterior process scarcely extended

backward to the knees of the hind femora ; lateral lobes of pronotum

posteriorly unisinuate, posterior angles obliquely excised behind.

Elytra and wings wanting. Anterior femora elongate, little com¬

pressed, superior carinae entire, below slightly bilobate ; middle

femora slender, margins entire ; posterior femora above ampliate,

the superior carina strongly quadrilobate, the apical or fourth lobe

triangular and acute; the superior external carina incrassate pos¬

teriorly ; ventral carina substraight at the apical three-fourths, and

here bearing five indistinct small tubercles or lobuli ; first articles

of the posterior tarsi much longer than the third, the first and

second pulvilli nearly equal, the third much longer than the rest

* The genus Medinophyllum also includes the species Acmophyllum

conrudti, Bol.

850 Dr. J. L. I^ncock’s Third Pcqm' on the

in length. Colour fusco-rufescent, the crest of pronotum wholly

opaque, margin above marked with fuscous.

Length of pronotum, ^ 12.5 nun. ; height at the middle, 9 mm. ;

posterior femora length, 7.6 mm.

Locality : Bitje Ja River, S. Cameroons (Rosenberg).

One example in the author’s collection. This species

resembles H. acquedis, Karsch, but is distinguished by the

smaller stature and by the more distinct right angle

summit above.

Genus Xerophyllum, Fairm.

Ann. Soc. Entom. France, p. 24G, 1846.

The following table is a revision of the species of the

African genus Xeroqdiylluin, and includes three new

species.

TABLE OF XEROPHYLLUM SPECIES.

1. AVings entirely explicate and extended

more or less beyond the pronotal

apex ; foliaceous crest curvate, an¬

teriorly substraight deflexed back-

Avard, i^osterior process lengthily

extended backward beyond the

apices of hind femora; length of

pronotum, (J 14 mm. ; 5 15 mm. . extensum, s'p. nov.

1.1. Wings not entii’ely explicate, rarely

reaching to and not beyond the

pronotal apex ; foliaceous crest

semicircular or subreniform.

2. Anterior process of pronotum obtuse

angulate, the crest regularly arcu¬

ate ; anterior femora above nearly

entire or somewhat sinuate, below

undulate ; lateral carinae of frontal

scutellum compressed crenulate ;

wings extended nearly to the prcj-

notal apex ; length 19 mm. . . . servillei, Fairm.

2.2. Anterior process of pronotum sub¬

acute, crest largely elevated

behind the middle ; anterior

femora above serrate, below

Tetriginac in the Oxford University Museum. 851

lobato-dentate ; wings cov^ered

by the sides of pronotum ; length

of pronotum, cj 12 mm. . . .

3. Pronotum behind at the apex

incised, crest highly arched-

cycloidal ; inferior margin of pos¬

terior femora strongly denticulate,

inferior external carina bearing

denticles : length of pronotum,

12 mm .

3.3. Pronotal apex obtuse-rounded,

margin barely undate or sub-

sinuate ; crest subreniform ;

frontal scutellura cristate pro¬

duced, entire or very slightly

serrulate : vertex carina bearing

a median projecting denticle ;

posterior femoral carinae ven-

trally strongly quinquelobate,

inferior external carina trilobate ;

length of pronotum, ^ 10.5 mm.;

5 11.5 mm .

4. Dorsal crest very highly compresso-

elevated, semicircular, margin

behind near the apex crenulate ;

length of pronotum, 13 mm. .

4.4. Dorsal crest very highly com-

presso-elevated, semicircular,

but very little subangulate-

rounded above tlie middle ;

lateral carinae of frontal scu-

tellum minutely spinulose ;

length of pronotum, ^ 11.5

mm. ; $ 11.8 ram .

simile, Bob

platycorys, Westw.

cristifrons, sp. nov.

galeatnm, Karsch,

fusewn, Bol. (larva) 1

neavei, sp. nov.

X. extensum, sp. nov. (Plate XLIX, fig. 1.)

(See preceding synoptical table.) Lateral carinae of frontal

scutellum minutely spinulose or denticulate. Pronotum highly

elevated and strongly compresso-foliaceous, crest very thinly trans¬

lucent bearing radiating veins; superior margin forward of the

middle of dorsum regularly smoothly curvate, highly and roundly

elevated subangulate behind the middle and extended deflexed back¬

ward substraight to the acute apex ; behind more than a third of

852

Dr. J. L. cock’s Third Paper on the

the posterior margin above minutely crenulate barely undate ; the

posterior process lengthily extended backward beyond the hind

femora, a distance nearly equal to their length, the lateral margins

below convex, anterior process in front curvate, apex bidentate, sub-

obtuse, the inferior margin strongly ol)lique, substraight ; lateral

lobes posteriorly bisinuate. Elytra oblong ; wings fully explicate,

freely exposed at the sides and ends, and more or less distinctly ex¬

tended beyond the pronotal apex, and beyond the hind femora a

distance equal to their length. Femora subscabrous granulate, an¬

terior femora foliaceous-dilate, superior carina serrulate, terminating

in a small denticle, ventral margin .serrulate-sublobulate ; middle

femora above serrulate-sublobate, inferior carina ampliate backwards

toward the apex, serrate and incised bilobate ; posterior femora

externally scabrous, superior carina compresso-ampliate and serrate

backwards terminating acutely, superior surface before the knees

bearing two distinct fuscous spines, the inner one erect ; external

femoral carina thin, inconspicuous and minutely serrulate, the in¬

ferior external armed with two obscure minute denticles ; ventral

carina crenulate and somewhat distinctly quinquelobate. Colour

greyish or greyish rufescent, the crest sometimes cinerous, subhya¬

line, and rarely marked with fuscous along the margin.

Length of pronotum, 14 mm. ; posterior femora, 5.3 mm.

9 pronotum, 15.5 mm. ; posterior femora, 6 mm.

Seven examples; three males and four females from

N.E. Rhodesia in the Oxford University Museum, col¬

lected by S. A. Neave in the following localities: — Two

from Lofu River, 3500 ft., No. 2129, August 13, 1908 ;

one from Chisinga Plateau, Kalangwini district, 4500 ft.,

September 25, 1908 ; three from Upper Kalangwisi

Valley, 4200 ft.. No. 2125, September 3, 1908, and one

from Alala Plateau, Ndola district, 4000 ft., October 12,

1905.

This species may be a dimorphic long-wing form of

X. neavei.

X. crisiifrons, sp. nov.

Frontal scutellum cristate produced, the margins between the an¬

tennae subentire or barely minutely serrulate, above slightly denticu¬

late, median carina of vertex slightly crenulate, and bearing a dis¬

tinct denticle projecting between the middle of the eyes. Pronotum

strongly and thinly compressed foliaceous, bearing radiating veins ;

superior margin subreniforin, forward before the middle flattened

Tetriginae in the Oxford Unirersity Museum. 353

arcuate, in front strongly roundly produced, behind the middle more

largely elevated curvate, backward the margin at the apical fourth in¬

distinctly quadri- or quinque-undate or subsinuate at the obtuse apex ;

superior margin rather widely longitudinally sulcate ; anterior pro¬

cess subobtuse, the apex strongly bidentate, inferior lateral margins

viewed from above strongly serrate, viewed from the side strongly

oblique, substraight or little curvate produced over the head ; pro-

notum posteriorly extended distinctly beyond the femoral ajjices ;

lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate, the upper sinus very shallow,

posterior angles strongly oblique, subobtuse and obliquely excised

behind. Elytra oblong ; wings not visible. Anterior femora com-

pressed-foliaceous, superior carina serrulate-undate, below subquadri-

lobate, middle femoral carinae above comjiressed, serrulate-undulate,

below strongly quadrilobate, or the two middle lobes fused in one,

then trilobate ; posterior femora rugose, superior cai'ina crenulate

(in the female bearing four tubercles), and the apex triangularly

elevated; superior area before the knee bispinose, external pagina sub-

tuberculate, as viewed from above the inferior external carina strongly

trilobate, the first very small, ventral carina strongly quinque-lobate

and finely serrate between the lobes. Colour rufescent, infuscate on

the pronotum, the rest of body lighter.

Length of pronotum, $ 11'5 mm. ; posterior femora, 5 mm.

pronotum, 10'5 mm. ; posterior femora, 4'3 mm.

Two examples from Abuthsi, River Niger, Africa

(Rosenberg), in the author’s collection.

X. neavei, sp. nov. (Plate XLIX, fig. 2.)

(See preceding table.) Lateral carinae of frontal scutellum

minutely spinulose or denticulate. Pronotum subscabrous-granu-

late, highly elevated, very thinly compresso-foliaceous, sides

bearing radiating veins, conspicuous when held against the light,

superior margin of crest nearly semicircular, but very little sub-

angulate-rounded above the middle, the anterior half regularly

smoothly curvate, the edge above somewhat widely longitudinally

sulcate, little planate, posterior half curvate, but the margin at the

apical third part minutely crenulate, and here toward the apex

slightly undate and little sinuate above the apex (more distinct in

the female), anterior process subobtuse, the front border arcuate

and the apex bidentate, and just above in front little denticulate ;

inferior lateral borders of anterior process strongly oblique, produced

beyond the head, margin substraight, but viewed from above later¬

ally serrate ; posterior j^rocess extended backward little beyond the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) A A

354

Dr. J. L. ^.ncock’s Third Paper on the

apices of the hind femora ; lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate.

Elytra oblong ; wings very short, nearly completely covered by the

sides of the pronotum, not reaching to apex of abdomen. Femora

scabrous-granulate ; anterior femora foliaceous dilate, dorsal margin

.serrulate, terminating in minute denticle; ventral margin serrulate,

sublobate ; middle femora above serrulate, subundulate, sinuate at

the apex, below distinctly amplicate backward and serrate-lobate,

being deeply bi-incised near the apex and distinctly lobate ; pos-

terioi- femora rugose-scabrous on the external pagina ; superior

margin strongly serrate, terminating in a denticle ; superior areas

before the knee bearing two fuscous acute denticles, the outer one

less erect ; ventral margin crenate quinque-lobate ; the inferior ex¬

ternal Carina inconspicuous and minutely serrulate, often bearing

minute tubercle near the middle. Colour greyish-fuscous or

ferruginous, the superior margin of crest marked with fuscous.

Length of pronotum, cJ 11'5 mm. ; posterior femora, 5-5*5 mm.

$ 1 1 *8 mm. ; posterior femora, b mm.

Four examples from N.E. Rhodesia in the Oxford Uni¬

versity Museum, collected by S. A. Neave at the follow¬

ing points : — Three from Upper Kalungwisi Valley,

4200 ft.. No. 2140, September 8, 1908 ; one from Chisinga

Plateau, Kalungwisi district, 4500 ft., No. 2139, Sep¬

tember 25, 1908.

One specimen has a singular abnormality in presenting

a deep angulate incision excavated from the front part of

the pronotal crest near the frontal apex. This individual

seemingly was born with this peculiarity, and is possibly a

mutation.

I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to

S. A. Neave, who contributed the specimens to the Oxford

University Museum.

Genus Cladoramus, Hancock.

Trans. Entom. Soc. London, p. 217, 1907.

As shown in the preceding synoptical table, this genus

occupies a position midway between Xero2yhyIlmi, Fairm.,

and Trachytettix, Still.

C. crenulatus, Hanc.

Six examples are represented in the present material

collected and presented to the Oxford University Museum

by S. A. Neave. They were taken at the following

Tetriginae in the Oxford, University Museum. 355

points in N.E. Rhodesia : — Five from Chisinga Plateau,

Kalungwisi, 4500 ft., No, 2149-2153, September 17, 1908,

and one from Mporokoso, 4500 ft., No. 2154, Septem¬

ber 2, 1908. The type female example from which the

original description was drawn came from East Loangwa

Rhodesia.

Genus Acmophyllum, Karsch.

Entom. Nachrichten, p. 21, 1890.

In the preceding synoptical table of the genera of

African Cladonotae I have classed both Acmophyllum

xerophylloides and A. conradti, described by Bolivar, under

the new genus Medinophyllum. The following table

therefore is confined to the three remaining species

enumerated below : —

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Inferior external carina of posterior fe¬

mora quadrilobate ; anterior margin

of pronotal crest oblique, above before

the middle summit flattened-undu-

late ; length of pronotum, $

16 '3 mm .

1.1. Inferior external carina of posterior

femora distinctly unilobate at the

middle.

2. Anterior margin of pronotum ver¬

tical, above before the middle

summit sinuate ; length of prono¬

tum, 9 17 mm .

2.2. Anterior half of pronotal margin

above before the middle regu¬

larly rounded ; length of prono¬

tum, 18 mm .

A. excavatum, sp. nov.

Facial costa barely scutelliform, the lateral carinae entire, acute

angulate above gradually divergent to the median ocellus, com-

presso-elevated between the antennae yet in profile flattened ; face

distinctly sinuate below at the ocellus ; antennae inserted far below

the eyes, equal in distance to one-half their height ; vertex on each

side next to the eyes bearing a small elevated tubercle. Pronotum

- A A 2

undulatum, Karsch.

excavatum, sp. nor.

nigro-punctatum, Bol.

356 Dr. J. L. IHBcock’s Third Paper on the

strongly compresso-foliaceous almost wholly cristate, more highly

elevated above at the middle summit ; the superior margin of ante¬

rior half abruptly elevated, in front vertical undate and above

strongly unisinuate-subundate ; the posterior half backward gently

deflexed undulate and near the apex concave, posteriorly lengthily

extended beyond the apices of the hind femora and acute ; superior

margin of crest marked with fuscous, viewed from above sinuous ;

anterior process below arcuate irroduced above the head, the apex

little straight excised ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly

bisinuate, posterior angles elongate, obliquely extended outward

and rounded. Elytra oblong subacuminate ; wings fully explicate,

extended backwards to the pronotal apex. Anterior femora com¬

presso-foliaceous, superior margin subtrilobate, below quadrilobate,

or the two middle lobes fused in one ; middle femoral carinae above

slightly undulate, below compresso-ampliate, sinuate, and bearing a

small apical lobe ; posterior femoral carinae above subentire,

minutely serrulate, marked by small fuscous dots, and near the

apices terminating in acute denticle ; inferior carina of external

pagina strongly compressed-incrassate, viewed from above little

undulate and bearing a strong projecting median lobe ; ventral

margin entire or indistinctly undulate and marked with fuscous ;

first articles of posterior tarsi equal in length to the third, the first

and second pulvilli minute, the third distinctly longer. Colour,

greyish-rufescent, sparingly speckled with fuscous, the tibiae in-

fuscated toward the apices, joints and apices of tar.si black.

Length of pronotum, 5 17‘2 mm. ; height at middle, 7 mm. ;

posterior femora length, 7 mm.

Locality : Bitje Ja River, S. Cameroons (Rosenberg), in

the author’s collection.

Genus Rhopalotettix, nov.

Body smoothly granulose ; eyes globose ; face strongly retreating ;

vertex strongly obliquely produced in an elongate cephalic process,

cuspidate at the apex, viewed from above longitudinally sulcate,

sides entire ; vertex, between the eyes forward broadly fossulate,

middle not carinate. Antennae long, longer than the head, inserted

below the eyes ; frontal costa narrowly sulcate, superior paired

ocelli placed between the lower third of the eyes ; median ocellus

placed far below the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly

lengthily acuminate-subulate, extended beyond the femoral apices ;

dorsum narrow between the shoulders, deplanate ; median carina

low, scarcely elevated ; anterior carinae .short parallel ; humeral

Tctriginae in the Oxford University Museum. 357

angles nearly straight ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes turned

down obtuse, yet obliquely excised. Elytra small and widened

posteriorly, apex widely rounded ; wings perfectly explicate.

Anterior femora strongly elongate, superior carinae basally com¬

pressed, acute and minutely serrulate ; middle femoral carinae above

compressed, terminating in an apical denticle ; posterior femoral

carinae above terminating in a denticle, below longitudinally

curvate ; genicular denticle produced ; posterior tibiae narrow, the

canthi minutely serrulate and bearing many small feeble denticles ;

first and third articles of posterior tarsi equal in length, the third

joint distinctly clavate.

This genus resembles Bhynchotettix, Hancock,* but

differs in the cuspidate apex of the produced cephalic

process, in the absence of a median carina on vertex, in

the prominent globose eyes, in the presence of elytra and

wings, in the absence of a spine arming the posterior

angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum, in the equal

length of the first and third tarsal articles, and in the

distinctly clavate form of the third joint of the posterior

tarsi,

B. clavipes, sp. nov.

Body smooth granulate ; eyes prominent and strongly globose ;

face strongly oblique ; vertex strongly obliquely produced in an

elongate cephalic process, in profile extended beyond the eyes more

than the greatest length of one of them, in width equal to nearly

two-thirds the height of one of the eyes, and terminating in a

deflexed acute spine; process ventrally compressed, the middle

forming the facial median carina above, basally sinuate between the

lower part of the eyes; the process extension viewed from above

narrower than the vertex backward, longitudinally sulcate, sides

parallel entire but cuspidate at the apex ; vertex between the eyes

little narrowed forward, broadly transversely fossulate, nearly equal

in width to one of the eyes, middle not carinate; superior paired

ocelli placed between the lower third of the eyes ; median ocellus

situated far below the eyes, the distance from the median ocellus

to the eyes much greater than the distance between the eyes ; frontal

costa narrowly sulcate, forked between the paired ocelli above,

downwards compressed scarcely elevated; antennae long and

slender, longer than the head, consisting of fourteen articles, the

first basal articles crassate, second smaller globose, the next four

* Trans, Entom. Soc. London, p. 228, 1907.

358

Dr. J. L. Hancock’s Third Paper on the

short and indistinct, but the rest from the seventh to the terminal

apical article strongly elongate. Pronotum anteriorly truncate,

posteriorly lengthily acuminate-subulate e.xtended beyond the hind

femoral apices; dorsum deplanate, between the shoulders scarcely

widened ; humeral angles substraight, transversely subrounded ;

median carina percurrent but low barely elevated ; anterior prozonal

carinae short and j^arallel ; lateral lobes of pronotum somewhat

small, margin anteriorly arcuate; posterior angles turned down

and obliquely excised. Elytra small, widened backward, the apices

rounded, the central external two-thirds marked with black ; wings

perfectly explicate, extended barely beyond the pronotal apex.

Anterior femora strongly elongate, superior margins little com¬

pressed basallj' and serrulate, below entire ; middle femora elongate,

superior carinae comi^ressed minutely serrulate, and terminating in

an apical spine, ventral carinae little compre.ssed subentire or barely

undulate ; posterior femora slender, superior carinae forward arcuate,

posteriorly terminating in distinct antegenicular denticle, very

minutely serrulate, genicular apical lobe distinctly produced ; ventral

carinae slightly curvate, carinae of external paginae distinct and

between them bearing oblique granulate rugae; posterior tibiae

narrow, the canthi minutely serrulate and bearing many very small

denticles ; first and third articles of posterior tarsi equal in length ;

the third tarsal article distinctly clavate, the three pulvilli of the

first tarsal article equal in length and obtuse below. Colour dark

cinero-griseous, the hind tibiae infuscate, but light annulate behind

the knees.

Entire length of body, $ , 21‘2 mm. ; pronotum, 13‘8 mm. ;

posterior femora, 6 mm. ; hind tibiae, 5 mm. ; antennae, 6 mm. One

example in the author’s collection.

Locality: Padang Pandjaiig, West Sumatra (Rolle).

This species is remarkable in the form of the long

antennae, produced vertex, globose eyes, and clavate form

of the third article of the posterior tarsi. Type in the

author’s collection.

Genus Thoradonta, Hancock.

Trans. Entom. Soc. Loudon, p. 407, 1908.

This genus is represented by small forms with sub¬

quadrate vertex; elongate antennae inserted below the

eyes ; the pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly abbre¬

viated acuminate ; with the median carina of pronotum

sinuate or bicristate ; dorsum widened between the obtuse

Tetriginae in the Oxford University Museum. 359

carinate humeral angles, and above bearing a super¬

numerary carinula on each side ; the lateral lobes out¬

wardly laminate, the posterior angle dentate or spined ;

elytra ovate and wings present; anterior and middle

femora elongate, margins slightly compressed, above sub¬

entire, below undulate ; the first and third articles of the

posterior tarsi subequal or the first a little longer than the

third, the first two pulvilli often acute subspiculate.

T. dentata, Hancock.

One female in the Oxford University, No. 269, from

Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula, collected and

presented by H. C. Pratt. The type in the Oxford

University Museum is from Penang or Prince of Wales

Island.

Genus Dasyleurotettix, Helm.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 68, 1904.

D. eurriei, Rehn. (Plate XLIX, fig. 3.)

Ten examples, Nos. 2142-2148, from N.E. Rhodesia, in

Oxford University Museum, collected and presented by

S. A. Neave; nine from the Upper Kalungwisi Valley,

4200 ft., September 11, 1908; one from Chinsali, 4300 ft.,

April 11, 1908.

Genus Tetrix, Latreille.

Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. hi, p. 284, 1802.

T. hipunctata, Linne.

Two examples (varieties) in Oxford University Museum

from Persian Gulf, (?) Bussorah.

T. suhulata, Linne.

Two long-wing and one short-wing (varieties) in the

Oxford University Museum from Persian Gulf, (?) Bussorah.

Genus Euparatettix, Hancock.

Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p. 145, 1904.

E. interruptus, Brunner.

One ? example. No. 1106, from Malay Peninsula,

S.W. Johore, Kukub, collected and presented by H. N.

360 Dr. J. L. ^ncock’s Third Paper on the

Ridley to the Oxford University Museum, This specimen

is nearly Avholly black, the tirst and second legs banded with

fuscous, while the black hind tibiae present a white

annulation behind the knees.

E. pulvillus, sp, nov. (Plate XLIX, figs, 4 and 4a.)

A slender species allied to Paratettix histrieus, Bol. Head ex-

serted ; vertex equal in width to one of the eyes, truncate, middle

carinate, frontal costal in profile above little subangulate produced

beyond the eyes, and between the antennae more subarcuate pro¬

duced, rather narrowly sulcate. Pronotuin punctate-granulate, con¬

stricted before the shoulders, and between the shoulders only slightly

widened ; anterior pronotal carinae short and parallel ; median

Carina percurrent, compressed, slightly undulate forward and

behind the shoulders, posterior pi’ocess extended far beyond the

femoral ajrices ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes subacute. Elytra

subovate and externally strongly reticulate ; wings caudate extend¬

ing beyond the pronotal apex two millimeters. Anterior and middle

femora elongate, nearly entire, but the inferior carinae of middle

femora scarcely undulate ; posterior femora slender, superior carina

serrulate terminating in a denticle before the knee, the external

area at the middle plainly bituberculate ; posterior tibiae ventrally

infuscate and the apical fourth fuscous ; first articles of posterior

tarsi equal in length to the third, the first two basal pul villi acute-

spiculate, the third nearly as long as the first and second together,

and flat below. Body below sparingly hirsute. Colour of body

testaceous marked with black on the disk of the pronotiim.

Entire length of body, J 15 mm.; pronotum, 12 mm.; posterior

femora, 5 '5 mm.

One example from Malay Peninsula, Selangor, River¬

side Estate, collected and presented to the Oxford Univers¬

ity Museum by H, C. Pratt.

E. angustivertex, Bol.

Three examples from N.E. Rhodesia in the Oxford

University Museum — two from Upper Kalungwisi Valley,

4200 ft., Nos. 2159 and 2163, September 11,1908; one

from Lofu River, 3500 ft.. No. 2155, August 17, 1908,

pollected and presented by S. A. Neaye.

Tetriginae in the Oxford University Museum, 3G1

Genus Paratettix, Bolivar.

Ann. Soc. Entoin. Belgique, xxxi, p. 270, 1887.

P. pictibs, sp. nov. (Plate XLIX, figs. 5 and 5«.)

Body small, coloured fuscous and light variegated. Head not ex-

serted, dorsum above little rugose-granulate ; vertex little narrower

than one of the eyes, little narrowed toward the front, viewed from

above not produced beyond the eyes ; frontal costa in profile slightly

projecting beyond the eyes above, but between the antennae subar-

cuate ; between the eyes indistinctly sinuate, the lateral rami

moderately separated ; antennae inserted between the lower angles

of the eyes ; eyes in profile subconoidal, the occiput covered. Pro-

notum anteriorly truncate, between the shoulders convex, little

widened, posterior process subulate, extended beyond the femoral

apices behind ; anterior prozonal carinae very short, quite widely

separated and parallel ; median carina marked with fuscous, little

compressed percurrent, subgibbulose near the front margin ; posterior

angles of the lateral lobes rather obliquely excised. Elytra ovate;

wings caudate and black. Femora elongate, little compressed,

margins entire and sparingly pilose ; middle femora in male nar¬

rowed toward the apices ; posterior femora elongate, margins minutely

serrulate, antegenicular and genicular denticles prominent ; posterior

tibiae black with white annulation behind the knees and marked

with white at the distal third ; second and third posterior tarsal

pulvilli subequal in length.

Entire length of body, ^ 9-6 mm ; pronotum, 8 mm. ; posterior

femora, 4 mm.

One example, No. 2158, from N.E. Rhodesia, Mporokosa,

4500 ft., August 31, 1908, collected and presented to Oxford

University Museum by S. A. Neave. This species is

nearly allied to wilverthi, Bolivar, differing in being more

rugose, smaller in stature, in not being depressed behind

the shoulders on the dorsum, and in the less depressed

median carina behind the anterior border. It also differs

in the equal length of the second and third posterior tarsal

articles.

Genus Prototettix, Bolivar.

Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, xxxi, p. 255, 1887.

As I interpret the African genus Prototettix, Boh, there

are three representatives, namely, iimpressus. Boh, afri-

362 Dr, J. L. cock’s Third Paper on the

canus, Hanc., and hticculentus, sp. nov., described below.

The species foss^datiis, Boh, and lohdatus, Still, inhabit¬

ing South America, and formerly classed by Bolivar

in this genus, are quite different from the African forms.

As a result of a revised study of these insects the two

latter species were recently transferred to my genus Rytina-

tettix, as noted in the Transactions of the Entomological

Society of London, p. 416, 1908.

P. hucculentibs, sp. nov. (Plate XLIX., figs. 6 and im.)

Colour shining, brownish fuscous, obscurely light variegated,

sparingly sprinkled with various large tubercles. Body incrassate,

head not at all exserted, occiput covered ; vertex transverse, rugose,

twice the width of one of the eyes, frontal carinulae wanting ; in

profile the distinct median crassate carina of vertex fused with the

facial costa above, forming a rounded contour elevated above the

eyes and strongly arcuately jjroduced beyond them ; in front view

widely sulcate, little divergent downward toward the median ocellus ;

eyes conoidal in profile, the face below on each side tumid, antennae

inserted barely between the low^er angles of the eyes. Pronotum

above rugose sprinkled with large tubercles, anteriorly convex ;

dorsum very obtuse tectiform, barely impressed behind the

shoirlders ; anterior prozonal carinae low, little convergent back¬

ward ; humeral angles obtuse and indistinctly lineate carinate but

the lateral carinae behind on the process more distinct, entire ; median

carina acute, subpercurrent, arcuate anteriorly, depressed at the middle

and subconvex backward toward the apex, posterior process abbre¬

viated, subacute, not reaching to the knees of the hind femora ;

lateral lobes rugose, inferior margin nearly straight, little sinuate,

slightly reflexed outwards, posterior angles obliquely excised ; pos¬

terior superior sinus very small, nearly obsolete. Elytra small,

narrow, subacuminate towards the apices ; wings not visible or

wanting. Anterior femora elongate, above entire, below indis¬

tinctly unilobulate ; middle femora bicarinate, compressed, mar¬

ginal carinae above and below subtrilobulate ; posterior femora

elongate, the outer area incrassate, marginal carinae above and below

curvate, adorned with fuscous and minute flavous markings, minutely

serrulate-granulate ; antegenicular denticle acute, genicular denticle

wanting ; posterior tibiae incrassate, ampliate towards the apices,

external canthi bearing many strong spines, and about seven spines

arm the inner canthi ; tibiae black with small light annulation behind

the knees ; the first hind tarsal articles incrassate, longer than the

Tetriginae in the Oxford University Museum. 363

thii'd, all three pulvilli nearly equal in length and flat below, not at

all acute.

Entire length of the body, 5 H'® mni- ; pronotum, 9 mm. ;

posterior femora, 6 ’5 mm.

One example, No. 2162, from N.E. Rhodesia, Upper

Kalungwisi, 4200 ft., September 7, 1908; collected and

presented to Oxford University Museum by S. A. Neave.

Genus Coptotettix, Bolivar.

Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, p. 289, 1887.

Owing to the incomplete descriptions of some of the

species of African Coptotettix, the separation of the species

is made difficult. I have attempted to give a revised

table of the African species in the order in which they

seem to be more readily recognized.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum

angulate

2. Body moderately crassate.

3. Antennae sliort, inserted between

and towards the middle of the

eyes, lateral carinae behind the

anterior margin of dorsum

obsolete ; vertex obtuse-angu-

late, rounded produced before

the eyes ; third pulvilli of pos¬

terior tarsi longer than the

second . awjulatus, Bol.

3.3. Antennae elongate, inserted be¬

tween the lower part of the

eyes ; lateral carinae near the

anterior margin of dorsum pre¬

sent, parallel ; vertex rounded

before the eyes ; third and

second pulvilli of posterior

tarsi subequal in length . . . mi'iiutus, Bol.

2.2. Body narrower, rugose, legs

shorter, posterior process

extended far beyond the

apices of posterior femora ;

wings barely passing pronotal

apex ; dorsum anteriorly covered

with elongate rugae and bi-

364

Dr. J. L. ^ncock’s Third Paper on the

rugate between the shoulders ;

elytra oblong, narrow, apices

narrowly rounded . discolor, Bol.

1.1. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum

very slightly convex or trun¬

cate.

4. Antero-dorsal margin slightly con¬

vex ; elytra rather wide, elong¬

ate, apices acutely angulate,

externally lightly punctate im¬

pressed ; first articles of the

posterior tarsi little longer than

the third, the third pulvilli

longer than the first ; pulvilli

flattened below not at all

spiculate . convexus, S2). nov.

4.4. Antero-dorsal margin truncate.

5. Posterior pronotal j^rocess not

abbreviated ; wings extended to

pronotal apex or caudate.

6. Median carina of pronotum j^er-

current, scarcely elevated, un¬

dulate, gibbulose anteriorly

before the shoulders ; dorsum

sparingly rugulose and between

the shoxilders bearing elevated

lines ; posterior angles of lateral

lobes widely rounded ; vertex

behind the fossae bearing dis¬

tinct transverse jslaca ; first pul¬

villi of jiosterior tarsi spinose . bilineatus, Bol.

6.6. Median carina of pronotum pluri-

interruj)ted, scarcely elevated,

dorsum covered with shining

tubercles and short irregular

lines ; posterior process not or

scarcely jjassing the apices of

posterior femora ; wings often

caudate . annulipes, Karsch.

5.5. Posterior process of jironotum

not reaching to the apices of

hind femora ; wings shortened,

hardly reaching to the ab¬

dominal apex.

Trans. Tiit. Soc.Lonci..J!JlO. Pl.XLIX.

H.Kniglit del.

West,!Newjnas.ii imp.

NEW SPECIES OF TETRIGINAE.

Explanation of Plate XLIX.

Fig. 1. Xerophyllum extensum, sp. nov. ; side view of body.

2. Xerophyllum neavei, sp. nov. ; side view of body.

3. Dasyleurotettix curriei, Rehn ; side view of body.

4. Euparatettix 2}ulmllus, sp. nov. ; side view of body ; 4a,

vertex of head from above.

5. Paratettix jnctus, sp. nov. ; side view of body ; 5a, vertex

of head from above.

6. Prototettix hucculentui^, sp. nov. ; side view of body ; 6a

vertex of head from above.

7. Coptotettix convexus, sp. nov. ; side view of body ; 7a,

vertex of head from above.

Tetriginae in the Oxford University Mnsenm. 365

7. Elytra oblong and black, anterior

legs rufous . rufipes, Bol.

7.7. Elytra ovate ; length of male pro-

notum 6 mm . parvulus, Hanc.

? mfuscata, Walk, (not

able to classify).

C. convexus, sp. nov. (Plate XLIX, figs. 7 and 7a.)

(See preceding table). Colour fusco-testaceous, hind femora of

female often testaceous, of male variegated ; vertex narrowed for¬

ward, scarcely wider than one of the eyes, middle carinate, on each

side oblong fossulate, and bearing a transverse ruga behind ; frontal

carinulae roundly flexed backward each side of mid-carina, not

projecting beyond the eyes; frontal costa arcuate produced before

the eyes, viewed in front widest between the antennae ; antennae

inserted between the lower third of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly

barely convex, posteriorly lengthily subulate extended beyond the

hind femoral apices ; dorsum coarsely granulose, bearing small

shining elongate tubercles, and bi-rugose, convex between the

shoulders but behind the shoulders little subdepressed ; subconcave

backward on the process ; median carina indistinctly undulate,

scarcely elevated, subgibbulose between the sulci forward ; lateral

prozonal carinae forward low, granulate and parallel ; humeral

angles widely obtuse and scarcely distinct ; posterior angles of

lateral lobes oblique, apex subtruncate. Elytra rather wide, elongate,

apices acutely angulate, externally lightly punctate impressed ; wings

fuscous or little testaceous, extended backward barely beyond the

pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femora elongate, margins entire

(more compressed in the male) ; posterior femora incrassate, extern¬

ally rounded, granose, carinae above and below entire and sub-

granose ; first articles of posterior tarsi little longer than the third,

the third pulvilli longer than the first, the pulvilli flattened below

not at all spinose.

Entire length, $ 13 mm.; pronotum, 11 '8 mm; posterior

femora, 6 mm. ^ 12 mm. ; j^ronotum, 10'5 mm. ; posterior femora,

5‘5 mm.

Four examples, Nos. 2156, 2157, 2160, and 2161, in the

Oxford University Museum, from N.E. Rhodesia, Upper

Kalungwisi Valley, 4200 ft., September 1908, collected

and presented by S. A. Neave.

Explanation of Plate XLIX.

[See Explanation facing the Plate.]

( 30)6 )

X. Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Mauritius and

the Chagos Isles. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

[Read May 4th, 1910.]

The specimens from Mauritius now described were col¬

lected by Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders during bis residence

in the island some years ago. They are of much interest,

owing to the highly specialised character of the fauna, of

which little has been made known hitherto, so far as the

Micro-Lepidoptera are concerned. I believe that most of

the native forest has now been destroyed, and the land

placed under cultivation ; but probably if a skilled collector

would carefully examine the limited portions of forest,

difficult of access, which still exist, and also the higher

regions of the mountains, many species might still be

recovered before extermination.

The Chagos Islands, though geographically not very

remote, have no zoological affinity to Mauritius, but belong

to the Indian region. The two species described here

were collected by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher.

By the kindness of the above gentlemen the types are

in my collection.

PYRAUSTIDAE.

ScoPARiA, Haw.

Scop aria lenigna, n. sp.

$ $. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with whitish.

Palpi 2, dark fuscous, apex mixed with whitish, basal joint white.

Antennal ciliations of ^ minute. Abdomen grey-whitish. Fore¬

wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate

in middle, apex obtuse, termen gently rounded, oblique ; white,

irregularly irrorated with fuscous ; an irregular dark fuscous

almost basal fascia ; lines thick, white, first slightly curved, rather

oblique, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous suffusion, second

somewhat irregular, slightly curved, nearly direct, subterminal

entire, almost touching second in middle ; orbicular and elavi-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.)

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descri'ptions of Micro-Lepicloptera. 367

form small, round, cloudy, dark fuscous, vertically placed ; discal

obscurely 8-shaped, outlined with dark fuscous, upper half suf¬

fused with fuscous and connected with a dark fuscous spot on

costa, lower half incomplete and suffused with white ; cilia white,

basal third barred with fuscous. Hindwings pale brassy-whitish-

ochreous ; cilia white.

Mauritius ; four specimens. A distinct species, rather

of European type.

PTEROPHORIDAE.

Trichoptilus, Wals.

Trichoptihis loaJilbergi, Zell.

Mauritius ; two specimens. Widely distributed, prob¬

ably artificially introduced.

Platyptilia, Hb.

Platyptilia hrachymorpha, Meyr.

Mauritius ; two specimens. Also very widely spread.

Platyptilia censoria, n. sp.

^ . 17 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous mixed with

whitish (damaged). Abdomen pale ochreous, marked with dark

fuscous suffusion on sides towards middle. Forewings cleft from

beyond f, segments broad, ternien of first concave, of second some¬

what rounded, oblique ; whitish-ochreous mixed with whitish and

sprinkled with brownish : an acute-triangular dark fuscous spot

before cleft, apex directed anteriorly ; a straight whitish subterminal

line obscurely indicated, followed by stronger fuscous irroration :

cilia whitish, on termen with basal third fuscous limited by a

blackish line, with dark fuscous patches beneath lower angles of

both segments and above upper angle of second, and two fuscous

black-tipped scaleteeth on dorsum before and beyond cleft, with a

few scattered black scales. Hindwings with segments moderately

broad, termen of second sinuate ; grey; cilia pale greyish, with a

rather large triangular darker grey black-tipped scaletooth on

middle of dorsum, and a few scattered black scales.

Mauritius ; one specimen. Not closely approaching

any other.

368

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

EUCOSMIDAE.

Spilonota, Stepli.

Spilonota rhothia, n, sp.

^ . 15-16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous or rather dark fuscous,

slightly sprinkled with whitish. Antennae with notch at Ab¬

domen fuscous, anal tuft fuscous-whitish. Forewings elongate,

somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, with strong fold

reaching from base to |, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,

rather oblique ; brown, strigulated or mixed or almost wholly

suffused with dark fuscous ; costa posteriorly with four faint pairs

of strigulae of whitish irroration ; a broad irregular streak of whitish

suffusion extending along dorsum from near base to tornus, before

middle with a projection upwards formed by a tuft of whitish scales,

before tornus interrupted by a spot of groundcolour ; ocellus indi¬

cated by indistinct leaden-grey margins terminated beneath in the

whitish suffusion, and sometimes containing two or three undefined

longitudinal blackish marks ; three or four small undefined blackish

marks separated by whitish irroration on termen : cilia fuscous more

or less suffused with dark fuscous, with rows of whitish points.

Hindwings wdth 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, rather thinly scaled, darker

posteriorly, veins dark fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous, more whitish

towards tips.

Mauritius, one specimen ; also three from Pusa, Bengal

(Lefroy), and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole), in February and

March ; bred from larvae feeding on leaves of Psidium

guava, with which tree the insect has doubtless been intro¬

duced into Mauritius. S. Wals., from the West

Indies, must be nearly allied to this, but is described as

having two or three dark fuscous tufts about the sub¬

median fold instead of the whitish tuft of this species, and

a pale costal patch at end of costal fold.

Rhopobota, Led.

Rhopolota, physalodes, n. sp.

^ 9 • 13-14 mm. Head whiti.sh-ochreous, sometimes tinged with

grey. Palpi pale ochreous, sometimes mixed with blackish. Thorax

pale ochreous mixed with greyish, shoulders suffused with blackish.

Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched,

in (4 with dense erectile fringe of hairs lying on upper surface

from base to f, apex obtuse, termen vertical, somewhat rounded-

Micro- Lepidoptera from Mauritius and Ghagos Isles. 369

prominent on lower half; pale oclireous, sometimes mixed with

light grey-greenish and sprinkled with whitish, strewn with un¬

defined strigulae of fuscous and dark fuscous irroration ; quad¬

rate spots outlined or suffused with dark fuscous on costa at base,

J, and middle ; in an oval fovea in disc from near base to

filled with rough scales, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous suf¬

fusion ; cilia dark grey, sprinkled with whitish points, towards

base suffused with pale ochreous. Hind wings grey; veins dark

grey ; cilia grey.

Chagos Islands, I. du Coin, in June, two specimens;

also one from Galle, Ceylon, in April (Fletcher).

GELECHIADAE.

Brachmia, Hb.

Brachmia aiUonoma, n. sf).

$ . 12 mm. Head pale ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, ter¬

minal joint with a few dark fuscous scales indicating basal and

supramedian rings. Antennae pale ochreous suffusedly ringed

with fuscous. Thorax light brownish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous, tinged with grey. Fore wings elongate, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex, 8

and 9 out of 7 ; pale yellow-ochreous suffusedly mixed with light

brownish ; sligmata dark fuscous, plical somewhat before first discal ;

a small cloudy fuscous spot on dorsum beneath second discal ; a row

of dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia

whitish-ochreous tinged with brownish. Hindwings pale greyish ;

cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

Chagos Islands ; one specimen.

METACHANDIDAE.

Metachanda, Meyr.

Metachanda Jimhriata, n. sp.

$. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax dark purple-fuscous, with an

ochreous-yellow line above eyes. Palpi ochreous-yellowish mixed

with dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; dark purple-fuscous ; an

irregular transverse somewhat oblique blackish bar representing first

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART III. (NOV.) B B

870

Mr. E. IMeyrick’s Dmcrijitions oj

(liscal and plical stigmata, edged posteriorly with light ochreous-

yellowish, not reaching costa or dorsum ; an undefined oval blackish

spot representing second discal, enclosing an incompletely indicated

8-shaped mark of light ochreous-yellowish suffusion; a light yel¬

lowish spot on costa at whence an outwards-curved series of pale

yellowish dots preceded by some blackish suffusion runs to tornus :

cilia grey, basal third dark fuscous obscui’ely barred with pale

yellowish. Hind wings whitish, posterior half grey; cilia grey,

becoming ochreous-whitish towards tornus and dorsum.

Mauritius, Les Mares (a swampy piece of original

forest), in December ; two specimens.

Taragmarcha, u. g.

Head with appre.ssed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue developed.

Antennae 1, ba-sal joint long, slender, without pecten. Labial palpi

very long, recurved, second joint expanded with long rough pro¬

jecting scales above and towards apex beneath, tei'ininal joint much

longer than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short,

filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with rough

scales above. Forewings with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 7 absent, 11

from middle. Hindwings f, elongate, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

cilia 2 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 nearly parallel, 6 absent.

Taragmurcha laqueata, n. sp.

9 . 17 mm. Head and thorax rather dark glossy fuscous, face

mixed with white. Palpi white, second joint mixed with dark

fuscous, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae

whitish ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, co.sta gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

rounded ; rather dark glossy 'fuscous ; a white streak along basal

third of costa, thence slightly outwards-curved to dorsal beyond

middle ; an inwards-curved white line from f of costa to dorsum

before tornus, dilated on costal half into an oblique patch ; a series

of four elongate confluent whitish spots crossing wing close before

apex : cilia grey-whitish, towards tornus fuscous, basal third white

round apex and termen to near tornus, and with white marks on

extremities of postmedian line. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia

grey.

Mauritius, Les Mares, in December, one specimen ;

also a second much damaged, apparently without the

costal extension of the white anterior streak, but probably

identical.

Micro- Lepido'j)tera from Mauritius and Gliagos Isles. 371

Tanychastis, n. g.

Head with appressed scales; ocelli absent; tongue developed.

Antennae over 1, in ^ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.

Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint with appressed scales,

terminal joint shorter than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi

very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae smooth-

scaled, with some rough scales towards base above. Forewings with

2 from towards angle, 7 absent, 11 from before middle. Hindwings

£-, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 J; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated,-

6 absent.

Tanychastis lysiyama, n. sp.

^ . 9 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Palpi, antennae,

and abdomen dark fuscous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow,

costa anteriorly straight, po.steriorly gently arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; dark fuscous ; a

somewhat irregular white transverse line from costa at reaching

across wing : a fine white inwards-curved line from f of costa to

tornus, interrupted beneath costa and above toimus : cilia dark

fuscous, tips whitish at apex. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous.

Mauritius; one specimen.

Ancylometis, Meyr.

Ancylomctis trigonodcs, Meyr.

Mauritius; three specimens. In the hindwings veins

3 and 4 are sometimes coincident, but 5 remains separate.

Ancylometis dilucida, n. sp.

^ . 16 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax dark fuscous.

Abdomen light fuscous, anal tuft ochreous. Forewings elongate,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; dark

purplish-fuscous, with a few scattered whitish-ochreous scales : a

transverse ochreous-yellowish streak about i, suffused posteriori}^

angulated near dorsum, sending from its angle an undefined streak

of whitish-ochreous suffusion to dorsum beyond middle ; an un¬

defined patch of blackish suffusion in disc before middle, a smaller

spot about f (these represent the stigmata), a spot between and

beneath these, and a spot on dorsum at |, all with some adjacent

groups of whitish-ochreous or light yellowish scales ; a cloudy

whitish-ochreous transverse mark on costa at |, whence an abruptly

curved series of scattered whitish-ochreous scales, preceded by some

blackish suffusion, runs to tornus : cilia fuscous, on basal half dark

372

Mr, E. Meyrick’s Descriptions oj

fuscous with some whitish-ochreous scales at intervals. Hinclwings

with ridge and groove along lower margin of cell ; pale fuscous,

becoming fuscous on posterior half ; cilia whitish-fuscous, becoming

whitish-ochreous on lower part of termen and dorsum, with fuscous

subbasal shade.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

COSMOPTERYGIDAE.

Gosmopteryx, Hb,

Cosmopteryx dacryodes, n. sp.

7 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, crown with three fine

white lines, face pale bronzy. Palpi white lined with black.

Antennae blackish, towards base lined with white, four apical joints

white, then five black, two white, one black, two white. Thorax

dark bronzy-fuscous, with three fine white lines. Abdomen greyish-

ochreous, anal tuft black on sides. Posterior tibiae black, with white

median and apical rings, and a silvery ring between these. Fore-

wings narrowly lanceolate, apex slenderly very long-produced, cau¬

date ; blackish ; dorsal edge finely white towards base ; subcostal,

median, and subdorsal very short snow-white dashes arranged in an

oblique series about I, widely remote from base and band, subcostal

fine, others thicker than usual ; a broad orange postmedian trans¬

verse band, anteriorly edged by a vertical golden-metallic fascia

followed above middle by a minute black speck, and posteriorly on

lower half by a golden-metallic spot edged with black anteriorly,

above posterior edge of which is a blackish dot on costa and some

whitish sufl’usion in costal cilia, between these a narrow orange

projection extends to termen, and is continued as a white streak

along termen to apex : cilia dark violet-grey. Hindwings and cilia

dark violet-grey.

Mauritius ; one specimen. Probably nearest to the

African C. cognita, Wals.

Cosmoptcryx mimetis, Meyr.

Mauritius ; two specimens. A very widely distributed

species, probably attached to some plant of cultivation.

Stagmatophora, HS.

Stagmatophora coriaccUa, Snell.

Mauritius ; four specimens, bred from larvae feeding

in the pods of the cotton-plant, with which the species has

been introduced from India. - ... -

Micro- Lepidoptera from Mauritius and Chagos Isles. 373

Idioglossa, Wals.

Idioglossa higemma, Wals.

]\Iauritius; one specimen.

OECOPHORIDAE.

Epiphractis, Meyr.

Epiphractis ampliitriclia, n. sp.

22 mm. Head and thorax rosy -grey. Palpi dull flesh-coloiu

irrorated with grey. Antennae simple, grey. Abdomen light grey,

anal tuft grey-whitish. Forewings suboblong, costa rather strongly

arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little oblique : on lower

surface with a fringe of extremely long hairs directed downwards

from vein 12 except towards extremities; dull light brownish-

crimson, with some scattered fuscous scales ; an inwardly oblique

purplish-fuscous streak from dorsum beyond middle, reaching J

across wing ; a cloudy purplish -fuscous dot in disc beyond f, and

a short inwardly oblique streak from tornus : cilia light greyish -

crimson. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, slightly crimson-tinged to¬

wards termen ; a long subcostal pencil of ochreous-whitish hairs

lying along upper margin of cell beneath forewings ; cilia ochreous-

whitish.

Mauritius, Les Mares, in December; one specimen.

GRACILARIADAE.

Acrocercops, Wallgr.

Acrocercops macrochalca, n. sp.

. 10 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint dark fuscous

towards apex, with a short apical projection of scales beneath.

Thorax white, patagia golden-fulvous. Abdomen light ochreous-

grey. Forewings very narrowly elongate, apex rather short-pointed ;

golden-orange-fulvous ; costal third occupied by a suffused shining

brassy-golden streak from base to near apex ; three narrow rounded

snow-white spots lying along dorsum, strongly black-edged above,

connected on dorsal edge, first short, from base, second longest, third

reaching tornus, a fourth similar disconnected spot along termen ; a

white striga along posterior part of costa into apex : cilia light

greyish-ochreous, base suffused with orange-fulvous, at apex with

374

Mr. Fl^^ey rick’s DesrriptAons of

a fine white strigula edged with blackish, on costa with a blackish

basal line. Hindwings grey ; cilia greyish-ochreous.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE.

Chokeutis, Hb.

(yhorcvtis hjerkandrcUa, Tlinb.

Mauritius; two specimens.

Glyphipteryx, Hb.

GJyphi'fttcryx ditiorana, Walk.

Mauritius; two specimens.

TINEIDAE.

Bedellia, Stt.

Bcdellia sommdenidla, Z.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

Lyonetia, Hb.

Lyonctia carcinota, n. sp.

$ . 10 min. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax silvery-white,

scales of crown slightly rough behind hllet. (Abdomen broken).

Forewings very narrowly elongate, short-pointed, apex slightly

produced, acute ; light glossy ochreous ; basal third silvery-white ;

an oblique white wedgeshaped mark from dorsum beyond middle

of wing, anteriorly edged wnth dark grey, reaching f across wing,

and a similar smaller mark from termen beyond tornus ; five very

small white spots on posterior third of costa, last preceding a small

round black apical spot mostly in cilia ; cilia pale grey, round apex

suffused with whitish, with two diverging black apical hooks.

Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

Mauritius; one specimen. Allied to L. 'proholactis

from the Seychelles, and slightly more primitive in

character.

Micro- Lepidojptera from Mauritius and Ghagos Isles. 375

Hieroxestis, Meyr,

Hieroxestis 'phaeoclialca, Meyr.

Mauritius ; three specimens. Also in Reunion, the

Seychelles, and South Africa.

Hieroxestis irraematura, Meyr.

Mauritius ; four specimens. Also in South Africa.

Hieroxestis subcervinella, Walk.

Mauritius ; one specimen. Also in the Seychelles..

OiNOPHILA, Stph.

In some of the following species the frontal and occipital

tufts are drawn together so as to conceal the fillet, but the

structure of the head remains peculiar and characteristic,

the lower part of face and back of crown being smooth,

and the two tufts being really separate at origin. Besides

the type-species, which is now common to Europe and

Africa but probably originally African, and a second

described form probably scarcely distinct, there are only

three other species known, all from the Seychelles; the

five now added are therefore in themselves a majority of

the genus.

OinopMla siccata, n. sp.

. 9-10 mm. Head grey-whitish, occipital tuft with a grey bar.

Palpi grey-whitish, externally with a dark fuscous line. Antennae

whitish. Thorax whitish, with shoulders blackish, a black anterior

bar between patagia, and three posterior black dots arranged in a

triangle. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate-lanceolate, ajiex

produced, acute, downturned ; pale grey sprinkled with whitish

points ; costa marked with irregularly placed short somewhat

oblique black strigulae ; a small round black spot on base of fold ;

a group of three or four black dots near beyond this, two above and

below fold at and two rather larger in disc at | and | ; a short

blackish dash towards costa at | ; apex suffused with whitish and

marked with black : cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, on costa towards

apex with a black basal line. Hindwings dark violet-grey, with a

whitish patch occupying basal | ; a long grey bairpencil from base

lying along costa beneath forewings ; cilia grey-whitish.

Mauritius ; two specimens.

37G

Mr. l^^Leyrick’s Descriptions of

Oinopliila trixysta, n. sp.

9 . 9 mm. Crown wliitisli-ochreous with a dark brownish central

strijie, occipital tuft whiti.sh-ochreous, dark fuscous in centre beneath,

fillet and face shining whitish, frontal tuft dark fuscous. Palpi

whitish. Thorax dark lirownish, with two whitish-ochreous stripes.

Alxlomen light fuscous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, apex

slenderly long-produced, acute, dovvnturned ; rather dark bronzy-

brown ; three rather suffused whitish-ochreous longitudinal stripes,

viz. one costal from base to middle, one rather above middle from

base to J, and one dorsal somewhat mixed with groundcolour from

base to tornus; costal edge ochreous-whitish from about J to f,

where it forms a short tine very oblicpie strigula ; an elongate-

triangular whitish-ochreous spot along lower portion of termen ; an

ochreous-whitish dot on termen beneath apex : cilia pale whitish-

ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous-grey.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

Oinophila pcntacarpa, n. sp.

$ . 10 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, tufts ochi’eous mixed centrally

with dark fuscous, face whitish-bronzy. Palpi fuscous, internally

whitish. Antennae greyish, towards base white sharply lined with

black. Thorax dark fuscous. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elon¬

gate-lanceolate, apex somewhat produced, acute hardly downturned ;

dark purple-fuscous, strewn with scattered whitish-ochreous long

hairscales; five roundish whitish-ochreous spots, viz. three beneath

costa on anterior half, one beneath costa towards apex, and one on

tornus : cilia pale greyish-ochreous, base mixed with dark fuscous.

Hindwings light grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

Oinophila fragosa^ n. sp.

^ 9 • 9-10 mm. Crown whitish-ochreous, sides whitish, tufts

united to conceal fillet, whitish-ochreous infuscated in middle, face

whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint with a fuscous lateral line,

terminal joint infuscated. Thorax whitish-ochreous with two white

stripes, patagia dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings

elongate-lanceolate, apex produced, acute, downturned ; dark bronz}'-

fuscous ; a white streak partially tinged with yellowish running

along dorsum and termen from base to near apex, broadest towards

posterior part of dorsum, upper edge somewhat pi'ominent at ^ and

forming an angular prominence at f, where it reaches half across

wing, beyond this very narrow ; two very oblique white strigae

Micro-Lepidoptera from Mauritius and Chagos Isles. 377

from costa posteriorly, not reaching termen ; extreme apex suffused

with blackish : cilia whitish, beneath apex suffused with fulvous at

base, opposite apex with a blackish subbasal line. Hindwings light

grey ; cilia gi’ey-whitish, greyer towards base.

Mauritius ; three specimens.

Oinophila syntricha, n. sp.

^ . 10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown with a central yellow-

ochreous stripe, tufts united to conceal fillet, mixed with pale

ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Thorax fulvous-ochreous, with

two whitish stripes. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings

elongate-lanceolate, apex acute, slightly downtnrned ; fulvous-

ochreous, irregularly and suffusedly strigulated with ochreous-

whitish, especially along costa ; a more or less complete line of

black scales along submedian fold : cilia whitish-ochreous, suffused

with fulvous-ochreous towards base, round apex with a darker median

line. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish tinged with grey

towards base.

Mauritius ; two specimens.

Sapheneutis, Meyr.

SapJieneutis cubitalis, n. sp.

^ . 15 mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous tinged with

brownish and sprinkled with fuscous, shoulders suffused with dark

fuscous. Antennal ciliations minute. Palpi moderately long, pale

greyish-ochreous irregularly sprinkled with dai'k fuscous. Abdomen

pale gi’eyish, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; all

veins separate, 7 to apex ; pale greyish-ochreous suffused with light

brownish ; costa dotted wdth dark fuscous on anterior half, and with

five small blackish spots on posterior half ; some scattered dark

fuscous strigulae towards costa anteriorly ; an irregular dark fuscous

streak from base above middle to J ; an irregular dark fuscous streak

from J of costa to before middle of dorsum, obtusely angulated out¬

wards below middle of wing ; a terminal series of blackish dots :

cilia ochreous-whitish tinged with brownish and sprinkled with

fuscous and dark fuscous, at apex with a dark fuscous spot. Hind¬

wings light grey with brassy reflections ; cilia ochreous-whitish

tinged with grey.

Mauritius ; one specimen.

November 8, 1910.

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( 879 )

XL The Behaviour of Coleoptera in time of Floods. By

Norman H. Joy, M.R.C.S., F.E.S.

[Read April 6th, 1910.]

In the spring of 1905 when I first saw Bianous coemdescens

alive in Soutli Devon, I was much struck by the extremely

rapid way it moved over the surface of a pool of water

near which I found it. An examination of its mode of

progression soon convinced me that it was not produced

by any movement of its legs, and I was much puzzled

until Commander Walker referred me to a paper which

had shortly before been published in France. As this

paper is of no great length, I think it best to quote it

in full. It appeared in “ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires

des Seances et Memoires de la Societe de Biologie,” 1905,

tome second, pp. 102-3, and is entitled “ Sur un mode

particulier de locomotion de certains Stenus,” par MM. G.

Billard et G. Bruyant.

“ Nous avons observe au bord des ruisselets all mentis

par les sources pures et froides de la montagne deux especes

de Stenus {S. tarsalis, Lj., et S. cicindeloides, Schell.) qui

presentent un mode particulier de locomotion k la surface

de I’eau.

“Habituellement accroches ils sont exposes k tomber sur

la nappe liquide qui coule au-dessous d’eux, parfois avec

une grande rapidite. Comme beaucoup d’autres insectes

ils peuvent marcher k la surface de I’eau, mais leur vitesse

de progression est alors trfes faible, et ils risqueraient

ainsi d’etre entrain^s au loin. Pour lutter contre la

rapidite du courant, ils usent du proced4 suivant. Ils

expulsent par I’extremite anale une substance dont le

contact avec la surface de I’eau produit une reaction qui les

chasse tres vivement en avant. L’animal peut en incurvant

son abdomen orienter sa course vers le point qu’il veut

atteindre. Nous avons cherch4 Texplication de cette

locomotion speciale : elle reside pour nous dans les vari¬

ations brusques de tension superficielle que provoque sur

I’eau la substance expulsee par ranimal.

“Lorsqu’on place I’insecte k la surface d’une nappe d’eau

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) C C

380

Mr. Norman H. Joy on the

pure, sur laquelle on a projete de la poudre de Lycopode,

on voit les spores fuir en arriere de I’aniinal et celui-ci

laisser un large sillage, lorsqu’il vent fuir rapidement :

aucune reaction ne se produit au contraire, lorsque I’insecte

inarche simplement sur la surface. Si Ton d^tache

I’extr^mit^ de I’abdoinen, on voit au bout de quelques

instants celle-ci expulser par intermittence la sub.stance 4

tension superficielle tres basse, et se mouvoir rapidement

comme un morceau de camphre ou de thymol.”

* * * *

I have confirmed most of these observations with D.

coerulescens and several species of the genus Stenus. My

studies soon inevitably led me to the general study of the

behaviour of Coleoptera during flood-time, as it must be

chiefly at such a time that these powers of locomotion

are brought into play. I have from time to time written

notes on my observations which I hoped to publish when

I had made a more complete study of the matter. How¬

ever, from want of time, little progress has been made

during the last two years, so I think it best to publish

them in the hope that they may stimulate others to con¬

tinue what is undoubtedly a very interesting subject.

When flat land or a river valley is flooded by heavy rains

it is well known that a very large number of beetles and

other insects is to be found in the “ flood rubbish ” washed

or blown up at the sides of the water. It is also notorious

how very local are some of the beetles inhabiting the

banks of streams, and one wonders how it is these species

are not washed away at every flood, or at any rate

scattered all down the valley. I believe that as a fact

most beetles soon find their way to laud by various methods,

and comparatively few, and those mostly of the larger

species, get washed down the middle of the stream.

This can be proved by examining flood refuse caught

on bridges, etc., in mid stream, and that blown up at the

sides of the river. In the former large beetles predomin¬

ate, very few small ones being found, whereas the latter

generally teems with small insects. In some places the

smaller beetles might be washed out of the mid-stream

rubbish by the force of the current, but I have noticed

that in the rubbish which collects over the arch of a bridge,

when the whole arch is submerged, large beetles are found

in greater numbers. It is chiefly due to the wind that

the fine rubbish and small beetles so soon find the edge

Behaviour of Coleoptera in time of Floods. 381

of the flood. It is worth noting here how very soon many

of the beetles leave this rubbish when it touches the ground

on the subsidence of the flood. I make a rule now, when

collecting flood refuse, of always taking it at the height

of the flood, while it is floating on the water. From

some rubbish fished out of the Kennet in 1908 I took

about thirty specimens of Ilyobates forticornis. On col¬

lecting about the same quantity two days after, when the

water had subsided and left it resting on the ground, only

five or six more specimens were obtained. No doubt there

is a large death-rate at every flood, some beetles soon

succumbing to their wetting. It is difficult to account for

the absence of certain species one would expect to find

in the rubbish, particularly Anehomenus albipes and Oodes

helopioides. The former is a very abundant riverside

species, yet it quite seldom turns up in flood refuse.

The latter I have never taken in this way, although it is

a common species in the Kennet valley, and Commander

Walker remarks on this (Ent. Mo, Mag., Vol. xliv, p. 135)

with regard to the Thames.

But apart from the help of the wind many waterside

beetles have other methods of reaching the shore quickly,

viz. by swimming in various ways, walking on the surface

of the water, and by this curious method described by

MM, G. Billard and G. Bruyant, which, for want of abetter

term, I will call “skimming.”

Now let us return to Dianous coeruleseens. It is in this

species that this method of progression is perhaps most

easily watched, as it so readily performs it. When a piece

of wet moss from near a waterfall is entirely immersed in

water this beetle may sometimes be seen, covered with a

glittering silvery layer of air, walking quite easily on the

moss. At other times the beetle crawls to the outside of

the moss and floats to the surface of the water, back upper¬

most, doubled up in the form of an inverted n> with the

legs folded in front of the abdomen. The elytra first reach

the surface and are soon free of the water. The thorax

and head then clear the water and dry ; the body is then

straightened, with the apex pointing slightly upwards, the

base of the abdomen sometimes taking some time to dry.

Now the whole of the upper surface is above water and

dry, the anal end being just at the surface, and the whole

of the imderparts and legs being under water. The beetle

then generally starts off “skimming” at a most remark-

c c 2

382

Mr, Norman II. Joy on the

able speed, sometimes almost straight, sometimes in a

series of curves. During the skimming the front legs are

held either doubled up, or spread out, as in the position

of a well “set” insect. The middle and posterior legs are

held close to the sides. When the beetle gets to shore it

dries itself carefully, curling its abdomen upwards, and

using its middle and back legs. I have seen it frequently

when on a leaf or some other floating raft enter the water

and deliberately swim to the bank. At times, especially if a

beetle has been kept for some time in a wet tube, it appears

to become waterlogged and remains at the bottom of the

water with its legs doubled up, and probably drowns. I

have confirmed the experiments of the above observers by

cutting off the end of the abdomen. A careful study of the

glands and the fluid they secrete would be of great interest.

I have little doubt the glands are analogous to those of

Bemhidium and Myrmedonia.

I have experimented with a fair number of other

species of Coleoptera, especially of the genus Stemts. It

seems probable that most of the latter are able to “skim,”

but some do it far more readily than others. It is import¬

ant to experiment on these insects directly they have been

captured, and with as little handling as possible, as a

negative result would be of no value if they have been

“ bottled ” for some time. Of the species with which I

have experimented perhaps S. guttula is the most expert

“ skimmer ” ; it moves so rapidly on the surface of the

water that it is really difficult to follow with the eye.

S. hipundatus also skims very readily, especially on a sunny

day. By repeatedly and quickly throwing a specimen out

as soon as it had got to shore I computed that it had

skimmed quite twenty feet before I lost it, when, however,

I think it was almost exhausted. This species when washed

out by throwing water on to the bank at the side of a pond

took deliberately to the water and “skimmed” to another

part.

Of other members of the genus Stemis I have experi¬

mented with the following : —

S. ossmm, S. Jlavipes, S. picipes and S. tarscdis skimmed

more or less strongly on several occasions; the last very

easily freed itself of the water and floated on the surface.

These species did not generally start skimming at once,

and often required some slight stimulation. I failed to get

S. juno to skim, but when the last segment of the ab-

Behavimr of Coleo'jptera in time of Floods. 388

domen was cut off this moved very rapidly, as was also the

case with S. hrunnipes. I did not induce any of the follow¬

ing to skim : S. dedaratus, S. lustrator, S. hiiphthalinus,

S. himacidatus, S. providus and S. opticus. I was unable to

experiment with enough specimens of some of these species

(only one in the case of S. ojdicus) to definitely conclude

that they cannot skim, except in the case of S. biqjhthahnus.

On many occasions I tested this species under the most

natural conditions and in bright sunshine with negative

results. Among other genera I found one species which

possesses this special power of locomotion, viz. Anch-

omenus alhipes. When thrown on the water this species

swims very strongly with the fore and middle legs, using

the back ones very slightly or not at all. By this method

it progresses at a good speed, but if carefully watched it will

be occasionally seen to give a distinct but short spurt

forwards, which however is sometimes rather more pro¬

longed. The legs are kept moving all the time, but the

spurt forward is undoubtedly due to skimming, and when

the apex of the abdomen is cut off it is found to skim

for a short time. The beetle does not seem able to skim

for long at a time, and those kept in a bottle for a short

time refused to do so at all. There are many other closely

allied forms and waterside species which might prove to

possess the power of skimming if they were tested.

A great number of beetles gain land when flooded out

by swimming, and some land beetles are very strong

swimmers. Here again there is much to be learnt as

to the exact method of swimming each species adopts.

The members of the genus Bemhidium upon which I have

experimented {B. assimile, B. articulatum, B. nitidulum)

swim very well. When B. assimile was flooded out by

gradually immersing a piece of turf it took to the

water quite naturally, and swam at a wonderful speed,

moving the legs very rapidly as in running, the front legs

which do nearly all the work being well spread out, the

back legs being sometimes held still and crossed behind.

Badister bipushdatus also swims well, using all its legs,

the back ones often very strongly.

Most of the Steni are good swimmers, even those that

also skim; D. coerulescens, S. guttula and S. bipunctatus

progress almost entirely by skimming, however. S. bimacu-

latus moves quite rapidly by swimming and uses its front

legs well spread out in a horizontal plane, as in Bembidium.

384

Mr. Norman

H. Joy on the

It also wriggles its body, which no doubt helps it along

to some extent. S. 'providus swims much like the last.

*8. juno, S. tarsrd.is, and 8. lustrator swim well, but 8.

declarahis, 8. fiamptcs and 8. huphthcdmus were more sluggish

in their actions. Chilopora longitarsis swims very readily,

using its back legs strongly.

These are, of course, all more or less waterside species,

and one would expect them to be good swimmers. Some

waterside species, however, are almost helpless when on

the surface of the water, and this is specially the case

with the 8ta'phylinidac. Quedius manrorufm hardly pro¬

gresses at all by ineffectual wriggling of its body, yet it

is commonly found in company with D. coerulescens in

moss at the sides of waterfalls. Evaesthetus is quite help¬

less, but all very small species are much affected by

capillary attraction, being drawn to small pieces of stick,

etc., and are quite unable to get a start off. Dyschirins

globosus has great difficulty in overcoming this attraction,

and then only swims feebly, using all the legs alike as

in walking. Tachypori move their legs, which are well

spread out, rapidly, but make quite slow progress.

Trogophloei and Homcdotae also swim, but are much

affected by capillary attraction. Oxypoda vittata only in¬

effectually wriggles its body.

Quedius vexans, which often gets washed out of moles’

nests in low-lying districts and is not uncommonly found

in flood rubbish, struggles violently with a great deal of

the body, and gets along at a fair rate, chiefly by using

the forelegs very rapidly ; the middle legs are not moved

so fast, and the back legs only occasionally. The front

legs are moved in a vertical plane, as is the case with a

dog, only they are never lifted out of the water. Q.

fvliginosus, Hctcrothops nigra and 8tilicus ajfinis behave

like Q. vexans.

Besides swimming there is yet another method of pro¬

gress, viz. — walking on the water. 8tenus juno on several

occasions deliberately cleared itself of the water, and

walked with its tarsi on the surface of that element.

It first raised the front part of its body on the anterior

and middle tarsi ; the abdomen being afterwards cleared

with the help of the back legs. 8. opticus very easily cleared

itself of the water and walked on the surface with the

abdomen high in the air. Occasionally it allowed the

abdomen to touch the water, but then always stopped for

Behaviour of Goleoptera in time of Floods. 385

a moment to dry it. When Gnypeta labilis was flooded off

a piece of grass, it remained standing on the water with

the abdomen curled up over the body. In this attitude it

was blown along at a surprising speed by a very slight

breeze. It also took flight directly from the water.

As might be expected a great many species of Coleoptera,

which must only very accidentally find themselves in

water, are quite helpless when they get there; among

them I may mention, Bhizohius litura, Hypera nigriros-

tris, Apion, Oxytelus, etc. Drusilla canaliculata lay

motionless for some time, then after some trouble cleared

itself of the water enough to swim, keeping the antennae

raised and constantly moving. Myrmedonia collaris be¬

haved in much the same way, floating to the top in the

form of an S with the underside of the abdomen upper¬

most, and remaining in this position for some minutes.

Bradfield, Berks, February 5, 1910.

( 386 )

XIl. On the Position of the Rhopalosomidae, with the

Description of a Second Species. By Claude

Morley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

[Read June 1st, 1910.]

Plate L.

Among the various boxes of Ichncnmonidae received by me

in connection with the “ Fauna of India,” one from the

Indian Museum at Calcutta and another from Colombo

contained the sexes of an insect I entirely failed to place.

Mr. Rowland Turner has, however, been so good as to point

out to me its very close relationship with the anomalous

genus lihopaloso7na, Cresson (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., iv,

1865, p. 58, pi. v\ = Sibpllma, Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc.

1868, p. 329). Though probably generically distinct there¬

from, it is so extremely unlike any other known Hymen-

opteron that I am strongly averse to erecting a temporarily

unnecessary genus for its reception ; and I shall, conse¬

quently, describe it as

Rhopalosoma abnormis, sp. n. (Plate L, fig. 15.)

An entirely testaceous species with only the flagellum and eyes

black, the mandibles and anus infuscate. Head short but not abruptly

constricted behind the internally subacutely einarginate eyes ; occiput

abruptly declived, bordered below and not emarginate ; vertex neither

broad nor punctate, laterally impressed behind the outer ocelli, which

are prominent and enclose a triangular black mark, with the apical

ocellus below the level of the upper orbits ; frons convex and very

obsoletely punctate, finely carinate longitudinally in the centre ; face

extremely short, strongly transverse and obsoletely transaciculate ;

clypeus obsoletely discreted, large, transverse and truncate at both

extremities ; labrum slightly exserted and broadly rounded, not

trilobed, apically ; mandibles strong and subtridentate with a large

black apical tooth, surmounted by one half its length and a third

minute excrescence ; palpi flavous and elongate. Antennae inserted

at centre of eyes and hardly longer than half body, black and

strongly attenuate throughout with the apically truncate and

biarticulate scape alone pale; flagellum eleven-jointed in ten-

jointed in 5 , with the joints pilose, elongate, cylindrical, and the

basal seven or eight each internally emitting two distinct setae from

its apex ; terminal joint coriaceous, thrice longer than broad and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

Mr. Claude Morley on the Ehopalosomidae. 387

apically acuminate. Thorax subcylindrical, obsoletely pilose and

hardly punctate throughout ; prothorax normal and extending to

base of tegulae ; mesonotum gradually declived anteriorly, finely

sulcate above tegulae but with no notauli ; metathorax evenly declived

with no trace of carinae, its spiracles oblique, impressed and sub-

linear : mesosternum very short, convex throughout, pilose and not

laterally sulcate. Scutellum immarginate, subdeplanate, triangular

and apically obtuse, obsoletely punctate and pilose with its basal

fovea simple. Abdomen subnitidulous, shagreened and shortly pilose ;

basal segment subsessile, basally half the length of its apical

breadth, which is hardly half (or in $ a third) of its total length,

convex and with no sculpture, gradually explanate to near its

constricted apex with distinct spiracles at its basal third and a

determinate discal fovea before its apex ; second segment as long as

the first and about half as broad again, gradually explanate basally

and not strongly constricted at its apex, with its base both above and

below longitudinally niultistrigose and thyridii linear; third and

fourth segments together about as long as second and extremely

closely connected though not connate, the fourth becoming narrower

apically with its dorsal margin subemarginate ; fifth as long as

fourth ; sixth and in ^ seventh much shorter and deflexed ; venter

convex throughout and not plicate, with four well-developed segments

and two very short ones preceding the ( ^ ) stout and black genital

valvulae, which extend only to the anus, or ( $ ) the elongate

hypopygium, which extends to anus and covers base of the minute

terebra. Legs very slemler but not elongate, hind ones of ^ hardly

extending beyond the abdomen ; anterior trochanters appear uni-

(though probably no more than telescoped), the hind ones bi-articulate ;

front tibiae hardly longer than the metatarsi, and sparsely spinose

internally, each with a single elongate and basally sinuate calcar ;

tarsi long and in slender with the claws small and pectinate,

basally not lobed though shortly pulvillate in 5 > the four apical

joints strongly spatuliform and dilated with their apex setiferous on

either side and base constricted, claws simple and shorter than the

bilobed pulvilli ; posterior femora apically subspinate internally with

their tibiae very elongately bicalcarate ; front and hind metatarsi

basally sinuate, the latter with the inner calcar basally strongly

pectinate in Wings neither broad nor ample, hyaline with the

stigma narrow, inconspicuous and centrally subconstricted ; all the

nervures testaceous ; upper wing with nervures disposed as in

Ichneunionidae excepting the extreme pellucescence of the second

recurrent which is, however, distinctly traceable and the aberrantly

bifurcate first intercubital or submarginal nervure ; upper basal

nervure emitted from the median much further from base than the

3SH

Mi^'laude Morley o??. the

lower ; lower basal cell with an elongate, free anti simple nervure.

Lower wing with the neuration of Ichneuraonidae excepting an

elongate and basally pellucid additional nervure, between the median

and radial; nervellus straight, opposite and not intercepted, with

the wing margin cleft to near its junction with the posterior nervure

and another very distinct incision at the humeral nervure, rendering

the anal angle entirely lobate. Length, 10 mm. ^ $ .

A single example of each sex is all I have seen of this

remarkable insect. The ^ (type) is in my collection, and

was most kindly given me by Mr. O. S. Wickwar, of

Colombo, who took it at Mankulam, in Northern Ceylon,

during November 1908. The $ is in the Calcutta Museum,

under Dr. Annandale’s care ; it was captured at that city

on August 9, 1907.

My insect differs to an appreciable extent from the only

previously described species of theRhopalosomidae R. poeyi,

which was brought forward by Cresson (loc. cit. p. 59) in

his paper “ On the Hymenoptera of Cuba,” and three years

later by Westwood under the synonymous name 8. aenig-

matica in his paper {Joe. cit.) “Descriptions of New Genera

and Species of Exotic Hymenoptera.” Therefrom the male

of B. dbnen'mis differs in its posterior tarsi which bear no

combing apparatus, and in having the calcaria equally long

in both ; the hypopygium is retracted, and does not entirely

conceal the base of the non-exserted valvulae, as is the case

in the female R. poeyi, which also has the terebra slightly

exserted, the spicula reflexed and exceeding the valvulae

in length ; the basal segment is less elongate in B. ahnormis

with the second not abruptly constricted and arcuate,

though similarly (as in Tiphia) trans-strigose, basally ;

the discal segments are equally emarginate, and the

conformation of the metathoracic spiracles is alike in

both, but I fail to discover any trace of distinct petiolar

spiracles in R. poeyi.

These points of divergence are drawn from the three

female specimens of Cresson’s species in the British

Museum, two of which were captured in St. Domingo by

Mr. Tweedie (not Tweedy, as given by Westwood) and

acquired in 1855 ; and the third, from Jamaica, ex coll.

Gosse, was obtained in 1847 ; it is also known to occur in

Hayti. The localities of the new species are consequently

of great interest and show it to be widely distributed in the

Oriental region.

#

Position of the Rhopalosoviidac. 389

The affinities of the present genus are so uncertain that

it is well to regard it as a distinct family. To prove this it

is only necessary to remark that Nylander thought it an

ant, Haliday a Fossor, Westwood a social wasp, Smith

an Ophionid Ichneumon, and Cresson a Braconid ! The

last places it unhesitatingly in “ Braconides,” but “ Divi¬

sion - ?” Yet in his very rough figure he dots the

second recurrent nervure as being pellucid and at least

traceable ; he thought it “ a connecting link between the

Ichnmmones genuini and the aclsciti ; from the former it

differs by the paucity of the antennal joints, and from the

latter by the anterior wings having a faint indication of

a second recurrent nervure. Its structure places it, beyond

doubt, in the family Ichneunionidae ” {sensu lato), “ while

its general appearance, together with the arrangement of

the wing veins, seems to place it among the Adsciti, where

I will allow it to remain for the present.” Fred Smith

“On the Affinities of the Genus Sibyllina, of Westwood”

(Proc. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 1), is chiefly concerned in showing —

as he conclusively does — that this insect cannot appertain

to the Vespidae, as placed by Westwood, who however was

so uncertain as to add quoad afinitates animum excrucians” !

But the position assigned it by Smith, with some assurance,

near the IcJmeumonidous genus Anomalon is equally

untenable in these days of fuller knowledge of that family,

especially since the contrary sexes possess simple tarsi

{cf. also Meeting of Ent. Soc., November 16, 1868).

Many pertinent characters of its relationship are set

forth by Westwood in his Thesaur. Ent. Oxon. (1874,

pp. 130-31), and the male is beautifully figured at lib. cit.

p. xxiv, fig. 9 ; but, still inclining to place it in the

Aculeata, he is unable to suggest any natural position for

the genus. Dalla Torre, so far from assisting us in the

matter, places Bhopalosoma among the genera sedis incertae

at the tail of the Braconidae (Cat. Hym. iv, 1898, 307)

and Sibyllina — incorrectly rendering Westwood’s name

Sybillina — almost at the beginning of the Vespidae {1. e. ix,

1894, 113). The synonymy has never been questioned,

and is, I consider, sufficiently apparent.

For my own part, I am entirely satisfied that the

Bhopalosomidae can be placed nowhere among the Para¬

sitica or Terebrant Hymenoptera, a favourite dumping

ground for aberrant genera in days when they were less

studied than is now the case. Fred Smith appears equally

390 Mr. Claude Corley on the HhoiKilosoniidae.

satisfied that it has no place among the Aculeates ; but

Haliday wrote, “ I consider it a Sphegid, with smooth

legs, Pelopaens” and he was rarely incorrect : in 1900,

Ashmead (Canadian Entom., xxxii, p. 148 ; cf. also Proc.

Ent. Soc, Wash., iii, p. 303) erected a family for the sole

reception of this genus of a single species and placed it

between the Cosilidae axxd Thynnidae, with neither of which

it is at all closely connected. Sharp (Camb. Nat. Hist., ii,

101) “can expre.ss no opinion as to whether it is allied

to the Scoliidae or to the Bphegidae * ” ; he takes it for

granted that it should stand near one or the other, and in

that case the lobation of the hindwings renders it closer to

the former.

The facts of the antennae being thirteen-jointed in ^

and twelve-jointed in and of the dorsal abdominal seg¬

ments being seven in $ and six in certainly prove it

to be Aculeate ; though the neuration is that of the

ICHNEUMONIDAE (probably most closely resembling that

of Forster’s genus Barylypa among the Anomalides), with

a few additional nervures.

Granting it an Aculeate, related to the Scoliidae, we can

do little more than say with Fred Smith, “Place Sibyllina

in any group of the Hymenoptera, and it will, as it were,

stand alone ; it has little affinity that I can discover,

certainly it has no strong affinity, with any other known

insect.”

Have we here the “ ancestral type ” of Hymenopteron,

emitting Fossores according to its body and Parasites

according to its wings ? Or more probably this anomalous

combination is brought about by some process (though

hardly cross-breeding of Pelopaeus and Aiiomalon]) of

very remarkable specialisation.

* I am afraid the name Splierddae is too well established to ever

be universally corrected now-a-days. In May 1900, the late Eev.

T. A. Marshall wrote to me, “ I enter a protest against the spelling

of the Ichneumon genus Sphegophaija. 2<?)7j|, genitive

“ wasp ” in Greek, should be rendered in our nomenclature Sphex,

isphecis, etc., as the older authors well knew. The mistake of sphegis,

Sphegidae, is a new corruption, which, if sanctioned, will be forth¬

with adopted by everybody. I fear it is almost too late now. Such

blunders are trifling, of course, but I know no reason why a mistake

of spelling should be allowed in Greek and Latin, when it would be

hooted in English.”

Monk Soham House,

Suffolk,

March 1910.

( 391 )

XIII. Notes on the Scoliidae. By Rowland E. Turner,

F.Z.S.

[Read June 1st, 1910.]

Plate L.

The new species which furnish the material for this

paper are mostly in the collection of the Berlin Museum,

though a few are from other sources. The material shows

that the genus Anthohosca ranges all up the east of Africa

into Arabia, and also adds a new genus to the small family

Sapygidae, the type of the genus having been placed in

the British Museum by the late Colonel Bingham. Ash-

mead has divided the Scoliidae into several families, which

I retain as sub-families, but some of the genera he includes

must be placed elsewhere.

Family SCOLIIDAE.

Sub-family MYZININAE.

Myzine nigrita, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 6.)

^ . Clypeus produced and rather broadly truncate at the apex,

coarsely punctured. Head rugose, broader than the pronotuni, the

posterior ocelli more than half as far again from the eyes as from each

other ; the antennal tubercles large, the scape short, no longer than

the second joint of the flagellum, antennae short, scarcely longer than

the thorax and median segment combined, very stout, the second

joint of the flagellum more than half as long again as the first, a

little shorter than the third, joints 5-10 strongly arcuate beneath.

Head and thorax clothed rather sparsely with long cinereous grey

pubescence, the abdomen very sparsely clothed with short greyish -

white pubescence. Thoi’ax closely punctured, the pronotum much

shorter than the mesonotum, the median segment rounded, not trun¬

cate. Abdomen closely and finely punctured, the petiole about equal

in length to the third joint of the posterior tarsi, the first segment,

excluding the petiole, a little longer than broad, not constricted

at the apex, the whole abdomen of an elongate fusiform shape ;

seventh dorsal segment with a longitudinal depression on each side

on the apical half, the apex narrowly and not deeply emarginate, the

depth of the emargination scarcely as great as the width at the apex.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

392 Mr. Rowland I^Turuer’s Notes on the Scoliidae.

Aculeus moderately recurved, short, the apex only reaching the

emargination of the dorsal segment. Second abscissa of the radius a

little longer than the third, first recurrent nervure received just be¬

yond the middle of the second cubital cell, second at one-fifth from

the base of the third cubital cell.

Black ; the calcaria whitish. Wings hyaline, nervures black.

Length 15 mm.

Hah. Cape Colony.

Type in Berlin Museum.

The arcuate joints of the antennae, the short aculeus

and the more flattened form of the first abdominal segment

distinguish this species at once.

Myzine continua, Cam.

Flesia contimta, Cam., Rec. Albany Mus., i, 5, p. 299, 1905.

I think Cameron has very much underestimated the

variability in the males of this group, and that his continua

and interruyta are probably the same species. I think

they probably belong to Myzine rather than to Flesia, but

Cameron does not mention the shape of the first abdominal

segment. The deep slit in the apical dorsal segment of

the abdomen which is mentioned in the description is

alway present in Myzine, but is often absent in Flesia. If

it is considered impossible to distinguish between the

males of the two genera, it seems there is no excuse for de¬

scribing them in Flesia, the name Myzine having priority,

and its use for the males being recommended by Saussure.

Some of the males described by Cameron from Baluchistan

as Flesia have proved beyond doubt to belong to Myzine.

The descriptions of continua and of interrupta apply fairly

well to a species which has a wide range in South Africa,

and shows considerable variation both in colour and the

smaller details of neuration. I think it probable that it

is the male of Myzine rufifrons, Fabr. ; the range of both

extends from the Zambesi to Cape Colony. In the males

of this genus, and in both sexes of Tiphia, there is a fine

field for the species monger, which fortunately has not

yet been exploited.

Myzine rujinodis, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 5.)

^ . Clypeus short and broad, the apical margin almost transverse,

shallowly emarginate in the middle, strongly punctured at the base,

almost smooth at the apex. Head, thorax, and median segment

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae. 393

closely and rather coarsely punctured, the middle of the scutelluni

narrowly smooth and shining. Antennae very stout, the first joint

of the flagellum half as long as the second, the third distinctly

longer than the second, the scape short and coarsely punctured ; the

front between the antennae densely clothed with long cinereous-grey

pubescence, which is also sparsely distributed over the whole of the

head and thorax. Pronotum much shorter than the mesonotum, very

slightly narrowed anteriorly, the anterior margin almost transverse.

Abdomen rather slender, shining, finely and shallowly punctured

with a short petiole which is about equal in length to the fourth

joint of the posterior tarsi, the first segment beyond the petiole

swollen and globular, broader than long. Apical segment more

sparsely punctured, the emargination for the aculeus rather shallow,

broader at the apex than deep, the surface of the segment, before the

emargination, not flattened or depressed. Aculeus long and slender,

strongly recurved. Basal joint of the posterior tarsi about three-

quarters of the length of the tibia. Second abscissa of the radius more

than half as long again as the third, first recurrent nervure received

at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second before

one-sixth from the base of the third cubital cell.

Black ; mandibles, anterior margin of the clypeus, margins of the

pronotum, tegulae, a narrow transverse band at the apex of the first

dorsal segment of the abdomen, a transverse spot on the middle of

the apical margin of segments 2-6, with a smaller transverse spot on

each side, and similar, but much smaller marks on ventral segments

2-5 pale yellow ; first dorsal segment, except the petiole and the

yellow apical band, ferruginous red ; legs dull ferruginous. Length

15 mm.

Hah. Cape Colony {DNge).

Type in Berlin Museum.

I think that I am right in placing this species in Myzine

rather than in Plesia, the males of the two genera are

however not always to be distinguished with certainty.

The group of South African species characterised by an

elongate basal segment of the abdomen and the absence of

an emargination of the apical dorsal segment are certainly

males of Plesia. I suspect however that some species show¬

ing neither of these characters, but of a rather slender form,

and with a long pronotum narrowed anteriorly, may also

prove to have females of the Plesia type of neuration.

The present species is easily distinguished by the red

colour of the first dorsal segment, but unless there is some

marked point of distinction it is better to leave the males

304 Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Seoliidae

of this group undescribed until larger collections of both

sexes are available and local variations better understood.

riesia {Mesa) saussurei, sp. nov.

$ . Clypeus very short, punctured, the apex depressed and smooth.

Head coarsely punctured, more closely on the front than on the

vertex ; the scape shining and finely punctured ; flagellum opaque,

the three basal joints shining, the first joint short, almost concealed

in the apex of the scape, the third longer and thicker than the

second. Pronotum rather shorter than the mesonotum and scutellum

combined, the sides almost parallel, coarsely punctured-reticulate ;

mesonotum and scutellum coarsely but more sparsely punctured,

propleurae indistinctly striated, mesopleurae coarsely punctured,

metapleurae striated. Median segment as long as the pronotum,

deeply but irregularly punctured, nearly twice as broad as long,

distinctly margined, with two low, median, longitudinal carinae,

the posterior truncation steep, the surface finely rugulose. Abdo¬

men stout, about equal in length to the head, thorax and median

segment combined, rather closely punctured ; petiolate, the petiole

linear, equal in length to rather more than half of the dorsal surface

of the first segment, which is nearly as long as the second; sixth

dorsal segment longitudinally striated, broadly rounded at the apex.

Tarsal ungues bifid. Second abscissa of the radius scarcely half as

long as the third, and less than two-thirds of the length of the first,

second recurrent nervure received beyond the middle of the third

cubital cell, the third transverse cubital nervure oblique, the radial

cell rounded at the apex, scarcely separated from the costa.

Black ; the mandibles, clypeus, scape, three basal joints of the

flagellum, tarsi and tlie ajDex of the pygidium fusco-ferruginous.

Wings fuscous. Length 10 mm.

Hah. Madagascar, Antananarivo. Two specimens.

Type in the Zoological Museum at Berlin.

Sub-family TIPHIINAE.

Tijihia conradti, sp. nov.

$. Clypeus short, almost transverse at the apex. Front round the

base of the antennae tranversely depressed, slightly concave and very

finely rugulose ; the remainder of the head shining and sparsely

punctured, smooth round the ocelli. Posterior ocelli very near to¬

gether, nearly three times as far from the eyes as from each other.

Scape closely punctured, with sparse greyish pubescence, the apex

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae. 395

smooth and shining. Pronotvun sparsely punctured, the posterior

margin broadly smooth and shining ; mesonotum and scutellum

shining, with a few very large punctures, propleurae almost smooth,

mesopleurae rather sparsely punctured, the sides of the median seg¬

ment finely obliquely striated. Median segment almost as long as

the pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum combined, subopaque,

almost smooth, with the three usual carinae in the middle, the median

one not reaching the ape-x, the two lateral ones half as far again from

each other at the base as at the apex, the margins of the segment

distinctly raised both at the apex and the sides, a fine longitudinal

Carina on each side narrowly separated from the raised lateral mar¬

gin. Abdomen shining, finely punctured, the two basal segments

sparsely, the others more finely and closely, the apical half of the

pygidium smooth ; the basal segment broad, without a transverse

Carina at the base. Stigma very small, almost absent ; first recurrent

nervure received at the middle of the first cubital cell, second at

three-quarters from the base of the second cubital cell ; second

transverse cubital nervure strongly curved inwardly.

Black ; mandibles, antennae and anterior tibiae beneath fusco-

ferruginous, the apical half of the pygidium pale testaceous ; spines

of the tibiae and tarsi pale ferruginous ; the pubescence on the

abdomen and legs whitish. Wings hyaline, tinged with fuscous,

nervures black. Length TO mm.

Hah. N. Cameroon {Conradt).

Type in Berlin Museum.

The median segment is unusually long in this species.

Tiphia ahriqjta, Turn.

Tiphia ahrupta, Turn., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii, p.

127, 1908, ?.

The type is from Salisbury, Mashonaland. A specimen

in the Berlin Museum from Langenburg, Lake Nyassa,

has the median segment distinctly longer and the pygidium

rather broader. The species of TipMa are subject to local

variation, the length of the median segment seeming to be

especially influenced. If new species are founded on such

characters before long series are available and both sexes

known, much confusion may result. I therefore prefer to

treat the Nyassa form merely as a local race.

There are at least five species of Tipthia in the collection

from Langenburg, which may be distinguished by the

following key to the females : —

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) D D

896 Mr. Rowland TT Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae.

A. First dor.sal segment of the abdomen

with a transverse carina at the base.

a. Head and pronotum punctured. . T. abrnpta, Turn., var.

b. Head and pronotum rugose . . . T. scabrosa, Gerst.

B. First dorsal segment without a carina

at the base.

a. Opaque, wings subhyaline, antennae

black or fuscous . T. monumatajM, Turn.

b. Shining, antennae orange or ferru¬

ginous.

Antennae orange wings fusco-

violaceous, legs black, stigma

very small . T. fulvicornis, Turn.

b~ Antennae and legs ferruginous,

wings subhyaline, stigma

large . T. pedestris, Gerst.

Tiphia nataleusis, Siii.

Tipliia natalensis, Sm., Descr. n. sp. Hymen., p. 184,

1879, ?.

In the type specimen tlie second recurrent nervure is

received only just beyond the middle of the second cubital

cell, and the carina at the base of the first dorsal abdo¬

minal segment is very indistinct. There is a specimen

from Cape Colony in the Berlin Museum which I refer

with doubt to this species in which the second recurrent

nervure is received much nearer to the apex of the cell,

the carina of the first segment is more distinct, and the

punctures are rather coarser, the insect is also much

larger. But it is not advisable to found a new species

in this diflficult genus on a single specimen in which the

differences are so slight, especially as a specimen in

the British Museum from Howick, Natal, is somewhat

intermediate.

Large collections of the species of Tiphia with full data

are much needed. My impression, derived from a season’s

collecting in Assam, is that seasonal forms may occur as

in Lepidoptera.

Tiphia siinlaensis, Cam., was plentiful in April and May,

but none were taken later, whereas Tiphia himalayensis,

Cam., was taken in August and September, but not in the

spring months. T. himalayensis is twice as large as sim-

laensis, the median segment is a little longer, the carina on

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae. 397

the median segment more distinct, the median one ex¬

tending to the apex, the head and thorax more coarsely

punctured and the stigma on the forewing a little smaller.

The male of himalayensis (= ccinaliculata, Cam.) has the

radial cell shorter than in swilaensis, the sculpture of the

median segment much coarser, the wings darker and the

clypeus without the feeble emargination on the anterior

margin. But Bingham took himalayensis in Sikkim in

April at 4000 ft. elevation. My Assam specimens were

all taken at an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 ft., near

Shillong.

My suggestion of seasonal dimorphism in this genus is

merely tentative, and is put forward in the hope that it

may lead to further observation on the subject, and to more

importance being attached to accurate dates of capture by

Hymenopterists.

Sub-family COSILINAE.

Anthohosca arahica, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 3.)

5 Clypeus almost triangular, triincate at the apex, smooth and

shining. Mandibles stout, without teeth, rather blunt at the apex.

Head scarcely broader than the thorax, shining, rather sparsely

punctured and thinly clothed with long cinereous haiis, the punc¬

tures closer on the front than on the vertex. Ocelli in a broad tri¬

angle, the posterior ocelli not quite as far from each other as from

the eyes. Antennae short and stout, the scape shining and smooth,

the second joint of the flagellum shorter than the third. Thorax

and abdomen shining, sparsely punctured ; median segment very

minutely and rather closely punctured; pronotum much longer than

the mesonotum, very slightly narrowed anteriorly, scutellum very

broadly rounded at the apex ; propleurae shining, very sparsely

punctured, mesopleurae more closely punctured, metapleurae smooth

and shining. Median segment shorter than the pronotum, gradually

sloped to the ape.x. First abdominal segment nearly as broad at the

apex as the second segment, obliquely sloped anteriorly, with a sharp

Carina at the base beneath, without a groove between the first and

second ventral segments ; apical dorsal segment punctured rugose,

with close pale fulvous pubescence at the base, more finely punc¬

tured and narrowly rounded at the apex. Posterior tibiae much

broadened, anterior tarsi with a comb, tarsal ungues bifid. Wings

not reaching the apex of the abdomen, radial cell rounded at the

apex, not reaching beyond the third cubital cell ; second abscissa of

the radius longer than the first, but a little shorter than the third,

D D 2

398 Mr. Rowland Tl. Turner’s Notes on the ScoHidae.

tlie tliird cubital cell longer on tlie radial than on the cubital

uervure, receiving the second recurrent nervure before one-third

from the base.

Black ; a small spot below the anterior ocellus, the inner orbits of

the eyes continued and uniting on the vertex, a line on the posterior

margin of the head behind the summit of the eyes, the posterior

margin of the pronotum and a spot at each of the anterior angles, a

spot on the mesopleurae, a curved band on the scutellum, a spot at

tlie base of the median segment and a larger one on each side at the

posterior angles and a narrow transverse band on each side at the

base of dorsal abdominal segments 1-4 pale yellow ; antennae and

tibiae fuscous, the anterior tibiae with a yellow line above ; man¬

dibles, tegulae, tarsi and pygidium testaceous brown. Wings

hyaline, nervures testaceous. Length 9 mm.

Ildh. Lahej, near Aden, May.

The genus has been recorded by Fox from Somaliland,

but not previously from Arabia. In colour this is very

unlike the Australian species of the genus, also in the

bifid ungues.

Anthohosca minima, sp. nov.

9 . Mandibles falcate, acute at the apex ; clypeus a little produced,

truncate at the apex. Head rounded, scarcely broader than the

thorax, convex, shining, finely and sparsely punctured ; antennae

inserted rather nearer to each other than to the eyes, the second joint

of the flagellum as long as the third. Eyes touching the base of the

mandibles, the posterior ocelli much further from the eyes than from

each other. Thorax sparsely and shallowly punctured, the propleurae

smooth and shining ; pronotum distinctly narrowed anteriorly,

median segment no longer than the scutellum, obliquely slojjed

posteriorly. Abdomen finely punctured, the apical dorsal segment

coarsely punctured and covered with stiff fulvous pubescence, the

first segment narrowed to the Itase. Second abscissa of the radius

more than twice as long as the first, but much shorter than the

third ; the third cubital cell much longer than high, receiving the

second recurrent nervure at one-third from the base. Eadial cell

very narrowly truncate at the apex. Posterior tibiae strongly

serrate.

Black ; mandibles, antennae and legs testaceous brown ; abdomen

dark reddish-brown ; clypeus, inner margin of the eyes, a spot be¬

hind the eyes near the summit, the posterior margin of the prono¬

tum, a spot on the scutellum, a spot on the middle of the median

segment, a narrow transverse band on each side of dorsal abdo-

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Seoliidac 399

minal segments 2-4, the tegulaeand a line on the anterior tibiae pale

yellow. Length 5 mm.

Hab. Mombassa (Hildehranclt).

Type in Berlin Museum,

Very near arahiea, but differs in the more elongate

radial cell, in the greater length of the third cubital cell,

the smaller size and the lesser breadth of the tibiae.

Anthohosea Jiavojneta, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 4.)

^ . Clypeus sparsely punctured, much broader than long, subtrun¬

cate at the apex. Head and thorax minutely and closely punctured ;

the head covered sparsely with short, upright, cinereous pubescence.

Antennae stout, a little shorter than the thorax and median segment

combined, the third joint of the flagellum as long as the first and

second combined. Scutellum subtriangular, rather narrowly trun¬

cate at the apex ; the mesonotum with two shallow longitudinal

furrows on each side. Median segment as long as the mesonotum,

rounded, very finely rugulose. Abdomen finely shagreened, elon¬

gate, tapering to the extremities, the hypopygium small, rounded

and ciliated. Posterior tibiae rather strongly serrate, all the tarsal

ungues bifid. Third abscissa of the radius longer than the first and

second combined ; first recurrent nervure received a little beyond

the middle of the second cubital cell, second a little before the middle

of the third cubital cell. First transverse cubital nervure straight at

the base, sharply bent before the middle.

Black ; the clypeus, except a small, elongate, black spot on the

centre, the inner margin of the eyes narrowly, not reaching the

summit, a small spot behind the summit, a broad band on the pos¬

terior margin of the pronotum, the tegulae, a large spot on the

middle of the scutellum, another on the postscutellum, the apex of

the anterior femora and the anterior and intermediate tibiae and

tarsi above pale yellow ; tibiae and tarsi ferruginous brown. Wings

hyaline, nervures black. Length 11 mm.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Type iu the Zoological Museum at Berlin.

The posterior tibiae are more strongly serrate than in

most species of the genus, but this character is not

generic, there being much difference in the development

of the serration in the different species. Cameron’s

genus Odontothynnus comes near this species, but differs

in the bidentate clypeus and the simple ungues of the

posterior tarsi. I have not seen specimens, but Cameron

400 ]\Ir. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidne.

was evidently not acquainted with Anthobosca at the time

of writing his description, and I doubt if the points of

distinction will prove to be of generic value.

Sub-family SCOLIINAE.

Scolia {Diliacos) violacca, Lepel.

Campsomeris violacea, Lepel., Hist. Nat. Insect. Hym., iii,

p. 502, 184.5,

Scolia insvlaris, Sm., Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. iii,

p. 153, 1858,

Liacos mstilaris, Turn., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), iv, p. 168,

1909.

Saussure places violacea, Lepel., in Diliacos. It is un¬

doubtedly the species I referred to insularis., Sm. My

identification is certainly correct if the species so named

in the British Museum by Smith is identical with the

type, which I have no reason to doubt. Smith, how¬

ever, does not put insularis in the Liacos group in his

description.

Scolia (Trielis) techowi, sp. nov.

9 . Clypeus raised, flattened in the middle and irregularly longi¬

tudinally striated, the anterior margin depressed and rounded, the

striated area as long as broad, rounded at the base. Head shining,

sparsely punctured, almost smooth round the ocelli, closely punc¬

tured between the antennae ; the posterior ocelli a little further

from the eyes than from each other. There is a very obscure, im¬

pressed, transverse line on the front half-way between the base of the

antennae and the anterior ocellus. Thorax rather sparsely, but

very deeply punctured, the scutellum very sparsely punctured,

pleurae finely punctured, the sides of the median segment shining

with a few very small and shallow punctures. Median segment and

fourth and fifth abdominal segments finely and closely punctured,

the three basal segments of the abdomen more sparsely punctured,

the second and third smooth in the middle. Sixth dorsal segment

rounded at the apex, with a blunt spine on each side, longitudinally

rugose-striate. Third cubital cell rather variable in shape, usually

a little more than half as long on the cubital as on the radial nervure,

the second transverse cubital nervure often incomplete, when com¬

plete almost interstitial with tlie inner margin of the radial cell; the

stigma large.

Black ; mandibles and flagellum beneath fusco-ferruginous ;

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae. 401

pygidium and tarsi ferruginous brown, the spines of the tarsi

whitish, one of the spines of the posterior tibiae long and spatuli-

form. Head and thorax sparsely clothed with grey pubescence,

dense and long between the antennae and on the posterior margin of

the head, the abdominal segments with an apical fascia of hairs

grey on the three basal segments, bright fulvous on the fourth and

fifth, the pygidium densely covered with stiff golden setae. Wings

hyaline, faintly clouded with fuscous at the apex, nervures

ferruginous. Length 17 mm.

Hah. S.W. Africa, Windhoek (Techoxo).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Very nearly allied to Elis 'punctnm, Sauss., of which it

may be a western form, but the clypeus is much less

coarsely striated, the front between the antennae less

prominent and the colour of the pubescence and colour

and sculpture of the apical dorsal segment are very dif¬

ferent. Trielis 'punchtm is in the Berlin Museum collec¬

tion from Lake Nyassa. The present species is in some

respects intermediate between punctxim and stigma ; the

latter species also occurs at Windhoek.

The probable male of iechoivi has the clypeus yellow with a

large triangular black mark in the middle, the pronotum, base of the

scutellum, po.stscutellum, tegulae, femora, tibiae, tarsi, a broad,

straight band occupying the apical two-thirds of dorsal segments

1-4, and a similar band narrowed on the sides of the fifth and sixth

segments yellow ; the apical half of the seventh dorsal segment

ferruginous. The yellow abdominal bands are continued rather

more narrowly on ventral segments 2-6, those on segments 2-3

narrowly emarginate anteriorly on each side. Wings hyaline, ner¬

vures pale ferruginous. Radial cell truncate at the apex, the third

cubital cell complete, more than twice as long on the radial as on the

cubital nervure. First abdominal segment nearly as broad at the

apex as long. Length 16 mm.

Scolia (Trielis) stigma, Sauss.

The probable male of this species differs from that of

techowi in the rather slender form of the first dorsal abdo¬

minal segment and in the shape of the yellow bands on

dorsal segments 2-4, which are more or less deeply emar¬

ginate in the middle anteriorly and contain a transverse

black spot on each side. The flagellum is often more or

less ferruginous. Length 14 mm.

O O

402 Mr. Rowlan^^^l Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae.

Scolia {Diclis) qibinqucfasciata, Fabr.

Seoliei qidnquefasciata, Fabr., Spec. Insect., i, p. 453,

1781,

Seolia sirjnata, Sin., Cat. Hyni. B.M., iii, p. 105, 1855,

Hah. West Africa.

Fcolia mansueta, Gerst., Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

p. 512, 1857.

Hal). Mozambique.

These seem to me to be merely geographical races of the

same species. Dielis soleata, Gerst., which is common in

Mashonaland and the adjacent districts on the Zambesi,

is undoubtedly a race of quinquefasciata, differing only in

colour.

Soclia {Dielis) socotrana Kirby. (Plate L, fig. 7.)

Dielis socotrana, Kirby, Bull. Liverp. Mus., iii, p. 14, 1900.

5 • Clypeus rounded at the apex, slightly convex, smooth and

shining in the middle, with a short longitudinal sulcus at the apex.

Front closely punctured above the antennae, vertex smooth and

shining. Thorax coarsely punctured, the disc of the mesonotum

sparsely, the scutellum, postscutellum and base of the median

segment at the sides shining and almost smooth. Pleurae sparsely

punctured ; abdomen with a few scattered piliferous punctures, a

row of similar punctures before the apex of dorsal segments 1-4.

Apex of the radial cell broadly truncate, very slightly oblique.

Black ; the mandibles fusco-ferruginous, spines of the tibiae whitish

Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow, clouded with pale fuscous beyond

the radial cell ; nervures testaceous. Dense white pubescence on

the sides of the clypeus, on the sides of the first abdominal segment,

a band of the same on the apical margin of the second and third

dorsal and ventral segments and of the fourth ventral segment ;

dull sparse fulvous brown pubescence on the front, thorax and

median segment ; dense bright golden fulvous pubescence on the

posterior margin of the head and pronotum, and golden pubescence

on the apical margin of the fourth dorsal segment and on the two

apical segments. Tarsal ungues ferruginous. Length 16 mm.

Hob. Somaliland, Salable {von Erlanger). Berlin

Museum.

Scolia {Dielis) marshalli, sp. nov.

$ . Clypeus coarsely and sparsely punctured, the centre shining

and almost smooth. Front very coarsely and closely punctured

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae. 403

densely clothed with erect, long, black hairs ; the space round the

ocelli very sparsely punctured, vertex smooth and shining, an arched

depressed line above the posterior ocelli, the margins of the head

fringed with long black hairs ; scape very closely punctured. Thorax

deeply punctured, the scutellum, postscutellum and median segment

very sparsely, the disc of the mesonotum and posterior margin of

the pronotum smooth, the sides of the pronotum covered with long

erect black pubescence, the posterior truncation of the median

segment smooth. Abdomen with a few scattered piligerous punc¬

tures, the segments above and below fringed at the apex with long

black hairs, a transverse row of punctures some way before the apex

of each segment. Pygidium densely covered with black setae.

Tibiae and tarsi spinose and hairy.

Black ; the apex of the pygidium fusco-ferruginous. Wings

fuscous, fusco-hyaline near the apex, the whole glossed with green¬

ish blue. In some lights there are faint iridescent reflections on

the abdomen. Length 26 mm.

Hah. Gaza Land, Chirinda Forest (Odcndaal). Ex

col]. Marshall. March.

This is a very distinct species, having the wings more

obscure at the apex and hind margin than in Discolia

fasciatipennis, Sm. (alaris, Sauss.), the pubescence is also

longer and denser tlian in that species. It may possibl}’^

prove to be the female of Dielis hrachicera, Grib., and

seems to be more nearly allied to dimidiatipcnnis, Sauss.,

than to any other species.

Scolia {Dielis) crinita, Sauss.

Elis crinita, Sauss., Mem. soc. phys. et hist. nat. Geneve,

xiv, p. 65, 1854,

? Campsomeris princeps, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,

p. 451, 1889, $.

I consider that there can be little doubt that these

forms are sexes of one species.

Scolia {Dielis) radula, Fabr.

Tiphia radula, Fabr., Syst. ent., p. 854, 1775,

Dielis formosa, var. maculiceps. Cam., Tijdsch. v. Ent.,

xlix, p. 218, 1906,

Cameron’s identification of his insect as a variety of

formosa, Guer., is quite mistaken ; there can be no doubt

that his description refers to radula. The male described

404' Mr, Rowla^ E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae.

on the same page as septemcincta , Fabr., does not appear

to be that species, but the description is not clear.

The species of Dielis described by Mantero (Ann. Mus.

Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, xl, p. 592, 1900), and Schulz

(Berlin Ent. Zeitsch., xlix, p. 212, 1904), as D. formosa,

Guer., from New Guinea seems also to be wrongly identi¬

fied, for in true formosa the second recurrent nervure is

always complete. The shortening of that nervure is how¬

ever characteristic of D, subopaca, Turn., which is very

closely allied to Discolia cnlta, Sm., from New Guinea.

Scolia {Dielis) subopaca, Turn.

Campsomei'is {Dielis) subopaca, Turn., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

(8). iv, p. 175, 190<^, $

This is probably the Australian subspecies of Dielis

aurulenta, Sm., which has a wide range in the Malay

Archipelago. Dielis agilis, Sm., from Celebes seems to

me to be the male of aurulenta, not of lindenii as Saussure

suggests. The sexes of the Australian form being known,

it is unlikely that tlie male of aurulenta is very different

to that of subopaca. In aurulenta the second recurrent

nervure, though present, is often indistinct, in agilis it is

well marked ; in subopaca it is incomplete in both sexes,

and in Scolia culta, Sm., from New Guinea wholly absent

in the only specimen I have seen.

Scolia {Dielis) humboldti, Cam.

Dielis humboldti, Cam., Nova Guinea, v, 1, p. 53, 1903,

Hab. Bismarck Archipelago, Ralum.

Females from Ralum agree well with Cameron’s de¬

scription. There are two male species of Dielis in the

Berlin Museum from Ralum, one of which agrees with

the remarks of Cameron on a male Dielis, sp. 4, 1. c. p. 53,

which is almost certainly the male of huinboldti ; the

other, which is probably the male of ferrugineipes, Mant.,

has the clypeus wholly yellow, also the pronotum, base of

the scutellum, a transverse line on the postscutellum, the

four basal abdominal segments at the apex and the outer

side of the tibiae. The pubescence on the median seg¬

ment is grey in humboldti pale fulvous on the other

male, and in the latter the first abdominal segment is

distinctly narrower in proportion to the length. But this

male can only be assigned to ferrugineipes with doubt,

Mr. Rowland E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliiclac. 405

Scotia {Diclis) fernigineipcs, Mant.

Elis {Eielis) o.nmdata, Fabr., var. ferrugineijns, Mant.,

vVnn. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, xl, p. 591,

1900, $.

I see no sufficient reason for regarding this as a variety

of annulata, seeing that two or three very similar species

occur in New Guinea. There is a specimen in the Berlin

Museum from Ralura, in the Bismarck Archipelago.

Family SAPYGIDAE.

Parasapyga, gen. nov.

Differs from Sapyga in the antennae, which are

rather slender, thicker at the base than towards the apex ;

the much more robust build, the vertical truncation of the

median segment and the almost conical abdomen. The

second cubital cell is longer on the radial nervure than

high, as in Polochrum, and the third cubital cell is not

much narrowed on the radial nervure, but the second

recurrent nervure is received at about one quarter from

the base of the third cubital cell, somewhat further from

the base than in Sapyga and not interstitial with the

second transverse cubital nervure as in Polochrum.

Parasapyga mdlleri, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 8.)

9 . Clypeus broadened from the base to the apex, the apical margin

feebly sinuate on each side, coarsely reticulate, with a low carina

from the base not reaching the apex. Maxillary palpi small, six-

jointed, the basal joint the longest. Head scarcely broader than the

pronotum, coarsely punctured ; the posterior ocelli further from the

eyes than from each other, the eyes deeply emarginate, not quite

reaching the base of the mandibles ; the interantennal prominence

broadly rounded at the apex, the sides raised and forming low carinae

close to the base of the antennae. Mandibles strongly bidentate at

the apex. Antennae inserted much further from each other than

from the eyes, gradually tapering towards the apex, the scape finely

punctured, the first joint of the flagellum short, the second and third

about equal in length. Thorax, median segment and pleurae coarsely

and closely punctured, the anterior margin of the pronotum almost

straight, very broad, the median segment vertically truncate from

just behind the postscutellum. Abdomen almost conical, shining,

finely and rather sparsely punctured, the first segment very little

406 Mr. Rowlaf^ E. Turner’s Notes on the Scoliidae.

narrower than the second, concavely truncate at tlie base, the apical

segment acute. Legs without spines, except at the apex of the tibiae,

the basal joint of the tarsi as long as all the otliers combined. Second

abscissa of the radius nearly three times as long as the first and more

tlian half as long as the third.

Black ; the inner margins of the eyes as high as the emargination,

the outer margins, the apex of the interantennal prominence, a

transverse band on each side of the clypeus near the apical margin,

the anterior margin of the pronotum narrowly interrupted in the

middle, and a small spot on each side at the basal angles of the

scutellum and postscutellum pale yellow ; abdomen ferruginous tarsi

fuscoferruginous. Wings fusco-hyaline, clear hyaline at the extreme

base, nervures black. Length 15 mm., length of costa 10 mm.

Hah. Sikkim, Tukvar, 4000 ft. {Mdllcr).

Type in B. M.

( 407 )

XIV. New Fossorial Hymenoptera from Australia. By

Rowland E, Turner, F.Z.S.

[Read June 1st, 1910.]

Plate L.

Most of the new species described in this pajier are from

the collection of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, who has kindly

handed them to me for identification and description.

Most of the species from the Cairns district were taken

by the well-known collector, Mr. F. P. Dodd. They

include representatives of two genera, Spilomena and

Piagetia, not hitherto recorded from Australia, also further

species of the rare Australian genus Sphodrotes.

Family THYNNIDAE.

Rhagigaster unicolor, Guer., st. mutatus, st. nov.

Differs from the typical Sydney form in the following

details : —

The head is a little broader than long, the median

segment much more strongly broadened from the base,

the vertex and front more closely and coarsely punctured

and the sixth dorsal segment narrower in the middle, not

triangular as in unicolor, but more sharply narrowed from

the base.

The triangular space at the apex of the clypeus is

much narrower, and is rugose instead of smooth.

Hah. S. Queensland, Tambourine Mts., Toowoomba.

The differences in the local races of the male are very

slight, but the females differ much more especially in the

shape of the head and median segment. In these points

the S. Queensland form approaches the Victorian form

lyelli, Turn., much more nearly than the Sydney form.

Tachyiiomyia adusta, Sni.

Thynnus adushcs, Sm., Cat. Hym. B.M.,vii, p. 43, 1859, $.

Aelitrus inlosidus, Sm., Cat. Hym. B.M., vii, p. 56, 1859,

A male of this species from the Tambourine Mts., S.

Queensland, has the legs black, the wings a little more

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

408

iVfF Rowland E. Turner on

clouded with fuscous and the hypopygiuin with only one

lateral notch near the base. For this form I propose the

name

Tachynomyia adusta, vSm., st. imiformis, st. nov.

Agriomyia hermanni, sp. nov.

9. Head very thin, large, scarcely convex, more than half as

broad again anteriorly as long, rounded at the sides, nearly as broad

on the posterior margin as long, the front closely and microscopically

punctured, with a median longitudinal sulcus, an obscure oblique

depression on each side in the ocellar region, the vertex sparsely

punctured. Clypeus with a short carina not extending to the apex.

Eyes small, touching the base of the mandibles, the antennae

inserted as far from each other as from the eyes. Pronotuin much

narrower than the head, more than half as broad again anteriorly

as long, slightly narrowed posteriorly, slightly convex, the anterior

angles depressed and produced into short spines, shining, with

scattered punctures, a very short sulcus from the middle of the

anterior margin, the projjleurae finely aciculate. Scutellum narrow,

a little longer than the breadth at the base, narrowed to the apex,

sparsely punctured. Median segment closely punctured, thinly

covered with cinereous pubescence, no longer than the scutellum,

broadened from the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly. Abdo¬

men shining, with a few scattered punctures, the first segment, with

a broad depression before the feebly raised apical margin, the

depression scarcely arched in the middle, second segment with four

strong transverse carinae, including the raised apical margin, the

fifth segment longitudinally subcarinate in the middle ; pygidium

elongate ovate, with a carina from the base to the middle.

Black ; the mandibles, clypeus, antennae, legs, sides of the

abdominal segments, carinae of the second dorsal segment and

base of the pygidium fusco-ferruginous. Length 10 mm.

Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex,

sparsely punctured. Head rounded, finely and shallowly punctured,

with a shining longitudinal line on the front, the antennae inserted

a little nearer to the eyes than to each other. Thorax closely

punctured ; the scutellum shining, more sparsely punctured and

rather strongly convex. Median segment obliquely depressed.

Abdomen fusiform, shining, sparsely and shallowly punctured ;

hypopygiuin very broadly triangular, slightly rounded at the

apex, with a short apical spine; the first ventral segment truncate

at the apex and subtuberculate.

Black ; the clypeus, the inner margins of the eyes broadly as high

New Fossorial Hymeno2:)tera from Australia. 409

as the base of the antennae, a short oblique line on each side

between the antennae, a small spot on the vertex, the margins of

the pronotum, tegulae, basal angles of the scutellum, a spot on the

mesopleurae, postscutellum, a broad transverse band emarginate

posteriorly on the median segment, a narrow transverse band

narrowly interrupted in the middle on dorsal abdominal segments

2-6 and on ventral segments 2-4 pale yellow. Wings pale dull

flavo- hyaline, nervures pule ferruginous. Length 13 mm.

Hah. Darnley Island {Elgner).

The female is somewhat intermediate between rotundi-

ceps, Sm., and luctuosus, Sm., differing from the former in

the much flatter pronotum, from the latter in the different

shape and more convex surface of the pronotum, and from

both in the rather broader pygidium and the shallow

depressions on the head. The male has the hypopygium

much broader and more triangular than in either of the

two species mentioned above, and the colour of the wings

and median segment differs. Small colour variations in

the males of Agriomyia seem often to be associated with

structural differences in the females, and should not be

treated as of no value. In some genera of the family,

however, the yellow markings of the male vary very much

in the same species.

Agriomyia manifesta, sp. nov.

9 . Head thin, large, not flattened but slightly convex, more than

half as broad again anteriorly as long, rounded at the posterior

angles, subopaque and without punctures, with a very short frontal

sulcus ; eyes small, oval, almost touching the base of the mandi¬

bles. Thorax shining and almost smooth, the median segment very

sparsely punctured, pronotum a little broader anteriorly than long,

narrowed posteriorly, raised in the middle of the anterior margin

into an indistinct hump-like prominence which is divided at the

apex by a very faint longitudinal sulcus, the anterior angles pointed.

First dorsal abdominal segment transversely depressed at the apex,

second segment with five transverse carinae including the raised

apical margin, the basal carina low and very near the second.

Pygidium elongate ovate, narrowed at the base, with a small tuft of

bright fulvous hairs on each side.

Black ; antennae, legs, second dorsal segment and pygidium fusco-

ferruginous. Length 9 mm.

(J . Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex, shining,

410

Mr. Rowland E. Turner on

very sparsely punctured. Antennae inserted as far from each otlier

as from the eyes, the fi’ont between tliem not raised, and divided by

a well-marked, short, longitudinal sulcus. Head rounded, not large,

closely punctured. Thorax closely punctured, the median segment

almost smooth, oblique from the postscutellum. Abdomen very

sparsel}' and .shallowly punctured, the transverse line at the base

of the segments not very deeply impressed. Hypopygium very

broadly rounded at the apex, with a short apical spine.

Black ; clypeus, front between the antennae, inner margins of the

eyes very broadly as high as the base of the antennae, a small spot

on the vertex, the anterior margin on the pronotum broadly,

tegulae, a quadrate spot on the mesonotum, a small spot on the

mesopleurae below the anterior wings, a small spot on each side

at the anterior angles of the scutellum, postscutellum, the whole

of the oblique slope of the median segment, a broad continuous

band narrowly emarginate in the middle posteriorly on the second

and third dorsal segments of the abdomen, a narrow band scarcely

interrupted on the first segment, an interrupted band on the fourth

and fifth segments, the apex of the tubercle on the first ventral

segment and transverse bands on ventral segments 2-4 yellow.

Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous. Legs and the undersurface of

the scape ferruginous. Length 11 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Bundaberg (ex coll. Perkins) ; ^ ^ in

CO'p.

The female closely resembles rotiindiceps, Sm., but the

head is a little smaller and slightly convex, not flattened

as in rotundiceps. The hump on the anterior margin of

the pronotum is more strongly developed in rotundiceps.

The male closely resembles A. maculata, Gu^r., var.

variegata, Klug., which may prove to be a good species;

the clypeus in the present species is a little more convex,

the bands on the second and third segments are con¬

tinuous, and the depressed line on the base of the

segments less distinct, the yellow mark on the median

segment is not trilobed posteriorly, the scape is ferruginous

beneath and the hypopygium is much more broadly

rounded at the apex. The males of this genus are very

difficult to distinguish, but colour differences appear to

be more constant than in some genera of the Thynnidae.

The female of variegata appears to be quite different, but

I have not seen specimens Avhich can be referred to that

species with absolute certainty.

Neio Fossorial HymenoptcQ'a from Australia. 411

Zdcboria longicornis, Turn.

Thynnus {Zeleboria) longicornis. Turn., Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S. Wales, xxxiii, p. 108, 1908, $ .

5 . Head shining, very sparsely punctured, half as broad again

anteriorly as long, strongly rounded posteriorly, a short, deep, longi¬

tudinal sulcus on the front ; the clypeus with a carina from the base

to the apex. Thorax finely and not very closely punctured, the

pronotum much narrower than the head, a little longer than broad,

the sides almost parallel, a deep longitudinal sulcus from the anterior

margin not reaching half-way to the middle. Median segment

long, not much shorter than the pronotum, the dorsal surface flat,

broadened from the base and almost vertically truncate posteriorly.

First abdominal segment closely and shallowly punctured, the apical

margin transversely depressed ; second segment with six well-marked

transverse carinae, including the raised apical margin; segments

3-5 shining, shallowly punctured; the fifth ventral segment more

coarsely punctured. Pygidium deflexed, almost twice as long as the

greatest breadth, sparsely punctured and rounded at the apex.

Black ; the antennae, mandibles and spines of the tarsi fusco-

ferruginous. Length 12 mm.

Hah. South Queensland, Tambourine Mts.

The female is nearly related to other species of Zeleboria.

The locality, North-West Australia, given for the type

male may have been erroneous, as it is not likely that the

species ranges across the continent.

Asihenotliynnus Icnrandcnsis, sp. nov.

d . Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex, trans¬

versely depressed before the apex. Head shining, with a fe^v

scattered punctures, the interantennal prominence almost transverse

at the apex, raised above the base of the scape and divided by a

shallow sulcus. Antennae slender, as long as the head, thorax and

median segment combined, the joints moderately arcuate beneath.

Posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each other.

Thorax shining and sparsely punctured, the pronotum much narrower

than the head, narrowed anteriorly and broadly emarginate on the

anterior margin, scutellum broadly rounded at the apex. Median

segment a little longer than the breadth at the base, finely aciculate.

Abdomen flattened, elongate and slender, the sides nearly parallel,

narrowed at the base ; segments 1-4 depressed on the apical margin,

most broadly in the middle ; the first segment longer than the second,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) E E

412

Mi\Rowland E. Turner on

more than twice as broad at the apex as at the base, shining, with a

sulcus from the base to the middle. Hypopygium produced into an

apical spine, with a very short spine on each side near the base;

claspers rather broad at the base, narrowly produced and pointed at

the apex.

Black ; mandibles, clypeus, margins of the eyes broadly, narrowly

interrupted on the summit by a ferruginous line, and continued

across the vertex, the margins of the pronotum, a quadrate spot on

the mesonotum, a spot on the scutellum, the tegulae, a broad band on

the mesopleurae in front and a spot before tlie intermediate coxae, a

spot in the middle of the median segment and a curved band on each

side, a spot on each side near the apex of abdominal segments 1-5,

the coxae and a line on the femora and tibiae bright yellow ; an

oblique line on each side on the vertex, a round spot on the yelhjw

band behind the eyes, the abdomen and the legs ferruginous. Wings

hyaline, slightly iridescent, nervures fuscous, stigma pale testaceous

brown. The second abscissa of the radius is equal in length to the

third, the tirst recurrent nervure is received at two-thirds from the

base of the second cubital cell, the second at one quarter from the

base of the third cubital cell. Length 6 mm.

$ . Clypeus short, with a carina. Head smooth and shining,

almost semicircular, not quite twice as broad anteriorly as long, very

slightly convex, the front concave on each side above the base of the

antennae, the concave spaces much broader than long. Eyes small,

situated close to the base of the mandibles ; antennae no longer than

the anterior breadth of the head. Thorax and median segment

smooth and shining, the pronotum much narrower than the head,

nearly twice as broad as long, the anterior angles produced acutely,

an indistinct longitudinal carina in the middle, the sides almost

parallel ; scutellum much broader than long, rounded posteriorly ;

median segment shorter than the pronotum, obliquely truncate

posteriorly, produced anteriorly into a pointed tubercle. Abdomen

smooth with a few scattered punctures, the segments broadly de¬

pressed at the apex, the raised portion before the depression strongly

bilobed, second segment with two transverse carinae in addition to

the raised apical margin. Fifth ventral segment almost smooth.

Pygidium deflexed, narrow, lanceolate, very slightly widened and

rounded at the apex.

Light castaneous brown, the abdominal segments pale luteous on

the sides and apical margins. Length 3 mm.

Hob. Queensland, Cairns.

A variety of the male has the abdomen black with

yellow markings and the segments more or less fusco-

New tossorial Hymenoptera from Australia. 413

ferruginous at the apex, but I can find no structural

difference. The tubercle on the median segment of the

female is remarkable.

AsthenothynmLS ruh'omacidatus^ Turn.

Thynnus {Aeolotkynnns) rubromaculatus, Turn., Proc.

■■ ■ Tiinn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxiii, p. 118, 1908,

9 , Head and thorax smooth and shining ; the head nearly half

as broad again as long, slightly convex, very strongly rounded

posteriorly, the clypeus without a carina ; no sulcus on the front ;

the antennae very short, not equal in length to the distance between

the eyes, which are very small and situated near the base of the

mandibles. Thorax very narrow, not more than one-third as broad

as the anterior margin of the head, the pronotum distinctly longer

than broad, the sides parallel, without a sulcus, the anterior angles

not produced ; scutellum a little narrower than the pronotum ;

median segment slightly broadened from the base, obliquely sloped

posteriorly, the dorsal surface before the slope only a little longer

than the scutellum. Abdomen as broad as tlie head, shining, with

a few scattered punctures at the base of the apical segments ; second

segment with a transverse carina close to the base, another, lower,

just before the apex, the apical margin feebly raised ; segments 3-5

with a strongly-raised mark rounded posteriorly on each side at the

base. Fifth ventral segment punctured. Pygidium long and very

narrow, almost linear, strongly compressed on the sides. Inter¬

mediate tibiae scarcely broader than the posterior pair, the inter¬

mediate tarsi slender.

Dark reddish brown, the sides of the abdomen and the apical

portion of the dorsal segments pale luteous ; the head beneath dull

ferruginous. Length 4 mm.

Hah. South Australia, Adelaide {Perkins)-, in

cop.

This species differs considerably from others of the genus

in the sculpture of the second dorsal segment of the

abdomen and the absence of a frontal sulcus. The male

also differs in the blunt hypopygium from most other

species of the genus.

Asthenothynnus minutissimus, sp. nov.

$ . Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex, shining,

finely punctured at the base, smooth at the apex. Head shining,

EE 2

414

r. Rowland E. Turner on

linely and sparsely punctured, with a short fronted sulcus, the

interantennal prominence low and transverse at the apex. Antennae

rather shorter than the thorax and median segment combined, the third

joint of the flagellum much longer than the second, the apical joints as

thick as the basal. Thorax shining, sparsely punctured, the median

segment very minutely punctured; the pronotum narrower than

the head, very feebly and widely emarginate anteriorly, scutellum

convex, broadly truncate at the ajjex. Abdomen flattened, elongate

fusiform, smooth and shining, the segment narrowly depressed on

the apical margin. Hypopygium narrow, much longer than broad,

the sides almost parallel, blunt at the apex and without a .spine.

Third abscissa of the radius longer than the second, the second

recurrent nervure received at one-third from the base of the third

cubital cell.

Black ; the mandibles, the margins of the eyes narrowly (except

at the summit), the margins of the pronotum, a spot on the

mesonotum, the postscutellum, a small spot on each side at the

apical angles of the median segment, the apex of the tegulae, a

minute spot on the mesopleurae below the anterior wings, a

lateral spot on each side of abdominal segments 2-6, narrowly pro¬

duced on the apical margin of segments 5-6 and the anterior tibiae

beneath pale yellow ; legs testaceous brown. Wings hyaline,

slightly iridescent, nervures pale testaceous brown. Length 3 mm.

Hah. S. Australia, Adelaide {Perkins).

Nearly allied to pygmaciis, Turn., but is a smaller

species and much more finely punctured.

Asthcnothynnus ? 2J^rkinsi, sp. nov.

(J. Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex. Head,

thorax and median segment finely and very closely punctured ; the

head a little broader than the thorax ; antennae filiform, a little

longer than the thorax and median segment combined, the apical

joints very feebly arcuate beneath ; the interantennal carina trans¬

verse. Posterior ocelli half as far again from the eyes as from each

other. Pronotum a little narrowed anteriorly ; the scutellum very

broadly rounded at the apex ; median segment rounded. Abdomen

elongate, tapering slightly at the extremities, flattened, the segments,

very slightly depressed at the base, shining, finely and shallowly

punctured, the four basal segments narrowly depressed on the apical

margin. Hypopygium broad, the sides parallel, the apical angles

produced into short spine.s, with a strong median spine. Third

abscissa of the radius a little longer than the second ; first recurrent

nervure received at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital

Neiv Fossoricd Hymenoptcra from Australia. 415

cell. A very deep longitudinal sulcus reaches from the base to the

middle of the first dorsal segment of the abdomen.

Black, with short whitish pubescence on the head and pleurae ;

the anterior margin of the clypeus, mandibles, the apex of the in-

terantennal prominence, the margins of the pronotuni, tegulae, a

longitudinal line on the scutellum and the pustscutellum yellow;

an obscure spot on each side on the vertex, the second and third

abdominal segments, the apex of the first and the base of the fourth

dark ferruginous ; the tibiae, tarsi and apex of the femora testaceous

brown. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous. Length 8-10 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Bundaberg {Perldns) \ two specimens.

This is not a typical Asthcnothynnus^ but is better

placed in that genus than in any other.

Eimdiotliynnns arcid, sp. nov.

5 . Head flattened, twice as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, not

rounded at the sides, slightly raised in the middle and depressed

on the sides, subopa([Ue, with a few punctures in longitudinal

rows on the front, and a very short frontal sulcus. Eyes oval,

touching the base of the mandibles. Pronotum longer than broad,

flattened, subopaque, with an obscure median carina, the sides

almost parallel. Scutellum rounded at the apex ; the median

segment shorter than the scutellum, obliquely truncate posteriorly,

shining, very sparsely punctured ; the pronotum about half as long

again as the scutellum and median segment combined. Abdomen

broader than the thorax, shining, the segments very finely aciculate

at the base, with a few deep punctures before the apex ; the first

segment with a transverse groove just before the apex, the second

with three strong transverse carinae in addition to the less strongly-

raised apical margin ; the third and fourth segments narrowly

depressed on the apical margin. Pygidium almost vertically

truncate, very narrowly elongate ovate, with a tuft of golden hairs

on each side. Fifth ventral segment coarsely punctured. Inter¬

mediate and posterior tibiae broad and spinose, tarsi slender.

Black, the abdominal segments on the sides and at the apex

very pale luteous ; tibiae and tarsi luteous brown ; antennae and

mandibles fusco-ferrugiiious ; the posterior slope of the median

segment thinly clothed with long white pubescence. Length 6 mm.

Mandibles bidentate, the inner tooth very short and blunt.

Clypeus produced and narrowly truncate at the apex, with a low

carina from the base to the middle, clothed with long white

pubescence, finely and closely punctured, more closely at the base

than at the apex. Head, thorax and median segment finely and

416

T. Rowland E. Turner on

closely punctured ; with sparse grey pubescence, closer and longer

on the head than on the thorax ; antennae no longer than the

thorax and median segment combined, scarcely narrowed to the

apex, the joints slightly arcuate beneath, the third joint of the

flagellum more than half as long again as the second, the carinae

between the antennae only slightly oblique ; the posterior ocelli a

little further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum

short, strongly narrowed anteriorly ; scutellum strongly convex ;

median segment rounded. Abdomen elongate, tapering slightly

at the extremities, shining and shallowly and finely punctured,

segments 2-5 strongly constricted at the base, the first segment

with a longitudinal sulcus from the base to the middle.

Hypopygium lanceolate, produced into a long acute spine on each

side at the base. Second recurrent nervure received very near

the base of the third cubital cell ; second abscissa of the radius

longer than the third.

Black ; the apical half of the clypeus, marked with black on

the centre, the base of the mandibles, the margins of the

pronotum, the interantennal carinae, a spot on the tegulae, a small

longitudinal spot on the posterior portion of the mesonotum, a

small spot on the scutellum and a minute one at each of the

anterior angles, a transverse line on the postscutellum, a spot on

each side of the first abdominal segment and a short narrow band

on each side of segments 2-5 near the apical margin pale yellow ;

legs fuscous brown, lighter on the anterior pair, calcaria white.

Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, the stigma pale testaceous.

Length 10 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Cairns (ex coll. Perkins) ; 2$.

Very near hipao'titus. Turn., especially in the male sex,

but is a smaller and more slender species. In hipartitus

the female has a strong tubercle on the pronotum. The

colour of the legs in the male seems to be a constant

difference in the limited number of specimens I have seen,

though in some species of Thynnidae this character is

quite unreliable.

Acolothynnus InchrymosuSy sp. nov.

d- Clypeus slightly advanced and narrowly truncate at the

apex, finely and closely punctured and thinly clothed with whitish

pubescence. Head and thorax closely punctured rugose ; antennae

as long as the thorax and median segment combined, of almost even

thickness throughout, the third joint of the flagellum nearly half

as long again as the second, but slightly shorter than the fourth.

Neio Fussorial Hymenoptera from Australia. 417

the interantennal carina depressed in the middle, almost transverse.

Pronotum almost as broad as the head, scarcely narrowed anteriorly,

the anterior margin strongly and broadly emarginate ; scutellum

closely punctured, with an obscure median carina, broadly rounded

at the apex. Median segment closely punctured, rounded. Abdomen

elongate, the sides almost parallel, the segments punctured and very

strongly constricted at the base, the sixth segment with an acute

spine on each side at the apical angles beneath ; hypopygium rather

short, very broad, not narrowed at the apex, ending in three long

spines, the central spine the longest. Second abscissa of the radius

more than twice as long as the third, second recurrent nervure

received at about one-eighth from the base of the third cubital cell.

Black ; the base of the mandibles, a narrow transverse line close

to the apex of the clypeus, a small transverse spot on each side above

the base of the antennae, the anterior margin of the pronotum very

narrowly and the postscutellum whitish yellow; calcaria whitish.

Wings hyaline ; nervures fuscous. Length 9 mm.

Hah. South Australia, Adelaide.

Differs from dimidiatus, Westw., in tlie narrower clypeus,

tlie broader hypopygium and the colour; from armiger.

Turn., in the much broader hypopygium and the broadly

emarginate pronotum. The very broad hypopygium

separates it from umhrip)ennis, Sm., as well as the smaller

size and colour differences.

Zaspilothynnus rufolutius, Tinn. (Plate L, fig. 1 fig. 2 ^.)

Thynnus rufoluteus, Turn., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 1910,

p. 114.

d . Clypeus longer than In-oad, convex at the base, deflexed

towards the apex, the apical margin broadly truncate, finely longi¬

tudinally striated ; the labrum produced far beyond the clypeus,

broad and rounded at the apex, without an eniargination. Mandibles

slender, with a very feeble tooth on the inner margin near the apex.

Head finely and closely punctured, the interantennal prominence

narrowly rounded at the apex, almost touching the base of the

clypeus. Antennae shorter than the thorax and median segment

combined, of about equal thickness throughout, inserted as far

from each other as from the eyes. Thorax very finely and closely

punctured, pronotum not as broad as the head, narrowed anteriorly,

the margin raised ; scutellum convex, broadly rounded at the apex.

Median segment minutely punctured, oblique. Abdomen elongate,

longer than the head, thorax and median segment combined, tapering

slightly towards the apex, minutely and sparsely punctured, the

418

Ml^( )wland E. Turner mi

seventh dorsal segment produced into a flattened plate which is

narrowly rounded at the apex and closely longitudinally striated ;

a spine on each side at the apical angles of the sixth ventral segment ;

hypopygium with a blunt spine on each side near the base, thence

sharply narrowed and elongate to the base of the acute apical spine.

Black ; base of the mandibles ; clypeus, a V-shaped mark between

the antennae, the orbits of the eyes narrowly interrupted on the

summit, a narrow transverse band on the vertex, a broad band on

tbe posterior margin of the pronotum, the anterior angles of the

pronotum, tegulae, a large quadrate spot on the mesonotum, a

vertical band on the inesopleurae, the posterior half of the scutellum

and a small spot at each of the anterior angles, the postscutellum,

a broad band narrowed towards the apex on the median segment, a

transverse band on dorsal abdominal segments 1-6, interrupted in

the middle on segments 2-5, a transverse band interrupted in the

middle on ventral segments 2-4, the intermediate and posterior

coxae beneath and the process of the sternum between the inter¬

mediate coxae bright yellow, femora at the apex, tibiae and tarsi

light reddish brown. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the stigma

pale testaceous browm. Length 17 mm.

$ . A female from the same locality differs from the type in having

the ground colour almost black instead of ferruginous.

Hah. Cape York, Q. {Elgner).

The type female in the Hungarian National Museum is

from Cooktown.

Family SPHEGIDAE.

Sinlomena australis, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 9.)

9 . Clypeus raised into a median carina, which broadens at the

apex and forms a smooth triangular surface. Head very finely

rugose, a carina from the anterior ocellus to the base of the clypeus,

the inner orbits of the eyes raised and forming distinct carinae.

Antennae inserted low down on the sides of the clypeus, much

further from each other than from the eyes, the flagellum a little

more than twice as long as the scape. Eyes at the base of the

clypeus separated by a distance nearly equal to twice the length

of the scape, on the vertex by less than three-quarters of that

distance ; the posterior ocelli a little nearer to each other than to

the eyes. Thorax narrower than the head, very minutely punctured,

the pronotum depressed, much narrower than the mesonotum, the

angles reaching the tegulae, mesonotum and scutellum broader than

long; a well-defined broadly triangular area almost covering the

dorsal surface of the median segment, rugose and longitudinally

Neiu Fossoricd Hymenoptera from Australia. 419

striated, the two median striae more distinct than the lateral ; the

posterior truncation of the segment finely transversely striated.

Abdomen smooth and shining, fusiform, not petiolate. The second

cubital cell is much higher than long, the first abscissa of the radius

longer than the second, the recurrent nervure received just before

the apex of the first cubital cell. Stigma nearly twice as long on the

costa as its greatest breadth.

Testaceous ; the head black, antennae testaceous. Wings hyaline,

strongly iridescent, nervures and stigma pale testaceous. Length

3 '5 mm.

Hah. N, Queensland, Kuranda, August (ex coll.

Ferhins).

This is the first species of Spilomena recorded from

Australia; it is much larger than the European species,

but only differs slightly in neuration and structure. In

colour there is a close resemblance to Fison melanocephalum,

Turn., and to a species of Halictus, both found in the

same locality. It is remarkable that this plan of colouring

should be prevalent at Cairns, whereas at Mackay several

degrees further south none of these species occur. It is

possible that the colouring may have some connection

with the conditions which prevail locally, Cairns being a

district of dense tropical jungle, and open grass country

largely predominating at Mackay.

Sphex mimulus, sp. nov.

9 . Mandibles with three teeth, the outer one long and pointed,

the second, on the inner margin, strong and broad, the third small.

Clypeus almost transverse on the apical margin, produced in the

middle into two small teeth which are separated from each other

by a shallow emargination. Head subopaque, very shallowly

punctured, the front and clypeus clothed with very fine silver

pubescence, with sparse, long, black hairs. Posterior ocelli a little

further from the eyes than from each other ; second joint of the

flagellum half as long again as the third joint. Scutellum flat, post-

scutellum without a groove or tubercles, median segment coriaceous,

with a few indistinct striae on the sides. Abdomen shining, with¬

out punctures, the petiole of the basal segment as long as the third

joint of the posterior tarsi. Second cubital cell rhomboidal, the

third very short on the radial nervure ; first recurrent nervure

^ received close to the apex of the second cubital cell, almost inter¬

stitial with the second transverse cubital nervure ; radial cell

on

420 Mr^iovvland E. Turner

truncate at the apex. Tarsal ungues with two teeth near the

base.

Black ; the fifth and sixth abdominal segments and the base and

apex of the fourth bright chestnut brown. Wings fulvo-hyaline,

broadly fusco-hyaline at the apex, nervures fuscous. Length 23 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Cairns.

This species closely resembles Zaspilothynnus excavatus,

Turn., in size and colour. It is closely allied to Sphex

confrater, Kohl., from New Britain, but the shape of the

clypeus is different. As far as I know no Thynnus of

similar colouring occurs in New Britain, nor is the plan

of colouring one that is at all prevalent among Queensland

Hymenoptera. The present species must be a rarity as

I have never seen another specimen. Z. eoxavatus is a

fairly commcn insect in the tropical scrubs of the Cairns

district, and also occurs at Cooktown. '

Key to the Australian Species of

THE Genus Cerceris.

? ?

A. Clypeus with a prominent lamina

projecting from near the base.

a. The lamina arched, much longer than

broad. Orange, me.sonotum and

fourth abdominal segment black . G. aurantiaca, Sm.

b. The lamina short. Black with yellow

marks on front and thorax, second,

fourth and fifth segments of abdo¬

men with narrow yellow apical

bands . C. opposita, Sm.

B. Clypeus without a lamina.

a. Triangular space at the base of the

medium segment smooth and shin¬

ing.

a^. Clypeus with a small tubercle on

each side near the middle, de¬

pressed from the middle to the

apex.

a-^ Reddish orange ; vertex, nieso-

thorax, third and fourth abdo¬

minal segments black . . . C. victrix, Turn,

b’*. Black ; three apical segments of

abdomen more or less cas-

taneous

G. perkinsi, Turn,

Ncio Fossorial Hymmo'pUra from Australia. 421

b^. Clypeus without tubercles.

a-\ Clypeus porrect, widely and

deeply emarginate ; abdomen

smooth and shining .... 0. euchroma, Turn,

bb Clypeus less strongly porrect,

very shallowly emarginate or

transverse at apex ; abdomen

closely punctured,

ah Clypeus shallowly emargin¬

ate ; triangular space at

base of median segment

with two yellow spots ;

third abdominal segment

only black entirely . . . G. multiguttata, Turn

bh Clypeus transverse ; triangular

space unspotted ; third and

fourth abdominal sf-gnients

black . 0. inexpectata, Turn.

b. Triangular space at base of median

segment not smooth,

a^. Triangular space almost wholly

striated.

a^ Triangular space finely trans¬

versely striated . C. Jluvialis, Sm.

b^. Triangular space longitudinally

or obliquely striated,

a^. The striae close and almost

longitudinal. Black, second

and fifth abdominal seg¬

ments orange . G. varipes, Sm.

b'*. The striae oblique, not reach¬

ing the apex. Black,

marked with dull yellow

and ferruginous . ... G. labeculata, Tura

b^. The triangular space striated in the

corners only or entirely punctured,

a^ Clypeus porrect and broadly

emarginate . G. vennsta, Sm.

b^. Clypeus not porrect.

First abdominal segment

shorter than the breadth

at the base.

a^ Black, two basal and fifth

abdominal segments, legs

422

Mr. Rowland E. Turner on

and marks on head and

thorax red orange . .

b". Black, marked with dull

yellow and ferruginous .

b^. First abdominal segment as

long as broad or longer,

a^ Abdomen, except basal seg¬

ment, sparsely punctured ;

ochreous yellow, first and

third segments black . .

b’’. Three basal abdominal seg¬

ments at least deeply and

closely punctured, abdo¬

men marked with yellow

or yellow and ferruginous,

a®. Fourth and fifth segments

more sparsely punctured

than the basal ones,

thorax wdiolly black

b'’. Fourth and fifth segments

as closely punctured as

the basal ones, post-

scutellum and a spot on

each side of the pro-

notum yellow,

ah Scutellum black,

abdomen marked

with yellow and

ferruginous . .

IF. Scutellum yellow,

abdomen with

yellow markings

0. gilesi, Turn.

G. ant'q^odes, Sm.

C. australis, Sauss.

G. saeva, Sm.

G. minuscula, Turn.

G. praedura, Turn.

Cerceris victrix, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 10.)

$ . Mandibles acute at the apex, notched near the middle of the

inner margin, with a blunt tooth on the basal side of the notch.

Clypeus broad, almost transverse at the apex, with four blunt teeth

on the apical margin of the middle lobe, which is subconcavely

depressed from near the middle, with a small tubercle on each side

at the base of the depression, the apical half smooth and shining, the

basal sparsely punctured. Front longitudinally rugose-striate, vertex

punctured-rugose ; antennae inserted fully half as far again from the

eyes as from each other, with an elevated carina between them, the

second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined,

Neiv Fossorial Hymenoptera from A%istralia. 423

the apical joint equal in lengtli to the tenth and rounded at the

apex ; the base of the antennae separated from the base of the

clypeus by a distance equal to the length of the third joint of the

flagellum. Ocelli in a very broad triangle, the posterior pair fully

half as far again from the eyes as from each other ; the eyes

separated from the posterior margin of the head by a space nearly

equal to their greatest breadth. Thorax much narrower than the

head, longitudinally rugose-striate on the mesonotum and scutellum,

pleurae rugosely punctured. Median segment and abdomen strongly

punctured, the triangular space at the base of the median segment

smooth. First abdominal segment short, more than half as broad

again as long ; pygidial area rather broadly truncate at the apex, half

as broad again at the base as at the apex, finely granulate.

Reddish orange ; the vertex, mandibles, mesonotum, pleurae,

thorax beneath, the apex of the median segment in the middle, the

third and fourth abdominal segments and the apex of the pygidial

area black. Wings flavo-hyaline, with a fuscous cloud along the costa

near the apex, nervures ferruginous. Length 16 mm.

^ . Differs from the female in the following points : front,

mesonotum and scutellum closely punctured, the triangular space at

the base of the median segment transversely striated, the middle lobe

of the clypeus much longer than broad, without tubercles in the

middle and not depressed at the apex, the antennae separated from

the base of the clypeus by a distance equal to the length of the

first and second joints of the flagellum combined, and the extent of

the black area on the vertex and median segment is much less.

Length 14 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Cairns ex coll. Ferhins) ; Moreton

Bay ($ ex coll. F. Smith).

I think there can be no doubt that these are sexes of

the same species.

Cerceris perhinsi, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 12.)

9 . Clypeus short, strongly porrect and broadly emarginate at

the apex, coarsely punctured, smooth and shining at the base.

Mandibles shining, with a broad triangular tooth on the inner

margin near the middle. Head much broader than the thorax,

closely and deeply punctured, the punctures on the front confluent

longitudinally. Antennae inserted near together on the front, fully

twice as far from the eyes as from each other and half as far again

from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus ; the

second joint of the flagellum a little longer than the third. The

frontal carina is broad at the base of the clypeus, narrow and

424

Mr. lowland E. Turner on

strongly raised between the antennae and obscurely continued to the

anterior ocellus. Eyes diverging towards the clypeus, the ocelli in

a wide triangle, the posterior pair further from the eyes than from

each other. Thorax subopaque, shallowly and sparsely puncturetl,

the scutellum almost smooth. Median segment very sparsely and

finely punctured, the triangular space at the base smooth and shining,

with a faint median sulcus. Pleurae and abdomen deeply but not

very closely punctured, the petiole about twice as broad as long ;

pygidial area rugulose, about twice as long as broad, truncate at the

apex, the sides almost parallel, slightly narrowed at the apex.

Black ; a large spot on each side of the front below the base of the

antennae, the scape beneath and the tibiae beneath yellow ; the fifth

dorsal segment, the sides of the fourth more obscurely and a trans¬

verse spot on each side at the base of the second dark castaneons

brown ; a dull ochraceous spot on the tegulae. Wings hyaline, the

costa as far as the apex of the radial cell rather broadly fuscous ;

nervures black. Length 12 mm.

Hal. Queensland, Cairns {U. C. L. Ferhins).

Cerceris euchroma, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 11.)

9 . Clypeus short and broad, the middle lobe twice as broad as

long, porrect and deeply and widely emarginate at the apex, sparsely

and shallowly punctured. Head much broader than the thorax^

closely but not very coarsely piinctured, shallowly on the front, more

deeply on the vertex ; antennae inserted twice as far from the eyes

as from each other, with a sharp longitudinal carina between them,

the second joint of the flagellum as long as tbe first and third

combined. Posterior ocelli fully twice as far from the eyes as from

each other, the cheeks behind the eyes rather broader than the eyes.

Thorax and median segment finelj' and rather sparsely punctured,

shining, scutellum very sparsely punctured, the postscutellum and

the triangular area at the base of the median segment smooth and

shining. Abdomen smooth and shining, the basal segment more

than half as broad again as long ; pygidial area finely granulate,

widest in the middle, a little broader at the base than at the apex ;

sixth ventral segment deeply emarginate at the apex, the angles pro¬

duced and showing as blunt tubercles beyond the dorsal segment.

Pleurae striated, the upper portion of the mesopleui’ae punctured,

the lower portion rugosely striated.

Black ; the base of the mandibles, clypeus, front, scape beneath,

cheeks, a spot on each side on the vertex, prunotum, tegulae,

scutellum, postscutellum, mesopleurae, legs, a broad curved band on •

each side of the median segment almost enclosing a large black spot,

the third and fifth abdominal segments, the basal half of the second

Neiu Fossorial Hymeno'ptera from Australia. 425

dorsal segment and the whole of the two basal ventral segments

orange yellow ; antennae and pygidium dull ferruginous, the apex

of the flagellum fuscous above. Wings hyaline, fusco-hyaline along

the costa, nervures fuscous, the stigma testaceous. Length 11 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Cairns (ex coll. Perkins).

Liris (hicalis, Sm.

Larrada ducalis, Sm., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., p. 84, 1861.

Hah. Queensland, Cairns (coll. Perkins).

This wide-ranging species has not previously been

recorded from Australia. It ranges westward as far as

N. India. The Australian specimens are rather small,

about 17 mm. in length, the wings a little paler, and the

anterior margin of the clypeus less deeply notched in the

middle.

Tachysphex adelaidae, sp. nov.

9 . Clypeus shining, very sparsely punctured, the apical margin

very slightly rounded, almost transverse. Antennae inserted a little

nearer to each other than to the eyes, slender, the second joint of the

flagellum about twice as long as the first, but a little shorter than

the third. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the

length of the first and second joints of the flagellum combined.

Head smooth and shining, with a very obscure frontal sulcus, with

a large shallow depression behind the posterior ocelli, the eyes

almost touching the posterior margin. Thorax smooth and shining,

the pronotum depressed below the mesonotum, but not very steeply

sloped, the mesonotum without lateral furrows. Median segment

opaque, a little shorter than the mesonotum, the posterior truncation

very finely transversely striated. Abdomen highly polished beneath,

subopaque above, the four basal segments very feebly depressed at

the apex, more broadly in the middle than at the sides ; the pygidial

area shining, very sparsely punctured, narrow and pointed. Comb

of the anterior tarsi fairly long, the spines feeble. Tliird ab.scissa of

the radius longer than the second, equal in length to the fir.st ; the

first recurrent nervure is received nearer to the second than to the

base of the second cubital cell.

Black ; tegulae testaceous brown, mandibles and apex of the

scape beneath fusco-ferruginous ; legs bright ferruginous, coxae and

trochanters black. Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with fuscous,

nervures fuscous. Length 8 mm.

Hob. South Australia, Aclelaide (ex coll. Perkins).

Near T. pugnator, Turn., from which it may be dis¬

tinguished by the colour of the legs, the narrower space

42G

Mr. Rowland E. Turner on

between the eyes on the vertex, the slenderer antennae

and the absence of parapsidal furrows on the mesonotum,

Piagctia intaminata, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 14.)

9 . Clypeus short, slightl}’- convex in tlie middle, the apical

margin feebly emarginate, clothed with short whitish pubescence

which extends on to the front. Mandibles notched on the outer

margin. Antennae inserted at the base of the clypeus, much nearer

to each other than to the eyes, the second joint of the flagellum

more than twice as long as the first, the third as long as the second,

the scape nearly as long as the second and third combined. Eyes

converging towards the vertex, separated on the vertex by a distance

exceeding the length of the second joint of the flagellum. Head

opaque, almost smooth, a very delicate frontal sulcus almost reaching

the anterior ocellus ; the space round the ocelli feebly depressed, the

depression almost reaching the eyes. Posterior ocelli close together,

very small. Thorax and abdomen opaque, without visible punc¬

tures, sparsely covered with very fine greyish pubescence, which

is thicker and paler at the apex of the first abdominal segment ;

pronotum much narrower than the mesonotum, faintly transversely

striated ; median segment longer than broad, transversely rugose-

striate. First abdominal segment more than half as long again as

the breadth at the apex, very narrow at the base ; pygidial area

triangular, sparsely punctured, bare. The second abscissa of the

radius is very short, a little more than half as long as the third, the

first as long as the second and third combined ; the first recurrent

nervure is received nearer to the base of the second cubital cell than

to the second recurrent nervure, which is received before the middle

of the same cell.

Black ; the anterior and intermediate tarsi fuscous above, testa¬

ceous beneath ; the tegulae and the fourth and fifth abdominal

segments on the extreme apical margin testaceous brown. Wings

hyaline, with a pale blue flush in some lights, a pale fuscous band

from the base of the radial cell not quite crossing the wing ;

nervures fuscous. Length 10 mm.

Hob. Queensland, Cairns (ex coll, Perkins).

No species of the genus has been previously recorded

from Australia. There is no tubercle on the posterior

femora in this species.

Sphodrotes ruhricaUis, sp. nov. (Plate L, fig. 13.)

9 . Clypeus short, very broadly rounded at the apex, clothed

with silver-white pubescence, the extreme apical margin bare.

Nm Fossorial Hymenoptcra from Australia. 427

Mandibles acute at tlie apex, without a tooth on the inner margin,

deeply notched near the base on the outer margin. Antennae

inserted a little nearer to each other than to the eyes, the second

joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as the first and a little

longer than the third. Head coarsely and closely, but shallowly,

punctured ; the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than

from each other ; the inner margins of the eyes parallel, the front

slightly concave. Thorax closely and rather strongly punctured,

the pronotum transverse, very slightly depressed below the

mesonotum, mesopleurae strongly convex. Median segment very

coarsely longitudinally rugose-striate ; much broader than long,

narrowed posteriorly and vertically truncated, the surface of the

truncation coarsely transversely rugose-striate, .with a deep median

sulcus, the sides of the segment obliquely striated. Abdomen closely

and rather strongly punctured, ovate, broad at the base, the apical

segment pointed, without a pygidial area. Radial cell rounded at

the apex, both recurrent nervures received by the second cubital

cell, the first near the base, the second just before three-quarters

from the base.

Black ; the mandibles, tegulae, legs and abdomen ferruginous

red ; antennae ferruginous, more or less shaded with fuscous. Wings

hyaline, tinged with fuscous, nervures fuscous, the stigma and costa

testaceous. Length 8 mm.

The male differs in having the anterior margin of the clypeus

almost transverse ; the joints of the flagellum shorter, the second no

longer than tlie third ; the whole insect more coarsely punctured

and the apical segments of the abdomen clouded with black.

Hah. S Australia, Adelaide (ex coll. Perldns) ;

8?, 1

Superficially this species closely resembles Pison

imfico^'ne, Sm.

Sphodrotes piloselhis, sp. nov.

Clypeus short and broad, broadly rounded at the apex, finely

punctured and clothed with very short pale golden pubescence which

extends on to the front. Mandibles deeply notched on the outer

margin. Eyes parallel on their inner margin, separated at the base

of the clypeus by a distance equal to twice the length of the scape ;

posterior ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes. Antennae

inserted almost as far from each other as from the eyes, the second

joint of the flagellum no longer than the third. Head, thorax, and

abdomen coarsely and closely punctured ; the dorsal surfaoe of the

median segment coarsely rugose, with a carina from the base not

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) F F

428

Mi^^vowlaad E. Turner on

reaching tlie apex, the sides of the segment striated, the surface of

tlie posterior truncation transversely rugose. The neuration differs

from Unit of <S. jnmctuosus, Kohl, in the position of the first recurrent

nervure which is interstitial with the first transverse cubital nervure.

Black; the legs (except the coxae), tegulae, posterior angles of the

IJronotum, scape and flagellum beneath ferruginous brown ; the first

dorsal segment of the abdomen and the apical margin of the other

segments fusco-ferruginous. Wings hyaline tinged with fuscous,

nervures fuscous, the stigma testaceous. Length 7 mm.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (ex coll. Perkins).

Extremely near punctitosus, Kohl, from which it may be

separated by the difference in the position of tlie first

recurrent nervure. The relationship of Sphodrotes to

Acanthostethus, Sm., is very close, but in that genus the

first transverse cubital nervure is missing, the angles of

the median segment are produced into stout spines and

the eyes converge towards the clypeus. The relationship

to Sericopliorus, Sm., does not seem to be nearly so close.

Nitcla nigricans, sp. nov.

$ . Clypeus convex in the middle and subcarinate ; antennae

inserted low down on the sides of the cly^jeus, further from each other

than from the eyes, the second joint of the flagellum very little

longer than the first and a little shorter than the third. Posterior

ocelli nearly twice as far from each other as from the eyes, which are

separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of the

scape and first joint of the flagellum combined. Head finely

coriaceous, an obscure groove from the anterior ocellus reaching half¬

way to the base of the clypeus. Pronotum transverse, the angles not

prominent, the margins raised, leaving a narrow transverse groove

interrupted in the middle between them. Mesonotum opaque,

without punctures, the scutellum smooth and shining. Median

.segment longer than broad, narrowed towards the apex, longitudi¬

nally striated, with finer and irregular transverse striae forming

reticulations ; the face of the posterior truncation transversely

striated, with a deep median sulcus. Abdomen shorter than the

thorax and median segment combined, smooth and shining, the

segments broadly depressed at the apex. Hindwing almost entirely

without nervures.

Black ; the mandibles fuscous in the middle, spines of the tibiae

pale testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous. Length 5 mm.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (ex coll. Perkins).

Very near N. kurandae,T\xxn., but differs in the colour

Trans.ETtt.Soc.Lond.,1910. Plate P.

Horace Knight del.etlith.

West, Newman chr.

NEW FOSSORIAL HYMENOPTERA.

Explanation of Plate L.

Fig. 1. Zasjyilofhynnus ru/ohde'iis. Turn. p. 41

2. Zaspilothy'imus ntfolutens, Turn. $ , p. 41

3. Anthohosca arabica, sp. n., p. 397.

4. Anthohosca jiavopicta, sp. n., p. 399.

.5. Myzine rujinodis, sp. n., p. 392.

6. Myzine nifjrita, sp. n., p. 391.

7. Dielis socotrana, Kirby, p. 402.

8. Parasapycja mdlleri, sp. n., p. 405.

9. Spilomena australis, .sp. n., p. 418.

10. Cerceris victrix, sp. n. , p. 422.

11. Cerceris euchroma, sp. n., p. 424.

12. Cerceris perhinsi, sp. n., p. 423.

13. Sphodrotes rubricatns, sp. n., p. 426.

14. Piacjetm intaminata, sp. n., p. 426.

15. Rhopalosoma abnormis, sp. n., p. 386.

Ncio Fossorial HymcTwptcra from Amtralia. 429

of the legs, antennae and wings and in the coarser

sculpture of the median segment. There is a specimen of

N. kurandae from Bundaberg in the same collection.

Crahro erythrogaster, sp. nov.

^ . Mandibles bidentate at the apex ; clypens broadly rounded at

the apex, with a delicate median carina, clothed with fine silver

pubescence. Eyes separated at the base of the clypeus by a distance

equal to about three-quarters of the length of the scape ; antennae

inserted further from each other than from the eyes, 13 jointed, the

second joint of the flagellum as long as the third and fourth com¬

bined ; the posterior ocelli a little further from each other than the

eyes. Head massive, as broad as the thorax flnely punctured-rugose,

broadly emarginate posteriorly, the eyes separated from the posterior

margin of the head by a distance equal to half the length of the

scape. Thorax rather more coarsely punctured-rngose, the pronotum

very shallowly emarginate anteriorly, the margins raised, the narrow

groove between them coarsely rugose ; mesoplenrae with a vertical

sulcus below the anterior wing, w'ith a shallow striated groove for the

intermediate femora ; median segment rounded at the apex, the

dorsal surface very coarsely rugose-striate, the sides slightly concave

and obliquely striated, the posterior truncation transversely striated.

Abdomen oval, sessile, very closely and minutely punctured. The

recurrent nervure is received just beyond two-thirds from the base

of the cubital cell, the transverse cubital nervure before the middle

of the radial cell.

Black ; the base of the mandibles, scape, base of the flagellum

apex of the femora, tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow ; abdomen

ferruginous red. Wings hyaline, nervures testaceous. Length

6 mm.

Hah. Queensland, Bundaberg (ex coll. Perkins).

Allied to C. doddii. Turn. The groove for the inter¬

mediate femora is very shallow, but the edges are raised,

forming marginal carinae, which give the space between

them an appearance of being depressed more than is really

the case. The structure is similar in C. doddii.

Explanation of Plate L.

[Ncc Explunation facing the Plate.^

F F 2

( 430 )

XV. Descri'ptions of Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera.

By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z S.

[Read June 1st, 1910.]

In the' following paper 10 genera and 103 species of

Too'tricina and Tineina from the Malayan region are

described as new. Except where otherwise specified, the

types are in my own collection.

CARPOSINIDAE.

Mcridarchis lembula, n. sp.

$ . 20 mm. Head and thorax whitish-brown sprinkled with dark

fuscous. Palpi very long, porrected, second joint expanded with

rough scales above and beneath, terminal joint thick ; pale brownish

irrorated with dark fuscous, suffused with white above. Abdomen

pale greyish -ochreons. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, some¬

what dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,

termen sinuate, oblique ; light brownish-ochreous suffusedly mixed

with whitish, with scattered dark fuscous scales ; a suffused brown

patch extending on dorsum from near base to near middle ; six small

fuscous spots on costa between \ and apex ; an irregularly inwards-

curved line of brown and blackish scales running from fourth of

these spots at J of costa to dorsum before tornus : cilia whitish-grey

sprinkled witli fuscous. Hindwings with apex unusually pointed

and prominent ; grey-whitish ; cilia whitisli.

Java, Bandong ; one specimen.

Mcridarchis agycrata, n. sp.

J 9 ■ 22-23. mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish mixed with

white and dark fuscous ; palpi in moderately long, curved,

ascending, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter,

slender, pointed, in 9 very long, arched, porrected, second joint with

scales somewhat roughly expanded, terminal joint moderate. An¬

tennal ciliations in J 3. ' Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings

elongate, narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa hardly arched,

apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique ; brown, irregularly

mixed wdth whitish suffusion and sprinkled with black ; six small

spots of blackish irroration on costa between | and apex ; the black

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of Micro- Lepidoptera. 431

scales appear to form also a very undefined patch in middle of disc

and subterminal fascia, the adjoining areas being more whitish-mixed :

cilia pale brownish, sprinkled wfth whitish points. Hindwings and

cilia whitish.

Java, Bandong; two specimens.

Paramorpha gyritis, n. sp.

(^ . 16-17 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white. Palpi 2, white,

basal half dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 5. Abdomen whitish.

Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

slightly rounded, oblique ; white, sprinkled with dark grey, towards

dorsum and posteriorly more or less tinged or suffused with light

grey ; a blackish line enclosing an oval spot of ground-colour at base

of costa and continued to dorsum near base ; four large blackish dots

arranged in a curved transverse series beyond J from costa to beneath

submedian fold, three others in a curved series beyond middle from

costa to above fold, and two on transverse vein ; a small dark fuscous

spot on costa at two less marked towards apex, one towards dorsum

at 4) and an undefined cloudy subterminal shade : cilia light grey

irrorated with whitish points. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

Malay States, Gunong Ijan ; two specimens.

Carposina crypsicliola, n. sp.

^ 5 • 15-18 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous sprinkled with

darker and whitish. Palpi 2f, white sprinkled with grey, basal and

lower longitudinal half dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations of 2.

Abdomen light grey. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, very oblique ;

light fuscous or brownish, finely and irregularly sprinkled with

whitish and dark fuscous ; costa with about seven small oblique

darker marks ; normal tufts in disc brownish, partially obscurely

edged with whitish, but hardly defined or differing from ground¬

colour : cilia pale fuscous, variably mixed with darker fuscous and

whitish. Hindwings and cilia light grey.

Sumatra, Pura ; four specimens.

TORTRICIDAE.

Procalyptis clielopliora, u. sp.

(J. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous. Palpi rather

long, expanded with dense rough projecting scales above, pale ochre-

ous irrorated with brownish. Antennae with a fine horny claw on

432

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

inner side of stalk near base, ciliations 1. Abdomen grey, towards

base and at apex pale oclireous. Forewings suboblong, costa ante¬

riorly gently arched, posteriorly nearly straight, with strong rounded

costal fold from base to near apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate,

nearly vertical ; brownish-ochreous sutfusedly irrorated with red-

brownish, with some scattered dots or strigulae of blackish scales ;

oblique central fascia and triangular apical patch very faintly suffused

with darker red-brownish, 'hardly traceable ; cilia reddish-brown,

tips ochreous-grey-whitish, beneath tornus with a dark grey spot.

Hindwings pale oclireous, towards apex obscurely suffused with

reddish-fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with grey subbasal line,

on dorsum and tornus elongated and suffused with pale fulvous-

uchreous.

Malay States, Loeboe Rajah ; in May, three specimens.

Hoinona meneianciy Walk.

(Pandemis menciana, Walk. Cat. xxviii, 310; Godana

simulana, ib. xxxv, 1801 ; Tortrix pullatana, Snell. Tijd. v.

Ent., xliv, 68, pi. v, 3.)

Occurs in India, Java, China, and Japan.

Cacoecia epicyrta, Meyr.

Java, Bandong ; seven specimens, rather smaller and

darker than the Indian form.

Cacoecia secura, n. sp.

5 . ,32 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax orange-fulvous suffused

with lilac-purplish. Abdomen ochreous-yellow. Forewings oblong,

rather broad, costa anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly hardly

sinuate, apex obtuse, termen concave below apex, rounded-prominent

beneath ; fulvous-orange suffused wdth lilac-purplish. Hindwings

ochreous yellow.

Flores ; one specimen.

POLEMOGRAPTIS, n. g.

Palpi moderate, 'erect, second joint with appressed scales rather

expanded towards apex, terminal joint short. Thorax without crest.

Forewings with 7 separate, to termen. Hindwings wdth 3 and 4

connate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Polcmoyraptis miltocosma, n. sp.

9 . 12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous (damaged). Palpi ochre-

ous-orange. Abdomen grey. Forewdngs suboblong, costa moderately

Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera. 433

arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little oblique ; slaty-

grey; an orange- red stripe along costa throughout, marked with

several dots and groups of black scales and a small slaty -grey spot

near base, low'er edge very irregularly indented, continued as an

irregular streak along termen to tornus ; six oblique transverse red

bars, first almost basal, first five reaching dorsum but not to costal

stripe, sixth confluent with projection of costal stripe, but not reach¬

ing tornal extremity of terminal streak : cilia orange, with a dark

grey spot beneath tornus. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt); in February, one specimen,

Attcria stephanitis, n. sp.

^ $ . 30-32 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen metallic blue-

blackish, face in ^ whitish. Palpi blue-blackish, in ^ wdiitish

internally. Antennae blackish, basal joint in $ whitish anteriorly.

Forewings oblong, costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 to apex or

termen ; bright orange ; base narrowly blue-blackish, produced

shortly along costa ; apical area beyond a nearly straight line from

middle of costa to f of dorsum wholly purple-blackish, except a

large transverse-oval orange spot before apex : cilia deep purple.

Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate ; bright orange ; a purple-blackish

streak along dorsum ; apical fifth purple-blackish ; anterior edge

straight ; cilia deep purple, between tornus and apical patch orange.

Flores, in November ; two specimens.

Attcria liclianla, n. sp.

28-29 mm. Head and thorax light orange, face and palpi

purple-blackish. Abdomen indigo-blackish, anal tuft pale greyish-

ochreous. Forewings oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly

slightly arched, with strong costal fold reaching from base to |, apex

rounded -obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; orange, towards

apex broadly suffused with reddish : cilia reddish -orange. Hind¬

wings purple-blackish ; an orange apical patch, occupying nearly

half of wing; cilia dark grey with purple-blackish basal line, round

apical patch orange.

Philippines, Mindoro, at 5000 feet, in November; two

specimens.

Scliocnotenes paraptera, n. sp.

^ 9 • 19-20 mm. Head and tliorax whitish-fuscous or whitish.

Abdomen ochreous- whitish. Fore wings suboblong, rather dilated

434

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Dcscrifjtions of

posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly

ro'nnded, somewhat oblique ; cell considerably narrowed posteriorly,

8 to apex, 8-11 very long, curved, parallel ; ochreous-white or

fuscous-whitish, thinly scaled between veins ; costa dotted with

dark fuscous; markings indefinite, tinged with fuscous and edged

with dark fuscous strigulae, viz. traces of edge of basal patch, patches

on middle of costa and dorsum beyond middle indicating central

fascia, a roundish patch in disc at f, a roundish costal patch beyond

I, and transverse streaks from before and beyond tornus : cilia white.

Hindwings thinly scaled, with blue-violet reflections, in whitish,

in $ fuscous-whitish ; cilia concolorous.

Malay States, Gunong Ijan ; India, Khasi Hills ; in

April, two specimens.

EUCOSMIDAE.

S'pilonota thalassitis, n. sp.

g. 15-16 mm. Head white. Antennae with notch at J. Thorax

white, shoulders blackish. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,

costa slightly arched, with very broad fold extending from base to

f and reaching half across wing, filled with dense whitish hairs,

apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; ochreous-

white; markings fuscous suffusedly mixed with blackish-fuscous;

a large blotch covering costal fold, posteriorly extended to | of costa

and to beneath submedian fold, irregular-edged, connected with a

spot on base of dorsum, a quadrate spot on dorsum before middle,

and a triangular blotch resting on termen from apex to near tornus ;

a triangular spot on dorsum towards tornus, its apex also touching

terminal blotch. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous ; cilia

whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous towards base.

Java, Bandong ; two specimens.

Ilho2)obota 'pythonias, n. sp.

g. 17 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, slightly tinged with

reddish and greenish. Palpi pale brownish-ochreous, dense projecting

scales of second joint mixed with dark fuscous suffusion. Abdomen

fuscous. Forewings elongate, co.sta moderately arched, with strong

fold reaching from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen

sinuate, almost vertical ; dark olive-green suffusedly mixed with

black ; costal fold spotted with black ; a pale olive-green sh streak

along dorsum from 1, beyond middle abruptly dilated so as to cover

dorsal half of wing, including before tornus two superposed black

spots surrounded with some darker green suffusion ; a broad bi-

435

Malayan Micro-Lepido'ptera.

sinuate streak of black suffusion running from above middle of

disc to apex, above which is a pale greenish suhoval spot at f ; costa

posteriorly with four pairs of whitish strigulae ; a leaden-metallic

mark on middle of termen : cilia greyish with rows of whitish points,

above apex with a black patch. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia

grey.

Java, Bandong^ one specimen.

Argyroplocc hranchiodcs, n, sp.

d . 20 mm. Head pale ochreous, lower part of face whitish.

Palpi ascending, pale ochreous, marked with dark fuscous and brown-

reddish, base white. Thorax light brownish-ochreous, collar tinged

with reddish. Abdomen elongate, grey, at base with expansible

lateral tufts of greyish-ochreous hair-scales. Posterior tibiae clothed

above with long rough dense whitish-ochreous scales, with expansible

tuft of very long whitish-ochreous hairs from base above and beneath.

Forewings suboblong, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently

arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; light

brownish-ochreous, more brownish posteriorly, mixed with dark

fuscous except towards costa, disc longitudinally streaked with dark

fuscous; costal edge dark fuscous, with ten pairs of pale strigulae ;

a cloudy whitish-ochreous streak beneath costa from ^ to near apex,

marked posteriorly with four black interneural dashes, sending a

short angulated ochreous-whitish line downwards from its extremity,

preceded by a patch of pale greyish suffusion ; an undefined patch

of pale suffusion towards dorsum beyond middle, whence a cloudy

pale upwards-curved streak runs beneath middle of disc to near

termen, divided by an indistinct dark line; margins of ocellus in¬

dicated by some slight blue-greyish suffusion; termen suffused with

dark fuscous and strigulated with ochreous-whitish : cilia pale

brownish-ochreous barred with brown-reddish mixed with dark

fuscous, with a pale apical patch. Hindwings rather small, dark

fuscous, darker posteriorly ; dorsal area folded, and clothed above

with long pale ochreous hairs ; cilia grey-whitish, with dark grey

subbasal line.

Borneo, Pulo Laut; one specimen.

Argyroploce halixanta, n. sp.

. 18 mm. Head light brownish, back of crown dark fuscous.

Palpi rather short, porrected, liglit brownish. Antennae and thorax

blackish. Abdomen elongate, grey. Posterior tibiae clothed with

long rough whitish hairs above and beneath. Fore wings subtriangular,

436

Mr. E. ]\Ieyrick’s Descriptions of

rather broad, costa strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

somewhat oblique ; whitish-ochreous posteriorly suffused with

yellow-brownish ; basal patch large, blackish, its outer edge rather

curved, running from ^ of costa to of dorsum, followed by two

silvery-whitish striae separated by some blackish strigulae ; costa

beyond this with several pairs of short whitish strigulae and some

blackish scales ; a longitudinal linear upwards-angulated leaden grey

mark in disc about f, surrounded with some silvery-whitish suffusion;

a terminal fascia of mixed blue-leaden and blackish marks and

strigulae, broader towards costa, including an oblique 8-shaped

blackish spot above middle, partially edged with whitish : cilia

grey sprinkled with whitish points and barred with blackish.

Hind wings rather small, short, triangular ; rather dark fuscous, base

whitish, subhyaline ; a streak of whitish suffusion along dorsum ;

cilia white, with fuscous subbasal line.

Borneo, Pulo Laut, in June; one specimen.

Arfjyroploce cscharotciy n. sp.

. 21 min. Head and thorax pale ochreous. Palpi rather short,

ascending, pale ochreous, with a few dark fuscous scales. Abdomen

elongate, dark grey. Posterior tibiae clothed above with very long

dense expansible fine white hairs. Forewings elongate, moderately

broad, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen slightly rounded, nearly vertical ; yellow-ochreous, towards

costa orange-tinged, irregularly marked with interrupted pale

bluish-leaden striae and a few scattered black strigulae ; costa

marked with very small black spots and strigulae, with a larger

semicircular black spot in middle ; basal patch indicated by two

irregular black longitudinal streaks in disc ; a large rounded blackish

pale-edged blotch extending on dorsum from middle to tornus, and

reaching more than half across wing ; an oblique elongate-oval

blackish pale-edged blotch running from f of disc above middle to

middle of termen : cilia ochreous-yellow, basal third irregularly

barred wdth blackish except towards tornus. Hindwings dark

fuscous ; dorsal area somewhat grooved and clothed with long grey

hairs towards tornus ; cilia grey -whitish, with dark grey basal line.

Celebes, in September; one specimen.

Argyroploce tectigera, n. sp.

$ . 16 mm. Head and palpi dark fuscous, palpi moderate,

ascending. Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Posterior tibiae clothed

witli appressed pale greyish-ochreous hairs above, with an expansible

Malayan Micro-LefidofUra. 437

pencil of whitish-ochreous hairs from before middle. Forewings

elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

slightly rounded, hardly oblique ; fuscous, irregularly sprinkled

with w'hitish ; a large elongate- triangular dark fuscous blotch

extending along costa from base to edged with whitish suffusion,

reaching more than half across wing, its apex sending a short pro¬

jection mixed with some black scales to near dorsum at f ; a group

of black scales towards dorsum at I ; costa posteriorly strigulated

with dark fuscous and whitish ; a very small fulvous-ochreous spot

at apex ; margins of ocellus faintly indicated with blue- greyish,

anterior followed by a curved series of four undefined dark brown

dots, posterior followed by an oclireous-fulvous mark on termen :

cilia fuscous mixed with darker, and sprinkled with whitish points.

Hindwings fuscous ; dorsum thickened and clothed with pale

greyish-ochreous hairs ; cilia whitish-fuscous, wdth fuscous subbasal

line.

Java, Bandong ; one specimen.

GELEGHIADAE.

Tisis, Walk,

Head smooth-scaled ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antennae

over 1, in with more or less marked sinuation and thickening of

dense scales near base, in $ more or less roughened with scales

near base, basal joint long, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,

recurved, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint as long

as second, slender, acute, or in ^ sometimes clothed with dense

rough scales to apex. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed

to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed wuth rough hairs, basal joint of

tarsi long, rough-scaled above. Forewings with 2 from angle, 3

absent, 5 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 9 sometimes out of 7

11 from middle. Hindwings 1 or over 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex

obtuse, termen more or less rounded, cilia J-f ; 4 and 5 out of 3, or

4 absent, 6 and 7 stalked.

The generic names Tingentem, Walk., Tipha, Walk.,

Tirallis, Walk., and Cacogamia, Snell., are synonyms of

this. To this genus are referable hicolorella. Walk., melio-

rella. Walk., ^alyhaeella. Walk. (= latifcbsciella. Walk).,

luteella, Snell., elegans, Snell., and helioclina, Meyr., but

the sixteen other species from Ceylon and S. India which

I have referred to Tipha (or Tingentera), Walk., must be

placed in a new genus, for which I propose the name

438 Mr. E. Mey rick’s B&scri^tiom of

Mnesteria, distinguished by the different position of vein 2

of forewings, which rises widely before angle of cell, and

presence of vein 4 ; I make 'pharotrata, Meyr., the type of

this.

Tisis hemixijsta, n. sp.

^ 2 . 18-20 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, more or

less mixed with light ochreous-yellowish. Palj^i in dark fuscous,

terminal joint clothed throughout with long rough projecting hairs,

in 9 ochreous-yellow, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous.

Antennae dark fuscous, with a white anteapical band, in ^ sinuate

and thickened with dense scales above base. Abdomen dark

fuscous, anal tuft of ^ ochreous-yellowish. Posterior tibiae

ochreous-yellowish, apical half dark fuscous, tarsi white, basal

joint dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently

arched, slightly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded ; 9 separate ; dark fuscous, with a bronzy-

purplish tinge ; a transverse orange-streak at I, enlarged on costa

and extended along it to near base ; a transverse orange streak

from dorsum about middle, reaching f across wing ; space between

these two streaks mixed with bright silvery-metallic ; an orange

streak along costa from middle almost to apex ; terminal area tinged

with coppery-metallic : cilia rather dark shining coppery-fuscous.

Hindwings in with costal third thinly clothed with long fine

expansible hairs except towards apex ; 4 absent ; dark fuscous ;

cilia rather dark fuscous. Fore wings in ^ beneath with dorsal on

anterior half surrounded with a fringe of long fine loose hairs.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt), in September ; two

specimens.

Tisis eurylampis, n. sp.

$. 17 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi light

yellowish, anterior edge of terminal joint fuscous. Antennae

bronzy-fuscous, apex (about yV) white. Forewings elongate, rather

narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

2 and 4 stalked, 9 out of 7 near base ; orange ; basal sixth silvery-

metallic-fuscous ; an irregular silvery-metallic submedian spot before

middle ; apical f rather dark shining coppery-fuscous, anterior edge

convex : cilia coppery-fuscous. Hindwings with 4 present ; rather

dark fuscous ; cilia light fuscous.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt), in December ; one

specimen.

Malay an Micro- LcpMoptera.

439

Tisis aryyropliam, n. sp.

9. 21 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi light

yellowish -fuscous (terminal joint broken). Antennae dark purplish-

fuscous, apical half whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow',

costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, apex

rounded-obUise, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; 9 sepa¬

rate ; orange ; base narrowly fuscous, tow'ards costa silvery-metallic ;

a silvery-metallic violet-fuscous spot on costa at J, and one on

dorsum opposite ; a large violet-fuscous jjatch occupying apical of

wing except along costa, where ground-colour forms a streak reaching

to near apex, margin suffused : cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia

fuscous, slightly ijurple-tinged ; 4 present.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; one specimen.

Tisis cliaradraea, n. sp.

^ . 20 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous mixed with ochreous-

yellowish, face fuscous, sides pale yellowish. Palpi ochreous-yellow,

terminal joint shorter than second, slender, yellow-whitish. An¬

tennae pale yellowish suffused above wdthdark fuscous on basal half,

apical half whitish, towards base sinuate and thickened with scales

above this. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath ochreous-yellow. Fore¬

wings elongate, rather narrow', costa anteriorly rather strongly,

posteriorly hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather

oblique ; 2 and 4 approximated at base ; deep orange ; a leaden-

metallic streak edged beneath by a black streak extending along

costa almost from base to | ; from extremity of this tw'o broad purple-

blackish streaks run to beyond middle of dorsum and tornus respec¬

tively, confluent above but separated on low'er | by a curved streak

of ground-colour, anterior streak marked with a silvery-metallic line ;

basal area as far as these marked above middle with a black longi¬

tudinal streak, and on dorsal half irregularly mixed with blackish ;

beyond these streaks dorsal | somewhat mixed w'ith dark purple-

fuscous ; a coppery-purple-blue streak along termen : cilia shining

coppery ; undersurface with dorsal t on anterior half stirrounded

with long hairs. Hindwings with 4 present, 5 running to near apex,

costal area reduced ; dark fuscous ; cilia purplish-fuscous.

Malay States, Padang Bengas; one specimen.

Tisis hyacintliina, n. sp.

$ . 13-15 mm. Head deep shining prismatic-blue, collar pos¬

teriorly ochreous-yellowish. Palpi ochreous-yellow, terminal joint

dark fuscous anteriorly. Antennae light yellowish, towards apex

440

Mr. E. Mey rick’s Descriptions of

more wliitish, towards base suffused above with dark fuscous.

Thorax shining indigo-blue, apex of patagia ochreous-yellow.

Abdomen dark fuscoms, apex ochreous-yellow. Posterior tibiae

ochreous-yellow. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa sliglitly

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 9 out of 7 ;

deep indigo-blue ; apical | orange, towards apex suffinsed with dark

firscous : cilia pale bronzy-grey. Hindwings with 4 present ; dark

grey ; costa in ^ fringed with fine long hairs towards middle ; cilia

grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in February, three speci¬

mens. The second specimen attributed by Walker to his

hicolorella is also an example of this species.

Tisis impcrat'i'ix, n. sp.

9 . 20 mm. Head and thorax shining blue-blackish. Palpi

blackish, second joint externally with purple-blue reflection.s.

Antennae thickened above with rough scales on basal half, deep

purple-blue white from middle to above |, apical portion dark

fuscous. Abdomen purple-blacki.sh. Posterior legs purple-blackish,

three apical joints of tansi white. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched towards base and apex, slightly sinuate in

middle, apex rounded-obtu.se, termen obliquely rounded ; 9 separate :

bright deep coppery-jmrple, wuth strong indigo-blue reflections ;

cilia coppery-purple. Hindwings and cilia dark purple-fuscous ; 4

present.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; one specimen.

Ptilosticha, n. g.

Head smooth-scaled ; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae

t, compressed, above clothed throughout with long rough projecting

scales, ba.sal joint moderate. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second

joint with appres.sed scales, terminal joint as long as second, slender,

acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae clothed with

long hairs above, basal joint of tarsi long, rough-scaled above. Fore¬

wings with 2 and 3 stalked or coincident, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa,

11 from middle. Hindwings rather over or under 1, elongate-

trapezoidal or elongate-ovate, cilia 5- ; 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 from

above middle of transverse vein, parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked.

Type cyanop)laca. A curious genus, in some respects

abnormal here, but apparently best regarded as an excep¬

tional form of this group. Snellenia himacidata, Wals., from

Sandakan probably belongs to this genus, and Dasycera (?)

441

Malayan M icro-Lepido2>te7'a.

hernstcmiella, Snell., from Salawatti is also an allied form,

if not generically identical.

PtilosticTia cyanoplaca, n. sp.

9 . 22 mm. Head and thorax indigo-black, sides of collar whitish-

ochreous with a blue gloss. Palpi orange, anterior edge of terminal

joint blackish. Antennae purple-blackish, on apical half with rough

scales ochreons-whitish. Abdomen blacki.sh, with basal and post¬

median orange bands, apex pale ochreous. Posterior tibiae orange.

Forewings elongate, rather narrow, co.sta faintly sinuate in middle,

posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

rounded; 2 and 3 stalked; deep orange; an indigo-blackish basal

fascia ; stigmata indigo-blue edged with black, discal forming two

moderately large round approximated .spots, plical forming an elon¬

gate streak from near basal fascia to beneath first discal ; veins 2-8

marked with strong partially confluent purple-blackish streaks,

those on 2-5 suffused together towards base and connected with

second discal stigma, others not reaching cell. Hindwings rather

o\'er 1, blackish ; a very irregular interrupted light ochreous-

yellowish fascia almost at base ; cilia pale ochreous-yellowish,

towards base blackish, round apex and tornus wholly blackish.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in October, one specimen.

Ftilosticlia incandescens, n. sp.

9. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax dark purple- fuscous, shoulders

bright deep purple. Palpi orange, anterior edge of terminal joint

blackish. Antennae dark fuscous, apical third white except tip.

Abdomen bright orange, two apical segments dark fuscou.s. Posterior

tibiae with strong median and apical tuffs above, bright orange,

apical tuft dark fuscous, median spurs white. Forewings elongate,

narrow, costa sinuate, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

3 absent (coincident with 2) ; bright orange ; a black ba.sal patch,

with a deep purple spot on base of costa ; discal stigmata repre¬

sented by two bright blue-pui'ple black-edged spots, second larger ;

a deep purple blackish -edged band extending along termen from

apex to beneath second discal stigma, wdth which it coalesces, crossed

in lower portion by one or two indistinct suffused narrow streaks

of ground-colour : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings rather under 1 ;

blacki.sh ; a broad orange fascia almost at base, extending to middle

of costa and to near beyond tornus ; cilia dark grey, round dor.sum

and tornus orange.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt); in January and February,

four specimens.

442

Mr. K. ]\Ieyrick’s Descriptions of

Gonaepa, Walk.

Distinguished from Crocanthes by the shorter antennae,

not longer than forewings, with very long ciliations in

and presence of ocelli. To this genus is referable heliarcha,

Meyr., described as a Crocanthes, though the differences

are correctly noted.

Gonaepa pyrocliorela, n. sp.

12-14. mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi light

ochreous-oraiige, terminal joint dark fuscous anteriorly. Antennae

under 1, fuscous ringed with black, ciliations 5. Abdomen rather

dark fuscous, apex, light ochreous-orange. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, po.steriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 short-stalked, 5 approximated,

7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked ; deep reddish-orange ; costal and dorsal

edge and all veins marked by fine black lines, all terminated by a

rather curved black transverse line from costa before J to dorsum

before tornus; discal stigmata represented by small black spots; a

black marginal line round posterior fourth of costa and termen to

near tornus ; cilia dark grey, tips whitish. Hindwings deep reddish-

orange ; all veins mai ked throughout with fine black lines ; a black

discal spot on end of cell; a rather irregular black line from | of

costa to below middle of termen, indented in middle ; a slender

irregular black streak along upper half of termen ; cilia dark grey,

tips whitish.

New Guinea, St. Aignan I., Sudest I., Trobriand Is.,

Kei Is. ; from January to April, seven specimens.

Crocanthes, IMeyr.

I now think it more correct to regard the absent veins

of fore wings as being 3 and 7, instead of 2 and 9.

Crocanthes sidonia, n. sp.

13-14 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face crimson-tinged. Palpi

crimson, strongly compressed laterally throughout, flat, terminal

joint shorter than second, rather obtiise. Antennae ochreous-whitish,

basal joint crimson above. Thorax bright crimson-rose, anteriorly

ochreous-whitish dor.sally. Abdomen whitish -ochreous. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,

termen somewhat sinuate, oblique ; 2 and 4 long-stalked, 5 connate,

9 and 10 out of 8 ; pale whitish-ochreous ; markings bright crimson

443

Malayan Micro- Lepicloptera.

rose ; a rather broad costal streak throughout, costal edge posteriorly

and apex yellow ; four irregular transverse fasciae, first basal, second

before middle, connected with first on dorsum by a narrow streak'

third beyond middle, fourth terminal, broader, dilated towards costa,

connected with third by a streak on dorsum ; a streak of dark grey

suffusion from * of costa to middle of termen, sometimes reduced to

a small costal sjrot or wholly obsolete ; cilia deep yellow, sometimes

grey beneath tornus. Hindwings pale yellowish, sometimes more

or less tinged with grey, especially towards apex, termen tinged

with rosy below middle ; cilia light ochreous-yellow.

5. 14-15 mm. Palpi normal, terminal joint whitish. Forewings

almost wholly suffused with crimson, except yellow costal and aj^ical

area ; discal stigmata sometimes indicated by spots of purple suffu¬

sion ; a fascia of grey suffusion from f of costa to tornus, attenuated

towards costa : cilia deep yellow, beneath tornus dark grey. Hind-

wings grey, darker towards apex, sometimes yellowish-tinged ante¬

riorly ; cilia pale yellowish, more or less suffused with grey.

New Guinea, St. Aignan I., Suclest I., Sariba I. (Meok);

Queensland, Cairns (Dodd) ; in April, seven specimens.

Crocanthes teiiieraria, n. sp.

$ . 18 mm. Head whitish, lower part of face crimson-tinged.

Palpi whitish, second joint tinged with crimson. Antennae ochreous-

whitish. Thorax whitish, shoulders crimson. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

somewhat sinuate, oblique ; 2 and 4 stalked, 5 connate, 9 and 10 out

of 8 ; crimson, dorsal | from i to termen suffu.sed with purplish-grey,

extended indefinitely to costa at I and * ; an irregular yellow- whitish

spot towards dorsum before 1 ; a moderate subquadrate yellow-

whitish spot in middle of disc ; costal edge yellow from | to J, and

more widely suffused w ith deep yellow from | to apex ; cilia deep

yellow'. Hindwings pale yellowish tinged throughout with crimson;

cilia yellow'.

New Guinea, Area R. (Meek); one specimen.

Crocanthes scioxantha, n. sp.

9. 17 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, face w'hitish.

Palpi very long, ochreou.s-yellow, terminal joint whitish. Abdomen

whitish, marked laterally with ochreous-yellow'. Forewings elon¬

gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen rather

concave, oblique ; 2 and 4 stalked, 5 connate, 9 and 10 out of 8 ;

light yellow, becoming whitish towards costa and termen ; four

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) G G

444

Mr. E. Mey rick’s iJcsciiplions of

irregular deep oclireous-yellow fasciae parallel to termen, occupying

most of wing, first basal, narrowest, fourth subterminal, broadest,

connected with termen by four suffused bars : cilia oclireous-yellow.

Hindwiiigs whitish; three broad deep oclireous-yellow fasciae similar

to last three of forewings, and appearing as continuations of them ;

cilia whitish-yellowish.

New Guinea, Fakfak, 1700 feet, in December; one

specimen.

Crocanthcs thrasydora, n. sp.

^ . 23 mm. Head and thora.\ blackish. Palpi with second and

terminal joints evenly scaled, articulation imperceptible, ochreous-

yellowish, terminal joint sufi'used with blackish, acute. Antennae

blackish, shortly fasciculate-ciliated. Abdomen blackish, segments 2

and 3 orange, next four segments with orange margins. Forewings

elongate, narrow towards base, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly

arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; 2 and

4 short-stalked, 5 approximated, 9 and 10 out of 8 ; purplish -black ;

a broad orange fascia rising from dorsum beyond middle and running

towards f of costa but not reaching it : cilia blackish. Hindwings

purplish-black ; a broad orange fascia from middle of costa to outer

half of dorsum, occupying median third of wing ; cilia blackish.

New Guinea, Kapaur, in January; one specimen.

Crocanthcs carcharias, n. sp.

25 mm. Head and thorax blue-black, face and front of collar

whitish-ochreous. Pal}ii "with second and terminal joints evenly

scaled, articulation imi)erceptible, yellowish, terminal joint mostly

sutl’used with blackish, acute. Antennae moderately ciliated, purple-

blackish, with broad white band above middle. Abdomen orange,

last four segments with purple black-edged margins, anal tuft black¬

ish. Forewings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4

short-stalked, 9 and 10 out of 8 ; purple-black ; a large irregular-

edged orange patch crossing wing beyond middle, suffusedly con¬

nected with costa but separated from dorsum by a slender streak of

ground-colour, containing a small transverse-oval purple-black spot

(second discal stigma) near its anterior edge in middle ; cilia purple-

blackish. Hindwings orange ; base narrowly black ; an irregular

purple black streak along termen, forming a triangular spot at apex,

a long triangular projection above middle reaching middle of disc,

and a shorter subtriangular projection below middle; cilia blackish.

New Guinea, Fergussou I. (Meek) ; one specimen.

Malayan Micro- Lcpidoptcra.

445

Crocanthes scdetopa, n. sp.

cj. 9-10 mm. Head whitisli-oclireou.s. Palpi whitish-ochreous,

laterally comjjressed, terminal joint thickened with slightly rough

scales anteriorly, jjointed. Antennae twice as long as forewings,

ochreous-whitish. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

somewhat sinuate, rather oblique ; 4 and 5 out of 2, 9 and 10 out of

8 ; dark fuscous ; two rather oblique wedgeshaped whitisli-ochreous

spots from costa posteriorly, reaching half across wing ; cilia fuscous,

basal half dark fuscous. Hindwings blackish-fuscous ; cloudy light

fuscous suffused transverse streaks before and beyond middle, second

indented in middle ; a sharply-defined sub-metallic prismatic-fuscous

streak from 4 of costa to below apex and continued along termen to

middle; cilia fuscous.

Moluccas, Amboina, in February ; three specimens.

Sarisophoo’a tamiodcs, n. sp.

^ $ . 13-14 mm. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous. Palpi

yellow-ochreous, second joint infuscated or sprinkled with dark

fuscous, terminal joint in ^ longer than second, abruptly bent back,

thickened posteriorly with rather rough scales. Antennae pale

yellowish indistinctly dotted with fuscous, basal third and an apical

band bhackish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather

narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,

rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; deep

ochreous-yellow, with some scattered dark fuscous scales, especially

posteriorly ; discal stigmata dark fuscous, from second a more or

less marked dark fuscous line runs directly towards dorsum but not

reaching it : cilia ochreous-yellow. Hindwings in ^ pale ochreous-

yellowi.sh, deeper towards apex, slightly fuscous- tinged on tornal

area ; in 9 grey, apex yellow-tinged ; cilia whitish-yellowish.

New Guinea, Sudest L, St. Aignan I. (Meek) ; four

specimens.

Par elliptic lihrata, n. sp.

9 . 24 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-

ochreous, second joint externally suffused with fuscous, scales some¬

what projecting atajjex beneath, anterior edge of terminal joint dark

fuscou.s. Antennae OA er 1, whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale greyish-

ochreoms. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; 4 and 5

G G 2

446

]\[r. E. Mey rick’s Dcscriptiom^ of

stalked ; wliitish-ochreous, suffusedly ami irregularly irrorated with

fuscous; discal stigmata round, black; an undefined streak of dark

fuscous irroration running from second discal stigma to apex : cilia

whitish-ochreous tinged and sprinkled with fuscous, at apex with a

bar of dark fuscous suffusion. Hindwings with 3 and 5 stalked;

whitish*fuscous, rather darker towards apex ; cilia whitish-fuscous,

with two faint darker lines.

Java, Bandong ; one specimen.

Homaloxestis perichlora, n. sp.

14 mm. Head pale whitish-yellowish, crown centrally suf¬

fused with light fuscous. Palpi yellow-whitish, second joint

externally suffused with fuscous except at apex, anterior edge of

terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae yellow-whitish. Thorax

fuscous, shoulders pale whitish-yellowish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft

whitish-yellowish. Posterior tibiae whitish-yellowish. Forewings

elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, ternien slightly sinuate, oblique ; 4 and .5 approximated,

8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, faintly purplish-

tinged ; a rather broad whitish-yellowish stri])e along costa from

base to apex, narrowed posteriorly : cilia pale yellow, beneath tornus

fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia grey, round apex suffused with

ochreous-whitish.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in December, one speci¬

men.

Frisilia melannrdis, n. sp.

^ $. 21-23 mm. Head and thorax pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi

yellow-ochreous, in d extremely long, mixed with dark grey at

apex, in $ with exterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous.

Antennae pale yellow-ochreous, with dark fuscous almost apical

band, basal joint tufted above in Abdomen light yellow-

ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique ; in 2 and 4 stalked,

3 absent, in 9 3 and 4 out of 2, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 absent ;

ochreo US-yellow with some scattered dark fuscous specks; discal

stigmata round, dot-like, blackish ; in ^ an oval glandular swelling

between dorsum and subdonsal groove in middle; a suffused dark

fuscous line along upper part of termen : cilia ochreous-yellow, at

apex with a dark fuscous spot. Hindwings in ^ with large and

long expansible pencil of brownish hairs from base of costa lying

447

Ma lay an M icro-Leindo'jjtri 'a .

beneath forewings; grey; cilia whitish-yellowish, with two faint

fuscous shades, towards tornus more or less suffused with fuscous.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in October, February, and

April, five specimens.

Lecithocera nodosa, n. sp.

18 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with pale ochreous.

Antennae ochreous-whitish. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowi.sh mixed

with fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex

round-pointed, termen concave, little oblique ; 3 and 4 out of 2, 7

absent, 8 and 9 stalked ; dark fuscous ; .some pale ochreons-yellowish

suffusion towards costa near ba.se and before apex ; a pale ochreons-

yellowish median fascia, lower half narrow, upper half enlarged into

a quadrate blotch, lower portion of this blotch marked with a dark

fuscous dot and small transver.se posterior spot ; cilia whitish-

yellowish, on costa barred with dark fuscous, at apex with a dark

fuscous patch, on termen mostly occupied by two broad fuscous

shades. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia whitish-yellowish , mostly

occupied by two broad fuscous shades.

Malay States, Padang Rengas ; one specimen.

Lecithocera octonias, n. sp.

. 19 mm. Head pale ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second

joint thickened with somewhat rough scales beneath towards apex,

basal I fuscous, apex more yellowish preceded by a curved fuscous

line, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae

fuscous, ciliations 1. Thorax pale ochreous, tinged and sprinkled

with brownish. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish.

Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, faintly

sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique ; 2 and

3 stalked, 4 and 5 closely approximated at base, 8 and 9 out of 7,

7 to termen; rather dark fuscous, anterior g snffusedly mixed

throughout with whitish-ochreous; a straight narrow dark fuscous

fascia at •?, edged posteriorly with light ochreous-yellow ; an 8-

shaped ochreous-yellow discal blotch on end of cell, filled w'ith dark

fuscous ; a slightly incurved indistinct pale ochreous-yellowish sub-

terininal line, enlarged and distinct on co.sta, -where it is preceded by

a dark fuscous spot ; termen suffused with dark fuscous : cilia

ochreous-yellow, at apex with a patch of dark fuscous suffusion.

Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia pale ochreous-yellowish, with

two fuscous shades.

Borneo, Kucliing (Hewitt) ; in November, one specimen.

448

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions^ of

Lecitliucera clcmsfrata, n. sp.

19 nan. Head and thorax fuscous with a faint purplish

gloss. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint smooth-scaled, extreme

apex whitish-ochreous. Antennae dark fuscous, with a narrow whitish

band at apical f white except extreme aj^ex. Abdomen dark

fuscous, with an inflated lobe on each side. Posterior tibiae dark

fuscous, apex ochreoius-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique ;

2 and 3 stalked, 4 and 5 apj^roximated, 7 and 9 stalked, 7 to apex,

8 aV)sent; dark glossy slaty-fuscous; narrow blackish-fuscous fasciae

at f and |, slightly whitish-edged posteriorly ; a transverse-oval

blackish-fuscous spot in disc at f, slightly whiti.sh-edged, containing

some ochreous-yellowish scales towards centre : cilia dark fuscous,

on termen pale yellow-ochreous spotted with dark fuscous suffusion

on basal third. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in November, one speci¬

men.

Lecithoceni Icucochlura, n. sp.

9 • 16-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white mixed with pale

yellowish. Antennae whitish. Abdomen yellow-whitish. Forewings

elongate, costa gently ai’ched, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate,

rather oblique ; 2 and 3 long-stalked, 4 and 5 connate, 8 and 9 out

of 7, 7 to apex ; light oclireous-yellow ; extreme base white ; a

straight white fascia near base ; a straight white fascia before middle,

preceded by a fascia of light brownish suffusion : cilia light ochreous-

yellow. Hindwings pale whitish-yellowish, more whitish towards

base ; cilia pale whitish-yellowish.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in October and November,

two specimens.

Lecithocera hemiacma, n. sp.

(^. 12 mm. Head light brownish, face pale ochreous, sides of

crown ochreous-yellow. Palpi light ochreous-yellowish, terminal

joint little more than half second, anterior edge fuscous. Antennae

pale ochreous-yellowish. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous,

anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elungate, posteriorly slightly

dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,

oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex ; light bronzy-

fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous; discal stigmata cloudy, dark

fuscous, first dot like, second represented by a transverse mark ;

449

Malayan Micro- Lepidoptera.

cilia wliitish-bronzy, with fuscous subbasal shade. Hindwings

'light grey; cilia whitish-grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in October, one .specimen.

Specially characterised by the short terminal joint of

palpi.

Lecithocera fausta, n. sp.

26 mm. Head and thorax pale yellow-ochreous, faintly

brownish-tinged. Anten''ae pale ochreous-yellovvish, faintly ringed

with brownish. Fnrewings elongate, posteriorly <lilated, costa

gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen

sinuate, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to

termen; pale ochreous-yellowish, slightly sprinkled with fu.scous

and dark fuscous specks; discal stigmata small, dark fuscous; a

slight rather oblique .shade of dark fuscous irroration between second

and dorsum ; apical margin fuscous : cilia pale ochreous-yellowish,

with traces of two faint brownish shades. Hindwings and cilia

whitish-yellowish ; 4 absent.

Philippines, Luzon, 5000 feet; one specimen.

Lecithocera qiienda, n. sp.

17 mm. Head light yellow-ochreous, centrally tinged with

fuscous. Palpi light yellowish, terminal joint f of second, anterior

edge fuscous. Antennae whitish-ochreous, near base suffu.sed with

dark fuscous above. Thorax light yellow-ochreous tinged with

fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather

dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtu.se, termen

straight, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to

termen ; pale yellow-ochreous tinged with brownish, basal and

terminal areas and dorsal half irrorated with fuscous and dark

fuscous; discal stigmata moderate, dark fuscous; a slender somewhat

oblique streak of darker irroration from second to dorsum : cilia

light ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings grey ; a loo.se dorsal pencil of

pale ochreous-yellowish hairs from base; cilia whitish-yellowish.

Java, Bandong ; one specimen.

Onehcda inter gnttella, Walk,

(Coydtdia interynttella, Walk. Cat. xxx, 1038.)

Borneo, Kuching, from October to February (Hewitt).

This species, which is the type of Walkers genus Coy-

dalla, agrees in all respects with Onehcda except in having

450

]\Ir. E. Meyrick’s Bmriptimu of

the antennae slightly longer than forewings, whereas in

Onehala they are usually about as long; it cannot he

properly separated from Onehihi.

Braclmiia orhata, n. sp.

5 . 18 mm. Head pale glossy fuscous mixed with ochreous-

wliitisli. Palpi ochveous-wliitisli, basal | of second joint and

anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae 1, ochret)U.s-

white, towards base spotted with grey. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen

rather dark fuscous, apex mixed with ochreous-yellowish. Posterior

tibiae grey. Forewiiigs elongate, costa gently arched, ajiex round-

jiointed, termen sinuate, obli(|ue; 3 absent, 2 and 4 .stalked, 8

absent, 7 and 9 stalked, 7 to apex ; rather dark fuscous, slightly

purplish- tinged ; terminal edge dark fuscous : cilia fuscous, between

apex and tornus whitish-ochreous becoming white at base. Hind-

Avings rather dark grey ; cilia fuscous-whitish Avith tAvo fuscous

shades.

Borneo, Kuching (HeAvitt) ; one specimen.

Brachmia striyosa, n, sp.

^ 9- 9-11 mm. Head and thorax Avhitish-ochreous tinged with

fuscous. Paljn Avhitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous,

second joint Avith a subapical ring of dark fuscous irroration, in $

with scales roughly projecting above toAvards apex, terminal joint

in ^ shorter than second, in $ as long. Antennae i, Avhitish-

ochreous, faintly dotted Avith fu.scous. Abdomen greyish, .segmental

margins ochreous-whitish. Posterior tibiae ochreous-whitish. Fore-

Avings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen oblicpiely

rounded ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 9 sometimes

out of 7 ; pale yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with ferruginous points,

especially on dorsal half ; a black dot near ba.se toAvards costa,

sometimes one on base of fold, and a small spot on base of dorsum ;

stigmata black, plical someAvhat obliquely before first di.scal ; a

cloudy blackish dot on dorsum beneath second discal ; a roAv of

submarginal black dots round posterior half of costa and termen ;

cilia pale ochreous, sprinkled Avith ferruginous points. llindAvings

and cilia grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; iu November, two

specimens.

Hylograptis, u. g.

Head Avith appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed.

Antennae |, ba.sal joint moderately elongate, Avithout pecten. Labial

451

Malayan Micro-Lepidcyptera.

palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense scales,

forming a long expansible tuft towards apex above, terminal joint

much shorter than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very

short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with

rough scales above. Poi’ewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 8 and 9 out

of 7, 7 to apex, 11 from middle. Hind wings over 1, trapezoidal,

termen sinuate, cilia i ; 3 and 4 stalked, .') iiarallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Allied to Brachmia.

Hylograptis thryptica, n. sp.

9. 18-19 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous,

terminal joint whitish towards apex. Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched towards base, thence

nearly straight, ajiex obtuse, termen nearly straight, somewhat

oblique ; rather light brown ; a dark purplish-fuscous streak along

costa from base to near apex, suffused beneath with indigo-bluish ;

beneath this a deep ferruginous suprainedian streak from ba.se to |,

and a similar rather sliorter submedian streak ; terminal fourth

more or less suffused with purplish and bluish, crossed by a slightly

curved deep ferruginous transverse streak at about f, mixed with

black at costal extremity and on lower half : cilia ferruginous-

ochreous, on tornus suffused with dark fuscous. Hindwings and

cilia rather dark fuscous.

New Guinea, Woodlark I., Sariba I. (Meek) ; two

specimens.

Nothris malacodes, 11, sp.

c? 9 . 10-12 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, shoulders dark

fuscous. Palpi w’ith second joint brownish-ochreous, basal half

irrorated with black, apex w'hiti.sh, tuft moderate, triangular, ter¬

minal joint ochreous-whitish with anterior edge dark fuscous.

Antennae ochreous-whitish ringed with dark fuscous, ciliations in

^ 1. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings

elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen

very obliquely rounded ; yellow-ochreous, variably spotted and

blotched with fuscous except towards costa anteriorly, e.specially

round stigmata, along dorsum and termen, and towards costa beyond

middle, but these markings are sometimes little developed ; costa

on anterior half dotted with dark fuscous, edge black towards base ;

stigmata black, distinct, plical obliquely before first discal : cilia

yellow-ochreous. Hindwings with G and 7 approximated towards

base ; light grey ; cilia pale ochreous-grey.

452

Mr. E. Moyrick’s DcseriiMons of

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt); India, Niigiri Hills, 3500

feet (Andrewes), N. Cooig, 3500 feet (Newcome), Cuttack

(F'letcher); Ceylon, Galle (Fletcher), Puttalarn (Pole);

from May to July, and October to December, ten speci¬

mens. Resembles Yi^oloiihits ianthes, but smaller, and

plical stigma before first discal instead of beyond it.

COSMOPTERYGIDAE.

Cosmo-ptcryx toranla, n. sp.

. 8 null. Head lironzy-grey, crown with a central whitisli line.

Palpi white lined with dark fu.scous. Antennae dark fu.scou.s,

tovvard.s ha.se lined with whiti.sh, four apical joints whitish, four

next dai’k fuscoivs, then several alternately white and dark fuscous.

Thorax dark fiiscoins, with three fine whitish lines. Abdomen grey,

anal tuft whitish. Forewings narrowly lanceolate, apex slenderly

long-produced, acute, caudate ; dark fuscous ; three slender white

longitudinal streaks anteriorly, subcostal from base to b not nearly

reaching band, median from ba.se to band, subdorsal from j almost

to band ; costal edge slenderly white from j to band ; a broad orange

transverse band beyond middle, edged with two silvery-white

fasciae slightly converging downwards, anterior followed by a black

dot above middle, posterior preceded by some dark fuscous sca'es

towards extremities ; from middle of posterior fascia a white sinuate

streak, yellow at base, runs along termen to apex : cilia ochreous-

grej'-whitish, Itecomhig grey towards base round apex. Hindwings

grey ; cilia grey-whiti.sh.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; one specimen.

Com)iopUryx xuthogastra, n. sp.

,^.8-9 rnm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous with fine white lines

above eyes and in centre of crown. Palpi white lined with dark

fuscous. Antennae black, towards base lined with white, four

apical joints white, then four black, one white, one black, two white.

Thorax blackish, with three fine white lines. Abdomen fulvous-

ochreou.s, segmental margins grey, apex silvery-whitish. Po.sterior

tibiae dark fuscous with white ba.sal, median, and ajiical rings, and

silvery-metallic subapical ring. h'orewings elongate-lanceolate,

apex slenderly long-produced, acute, caudate ; blacki-h ; an oblique

white subcostal dash about and short white median and subdonsal

dashes directly beneath its posterior portion, all widely remote from

base and band ; a broad orange transverse liand beyond middle,

margined anteriorly by a thick golden-metallic vertical fascia, and

458

Malaymi MicTO-Leimlrq)tera.

posteriorly by two golden-metallic spots preceded by a few black

scales, lower spot larger and wholly anterior to upper ; a short fine

violet-white dash in apex, and one between this and band : cilia

grey, suffused with blackish round apex, with a white spot on costal

metallic spot. Hiiidwings dark grey ; cilia grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in January, two specimens.

Stagmatophora rotalis, n. sp.

(J. 12 mm. Head, palpi, and antennae whitish. Thorax rather

dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, towards base ochreous tinged. Fore¬

wings elongate-lanceolate, acute ; rather dark fuscous ; a semicircular

white spot on dorsum before middle, reaching nearly half across

wing ; a pale ochreous-yellow semioval blotch extending along

termen from tornus to near apex, marked on tornus with a violet-

golden-metallic dot followed by a black speck, and a smaller golden-

metallic dot beyond this, and receiving on upper edge an oblique

white line from near costa in middle, two pairs of short white direct

streaks from costa posteriorly, and a white line from apex : cilia

whitish-yellowish, beneath tornus grey. Hindwings grey ; cilia

pale greyish.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt); in October, one specimen.

Placoptila, Meyr.

Ill the geneiic characters it .should have been stated

that 7 and 8 of forewings are stalked ; G and 7 of hind-

wings are sometimes approximated at base. The real

affinity of the genus is with Limnoccia, of which it is a

development.

Placoptila eyctnolyclina, n. sp.

1^ 9" 11-12 mm. Head and thorax dark glossy leaden-grey; eyes

crimson. Palpi whitish-grey, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antennae

grey. Abdomen dark grey, in ^ with very long dense posteriorly

projecting expansible fuscous hairpencil from above anal segment.

Fore wings elongate-lanceolate, pointed ; black ; base narrowly

leaden-grey ; three narrow transverse prismatic blue-metallic fasciae,

white on costa, at J and before and beyond f respectively, third in

^ interrupted in middle : cilia blackish, round apex white towards

tips, in 9 more broadly. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated

at base; in $ blackish above and beneath, in $ dark fuscous;

cilia dark grey, in $ towards base with dense copjiery -blackish

scales, towards middle of costa with an expansible tuft of long

454

Mr. E. Meyrick’s BeMri'ptions of

whitish scale.s, with a very long expansible pencil of brownish hairs

from base of dorsum. Forewings in ^ on undersurface with a

small projecting pencil of hairscales from near below lower angle

of cell.

Bornp:o, Kuching (Hewitt); in February, three speci¬

mens. Very like electrica, but easily distinguished by the

secondary sexual structures of abdomen and hindwings ;

the fasciae are also wider, the second not interrupted, the

white patch in apical cilia more developed, and vein 7 of

l)ind wings separate.

Limnoecia iostrota, n. sp.

$ 9. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax dark jJurple -fuscous. Palpi

grey-whitish, terminal joint much longer than second, dark purple-

fuscous anteriorly. Antennae dark fuscous, with a white band at

about |. Abdomen dark fuscous. Posterior legs shining dark

purple-fuscous, tibiae smooth-scaled, with bristly tufts on origin of

spurs, spurs rough-scaled, two apical joints of tarsi white. Fore¬

wings elongate-lanceolate, pointed ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; a deep

blue-purple basal patch and median fascia ; a slender white fascia

at ^ ; a rather incurved inwardly oblique silvery-white streak from

costa at I, terminating in a deep bine-purple spot on tornus, pre¬

ceding which is a similar spot sometimes surmounted by a white

mark : cilia dark bronzy-fuscous, becoming white towards tips.

Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous.

Borneo, Kuching, from November to January (Hewitt);

India, N. Coorg, 3500 feet, in May (Newcome) ; five

specimens.

Stathviopoda plinthiota, n. sp.

8 mm. Head and palpi white, crown pale ochreous. Thorax

rather dark fuscous marked with white, shoulders pale ochreous.

Forewings narrow, widest near base, thence narrowed to acute

apex ; dark brown ; a shining white fascia about b c>n costa

moderate, widely dilated downwards so as to extend on dorsum from

near base to near middle of wing, anterior edge with a prominence

in middle ; a rather broad light yellowish fascia about f, narrowed

downwards ; apex suffused with light yellowish : cilia light greyish-

ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light ochreoiis-grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in April, one specimen.

ErctmoceTci cyanosoma, n. sp.

12 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax purple-blackish.

Aljdomen deei^ iudigo-blue, anal tuft blackish, beneath with yellow

455

Malayan Micro-L&pido'pUra.

subbasal and postiuedian bands. Forewings elongate-lanceolate,

pointed ; indigo-blackish ; a pale yellow spot in disc at one on

dorsum towards tornus, and one on costa at f ; cilia dark fuscous.

Hindwings dark purple-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous.

SuMBA ; in February, one specimen.

Eretmocera xanthonota, n. sp.

$ . 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thora.x: purple-blackish,

base of palpi yellowish, thorax with two small orange spots pos¬

teriorly. Abdomen orange, with subdorsal purple-blackish stripes

not extended over tw'o praeanal segments, anal tuft blackish, beneath

orange. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, pointed ; very deep purple ;

four ochreous-yellow or orange spots, first on dorsum at i of wing,

small, others moderately large, roundish, in disc at |, on tornus, and

on costa at * resjDectively ; cilia dark fuscous, base purplish. Hind-

wings dark purple-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscoirs.

SuMBA ; in February, three specimens.

OECOPHORIDAE.

Ncphogenes thctopa, n. sp.

^ $ . 16-18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous- whitish,

irrorated with dark fuscous except ajjex of second joint. Thorax

whitish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen grey, segmental

margins whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

whitish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous ; stigmata

blackish, plical obliquely beyond first discal, second discal connected

with tornus by an oblique streak of dark fuscous irroration; a

curved line of dark fuscous suffusion from | of costa to tornus,

sharply indented above middle ; cilia whitish-ochreous, sprinkled

with fuscous points. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous more

or less tinged with grey.

Celebes, Bonthain Peak; three specimens.

Periacma macra, n. sp.

$ . 10-12 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, more or

less sprinkled irregularly with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-

ochreous, second joint with three dark fuscous bands, terminal joint

with dark fuscous median band. Abdomen grey. Fore wings elon¬

gate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex acute, termen extremely

oblique ; whitish-ochreous, with some scattered fuscous scales ;

•ioO Mr. E. Mey rick’s Desco'iptions of

seven small black spots or marks on costa, last two sometimes ob.so-

lete ; some irregular fuscous suffitftion forming an undefined broad

fascia about and costal jDatch about middle ; stigmata black, plical

forming a dash beneath first discal ; a series of irregular suffused

blackish dots along termen ; cilia dark grey, on costa whitish-

ochreous. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, acute, grey ; cilia grey.

Borneo, Kuching, in February (Hewitt); Ceylon,

Maskeliya, Matale, in August and October (Pole, Alston) ;

three specimens.

Cvyptolecliia aridula, n. sp.

d- 10-11 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous sprinkled with

fuscous, shoulders dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second

joint mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-

ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 7 to

costa ; pale ochreous sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a

small dark fuscous spot on base of costa ; a small dark fuscous spot

on middle of costa, and a dark fuscous spot at f , connected by fuscous

sufl'usion ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical rather obliquely before first

discal ; a moderate dark fuscous terminal fascia from apex to tornus,

anterior edge rather excavated in middle : cilia fuscous mixed

with dark fuscous. Plindwings narrowly pointed, grey ; cilia pale

grey.

Borneo, Kuching, in February and April (Hewitt);

two specimens.

Cryptolechia laica, n. sp.

9 . 16 mm. Head and thorax browuish-ochreous, shoulders dark

fuscous. Palpi light ochreous-yellowish, second joint sprinkled with

dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa moder¬

ately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather strongly

oblique ; 7 to apex ; brownish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ;

base of costa sufl’used with dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous,

first discal rather large, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal,

an additional dot beneath second discal ; a series of dark fuscous

dots along posterior half of costa and termen; cilia pale ochreous.

Hindwings fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous.

Borneo, Kuching, in November (Hewitt); one

specimen.

2'onica scncscens, n. sp.

^ . 20-22 mm. Head and thorax wliitish-ochreous mixed with

browmish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, secOnd joint sprinkled with dark

457

Malayan Micro- Lcpido2')tera.

fuscous, terminal joint with two dark fuscous rings. Ab loinen grey.

Forewings suboblong, moderate, costa gently arched, concave be¬

tween I and f, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, somewhat

oblique ; wliitish-ochreous mixed or suffused with light brownish,

more or less strewn with blackish scales tending to be arranged in

longitudinal lines; stigmata represented by tufts of mixed brownish

and whitish-ochreous scales ; prominences of costa marked with

similar tufts ; an angulated transverse series of small tufts about i, and

others along termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, round apex curled and

suffused with brownish. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey.

New Guinea, Sariba L, Kei Is., in October; two

specimens.

XYLORYCTIDAE.

Cryptophasa megalorma, n. sp.

5. 49 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-wliitish ; palpi

wdth lower ^ of second joint externally dark fuscous ; thorax with

anterior and posterior spots of fuscous suffusion. Abdomen ochre-

ous-whilish, on dorsum with broad almost confluent bands of dark

grey suffusion, with almost concealed subbasal dark red-brown

band. Forewings elongate, moderately broad, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen somewhat obliquely rounded ; ochreous-w’hitish,

suffusedly irrorated with fuscous except tow’ards costa and in middle

of disc ; base of costa blackish ; stigmata forming rather large black

spots, approximated, first discal oblique-oval, second transverse-oval,

plical between these two, round ; two or three streaks of blackish

suffusion on veins about | ; four small round black spots on jjosterior

half of costa, and a row- of large black dots along termen, becoming

larger round tornus : cilia fuscous-whitish, suffused wdth fuscous

on a subbasal shade and posterior half. Hindwings fuscous, paler

towards costa ; a suffused blackish dot in middle of disc : a series of

small round suffused blackish spots round apex and termen ; cilia as

in forewings.

New Guinea, Ron Island, in July (Doherty); one

specimen. Type in Coll. R)t!ischild.

Athrypsiastis, n. g.

Head with loosely appressed hairs ; ocelli present ; tongue de¬

veloped. Antennae f, in ^ bipectinated, towards apex simple,

basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,

recurved, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint somewhat

shorter than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short

458

Mr. E. IMeyrick’s DescriitfAons of

filiform, appressed to tongue. Forewings with 2 from 3 and 4

stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 9 to apex, 11 from beyond middle.

Hindwings over 1, ovate, cilia \ ; 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5-7 nearly

parallel, 7 to termen.

Allied to Ptochoryctis, but more primitive in character ;

the termination of vein 9 of forewings in apex is very

exceptional.

Athrypsiastis lAiaeoleuca, n. sp.

1^. 17 mm. Head and thorax whitish-brownish. Palpi and an¬

tennae pale brownish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Forewings rather

elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, rather oblique ; pale ochreous-brown ; cilia pale ochreous.

Hindwings and cilia white.

New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, in October ; one

specimen.

Linoclostis musicocles, n. sp.

^ 9 • 11-13 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen white. An¬

tennae in ^ black, in 5 grey. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 4 absent

(coincident with 3) ; white ; a fuscous line from | of costa to tornus,

right-angled in middle, dark fuscous towards extremities ; space

between this and termen more or less tinged with fuscous ; a dark

fuscous line round posterior sixth of costa and termen to near

tornus : cilia white, round apex with a fine dark fuscous ante-

median line, beyond this beneath apex with two fuscous bars,

between which the line is interrupted. Hindwings whitish-grey ;

cilia white.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt), in Apiil and August ; two

specimens.

Epimactis mffiisella, Walk.

{Gryptolcchia suffmella, Walk. Cat. xxix, 748.)

Borneo, Kuching; India, Khasi Hills. This species is

very similar to Odites paracyrta, Meyr., from Ceylon.

Ep)imactis crainhalea, n. sp.

16 mm. Head pale ochreous. Palpi ochreoiis-whitish,

basal I of second joint dark fuscous. Antennae ochreous-whitish,

simple. Thorax pale ochreous, dorsally suffused with fuscous.

459

Malayan Micro-Lepidoptcra.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, pos¬

teriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded ; 7 to termen ; brownish-ochreous, along costa

pale ochreous, towards dorsum infuscated, especially anteriorly ;

second discal stigma rather large, dark fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous.

Hind wings with 3 and 5 short-stalked ; grey, thinly scaled towards

base ; a subdorsal groove filled with long hairs ; cilia pale grey,

round tornus strongly elongated.

Java, Bandong ; one specimen.

STENOMIDAE.

Bassarodes, n. g.

Head with appressed scales, side-tufts raised, rough, expanded

behind ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antennae f , in ^ very

shortly ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten.

Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense

scales, somewhat rough beneath, especially in (J, terminal joint as

long as second, moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, fili¬

form, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae with dense rough hairs

above. Forewings with 2 from towards angle, 3 and 4 approxi¬

mated, 8 to apex, 11 from before middle. Hind wings 1, oblong-

ovate, cilia 4 ; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 connate, 6 and 7 parallel, 7 to

apex.

Bassarodes siriaca, n. sp.

^ 9 • 23-30 mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish, tufts of crown

suffused with dark brown. Palpi ochreous suffusedly mixed with

dark brown. Thorax pale ochreous-yellowish, in ^ with central

stripe of brown suffusion, in 5 wholly suffused with brownish.

Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowish, in $ suffused with brownish.

Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently

arched, apex rounded- obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ;

in pale yellowish, sometimes suffused with pale brownish on veins

and margins, with .second discal stigma dark brown, an oblique

patch of brown suffusion between this and apex, and in one speci¬

men a streak of dark brown suffusion along fold curved upwards

beneath middle of wing ; in 9 ochreous suffusedly irrorated

with dark brown, with a broad longitudinal median dark fuscous

band, suffused and undefined towards costa, lower margin well-

marked and pale-edged, curved downwards on anterior half and up¬

wards beyond middle, terminating in tornus : cilia pale yellowish,

in sometimes suffused with light brownish, in ^ suffused with

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. ] 910. — PART IV. (DEC.) H H

460

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

fuscous. Hinclwings in $ light yellowish, sometimes sprinkled

with fuscous towards tornus, cilia concolorous ; in 5 fuscous, cilia

whitish-ochreous suffused with fuscous.

Solomon Is., Cboiseul, New Georgia; three specimens.

Stcnoma 2)hasriiatopa, n. sp.

1^. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white. Palpi rather

stout, white, lower half of second joint dark fuscous. Antennal

ciliations 4. Abdomen hairy above towards base, white, more or

less tinged with light brownish. Forewings elongate, moderate,

somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded,

termen somewhat rounded, hardly oblique; ochreous-white; mark¬

ings light fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous ; a small spot on base

of costa, and two oblique strigulae on costa towards base ; an

elongate mark on fold near base ; plical and first discal stigmata

small, plical very obliquely beyond first discal ; second discal repre¬

sented by an irregular spot, connected with middle of costa by an

oblique streak ; an oblique strigula from costa at f ; a curved line

near before termen, sometimes interrupted into three segmenis :

cilia whitish, basal half faintly barred with brownish. Hindwings

and cilia ochreous white.

Solomon Is., New Georgia, Gizo (Meek); three

specimens.

ETHMIADAE.

Ethmia praeclar a, n. sp.

$ . 33-37 mm. Head grey, with three black dots on base of

collar. Palpi rather short, especially in grey-whitish, second

and terminal joints each with black subbasal and subapical bands,

subapical of second incomplete anteriorly. Antennal ciliations in

J. Thorax grey with six black dots. Abdomen orange, with

round black spot on each segment (seven), beneath with two series

of similar spots. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, slightly oblique ; grey ;

about nineteen moderate black dots, viz. one in middle of base, two

subcostal and median near base, one subcostal at i, one towards

dorsum beneath this, one on fold beyond these, two discal and sub¬

dorsal before middle, one on fold beyond middle, one towards costa

at I, one below middle beyond this, one towards costa at I, one in

middle beneath this, three approximated in a transver.se series

below middle beyond this (two upper sometimes confluent), and

three in a curved transverse series before apex ; eleven black dots

461

Malayan Micro- Lepidoytera.

round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia dark grey, becoming

whitish towards tips. Hindwings orange ; a blackish triangular

apical patch covering \ of wing, lower angle slightly produced on

termen; cilia yellow, base orange, round apical patch dark grey

with whitish tips.

Lombok, 1 Queensland (Mackay), 1 exactly

similar and I think certainly identical.

Etlimia ij ullata, n. sp.

9 . 30-34 mm. Differs from praeclara only as follows ; palpi

longer; abdomen with dorsal spots absent on two basal segments,

and very small or absent on third ; forewings rather shorter and

broader, marginal dots ten in number and more quadrate, tips of

cilia not whitish ; hindwings with apical patch much larger, occu¬

pying ^ of wing, triangularly prominent near costa, extended on

termen as a narrow streak to middle, on undersurface with a dark

fuscous costal band throughout.

Solomon Is., Guadalcanal' (Meek) ; four specimens.

This species is at once distinguished from all the similar

species by the dark fuscous costal band of undersurface

of hindwings, this area being usually orange.

Ethmia argopa, n. sp.

9 . 32-34 mm. Differs from praeclara only as follows : subbasal

band of second joint of palpi incomplete anteriorly : abdomen with

dorsal spot absent on basal segment, very small or absent on second ;

forewings somewhat broader, black dots larger, lowest of three

approximated dots towards termen below middle absent, two lower

of praeapical dots coalesced, marginal dots nine in number, cilia

paler grey ; hindwings ochreous-yellow, cilia pale yellow, round

apical patch pale grey.

Malay States, Padang Rengas; two specimens. It

seems convenient to describe here also the following

closely-allied Australian species.

Ethmia thoraea, n. sp.

. 27 mm. Differs from praeclara only as follows : head whitish-

grey with black spot behind each antenna, base of collar with four

subconfluent black dots ; palpi longer ; antennal ciliations | ; thorax

whitish-grey, black dots larger : forewings rather shorter, costa more

arched, termen more oblique, whitish-grey, black dots larger, post¬

median subcostal placed at § instead of |, lowest of three approxi-

H H 2

462

Mr. E. Meyrick’s Dcscrij^tionfi of

mated dots towards termen below middle absent, two lower of

praeapical dots coalesced, marginal dots ten in number.

Queensland (Turner) ; one specimen.

Ethmia colonella, Wals.

Distinguished by its small size, relatively long antennal ciliations

of ^ (1), second joint of palpi with subapical ring obsolete, and form

of apical patch of hindwings, which sends a triangular projection

inwards to end of cell.

New Guinea, Kei Is.

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE.

Tortyra heryllitis, n. sp.

(J. 17 mm. Head blackish, face metallic blue-green. Palpi

metallic blue-green, towards base pale j’ellowish, towards apex black.

Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; dark

fuscous-bronze ; a bright metallic -green basal patch, outer edge

running from \ of costa to f of dorsum, straight ; a slender bright

metallic-green fascia near beyond and parellel to this ; near beyond

this a blackish transverse line edged anteriorly with blue-purple ;

whole posterior area beyond this strewn with coppery-golden and

blackish scales, towards preceding line tinged with bright purple :

cilia silver-grey, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with tornus

not produced ; dark fuscous ; a slender indistinct whitish-ochreous

streak beneath lower margin of cell ; cilia grey, with dark fuscous

basal line, outer half white.

Nicobar Is. ; one specimen.

Tortyra cypridia, n. sp.

9 . 15 mm. Head and palpi shining dark prismatic-bronze.

Antennae prismatic purple-blackish, white above on a subapical

band. Thorax dark shining bronze, with three metallic green-blue

lines. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa

posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather ob¬

lique ; dark fuscous-bronze ; metallic green-blue subcostal, median,

and subdorsal streaks from base to beyond ^ ; a transverse metallic

green-blue line before middle, interriipted in middle ; a narrow

blackish fascia beyond middle, edged anteriorly by a crimson-purple

line, and posteriorly by bright prismatic crimson-purple costal,

discal, and dorsal patches, costal partly suffused with metallic-green ;

463

Ma I ay an Micro-Le23id oiJtera .

a bright prismatic crimson-purple submarginal line round posterior

part of costa and termen, area between this and preceding markings

mixed with dark fuscous and irrorated with ochreous-whitish ; cilia

silvery-grey-whitish, with blackish basal line. Hindwings dark

fuscous ; cilia grey, with blackish basal line, outer half whitish.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in February, one specimen.

Tortyra mitrifnga, n. sp.

(^. 16-17 mm. Head shining blue-blackish, upper half of face

metallic blue-green. Palpi greenish-bronze, becoming black towards

apex. Antennae purple-black, above with a white band above

middle. Thorax blackish, with three metallic-green stripes. Abdo¬

men dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;

blackish ; a metallic-green subcostal streak from base to I, and a

triangular patch formed by confluence of usual median and sub¬

dorsal streaks ; a metallic-green ti'ansverse streak at | ; a pale

metallic green-blue transverse line before middle, edged with dark

purple-fuscous suffusion ; beyond this a large circular patch of

suffused ochreous-whitish irroration enclosing a suffused dark purple-

fuscous spot marked with some golden-metallic scales, rest of wing

posteriorly sprinkled with ochreous-whitish ; a golden-metallic

streak along upper part of termen ; cilia submetallic-grey, with

blackish subbasal line. Hindwings with tornus not produced ; dark

fuscous ; a suffused narrow ochreous-whitish or pale yellowish streak

beneath lower margin of cell ; a hyaline dorsal streak ; cilia whitish,

with dark fuscous subbasal line.

Celebes (Doherty) ; India, Khasi Hills, in November

and December; three specimens.

Tortyra lihanota, n. sp.

19 mm. Head metallic-green. Palpi metallic-green, becoming

silvery-white towards base and black towards apex. Antennae

purple-black, above with a narrow white band about |, five apical

joints ochreous. Thorax blackish, with three metallic-green stripes.

Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; deep golden-

bronze ; a purple-blackish basal patch reaching to marked with

metallic-green subcostal, median, and subdorsal streaks, two latter

broader and confluent posteriorly ; a metallic-green transverse streak

at I ; a black slightly sinuate transverse median streak, broader

towards costa, edged anteriorly with a blue-leaden line and pos-

4C4 A[r. E. Meyrick’s Bescrvptions of

teriorly with a golden-metallic line ; whole posterior area beyond

this irregularly mixed with purple-blackish and strewn with scattered

golden-metallic specks, which i)Osteriorly tend to be arranged in

longitudinal lines : cilia light shining bronze, with black basal line.

Hindwings broader and shorter than usual, termen rather promi¬

nently rounded towards middle and sinuate above this ; dark

fuscous; a slender suffused pale ochreous-yellowish streak beneath

lower margin of cell ; a subhyaline dorsal streak ; cilia grey, tips

whitish.

New Guinea, Woodlark I.; in March, one specimen.

Tortyra 'prodigella. Walk.

Java; Celebes. Snellen’s siriana is a synonym of

this, and his basalis is a synonym of pretiosa, Walk. ; but

the Australian species described by me under the name

of ijrodigella. Walk., is really a distinct species renamed

below.

Tortyra exanthista, n. sp.

(Tortyra vrodiqella, Meyr. (nec Walk.), Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S. Wales, 1907, 100.)

Queensland, Cairns. Sufficiently described.

Imma denticulata, n. sp.

^ $ . 18-19 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen

fuscous (palpi in ^ broken). Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,

costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, slightly oblique ;

7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous ; extreme costal

edge ochreous-whitish ; a suffused indistinct darker fuscous mark

on transverse vein ; a very small ochreous-whitish triangular spot

on costa near apex : cilia fuscous, tips whitish. Hindwings in ^

fuscous, darker posteriorly, towards base thinly scaled, with broad

hyaline median and subdorsal streaks from base to about | ; in 5

dark fuscous, on basal half thinly scaled with broad median and

subdorsal streaks subhyaline and mixed with whitish ; cilia in ^

fuscous becoming whitish towards tips, in $ whitish with dark

fuscous basal line.

Timor, Dilli, in May, 1 J (type) ; Borneo, Sandakan, in

February, 1 Malay States, Penang I., in November*

1 ?■

Malayan Micro- Lepido'ptera.

465

Imma uranitis, n. sp.

^ . 25-26 mm. Head light fuscous mixed with whitish-ochreous,

lower part of face whitish-yellowish, collar with series of broad

erectible prismatic scales. Palpi with second int excurved, with

expansible hairs towards apex above, light ochreous-yellowish with

broad anterior and short narrow posterior dark purple-fuscous

stripes, terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax

lilac-fuscous, beneath forewings with a long expansible lateral pencil

of whitish-ochreous hairs, covered at base with broad pearly-white

scales. Abdomen light bluish-lilac-fuscous, rough-scaled above. Fore¬

wings elongate, rather broad, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,

apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked,

8 to termen ; dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; a moderate

ochreous-yellow rather oblique median fascia ; a triangular ochreous-

yellow spot on costa before apex ; a very fine irregular ochreous-

whitish line along upper part of termen : cilia fuscous, becoming

whitish towards tips, or mostly ochreous-whitish. Hindwings dark

fuscous ; a large undefined lighter patch occupying most of disc,

with strong bright blue reflections ; cilia fuscous, becoming whitish

towards tips, with dark fuscous subbasal line.

Celebes, Tawaya, Dongala ; in August and September,

two specimens.

Imma monastica, n. sp.

^ $. 17-21 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous, in

^ normal. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen dark fuscous, in ^

laterally clothed with rough hairs on basal half. Posterior tibiae

tufted with long dense expansible ochreous-whitish hairs on basal

half beneath. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa in ^

nearly straight, in $ slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,

somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark fuscous,

faintly purplish-tinged ; a wedge-shaped ochreous-white mark from

costa near apex ; a fine white denticulate terminal line : cilia fuscous,

tips whitish, above tornus with a suffused whitish spot. Hindwings

dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; broad median and dorsal prismatic-

violet-tinged hyaline longitudinal patches, confluent towards base,

upper extending to about f, lower nearly to termen ; cilia fuscous,

outer half whitish.

Moluccas, Amboina, in August and February (Doherty);

twelve specimens. Near airosignata, Feld., but without

the characteristic black patch of hindwings in and the

cilia of forewings in that species are white on upper part

of termen (I), or almost wholly ($).

400

Mr. E. ]\Ieyrick’s Dearriptions of

Imma lyrifera^ ii. sp.

9 . 18-19 mm. Head orange-yellow. Palpi yellow, with a fiiscons

anterior stripe on terminal joint and upper half of second. Thorax

fuscous-purple, with four orange stripes on anterior half, and two

posterior orange marks. Abdomen rather dark grey. Forewings

elongate, moderately l)road, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,

apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8

stalked, 8 to apex ; fuscous-purple, suffused with blue towards

costa; markings orange; short costal and median streaks from

base ; an irregular rather outwards-curved streak from middle of

costa to f of dorsum, dilated on costa, interrupted in middle and

near dorsum ; a series of eight or nine interneural dashes between

this and following streak, but mostly not reaching either ; a terminal

streak, wide on costa and attenuated to tornus, anterior edge concave,

enclosing a blacki.sh striga from costa : cilia whitish, in one specimen

suffused with grey towards base, in the other with a blackish basal

line, Hindwings hyaline, veins blackish-grey ; a moderately broad

rather dark grey band along costa ; a moderate blackish-grey termi¬

nal fascia, becoming abruptly very narrow near tornus ; cilia fuscous,

outer half whitish, with blackish basal line.

New Guinea, Kei Is., Woodlark I. ; in December and

March, two specimens.

Imma peolploca, n. sp.

9. 21mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous yellow. Abdomen

dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather broad, posteriorly dilated,

costa moderately arched, apex rounded -obtuse, termen nearly

straight, hardly oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark fuscous-

purple ; an ochreous-yellow streak running round base, costa, and

termen, forming a narrow basal patch which extends on costa and

dorsum so that edge is concave, very slender through middle of

costa, at apex forming a triangular patch, and again very finely

attenuated towards tornus : cilia yellow, beneath tornus fuscous.

Hindwings and cilia blackish-grey.

New Guinea, Jobi I., in May; one .specimen.

Imma nuhigena, n. sp.

1^. 27-29 mm. Head white or whitish, .scales of crown and

collar long, dense, erectible, partially suffused with fuscous. Palpi

ochreous-whitish or whitish-ochreovrs, second joint rather excurved,

with expansible scales towards apex above, with fuscous lateral

stripe or sometimes wholly fuscous externally, terminal joint

M %layan Micro- Lcpiclo'j^Ura .

467

with dark fuscous posterior streak. Antennal ciliations very sliort.

Tliora.x purplish -fuscous. Abdomen rather elongate, fuscous, with

long hairs on sides. Posterior tibiae witli whitish-ochreous hairs

beneath on basal half. Forewings elongate, rather narrow towards

base, considerably dilated posteriorly, costa anteriorly straight,

posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some¬

what oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark fuscous ; basal

f darker -with a strong purple gloss, limited by a cloudy irregularly

waved pale greyish-ochreoustransver.se line, sometimes little marked;

a large rounded purple-blackish apical blotch, limited by a similar

less marked line from i of costa to dorsum before tornus, approxi¬

mated to first above middle but nearly ob.solete there, space between

these two lines .somewhat irrorated with pale greyish -ochreous :

cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal line. Hindwings fuscous,

lighter towards apex, ba.sal half suffused with blackish-fuscous ; cilia

fuscous, on lower half of termen whitish towards tips.

Bali, in April ; three specimens. Very near strepsizoiia

(of which the type specimen, described as a is really

therefore the differences are not sexual), but differs by

white and fuscous head and palpi (yellow in strejjsizonct),

less developed pale transverse lines, and peculiarly coloured

hindwings (in streiosizona uniform dark fuscous), with cilia

not white externally on upper part of termen.

Imma mormopa, n. sp.

5 ■ 14-15 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous.

Palpi slender, whitish-fuscous. Antennae in pubescent-ciiiated.

Forewings triangular, costa strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen

somewhat rounded, slightly oblique ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa ;

purple-blackish ; four thick transverse suffused whitish-fuscous

streaks, first two straight, third curved, sharply indented towards

dorsum, fourth from f of costa to tornus, curved, narrower ; a

whitish-fuscous discal spot between second and third : cilia fuscous,

basal third dark fuscous, at apex with a small w'hitish spot.

Hindwings dark fuscous ; .straight whitish-fuscous postmedian and

subterminal transverse streaks, former suffirsed with white on upper

half ; cilia rather dark fuscous, base whitish, at apex suffused with

whitish.

Moluccas, Banda, Amboina ; in August and February,

two specimens. This is a very interesting species, being

the most primitive form of the genus known to me, and

clearly showing the affinity with Simaethis and Brenthia ;

by assuming it as the starting-point, it becomes possible

468 Mr. E. Meyrick’s DcMriptions of

to trace the development of the rest of the species, hitherto

obscure.

Brcntliia caelicola, n. sp.

^ 9- 11-12 imn. Head dark kronze, face edged with white.

Pal^ii white, obliquely barred with dark fuscous. Autenuae white

spotted with dark fuscous, ciliations iu very short. Thorax dark

bronze, witli five fine white lines on anterior half. Abdomen dark

fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen nearly straight, little oblique ; dark bronzy-

fuscous ; a straight thick transverse streak of whitish irroratiou

at I ; a similar thicker streak at |, but terminated above by an

oblique streak of violet-golden-metallic irroration from middle of

costa ; space between these irregularly marked with whitish irrora¬

tion, and with a transverse-oval discal spot outlined with white ;

a moderately broad blackish terminal fascia, edged with whitish

irroration anteriorly, nearly divided into three spots by streaks of

ground-colour from anterior edge, lowest spot largest, and marked

just before termen with an irregular series of seven partially-

connected violet-golden-metallic dots : cilia bronzy-fuscous, with a

darker fuscous subbasal shade, tow^ards tips whitish. Hindwings

dark fuscous; an oval white spot in middle of disc ; a brilliant deep

blue elongate spot beneath costa beyond middle, and a similar

transverse streak before apex ; a white transverse streak before

central third of termen, its lower extremity resting on termen ; cilia

fuscous with dark fuscous subbasal line, with a patch of whitish

sulfusion at apex, and oblique patches of white suffusion above and

below middle of termen.

New Guinea, Kei Is. ; from February to May, four

specimens.

Brcntliia sriJaconia, n. sp.

(J. 9-11 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, margins of face white. Palpi

white, with four dark fuscous rings. Antennae white spotted with

dark fuscous, ciliations moderate. Thorax rather dark bronzy-

firscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular,

costa slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat

rounded, little oblique ; dark fuscous ; an irregular straight whitish

transverse streak before ; a transverse-oval discal spot outlined

with white, surrounding which is an irregular whitish ring almost

or quite touching costa and dorsum; a moderately broad blackish

terminal fascia, edged anteriorly with whitish and preceded by a

parallel whitish line, upper extremity cut off so as to form two small

469

Malayan Micro -Lepicloptera.

sjiots, marked near posterior edge with five violet-golden-metallic

dots, of which two are in the two upper spots, and upper spot also

preceded by a small golden-violet spot : cilia fuscous, with darker

subbasal line, at apex with whitish patch. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

a small obscure whitish spot in middle of disc ; a transverse shining

violet mark before apex ; on lower f of wing a shining violet- white

subterminal streak and suffused orange terminal streak : cilia dark

fuscous, with oblique wliitish patches in middle of termen and at

tornus.

New Guinea, Kei Is.; in January and April, two

specimens.

Brenthia spintheritis, n. sp.

d?. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous.

Palpi white with four dark fuscous rings. Antennae white ringed

with dark fuscous, ciliations in $ long. Forewings elongate-

triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

somewhat rounded, little oblique ; dark fuscous ; an obscure cloudy

straight thick transverse streak of whitish irroration at some¬

times little marked ; a large undefined discal patch of pale violet-

golden-metallic irroration above middle reaching to costa ; a

moderately broad praeterminal blackish fascia obscurely edged all

round with whitish suffusion, upper end cut off to form a separate

spot, marked near posterior edge with five pale violet-golden-metallic

dots, of which one is in upper spot : cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous

subbasal line, at apex with a whitish patch. Hindwings dark

fuscous ; a small cloudy whitish spot in disc before middle ; a

thick whitish transverse streak at f abruptly constricted near each

extremity ; a whitish submarginal line, touching termen in middle,

towards upper extremity attenuated and suffused with golden-violet,

not quite reaching costa ; cilia dark fuscous, with white patch in

middle of termen, and less marked whitish patches at apex and

tornus.

New Guinea, Kei Is. ; in April and May, three

specimens.

SOBAREUTIS, n. g.

Head smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue apparently absent. An¬

tennae in d' simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial

palpi rather long, recurved, diverging, second joint with scales rather

rough beneath, with two or three short bristles at apex laterally,

terminal joint as long as second, moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi

very short, loosely scaled, porrected. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled,

with long projecting bristly scales at origin of spurs. Forewings

470

i\fr. E. Mey rick’s Deseo-^jfions of

with 2 from near angle, 7 to termen, 11 from before middle.

Hindwings t, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 nearly

parallel.

Apparently allied to G1 yphipteryx or its ancestors.

Goharcutis conchophancs, n. sp.

12 mm. Head and i)a]pi white. Thorax dark fuscous, pos¬

terior extremity white. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins

partially white. Posterior tibiae dark purple-fuscous, median band

and apical bristles white. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly

dilated posteriorly, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; dark i)urplish-

fuscous ; two rather narrow shining w’hite fasciae, first near base,

not reaching costa, second beyond middle, rather inwards-oblique,

contracted above middle : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia

dark fu.scous.

Borneo, Kuching (Hewitt) ; in November, one speci¬

men.

Thriambeutis, n. g.

Head with appressed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue short. An¬

tennae nearly 1, above with fringe of long rough projecting scales

except towards apex, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi

short, porrected, loosely scaled, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi

obsolete. Forewings with 2 from §, 7 to termen, 11 from middle.

Hindwings under 1, elongate-ovate, cilia | ; 2-7 separate, tolerably

parallel.

Thriamheutis hemicausta, n. sp.

9 . 21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-orange. Antennae

black, apical fourth whitish. Abdomen reddish-orange, apical half

blackisli. Forewings elongate, narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly,

costa slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

reddish-orange : a purple-blackish apical patch occupying rather

more than half wing, anterior edge irregular: cilia purple-blackish.

Hindwings reddish-orange ; apical half blackish, division irregular;

cilia reddish-orange, round apical half blackish.

Solomon Is., Isabel I. (Meek) ; one specimen.

PLUTELLIDAE.

Atteva monoplaneiis, n. sp.

9. 31-32 mm. Head dark grey, with white spots on sides of

face, betw'een antennae, and behind eyes, collar and back of crown

471

Malayan Micro-Lcpidoiytera.

orange. Palpi dark grey. Antennae grey, suffu.sed with whitish

towards apex. Thorax and abdomen bright deep orange. Fore¬

wings elongate, narrow towards base, posteriorly dilated, costa

gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded,

little oblique ; bright deep orange ; a deep purple patch occujjying

rather more than apical half, anterior edge suffused ; an oval white

spot in disc at rather below middle: cilia dark fuscous, white

towards tips at apex. Hindwings bright deep oi’ange ; a blackish

apical patch occupying rather less than half wing, anterior edge

suffused; cilia orange, round apical patch blackish.

Bismarck Is., New Hanover; in March, two specimens.

Atteva heliodoxa, n, sp.

^ . 34 mm. Head white, sides of crown marked with dark grey.

Palpi white, externally grey. Antennae grey. Thorax and abdomen

bright orange, anal valves very elongate, suffused with grey towards

apex. Posterior tibiae rather short, slender, white, with loose hairs

above, tarsi long. Fore wings elongate, narrow towards base, poste-

I'iorly dilateil, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

somewhat rounded, little oblique ; bright deep orange, apical half

deep fuscous-purple, division suffused ; a round white spot in disc

at i ; a transverse-oval large white spot in middle of disc, and

another still larger at J below middle ; five or six small round white

spots in an irregular longitudinal series beneath posterior half of

costa: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings bright deep orange; a dark

fuscous patch occupying apical fourth of wing, and narrowly ex¬

tended along termen to below middle, anterior edge suffused ; cilia

orange, round apical patch dark fuscous.

New Guinea, Jobi I., in May; one specimen. Nearest

conspicua, Wals., but in that species the dark apical patch

of hindwings occupies more than half wing.

Atteva halanuta, n. sp.

5. 31 mm. Head white, with two large black spots on crown.

Palpi white, with a fuscous anterior streak. Antennae dark grey,

basal joint white. Thorax orange-fulvous, collar, a spot on each

side, and two posterior spots white. Abdomen bright orange. Fore¬

wings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly

arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate,

somewhat oblique ; fulvous-orange, with 18 or 19 white spots or

marks, viz. six or seven small spots along anterior half of costa, a

moderate round subdorsal spot near base, two others discal and

472

Mr. E. Mey rick’s Descriptions of

dorsal near beyond this, a longitudinal-oblong spot on fold before

middle and one in disc at^, two moderate spots in disc above middle

(anterior transverse) and a larger round sirot on dorsum beneath these,

a subcostal streak from beyond middle to |, its extremities touching

costa, a small spot beneath posterior extremity of this, a larger round

spot almost at apex, and an irregular transverse mark towards

termen on lower half ; cilia fulvous-orange, tips paler. Hindwings

bright orange, thinly scaled and subhyaline towards base ; cilia

orange.

Philippines, Manila ; one specimen.

Anaplicmtis protona, n. sp.

^ 9- 18-19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, collar orange-

yellow ; terminal joint of palpi in ^ as long as second, in 9 much

shorter. Antennae blackish, apical third whitish. Abdomen orange-

yellow, apical third blackish. Forewings elongate, rather dilated

posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely

rounded ; purplish-black ; a rather broad orange-yellow transverse

band, extending from J to beyond middle, posterior edge with an

irregular projection below middle : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings

orange-yellow ; a black basal spot ; a black patch occupying apical

f or rather more, and extended as a narrow streak along termen to

near tornus ; cilia blackish, on dorsum and tornus yellow.

New Guinea, Woodlark I. (Meek), in March and April ;

six specimens. Differs from isochrysa by wider black basal

area of forewings, posterior projection of yellow band, black

basal spot of hindwings, and larger apical patch.

Melodryas, n. g.

Head with appressed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue absent. An¬

tennae 1, rather stout, somevdiat compressed, basal joint moderate,

without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending,

second joint thickened with scales, terminal joint as long as second,

moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi short, distinct, porrected. Poste¬

rior tibiae shortly rough-scaled. Forewings with 2 from angle, 3

absent, 7 to apex, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate,

cilia ^ ; 2-7 tolerably parallel.

Allied to Anapliantis.

Melodryas doris, n. sp.

9 . 20-21 mm. Head and thorax blackish, face and sides of

crown yellow. Palpi yellow, second joint with blackish lateral line.

473

Malayan Micro- Lepidoi^tera.

Antennae whitish-ochreous more or less tinged with grey, towards

base suffused with fuscous. Abdomen orange, apical half purple-

black. Forewings elongate, narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly,

costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ;

purplish-black ; a broad orange transverse fascia extending from

about ^ to middle : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings orange ; extreme

base black ; a black apical patch occupying nearly half of wing ;

cilia orange, round apical patch blackish.

Solomon Is., Rendova, New Georgia (Meek); two

specimens.

TINEIDAE.

Dccadarchis discreta, n. sp.

9. 17-18 mm. Head and palpi white. Thorax ochreous-white,

shoulders blackish. Abdomen light grey. Forewings elongate,

costa moderately arched, apex pointed, upturned, termen very

obliquely rounded ; bronzy -blackish ; markings ochreous-white or

whitish-ochreous ; a moderate somewhat curved fascia at J, dilated

towards dorsum ; a semicircular spot on costa at and another on

dorsum before tornus ; a spot crossing wing just before apex : cilia

ochreous-white or whitish-ochreous, with dark fuscous patches at

apex and on middle of termen. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled

towards base ; cilia whitish-grey.

New Guinea, Kei Is.; Solomon Is., Guadalcanal-;

two specimens.

Monopis thiantha, n. sp.

d- 17 mm. Head pale yellow. Palpi dark fuscous. Antennal

ciliations 2. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous-

yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately

arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 and

4 stalked out of 2, 7 and 8 stalked ; very dark brown, with some

scattered dark fuscous scales ; a pale yellow semioval spot extending

on dorsum from i to beyond middle, containing several small tufts

of raised scales ; a larger light yellow trapezoidal blotch extending

on costa from 5 to f and reaching half across wing, narrowed down¬

wards, with a short projection from lower anterior angle, and a

round hyaline sjjot within this angle : cilia pale brownish sprinkled

with dark fuscous. Hindwings light purple-brownish, on basal half

grey-whitish and semihyaline ; cilia pale yellowish, with a palo

brownish shade.

New Guinea, Kei Is., in March ; one specimen.

474< Mr. E. Mey rick’s Dcscrii^tionn of

Monoijis callichalca, n. sp.

16 mm. Head light ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous,

apex yellowish. Antennae simple. Thorax dark fuscous. Ab¬

domen fuscous, apex pale ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate,

costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 3

and 4 stalked, 9 and 10 stalked ; dark purple-fuscous, strigulated

with ochreous-whitish on median area, and on costa and dorsum

posteriorly ; a broad bronzy-yellow transverse fascia extending from

near base to | ; a brassy-yellow postmedian fascia, broad on costa

and dorsum, posterior margin angularly emarginate, so that it

becomes very narrow in middle ; an oval ochreous-whitish semi¬

hyaline spot in disc preceding this ; a small ochreous-whitish spot

on costa near apex : cilia dark fuscous mixed with ochreous-whitish.

Hindwings dark grey, with bronzy reflections; cilia grey-whitish.

New Guinea, Kei Is., in March ; one specimen.

Monopis syharita, n. sp.

18. Head yellow. Palpi dark fuscous, apex yellow-whitish.

Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 3 and

4 connate, 9 and 10 stalked ; dark purple-fuscous ; a large brassy-

yellow rounded blotch extending on dorsum from towards base to

beyond middle, and reacliing to near costa ; an inwardly oblique

brasfsy-yellow spot from | of costa, reaching half across wing, its

lower extremity preceded by a small whitish subhyaline spot : cilia

dark fuscous, irregularly mixed with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings

dark fuscous, with bronzy reflections ; cilia grey, with dark fuscous

subbasal shade.

Solomon Is., Choiseul (Meek) ; one specimen.

Tinea calycodes, n. sp.

9 . 18-19 mm. Head and thorax white. Antennae 1. Abdomen

light grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ;

rather light yellowish-ferruginous-brown ; base narrowly white ; a

broad white transverse fascia occiq^ying from } to beyond middle,

edged with a few black scales, broader towards costa, posterior edge

with projection just beneath costa and above middle ; an irregular

white apical spot, preceded by a few blackish scales : cilia light

ochreous-brownish, with rows of dark fuscous points, with a

white patch beneath apex. Hindwings brassy-grey ; cilia whitisli-

ochreous sprinkled witli grey points.

Solomon Is., Bougainville (Meek); two specimens.

475

Malrujan Micro-Lcpido2')tera.

OSPHRETICA, n. g.

Head densely rough-haired ; ocelli present ; tongue developed.

Antennae in ^ ciliated Avith long fascicles, basal joint stout,

densely scaled. Labial paljji long, subascending, second joint u ith

dense rough projecting scales beneath, terminal joint somewhat

shorter, slender, cylindrical, obtuse, rough-scaled anteriorly. Max¬

illary palpi long, filiform, folded. (Posterior tibiae defective.) Fore¬

wings with 2 from towards angle, 4 and 5 somewhat approximated,

7 to costa, 8 and 9 stalked, 11 from before middle. Hind wings 1,

elongate-ovate ; 2-7 tolerably parallel.

Osphretica chomatias, n. sp.

1^. 12 mm. Head and palju blackish-fuscous. Thorax ochreous-

whitish, anterior half blackish-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; whitish-ochreous ; a

blackish-fuscous longitudinal spot on base of costa ; a semioval

blackish-fuscous blotch extending on dorsum from before to near

tornus, reaching half across wing ; a narrow blackish-fuscous patch

extending along costa from f to apex, cut across by three oblique

whitish strigulae. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Borneo, Kuching (Heivitt), in October; one specimen.

CORYPTILUM, Z.

I find this genus possesses folded maxillary palpi, and

must therefore be referred to the neighbourhood of Tinea.

Corxjptilnm atrescens, n. sp.

g $. 28-36 mm. Head and palpi black. Antennae, thorax, and

abdomen blackish-fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow towards

base, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,

termen obliquely rounded ; dark ashy-fuscous irrorated with

blackish, with some scattered blue-metallic scales on A'eins ; a broad

subcostal streak of coppery-red suffusion from base to an oblique

transverse whitish blotch crossing disc beyond middle : cilia dark

purplish-fuscous with two blackish lines. Hindwings blackish ; an

elongate blotch of orange-reddish suffusion extending in disc from

base to beyond middle, sometimes much obscured or nearly obsolete

cilia blackish.

Java, Western district; four specimens. Smaller

and narrower-winged than rutildlum, from which it is

distinguished by the mainly blackish hindwings.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) I I

47G Mr. E. Meyrick’s DescrijJtions of

Themeliotis, n. g.

Head with short rough hairs ; ocelli present ; tongue absent.

Antennae f, in ^ dentate, fasciculate-ciliated, basal joint with

flap of dense projecting scales anteriorly. Labial palpi moderate,

ascending, second joint with dense projecting tuft of scales beneath,

terminal joint shorter, cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpi obso¬

lete. Thorax with posterior crest. Posterior tibiae with appressed

scales. Forewings with 2 from towards angle, 7 to termen, 8 and 9

stalked, 11 from before middle. Hindwings under 1, elongate-ovate,

cilia f ; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 parallel.

Allied to Ardiosteres.

Themeliotis stereodes, n. sp.

12 mm. Head white. Palpi whitish, second joint blackish-

fuscous, tuft fuscous. Thorax white, shoulders dark fuscous.

Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate,

costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; white ; a moderate blackish-

fuscous basal fascia, enclosing a small white spot on base of dorsum ;

a juoderate blackish-fuscous median fascia, considerably dilated

towards costa ; a very small dark fuscous spot on costa towards

apex : cilia pale whitish-yellowish. Hindwings pale whitish-

yellowish tinged with grey ; cilia pale whitish-yellowish.

New Guinea, Sariba I. (Meek); one specimen.

Tinissa cinerascens, n. sp.

14-16 mm., $. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-

whitish. Palpi white, second joint somewhat marked with fuscous

suffusion, terminal joint with dark fuscous median ring. Antennal

ciliations of 3. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, in $ more or less

suffused with grey. Posterior tibiae fuscous-whitish, posterior half

with dense rough expanded fuscous scales. Forewings elongate,

narrow towards base, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ;

whitish-ochreous more or less infuscated, with a violet gloss, and

strigulated throughout with dark fuscous ; posterior half of costa

ochreous-whitish, marked with a small dark fuscous spot on middle

of costa and four others posteriorly ; a small obscure dark fuscous

mark on end of cell, sometimes followed by an obscure pale spot ; a

suffused dark fuscous terminal line : cilia whitish-ochreous, towards

tips somewhat infuscated. Hindwings in whitish-ochreous more

Malayan Micro- Lqnd,optera. 477

or less tinged with grey and snffusedly spotted with darker grey, in

$ dark grey ; cilia ochreons-Avhitish, in $ tinged with grey.

New Guinea, Kossel L, Sudest I. (Meek); six speci¬

mens. The species of this genus are very similar in

general appearance, but good characters are found in the

neuration, and markings of terminal joint of palpi.

Tinissa 'plirictodcs, n. sp.

. 16 mm., $. 22 mm. Head and thorax ochreons-whitish.

Palpi ochreons-whitish, second joint obscurely barred with rather

dark fuscous suffusion, terminal joint with dark fuscous basal and

subapical rings. Antennal ciliations of ^ 3. Abdomen ochreons-

whitish more or less infuscated. Posterior tibiae ochreous-whitish,

posterior half with dense rough expanded rather dark fuscous scales.

Forew'ings elongate, rather narrow' tow'ards base, somew'hat dilated

posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen hardly rounded, oblique ; 8 and 9

stalked ; whitish-ochreous, suffusedly strigulated throughout with

dark fuscous, strigulae more confluent in J ; posterior half of costa

dark fuscous, with a small whitish-ochreous spot at |, another

beyond it, and several irregular dots on or beneath costa pos¬

teriorly ; a suffused dark fuscous terminal line : cilia fuscous, base

whitish-ochreous. Hind wings in ^ whitish- fuscous, in 9 rather

dark fuscous ; cilia in ^ whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous, in ^

suffused with fuscoiis.

Solomon Is., Choiseul (Meek); two specimens.

Tinissa rigida, n. sp.

18 mm. Head white, crown centrally suffused wdth brownish.

Palpi white, second joint tinged with fuscous suffusion, with tw'o in¬

complete dark fuscous bars, terminal joint wdth dark fuscous supra-

median ring. Antennal ciliations H. Thorax whitish spotted with

fuscous suffusion. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Posterior tibiae

whitish, posterior half with dense roughly tufted brownish scales.

Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; white, with pairs of

irregular partly confluent dark brown striae rising from small

spots on costa, these striae partially obsolete at j and 4 of wing.

Hindwings and cilia whitish-fuscous.

New Guinea, Kei Is. ; one specimen.

Scardia satyr odes, n. sp.

. 19 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous ;

second joint of palpi with long dense triangular tuft beneath, ter-

I I 2

478 Mr. E. Meyrick on Malayan Micro-Le.'pido'ptcTa.

minal joint short, slender, pointed. Antennae fasciculate-cili¬

ated (2). Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, tennen nearly straight, rather strongly oblique; all veins

separate, 7 to termen ; dark brown ; very obscure dark fuscous

markings, viz. a suffu.sed slightly oblique fascia before middle, a

transverse spot from costa at |, several small scattered spots pos¬

teriorly, especially a round spot towards apex and some small spots

on posterior part of costa and termen; two dark fuscous tufts of

scales on antemedian fascia, and one subcostal on spot at f , beneath

which is a small round pale ochreous spot : cilia dark fuscous.

Hindwings blackish ; cilia dark fuscous.

New Guinea, Rossel I. (Meek) ; one specimen. Allied

to the Australian ‘primaeva.

( 479 )

XVI. On Zizeeria (Chapmaoi), Zizera (Moore), a yroup of

Lycaenid Butterjiies. By T. A, Chapman, M.D.

[Read March 2nd, 1910.]

Plates LI — LX.

Moore instituted the genus Zizera for a group of butter¬

flies, of which he placed three, that occur in Ceylon, viz.

I'.arsandra, imlica and gaika, in it. His diagnosis of the

genus accords with liarsandra (Igsimon) as the type.* He

appends to the diagnosis, however, the words “ Type,

Z. alms” Alstis, however, belongs to a totally different

group of “ blues,” and does not conform to Moore’s diagnosis

of Zizera. One can only suppose that Moore, without

really examining alsns, thought to make his work more

acceptable to British readers by placing a British species

as type. To appeal to an unintelligent public in this way

is clearly to be regretted in a matter of science, whatever

it may be in other fields of human activity.

The question arises. Does Zizera belong as a generic

name to alms or to karsandra ?

It may be noted that both de Niceville and Bingham,

in dealing with the genus, cite alsus as the type ; and

Butler, in his very useful list of the species (Proc. Zool.

Soc., 1900, p. 104), includes alsns, and adds the alter ego

of alsiis, lorquinii. The rule apparently governing the

point is clearly expressed thus: ‘'When, in' the original

publication of a genus, one of the species is definitely

designated as type, this species shall be accepted as type

regardless of any other consideration.”

At first view this seems to make alsus unquestionably

the type. But one may view the matter thus : alsus is

not a species of the genus, and so cannot by any one (even

Moore) be made the type. It is further clear that Moore

made the genus for and on karsandra, and having done

that, the law of priority, valid now and here for him, if

for no one else before publication, it was impossible to

assert anything outside it as type. The case is certainly a

puzzling and unusual one. Another consideration also

* “Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol. i, p. 78, 1880.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

480

Dr. T. A. Chapman m Zizeeo'ia,

arises. Zizera has been used for tlie harsandra group

over and over again, but, I think, never for alsus, till we

come to Butler’s list (1900). Short as twenty years may

be, it is perhaps sufficiently long, in this unusual case, to

add weight to the view that harsandra is the type, on the

recently strongly advanced contention that use and wont

shall be duly considered in this question.

If all this, however, is mere prejudiced special pleading,

and this view is finally held to be erroneous and that

harsandra (with its allies) has to be provided with a new

genus, I would suggest that the new name be Zizeeria, as

making the change least troublesome.

Possibly my best course is to replace Zizera by Zizeeria

(for harsandra), it will make matters clearer, and only

add another synonym if my alternative contention holds

good. To do this is, of course, rather to sit on the fence.

If Zizera adheres to als^is {minimus) I fancy it becomes a

synonym, but that is a matter that does not now con¬

cern me. For details of C. minimus 1 may refer to Tutt’s

“ British Lepidoptera,” vol. x (Butts., vol. iii).

My interest in the Zizeerias originated in the resem¬

blance of one or two species in some of their forms to

Lyeaeno'psis, and in the question whether the genus is a

genus of Lycaenopsids. I am now quite satisfied that

Zizeeria and Lyeaeno'psis belong to quite separate groups.

I have no very clear ideas as to the limits and contents of

the group to which Zizeeria belongs, nor as to what its

name ought to be. As it has not yet got one, we may for

convenience call this section of it the Zizecriidi; we may

define the whole group as containing those species with

the dorsal armature in two moderately separated portions,

i. e. with a narrow and (comparatively) structureless medio-

dorsal portion, and each lateral portion carrying a more or

less long curved hook articulated to it. In Zizeeria this

hook is remarkably long and slender. In the structure

of the girdle or ring there are one or two interesting

points. One of these is the central dorsal portion

which I have described as narrow ; this consists of two

portions, the anterior and posterior; in most of the species

these are fairly close together, and look like what, no

doubt, they are, the anterior and posterior margins of

the dorsal bridge more fully chitinised, as margins often

are ; but in ossa, less in malia, but very markedly in

lysimon, these two portions are separate. So that in

481

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies.

lysimon there appears to be the usual narrow dorsal bridge,

but further back is another transverse strip, that is at first

glance very puzzling, as the membrane that attached it to

the other portion is lost in maceration. This lower bridge

is seen in figs. 18, 19 and 20. Another item is a distal,

weakly-chitinised, finger-like proces.s, best seen in ossa, but

also very evident in other species; see fig. 13, malm. It

is also very plain in indica (fig. 29). 1 have also noted

(under ossa) another projection (see fig. 19).

It is noteworthy that both these processes occur (some¬

what modified) in Antizcra, especially atrigemmata and

lucida. The Indian Zizeerias were those in which I first

was interested, and a critical examination of these affords

a solution of nearly all difficulties.

De Niceville (“ Butterflies of India,” 1890) gave thirteen

species, but stated definitely his opinion that there were

really only four species. Bingham (“ Fauna of British

India,” 1907) adopted this view and gives only four

species.

The fact is that there are six species of Zizeeria {sensu

lato) in British India. In Butler’s inclusive list of the species

in the Proc. Zool. Soc. (1900) these six species appear

under nine names, or eleven if we include names applied

to the same species in other regions.

The six Indian species are malm, ossa, karsandra, gaika,

otis and sangra. The two last names represent two dis¬

tinct species, one of which, sangra, is a form of lahradus ;

if the name otis belongs really to the same species, then

the other species is indica (Murray).

In Butler’s list, antanossa is a distinct (African) species

allied to otis {indica), and atrigemmata probably belongs

to the Zizeeriid group, but to a genus very distinct from

Zizera.

Gaika is certainly related to the Zizeeriidi, but its neu-

ration and the dorsal armature of the appendages make

its exact position very doubtful. It certainly does not

belong to the genus Zizeeria (type kccrsandra).

We have then six (or seven if we make lysimon and kar-

saiulra distinct) species of true Zizeeriids, i.e. that conform

to my definition of them as possessing very long slender

curved and sharp-pointed hooks (or articulated spines) to

the dorsal armature of the male appendages (making with

gaika, seven (or eight) ).

When we consider the structure of the male clasps,

482

]3r. 'IV A. Chapman on Zizeeria,

these seven species divide themselves into two groups, viz.

1st, maha, ossa and lysimon with l-arsandra, and 2nd,

lahradus, indica, and antanossa.

If we regard the neuration, they again divide into two

groups, fjaika forms one and all the other species the

other.

Rough camera sketches of the relations to each other of veins

11 and 12 of forewing, in A, Alsus {minim'^is), L, lysimon, G, Gaila,

At., atrujemmatu,'^ c ~ costa, veins as numbered — enlargement x 16.

The atrigemmata * group differs much in the append¬

ages, especially the dorsal hooks are shorter and have

rounded and blunt points. The neuration is also different

from the true Zizeeriids.

We find, then, that we have in the ZiZEERliDl (Zizera,

Moore) (type harsandra) 7 species — maha, ossa, lysimon,

harsandra, lahradus^ antanossa, indica. These species fall

into two divisions, which ought properly perhaps to be

distinct genera, but may be called divisions or sub-genera

if any one so prefers.

1. ZiZEERiA (restricted). Moore’s definition of Zizera,

but with these additions : a spot in cell underside fore¬

wing, beneath hindwing the first three spots (from costa)

are in line ; clasps with broad extremity and bold teeth,

and soldered to each other for some distance basally. Type

harsandra (with lysimon, maha and ossa).

2. ZiziNA, n. g. — Moore’s definition of Zizera, with the

addition of there being no spot in cell beneath forewing,

the spot beneath hindwing in space between veins 6 and

* Placed in Zizera by Butler, 1. c.

483

a Ormif of I/ijcaenid Butterflies.

7, advanced basally so as to be quite out of line with

those above and below it. Clasps only slightly soldered to¬

gether and with minute terminal teeth, but with a solitary

hair * longer than the clasp, thick and clubbed, arising

close to its base. Type, labradns (with indica and

antanossa).

3. ZizULA, n.g. — does not conform in neuration to

Zizera, and requires a separate generic heading, vein 11

of forewing joining vein 12, and not again separating,

i.e. it forms merely a bar from cell to vein 12. Like

Zizeeria (restricted), the hiiidwing spots are in a con¬

tinuous row, but like Zizina, it has no spots in cell of

forewing. The apj^endages possess a long clubbed hair

just as in Zizina, so that one doubts whether the neura¬

tion has the importance that custom compels one to attach

to it.

The wings are rather more elongated than in Zizeeria

and the spots beneath fall into a long oval on each wing,

rather than into the usual “ blue ” pattern as in Zizeeria.

I suggest

Actizera (Aktin f Zizera)

as a generic name for atrigemmata, with which Iv.cida,

stellata and imuagaea appear to be congeneric.

Veins 11 and 12 of forewing approach one another as

in Plebeiid blues, but are far from touching each other.

The appendages are similar to those of Zizeeriidi as to

the dorsa except for the comparative shortness of the

hooks, which terminate with a rounded end with very

little tapering. The clasps are bent, of quite a different

pattern to those of Zizeeriidi proper, and have teeth (when

present) not terminally, but along the inner lower margin.

The facies, at least of atrigemmata, is very Zizeeriid, and

on its superficial characters one might suspect it to be a

geographical race of lysimon.

When we come to the individual species my interest

has largely been in the Indian forms, of which de Nice-

ville describes thirteen species, but states very distinctly

his opinion that there are only four.

* This hair may be regarded as homologous with the lowest of a

continuous row that exi.sts on the clasp of lysimon, or more probably

with a still lower one of the same series, absent in lysimon.

f In reference to the white ray beneath the hind wing, present in

atrigemmata, usually very marked in litcida.

484

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Zizeeria,

In examining the genitalia of this group, as a possible

outlier of the Lycaenopsids I found that there were cer¬

tainly more than four Indian species. Accordipgly I felt

it desirable to examine the whole group as far as possible.

The Indian species are really six, which I will call pro¬

visionally ossa, harsandra, indica (Murray = otisV),

sangra (Moore = lahradus) and gaiJca.

I further concluded that the central group of true Zizee-

riids contained only these six, with the possible exceptions

of antanossa, which may be held to be distinct, but which

may perhaps be as easily regarded as a geographical race of

indica, and lysimon, which I incline to accept as distinct

from harsandra.

Zizeeria. — 1. Karsandra is usually smaller than rnaha

or ossa, but is sometimes *24 mm. in expanse, whilst ossa is

often only 22, and malm is sometimes as small ; indeed, I

have one specimen of only 20 mm.

Beneath the fore-wing the post-discal row of spots is

bolder than in nudia, and instead of being in a slightly

curved line is much arched, bringing the spot between

veins 2 and 8 much nearer the angle of the cell. Some

specimens of malm and ossa, however, vary in this direc¬

tion. A more constant difference is that harsandra has a

spot between veins 9 and 10, which much increases the

curved appearance of the row of spots. I am not sure

that this spot is ever absent in harsandra or lysimon ; in

malm it is present as a not very rare aberration.

I have a specimen from the Moore collection labelled

sangra (Mergui), and placed in it with real sangra, that

apparently was taken in the same locality as and with sangra,

and that differs from the type by having no spot in the cell

beneath the forewing, and in the row of spots being

rather small and more equal as in sangra, and not large

and bold and of graduated size. It can nevertheless be

recognised as harsandra by tlie position of the second spot

in the row beneath the hindwing. For myself, I must

confess I had exaiqined the appendages before noting these

several details.

The appendages are shown in figs. 20 and 24.

Fig. 20 shows how the clasps resent the attempt to

flatten them by lateral pressure, thereby agreeing with

maha and ossa (figs. 18 and 19).

The Mergui specimen noted above is clearly an aberra¬

tion of harsandra, as wanting sundry spots, and though

485

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies.

the spots in the row are small like lysimon, they are

graduated as in harsandra, and the appendages are those

of karsandra. Fig. 4 is abnormal as showing a spot

beneath that in the cell.

Figs. 20 and 24 (karsandm), show how closely the clasp

is related in form to those of maha and ossa.

2. Lysimon. — I incline to agree with Butler in treating

lysimon and karsandra as distinct species; at any rate, it

is the most convenient way of dealing with them, though

I am not disposed to quarrel with any one who asserts

them to be only si;b-species or marked geographical races

of a single species, as it would be a quarrel rather about

words than fact.

The points of difference between lysimon (fig. 1) and kar¬

sandra (fig. 4) are ; 1st, Underside spotting, the pattern is

nearly identical, but the spots of upper wing are small, of

equal size, and in a slightly curved row in lysimon, large,

of varying si2!e and in a much bent row in karsandra.

This crisp statement may somewhat exaggerate the differ¬

ence, but it serves, in my experience, to separate the two

forms, with few exceptions. 2ud, The appendages differ in

the two forms ; lysimon has the form shown in figs. 22 and

23. Figs. 22 and 23 are practically of the same form, the

attitude of the clasp being rather different in the two

specimens. This I take to be the usual form of the append¬

ages in the species. Fig. 23 is from a specimen from

Teneriffe, and does perhaps differ a little from the more

typical form shown in fig. 22 in the greater width just

below the crown of teeth, and by the less prominence

of the terminal teeth. Figs. 20 and 24 show the form

in karsandra. Here the terminal teeth project more

markedly by a narrowing of the neck below and by a

depression in the middle of the toothed margin, so that

what one may call the heel is more prominent than is the

toe, as in fig. 22. 3rd, The third point is the geogra¬

phical distribution ; lysimon is African (with a small

subsidiary European range) ; karsandra is Asiatic.

It is of some importance to note that there seems to be

no intermediate, no gradation of one form with the other.

Yet in the Red Sea region they apparently meet. I have

lysimon from Aden and karsandra from Egypt and South

France. The latter (from Lang collection) is doubtless

erroneous. Whether those from Egypt are so or not 1

cannot say.

48G

Dr. T. A. Chapman on Zizecria,

Knysna is a synonym of lysimon ; at least, I have ex¬

amined no hnysna that are other than lyaimon. A large

specimen is illustrated (fig. 18).

]\raha. — Chandda, diluta, sqiialida, oqmlina, marginata,

((Ibococrvlevs, argia,japonica,al()pe. I enter all these as syn¬

onyms of maha, as I do not profess to be able to discriminate

whether any of them really belong to ossa, and possibly

hold priority over that name. I take opalma, Poujade, by

description to be a form of viaha, and it is very unlikely

to be anytluTig else, but as I have not seen a specimen,

I cannot assert that it certainly is maha. Specimens

labelled opalma in B. M. are from China, and are maha,

opalina, Poujade, is from Thibet. Butler ])laces mar¬

ginata, Poujade, and alhocoernleus, Riiber, as synonyms

of opalma. By Poujade’s description marginata is either

sangra or indica, probabl}^ the former. Alhocoernleus (from

Hong Kong), according to Bober’s figure, is a form of

maha. It is not a Thibetan form, and is probably a variety

of argia (= maha), the only species mentioned by Kershaw

(“ Butterflies of Hong Kong ”) to which it can possibly be

referred.

In Kershaw’s “ Butterflies of Hong Kong,” Plate VIII,

fig. 26, called Zizera maha, is Moore’s sangra, a form of

Z. lahradus; and Plate IX, fig. 8, called Z. argia, is Z.

maha, of which argia. is a local form, rather than perhaps

simply a synonym. In the maha group, de Niceville

(1890) describes five species, but says he does so merely for

convenience, and that he is satisfied that there is really

only one species.

Butler (1900), gives four species that he places before

lysimon, and we may assume that these belong to the

maha group. These four species afford ten names and

synonyms. I have little doubt they belong to the same

five species that de Niceville gives.

Bingham (1907), gives only maha, and adds various

other names as synonyms.

An examination of the genitalia shows that we have in

this group two species, one of which is of course maha.

The other I shall call ossa, without expressing any definite

opinion that it may not be entitled to be called dilnta, or

some other of the list of names quoted above. None of

tlie descriptions of any of the synonyms attributable (more

or less) to malm are definite enough to enable me to say

that they refer to ossa and not to maha. Diluta comes the

a Go'oup of Lycaenid Butterflies.

487

nearest. I select ossa, because it is Swinhoe’s name, and

he more confidently than any one else persists in saying

there are two species (and only two) in this group,

though his description of ossa is not more distinctive than

are those attributed to other names. I have specimens of

chandala^ apparently so labelled by Moore, that have very

much the look of ossa, but are really maha. Possibly

Moore meant the name chandala^ to apply to ossa, and was

deceived by these specimens of maha into thinking them

identical.

A critical examination {i. e. of the genitalia) of the

type specimens to which all these names apply is the only

way of settling whether ossa is or is not a synonym of one of

them. Certainly such names as diluta Siud squalida appear

to point to one of the most common distinctions that

enable ossa to be (with some probability) recognised as

differing from maha.

The genitalia afford an unmistakable distinction between

these two forms, and each is quite constant in the con¬

siderable number of specimens I have examined. But

the superficial characters are much less to be depended on.

Some seasonal forms of maha are I fancy all but in¬

distinguishable from ossa, on the upper surface. The

difference where it exists is that maha always has at least

some blue of the same character as we (in England)

regard as belonging to “ Blues ” (such as icarus, thetis,

aegon, etc.). This may be slight and evanescent, the

specimen may look quite like ossa, until held at some

angle that enables the trace of blue to come into view.

Ossa is without this, and is of a bony whiteness tinted with

a grey or green tone, that does notvary with the incidence

of light, or at least never yields a definite blue.

Maha averages larger than ossa, and in size as in other

characters appears to be more variable; maha (in my

series) varies from 20 mm. to 82 mm., ossa from 22 to

28 mm.

The seasonal and geographical variation of maha is

very great, that of ossa apparently much less.

On the underside the markings are of the same pattern

in both species, and vary in much the same way. All

the spots may be markedly black on a pale, even, almost

white ground, or may be pale, almost identical in tint

with a pale sienna brown ground-colour, to be made out

by the slightly paler rings surrounding them.

488

Dr. T, A. Chapman on Zizecria,

This tendency to obsolescence of the spots is rare in the

forewing, common in the hind, and apparently more

frequent in ossa.

The row of spots in the disc of the foi’ewing may be in

a fairly regular curve, or by a variation common in many

blues with this row of spots, the row may be angled by

the spot above vein 2, approximating to the discal spoh

The former is the rule in maha (fig. 2), the latter in ossa

(fig. 3), but the exceptions are frequent. On the hind¬

wing the condition is reversed. The same spot approxi¬

mates the base most in maha, in ossa it is often quite in

line with those on either side, making a nearly straight

row of five spots. But again there are many exceptions,

so that one cannot confidently separate the species by

these characters. I have no doubt that any one who is

familiar with both species in the field, could separate them

easily, and in the cabinet, I entertain any doubt only over

perhaps 10 per cent.

The male appendages are of very similar structure. A

reference to photographs of them {maha, figs. 17, 18,

ossa, figs. 19, 21) will save any long description, but it

may be pointed out that the clasps are much longer and

more slender in maha — length 1'05 mm. in maha, 0'84 in

ossa, but the width is equal at the point where the two clasps

become free from each other. This point is, however, a

two-fifth of the clasp from its base in ossa, and less than a

third in maha. The result is tliat the clasp of ossa looks

short and squat beside that of maha. The end or head of

the clasp is also different. Regarding it, as its outline

suggests, as a foot with a heel and toe, the heel in maha is

square, in ossa produced backwards, and tending to have

an acute point. The toe consists in maha of two spines,

very separate and distinct, and usually of about equal

length ; in ossa there is only one spine, terminating in a

conical process, on the upper margin of which a notch

marks what is probably the homologue of the other spine

as developed in maha. The process is, however, propor¬

tionally larger than in maha. The sole of the foot is fiat

in maha, but in ossa has a hollow, due to the projecting

heel.

ZiziNA. — In the sub-genus or genus we have two Indian

species {sangra and indica) and one African {antanossa).

I say sangra and indica, because these names, though

possibly both merely synonyms, have each a definite sig-

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies. 489

nification, which their real names, if I knew them, have

not.

Sangra is certainly a form of lahradics, but then Idbradus

is a name up to the present understood to signify the

quite Southern Polynesian and Australian forms, and its

occurrence in Java, Sumatra, and India has not been

recognised.

Then the name otis has been applied to a supposed

species consisting of both sangra and indica. My real

difficulty in regard to names is in fact that I have no idea

what otis is. If otis = sangra, then the two Indian forms

are lahradus and indica, but if otis = indica, then the real

names are lahradus and otis. I don’t know that this

difficulty can be solved without reference to the type

specimen of otis, if it exist.

I am, no doubt, to blame for not following this point

up, since it is not a valid excuse that I interest myself

more in the facts than the names; it is, however, an

explanation.

I shall call the species (1) lahradus, with its vars. sangra

and dryina ; and (2) indica, the latter purely for con¬

venience and clearness until the real value of otis as a

name is decided.

If we may attach any value to Bingham’s remark that

sangra and dccreta are slight varieties of otis, but that

indica may be separated by the larger size of the spots,

we must conclude that otis = lahradus and indica stands

good as the name of the other species. The Fabrician

description also rather favours sangra than indica, and the

habitat China seems to exclude indica, which happens to

be very descriptively named, hardly occurring out of

India.

De Niceville and Bingham recognised only one species,

and this they agreed must be otis, of which therefore

sangra and indica were both synonyms. Butler referred

sangra to otis, retaining indica as a separate species. In

making two species Butler was here unquestionably right.

In working the matter out, I found that Moore’s sangra

was rarer in India than indica, and was represented in his

collection by only a few specimens; I concluded, therefore,

that otis was the common (Indian) species indica.

This is contrary to Butler’s conclusion, and I fancy to

the belief of others, if those can be said to have a belief

who recognise otis only. Mr. Butler’s distinction between

490

])r. T. A. Chapman on Zizccrin,

otis and indica is precisely that wliich I draw between

sangra and indica. The B. M. material which he so dis¬

tributes, is, as judged by its labelling and localities, simply

otis = sangra — indica distinct ; since sangra is a form of

labradus, the distinction between these two forms that

Mr. Butler draws, confirms my view that otis is a synonym

of labradus. The same conclusion is led to by the evidence

given by Kershaw (which I refer to under maha) as to the

species found at Hong Kong.

Taking tcdjradiis as the first species, we have to enlarge

our conception of that insect by adding most of the forms

known usually as otis, as sangra, and also my recently

described dryina. Its range must also be extended north¬

ward to the Himalayas, and to Hong Kong (Kershaw)

(again a suggestion that it is otis), and in fact to include

the habitats recorded for otis.

The Indian (or sangra form) seems to be rare con-

tinentally. I have a specimen labelled by Moore “ N. Ind., ”

and one from Burmah. My other specimens are from Ungu,

Mergui (Moore Coll.), Andamans, Nicobars, Key Islands,

Celebes, and in the form dryina from Java and Sumatra.

Indica, on the other hand, has a comparatively very

restricted habitat, India, south and west, including Ceylon,

north-east as far as Lucknow. Labradus has an immense

range of variation geographical, seasonal, and aberrational.

The size varies from {lahradus) 32 mm., (dryina) 34 mm.,

down to 20 or even less in the sangra forms. The spots

beneath, especially beneath the hindwing, vary, as in

maha, from very distinct black spots in Avhite circles, to

mere ghosts in which the spots and circles are almost of

the ground-colour. How far this variation is seasonal

only, I don’t know.

Sangra may be distinguished from indica by the com¬

parative straightness of the row of spots under the fore¬

wings and their smaller and more uniform size, and by

the position of the second spot (from the costa) in the row

beneath the hindwing. In labradus {sangra) it is placed

so that the line it forms wdth the first spot would pass

close to the discal line and, if continued, would strike the

sixth spot. In indica it is less basal, so that a similar

line would strike the fourth spot. Both these points are

well brought out in figs. 5 {sangra) and 6 {indica).

The form dryina (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. Ixxxii) is

very large, superficially very like Lycacnopsis argiolus

491

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies.

var. sikkima. Mr. Druce has a specimen from Java, whence

also Col. Swinhoe has specimens somewhat smaller ; I

have also one from Sumatra. This specimen was in Moore’s

series of Z. maha, which it much resembles, but is very

pale, almost white beneath. When I described dryina as

a new species, I had not worked out the Zizeeriids, and

supposed so large a form that was not maha must be new

(as indeed it was, but not as a species) ; it did not occur

to me that otis (i. e. sangra) could be so large, or labradus

occur so far north. The male appendages prove clearly,

however, that it is merely a local form of labradus.

Having figured these it could not remain as a puzzle

to any one else, had I failed to trace, as I now do, its real

position myself

The appendages of labradus will be better understood

by a reference to figs. 25, 26, 27, 28 and 34, and to

Plate B, fig. 2 in Proceedings for 1908, than by long

description. The figures (when reproduced) will probably

fail to show the minute teeth at the end of the clasp ;

on the end of the clasp to the right of fig. 26 nine

minute teeth can be counted on the distal margin.

These figures, with those of indica and gaika, show that

the clasps of these are nearly as well seen on lateral com¬

pression of the appendages, as when trouble (with risk of

damage) is taken to display them by antero-posterior

compression after dividing the ring of the appendages.

This contrasts with the facts concerning Zizeeria {maha,

etc.).

Indica. — As my account of sangra had to be somewhat

comparative with indica I have already really dealt with

indica. It very closely resembles karsandra beneath, differ¬

ing by the want of the cellular spot on the forewing, and

the position of the second on the hindwing.

One may remark here on the curious way in which

these species run in pairs.

Indica differs from sangra in the spotting, much as ossa

differs from media, and as again karsandra diffei's from

lysimon. One can hardly help theorising that lysimon

is dividing, unless one admits that it has already done so,

into these two species on precisely the same lines as the

other two pairs have already done.

The clasps in indica are not unlike those of labradus,

but the larger process being comparatively short and

simple in structure gives it at first glance an aspect of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) K K

492 Dr. ^ A. Chapman on Zizccria,

considerable difference. Different aspects are shown in

figs. 29, 30 and 31.

Antanossa appears to vary in the size and distinctness

of its underside spotting in much the same way that

lalmulns {sangra, etc.), does, but as I have seen fewer

specimens, I cannot say that its range is quite as great.

I have a specimen of dryina (var. of lahradus) from

Sumatra, from the Moore collection (wherein it was ranged

with maha), that I could not define from antanossa by

spots.

Antanossa (fig. 32) agrees with indica in liaving the

spot in the interspace 4-5 of upper wing, usually some¬

what elongated obliquely, but this occurs sometimes in

lahradus and is wanting in some specimens of indica.

The genitalia point to antanossa being merely a geo¬

graphical variety of indica. There is a difference, but

hardly enough to carry much weight if the species were

not clearly distinct otherwise, and occurred on the same

ground.

The differences consist in the long basal hairs in

antanossa being distinctly longer and not terminating in

so finely produced a point, they are about twice the

length of the clasp ; in indica they are little more than

half as long again. In both species there are towards

the end of the clasp, about half a dozen long and strong

hairs, whose extremities range very much with those of

the basal hairs. In antanossa these hairs are on and close

to the end of the clasp, those further back being smaller,

whilst in indica the strong hairs are ranged along the

margin of the clasp, those on the extremity being small.

The upperside colouring of the width of border, etc.,

appears to vary in much the same way in all three species,

as it docs, in fact, throughout the group.

ZiZULA.

I propose this as the generic name for gaiha. Gaika is

obviously not a true Zizccria generically ; that it belongs

to the same tribe may be supported by the presence of the

remarkable hair on the clasps, that exists also in Zizina

{lahradus and indica). But it differs from true Zizecriac

in the neuration (vein 1 1 of forewing), in the form of the

dorsal hooks of the appendages, and in the pattern of

the marginal markings of the wings, these tending to fall

into straight lines, instead of the sagittate character in

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies. 493

the other species of the group. (See fig. 8, compared

with wing figures of other species.)

The appendages are shown in Figs. 33 and 35 (the

latter more magnified). The hooks remind one of those

of Plebeiids, but it may be noted that short, thick and

curved as they are, they are without the definite angular

end of Plebeiids.

The most notable structure, perhaps, as marking ZizuLA

off from ZiZEERiA is the renmrkable form of the oedeagus,

which is very large, short and thick, with two immense

terminal, slightly curved sj^ines, very different from the

single fine, straight spine of the other species.

In all the rest of the tribe {Zizeeria, Zizina), the

oedeagus is large, flask-shaped, with a dilated base and

a narrower neck, terminating on one side in a fine spine.

This may be seen in several of the figures, where also may

be noted the very long portion of the eversible membrane

(vesica of Pierce), occupying the whole neck of the “ flask ”

(in the position it assumes in nearly all my mounts), which is

armed throughout its whole circumference by fine spicules,

looking very like a scaled surface; well seen in several

of the figures, especially perhaps, fig. 28.

In Zizida gaika, there appears to be no such armature

of the eversible membrane, which in truth I have not

definitely seen, but in one of the large terminal spines of

the oed^eagus, the upper one in both my figures, there

is centrally a curious little triangular, flange-like process

with one margin notched. As this occupies exactly the

same place in all the specimens I have examined, I take

it to be attached to the spine and not to a contained

membrane. This spine is smooth, polished, and seems to

taper to a point, the other looks very similar, but its lower

margin is serrated, and it has the appearance of being

articulated at its base ; it may, perhaps, belong to the

eversible membrane.

The clasps have much the aspect of those of indica

if very shortened and reduced, and the upper hairs

strengthened. It is further to be noticed that the great

basal hairs have a companion, are much larger and

stronger proportionally than in Zizina and are not simply

clubbed by a spindle-shaped expansion at the end, but

appear to be fluted or grooved for some distance, so that

the end is broadest at the very end, and then divided by

the grooves into several portions.

K K 2

494 Dr. TTA, Chapman on Zizecria,

Antizera,

Atrigemmata can hardly be included in Zizecria, it

belongs to a group which appears to include also lucida,

stellata and imnagaea. This group has the neuration of

ordinary Lycaenicls {Flcbeius, etc.). The dorsal armature of

the appendages has less long and slender hooks, and the

clasps are of a pattern quite different from either branch

of the Zizecrins. I suggest as a generic name for the

group Actizera, in reference to its resemblance to Zizecria,

and to the white ray so obvious in lucida and indicated in

atrigemmata. and others. A white streak found also, of

course, in Plebeiid and other Lyeacnas, but of which

Z^ 'zceria has no trace. The underside markings of

erschojji suggests strongly an alliance with them, but

the appendages show it to be a Plebeiid.

Atrigemmata- (figs. 36 and 39) may be taken as the

type of the genus, the clasps are without spines. The

appendages of Ineida (fig. 40) are curiously similar to

those of atrigemmata, differing in little except the posses¬

sion of spines on the convex margin of the clasp.

Fig. 7 shows the underside of lucida, and fig. 11 the

neuration.

The appendages of stellata (fig. 38) are much larger

and bolder, especially the dorsal half of the ring (or

girdle) is very broad and heavy, but the dorsal hooks

and form of the clasp, leave no doubt that it belongs

to the atrigemmata group.

As to imnagaea (fig. 37), there may be some doubt as

to its claim to being in the same genus with atrigemmata,

but it is certainly somewhere very near. The neuration

is the same and the appendages are to the same pattern.

The clasps notwithstanding their large size and great

breadth are really very similar to those of lucida, the

dorsal hooks are more Zizeeriid than those of the other

species of the genus. The peculiar short, broad oedcagus

is characteristic of the genus.

I have examined several other Palaearctic species that

had some appearance of alliance with panagaea, and find

on examining the appendages that some are so, but not

at all closely. Anisop)hthalma and cytis are the nearest;

adraea remotely, if at all. Korlana, though also an Everid

and closely related to prosecusa, appears to be quite distinct,

the facies of the underside is even more Zizeeriid than

495

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies.

that of prosecusa. Apart from the appendages the two

species differ in the position of the second spot from the

costa, precisely as Icarsrmdra and indica do.

Suhcoerideus, Holland, Nov. Zool., vol. vii, p. 69 (1900),

I have not seen, but from the very careful description, 1

have very little doubt that it is a form of the very

polymorphic Z. labradus.

Delospila, Waterhouse, Proc. L. Soc. N.S.W,, 1903, p. 211,

Plate II, seems not to be a ZiZEERiA.

belongs to some distinct section of Lycaenids accord¬

ing to the evidence of the appendages.

Messaims and mahalloTcoaena belong to some group far

from Zizeeria, the latter shows a beginniog of the extra¬

ordinarily elaborate development of the dorsal armature

found in harherae, the appendages are also very suggestive

of alliance with Castcdius and Neopithccops.

ZIZEERIIDI.

Zizeeria.

Icarsandra.

hjsimon.

rnaha.

osna.

ZiZINA.

labradus (with, vars., otis (= sangra) and

dryina).

indica.

antanossa.

ZiZULA.

gaika.

Actizera.

atrigemmata.

Incida.

stellata.

2mnagaea.

etc.

Explanation of Plates

Prate LI. Fig. 1. Z. lysimon, underside.

2. Z. nudia, underside.

3. Z. ossa, underside, compare greater curvature of

row of spots in forewing, and that in fig. 2

49G

Dr. T. A. Chapman cm Zixceria,

on the liindvving, spots 3, 4, 5 (from costa)

are in line ; in fig. 3 the three spots in

line are 4, 5, and 6. The additional spot

below spot in cell is a not rare aberration

in Zkeeria. See also fig. 4.

4. Kdrxandm, in typical lymnon (European

and African) the spots differ in size and

boldness, as seen in fig. 1.

Plate LI I. Fig. 5. Z. lahnulus (var. sanyra).

6. Z. indica, line of spots in forewing compara¬

tively straight in 5, Ijent in 6. Note

different direction of line joining spots

1 and 2 (from costa) in the two figures.

7. A. lucida, note coalescence of spots below

vein 3 on forewing. These spots and some¬

times the next are wanting in atrigemmata.

Comparing also dellcda and panagaea, one

notes much plasticity in the development

of the spots.

8. Z. gaika, note continuity of inner marginal

line, and a spot above vein 10 in forewing.

Plate LIT I, showing neuration of —

Fig. 9. Z. onsa.

10. C. alsvs (minimus).

11. A. Incida.

12. Z. gaika.

Plate LTV. Fig. 13. Z. lysimon, var. knysna.

14. Z. karsandra (to show neuration).

15. Z. indica (to show neuration).

16. Z. maha (to show neuration).

The remaining figures all show appendages, all magnified

X 35, except fig. 35, which is x 45.

Plate LV. Fig. 17. Z. maha from a specimen of the Godman

collection (now at B. M.), labelled argia.

18. Z. maha, lateral view.

19. Z. ossa, lateral view (Poonah).

20. Z. karsandra, lateral view.

These four figures show well the long slender dorsal hooks, the

projection on the ring or girdle, below the dorsal processes and

separated from them by a narrow neck, the fine sharp spine ter¬

minating the oedeagus and the spines lining the eversible mem¬

brane. Note also, in fig. 19, ossa, the sharp spine on the ring just

opposite the projection, not apparently present in any other species

of the group.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend.., igio, Plate LI.

Pkot^, A. E. Tenge.

Zizeeria: 2. maha.

I 4. kanandra.

!

I. lysimon.

3. ossa.

1

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land.., iQio, Plate LII.

Photo, A. E. Touge.

i;. Zizina labradiis (var. sangra). 7. Antizera lucida.

6. Z. indica. 8. Zizula gaika.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., igro, Plate LIII.

9

11

Photo, A. E. Tonge.

Neuration of —

9. Z. ossa. lo- C. alsus (minimus).

II. A. lucida. 12. Z. gaika.

Trans. Eni. Soc. Lond., IQIO, Plate LIV.

Photo, A. E. Tonge.

Neuration of —

13. Zizeeria lysimon ; 14. karsandia ; 15. Zizina indica ; 16. maha.

r

.'•J

:i

.i

: i

■ aAjfl

a

I

1

■ ■ ■ ■ ■(

i

.1

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., ipio, Plate LVI.

ZiZEEKiA : 22. lysinion. 21. ossa.

23. lysinion. 24. karsanclra.

r

•

% *

f -

( ^

’f'

t

>^i

25, 26. Zizina labradus. 27, 28. var. sangra.

29, 30, 31. Zizina indica. 32. Z. antanossa.

f

" 4

i:

i

9

4

k

■ -ti

y.*-/fi

■■r‘

•vrir 9nv^ 'oi6t ’••vuot 'fti-j 'suo.tj.

;, 35. Zkula gaika. 34. Zizina labradus. 36. Antizera atrigcmmata.

1

; <

4

i

00

CO

o

"it

Antizera : 37. panagaea. 38. stellata.

39. atrigemmata. 40. lucida.

497

a Group of Lycaenid Butterflies.

Plate LVI. Fig. 21. Z. ossa, mounted in same manner as fig. 17 so

as to be comparable.

22. Z. lysimon, from Natal.

23. „ „ from Teneriffe.

24. Z. Mrsandra, Egypt (?).

Plate LVII. Fig. 25. Z. lahradns, lateral view.

26. „ „ , spread.

27. „ „ var. sangra (Celebes).

28. „ „ „ „ (Andamans).

Plate LVIII. Fig. 29. Z. indica, dorsal view.

30. „ „ (Bombay).

31. „ )>

32. „ antanossa.

Note in figs. 31 and 32 how the dorsal hooks tend to break short

off.

Plate LIX. Fig. 33. Z. gaika (Kutch).

34. Z. lahradus, var. sangra (Nicobars).

35. Z. gaika (Ceylon) (enlarged x 45, all others

are x 35).

Note the different form of dorsal hooks from all preceding figures

and the very remarkable oedeagus with two spines, the upper (in

plate) containing a very remarkable serrate process, apparently leally

in a groove of its underside, the lower looks as if articulated, and is

probably a spine of the eversible membrane, or its articulation may

enable it to close on the upper one, if that is grooved, and so form a

single sharp point. I hazard this as the best guess as to the real

structure of this remarkable organ that I can make.

Fig. 36. A. atrigemmata (specimen in B. M.).

Plate LX. Fig. 37. A. panagaea.

38. A. stellata (B.E. Africa).

Note the great size and breadth of the dorsal and lateral portion of

the girdle ; their overlapping somewhat confuses the preparation.

Fig. 39. A. atrigemmata.

Compare figs. 36 and 39 with fig. 19 as regards the distal finger-

like process of the ring and the sharp angle on its proximal edge.

The latter is even more notable in

Fig. 40. A. hicida.

( 498 )

XVII. Mr. Alfred D. Millar’s E-xim'imental Breeding from

the Ova of the Natalian forms of the Nymphaline

Gemis Euralia. By Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S.,

etc.

[Read June 1st, 1910.]

Plates LXI— LXV.

In a preliminary note communicated to the Society through

the good offices of my friend Professor Poulton on March

2, 1910 (see Proc. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. xiv), I had the

pleasure of making known the highly interesting results

of my friend Mr. Alfred D. Millar’s experiments in breed¬

ing from the ova of the three forms of Euralia known to

inhabit the coast-belt of Natal, and hitherto recognised

as distinct species, viz. — E. wnlilhergi, Wallengr., E. mima.

Trim., and E. deceptor, Trim. I now propose to give the

promised full account of these experiments, as illustrated

by the specimens, photographs, and carefully recorded

observations furnished by Mr. Millar.

Euralia is nearly allied to Diadema (= Hypolimnas),

and was founded by Westwood in 1850 on two West

African species (dubia, Palisot, and anthedon, Doubl.)

having the discoidal cell of the hindwings open. Other

distinctions of Euralia are the narrower head, considerably

longer and gradually clavate antennae, and the anal angle

of the hindwings more prominent in the male. The larva,

as Mr. Millar observes, differs from that of Diadema

misippus in its considerably longer spines generally, and

still longer pair of spines or horns springing from the top

of the head.

Euralia, in the advanced development of its mimicry of

the Danaine genus Amauris, almost equals the eurytus-

group of another Nymphaline genus, Eseudacraca, with its

similar wealth of close imitation of the Acraeine genus

Planema. I have recently commented on the latter mimi¬

cries in my appendix to the Rev. St. Aubyn Rogers’

“ Bionomic Notes on British East African Butterflies,”*

pointing out the persistency, exactness, and completeness

with which these Fseudacraeae reproduce the pattern and

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, pp. 551-2.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

Mr. R. Trimen on the Nymphaline Genus Euralia. 499

colouring of their models, the very variable Plcmemae —

every variation in both sexes appearing to be faithfully

copied throughout tropical and sub-tropical Africa wher¬

ever the genus Planema prevails. I mentioned that of the

very limited number (about 20) of provisionally recognised

species and sub-species of Plancmci, 10 were already known

to be thus deceptively mimicked by corresponding forms

of Pseudacraea, and expressed the opinion that other

parallel cases probably remained undiscovered. Similarly,

among about 26 provisionally admitted species and sub¬

species of Amauris, I find 8 cases of unquestionable mimi¬

cry by forms of Euralia.

E. mima and E. toaJilbergi are the representatives in

the east and south-east sub-region of the West African

E. dubia, Palis.,- and E. anthedon, Doubl.,* and like these

latter mimic very accurately species of the Danaine genus

Amam'is widely differing from each other in appearance.

The very variable E. dubia seems to follow in its variations

A. egialca. Cram., A. psyttalea, Plbtz, A. hecate, Butl., and

A. tartarea, Mab., inhabiting the same country ; but E.

anthedon seems to be constant in mimicking A. niavius,

Linn. In the same manner the eastern and south¬

eastern E. mima imitates closely A. cdbimaeidata, Butl, and

— very rarely — A. eeheria, Stoll ; while E. wahlbergi copies

A. niavius, sub-sp. dominicanus, Trim.f The third Natalian

form of Euralia — E. deceptor, Trim. — is more prevalent on

the tropical East African coast up to the equator, and

imitates in its turn, with equal accuracy, A. oehlea, Boisd.,

which has the same geographical range. Since its dis-

* Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr., 1894, p. 282) note.s a Camaroon ^

Anthedon and a Kaflrarian ^ wahlbergi whicli nearly approximated

in the width of the hindmarginal border of the hindwings, and ex¬

presses the opinion that this shows them to be local races of the

same species. He also mentions {1. c., p. 281) that a $ A. dubia var.

c.erberus, Auriv., from Camaroon has the spots of the forewings quite

like those represented in my figure of E. mima from Natal in Trans.

Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi, pi. xliii, f. 7 (1869).

t In Madagascar, a variation of E. wahlbergi, named mada-

gascariensis by Mabille, appears to be modified in simulation of

Amauris nossima, Ward, inhabiting the same island ; and a form

intermediate between E. dubia and E. mima, the drucei of Butler,

prevails — although there is no known Amauris from Madagascar

that could be its model. It seems possible that the dimorphism now

represented by madagascariensis and drucei had been developed and

established in the continental-African ancestors of these forms before

their range had extended to Madagascar,

500 Air. R. Trimen on Mr. Millar's Exiicrimental

covery in Natal in the year 1873, E. deceptor has hitherto

remained very much rarer tliere tlian wahlhergi and

mini a.

The obviously intimate affinity of. these three forms of

Enralia in Natal was brought to notice by me as far back

as 1873 in the “Transactions” of the Society; together

with a note of the fact that E. minia $ and E. wahlhergi ^

had once been taken paired. Although, in the long interval

since that date. Air. Alillar, Air. C. N. Barker, Air. Guy

A. K, Alarshall, and other entomological observers in

Natal, have called attention to a few other cases of the

pairing of the latter two forms, as well as to various

details of habits, distribution, etc., which supported the

view of their species-identity — no advance of importance

had been made towards settling the question until the

earlier part of last year, when Air. Alillar, having ascer¬

tained their common food-plant, resolved to test the case

by breeding from the ova of all three forms.

First Experiment. — Offspring reared from ova laid hy

two examples of Euralia deceptor.

The food-plant — a species of stinging-nettle identified

by Air. J, Aledley Wood as belonging to the genus Fleicrya

— was potted and enclosed with netting, so as to be at

hand for the safe rearing of the anticipated larvae. On

Alarch 21, 1909, at Alount Edgcumbe, near Durban, two

$ ^ A', deceptor were captured in the act of ovipositing,

and placed on the net-covered food-plant, where they

together during the 24th and 25th laid 139 eggs, from all

of which the larvae Avere hatched by Alarch 29. On the

31st the young larv^ae were dark-brown, except towards each

extremity, where the colouring was pale semi-transparent

greenish-yellow, and they Avere closely covered throughout

Avith minute dark spines. On April 5, after moulting, the

body generally had changed to shining-black, and the

strong spines toAvards the front of each segment, as Avell

as the pair of long spines or horns on the head, Avere

developed ; but not until the 15th, after the final moult,

Avas the full colouring and development attained, in which

the body Avas velvety-black Avith segmental very narroAv

anterior elevated pale-yellowish transverse bands or half¬

rings, bearing numerous acute spinulose brownish-yelloAv

spines, and the head AA^as shining yellowish-brown, with

the two long divergent spinulose spines or horns black.

The change to pupa began on April 19; 60 pupae were

Breeding of the Nymphaline Genus Euraha.

501

disclosed by the 24th ; and all the remaining larvae had

pupated by the 29th— with the exception of six taken tor

preservation as inflated dried specimens. tvt o ;i

The appearance of the imagines began on May 2. and

continued for 13 days, ending on the 14th. The ^ ^

took the lead, 29 of that sex only emerging during 2nd to

4th • the 2 2 came out in smaller number than the £ 6

a to 17) on the 5th and 6th, but in larger inimber than

the £ £ (45 to 24) from the 7th to the 11th ; while on the

last three days, 12tli to 14th, ? ? only emerged to the

number of 5. The total number of imagines bred trom

the 139 ova deposited by the two dcceptor mothers was

thus 127 (70 ^ ^ and 57 ? ?) ; 4 ova appear not to have

hatched, 2 larvae died, and 6 larvae were preserved.

Only 1 imago emerged with crippled or deformed wings.

The illustration (Plate LXI), reproducing a photograph

taken by Mr. J. H. Burn of Durban, represents in minia¬

ture the whole imago progeny of the two deceptor motheis,

with the exception of the deformed example just men¬

tioned and three others which were damaged in setting.

The very small percentage of loss in rearing this larp

decevtor progeny in confinement would seem to point, in tlie

case of a butterfly so rarely taken in Natal, to the existence

of severe persecution or other adverse conditions attecting

the insect when at liberty in that country. The mothers

under notice were fairly prolific, and the offspring reared in

confinement under protection were, with o^nly one excep¬

tion, fully developed and richly coloured. Mr. Millar

writes that deceptor is one of the rarest ot our boutn

African butterflies, and during my collecting (now extend-

ino- over 35 years) I have not taken a dozen good speci¬

mens.” I have of late years inclined to the beliet that,

like several other species of butterflies now found in Nata ,

deceptor is a recent immigrant into that country that has

extended its range along the coast from the northwaid

It is— especially as regards the so pronounced a mimic

of Amauris ochlea, that in its imago state this form should

be shielded from excessive persecution by insectivores ; and

one is led to suppose that its scarcity in Natal— where its

food-plant does not seem to be rare--may be due to

enemies attacking the larva or pupa. A butterfly of this

size so very conspicuous and striking in its pattern and

colo’ration— and with the unusual character of the con¬

siderably larger $ being more brightly tinted than the £

502 ]\Tr. R. Trimen on Mr. Millars Ex'pcrinimtal

on the upperside of the wings — could not escape the

notice of collectors in Natal, if it were anywhere numerous

or frecpient in its appearance.

On examining with a lens the photographed series — 68

^ ^ and 55 $ ^ — of the offspring of the two ^ ^ dcccptor,

one is struck with the very slight amount of variation

exhibited by either sex. Tlie specimens are so crowded

in the photograph that the hind-marginal area of the hind-

wings is more or less concealed except in the last example

in each of the nine rows, and in the three next lower

examples in the fourth row ; but it happens to be on that

part of the upperside that most of what little variation

there is occurs, viz. as regards the development or sup¬

pression of the incomplete hind-marginal series of thin

white lunules, and sub-marginal series of 4-5 small white

spots — of which the former alone sometimes appear in

the while the latter accompany the former in many

examples of the $. This variation is well shown in the six

^ ^ and in six ^ ^ from the decc’ptor progeny forwarded to

me by Mr. Millar. This constancy to type in so consider¬

able a number of offspring from two mothers is opposed

to my long-held opinion that E. deceptor would prove to

be conspecific with E. ivalilhergi and E. minia. Moreover,

the full-grown larva of deceptor — as shown by the dried

specimens and numerous cast skins just before pupation

received from Mr. Millar — differs from those of the two

other forms in having the cephalic horns black instead of

yellowish-brown and abruptly clavate at the tip, and also

in having the pale-yellowish segmental elevated half-rings

much narrower and in places discontinuous between the

expanded bases of the spines springing from them. Mr.

Millar notes that these differences were constant in the

whole number of dcccptor larvae reared. It is, however,

worth recording that the first of these distinctions, viz.

the blackness of the cephalic horns, has been observed by

Mr. Millar to mark also an earlier stage of the larva of

'walilbergi and mima, both head and horns as well as the

body spines then being black. This is shown by a younger

inflated larva-skin sent to me by Mr. Millar.

Whether the living pupa of deceptor presents any notice¬

able difference from tliat of loahlhergi or mima I cannot

say ; Mr. Millar notes none ; and a dead example and six

skins of the former exhibit no distinctions that I can

detect from three pupa-skins of wahlbergi and three of

Breeding of the Nynvphaline Genus Euralia. 503

mima — all received with the imagines in Mr. Millar’s

consignment.

Second Experiment. — Offspring reared, from ova laid

hy one example of Euralia wahlbergi.

On the same date (March 21, 1909) as that on which

the two g ? deceptor were captured, Mr. Millar observed a $

wahlbergi ovipositing on and in the immediate proximity

of Fleurya plants. He at once followed up this example,

and carefully collected ten eggs laid by her, securing them

consecutively as they were deposited. All these eggs

hatched on the 25th ; and on the 31st the young larvae

were noted as being dark-blackish, with short black spines.

On April 5, after moulting, the larvae were quite black,

with on each segment, placed anteriorly, a very thin

ti'ansverse yellowish band or half-ring ; the spines, spring¬

ing from these half-rings, were more developed, but still

black ; and the two long divergent cephalic horns were

fully formed and also black. The moult of April 10 was

followed by a great change in the aspect of the larvae, the

segmental yellowish half-rings being wider and more con¬

spicuous, and the head and its horns, together with the

spines, the legs and the pro-legs, being all brownish-yellow.

On the 14th, five of these larvae pupated, and the remain¬

ing five on the l7th. One of the pupae died ; but all the

rest produced the imago in the following order, viz. : —

April 24 — %vahlhergi-ioxmy 1

„ 25 — mima-ioxm, S $

„ 26 — mima-iorm, 1 1

„ 27 — ^ucthlbergi-ioTxn, 1 1

,, 29 — wahlbergi-iorm, 1 [deformed].

Total offspring of a single example of the ^ of the

wahlbergi-ioxxn : — 4 wahlbergi (2 ^ 1 1 sex unde¬

termined), 5 mima (4 ^ 1 ^).

This extremely interesting result, clearly demonstrating

the species-identity of the forms wahlbergi and mima, is

the more striking because of the small number of the

brood being not far from equally divided between the two

forms, and at the same time including both sexes of each

form. Mr. J. H. Burn’s photograph (reproduced on Plate

LXII) gives in miniature all the examples of this brood,

with the exception of the deformed one — the sex of which

was not noted — and also dried specimens of two full-grown

504 Mr. II. Trimen on Mr. Millars Experimental

and one half-grown larvae, and of one dried pupa and

eight pupa-skins.

Third Experiment. — Offspring reared from ora laid by

one example of hiirralia mima.

In remarkable contrast to the result just described was

that obtained by Mr. Millar from the ova (39) laid, about"

March 26, 1909, by a single ^ of the mirna-iorm. captured

a day or two previously. These ova all hatched by April 3,

and the larvae presented the same appearance, and went

throimh the same changes after their moults as those

above noted in the case of the larvae hatched from ova

laid by a $ of the ^oahlbergi form ; Mr. Millar being

unable to detect any difference whatever between the

larvae of the two batches. With the exception of two

killed for specimens, the whole of the larvae from the

mima ova pupated on April 29, and of the 37 pupae 4

died. The emergences of the perfect insects were as

follows, viz. : —

May 6 — 3 $ $ — mima-iorm.

„ 7-2 do.

„ 8-8 ^ 2 ? ? do.

„ 9— 4 ^ 3 ? ? do.

„ 10-1 $ — do.

„ 11 - 2?? do.

„ 12-1 ^ — do.

„ 13—1 ^ — do.

14-3 ^ 1 ? do.

„ 17—1 f

Total, 24 ^ 9 ? mima-iorm..

The entire series (33) of this brood consisted of the

mother’s form {mima) only ; not a single example of either

sex — as may be seen from the collective view of them in

Mr. Burn’s photograph, reproduced in Plate LXIII —

showed any divergence towards or indication of the

characters proper to the ivahlbeopi-form..

In view of the almost equal emergences of both

waldbergi and mima in the brood from eleven ova of a

single wahlbergi, Mr. Millar exjaerienced surprise and dis¬

appointment at this unexpected result. On receipt of his

accidentally very long-delayed letter of July 6, describing

these breeding experiments, I wrote (December 31, 1909)

Breeding of the Ny'ni'phalinc Genus Euralia. 505

to express the hope that he would repeat, if possible, a

breeding from mima ova, as I thought it highly probable

a second result would prove to be quite different from the

first one ; but I learned subsequently that he had already

anticipated my suggestion.

Fourth Experiment. — Offspring reared from ova laid

hy a second example of Euralia mima.

On November 21, 1909, Mr. Millar met with a ^ mima

ovipositing at Mount Edgeumbe, and secured consecutively

eleven eggs one by one as soon as laid. These were care¬

fully placed on the food-plant and kept under regular

observation ; they all hatched, and the larvae duly fed up

and pupated. Without exception the pupae all yielded

the imago, the butterflies emerging in the following order,

viz. ; —

December 19 — mima4oxm, 1

„ 20 — mima-iorm, S $

„ 20 — wahlbergi-form, 2 $

„ 22— 7?ima-form, 1 3 ^

„ 22 — tvahlhergi-ioxm, 1

Total offspring of a single example of the ^ of the

mima-ioxxxi : 8 mima {b $ f 3 ^ ^), 3 icalilhergi $).

This second result of breeding from the ova (11) of a

single mima — in such strange contrast to the earlier one

in which exclusively mima was obtained from between

three and four times as numerous ova (39) of a single

example of the same form — conclusively confirms the

result of the converse experiment described above (p. 503),

in which 4 (2 ^ 1 1 sex undetermined) of the waldhergi-

form, and 5 (4 ^ 1 $) of the mima-ioxxa were produced

from 9 of the 10 eggs laid by one wahlbergi. It places

beyond question the fact so long suspected but until 1909

never proved, of the absolute species-identity of the two

forms under notice ; * and it incidentally illustrates the

* Evidence exists to show that my friend and correspondent, Mr.

William D. Gooch, who collected largely in Natal in the years

1873-78, and attended specially to the larvae and pupae of Lepi-

doptera, was close upon discovering the species identity of the two

Euraliae in question. As I mentioned in “ S.-Afr. Butt.,” I, p. 281

(1887), in Mr. Gooch’s extensive series of drawings and notes, there

are two pencil outlines and written details of a larva stated to have

resulted in “ Eiiralia mima or dubia,” and one of the figures of the

larva is represented on the food-plant, which is unmistakably a

stinging-netlle.

506 Mr. R. Trimen on Mr. Millar's Experimental

wisdom of not resting content with one test experiment

only, when its result runs counter to that of a previous

experiment in the same field. In this case, when the

numerous progeny of the mima taken in March 1909

turned out to be without exception of the same form in

both sexes as the mother, a very imperfect knowledge of

the actual state of things would have been gained if that

single experiment of breeding from ova of miina had been

accepted as conclusive in its result, and so remained

unchecked by repetition.*

As indicated briefly in my preliminary note (/. c., p. xv),

the case of E. wahlhcrgi-mima. agrees with that of another

Nymphaline butterfly in Natal — Gharaxes zoolina-ne-

anthcs,\ but at the same time differs very strikingly by

exhibiting in addition close mimicry of two Avholly dis¬

tinct and very differently marked and coloured species of

tlie protected genus Amauris, and thus presents the first

recorded instance of hi-sexual mimetic dimorphism occur¬

ring within the limits of one and the same species. In the

Gharaxes mentioned there is no approach to mimetism,

the colouring and marking in both the zoolina and neanthes

forms being inconspicuous — especially in the latter — and

on the underside cryptic, and this makes it difficult to

discern what the Gharaxes gains by its bi-sexual dimor¬

phism ; whereas in the Enralia the advantage of that

condition in combination with close mimicry of two such

dominant distasteful Danaines as Amauris niavius domini-

camis and A. alhimaeulata is manifest.

In considering the very differing proportion of the two

forms of Enralia in the respective progenies reared from

the wahlbergi mother and the two mima mothers by Mr.

Millar, it is well to bear in mind that in no one of the

three cases in question is it known to which form the

* Mr. Millar has presented the progeny resulting from this fourth

breeding experiment, viz. 8 mima and 3 wahlhergi from ova of a

single mima, to the unrivalled bionomic series in the Hope Depart¬

ment of the Oxford University Museum ; and Prof. Poulton has

most kindly contributed the excellent photograph of them by Mr.

Alfred Robinson, which is reproduced in Plate LXIV.

t See Mr. G. F. Leigh’s interesting accounts in Proc. Ent. Soc.

Loud., 1908, pp. lxiA% Ixv (with comments by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,

Prol. Poulton, and Dr. K. Jordan), recording the breeding ol both

neanthes and zoolina from ova of a single neanthes, and in op. cit.,

1909, pp. xlix, 1, the converse breeding of both forms from ova of a

single zoolina.

Breeding of the Nymphaline Genus Eurcdia. 507

male parent belonged — pairing having ended before cap¬

ture or observation of the female. Moreover, it is seldom

indeed that all the ova normally laid are obtained ; a wild

female watched or captured, unless immediately or very

soon after pairing, having usually already oviposited to a

greater or less extent ; so that, in a dimorphic or poly¬

morphic offspring, the full relative numbers of the sexes

and of the respective forms born from one and the same

mother cannot be strictly ascertained. The possible pair¬

ings within the limits of the sub-species Euvalia wahl-

bergi-mima are four, viz. : —

1. ^ X $ loahlbergi-iovm.

2. ^ X ^ mima-loxva.

3. ^ ivahlhergi-iovvcv x $ mima-iorm.

4. ^ mima-iovm X $ unhlhergi-iovro..

Of pairing No. 1 (both sexes ot loahlhergi-iovra), Mr.

G. F. Leigh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. Iv and Ivi)

has recorded two cases that came under his personal

notice, viz. one on December 16, 1904, and the other on

January 23, 1905.

Of pairing No. 2 (both sexes of mma-form), there is

the instance of the very closely-similar sexes taken by the

late Col. N. Bowker (and published in my “ S.-Afr. Butt.,”

I, p. 285, 1887); and also Mr. Leigh’s record (/.r.) of

seeing two mima paired on January 27, 1905.

Of pairing No. 3. (J loahlbergi-iovvo. with $ mwia-ioxnii)^,

I have no definite instance ; but in the “ Entomologist

for 1882 (p. 9), Mr. A. J. Spiller, a keen collector and

observer, mentions that in Natal he had taken the ^

anthedon ( = luahlbergi) mated with the ^ mima, and vice

versa,.

Of pairing No. 4 (J mima-iovva with ^ wahlbergi-^oxwij,

there are tAvo authenticated cases, viz. Capt. H. C. Har¬

ford’s (published by me in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1873, p. 107,

note, and in “ S.-Afr. Butt.,” I, p. 283), and Mr. H. M.

Millar’s in July 1890.*

The occurrence ot certainly three, and most probably

* Mr. A. D. Millar, wlio communicated tins case to me at the time,

now writes : — I have seen initncL and wcthlber^i three times paired,

but did not note and cannot remember which form was the ^ and

which the 9 .” Mr. Millar sent me the 9 wahlbergi of the 1890

case, with the information that his brother, Mr. H. M. Millar, had

captured it paired with a d mima.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) L L

508 Mr. R. Trimen on Mr. Millar s Experimental

all four, of these possible pairings in nature suggests the

idea that an important determining influence on the

discrepant results of rearing from ova to imagines the

offspring of a ^ of the wahlhergi-^oxm, and (at different

times, between four and five months apart) the offspring

of two ^ $ of the mima-iorxn, may perhaps be found in

similarity or dissimilarity in each case of the two parents ;

that the crossing of the forms may yield a progeny com¬

posed of the two different forms in varying proportions ;

while such a result as the thirty-three mima (24 $ ^ and

9 ^ exclusively from one mother of the mwia-form may

be traceable to the mating of similar parents.

At the same time, it should not be forgotten that, in

the case of PajMio dardanus sub.-sp. eenca, where the $ is

non-mimetic and, though varying considerably within

moderate limits, constant to one coloration and pattern,

the female offspring of two individuals of each form of

the trimorphic and tri-mimetic $ has been proved, by Mr.

G. F. Leigh’s breeding experiments in Natal,* to present

very great discrepancy in the proportional representation

of the three forms. In the two cases of the predominant

cenea-form of the ^ progeny reared was respectively 24

ce7iea and 3 hippocoon in one case, and 15 cenea and 1

hippocoon in the other ; in two cases of the rarer liippocoon-

form of $ the ^ progeny was re.spectively 8 cenea, 3

hippocooii, and 3 troplio^ims in one case, and 13 cenea only

in the other ; while, in two cases of the scarce trophonins-

form, the $ progeny was in one case 2 cenea only, and in

the other 6 cenea and 1 trophonius.

With all this discrepancy, however, there stands out — as

has been well demonstrated by Prof. Poulton {1. c., p. 430)

— the constant feature of the immense preponderance of

the cenea-iovm in these six results ; and with this may be

compared the preponderance of the mima-iorm (like the

cenea-^oxm of the Papilio itself a close mimic of Ainauris

alhmiacidatd) in the three cases of Euralia wahlhergi-^nmia

progeny reared by Mr. Millar.

Since I became aware of the occasional pairing of the

Natalian Euralia wahlbergi and mima, I have been sur¬

prised at not finding in collections any examples more or

less combining the features of the two forms ; indeed,

* See Prof. Ponlton’s “ Heredity in six families of Papilio Dar¬

danus, Brown, sub-species cenea, Stoll, bred at Durban, by Mr.

(j. F. Leigb, F.E.S.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 429).

Breeding of the Nynvphaline Geoius Eitrcdia. 509

even an ordinary amount of variation seemed scarcely to

occur in either of them to any noticeable degree. The

only marked instances of variation I came across were

those recorded by me (as “ Var. A”) in “ S.-Afr. Butt.,” I,

p. 285 and footnote (1887) as of a ^ and a ^ of mima,

in which the enlarged white spots of the forewings and the

almost white merely yellowish-edged patch of the hind-

wings showed an approach in the direction not of wahl-

hergi, but of the West- African chibid, Palis., and of the

Madagascar E. drucei, Butl., considered by Aurivillius *

to be a variety of dulha. But Mr. A. D. Millar, having

lately written to me that he possessed an example uniting

the characters of wahlhergi and mima, I replied pointing

out the interest attaching to it ; and he has now forwarded

an excellent photograph by Mr. D. James (see Plate LXV)

of this intermediate individual — apparently a ^ — side by

side with bred examples of the loahlhergi and mima

forms. It will be seen that while in the forewings this

specimen in the main agrees as to its chief markings with

wahlhergi, the inner-marginal white patch is reduced by

its lower half being much clouded with fuscous scales (the

submedian nervure being broadly clouded with black); and

that in the hindwings the white area is greatly reduced

to the size and shape of that in mima. Besides this, in

both fore and hindwings appears the sub-marginal series of

rounded white spots so characteristic of mima, but never

present in \oahlhergi. Moreover, Mr. Millar points out

that while the blue iridescence characteristic of wahlhergi

is retained in the forewings, there is a slight tinge of

the ochrey-yellow of mima on the reduced white patch of

the hindwings. The rarity of examples partaking of the

characters of both mimetic forms of this sub-species of

* Anrivillius (Ehop. Aetliiop., p. 150, 1899) queries whether E.

diffusa, Butl., of Madagascar (figured by Mabille in Grandidier

Madag. Lep. I, pi. 18a, f. 4, 1885-7) be not a “hybrid” between

E. drucei and E. madaffascariensis,^La.h. (u form close to im/dtergi);

and also whether E. daemona, Stand., from Camaroon (“Iris,” iX,

pi. 2, f. 1, 1896) be not similarly a “hybrid” between E. dnhia and

E. anthedon. Of the latter case I can give no opinion, not having

seen Staudinger’s figure ; but Mabille’s figure of the Madagascar

diffusa does certainly much resemble the photograph of Mr. Millar’s

e.xample uniting the features of mima and wahlhergi — the forewings

being almost identical, but the hindwings ditfering conspicuously in

the whitish space being very much larger — scarcely less than in

madagascariensis or wahlhergi.

L h 2

510 Mr. R. Trimeu on Mr. Millar's Experimental

Euralia is in contrast to the comparative frequency of

linking intergrades among the polymorphic mimetic forms

of the ^ Papilio dardanus throughout all the sub-species

of that extraordinary butterfly ; and it is the more notice¬

able because in the cenea sub-species of P. dardanus,

inhabiting the same districts as the Euralia under notice,

the two more numerous mimetic forms shown by the ^

{cenea and liip)pocoon) simulate respectively the very same

species of Amauris — viz. A. alhimaculata and A. niamus

sub-sp. dominicanus — that are the models of the Euralia.

As already indicated above (p. 499) E. wahlbergi and

E. viima are very closely-allied south-eastern representa¬

tives of the western and equatorial E. anthedon and

E. diibia respectively, and there can be little if any doubt

that the latter will be proved, as the former have been, to

be two co-existing forms of one species, usually if not

always present in the offspring of a single mother of either

form. Valuable evidence in this direction has already

been furnished by three West-African examples — kindly

brought to my notice by Prof. Poulton in the collections of

the Hope Department of the Oxford Universit}’’ Museum

— intermediate between anthedon and duhia. The first of

these from the Lower Niger (W. A. Forbes) is much closer

to duhia than to anthedon, the median Avhite macular band

of the fore wings being situate as in duhia but much

enlarged and with its component spots confluent ; some of

the white spots of the submarginal series are absent. The

second, from the Gaboon (Mark L. Sykes, circa 1888) is

nearer anthedon, but in the forewings the large inner-

marginal pale space is obscured with dull violaceous-blue

except for a good-sized elongate white spot between 1st

and 2nd median nervules, while thesub-apical white bar is as

clearly defined and fully developed as in normal anthedon ;

and in the hindwings the white area is somewhat restricted

and externally tinged not with the usual blue gloss but

with ochrey-yellow (as sometimes in duhia) : in both wings

the submarginal white spots are only partly represented,

but those present though obscured with dusky scaling are

enlarged. The third, from Camaroon, is in pattern gener¬

ally like the second, but the colouring is very mixed : in

the forewings the sub-apical bar is interiorly much obscured

with black irroration ; the upper part of the inner-marginal

patch is larger than in the second example and of a purer

white, but all its lower part is clouded with obscure ochrey-

Breeding of the Nymjih aline Genus Euralia. 511

yellow ; while in the hindwings the pale area is of a clear

ochrey-yellow (as in E. mima) but radiates strongly out¬

wardly, more especially along the inner-marginal border.

The figures (uncoloured) of the larva and pupa of

E. dubia, var. cerberus, Auriv., from Camaroon, published

by Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr., 1894, t 4, ff 4, 4a, and 4b)

are smaller than the full-grown specimens of those of

E. mima and E. waJdbergi that I have received from

Mr. Millar, but they and the brief description (p. 282)

agree pretty fairly with the specimens in question. As,

however, the account of arrangement of the larval spines

(which the author shows to be singularly identical with

that exhibited by the larva of Salamis anacardii, L.) is

not quite complete enough for comparison, I will add

here what I have found to be the spinous armature both

in E. %oahlbergi-mima and in E. dece'ptor larvae. Head

with a pair of two long, stout, rather clavate and expanded

(more distinctly so in dece'ptor'), divergent horns on vertex;

these horns are moderately spinulose and also sparsely

bristly, and bear three or four spinules at the tip. The

first thoracic segment bears dorsally, one on each side of

median line, two very short slender processes, each ter¬

minating in a long fine bristle, and also four rather short

rigid spines finely spinulose throughout and tapering to a

sharp point — two (upper and lower) on each side ; and the

second and third thoracic segments each bear in addition

(in place of the slender processes on the first segment) a

pair of longer dorsal spinulose spines. The abdominal

segments each bear an additional acute similar spine on

median dorsal line, making seven in all on each segment,

except the last, which — more or less injured in the inflated

dried specimens — appears to bear only five, but has the

medio-dorsal spine placed far forward of the rest, close to

the front edge of the segment (as Aurivillius mentions in

his description of the Salamis anacardii larva). Besides

the conspicuous spines above-named, there are on each

segment quite low down, at base of legs and pro-legs

where these occur, two very short blunt spinulose spines,

one in advance of the other, both pointing downward.

The colour of the larva in final moult is velvety-black ;

each segment bears anteriorly a narrow elevated or

thickened pale-yellowish transverse band or half-ring,

from which .spring the from four to seven brownish-yellow

spines. The head, legs, and pro-legs are all brownish-

512 Mr. R. Triiiieu on Mr. Millar'' s Exitcrimcnial

yellow ; on the head the horns on the vertex are of the

same colour, but the prominent simple eyes are conspicu¬

ously black with large white centres. This description

applies also to E. deceptor, except that in that form the

cephalic horns of the last stage are black, and the elevated

pale-yellowish segmental half-rings are less regular and

defined, being partly internipted atid discontinuous

between the expanded bases of the spines.

All naturalists will value the very interesting and im¬

portant contribution that has been made by Mr. Millar to

insect bionomics by his persevering and well-directed

experiments, and will join me in congratulating him, and

in wishing him continued success in prosecuting his

intended further researches into the life-history and

genetic conditions of Euralia, and also in extending them

to other kindred problems that await solution among the

Lepidoptera of Africa.

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate LX I.

Euralia deceptor, Trim. — Offspring (68 ^ ^ and 55 $ ^ ) hred —

2nd to ]4tli May, 1909— from eggs laid by two “small, apparently

dry-season ” $ 5 ) captured while ovipositing at Mount Edgcumbe,

near Durban on 21st March, 1909.

[From a photograph by Mr. J. H. Burn.]

Plate LXII.

Euralia wahlbergi, Wallengr. — Offspring (3 tcahlhergi-iorm

— 2 (J d , 1 ? ; and 5 mima-form — 4 $ $ , 1 $ ) bred — 24th to

29th April, 1909 — from eggs laid by a single $ wahlhercji captured

while ovipositing near Durban on 21st March, 1909.

[From a photograph by Mr. J. H. Burn.]

Plate LXIII.

Euralia mima, Trim. (= second form of A. Wallengr.)

— Offspring (24 ^ and 9 9 ?» ‘hi of true mima-fovm) bred —

6th to 17th May, 1909 — from eggs laid by a single 9 mima captured

near Durban about 2Gth March, 1909.

[From a photograph by Mr. J. II. Burn.]

Plate LXIV.

Euralia mima., Trim. ( = second form of E. wahlbergi, Wallengr.)

— Offspring (8 mfma-form— 5 S 6 3 wahlbergi-ionn

MR. A. D. MILLAR’S EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING FROM THE OVA OF THE NATALIAN FORMS OF EURALIA.

Offspring (68 S d and 55 ? ? ) from ova of two Euralia deceptor laid on 24th and 25th March, 1909.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lo?id., igio, Plate LXIl.

MR. A. D. MILLAR’S EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING

FROM THE OVA OF THE NATALIAN FORMS

OF EURALIA.

Photo, J. H. Burn.

Offspring (3 Euralia ivahlbergi — 2 S S , i 9 ^ E. mima—

4 cJ (J , I ? ) from ova of one E. wahlbergi laid on 21st

March, 1909.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., igio, Plate LX III

MR. A.

D.

MILLARS

experimental breeding from the ova of the

NATALIAN FORMS OF EURALIA.

Phoio, J. H. Burn.

Offspring (24 i 4 , 9 ! 9 ) from ova of one Euralia mima laid about 26th March, .909.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., igio, Elate LXIV.

MR A D MILLAR’S EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING FROM THE OVA OF THE

NATALIAN FORMS OF EURALIA.

C. Henfschci,

7to, Alfred Robinson.

All figures are about § of the natural size.

Three wahlbergi ( ^ ) and eight mima (5 , 3 ? ) bred in 1909 from a mima 9 ot

Euralia wahlbergi, near Durban, Natal.

Ltd.

Breeding of the Nymphaline Gemts Euralia. 513

— c? c?) bred — 19th to 22nd December, 1909 — from eggs laid by a

single $ mima captured near Durban on 21st November, 1909.

[From a photograph by Mr. Alfred Eobinson, kindly contributed

by Prof. E. B. Poulton.]

Plate LXV.

Evralia wahlbergi, Wallengr. — Fig. 1, ^ of wahlbergi-lovm,

fig. 2, of mima-form ; both examples belonging to the offspring

from eggs laid by a single wahlbergi included in Plate LXII. These

are here given for comparison with fig. 3, representing a remarkable

example which combines the characters of both forms. The latter

example, in Mr. A. D. Millar’s collection, is without special record,

but was taken near Durban.

[From a photograph by Mr. D, James.]

( 514 )

XVIII. On a neio Genus of Stylopidae fo'om Australia.

By Arthur M. Lea, F.E.S,, Government Ento¬

mologist, Tasmania.

[Read October 5th, 1910.]

Plate LXVI.

In 1895, whilst on a collecting trip to Bridgetown, in

W. Australia, I obtained a number of specimens of a species

of Stylopidae in the greasy oil of a lamp, massed together

with other insects that had been attracted by its light.*

They were naturally somewhat damaged ; to remove the oil

they were placed for some time in chloroform, afterwards

being mounted on cardboard. Not having the necessary

literature to work them up, they were left untouched till

recently, when Mr. W. Dwight Pierce’s fine monograph of

the family was received, this enabling me to at last deal

with them.

Stylopidae have previously been recorded from Austra¬

lia (N.S. Wales and Queensland) in a rather out-of-the-

way publication so far as Australian workers are concerned.f

But all the species there noted belong to different genera

(sub-families according to Pierce) to the one now under

consideration, as they have the tarsi three or four jointed

and without terminal claws. Mr. Aug. Simson also informs

me that he sent a female in the abdomen of a Tasmanian

wasp to Mr. Saunders, but nothing appears to have been

published regarding it. Westwood mentions that “R. H.

Lewis informs me in a recent letter that he has captured

a Stylopized bee in Van Diemen’s Land.”

Austrostylops, n. g.

Head strongly transverse. Eyes coarsely facetted, occupying about

two-thirds the width of the head. Antennae six-jointed, third,

fourth and fifth joints ramose, the sixth elongate. Pronotum tri-

lobed, the median lobe somewhat depressed and produced on to head.

* I have seen no reference to other species being attracted to light ;

and, in fact, the males of most species appear to emerge in daylight,

and to die before sunset.

I Report of Work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian

Sugar Planters’ Association, Bulletin No. 1, Part 3, Honolulu, 1905.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

Mr. A. M. Lea o% Genus of Stylopidae from Australia, 515

Mesonotum very narrow in middle, the sides suddenly dilated.

Scutellum transversely suboblong. Metanotum in about four equal

parts, of which three are placed transversely, the two outer ones sub-

triangular with the narrow part apical, the median part moderately

narrow, but not. pointed in front, and evenly emarginate behind ;

hind portion separated from the median one by a hollow membranous

space, the front angles acute and hind margin rounded. Abdomen

apparently composed of six segments. Elytra about once and one-

fourth as long as metanotum is wide. Wings large. Legs long

and thin ; tarsi five-jointed, with two thin, equal claws.

The tarsi are distinctly five-jointed, and with two claws, characters

which, according to Pierce’s table (page 70 of his monograph), would

place it in the Mengeuidea ; to which accordingly I refer it. Only

two genera (one fossil) are placed in the sub-family by Pierce, and

both have the antennae seven-jointed. In the Halictophagidue the

antennae at first appear to be similar, but they have one joint more

to the flabellum, and their tarsi are three-jointed only and without

claws.

The buccal cavity is irregularly rounded, and on one specimen

appears to have five processes, one on the upper part, round and

hollow ; and four in pairs, of which the upper ones are triangular in

shape, wide at the base, and pointed at the tip, and not quite touching

each other ; the lower ones are narrower and less triangular, with the

apices more obtuse and also not meeting. On another specimen two

long processes cross each other over the mouth, and two somewhat

shorter ones can be seen. These probably are broken off on the first-

mentioned specimen, allowing parts of the mouth to be more clearly

visible.

The abdomen is so badly twisted on all the specimens that it is

impossible to state what it is like on fresh ones.

Austrostylops GRACILIPES, n. sp.

. Of a pale but somewhat dingy flavous ; antennae, elytra and

wings lightly infuscated. Extremely finely pubescent.

Head notched in front and ridged close to each eye. Antennae

with first joint of moderate size, second short, third to fifth short,

but each with a long ramus, sixth elongate, not much shorter than

rami. Elytra rather narrow at base, with a thin strip membranous,

apical half wider. Wings with about seven (including the outer

one) long veins, and two short ones. Legs long and thin; front

coxae femora and tibiae of about equal lengths, but the coxae slightly

stouter than femora, and these than tibiae ; trochanters about one-

third the length of femora, to which they are closely applied ;

olG Mr. A. M. Lea on Genus of Styloindae from Australia.

first joint of tarsi about once and one-half the length of second,

and about the width of tibiae, second joint much thinner, third,

fourth and fifth slightly decreasing in length; middle legs appar¬

ently much as front ones ; hind coxae obliquely placed, about four

times as wide as long, touching in middle, femora, tibiae and tarsi

rather longer than in front legs, but otherwise much the same. Length

2 1 mm., expanse across wings 6 mm.

Hah. W. Australia, Bridgetown.

Explanation of Plate LXVI.

Austrostylops gracilipes, Lea.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., ipio, Plate LX VI.

( 517 )

XIX. Hymenoptera Aculeata collected in Algeria hy the

Rev. Alfred Edwin Eaton, M.A., F.E.S., and

the Rev. Francis David Morice, M.A., F.E.S.

Part IV. Descriptions of new Sphegidae. By the

late Edward Saunders, F.R.S.

[Read March 2nd, 1910.]

[The following descriptions were intended for incorpora¬

tion in what would have been the concluding part

(dealing with the Sphegidae) of a Paper commenced

under the above title in these Transactions in 1901 and

continued in 1905 and 1908.

The author had before and during his last illness made

some progress with other portions of the intended work ;

but these are in too incomplete and fragmentary a state

to be published as they were left. The descriptions,

however, though evidently a mere rough draft which the

author would have revised and copied afresh before

sending it to press, do not seem to require any sub¬

stantial alteration in order to make them useful to

Hymenopterists. They are accordingly reproduced prac¬

tically as written, only a few clerical and grammatical

slips (due to haste) have been silently emended, and

here and there a blank space left by the writer for

localities, dates, measurements, etc,, to be added later,

has been filled by an insertion for which the author is

not to be considered responsible, such insertions being

always indicated by the employment of square brackets [ ].

Mr, Eaton presented all his captures to Mr. Saunders,

and they are now — except a few given or exchanged away

by the latter in his lifetime as duplicates — in the Natural

History Museum at South Kensington.

The other materials gathered by Mr. Saunders for his

paper have been handed over to a colleague whom he

had invited to co-operate in preparing it, and it is hoped

that in some form or other at least their main substance

may be made available to Hymenopterists by communi¬

cation to the Society before the end of the present

year.]

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.)

518 Mr. E. Saunders on Hyimnoptera Acvleata:

1. Sphex [Haiipactopus] eatoni, n. sp.

Niger, capite pro- et mesonoto (scutello excepto) pilis adpressis

argenteis dense vestitis. Ad S. higentem Kolil proxime accedit, is

tamen rugis validis mesonoti facile distinguitur. Etiam S. tyranno

Smith colore similis, is autem differt pedibus setis rigidis instriictis.

Ab S. stschurowskii Rad. propter scutellum rugosum etc. mox

distinguendus.

Black clothed with black hairs. 9 with the face (except a

bright glabrous spot at the apex of the clypeus), the vertex, the

pro- and mesonotum (excluding the scutellum), and the base of the

tegulae covered with a dense silvery pubescence which entirely

hides the sculpture beneath. ^ resembling the $ but with only

the face and mesonotum silvery. Clypeus covered with somewhat

remote black bristles which project beyond the silvery surface, its

apical margin rounded, raised and slightly sinuate in the centre,

more truncate in the ^ than in the 5 — ^just above the apex is a

shining shallow impression. IMandibles in the § large, the apical

tooth very elongate, more so than in stschurowskii var. hyalipennis.

Kohl. Head with black hairs in the ^ , the cheeks behind the eyes

with a long beard. (In the ^ tbe only long black hairs are on the

cheeks beneath, the mandibles, clypeus, and labrum ; a few very

short ones show through the silvery hairs of the vertex and back

of the head.) The pronotum propleurae and prosternum are

obliquely striate where the surface is not hidden by the silvery

pubescence (as it is, partly, in the $ ). jMesopleurae and sternum

rugose above, the rugosities [ ? of the former] taking the form of

striae as they approach the sternum in the $ ; entirely rugose (as

well as the sternum) in the ^ . Tegulae clothed at the base with

silvery hairs in the 5? with greyish-black ones in the

Wings nearly black, with violet reflections : the hind-wings in

the $ clear only beyond the cells ; the 2nd submarginal cell

narrowed to its apex where it is scarcely more than half as wide

as its base ; the 3rd a little less narrowed towards its apex than

is the 2nd in the $, narrowed in about the same proportion as

the 2nd in the ^ ; (the bases of the two cells are of about equal

length).

Scutellum moderately convex, rugose with signs of longitudinal

striae ; postscutellum transversely strigose. Propodeum with a penta¬

gonal area which is clothed with rather short semi-decumbent

hairs and rugose in both sexes— its sides are rugosely diagonally

strigose, and in the ^ the rugosities towards the base of the abdomen

are larger, and tend to become clathrate. In one of my 5 ^ the

area tends to be rufescent in certain lights. Legs entirelj^ black,

Descri'ptions of Neio Sphegidae. 519

9 witli the intermediate coxae trochanters and femora in front,

and the hind coxae, clothed with silvery pubescence : the front

metatarsi externally bear a comb of eight fine long curved bristly

spines with some shorter ones between them, on the side towards

the body are three rather thicker spines and a dense brush of very

short dark hairs. Front coxae ( 5 ) transversely strigose with their

central portion polished and punctured, femora shining and

punctured. In the ^ there is no sign of silvery pubescence, and

the anterior coxae are rugose and dull. The tibiae in both sexes

are simply spinose, not densely bristly as in tyranni(s, etc. Posterior

metatarsi slightly curved at the extreme base in both sexes.

Abdomen polished, its petiole slightly curved (its ventral length

subeqi;al to that of the hind coxae in the 5 > longer in the ^ ).

The rest of the body short and oval in the 9 1 longer propor¬

tionally in the i^. Long. 28-32 mm.

This fine species is allied to higms, Kohl. But of his

species Kohl observes that the mesonotum is so rugose

that the rugosities show through the silvery hairs. In

this species the silvery pubescence lies so flat on the

surface, that its rugosities, if any, must quite clearly be

very slight.

Biskra, v, 97. (Coll. Saunders.)

2. Astatus fumipennis [n. sp.].

Caput nigrum, nitidum, facie et genis postice albo-hirsutis.

Thorax nigernitidissimus,remotissimepunctatus,pleurisalbo-hirsutis;

alae anticae fuscae, posticae dilutiores. Abdomen rufo-testaceum,

valvulae dorsalis lateribus valde reflexis. [ 9 ]

Head and tiiorax shining black, mandibles red towards the

base; face and head posteriorly and thorax beneath clothed with white

hairs. Antennae with the 2nd joint of the flagellum 3 times at

least as long as the 1st and distinctly longer than the 3rd : the

scape clothed outwardly with white hairs, inwardly with thick

black bristles, 1st and 2nd joints of the flagellixm clothed with

stiff black hair.s. Vertex and region above the ocelli shining, largely

and remotely punctured, that between the ocelli and below them

closely punctured. Mesonotum (including the scutellum) very shiny

and very remotely punctured ; mesopleurae punctured. Anterior wings

dark smoky brown : radial cell rather more than twice as long as

wide, its apex truncate ; posterior wings clearer ; both pairs darkened

towards the apex. Legs black, clothed with black bristly hairs ;

the anterior tarsi pitchy-testaceous, the others more or less

520 Mr. E. Saunders on Hynienoptcra Acv.lmta :

piceoiis. Propodeuni finely reticulate above, its sides clothed

■with white hairs and diagonally stiigose. Abdomen entirely red ;

apical dorsal valve with the sides strongly reflexed, and with

black decumbent spine-like hairs as in hoops, etc.

Long. 12 mill.

A very distinct-looking species, but unfortunately only

a single $ was captured.

[Biskra, 25. v, 97. A. E. E. Type in Coll. Saunders.]

3. Astatus laetus, n. sp.

9 . Nitidus, niger; palpis,mandibularum basibus, tegulis,abdomine

toto pedibus que (coxis trochanteribus que exceptis), ferrugineo-

riifis ; alis plus minus infuscatis, cellula radiali brevi, latitudine

sua vix duplo longiore. Capitis vertex remote, facies dense

punctata. Thorax nitidissimus, mesopleuris crebre punctatis et

strigosis, propodei lateribns clatlirato-rugosis.

9 . Head and thorax black and very shining. Palpi and base of

the mandibles red. Antennae with the second joint of the flagellum

about three times as long as the first. Vertex and region above the

ocelli very remotely punctured ; face below them dull and closely

punctured, clothed sparingly at the sides with whitish hairs.

Cheeks behind the eyes also thinly clothed with white hairs.

Mesonotum including the scutellum very shining, and exceedingly

remotely punctured. Mesopleurae closely punctured and diagonally

strigose. Wings slightly smoky, darker towards the apex ; radial

cell very short, scarcely twice as long as wide, its apex truncate.

Tegulae red. Legs with the exception of the coxae and trochanters

entirely clear red; the anterior femora clothed with long whitish

hairs, intermediate and hind femora with brownish-black, tibiae and

tarsi with black S2)ines. Propodeum finely reticulate above, its sides

coarsely clathrate posteriorly, with a rather narrow almost smooth

(but very finely punctured) region anteriorly. Abdomen entirely

red, its apical valve with a very slightly raised margin, and with

adpressed pale spine-like hairs.

Long. 10 min.

A very distinct species, its bright red legs and very

bright thorax and head giving it a very peculiar appear¬

ance. From rtifipes it differs in the absence of black hairs

on the frons, the closely-punctured face, and the sculpture

of the sides of the propodeum.

[Biskra, 19. V, 97. A. E. E. Type in Coll. Saunders.]

Descri'ptions of New S2Jhegidae.

521

4. Astatus radialts, n. sp.

$ . Niger ; mandibularuni basibus, abdoniine toto, parte femoruni,

tibiis tarsis que rufis ; antennarmu articulo tertio secundo plus

quam duplo longiore ; eapite et thorace griseo hirtulis, crebre

punctatis ; alis subfumatis, apicibus harum valde infuscatis, cellula

radiali brevissima, latitudine sua vix duplo longiore, apice abrupte

truncate, cellula tertia submarginali angustissima ; ceteris ut in

boope.

5 . Easily distinguished from hoops or minor by the red legs, and

from rufipes by the short radial cell, as well as by the rather

unusually dense grey pubescence of the head and thorax. The

dark band of the wings also gives it an unusual appearance, this

being more pronounced than in the other species and not quite

reaching to the apex of the wing. The very narrow third sub-

marginal cell is another characteristic, but this varies slightly in my

examples. In the short radial cell the species approaches costae,

but of that species (which I do not know) Kohl says that the wings

are “ wasserhell,” and my specimens seem [too (?)] large for that

species, being 7^ mm. in length. The sculpture of the propodeum

is rather finer than in 6oops and minor.

Long. 8 mm.

$ (?). I have a single male, caught at Le Tarf, on the

same day and on the same flower {Foenicitlum vulgare) as

the female, which probably belongs to the same species.

It has the radial cell shorter and more truncate than iti

hoo2)S, and the third submargiual with a short nerve

emitted from about its centre (this is identical in both

wings, but may not be a constant character). The

antennae have the intermediate joints simple, not sinuate

as in hoo2)s, etc. It is, however, larger than one would

have expected the ^ of this species to be, viz. 10 mm.

But the species of Astahis are very variable in this

respect.

[A $ and 5 ^ $ answering to this description are placed

together (unnamed) in Coll. Saunders. Two are from

Bone, the rest from Le Tarf, 24. and 26. vii, 96. A. E. E.]

5. TaCHYTES BISKREx\SIS, n. sp.

d 9 • T. freygessneri, Kohl, valde affinis, differt tameu, pedibus

maxima parte rufo-testaceis; eapite et thorace pilis argenteis dense

vestitis ; alis hyalinis ; abdomine toto rufo-testaceo ; 9 segmentis

abdominalibus fascia lata apicali argeutea ornatis.

522 Mr. E. Saunders on Hymenoptcm AcuUata :

Very closely allied to freyf/essneri, Kolil, with which it seems

to agree in nearly all structural characters except that the vertex is

slightly wider in proportion : but in colour and ]mbescence it

differs so strikingly that I am describing it as new.

^ 9 • Head and scape of the antennae entirely clothed with

shining silvery hairs. Mandibles more or less testaceous-red,

clothed with silvery hairs at the base ; vertex between the eyes

about as wide as the second and half the first joint of the flagellum

taken together. Thorax and propodeum entirely clothed with

silvery hairs (these are more brilliant in the 9 than in the d)-

The disc of the mesonoturn in my only 9 is more or less rubbed,

and the surface is dull and exceedingly closely punctured ; wings

very clear and hyaline, tegulae and nervures very pale testaceous.

Legs in the black, with all the tarsi, the entire posterior tibiae,

the intermediate and anterior tibiae, i^osteriorly testaceous, anteriorly

piceous ; in the 9 S'!! the legs are clear testaceous and clothed with

silvery hair.s, the front femora anteriorly and the front and inter¬

mediate coxae black ; abdomen clear testaceous. Each segment in

the 9 bears a wide aj^ical band of silvery hairs covering nearly half

of the 1st and 2nd segments, | of the 3rd and the whole of the 4th

and 5th ; the apical dorsal valve is clothed with slightly golden

hairs; in the the disposition of the hairs is very similar, but they

are less vividly silvery, and the bands are narrower, the hairs of the

5th and 6th segments are golden, and the dorsal valve is silvery.

Beneath shining and glabrous in the 9 > iu tlie S sparsely clothed

with adpressed golden hairs.

Long. 12-13 mm.

[Biskra, 22. v, 27. A. E. E. Types ^ and 9 Coll.

Saunders.]

6. Tachytes aenea, n. sp.

(J. Aeneus argenteo-aureopilosus, tegulis tarsis que testaceis,

alarum nervis piceis, thorace pilis erectis densissime vestito, pro-

podeo linea central! nitida impres.so, abdomine pubescentia argentea-

aurea dense vestito.

[Here is added in the margin a pencil annotation “ changing in

different lights.”]

(J. Bronzy, densely clothed with golden-greyish hairs, tarsi tes¬

taceous, vertex between the eyes about as wide as the 2nd and 3rd

joints of the flagellum together, antennae rather short, joints of

the flagellum not twice as long as wide, face so densely covered

with hairs that the sculpture is invisible— these hairs in certain

523

Descriptions of Nevj Sphegidae

lights are bright silvery with a slight golden tinge. Vertex very

closely and exceedingly finely punctured. Thorax very densely

clothed all over with erect hairs, its sculpture hidden except on

the mesopleurae, which are rugosely punctured. Wings slightly

dusky, nervures piceous, tegulae pale testaceous, front metatarsus

with four pale short spines along its outer edge, and two at its apex,

tibiae with a few feeble spines, calcaria pale. Propodeum with a

smooth shining impressed central line ; punctured above and at

the sides, but so densely clothed with hairs that the sculpture is

mostly hidden. Abdomen clothed with adpressed sericeous pube¬

scence, in certain (lateral) lights forming wide apical silvery-golden

bands, viewed from in front and in other lights, apparently covered

entirely with silvery-golden hairs, each change of position causing

a difference in the apparent arrangement of lighter and darker

hairs, apical valve rufescent. Segments beneath shining, black,

punctured, their apices testaceous.

Long. 6-9 mm.

[Biskra, 25. iv, 97. A. E. E. Coll. Saunders.]

7. Tachytes maculicornis, n. sp.

Nigra argenteo-pubescens, mandibulis piceis, palpis alarumque

nervis laete testaceis, tegulis pallidis, valvula anali pilis argenteis

tecta. Maris antennae articulis 4-6 dilatatis et pallidis, 7-8

pallido-notatis : metatarsi intermedii apice valde spinoso producti.

^ 9 • Black clothed with silvery pubescence ; mandibles dai’k

piceous ; palpi tarsi and wing-nervures bright testaceous ; tegulae

pale. Antennae in the ^ with joints 3 to 8 of the flagellum beneath

each with a conspicuous pale ochreous spot (that of the 8th only

occupying its extreme base). Apical dorsal valve in both sexes

clothed with silvery hairs.

This species agrees closely with freygessneri in the

proportions of the vertex and antennae, and in the $ is

hardly to be distinguished from the latter except by its very

different coloration and more abundant silvery pubescence.

The ^ however presents most unusual characters. Its

antennae have joints 4, 5, 6 of the flagellum dilated — the

dilatation being widest at the base of each joint, which

therefore projects beyond the apex of the preceding one.

These three dilated joints are almost entirely pale ochreous

beneath, their apices only being narrowly black. The

third joint, though not dilated, is a trifle thickened and

pale beneath. Joints 7 and 8 are noi'inal except for their

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1910. — PART IV. (DEC.) M M

524 Mr. E. Sai^lers on Hymcnoptcra Acidcata :

pale spots. Another striking character is the form of the

intermediate metatarsus. This is slightly bent and pro¬

duced at the apex anteriorly into a spine-like process

which bears at its extremity a short white spine. The

posterior metatarsi also are slightly bent at the base. In

disposition of pubescence this $ closely resembles its

[Biskra. Several and A. E. E. and F. D. M.] •

8. TaCHYSPHEX PHILIPPI, n. sp.

5 T. nitido affinis : puncturatione minutiore, tibiis anticis antice

palliclis tegulis que testaceis distinctus.

9 Black, clothed with a very short, inconspicuous grey pubes¬

cence ; front tibiae on their inner side, and the apical joints of all

the tarsi, testaceous ; mandibles piceous-red near the base, tegulae

testaceous. Head and thorax slightly shining ; the former (with

the face) closely punctured on a finely rugulose surface ; the latter

finely and rather closely punctured on an almost smooth surface.

Vertex between the eyes about equal to the 1st and 2nd joints of the

tlagelluin together ; wings slightly dusky ; mesopleurae punctured

on a slightly and very finely rugulose surface ; propodeum rather

unusually finely rugose, its area indefinite, its posterior declivity

transversely strigose, and its sides diagonally so. Comb of anterior

metatarsus composed of thin testaceous bristles, abdomen dull,

exceedingly finely and microscopically rugulose, without evident

puncturation. Segments 1, 2 and .3 with a lateral apical band of

silvery pubescence [visible] only in certain positions. Apical

dorsal valve elongate (as in iKctinipes., etc.) and irregularly

punctured.

Long. 8 mm.

Easily separated from nitidus, etc., by its fine punctura¬

tion, (inwardly) pale front tibiae, and testaceous tegulae,

combined with the elongate form of the dorsal valve

(this last character distinguishing it at once from the black

form of lativalvis). The specimen bears a ticket in F, F.

Kohl’s handwriting “ sp. ? a T’. nitido diversa.”

[1 9 Philippeville, 21. vi, 98. F. D. M. Type in Coll.

F. D. Morice.]

9. Tachysphex piagetioides, n. sp.

[Mr. Saunders appears to have described this species in

English only, leaving a blank space for a Latin diagnosis

to be added afterwards.]

525

DescH^ptions of Neiv Sphegidae.

9 Black, shining, in form something like a Crahro of the Coelo-

crahro group, mandibles towards the apex, tegulae and wing veins,

apices of the femora, and the tibiae (except a dark stain on their

inner side) testaceous. Head punctured. Width of vertex between

the eyes equal to the combined length of the first four joints of the

flagellum ; orbits parallel sided ; the face on each side more or less

clothed w’ith silvery hairs ; clypeus finely punctured, its centre

produced into a short angular process wdiich is carinated on the

centre, and slightly raised on its margins. Antennae with the third

joint of the flagellum considei’ably longer than the second and

slightly longer than the fourth. Mesonotum (including the scutel-

lum) shiny, clearly and rather remotely punctured, clothed with

inconspicuous greyish hairs. Wings hyaline, their nervures pale

testaceous, radial cell truncate at the apex, third submarginal

shortly ligulate. Mesopleurae transversely rugose, and sparingly

clothed with silvery hairs ; propodeum without a definite dorsal area,

transversely rugose, its posterior declivity with a well-marked central

fovea, the sides diagonally strigose and clothed with silvery hairs.

Legs w’ithi the tibiae spinose, front metatarsi with a comb of six

moderately long pale spines ; abdomen shining, with scarcely per¬

ceptible sculpture, the apices of the segments narrowly discoloured

(the discoloration widening along the sides of the segments) ; basal

segment about as long as wide ; dorsal area of apical segment very

largely punctured, its margins raised and testaceous. Beneath

shining.

Long, [about 7 mm.].

This insect was submitted by Mr. Morice to Herr F. F.

Kohl some years ago, and bears a label in the latter’s hand¬

writing. “ Tachysphex n. sp. transiens ad rarapiagetia,

Kohl.” Had it not been for this I should scarcely have

dared to place it in this genus.

[Biskra. F. D. M. Type in Coll. F. D. Morice.]

10. Tachysphex eatoni, n. sp.

9 Niger. Pro- meso- et metanota nitidissima, remotissime

punctata ; mesopleurae opacae, minute et crebre punctatae ; alae

hyalinae ; abdomen nitidum sed non politum, segmentis basalibus

minute punctatis, valvula dorsali elongata.

9 Black ; mandibles reddish except at the base ; tegulae piceous.

Vertex of head shining, finely and remotely punctured ; face more

or less dull,’’punctured closely and more deeply [than the vertex ?];

clypeus narrowly impressed at the apex, and widely truncate;

52(j ]\Ir. E. Saui^rs on Hymeno'ptera Aculeata:

vertex between the eyes scarcely so wide as the second and third

flagellar joints taken together ; pro- meso- and metanota very shining

and polished, with only a few very scattered punctures; ineso-

pleurae dull, exceedingly closely and finely punctured ; wings nearly

hyaline; propodeum above dull, finely and longitudinally rugulose,

clothed with very short and inconspicuous greyish hairs, its sides

diagonally striate ; anterior tarsi with a comb of slender and not

very long brownish hairs. Abdomen shining, but not polished like

the thorax ; finely punctured on the basal segments, those towards

the apex being almost impunctate ; apical dorsal valve polished and

elongate, its shape much as that of pectinipes.

Long. 7 mm.

The polished, almost impunctate, mesonotum, etc., of

this species will distinguish it at a glance.

[Biskra, 5. iv, 97. A. E. E. Type in Coll. Saunders.]

11. Tachysphex capitalis, n. sp.

Species insignis ; nigei’, mandibulis,tegulis, abdomine pedibusque

testaceis. Caput maximum, vertice latissimo, articulis 1, 2, 3, 4

antennarum flagelli simul sumptis aequali ; pronotum oblique-

strigosum ; propodeum transverse-striatum; abdomen impunctatum,

valvula dorsali lata punctis remotis impressa.

9 Head and thorax black, clothed with silvery white hairs.

Mandibles, tegulae, wing-veins, legs, and abdomen testaceous, wings

with a yellowish tinge. Head unusually produced posteriorly (from

a sideways view the cheeks behind the eyes are as wide as the eyes

themselves) ; vertex between the eyes exceedingly wide and convex

(as wide or even wider than the fir-st four joints of the flagellum).

This great width gives the face a most unusual appearance for that

of a species of this genus. Clypeus flat, its apex slightly elevated,

shining and bituberculate. Antennae with the second joint of the

flagellum nearly once and a half as long as the third. Pronotum

diagonally strigose ; mesonotum and mesopleurae thickly clothed

with silvery hairs ; propodeum clothed with long silvery hair.^,

transversely rugose above, diagonally so at the sides. Legs rather

thick ; front metatarsi with seven rather stout jjale spines. Abdomen

almost smooth, and without evident puncturation. The sides of

the second and following segments are clothed with silvery pubes¬

cence, visible only in certain lights, meeting almost in the centre

of the segment ; apical dorsal valve widely triangular, and with

large scattered punctures.

Long. 13 mm.

9 1. Biskra, 11. vi, 98. F. D. M.

[Type ill Coll. F. I). Morice.]

527

Descriptions of Neto Sphegidae.

12. Tachysphex [gracilitarsis], n. sp.*

[* In the original MS. a blank space is left for a

specific name to be afterwards inserted. The name ofi’ered

above is founded on the character by which the author

distinguishes his species from panzeri, var. oo'ciniensis.']

$ . T. panzeri var. oraniensi simillima. Tarsis posticis gracilio-

ribus horuin articulo quarto vix usque ad medium exciso.

5 . Very closely allied to large specimen.s of T. panzeri var.

oraniensis, and in colour, hairing and general appearance hard to

separate from the latter. The following structural character will,

however, easily distinguish it. The fourth joint of the posterior

tarsi is divided in the middle not quite to its centre, and its longer

apical spine (regarded laterally) does not extend to the apex of the

fifth joint. (In panzeri the fourth joint is divided up far beyond the

middle, almost to the base; and the longer apical spine, regarded

laterally, extends quite to the apex of the fifth joint.) In fact the

tarsi are altogether thinner and less strongly spined than they are in

panzeri, and the claws are less developed. Another good character,

though not quite so easy to appreciate, lies in the form of the dorsal

area of the sixth segment. In this species it is distinctly shorter and

wider than in panzeri, and more polished.

Long, [about 13 mm.].

Biskra, F. D. M.

[4 $ one of which must have been the “ type,” are in

Coll. F. D. Morice.]

1.3. Tachysphex [eduardi, n. sp.].

[In describing this species the author has again left a

blank for the subsequent insertion of a specific name:

and to fill this void the name eduardi is now suggested.]

Panzeri et pygidiali affinis, sedalis anterioribus fuscis sat distinctus ;

alae posteriores multo dilutiores. Tarsi antici ( d ) spinis brevibus

( 5 ) spinis longis curvatis nigris armati.

d . Allied to panzeri and pygidialis in the finely rugulose sides of

the propodeum, but at once distinguished by the dark anterior wings.

Head and thorax black ; face clothed with golden pubescence between

the ocelli and the antennae, with silvery on the sides of the face below

them and on the clypeus. Clypeus very convex longitudinally, its

anterior portion shining, strongly punctured, rounded in front.

Width of vertex between the eyes scarcely equal to the length of the

first and second joints of the flagellum taken together. Mandibles

52(S Mr. E. Saunders on irymcnopiera Aculeata:

reddish in the middle. The antennae appear to be rather thicker

and longer than in pyyklialis. Mesonotnm finely and very closely

punctured, clothed with pale decunibent .scarcely conspicuous pube¬

scence which gives it in certain lights a greyish appearance. Anterior

wings strongly tinged with smoky brown, posterior pair much

clearer ; tegulae testaceous. Propodeum very finely rugulose both

above and at the sides, clothed with a fine and very short grey

pubescence. Legs black with the exception of the tarsi which are

more or less piceous ; front tarsi without any regular comb ; the

spines of the metatarsi not longer than the middle of the joint itself.

Abdomen dull, exceedingly finely punctured ; the first three segments

red, the rest black.

$ (1). A single 5 fi’om Bone agreeing in sculpture, colour of wings,

etc., with the above, is closely allied to pygidialis, but has a slightly

narrower dorsal valve ; its front tarsi have a comb of long dark

curved spines, and the .sides of the propodeum have distinct striae

.amongst the rugulosities.

Long. 11 mm.

Had this female occurred at Biskra with the males I

should have had no doubt of its being the other sex of the

same species ; but coming as it does from Bone, a much

more northern locality, I feel it is wise to suggest the

possibility of its being distinct.

[Types in Coll. Saunders.]

14. Prosopigastra insignis [n. sp.].

$ . Species insignis et omnium generis huius maxima. Caput

nigrum vertice crebre punctato, tuberculo faciali magno (nitidissimo

et punctato), mandibulis, clypeique apice testaceis. Thorax niger,

opacus, crebre punctatus (disco nitido, remote-punctato, excepto).

Abdomen testaceum, segnientis 1-4 crebre, 5 parce punctatis, valvula

dorsali nitida, remote sed fortiter punctata, apice ipso truncato

Subtus, segmento secundo crebre, reliquis remote punctatis.

$ . Head and thorax black ; mandibles, apex of clypeus, tegulae and

veins of the wings, legs, and abdomen testaceous. Head dull, closely

punctured on the vertex ; face below the ocelli clothed with silvery

hairs, facial tubercle large, polished, punctured ; clypeus produced

anteriorly into a semicircular testaceous plate, which is somewhat

elevated along its edge ; cheeks posteriorly and the front of the

mesonotum clothed with silvery hairs. Mesonotum dull, strongly

and closely punctured except just on the disc, where, as well as on

the scutellum, it is shining and remotely punctured. Mesopleurae

529

Descriptions of Neio Sfihegidae.

densely clothed with silvery hairs ; wings with a yellow tinge ;

anterior tarsi with a comb of long black bristle-like hairs. Meta-

notum densely clothed with greyish hairs ; propodeum (dorsally)

finely reticulate ; its sides diagonally strigose and clothed with silvery

hairs. Abdomen densely and strongly punctured on the first four

segments, sparsely on the fifth ; apical dorsal valve narrowly trun¬

cate, shining, largely and remotely punctured ; the segments slightly

discoloured at their ajiices, and with a row of fine golden ciliae.

Beneath shining ; second segment closely punctured, the rest

remotely so.

Long. 10 mm.

$ 1. Biskra (11. vi, 98. F. D. M.).

[Type in Coll. F. D. Morice.]

This fine species is nearly double the size of any of the

other Palaearctic species. It somewhat resembles an

exceedingly large punctatissima, but the puncturation of

the mesonotum is finer, and only large and remote just on

the disc, whereas in punctatissima the large punctures

extend over nearly the whole surface. The silvery sides

of the thorax and propodeum and the grey-haired post-

scutellum are also characters of the new species, as well as

the wholly testaceous abdomen.

15. Gastrosericus moricei, n. sp.

(J. Caput atque thorax nigra pilis sericeis aureo-argenteis den-

sissime vestita. Antennarum scapus, tegulae, tuberculi [humerales],

abdomen et pedes testacei ; abdominis segmenta plus minus pilis

argenteis tecta, apicibus fere pellucidis et argenteo-fasciatis ; antennae

articulis 4-7 subtus sinuatis, articulo apicali subtus excavato

leniterque curvato.

. Black, with mandibles, scape of antennae, tubercles, tegulae,

and wing veins, legs and abdomen testaceous. Head and thorax,

including the propodeum, densely clothed with silvery hairs, which

in some lights have a more or less golden tint ; antennae with the

4th, 5th, 6th and 7th joints more or less sinuate, the apical joint flat¬

tened, somewhat excavated beneath and slightly curved. The silvery

clothing of the thorax is very dense, and is divided down the centre

by a sort of “parting.” Wings hyaline, anterior pair with the radial

cell very short and sharply truncate at the apex. Second submarginal

triangular, its base about as long as the radial. Front metatarsi prob¬

ably with a comb of fine transparent spine-like hairs, but of these

I can only see two on the only remaining front metatarsus in the

present specimen. Propodeum with its pubescence divided, down

530 Mr. E. Saunders on Hymenoptcra Aculenta :

the centre by a distinct parting ; its sculpture hidden, as is that

of the thorax ; abdomen pale testaceous. The apices of the segments

almost colourless and subdiaphanous. All the segments are more

or less clothed with silvery adpressed pubescence, and there is

a band of similar pubescence at the apex of each ; according to the

position the insect is held in, these silvery patches of pubescence

form different patterns ; beneath with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments

densely clothed with silvery hairs.

Long, [about 5 or 6 mm.].

[Biskra, 7. vi, 98. F. D. M. Type in Coll. F. D.

Morice.]

16. Dinetus simplicipes, n. sp.

^ . D. picto simillimus, minus flavopictus, differt ab eo metatarsis

anticis armatis 6 spinulis solum longitudine inaequalibus (harnm

quatuor plus minus dilatatis) femoribus anticis minus dilatatis

metatarsis intermediis gracilioribus et minus curvatis.

$ latet.

Closely allied in general aspect to pictus, F., but with the

abdomen (at any rate in the specimens before me) entirely rufo-

testaceous, showing in one specimen only any signs of flavous mark¬

ings, and having the apex concolorous (not black as h\ pictus). The

most important character, however, by which it may be known from

the above-mentioned species is the form and number of the spines on

the front metatarsi. These are inconspicuous, only six in number,

fine, irregular in size and length, and four only of them more or less

dilated, whereas in pictus they are seven in number, all thick and flat,

and form a very regular and conspicuous comb. The front femora

are less dilated, and the intermediate metatarsi are less curved and

more slender than in pictus. The propodeal area is much more finely

rugulose, and its sides more finely and densely strigose. The first

segment of the abdomen also, though finely rugulose, lacks the

distinct puncturation which exists on that segment in pictus.

Long. 6-6i mm.

Unfortunately Mr. Eaton met with males only of this

species.

[Five $ $ in Coll. Saiind. from Bone and Le Tarf (vi.

’96).]

17. Dinetus dentipes, n. sp.

8 9 . picto minor et gracilior, pilis argenteis micantibus ves-

titus ; trochanteribus anticis dente angulari instructis ; his in 9

subelongatis et paruni curvatis ; femoribus anticis in 9 subtus

ciliatis.

Descri'ptions of New Sphegidae. 531

^ . Smaller and paler than pictns, and more or less clothed with

fine silvery hairs. Face and antennae pale testaceous, clothed with

brilliant silvery pubescence ; vertex black, cheeks behind the eyes

testaceous, clothed with rather long silvery hairs. Prothorax pale

testaceous, clothed with silvery hairs, with a black band across the

central depression of its notum ; mesonotum black, clothed with

silvery hairs and punctured, its anterior angles pale ; scutellum, and

a spot on each side of it, polished, shining, and very largely and

remotely punctured ; mesopleurae black above, beneath (as well as

the sterna) shining and very remotely punctured. Wings hyaline,

their nervures pale testaceous, metanotum black, postscutellum pale

and shining ; propodeum finely rugulose, black, its “ area ” (the sides

of which are testaceous) finely rugulose ; the sides beyond the area

are clothed with brilliant silvery hairs. Legs pale testaceous with

the front trochanters produced into a large angular tooth. Front

metatarsi with four very fine, nearly white spines. Abdomen testa¬

ceous, very finely rugulose, first, second and third segment each with

a broad pale sub-apical band, the actual apex submerabranous and

colourless, clothed with silvery hairs. Beneath shining.

9. Very like the (J, but with the dark colour more extensive.

The front trochanters are not dentate, but unusually elongate and

slightly^ curved ; the front femora with a row of long white hairs on

their underside ; the metatarsi with a comb of seven fine whitish spines,

of these the two nearest the base are simple, the others more or less

flattened ; three spring from the apex of the joint. Abdomen with

the pale bands less in evidence than in the but the silvery apical

bands are more pronounced. Pygidial area shining.

Long. 5-5i- mm.

A very distinct species recognisable at once by the

silvery pubescence, and the peculiar structure of the front

trochanters.

[Types of ^ and $ are in Coll. Saunders, taken near Biskra

by Mr. Eaton in April.]

( 832 )

XX. Dcscl'iptions of two neiv species of Luciola in the

collection of Mr. H. E. Andrewes. By Ernest

Olivier, F.E.S., Member of the Entomological

Societies of France and Belgium, Correspondent of

the Museum of Natural History of Paris.

[Read December 7th, 1910. ]

I AM indebted to Mr. H. E. Andrewes for the privilege of

examining a fair collection of Lampyridcie from Ceylon

and the Nilghirri Hills. Among these, I have found two

interesting new species of which I give here the descrip¬

tions.

Luciola impressa, n. sp.

Oblonga, pubescens, capite et antennis nigris ; prothorace trans-

verso, antice rotundato, in medio antico angulose, basi recte truncato,

angulis sat prominulis, crebre punctato, flavo, duabus maculis

piceis discoidalibus ornato ; scutello triangulari, flavo, punctato ;

elytris oblongis, nigosis, bicostatis, pallide flavidis, macula parva

basili picea ; pectore flavo, tribus primis segmentis nigris, in medio

piceis; femoribus et tibiorum l)asi flavis, borum apice ac tar.sis nigris.

$ , tribus ultimis ventris segmentis cereis, lucidis, quinto utrinque

plaga cerea munito, ultimo supra incurvato, pygidii apice operto ;

9 , tribis ultimis ventris segmentis flavidis.

Long. 11-12 mill.

Ceylon ; Kandy, Peradeniya.

This species is allied to L. var'ia, Ern. Oliv., but it may

easily be distinguished by the black colour of the head,

the confused puncturing of the elytra, the structure of the

pygidium, and of the last ventral segments of the ^ ; the

fifth ventral segment has two lateral shells, the sixth is

produced into a narrow quadrangular lobe recurved upward

and hid by the apex of the pygidium recurved beneath.

It differs from L. humeralis, Walk., by the black head,

the pitchy spots of the prothorax, and by the apex of the

elytra being entirely yellow.

One 9 specimen has the prothorax entirely yellow.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. (1910). — PART IV. (DEC.)

Mr. E. Olivier’s Descriptions of New Species of Luciola. 533

Luciola auritula, n. sp.

Elongata, subparallela, pubescens, fusca ; capite flavo ; prothorace

transverso, antice vix anguloso, postice recte truncate, margine

lateraliter expanse et rotundato, tenue punctato, longitudinaliter

siilcatulo, flavo, angulis anticis fuscis ; scutello triangular!, flavo ;

elytris elongatis, parallelis, punctatis, obsolete costulatis, fuscis, basi

indeterminate flavidis ; pedibus infuscatis, coxis, femorum basi et

genubus flavidis. ventre nigro, ultimus segmentis cereis ; $ ignota.

Long. 8 mill.

Nilghirri Hills.

This is well distinguished by the lateral margins of the

prothorax depressed, expanded and rounded in front.

Head, scutellum, coxae, base of the thighs and knees

yellow. Prothorax yellow with the front angles fuscous.

Elytra fuscous with a yellow basal portion more or less

continued until the third of their length.

December 21, 1910.

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