ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FOUNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY Royat CHARTER, 1885.

PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1918-1914.

President.

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.LS., F.Z.S.

Vice-Presidents.

JAS. E. COLLIN., F.Z.S.

JOHN HARTLEY-DURRANT.

REV. F. D. MORICE, M.A.

Treasurer.

ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretaries.

CommManDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.LS.

THE REV. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.ZS.

Librarian.

GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS., A.L.S.

Otber Members of Council.

ROBERT ADKIN

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.LS., F.Z.S.

H. ELTRINGHAM, M.A., F.LS.

a. . GIBBS, F.L:S:, F.Z:8.

GILBERT W. NICHOLSON, M.A., M.D.

fob HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, MiA.,: F.1.8;, F°Z.8.

W. E. SHARP.

J. R. LE B. TOMLIN, M.A.

COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT.

Resident Librarian.

GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.H1s1-.S.

{ “1. })

Business and Publications Committee.

ROBERT ADKIN.

JAMES E. COLLIN.

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.

A. E. GIBBS.

REV. F. D. MORICE.

And the Executive Officers of the Council.

fritish ational Committee of Entomological Momenclature.

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER.

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.

C. J. GAHAN.

DR. K. JORDAN.

iB: PROUT:

CHAS. O. WATERHOUSE.

REV. GEORGE WHEELER.

CONTENTS:

List of Fellows :

Additions to the Library ...

VIII.

XIII.

XIV.

KV.

XVI.

PxSVALT,

XVIII.

XIX.

MEMOIRS.

. A few Observations in Mimicry. By W. J. Kays, F.E.S.

. The Butterflies of the White Nile: a Study in Goi pa

Distribution. By G. B. Lonasrarr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S

. Notes on various Central American Coleoptera, with esciip-

tions of new genera and species. Py GEORGE CHARLES

Cuampion, F.Z.S. ... es

. Descriptions of South American Miero-Lepidoptera Vee E.

Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

. Comparative hoes on Chilades galba, Let. and iat, ‘Gr. Gr.

Bes tise

By G. T, BetHune-Baxer, F.L.S.,

. Notes on the specific distinction a certain species in ee

orbitulus and pheretiades section of the quae Plebeius. By

G. T. Beruune-Baxker, F.L.S8., F.Z.8.. :

. Note sur Zucanides conservés dans les hehe de YUniver-

sité d’Oxford et du British ase Par M. H. BorueEav,

F.E.S.

On some new and little- ee Hey ee eaothies

with a revision of the Thecline genus Thamala, Moore. By

J. C. Moutton, F.L.S., Curator of the Sarawak Museum ...

. Synoptic Table of the British Species of Alewonota, Thoms.,

Atheta, Thoms., and eae ry ei Matcotm CAMERON,

M.B., R.N. , FES.

. On the Lifecdhiatory of madnes hater: Fabri: iy ei res

E. Cameron, M.A., B.Sc., Government Research Scholar,

and Honorary Research Fellow, the University of Manchester

. Descriptions of new species of the Syrphid genus Callicera

ee ete By the late G. H. acre F.E.S. Edited hy

Ue MCOLDING He Zi Say HES. re

. Notes on British Paes opi ae: By F. W. Bpwans BA,

F.E.S.

On the slheatheatton of British Geass (Hymenepter).

By R. C. L. Perxins, M.A., D.Sc., F.ZS.

On the Scent Apparatus in the male of Beasts niavius, Ena

By H. Exrrineuam, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S.

On new or little-known forms of Acraea. By H. E-rrineHam,

M.A., F.Z.S.; with description of a new form of Acraea

encedon, by Prof. E. B. Poutron, F.R.S.

Pupal coloration in Fs abies Linn. By J.C. F. tea:

M.A., Ss.

The teva “ate of the Tineid shot Misti ener 9% n» Mey.

By J.C. F. Frysr, M.A., F.ES. x

On the Urticating Pinpettios of Pohhans sia, roe By

Harry ELtTrinGHam, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.8. <6 Le!

Illustrations of specific differences ae the Saws of 9 Doleette

By the Rev. F. D. Morticsr, M.A., es

201

205

213

(, wat)

PAGE

XX. On the Relationship between certain West African Insects,

especially Ants, Lycaenidae and Homoptera. By W. A.

Lamporn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., Entomologist to the

Agricultural Department of Southern Nigeria. With an

Appendix containing Descriptions of New Species, etc., by

G. T. Beraune-BakeEr, Pres. Ent. Soc., W. L. DIsTANv,

Harry ELTRINGHAM, D.Sc., M.A., Prof. E. B. Pourton,

F.R.S., J. Hartitey Durrant, and Prof. R. Nuwstnap,

REE S ae a a ba fs ... 436

XXI. Descriptions of new species ioe Staphylinide fon Taide By

Matcotm Cameron, M.B.,R.N., F.E.S. ... mee «a. O20

XXII. Additions and corrections to my Catalogue of the Lepidoptera

Rhopalocera of Trinidad (1904), By W.J. Kayr, F.E.S. 545

XXIII. New or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. By Sir

Grorce H. Kenrick, F.E.S.... a ae ay? er) OCU

XXIV. On the Hymenopterous genera Trichogramma, Westw., and

Pentarthron, fee 4h R. C. L. Perxins, D.8c., M. A.,

IRAE S sue ese . 603

XXV. Pseudacraea ee ‘Aebee wena its ets ane its aihodels

on Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of

the same combination. By G. D. Hate CARPENTER,

D.M., Oxon., Member of the Raye Boos Sleeping-

sickness Commission... 606

XXXVI. Pseudacraea boisduvali, Doubl., a its cea with "a ucial

reference to Bugalla Island. ied G. D. Hare CARPENTER,

D.M., Oxon. ss a 3h ace ... 646

XXVII. The iohepitanes of peal variations in the pattern of Papilio

dardanus, Brown. sd G. D. Haz CANT D.M.,

Oxon. act Se 656

XXVIII. Notes on various Central Nene Coleoptera supplement

By GrorGr CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S. 667

X XIX. New South American Butterflies. By W. F. H. Runes

F.Z.S., F.E.S., and G. Tarsot, F.ES. ee 671

XXX. The Culictdae of Australia.—I. By Frank H. riage oat

F.E.S., Entomologist to the Australian Institute of i

ical Medicine fs 683

Proceedings for 1913 es ees ses ss he Sus ... 1-CXXXIV

Annual Meeting ... pe is a oa Bae see Axe cXxXXV

President’s Address Hee er Sere aH af Ws ey, exli

General Index mes ate ba sis Lee bes ee rs: exciv

Special Index oer AG0 ‘ie tee ae ans bia set eci

Errata and Corrigenda ... wat at nae wae ie re ecxhii

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plate I. See pages 10 Plate XXI. See pages 422

Plate IT. a 56 Plate XXII. Fs 427

Plates III, IV. * 168 Plates XXIII-XXV. _,, 435

Plate V. a 204 Plates XXVI-XXIX. ,, 524

Plates VI, VII, VIII. ,, 211,212 Plate XXX. 33 585

Plate IX. 35 272 Plates XX XI, XXXII. ,, 602

Plate X. - 283 Plate XXXIIL. 605

Plate XI. » 021,322 Plates XXXIV— KKK 645

Plates XII-XVIII. » 080-382 Plates XXXVII, XXXVIII 655

Plate XIX. » 9897, 898 Plates XXXIX, XL 666

Plate XX. a 406 Plates XLI-XLIV. - 708

Vist of #ellotws

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Marked * have died during the year.

Date of

Election

1900 AovrRtivituLtus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1905 Bottvar, Ignacio, Museo wacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo,

17, Madrid.

1911 Comstock, Professor J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,

U.S.A.

1901 Fapre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.

1912 Frey-Grssner, Dr. Emile, La Roseraie, Genéve, Switzerland.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1908 OsERTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

1906 * ReuTER, Professor Odo Morannal, The University, Helsingfors,

Finlond.

1913 Tran-SHanskl, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, St. Peters-

burg, Russia.

1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland.

1893 Warrenwyt, Hoffrath Carl Brunner von, Schénbwrgstrasse

3, Vienna.

1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.

FELLOWS.

Marked * have died during the year.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of

Election.

1901 7 Apair, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.

1913 Apams, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-road, Chelsea, S.W.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.8., 50, A shley-gardens, Victoria-

street, S.W.

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

Uae

1885 ApxKIN, Robert, (CounciL, 1911—- ), Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewis-

ham, S.E.

1904 Acar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.

1912 AuteEn, T. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W.

1911 AwnpeErson, T. J., Entomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Nairobi,

British East Africa. :

1910 | ANDREWES, H. E., 8, North Grove, Highgate, N.

1899 AnpDReEws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling S.O., Kent.

1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.

1908 + AnTRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,

S. India.

1913 Armirace, Edward O., Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

1911 * ArmstRONG, Lionel, Govt. Entomologist to Gold Coast, Hversley,

Harpenden, Herts.

1907 ArnoxD, G., M.Sc., A.R.C.S., Curator, Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo,

S. Africa.

1899 | Arrow, Gilbert J.; (CounciL, 1905-7), 87, Union-grove, Clapham,

S.W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road,

S.W.

1911 Asupy, Edward Bernard, Brooklands, 38, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow,

Middlesex.

1907 + AsHBy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent.

1886 ATtmorE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1850 * AveBuRy, ‘The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

etc., (PRES., 1866-7, 1879-80; V.-PREs., 1862, 1868, 1876, 1881,

1888 ; Councit, 1855-7, 1859-61), High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

1913 Avinorr, André, Liteyny, 12, St. Petersburg, Russia.

1901 Bacot, Arthur W., York Cottage, York-hall, Loughton, Essex.

1904 + BaGnaLL, Richard §., Oldstead, Park Town, Oxford.

1909 Bagwett-PureEroy, Capt. Edward, Hast Farleigh, Maidstone.

1903 Batpock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

1912 Batparp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India.

1886 Bankus, Eustace R., M.A.

1890 Barcnay, Francis H., F.G.8., Zhe Warren, Cromer.

1886 Bareaeut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,

Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Escombe, Natal, South Africa.

1902 Barravp, Philip J., Chester Cottage, Benhill-road, Sutton, Surrey.

1911 Barrert, J. Platt, Westcroft, South-road, Forest Hill, S.E.

1907 Barrxerr, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894 + Bateson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,

Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey.

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley.

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham,

Suffolk.

(afar)

1912 Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 120, Warwick-street, Eccleston-

square, S.W.

1896 | BEaRE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., (V.-Pres., 1910;

CounciL, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 BrcuErR, Major Edward F., 39, Kensington Gardens-square, W.

1908 Burck, Richard, Red Lodge, Porchester-road, Bowrnemouth.

1905 Beprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.

1912 Beprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa,

Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria,

Transvaal.

1913. Beprorp, Hugh Warren, Church Felles, Horley.

1899 Brepwett, Ernest C., Bruggen, Brighton-road, Coulsdon, Surrey.

1904 Brnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;

Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1906 Brnratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1913 Brst-GARDNER, Charles C., Rookwood, Neath, Glamorgan.

1885 Breraune-BakeEr, George T., F.L.S., F.Z.S., PRestpDEnt, (V.-PREs.,

1910-11 ; CounctL, 1895, 1910- ), 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.

1891 Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromwwell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1904 Buair, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.

1885 Buatuwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston,

Bath.

1904 Briss, Maurice Frederick, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Coningsburgh, Mont-

pelier-road, Ealing, W.

1886 Buioomrintp, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,

Hastings.

1912 Bopkxtn, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana.

1903 Boaus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.

1911 Borneau, H., 99, Rue de la Céte St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes,

Seine, France.

1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 54, Boulevard Bineau, Newilly-sur-Seine,

Seine, France.

1891 Boorn, George A., Whalley Range, Longton, Lancashire.

1902 Bostock, E. D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs.

1913 Bowater, William, 20, Russell-road, Moseley, Birmingham.

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehwrst.

1894 + Bows, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1912 + Bowrtna, C. Talbot, The Holly House, Broadway, Worcester-

shire.

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

1904 BripgEMaNn, Commander The Hon. Richard O.B., R.N., 44, Lowndes-

square, S.W., and H.M.S. “ Druid,” 1st Destroyer Flotilla, Home

Fleet.

(ar })

1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth S.0., N. Devon.

1912 Brices, Miss Margery H., B.Sec., 7, Winterstoke-gardens, Mill

Hill, N.W.

1870 Bricas, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth 8.0.

N. Devon.

1894 Brieut, Percy M., Fairfield, Wimborne-road, Bournemouth.

1909 Brirren, Harry, 2, Hope Villas, High-st., New Headington, Oxon.

1902 Brovueuton, Major T. Delves, R.E., Swiss Cottage, Great Mongeham,

Deal, Kent.

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Mount Albert, Auckland, New Zealand,

1904 Brown,Henry H., Sheriff Court House, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh.

1910 Browns, Horace B., M.A., Park Hurst, Morley, Yorks.

1911 Brurzer, Rev. Henry William, Great Bowden Vicarage, Market

Harborough.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.

1898 | BucHan-Hepsurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-

Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1907 Buuuerm, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somerset-

shire.

1896 + Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (V.-PRgs.,

1912, CounciL, 1903, 4, 1910-12), Castle Hill House, Dover.

1909 Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-

Hope, Essex.

1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Sec., 1875 ; Counc,

1876), The Lilies, Beckenham-road, Beckenham.

1883 Burter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 56, Cecile-Paurk, Crouch

End, N.

1902 Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 BurrErRFIELD, Jas. A., B.Se., Ormesby, 21, Dorville-road, Lee, S.E.

1912 ¢ Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.0.U., Fairhill, Tonbridge, and Trinity

College, Cambridge.

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vid Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., 7, Blessington-road, Lee, S.E.

1885 CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete, Byrnllwydwyn,

Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.

1898 CanpbizE, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége.

1880 CanspaLE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E.

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, 8.W.; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane

Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W.

1894 CaraccioLo, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British

West Indies.

1910 Cartier, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,

Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892 CarRpPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W.

1910 CarpENTER, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., BM., B.Ch., Uganda Medical

Service, Uganda Protectorate.

1895

1898

1868

1911

1895

1912

1906

1913

1900

€ xr)

CaRPENTER, Prof. George H., B.Sc., Royal College of Science,

Dublin.

CarPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.

CaRRINGTON, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey.

Carson, George Moffatt, Entomologist to the Government of New

Guinea, Port Moresby, New Guinea.

Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-road,

Torquay.

Carter, Henry Francis, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in

Medical and Economic Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical

Medicine, University of Liverpool.

Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.

Carter, J.8., Warren Hill Cottage, Eastbourne.

CartTER, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Heaton, Bradford.

Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S.

1889 + Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.

1900

1871

1891

1910

1897

1913

1902

1908

1889

1909

1908

1904

1899

1906

1913

1911

1892

1913

1867

1895

CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbourne, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Cuampion, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., (Counci1, 1875-7; LIpraRIaAN,

1891— ), Heatherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.

CuapMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.8., (V.-PREs., 1900, 1904-5,

1908 ; CounciL, 1898-1900, 1903-5, 1907-9), Betula, Reigate.

CHARNLEY, J. R.

CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

CHEAVIN, Harold S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., Clematis House, Somerset-

road, Huddersfield.

CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mr. John Garson, 150, Umbilo-road, Durban.

Cuetty, B. Chourappa, The Government Museum, Bangalore, India.

Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

Cuuss, Ernest C., Curator, Durban Museum, Natal, South Africa.

CiarkK, C. Turner, F.Z.S., Hillcrest, St. Augustine’s-avenue,

S. Croydon.

CuarK, Edgar L., Laureston, Ridge Road, Overport, Durban, Natal.

CLUTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester.

CLUTTERBUCK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United

Provinces, India.

CockayYNE, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-square, London, W.

Coutuin, James E., F.Z.S., Vice-PRESIDENT, (CouNcIL, 1904-6),

Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

Conttincr, Walter E., M.Sc, F.LS., 8, Newhall-street, Bir-

mingham.

Coney, Miss Blanche A., The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire.

Corton, Sidney Howard, 14, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W.

Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott Hous

Taunton.

Cowarb, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.S., 36, George-street, Manchester.

Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester

( xiv )

1913 Orace, Capt. F. W., M.D., I.M.S., King Institute of Preventive

Medicine, Saidapet, Madras, India.

1909 Crawtey, W. C., 41, Cathcart-road, South Kensington, S.W.

1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 + Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P.

1907 Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clarendon-road, Leeds.

1908 Cunpin, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., The Palace Hotel, Shanghai.

1908 Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.

1901 Dapp, Edward Martin, Hohenzollernstrasse 18, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin.

1900 DataisH, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

1907 Dames, Felix L., 10, Lortzingstrasse, Berlin-Lichterfelde.

1886 Dawnnartt, Walter, 45, Manor Park, Lee, 8.E.

1911 Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Geelong,

Victoria, Australia.

1913 Davipson, James, M.Sc., Imperial College of Science and Tech-

nology, South Kensington, S.W.

1905 Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

1912 Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Belize, British

Honduras.

1910 Dawson, William George, Manor House, Upper Wick, Worcester.

1903 Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

1898 Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Duncans Station, Vancouver Island, British

Columbia.

1912 Derwirz, Dr. John, Director German Govt. Experimental Station,

Dewant-les-Ponts, Metz, Lorraine.

1913. Dickinson, Barnard Ormiston, B.A., 57, Castelnau, Barnes, S.W.

1875 Distant, William Lucas, (V.-PREs., 1881, 1900; SxEc., 1878-80 ;

CounciL, 1900-2), Glenside, 170, Birchanger-road, South Norwood,

S.E.

1887 Duixry, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar

of Wadham College, (PRES., 1909-10; V.-PREs., 1904-5, 1911;

CouncIL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford.

1895 Dosson, H.T., Jvy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden 8.0O., Surrey.

1909 + Dozson, Thomas, 1, Grant-street, Farnworth, Bolton.

1905 Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.

1912 Dora, Capt. Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3, Whitehall-place, London, S.W.

1906 Donuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

1903 Douay, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

1906 Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Musewm of Zoology,

Cambridge.

1891 DonistHorpe, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1911;

Councin, 1899-1901, 1910-12), 58, Kensington-mansions, South

Kensington, S.W.

1913 Dow, Walter James, The Cottage, Lynwood-avenue, Epsom.

1910 Downxs-SHaw, Rev. Archibald, Gt. Horton Vicarage, Bradford.

1884

(2.2% >)

Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., (CounciL, 1903-5), Trefusis

Lodge, 3, Norfolk-road, N.W.

1867 * Drucg, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (CounciL, 1885, 1892).

1900

1894

1913

1906

1883

1910

1912

1890

1865

1904

1902

1911

1886

1884

1913

1900

1886

1903

1878

1886

1903

1908

1909

1907

1900

1861

1886

Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.

Dupceon, G. C., Director General of the Dept. of Agriculture,

Meadi, Cairo.

DurFFIELD, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and

Wye College, Kent.

DUKINFIELD JongEs, E., Castro, Reigate.

Durrant, John Hartley, Vick-PREsSIDENT, (CouNcIL, 1911- ),

Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, S.W., and British Musewm

(Natural History), Cromavell-road, South Kensington, 8.W.

Eaes-Wuitez, J. Cushny, 47, Chester-terrace, Euton-square, S.W.

Eart, Herbert L., 35, Leicester-street, Southport, Lancs.

Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Councin, 1877-9), Rich-

mond Villa, Northam S.O., N. Devon.

EckrorD, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,

Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland.

EpELstEn, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

Epwarps, F. W., Kingswear, Cornwall-road, Harrow.

Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

Epwarbs, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councr, 1912— ), 15, St. Germans-

place, Blackheath, S.E.

Epwarbs, William H., Natural History Dept., The Musewm,

Birmingham.

Extiort, KE. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

Evuis, H. Willoughby, Holly Hill, Berkswell, Warwickshire.

Ex.is, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.

ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1913- ), Woodhouse,

Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Hope Department, University

Museum, Oxford.

Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., (PREs., 1893-4 ;

V.-PREs., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CounciL, 1888-90), Colesborne,

Cheltenham.

Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.

ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Eustace, Eustace Mallabone, M.A., Challacombe Rectory, Parra-

combe S.0., N. Devon, and Wellington College, Berks.

Evans, Frank J., Superintendent of Agriculture, Calabar, Eastern

Province, S. Nigeria.

FraTHER, Walter, 10, Station-road, Crosshills, near Keighley, Yorks.

Frettuam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E,

FENWICK, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.

Cave)

1908 Frnwick, Norman Percival, Junior, Hillside, St. Ann’s-road,

Eastbourne.

1910 Frnyxs, A., M.D., 170, North Grange Grove- Avenue, Pasadena,

California, U.S.A.

1889 Frrnaxp, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A,

1900 Firra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

1905 F.LEEr, Wilfred James, F.H.A.S., F.C.S., Imatra, King’s-road,

Bowrnemouth.

1900 FLemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, co.

Waterford.

1898 Fuercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural College and Research

Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, 8S. India.

1883 + FLETcHER, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

1905 FLorrsuErm, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W.

1885 Foxxmr, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

1913 Fosrrr, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.0.U., Sussex

House, Hitchin, Herts.

1912 * Fosrmr, C. A., Worcestershire Regiment, Beechwood, Iffley, Oxford.

1900 Founxkxs, P. Hedworth, B.Se., Harper-Adams Agricultwral College,

Newport, Salop.

1898 Founrarne, Miss Margaret.

1880 Fowter, The Rey. Canon, D.Se., M.A., F.LS., (Pres., 1901-2 ;

V.-PREs., 1903 ; SEc., 1886-96), Farley Vicarage, near Reading.

1908 Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., L.M.S., Assist. Superint., Govt.

Maternity Hospital, Madras, India.

1896 FReExE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

1888 Fremuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Els, Kingsbury, N.W.

1903 FREeNcH, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia.

1910 Frissy, G. E., 40, Windmill-street, Gravesend.

1908 Froeearr, Walter W., F. L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-

street, Sydney, New South Wales.

1891 Fronawk, F. W., Stanley House, Park-road, Wallington, Surrey.

1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal Colony.

1900 Frynr, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

1907 Frver, John Claud Fortescue, Artillery Mansions, Victoria-street,

S.W., and The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs,

1876 Futter, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,

Sydenham, 8.E.

1898 FuuueEr, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

1887 GaHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A.,, (Sxc., 1899-1900 ; Counctn, 1893-5,

1901), 8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W. ; and British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1910 Garcxp, Emile, M.LE.E., Witton House, Maidenhead.

1892 * GarDE, Philip de la, R.N., c/o F. R. Rowley, Esq., 8, Pinhoe-road,

Exeter.

Cayo.)

1890 GarDNER, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.

1901 + GarDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S8., Deganwy, N. Wales.

1913 pg Gays, J. A., King’s College, Lagos, 8S. Nigeria.

1899 Gexpart, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford.

1913 Guise, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, S.E.

1906 + Gripes, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Counc, 1912- ), Kitchener's

Meads, St. Albans.

1908 GrrraRD, Walter M., P.O. Bow 308, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1907 Gres, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, South

Perth, W. Australia.

1902 GinLanpmErRs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.

1904 GruLtaAt, Francis, B.A., Combe House, Balcombe, Sussex.

1865 + Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (PREs.,

1891-2; V.-PREs., 1882-3, 1886, 1889-90, 1902; Councin, 1880-

1, 1900), South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont-

street, S.W.

1886 | Goopricu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near

Bristol.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.0., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gorpon, R. 8S. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill 8.O., Wigtown-

shire.

1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (CouncrL, 1882-3), High-

croft, Great Malvern.

1913 Gouau, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of

Agriculture, Cairo.

1909 Gowpey, Carlton C., B.Sc., Govt. Entomologist, Entebbe, Uganda,

Africa.

1911 Graves, P. P., Club de Constantinople, Constantinople, Turkey.

1891 | Green, E. Ernest, Haglesfield, Park-road, Camberley.

1910 GREEN, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal.

1894 GREEN, J. F., F.Z.S., 38, Pont-street, London, S.W.

1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Cricklewood, N.W.

1893 | GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.8., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1888 GRIFFITHS, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., Higin House, Knockholt, Sevenoaks,

1906 GurRNEY, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.

1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of

Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.

1912 Hacker, Henry, Bowen Bridge-road, Brisbane, Queensland.

1906 Haut, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890 + Hau, Albert Ernest, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.

1885 Hart, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.

1912 Hatierr, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbourne-road, Penarth,

Glamorganshire.

( xvii )

1898 Hamuyn-Harnris, R., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the

Queensland Musenm, Brisbane, Australia.

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1898 ;

CouNcIL, 1896-8), 62, Stanhope-gardens, S.W.

1891 Hawnpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhurst, E. Grinstead.

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.

1903 Hare, E. J., 4, New-square. Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Cunan’s, Chingford, Essex.

1910 Harwoop, Philip, 23, Northgate End, Bishop’s Stortford.

1910 HawxsHaw, J. C., Hollycombe, Sussex.

1913 | HawKsHaw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W.

1910 Hepces, Alfred van der, Stoke House, Stoke Mandeville, Bucks.

1910 Henversoy, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak, F.M.S.

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., 16, Kenilworth-road, Ealing, W.

1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.

1908 Hewirr, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Central Experimental Farm, Dept. of

Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

1913. Hewirt, John, B.A., Director, Albany Museum, Grahamstown,

S. Africa.

1913 Hui, Gerald F., Govt. Entomologist, Port Darwin, Northern

Territory, South Australia.

1876 + HittmMan, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton

Buzzard.

1912 Hoper, Harold, St. James’ Mansions, 54, Piccadilly, W.

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,

Lytham.

1902 Hots, R. §., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

1910 HoxForp, H. Oliver, Eistead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey.

1887 Honianp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,

Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hontman-Hunt, C. B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of Agri-

culture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

1910 Homes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 64, Harley-

street, W.

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.

1903 Hovenron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.

1907 + Howarp, C. W., Entomological Division, College of Agriculture,

St. Anthony Park, Minn., U.S.A.

1900 Howks, W. George, 432, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1907 Howxert, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfolk.

1865 ¢ Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New

Zealand.

1907 Huaues, C. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston-square, W.

1912 Huis, Miss Lily, Hollywood, Colinton-road, Edinburgh.

( aa )

1897 Imaax, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (CounciL, 1909-11), 20, Fitzroy-

street, Fitzroy-square, W.

19127 Imms, A. D., D.Sc., B.A., F.L.S., Entomological Dept., The Uni-

versity, Manchester.

1908 IreBy, Captain Leonard Paul, Evington-place, Ashford, Kent.

1891 IsapEuLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen S.O., Cornwall.

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department

of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, 8.W.

1907 Jacopi, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and

Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.

1911 Jacoss, Capt. J. J., R.E., Framsden, Tring, Herts.

1910 Jacoss, Lionel L., P.O. Box 445, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Clarenont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,

Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.

1912 Jarpine, Nigel K., Le Syndicat des Fubricants de Sucre, L’Isle de

Réunion.

1912 Jemmett, C., Ashford, Kent; and Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes.

1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.

1909 JEpson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands.

1886 JouN, Evan, Llantrisant S.0., Glamorganshire,

1907 Jounson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbury-road, Heaton

Mersey.

1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,

co. Armagh.

1908 Jotcry, James J., The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

1888 Jones, Albert H., (V.-PREs., 1912, Councin, 1898-1900 ;

TREASURER, 1904— ), Shrublands, Eltham, 8.E.

1910 Jonezs, Ernest P., 7, Sherwin-street, Nantwich-road, Crewe.

1894+ Jorpan, Dr. K., (V.-PRes., 1909; Councin, 1909-11), The

Museum, Tring.

1910 JosepH, E, G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W.

1910 Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley.

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.

1913 Junx, Wilhelm, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15.

1884 KapprL, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.

1876 ¢ Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1896 F Kayz, William James, (Counctn, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill,

Surbiton.

1907 Krtuy, Albert Ernest McClure, Division of Entomology, Department

of Agriculture, Pretoria, S. Africa.

1890 Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

( xx )

1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

1900 Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth.

1911 Kaunayn, Kunui, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore,

Bangalore, South India.

1912 Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartoum,

Sudan.

1889 Kine, James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside,

Glasgow.

1913 Kirsy, W. Egmont, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,

1889 KLAPALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 | Kuen, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road,

Reigate.

1908 KwnipsEn, Jens Marius.

1911 * Kuna, Thien Cheng, Guardian Superintendent of Chinese Students

in British India, c/o The Curator, Mysore Govt. Museum, Banga-

lore, India.

1910 LarpLaw, William, The Cedars, Eustern-road, Romford, Essex.

1910 Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland-

place, W.

1911 7 LampBorn, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Oni Camp, Lagos, W. Africa.

1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., C.B., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.

1912 Latour, Cyril Engelhart, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West

Indies.

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

1908 Lawn, G. W., Tudor House, Wealdstone, Harrow.

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Museum, Adelaide,

S. Australia.

1901 LericH, George F., 45, Cuthbert’s Buildings, West-street, Durban,

Natal.

1910 Lerieu, H.S., The University, Manchester.

1909 LerrteH-CLargE, Reginald L., Golf Club, Hadley, Barnet.

1900 LericH-PHiuuips, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridgwater.

1892 Les.iz, J. Henry, 84, Huron-road, Tooting Common, S.W.

1898 * LerHBRIDGE, Ambrose G., Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.

1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., (Counctn, 1878, 1884), 87, Frant-road,

Tunbridge Wells.

1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Grove Farm, Greenford Green, South Harrow,

and 277, Oxford-street, W.

1892 Licutroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

1908 ListER, W. K., Street End House, Ash, near Dover.

1903 LuirriEeR, Frank M., Bow 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania.

1865 ¢ LiEWweLyN, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A. F.LS.,

Penllergare, Swansea.

Cte)

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor.

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, (Councin, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany,

Piccadilly, W.

1903 LorrHouss, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 Lonaspon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, S.E.

1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., (V.-PREs., 1909; CouNcIL,

1907-9), Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Se., Government Entomologist, Box 513,

Pretoria, S. Africa.

1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., Argent-street, Broken Hill, New South Wales.

1901 Lower, Rupert S8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.

1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adelaide-street, Brisbane,

Australia,

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., (CounctL, 1904-6), 28, Knight’s Park,

Kingston-on- Thames.

1880 Lupton, Henry, Cowrtlands, Chelston, Torquay.

1903 LyELL, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1912 Lynn, George Trevor, Bank House, Brockenhurst.

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 474, St. Paul-street, Montreal,

Canada.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker-

street, N.W.

1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras.

1887 M‘DoueaLt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E.

1910 Macpouaatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh Uni-

versity.

1900 Mackwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

1911 Mactean, Dr. Ivan Clarkson, M.D., B.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., ’

28, Hill-street, Knightsbridge, S.W.

1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., (Counctn, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham-

road, South Woodford, N.E.

1905 Mattuy, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture, Cape Town, S.

Africa.

1887 Manpers, Col. Neville, A.M.S., D.D.M.S., F.Z.S., Army of Occu-

pation Headquarters, Cairo, Egypt.

1892 ManssripaGe, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

1894 + MarsHatt, Alick, 18, Hazeldene-roud, Chiswick, W.

1895 MarsHatL, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., (CounciL, 1907-8),

6, Chester-pluce, Hyde Park-square, W.

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,

Dunedin, New Zealand.

1856 | MarsHatt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley S.O.,

Kent.

1897 Martineav, Alfred H., 54, Holly-lane, W. Smethwick.

1910 + Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset.

(. Beaet./4)

1913 Mason, Lowell, 22 and 23, Club Arcade, Durban, Natal.

1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.

1865 Matuew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CouNcIL,

1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich,

1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.

1912 Mavuik, Samarenda, c/o Messrs. T. Cook & Son, Ludgate-circus,

E.C., and Fitzwilliam Hall, Cambridge.

1900 Maxwe.t-Lerroy, H., Imperiul College of Science and Technology,

South Kensington, 8.W.

1904. Meape-Watpo, Geoffrey, M.A., Hever Warren, Edenbridge, Kent,

and British Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1913. Muapen, Louis, Melbourne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton.

1872 | Metpoua, Professor Raphael, Hon. D.Se. Oxon, Hon. LL.D. St.

Andrews, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.LC., F.R.A.8., etc. (PRes., 1895-6 ;

V.-PrREs., 1881, 1884, 1897, 1903, 1908 ; Sxc., 1876-80 ; Counctt,

1874-5, 1884-5, 1889-92, 1903, 1907-8), 6, Brunswick-square, W.C.

1885 Metvi1, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, (PrEs., 1905-6 ; V.-PRes., 1893, 1907 ; Suc.,

1897-8 ; CouncIL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael’s, Oxford.

1912 Mercars, Rev. J. W., The Vicarage, Ottery St. Mary, Devon.

1888 * Mryer-Pacint, G., 5, Viale Poggio Imperiale, Florence.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1894 Mraur, Louis Compton, F.R.S., (CouncriL, 1903, 1908), Norton Way

N., Letchworth.

1908 Mrppueton, Ivan E., Plevna House, Mussoorie, U. P., India.

1883 Mies, W. H., c/o E. Step, Esq., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.

1913 Miter, F. V. Bruce, Livingston, N. Rhodesia, Africa.

1906 MuircHEeLuL-Hepesrs, Frederic Albert.

1905 Mrirrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe-square, S.W.

1879 Mownrerro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do A lecrinar,

Lisbon.

1902 Monrecomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-

road, North Acton, W.

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, lotherhithe.

1907 Moors, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Holmefield, Oakholme-road, Sheffield.

1886 Moreay, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.

1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,

Vick-PRESIDENT, (PRES., 1911, 1912, V.-Pres., 1902, 1904;

CounciL, 1902-4), Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.

1895 ¢ Moruzy, Claude, F.Z.8., Monk Soham House, Suffolk.

1912 Morrett, R. D’A., Authors’ Club, 1, Whitehall-court, S.W.

1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surrey.

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

1910 Mossy, Martin E., 21, Alexandra-court, Queen’s-qate, S.W.

1900 Mossr, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.

ee ee ed

19d

ee)

Moss, Rev. A. Miles, Helm, Windermere.

1907 ¢ Movtron, John C., Sarawak Museum, Sarawak.

1911 Movnsry, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh.

1901 f Muir, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Haperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu,

TL:

1912 + Muuian, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Assistant Professor

of Biology, Lamington-road, Bombay, India.

1869 + MtuueEr, Albert, F.R.G.S., (CounciL, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miiller-

1906

1909

1903

1901

1907

1913

1909

1890

1909

1886

1906

1912

1878

1895

1908

1877

Mechel, Grenzacherstrasse 60, Basle, Switzerland.

Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stifa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland.

MusuaM, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

NeAvg, 8. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.

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Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

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NewstTeaD, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

NeEwstEAD, Robert, M.Sc., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Dutton Memorial

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sity of Liverpool.

Nicwouson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., (Councin, 1913-— ), Oxford

and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.

NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.

Nrx, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

Noakes, Alfred, The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

Nortiper, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Nourss, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Nurse, H. A., Education Department, Trinidad, B.W.I.

OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

1893 + OaLE, Bertram S., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.

1910

1873

1913

1895

1912

1913

1907

1911

1883

OxpDAKER, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.

OLIVIER, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

Ormiston, Walter, Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon.

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Peacock, Alexander David, 137, Wingrove-gardens, and Armstrong

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PraD, Clement H., Box 252, Bulawayo, South Africa.

Prarson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts.

PERINGUEY, Louis, D.Sc., F.Z.S., Director, South African Museum,

Cape Town, South Africa.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,

1879

Devon, and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.

(sexy. °)

1907 + Perrine, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern.

1897 Puuiniips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-

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1903 + Patiirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., 22, Petherton-road, High-

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1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

1903 PitcHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Giloucester-

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1910 Prinat, A. Raman, University Union, Edinburgh, and Trivan-—

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1913 Pxrart, Ernest Edward, 403, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Driebergen, Netherlands.

1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., (Councin, 1887), Hlm Lea, Dalton,

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1913 PortER, Prof. Carlos, C.M.Z.S., Professor of Zoology, Agricultwral

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1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,

(PrEs., 1903-4 ; V.-PRES., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; CouNnciL, 1886-8,

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1905 Powe tt, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.

1906 Pratt, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,

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1908 Pratt, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

1878 Pricr, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

1908 PripEAux, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks.

1904 Prisks, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, (Councin, 1905-7), 84, <Albert-road,

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1910 Punnett, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College,

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1912 QueERcI, Orazio, Macerata, Marche, Italy.

1900 Ratnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W.

1912 Rart-Smitu, W., 86, Gladstone-street, Abertillery, Monmouthshire.

1913 Rao, H. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Government Museum,

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1907 Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, Rock ae Beechwood-road, Sanderstead.

1893 Rep, Captain Savile G., ie R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

1898 Revron, R. H., c/o perkine and con Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.

1898 ReureErR, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

1910 be Ruk-Puinipx, G. W. V., c/o Grindlay & Co., Hastings-street,

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1912 Riney, Norman Denbigh, 94, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.,

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1908 Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford.

Umea.)

1905 Rosinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,

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1904 Rostnson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts.

1892 Roprinson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Catford, S.E.

1869 | Roprnson-Dovueias, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.8., F.R.G.S.,

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1908 RoceErs, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Church Missionary Society,

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1886 Ross, Arthur J., 1, Harewood-road, S. Croydon.

1912 Rosen, Kurt, Baron, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich.

1907 Rosenpere, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W.

1868 RorHney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper

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1894 + Roruscaintp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

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1888 + RoruscuiLtp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S.,

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1890 RovuriepeR, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

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1910 Rupes, Charles Henry, 10, Norfolk-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

1898 Russet, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley.

1892 RussEtt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.

1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.

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1907 ScumassMANN, W., Beulah Lodge, London-rcad, Enfield, N.

1912 Scuunck, Charles A., Hwelme, Wallingford.

1881 Scouuicr, A. J., 8, Hlmswood, Malden-road, New Malden.

1911 Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford.

1909 Scorr, Hugh, B.A., University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

1911 Scorr, Percy William Affleck, Chinese Imperial Customs Service,

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1912 Serrz, Dr. Adalbert, 59, Bismarckstrasse, Darmstadt, Germany.

1911 Sous, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on-

Sea, New Milton, Hants.

1911 + Sennett, Noel Stanton, 32, Bolton-gardens, S. Kensington, S.W.

1862 SwHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (PRes., 1887-8 ;

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(‘pee )

1886 SHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),

William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1905 SwHeLpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyv, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1887 + Stcu, Alfred, (Councrt, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W.

1911 Stes, James A., Mon Repos, Monkham’s-lane, Woodford-green,

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1904 Srmmonps, Hubert W., Sussex View, Cumberland-gardens, Tunbridge

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1913 SrrweLt, Capt. F., Wooler, Northumberland.

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1901 Smrirx, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.

1911 Swmrrux, B. H., B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey.

1912 Smrry, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, 8.W.

1898 Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 16, Irving-road, Bourne-

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1885 Sour, Richard, (Counctn, 1890-1), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up

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1908 Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehwrst, Shenley, Herts.

1889 SranpeEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., (Councin, 1906), Newlyn, Romsey,

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1910 Sranuey, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.

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1898 Sreppine, Henry, Chasewood, Round Oak Wood, Weybridge.

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1913 Srorny, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

1896 SrrickLanp, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford.

1900 Srupp, EK. A. C., P.O. Box 906, Vancouver, British Columbia.

1895 Srupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.

1882. Swanzy, Francis, The Quarry, Sevenoaks.

1908 SwieERstRa, Corn. J., 1st Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

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1876 Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants.

1911 Swynwnerton, C. F. M., Gungunyana, Melsetter, S.-E. Rhodesia.

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( eeu |)

1911 Taurz, P. H., Cranleigh, Pinner, Middlesex.

1893 Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A.

1911 Taynor, Frank H., Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine,

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1903 Taynor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

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1907 Trituyarp, R. J., B.A., Kuranda, Mount Errington, Hornsby, New

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1911 Topp, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, N.

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1907 Toner, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

1907 TracGarpu, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.

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1906 TrRyYHANE, George E., Pedro Miguel Canal Zone, Panama.

1906 TuLLocH, Major James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire

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1895 Tunauey, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W.

1910 TurRati, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

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1893 Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,

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1904 + Vaucuayn, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath.

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1911 Vrrauis DE Satvaza, R,, Villa Belle-Rive, Sully-sur-Loire, Lovet

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(| xxvili )

1866 | WaustneHam, The Right Honble. Lord, (Pres., 1889-90 ; V.-PREs.,

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1908

1886

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1893

1908

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1910

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1911

WHEELER, The Rey. George, M.A., F.Z.S., (SECRETARY, 1911- ),

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1913 + WaHirTraKkER, Oscar, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-wpon-Mersey.

1911

1906

1903

1896

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1900

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() xxix)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DuRInG THE YEAR 1913.

AxBsALON (K.). Uber Antrophilon primitivum, nov. gen., nov. sp., eine

blinde Bathysciine (Coleoptera cavernicola, Silphidae) aus dem

sudillyrischen Faunengebiete.

Coleopt. Rundschau, [1913. |

———— Uber Scotoplanetes arenstorffianus, nov. subg., nov. spec., eine neue

Anophthalmen type (Coleoptera, Carabidae) aus dem Ponor-

Gebiete der Trebinjcica in Sudosthercegovina.

[Coleopt. Rundschau, 1913.] The Author.

ALEXANDER (C. P.). A revision of the South American Dipterous insects of

the family Ptychopteridae.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

———— A Synopsis of part of the Neotropical crane-flies of the sub-family

Limnobinae.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Aurivituius (Chr.). Svensk Insektfauna. 13. Steklar, Hymenoptera. 2.

Guldsteklar, Tubulifera. Uppsala, 1911.

——-— Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia. 12.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 7, No. 19, 1911.]

—W—- Collections recueillies par.M. Maurice de Rothschild en Abyssinie

et dans l’Afrique orientale.

[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1912. ]

—-— Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia. 13.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 8, No. 22, 1913.]

—-— Curculioniden und Cerambyciden gesammelt wahrend der schwedi-

schen zoologischen expedition nach Britisch Ostafrika.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 8, No. 21, 1913.]

——-—— New Species of Longicorns from Borneo.

[Journ. Sarawak Mus., I, 1913.) The Author.

—-—., Bernuavrer (Max), Grpien (H.), Herter (K. M.), Scumipr

(Adolf), and StroHMEYER (H.). Botanische und Zoologische

Ergebnisse einer Wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den

Samoa-Inseln, dem Neuguinea-Archipel und Salomonsinseln

von Marz bis Dezember 1905. VIII. Beitrage zur kenntnis

der Coleopterenfauna der Samoainseln.

[Denkschr. Math.-Naturw. K. Akad. Wiss., LX X XIX, 1913.]

The Authors.

AusTEN (EH. H.). The House-fly as a danger to health, its life-history and

how to deal with it.

[Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Econ. Series, No. 1, 1913.]

Trustees Brit. Mus,

Bacor (A. W.). On the survival of bacteria in the alimentary canal of fleas

during metamorphosis from larva to adult.

{Journ. Hygiene, Plague Suppl. IIT, Jan. 1914.] The Author.

BaGNnatt (R. 8.). [See StapENn (F. W. L.).]

(F sxx)

Baker (A. C.). [See Quainrance (A. L.).]

BarBer (T.C.). [See NEwett (Wilmon).]

BeEricur tiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie

wahrend des Jahres 1911, Heft 2-5. Published in 1913.

[By R. Lucas, K. Grinberg, H. Schouteden, and W. La Barme., |

Purchased.

BERNHAUER (Max), [See Aurivitrius (Chr.).]

BrevermvcE (W. W.0.). [See Durrant (J. Hartley). ]

BiscHorr (H.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

BisHorp (F. C.). The fowl tick (Argas miniatus, Koch).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 170, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Boyp (Thomas). Memorial Notices from Entomological periodicals, with

portrait. Llanfairfechan, 1913. Willoughby Gardner.

Brants (A.). Neerlandsche Vlinders. Beschreven en Afgebeeld. Derde

Serie van Sepp’s Nederlandsche Insecten. Pts. V-VIII [1908-

1912 ?]. Purchased.

Bretues (Jean). Description d’un Coléoptére argentin nouveau [ Eustilbus

gossy pit |.

[Boletin de la Sociedad Physis para el cultivo y difusién de las

ciencias naturales en Ja Argentina, Tomo I, No. 2, 1912. ]

———— Trabajos entomoldgicos publicados en los Nos. 1-2 del Tomo

XVII (1913) de la Revista Chilena de Historia Natural.

[Pseudhydrobaenus portert, n.sp., Aphidius chilensis, n.sp., and

Pentarthrum porter?, n.sp. |

[Reprinted from the Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., Aino XVII, 1913. ]

- Description d’un nouvel Hyménoptére.

[Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., Ano XVII, 1913.]

Description d’un nouveau Chironomidae du Chili.

[Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., Ano XVII, April 1913.] C. E. Porter.

Brocuer (Frank). Recherches sur la respiration des Insectes aquatiques

(imagos). Népe, Hydrophile, Notonecte, Dyticidés, Haemonia,

Elmidés.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrogr., 1913.] The Author.

Bruner (Lawrence). Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911.

Orthoptera (Acridiidae—short-horned locusts).

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

———— Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. Orthoptera

(Addenda to the Acridiidae—short-horned locusts).

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Burexss (A. F.), The dispersal of the gipsy moth.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull, No. 119, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Burr (Malcolm). Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-12.

Dermaptera.

[Records Indian Mus., Vol. VIII, March 1913.]

———— Dermaptera from Java and Sumatra.

[Notes Leyden Mus., Vol. XXXIV, 1913.]

—-——— Notes on Orthoptera of the Caucasus.

[Mitteil. Kaukas. Museums, Bd. VII, 1913, Tiflis. |

—— Collecting Orthoptera in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus.

[Ent. Record, Vols. XXIV, XXV, 1912-13.] The Author.

Butter (HE. J.). Diseases of Rice,

[Agric, Research Inst. Pusa, Bull. No. 34,1913.] The Author.

iam

( ize)

Cameron (M.), Descriptions of new Species of Staphylinidae from the

West Indies.

(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), Vol. XII, Oct. 1913.]

The Author.

———-—— (P.). On some new and other Species of Hymenoptera in the

collections of the Zoological Branch of the Forest Research

Institute, Dehra Dun,

[Indian Forest Records, Vol. IV, Pt. 11, Jan. 1913.]

The Forest Research Institute.

CarpENTER (G. D. H.). Second report on the bionomics of Glossina fuscipes

(palpalis) of Uganda. ae

[Reports of Sleeping Sickness Commission, No. XIV, 1913. ]

Notes on the Struggle for existence in Tropical Africa.

[Reprinted from Bedrock, Vol. II, No. 3, Oct. 1913.

The Author.

——— (G.H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in Ireland

during the year 1912.

[Economic Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. II, 1913.]

The Author.

Carter (Henry F.). On certain Mosquitos of the genera Banksinella.

Theobald, and Taeniorhynchus, Arribalzaga.

[Ann. Trop. Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. VII, Dec. 1913. ]

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Casry (T. L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Vol. IV, 1913. The Author.

CastrEL (D. B.) The behaviour of the honey bee in pollen collecting.

LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 121, 1912.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

CATERPILLAR Wilt Disease.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. Union 8, Africa, March 1913. ]

Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

Caupett (A. N.). Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911.

Orthoptera (exclusive of Acridiidae. )

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

Notes on Nearctic Orthopterous Insects. I. Nonsaltatorial forms.

|Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV., 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

—- [See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

CuHamprion (G. C.). Coleoptera in Orchids.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. XLIX, 1913.]

—-— Coleoptera in Bromeliads.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. XLIX, 1913.]

—-—— — Notes on various Central American Coleoptera, with descriptions

of new genera and species.

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Pt. I.] The Author.

CHITTENDEN (F. H.). The Rose slug-caterpillar.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 124, 1913.]

———— The Florida fern caterpillar.

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 125, 1913.]

—— — The Abutilon moth.

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 126, 1913.]

——— The Spotted Beet Webworm.

LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 127, 1913.] U.S. Dept. Agric.

Crark (A. H.). Three interesting butterflies from Eastern Massachusetts.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

CravareEAu (H.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

(| xxii 9)

CockrreEtt (T.D. A.). Some fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado,

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

Two fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado, with a discussion of

the venation of the Aeshnine dragon flies.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

———— New Parasitic Hymenoptera of the genus Eiphosoma.

[Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

CoLEOPTERORUM CarTaLocus, Junk (W.) editus a Schenkling (8.). Berlin,

1913.

Pars 50. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae, IV.

» Ol. Clavareau (H.), Chrysomelidae: 1, Sagrinae; 2, Dona-

ciinae ; 3, Orsodacninae ; 4, Criocerinae.

», 92. Lameere (A.). Cerambycidae: Prioninae.

» 93. Clavareau (H.). Chrysomelidae : 5, Megascelinae ; 6, Me-

golopodinae; 7, Clythrinae; 8, Cryptocephalinae; 9,

Chlamydinae ; 10, Lamprosominae.

» 94. Csiki(E.). Rhipiphoridae,

., 55. Pic (M.). Bruchidae,

> 96. Grouville (A.). Byturidae, Nitidulidae: 1, Cateretinae ;

2, Meligethinae; 3, Carpophilinae; 4, Nitidulinae ; 5,

Cryptarchinae ; 6, Cybocephalinae.

Coxuin (J. E.) [See SrapEn (5 Mis We) a]

CrawForp (J. C.). Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, No. 6.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

———— Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, No. 7.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913. ]

———— Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, No. 8.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Crawiey (W. C.) and DonisrHorPE (H.). The founding of colonies by

Queen ants.

(Trans. Second Intern, Congress, Oxford, 1912.] The Authors,

Cs1x1 (E.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. }

Daria Torre (K. W. von). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. }

— [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. ]

Davipson (W. M.). [See Jonxs (P. R.).]

Distant (W. L.). Synonymical notes on some recently described Australian

Cicadidae.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., Vol. XXXVII, Oct. 1912. ]

The Author,

— [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

e DOonIsTHORPE CES Stadikay: Myrmecophilous Notes for 1912,

[Entom. Record, Vol. XXV, 1913.]

———— Some Notes on the genus Myrmica, Latr.

[Entom. Record, Vol. XXV, 1913. ] The Author.

-———— [See Crawiey (W. Os]

—— — [See Fowzer (W. Wi) sil

Dvrvts (Paul). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]

Durrant (J. Hartley) and BevertpcE QVENWanOs)nn Ac preliminary report

of the temperature reached in army biscuits during baking,

especially with reference to the destruction of the imported

flour-moth, Ephestia kithniclla, Zeller.

[Journ. Royal Army Medical Corps, Vol. XX, 1913.]

The Authors.

Dusmer y Atonso (José Maria), Los Apidos de Espana. IV. Gén, Nomada.

[Mem. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo IX, 1913. ]

( °Xextit 7)

Dusmet y Atonso (José Maria). Sobre algunas anomalias en las alas de

los Himendpteros (el gén. Vomadita, Mocs. y el gén. Biareolina,

Dours).

[Trans. Second Intern. Congress, Oxford, 1912.] The Author.

Dyar (H. G.). Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from Mexico.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

—— Descriptions of new species of Saturnian moths in the collection of

the United States National Museum.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

——— Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. Lepidoptera.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.

[See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. |

The Smithsonian Institution.

ELEGANT GRASSHOPPER, The.

[Union §. Africa, Dept. Agric., Pamphlet No. 66, 1912.]

Dept. Agric. 8S. Africa.

ELTRINGHAM (H.). [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. |

Emery (C.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]

ENDERLEIN ((Giinther). Die Insekten des Antarkto-Archiplata-gebietes.

[Feuerland, Falklands Inseln, Siid Georgien. |

[Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., Band 48, No. 3, 1912.]

By Exchange.

Frytaup (J.) [See Marcuat (P.).]

FiskE (W. F.). The Gipsy moth as a forest insect, with suggestions as to its

control,

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 164, 1913. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

— [See Howarp (L. O ).]

Fotsom (Justus W.). North American spring-tails of the subfamily

Tomocerinae.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.

, The Smithsonian Institution.

Foret (A.). Notes sur ma collection de Fourmis.

[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LVII, 1913.]

——— Notes sur quelques Formica.

[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LVII, 1913. ]

——-— Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach Ostindien.

II. Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon.

[Zoel. Jahrb., XXXVI, 1913.]

——— Formicides du Congo Belge récoltés par MM. Bequaert, Luja, etc.

[Rev. Zool. Africaine, Vol. Il, fasc. 3, 1913.

———w— H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute: Formicidae II.

[Archiv fiir Naturg., 79 Jahrg., 1913.] The Author.

—-— Fourmis d’Argentine, du Brésil, du Guatémala et de Cuba.

[ Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 1913. ]

Quelques fourmis du Musée du Congo Belge.

[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LVII, 1913. ]

——— Ameisen aut Rhodesia, Kapland usw.

[Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. 1913, Beiheft.]

Fourmis de Tasmanie et d’Australie récoltées par MM. Lea,

Froggatt, ete.

[Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., Vol. XLIX, 1913.]

—-—— Quelques fourmis des Indes, du Japon et d’Afrique.

[Revue Suisse Zool., Vol. X XI, No. 17, 1913.]

The Author.

Foster (S. W.). The Cherry fruit-sawfly (Hoplocampa cookei, Clarke).

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 116, I’t. III, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

( gene.)

Fowier (W. W.) and DontstHorPs (H. St. J.). The Coleoptera of the

British Islands, Vol. VI (Supplement), 1913. G. Bethune-Baker.

Froceart (W. W.). Presidential Address to the Linnean Society of New

South Wales, March 27, 1912.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Vol. KX XVII (issued Aug. 26), 1912. ]

———— Presidential Address, March 26, 1913.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Vol. XX XVIII, March 1913.]

Cicadas as pests. (Melampsalta incepta, Walk.)

[ Agric. Gazette of N.S.W., April 2, 1913.]

The Kangaroo Bot fly. (Gstrus macropz, n. sp.)

[Agric. Gazette of N.S.W., July 2, 1913. ] The Author.

Fryer (J. C. F.). Preliminary Note on some experiments with a polymor-

phic Phasmid.

[Journ. Genetics, Vol. III, No. 2, Sept. 1913.] The Author.

FuLiER (C.). White Grubs in Sugar-cane Fields.

[Union 8. Africa, Dept. Agric., Pamphlet No. 45, 1912. ]

———— Fig weevils.

[Union 8. Africa, Dept. Agric., Pamphlet No. 22, 1912.]

White Ants in buildings, orchards, and plantations.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. 8. Africa, June 1912. ]

—_ White Ants in Natal.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. 8. Africa, Sept. and Oct. 1912.]

—— The Sombre Twig-pruner. Thercladodes kraussi, White (Syn.

Cloniocerus krauss?).

[Reprinted from §. African Agric. Journ., Feb. 1913.]

Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

FurtTHER Reports (No. 6) on Flies as Carriers of Infection.

[Rept. Local Gov. Board, New series, No. 85, 1913. ]

Loc. Gov. Board.

GauHANn (A. B.). New Hymenoptera from North America.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

GEBIEN (H.). [See Aurtvitxivs (Chr.).]

GEYER (Carl). [See Htipner (Jacob). |

Grpss (A. E.). The genus Cenonympha.

[Proc. South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1912.]

—— Butterfly-hunting in the Balkans.

[Entom., March—May, 1913. ] The Author.

Gipson (Arthur). The Entomological Record for 1912.

[Forty-third Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1912.]

The Society.

———— Flea-beetles and their control.

(Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. Circular, No. 2, Ottawa, 1913.]

Canad, Dept. Agric.

Giciio-Tos (E.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

Giut (J. B.). The fruit-tree leaf-roller.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 116, Pt. V, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Giravutt (A, Arséne). A systematic monograph of the Chalcidoid Hymeno-

ptera of the sub-family Signiphorine.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

GREEN (HE. E.). Notes.

[Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. VII, Sept. 1910.]

( texxy >)

GREEN (H. E.). Entomological Notes.

[Reprinted from the Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XXXV, Nos. 3

and 4, Sept. and Oct. 1910. ]

——-—— Remarks on Coccide collected by Mr. Edward Jacobson, of Samarang,

Java, with descriptions of two new species.

[ Tijdschr. voor Ent., Deel LV, 1912.]

—-- Notes on the collection of Coccidz in the Indian Museum. II.

{Records Ind. Mus., Vol. [X, Pt. I, No. I, 1913.]

—- Stem and root borer of Hevea rubber (Batocera rubra, L.).

’ [Dept. Agric., Ceylon, Bull. No. 3, Jan. 1913.]

—-— On some aberrations of Ceylon butterflies.

[Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. IX, 1913.]

——— Catalogue of Isoptera (Termites) recorded from Ceylon.

[Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. IX, 1913. ] The Author.

GROSSENBACHER (J.G.). Crown-rot of fruit-trees: Field Studies.

[N. York Agric. Exper. Stat., Techn. Bull. No. 23, Sept. 1912.]

NV. York Exper. Stativn.

GROUVELLE (A.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

GuIDE to the exhibition of specimens illustrating the modification of the

structure of animals in relation to flight.

[Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Special guide, No. 6, 1913.]

Trustees Brit. Mus.

Hacpert (J. N.). [See Jonnson (W. F.).]

Hammar (A. G.). [See JoHnson (Fred.). |

Hampson (Sir George F.). Catalogue of the Noctuidae in the Collection of

the British Museum, Vol. XII (text and plates), 1913.

By Exchange.

HARDENBERG (C. B.). The Willow-tree caterpillar (Angelica tyrrhea, Cram.

A destructive pest in forest plantations.

[Reprinted from the Agric. Journ. 8. Africa, Sept. 1912. ]

: Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

HartTzeELt (F. Z.). The Grape Leaf-hopper.

N. York Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. No. 359, Feb. 1913.]

N. York Agric. Exp. Station.

HELLER (K. M.). Neuer Kafer von den Philippinen.

[Philippine Journ. Sci., Vol. VIII, April 1913. ]

——— Ein Neuer Cupedide.

[ Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX XII, 1913. ]

———— Neue Papuanische Leptopsiden (Cure. ).

[Archiv fir Naturg., Jahrg. 79, 1913. ] The Author.

———— [See Avrivitxius (Chr. ). |

Herms (W. B.). The house-fly in its relation to public health.

[Univ. Calif. Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 215, Berkeley, 1911.]

The Station.

Hewitt (C. Gordon). Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year

ending March 31, 1912.

[Canad. Dept. Agric., Ann. Rept. on experimental farms for the

years 1911-12.}

Bibliography of Canadian entomology for 1911.

[Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, Third series, 1912, Vol. VI, Sect. IV.]

——— Legislation in Canada to prevent the introduction and spread of

insects, pests, and diseases destructive to vegetation.

[Canad. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 12—second series, Entom. Bull.

No. 6, 1912.]

———— The Imperial bureau of entomology.

[Science, N.S. Vol. XXXVII, May 2, 1913.]

( pea: )))

Hewitt (C. Gordon). Insect-food of fresh-water fishes.

[Reprinted from 4th Ann, Rept. Comm. Conservation, Ottawa, 1913. ]

The Author.

Hottoway (T. E.). Insects liable to dissemination in shipments of sugar-

cane.

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 165, 1913. ]

——— Field observations on sugar-cane insects in the United States in

1912.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 171, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Hore Reports. Vol. VIII, Appendix, 1890-1910; Vol. IX, 1911-1913.

Edited by Professor E. B. Poulton. E. B, Poulton.

Howarp (L. O.) and Fiske (W. F.). The importation into the United

States of the parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail

moth.

[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 91, 1912.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Hiipner (Jacob), Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge. Vols. I—III, and

Zutrage, I—V (IV and V by Carl Geyer), Augsburg, 1806-1841 ?

[Copy of original edition, collated by W. F. Kirby in 1874, from the

library of Roland Trimen, F.R.S. ]

Presented by subscription.

Hunter (W. D.) and Pierce (W. D.). The movements of the cotton boll

weevil in 1912.

[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 167, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Hunter (W. D.), Prarr (F. C.), and Mircueiyt (J. D.), The principal

cactus insects of the United States.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 113, 1912.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZovoLoGicAL NOMENCLATURE. Opinions

52-56.

[Smithsonian Institution, publication No. 2169, May 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ENTOMOLOGY, 2nd, Oxford, August 1912

Transactions. Vol. II.

[Issued Oct. 14, 1913, ] Subscribed for.

Jackson (B. Daydon). Catalogue of the Linnean Specimens of Amphibia,

Insecta, and Testacea, noted by Carl Von Linne. London. 1913.

The Author

JOHANNSEN (O. A.). Spruce budworm (Tortrizx fumtferana, Clemens).

[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 210, Feb. 1913. ]

- Potato flea-beetle (Epitrix cucumeris).

[Maine Agric, Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 211, March 1913.]

—- Insect notes for 1912.

[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 207, Dec. 1912, issued

March 14, 1913.]

Maine Agric. Exper. Station.

Jounson (Fred.) and Hammar (A. G.). The Grape-berry moth (Polychrosis

viteana).

LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 116, Pt. 11, 1912.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Jounson (W. F.). Clare Island Survey, Pt. XXXIII, Chilopoda and

Diplopoda.

[Proc. Royal Irish Acad,, Vol. XX XI, 1912.] The Author.

Jounson (W. F.) and Harsert (J. N,). Clare Island Survey, Pt. XXVIII,

Terrestrial Coleoptera.

[ Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. XX XI, 1912.] The Authors.

(xxvii; -)

' Jonxrs (P. R.) and Davipson (W.M.). Life-history of the codling moth in

the Santa Clara Valley of California.

[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 115, Pt. ITI, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Jorpan (K.). [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. ]

Karney (H.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. }

Ketioce (V. L.). Distribution and species-forming of ecto-parasites.

[Amer. Nat., Vol. XLVII, 1913, ] The Author.

Ketry (Albert). The Phoenix Skipper (Pamphila dysmephila, Trim.).

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ, 8. Africa, Dec. 1912. ]

Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

Kennepy (C. H.). Notes on the Odonata, or Dragonflies, of Bumping Lake,

Washington.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

KERREMANS (Ch.). Monographie des Buprestides. Vol. VI, Livr. 1-18,

1912, 1913. Purchased.

Kterrer (J. J.). [See WyrsMAn’s Genera Insectorum. |

KirirsHEnko (A. N.). Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Insecta,

Hémiptéres. Vol. VI, livr. 1, 1913.

[Dysodiidae et Aradidae. | The Author.

Knap (F.). Gad-flies (Tabanidae) of the genus Stzbasoma.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913. ]

New Moth-flies (Psychodidae) bred from Bromeliaceae and other

plants.

[Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913. ]

The Smnrthsonian Institution.

Koxvueo (Seiji). On Japanese freshwater Cyclopidae with descriptions of

two new species and one new sub-species.

[| Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, Vol. VIII, Pt. I, 1912.]

The Author.

KRrOBER (O.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

LALLEMAND (V.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

LaMEERE (A.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

Lreps (H. A.). [See Newman (L. W.). |

Lerroy (H. Maxwell). A Synopsis of the Classification of Insects. London,

1913. The Publishers.

LEpPIpoprrrRoRuM Caratocus. Junk (W.) editus a <Aurivillius (Chr.) et

Wagner (H.). Berlin, 1913.

Pars 11. Eltringham (H.) et Jordan (K.). Nymphalidae: Subfam.

Acraeinae.

5, 12. Wagner (H.). Sphingidae: Subfam. Acherontiinae.

,, 13. Meyrick (E.). Carposinidae, Heliodinidae, Glyphiptery-

gidae,

,, 14. Wagner (H.). Geometridae: Subfam. Hemitheinae.

;, 15. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Castniidae : Subfam. Castniinae,

Neocastniinae, Pemphigostolinae.

», 16. Strand (E.). Brahmaeidae.

Dyar (H. G.) et Strand (E.). Megalopygidae Dalceridae,

Epipyropidae.

s, 17. Meyrick (E.). Pterophoridae, Orneodidae.

Purchased.

Lounssury (C.). Mally Fruit fly remedy.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ, 8. Africa, April 1913. ]

Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

Lounsgury (C. P.). Locust Bacterial Disease.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. S. Africa, April 1913. ]

Dept. Agric. 8. Africa.

(" xaxvnt )

Luieion1 (Paolo), Descrizione di un nuovo ‘‘ Cerambycidae” dell’ Italia

centrale.

(Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital,, Anno XLIV, 1912.] The Author.

Luicioni (Paolo) e Tirevxt (Adelchi). Una settimana in Sicilia.

[Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., Anno XLIV, 1912. ] P. Luigioni.

Lyetr (G.). [See WaTErRHouSE (G. A.).]

Mattocu (J. R.). The insects of the Dipterous family Phoridae in the

United States National Museum.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIII, 1912.]

———\ One new genus and eight new species of Dipterous insects in the

United States National Museum collection.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIII, 1912. ]

—-— Two new species of Diptera in the United States National collection.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

Descriptions of new species of American flies of the family

Borboridae.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

——— Notes on American Diptera of the genus Funnia, with descriptions

of new species.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

——-— Three new species of Anthomyidae (Diptera) in the United States

National Museum collection,

[Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

—-— The genera of flies in the subfamily Botanobiinae with hind tibial

spur.

[Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

—-— A Synopsis of the genera of Agromyzidae, with descriptions of

new genera and species.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Marcuat (Paul). La spanandrie et l’oblitération de la reproduction sexuée

chez les Chermes.

[Compt. Rend., 153, Juillet 1911. |

— L’oblitération de la reproduction sexuée chez le Chermes piceae,

Ratz.

[Compt. Rend., 153, Sept. 1911.]

—-— Sur un parasite des oeufs de la Cochylis et de 0 Eudémis.

(Compt. Rend., 153, Oct. 1911.]

-———— L’extension du Chrysomphalus dictyospermt et ses dégats dans le

bassin Méditerranéen.

[Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1911, No. 9.] The Author.

——— et Fryraup (J.). Les données nouvelles sur le Phylloxéra.

[Bull. Soc. d’Etudes et de Vulgarisation Zool. agric., Bordeaux,

1912. | The Authors.

Marsu (H. O.). The horse-radish webworm (Plutella armoracia, Busck).

[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 109, Pt. VII, 1913. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Martin (Charles J.). The Horace Dobell lectures ou insect porters of

bacterial infection.

[Reprinted from “ Lancet,’’ Jan. 4 and 11, 1913. ]

The Author.

Mazaraky (V. V.). Index of communications (papers) read at the general

meetings of the Russian Entomological Society during the

thirty-five years of its existence (1859-1894). [In Russian. }

[Compiled from the minutes of proceedings of the general meetings.

St. Petersburg, 1899. ] The Soctety.

( beagx’ ))

Merwe (G. P. v.d.). The Codling Moth.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. 8. Africa, Aug. 1912. ]

Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

Meyrick (E.). [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. |

Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. I, Pts. 3, 4, April and August, 1913.

The Author.

——— |See Wvrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

Mircuett (J. D.). [See Hunrer (W. D.).]

Mryaxé (T.). The Mantispidae of Japan.

[Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Vol. II, No. 3, 1910.]

——-— Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan.

(Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Vol. IV, No. 6, 1913.]

The Author.

Moraan (A. C.). New genera and species of Thysanoptera, with notes on

distribution and food plants.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Morty (Clande). The Fauna of British India. Hymenoptera, Vol. III.

Ichneumonidae : I. Ichneumones Deltoidei, 1913.

India Office.

Revision of the Ichneumonidae based on the Collection in the

British Museum (Natural History). Part II. 1913.

By Exchange.

Navas (Longino). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

Newe tt (Wilmon) and Barger (T. C.). The Argentine ant.

LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 122, 1913. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Newman (L. W.) and Lreps (H. A.). Text-Book of British Butterflies and

Moths. St. Albans, 1913. The Publishers.

NewstEap (R.). Notes on scale-insects (Coccidae). Part I.

[Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. IV, May 1913. ]

—_——~— A new Tsetse Fly from the Congo Free State; and the occurrence

of Glossina austeniin German East Africa.

[Ann. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. VII, June 1913. ]

The Author.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Director’s Report for 1912.

[Bull. No. 356, Dec. 1912. ] The Station.

OBERTHUR (Charles). Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Fasc. VII and

Planches, VIII, IX, Pt. I, 1918. The Author.

OsHANIN (B. F.). Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Insectes

Hémiptéres. Vol. III, livr.1. [Cixiidae: Orgeriaria] 1913.

By Exchange.

ParKER (W.B.). Flour paste as a control for red spiders and as a spreader

for contact insecticides.

(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 166, 1913.]

——W— A sealed paper carton to protect cereals from insect attack.

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., No. 15, Oct. 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Parrorr (P. J.) and ScHorne (W. J.). The Apple and Cherry ermine

moths.

[N. York Agric. Exp. Station, Techn. Bull. No. 24, Nov. 1912.]

NV. York Agric. Exper. Station.

Parcu (Edith M.). List of insects recorded on potato.

[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 211, March 1913. ]

(Cale9

Patcu (Edith M.). Woolly Aphid of the apple (Schizoneura lanigera).

[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 217, 1913.]

——— Woolly Aphid of the elm.

[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 220, 1913.]

Maine Agric. Exper. Station.

Pic (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]

Pierce (W. Dwight). Miscellaneous contributions to the knowledge of the

weevils of the families Attelabidae and Brachyrhinidae.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913. ]

--_——— The occurrence of a cotton boll weevil in Arizona.

[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. I, No. 2, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

————--- [See Hunter (W. D.).]

Porter (C. E.). Notas para la zoologia econdmica de Chile. III, Adiciones

a la lista de los Céccidos.

[Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., Ano XVI, 1912.]

-_——— Bibliografia del Prof. Carlos E. Porter. Santiago de Chile, 1913.

The Author.

Poutron (E. B.). Notes upon, or suggested by, the colours, markings, and

protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larvae and pupae,

and of a phytophagous hymenopterous larva.

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, Pt. I.]

——— Further notes upon the markings and attitudes of lepidopterous

larvae, together with a complete account of the life-history of

Sphine ligustri and Selenia wllunaria (larvae).

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, Pt. IT.]

———- Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larvae and pupae, including an

account of the loss in weight in the freshly-formed lepidopterous

pupa, etc.

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, Pt. IT.]

——— A further enquiry into a special colour-relation between the larva

of Smerinthus ocellatus and its food-plants.

[Proe. Royal Soc., No. 243, 1886. ]

— — Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larvae, etc.

[Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1887, Pt. III.]

———— An inquiry into the cause and extent of a special colour-relation

between certain exposed lepidopterous pupae and the surfaces

which immediately surround them.

[Proc. Royal Soc., Vol. 42, 1887.]

Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larvae, etc., including a complete

account of the life-history of the larvae of Sphinx convolvuli and

Aglia tau.

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, Pt. IV.]

——-— Theories of heredity.

[Reprinted from the Midland Naturalist, Nov. 1889.]

————— On an interesting example of Protective Mimicry discovered by Mr.

W. L. Sclater in British Guiana.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891. ]

———— Further experiments upon the colour-relation between certain

lepidopterous larvae, pupae, cocoons, and imagines and their

surroundings.

(Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1892, Pt. IV.] The Author.

Pratt (F.C.). [See Hunter (W. D.).]

C he |)

QUAINTANCE ( a ) and Baker (A. C.). Classification of the Aleyrodidae,

LU. S Dept Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 27, Pt. I,

1913. ] U.S. Dept. Agric.

Ransom (B. H.). The life-history of Habronema muscae (Carter), a parasite

of the horse transmitted by the house-fly.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Animal Industry, Bull. No. 163, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Reirrer (Edmund). Fauna Germanica: Die Kafer des Deutschen Reiches.

Band IV. Stuttgart, 1912. Purchased,

Reuter (O. M.). Wher Sixeonotus luteiceps, Reut., und Beschreibung einer

neuen Bryocorine (Hem. Het.).

[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LVII, 1913.]

-———— Ausfihrliche Beschreibungen einiger palaarktischen Hemipteren.

[Ofv. Finsk. Vet.-Soc. Férh., Bd. LV, 1912-13.]_

-———— Amerikanische Miriden.

[Ofv. Finsk. Vet.-Soc. Forh., Bd. LV, 1913.]

—-— Uber Cimex valdivianus, Phil.

[ Wien. ent. Zeit., XX XII Jahrg., Nov. 1913.]

——_— Die Familie der Bett-oder Hauswanzen (Cimicidae), ihre Phylogenie,

Systematik, Oekologie und Verbreitung.

[Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Insektenbiol, 1913. | The Author.

Rouwer (8. A.). Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911.—Hymeno-

ptera, superfamilies Vespoidea and Sphecoidea.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913. ]

——— A Synopsis, and Aes of the Nearctic species of sawflies of

the genus Xyela, with descriptions of other new species of saw-

flies.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

New Parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the tribe Xoridini.

[Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

—-—— Descriptions of thiktsen new species of Parasitic Hymenoptera and

a table of certain species of the genus Ecphylus.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

"The Smithsonian Institution.

—-— Chalcidids injurious to forest-tree seeds.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 201, Pt. VI,

1913. | U.S. Dept. Agric.

Ronpovu (P.). Catalogue raisonné des Lépidoptéres des Pyrénées, avec une

préface par M. Ch. Oberthiir.

[Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., T, LVII, 1902 (1908).} A. H. Jones.

Roya Society oF Lonpon: Signatures in the First Journal-Book and the

Charter Book, 1660, down to the present time, 1912.

——— Celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth Anniversary. July

15-19, 1912. London, 1913.

The Socrety.

Russet (H. M.). The red-banded Thrips.

LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 99, Pt. IT, 1912. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

SAHLBERG (John). Entomologiska forskningsresor uti trakterna vid dstra

Medelhafvet foretagna af John Sahlberg och hans son Unio

. Saalas under fren 1903 och 1904.

[Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., Bd. LV, 1912-13.]

———— Messis nova hiemalis Coleopterorum Coreyreorum.

[Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., Bd. LV, 1912-13. ]

(, xii)

SaHLBERG (John). Coleoptera Mediterranea et Rosso-Asiatica nova et minus

_ cognita. IV.

[Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh., Bd. LV, 1912-13.] The Author.

Sasscer (EH. R.). An Index to Catalogues of recently described Coccidae.

[U.8. Dept. Agric., Techn. Series, No. 16, Pt. VII, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Scumipt (Adolf). [See Aurtvittrus (Chr.). |

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]

ScHMIEDEKNEcHT (Otto). Opuscula Entomologica.

[Fase. XX XITI-XX XVI, 1912-13. A. E. Gibbs.

ScHOENE (W. J.). Zine arsenite as an insecticide.

[N. York Agric. Exp. Station, Techn. Bull. No. 28, March 1913. ]

NV. York, Agric. Exp. Station.

ScHoENE (W.J.). [See Parrorr (W. J.).]

ScHouTEDEN (H.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

Scuuwze (Paul). Einige weitere Falle zum Schliipfen der Schmarotzer aus

Imagines.

[Intern. Entom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 4, April 1910. ]

——-— Drei neue Formen einheimischer Heteroceren.

{Intern. Entom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 4, April 1910.]

Aylodrepa (Col.) quadripunctata, L., forma nova basifasciata.

[Intern. Entom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 4, April 1910.]

——-— Eine interessante Monstrositat von Eristalis tenax, L.

[ Berl. ent. Zeitschr., Band LVI, 1911.]

—— Pedinopelta gravenhorsti Gier. als Parasit von Papilio anchisiades

capys, Hb.

{Intern. Entom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 6, March 1913. }

———— Wanachia, n.n. pro Caridina, Seidlitz (non M-E. ).

[Intern. Entom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 6, April 1912. ]

—-—— Ein schwarzes § von Lymantria dispar, L.

[Intern. Eutom. Zeitschr., Guben, Jahrg. 6, Oct. 1912. ]

-———— Uber Versondriisen bei Lepidopteren.

[Zool. Anzeig., Bd. XX XIX, 1912. ]

Die Lautapparate der Passaliden Proculus und Pentalobus.

(Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XL, Sept. 1912.]

——— Die Fligelrudimente der Gattung Carabus.

[Zool. Anzeiger, Band XL, Sept. 1912, ]

———— Eine Tagfalterraupe mit Pedes spurii coronati.

[Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XL, 1912. ]

Drepana lacertinaria, L. und ihre Formen.

[Berl. ent. Zeitschr., Bd. LVII, 1912.]

—-— Chitin-und andere Cuticularstrukturen bei Insekten.

[Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges. Bremen, XXIII, 1913. ]

———— Studien iiber tierische Korper der Carotingruppe. I. Insecta,

[Sitzungsber, Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg, 1913, No. 1.]

—-— Kleinere Original-Beitrage. Scolytus geoffroyt, Goeze (Col., Ipid.),

an Wallnuss.

[Zeitschr fiir Wiss. Insektenbiol,, Bd. IX, 1913.] The Author.

Scorr (EH. W.) and S1zcier (H. H.). Lime-sulphur as a stomach poison for

insects.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 116, Pt. IV, 1913. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Setys Lonecuames (Baron Edm. de). Collections Zoologiques. Fasc. XV

Libellulinen, 1913. [Dated March 1. ] By Subscription.

( xiii)

SemMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (Andreas). De nonnullis Oedemeridarum generibus.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1900. }

———— Commentarii de Meloidis. I.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1900.]

Sur un nouveau genre de la famille des Hydrophilides (Coleoptera)

et contributions a l’étude du parallélisme morphologique

(morphomatique). [Title in Russian. ]

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1900. }

Diagnoses praecursoriae specierum novarum generis A patophysis,

Chevr. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. |

Note on the discovery in Transcaspia of Zucanus thericus, Motsch.

(Coleoptera, Lucanidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. |

——-— On the littoral fauna of the Crimea: I. Phaleria pontica, sp. n.

(Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. |

—- The first representative in Russia of the genus Hymenorus, Muls.

(Coleoptera, Alleculidae), and the geographical importance of

this addition to the Russian fauna. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d@’Entom, 1901. ]

— — Note on Moechotypa fuliginosa, Kolbe = Tylophorus wulffius?, Bless.

(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901.]

—-— On the geographical distribution of the representatives of the genus

Lethrus, Scop. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in the area of European

Russia, [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom, 1901. ]

———-— The genus Wyctiphantus, Sem. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), and its

species. [In Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX XVI, 1902. ]

———~— Note on the representatives of the group Ditomidae (Coleoptera,

Carabidae) in the fauna of the Crimea. [In Russian.]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. |

——— De nova Calosomatis specie rossica (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

———— Synopsis praecursoria specierum mesasiaticorum generis Rhizotrogus,

Latr., subgenus Chionosoma (Kr.), Sem. efficientum.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

——-— On the species of the genus Rhipzdius, Thunb. (Coleoptera,

Rhipiphoridae}, and on the probability of the discovery of

representatives of this genus in Russia. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

———— New Jpidae (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) from the fauna of Russia and

Middle Asia. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902.]

—-— Generis Wecydalis, 1, species caucasica atque synopsis ejus con-

generium rossicarum. [Title in Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

——— New data on Callipogon (Eoxenus) relictus, Sem. (Coleoptera,

Cerambycidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

—-—— De genere Trematode, Fald. (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae) ejusque

novis speciebus.

[Revue Russe d’Entom, 1902.]

( xliv..)

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (Andreas). Note on Polyphylla shestakowi, Sem.

(Coleoptera, Melolonthidae). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. ]

——— Synopsis specierum generis Ahermes, Rttr. 1891 (Coleoptera,

Scarabaeidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. |

Two new Lpidae (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) of the Russian fauna. [In

Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. |

—- On the meaning and the form of the mesothoracic peduncle (pedi-

culus mesothoracis) of some Coleoptera. [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

—W— The lower wings of Coleoptera as a systematic character. [In

Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

—-— Synopsis specierum Julodella, Sem. (Coleoptera, Buprestidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. |

—-— On the systematic position of the genus Epactius, Schneid. =

Omophron, Latr., and the family relationships of the Hadiplidae,

C. G. Thoms. (Coleoptera, Adephaga). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

—— Additamentum ad descriptionem Julodis bucharicae, Sem. 1903

(Coleoptera, Buprestidae):

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903.]

——-—— On the systematic position of the group Cephaloidae. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. |

—— —— A note on the little known Polyarthron ( Poyonarthron) tschitscherini,

Sem. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. |

———— Nouvelles formes du genre Carabus de la Perse septentrionale.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903.]

———— Une nouvelle espéce du genre Carabus (L.) (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903.

enna Novae species tibetanae generis Carabus (L.) (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

———— De nova Purpuriceni specie e Persia austro-orientali (Coleoptera,

Cerambycidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. ]

———— Another undescribed male Callipoyon (Eoxenus) relictus, Sem.

(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

———— De speciebus generis Carabus (L.) subgenus Alipaster, Rttr., forman-

tibus (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903.]

———— A critical note on Elaphrus jakovlevi, Sem., longicollis, J. Sahlb.,

and angusticollis, F. Sahlb. (Coleoptera, Carabidae). [In

Russian. |

| Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. ]

———— Note on Dromius longulus, Friv. (Coleoptera, Carabidae), a new

species for the Russian fauna. [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d@’Entom. 1904.]

—-—— On the Insect fauna of the Island of Kolgujev, Coleoptera, {In

Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX XVII, 1904. |

(by 34

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (Andreas). Synopsis praecursoria generum et speci-

erum subtribum Stominz, Tschitsch. efficientium (Coleoptera,

Carabidae). .

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX XVII, 1904.]

—_—~—— Supplementary note of the species of the genus Vyctiphantus, Sem.

(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). [In Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., I’. XX XVII, 1904. ]

—__-—— Synopsis Elaphrorum palaearcticorum subgeneris Elaphrotert, Sem.

gregem EV. riparii (L.) efficientium (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. |

____-__ De duabus novis speciebus Stomis, Clairv. e Transcaucasia (Coleo-

ptera, Carabidae).

| Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. ]

—__—__ De nova specie generis Haliplus, Latr. e Rossia europaea (Coleo-

ptera, Haliplidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. ]

______ The conditions of distribution and the zoo-geographical importance

of Callipoyon (Eoxenus) relictus, Sem. (Coleoptera, Ceramby-

cidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. |

———— Novae Cicindelarum formae e fauna Rossiae (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. ]

Some remarks on the question of classification of Coleoptera with

regard to “A short survey on the classification of Coleoptera,”

by G. Jacobson. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1905. ]

—__-—_ Notes on Coleoptera in European Russia and Caucasia. I-LX.

{In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901-1905.

___— On the littoral fauna of the Crimea: I-II. A new representative of

the genus Ammobius, Guér. = Ammophthorus, Lac, (Coleoptera,

Tenebrionidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901, 1905. ]

——-—- De Dorcadio jakovlevi, sp. n. e Persia occidentali (Coleoptera,

Cerambycidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1905. |

_____— Les espéces du genre Physctops, Mannh. et leur distribution géogra-

phique. [Title in Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906.]

——- On the discovery of Copris lunaris, L. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

in the Government of Moscow. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. ]

___-__ De nova specie generis Apatophysis, Chevr. (Coleoptera, Ceramby-

cidae) e fauna Rossiae.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. ]

——-_— De tribus novis Purpuriceni formis e fauna Asiae palaearcticae

(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. }

_______ De novo Pimeliinorum genere, quod tribum peculiarem repraesentat

(Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. |

—_— Coleoptera nova Heptapotamica. I-II.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. ]

_______ Novae Caraborum species e Kashmir (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1906. ]

(silva)

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (Andreas). On new Coleoptera for the Russian

fauna. I-V. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901-1906.]

—— Synopsis generum tribus Platyopinorum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae

Pimeliini).

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX XVIII, 1907.]

—-—— Coleoptera nova faunae Dzhungaro-Tianshanicae. I.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. |

—— Coleoptera nova faunae turanicae. I-III.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903-1908. |

— — Some bionomical considerations on the representatives of the sub-

family Czeindelini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the fauna of the

Western Baikal countries. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. |

—— Laemostenus (Pristonychus) tschitscherinit, sp. n. (Coleoptera,

Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. ]

—— Lampra nadezhdae, sp. n. e Persia septentrionali (Coleoptera, Bu-

prestidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. ]

———— Symbolae ad faunam desertorum mesasiaticorum. I. Synopsis

specierum generis Argyrophana, Sem. 1889 (Coleoptera, Tene-

brionidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1909. ]

——— Coleoptera nova faunae Kirgisicae. I.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1910. ]

——— Sur le genre Craspedonotus, Schaum (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bros-

cini) et les espéces de ce genre. [Title in Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1910. |

———— Un representant nouveau du genre Rosalia, Serv. (Coleoptera,

Cerambycidae) provenant du district d’Ussuri (Sibérie or.).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1911. ]

———— De novo Chlaeniinorum genere e fauna Imperii Rossici (Coleoptera,

Carabidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1912.]

Notice sur quelques Carabes russes.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., Vol. XX, 1886.]

——— Notice sur les Chléniens de la région Transcaspienne.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXII, 1887. ]

—-— Insecta a cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta,

[. Tribus Carabidae.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., Vol. XXI, 1887.]

— Zwei neue Coleopteren aus Central-Asien,

[ Wien. ent. Zeit. 1888. ]

——— buprestis nikolskir, sp. n.

[Bull. Mose. 1888. ]

———— Notes synonymiques et systématiques sur diverses espéces du genre

Carabus, L.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., Vol. XXII, 1888.]

——— Apercu des genres paléarctiques de la tribu des Anchoménides

(famille des Carabiques).

[Bull. Mose. 1888. ]

———— Chlaenius lepidus et Oodes integer, espéces nouvelles de |’Asie russe.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. X XIII, 1889.]

———— Note sur le Chlaentus gractlicollis, Jak.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXVIII, 1889.]

(pile, 9)

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SuHANSKy (Andreas). Note sur la subdivision du genre Lethrus,

Scop. et description de deux espéces nouvelles.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VI, 1892. ]

—-— De Brenthidarum genere novo palaearctico.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VI, 1892.]

—-— Notae breves de quibusdam Melolonthidis.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VI, 1892.]

—— Generis Glaphyrus, Latr. species nova rossica.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VI, 1892. ]

—— De Hydrophilo gansuenst, m.

[ Wien. ent. Zeit. 1892. ]

———— Revisio synoptica Tenebrionidarum generis Leptodes, Sol.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893.]

—— Symbolae ad cognitionem Pimeliidarum.

I. Revisio dichotomica specierum hucusque cognitarum generis

Platyope, Fisch.

II. Homopsis, gen, nov. Pimeliidarum.

III. Conspectus dichotomicus generum subtribus Platyopidarum,

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893.]

—-—W— Meloidarum species novae.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893. ]

——— De subgenere Julodella, n. generis Julodis, Eschsch.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893.]

———— Symbolae ad cognitionem Pedilidarum.

I. Conspectus dichotomicus specierum palaearcticarum generis

Pedilis, Fisch.

II. Hypsogenia, gen. nov. Pedilidarum.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T, XX VII, 1893. ]

———— Revisio specierum ad Silphidarum genera Pteroloma, Gyllh. et

Lyrosoma, Mannh.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893.]

—— Species Carabidarum generis Daptus, Fisch.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VII, 1893. ]

———— Species Scarabaeidarum generis Hremazus, Muls.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T, XX VII, 1893.]

Supplementum ad cl. Edm. Reitteri ‘“‘ Revisionem ” Tenebrionidarum

generis Prosodes, Eschsch.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXVIII, 1894.]

—-— Symbolae ad cognitionem Oedemeridarum,

I, Synopsis generum palaearcticorum.

II. Recensio generum novorum ac minus cognitorum.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXVIII, 1894, ]

———— Fragmenta monographiae generis Lethrus, Scop.

I. Recensio subgenerum generis Lethrus, Scop.

II. Revisio specierum subgenera: Teratolethrus, Sem. et Scelo-

lethrus, Sem. constituentium.

III. Descriptiones specierum novarum ad subgenera Heteroplis-

todus, Jak. et Autolethrus, Sem. pertinentium.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXVIII, 1894.]

———— Corrigenda in Supplemento ad revisionem Tenebrionidarum generis

Prosodes, Eschsch.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXVIIT, 1894.]

———— De speciebus ad gregem Cymindis faldermanni, Chaud. spectantibus

[Horae Soc, Ent. Ross., T. XXIX, 1895.

(elvis Y)

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKy (Andreas). De Cicindela schrenki, Gebl. ejusque

cognatis.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T, XXIX, 1895. ]

———— De genere Rhampholyssa, Krtz.

[ Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXTX, 1895.]

—— — Insectorum quorundam novorum Faunae Transcaspicae diagnoses.

[Ann. Mus. Zool. St.-Pétersbourg, 1896. ]

—-— Coleopterorum genera Faunae Turanicae endemicavel praecipue

peculiaria eorumque species. I-III.

[Ann. Mus. Zool. St.-Pétersbourg, 1896. ]

———— Recensio Melolontharum Faunae Turanicae.

{Ann. Mus. Zool. St.-Pétersbourg, 1896. ]

—— Revisio specierum generis Petria, Sem.

[Ann. Mus. Zool. St.-Pétersbourg, 1896. ]

———— De Cicindela sublacerata, Solsky, ejusque cognatis.

[Horae Soc. Ent, Ross., T. XXX, 1896.]

-———— Note on the geographical distribution in Russia of the species of the

genus Brychius, C. G. Thoms. (Coleoptera, Haliplidae). [In

Russian.

[Bull. Mosc. 1897. ]

——— De Aphodio scuticolli, m. (nigrivitti, Rttr.) ejusque cognatis.

[ Bull. Mosc. 1897. ]

—- Recensio monographica specierum subgeneris Aphaonus, Rttr.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXII, 1898.]

——-— Duo nova Oedemeridarum genera.

[ Wien. ent. Zeit. XVII, 1898. ]

——— Note on the morphology of Ayabus kesslert, Hochh. (Coleoptera,

Dyticidae). [In Russian. ]

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXII, 1898.]

———— The genus Broscosoma, Putz. (Coleoptera, Carabidae), its species

and geographical distribution. [In Russian. ]

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1899. ]

Notes on Coleoptera of European Russia and Caucasia. I-C.

{In Russian. |

[Bull. Mosc., 1898-9. ]

Callipogon (Eoxenus) velictus, sp. n., a representative of a Neo-

tropical genus of Cerambycidae in the Russian fauna. [In

Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXII. 1899.]

———— Supplementary note on Callipogon (KEoxenus) relictus, Sem.

Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). [In Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXII, 1899.]

——— The genus Pseudobroscus, Sem. (Coleoptera, Carabidae), its generic

relationship and importance in the fauna of Turan. [In

Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1899.]

———— Polyarthron bedelt, sp. n., and a survey of its allied Russian species

(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). [In Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIV, 1899. ]

———— Diagnoses Coleopterorum novorum ex Asia centrali et orientali.

I-III.

[ Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 1889, 1890. ]

—— Coleoptera Asiatica nova. I-XI.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 1893-1900. ]

———— Analecta Coleopterologica. I-XVII.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903-12. ]

(Gextix))

SeMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (Andreas). Coleoptera nova Rossiae Europaeae

Caucasique. I-VIII.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXIX, XXXI, XXXII, XXXIV,

XXXV, 1895-1901. ]

——— Symbolae ad cognitionem generis Carabus (L.), A. Mor. I. Formarum

novarum decas. I-IV.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., Vols. XXX, XXXI, 1896, 1897.]

—-——— The Caucasian cavern representative of the genus Dolichopoda,

Bol. (Orthoptera, Locustodea). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. ]

——— — On the discovery in Middle Russia of Phaneroptera falcata (Scop.),

and Onconotus servillei (Fisch. W.) (Orthoptera, Locustidae).

[In Russian. }

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901.]

—— De nova Forficuliae specie aethiopica (Orthoptera, Forficulidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. ]

——— Notes of the discovery in Russia of Konowta megapolitana, Brauns

(Hymenoptera, Siricidae). [In Russian.]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901.]

——— The first Palaearctic representative of the genus Opisthocosmia,

H. Dohrn (Orthoptera, Forficulidae). [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. ]

Supplementary note on Opisthocosmia komaroti, Sem. (Orthoptera,

Forficulidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. ]

—- On the geographical distribution of Forficula auricularia, L.

(Orthoptera, Forficulidae). [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. ]

——— Dermatoptera brought by H. A. Zarudny from Eastern Persia in

1900-1. [In Russian. ]

[ Horae Soc, Ent. Ross., T. XXXVI, 1902.]

——— Notes on Dermatoptera of the Russian fauna. [In Russian. |

[ Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

Forficulidae species nova.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. XLIITI, 1907.]

——— Dermatoptera nova aut minus cognita. I-III.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902-8. ]

——— Alia jakowlew?, sp. n.

[Horae Soc, Ent. Ross., T. XXV, 1890. ]

——— Ellampus (Notozus) olgae, sp. n.

| Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T., XXV, 1891.]

——— Stephanus turcomanorum, sp. n.

| Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXV, 1891.]

—— Pseudochrysis (Spintharis) virgo, sp. n.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXV, 1891. ]

De genere Pseudochrysis, m.

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XX VI, 1892. ]

De Tenthredinidarum genere novo Clavellariae, Oliv. proximo.

[Ann. Mus. Zool. St.—Pétersbourg, 1896. |

—-— Revisio specierum eurasiaticarum generis Abia (Leach).

[Ann. Mus, Zool. St.—Pétersbourg, 1896. ]

Sphex (Chlorion) semenow? (F. Moraw. 1890) g nondum descriptus

(Hymenoptera, Crabronidae).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901. |

———— Notice sur quelques espéces de la sous-famille des Xiphydriides

(Hymenoptera, Siricidae).

[Revue Russe @’Entom. 1901. ]

(ar)

SeMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSEY (Andreas). De novo Evaniidarum genere (Hymeno-

ptera).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1903. ]

—_——— Chrysididarum specics novae vel parum cognitae (Hymenoptera).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901-12. ]

——-— Sur la position dans le systéme des Pulicidae (Aphaniptera s.

Siphonaptera auctorum).

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904.]

———- — Generica quaedam nomina mutanda vel emendanda.

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1902. |

~—-—— Revisio Hymenopterorum Musei Zoologici Academiae Caesareae

Scientarum Petropolitanae. I. Genus Cleptes, Latr.; II. Genus

Abia (Leach); III. Familia Evaniidae.

[Mélanges Biologiques, Bull. de PAcad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg,

T. XIII, 1891, 1892. ]

—_——— Chrysidarum species novae.

[Mélanges Biologiques, Bull. de l'Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg,

T. XIII, 1892. ]

——-— De Coleopterorum familia nova.

[Mélanges Biologiques, Bull. de Acad. Imp. Sci. St.—Pétersbourg,

T. XIII, 1893. |

——-— Revisio synoptica Meloidarum generis Ctenopus, Fisch.

[| Mélanges Biologiques, Bull. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St.—Pétersbourg,

T. XIII, 1893.

———— International transliteration of Russian geographical and other

names. [Undated.] [In Russian. ]

[Received from A. Semenov, 1913. ]

The Taxonomical limits of a species and its subdivisions. An

experiment in the accurate classification of the lower systematic

units. [In Russian. |

[Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, ser. 8, Vol. XXV, 1910. ]

————— Die taxonomischen Grenzen der Art und ihrer Unterabteilungen.

Versuche einer genauen Definition der untersten systematischen

Kategorien.

[Berlin, 1910. ]

Various notes. [In Russian. ]

[Reprinted from the Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901-12. ]

———— “Suum cuique.” [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1912. ]

———\ Tichon 8. Tschitscherin, sa vie et son oeuvre.

[Revue Russe d’Entom., Vol. IIT, 1903. ]

— Iudwig Ganglbauer, ein Nachruf.

[Revue Russe d’Entom., Vol. XII, 1912.]

——w— To the Memory of T. 8S. Tchitcherin (Sept. 11, 1869—March 22,

1904. With portrait. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1904. ]

——— — A. I. Jakovlev (22, II, 1863—28, XII, 1909). His life, public and

scientific activity. With portrait. [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1910.]

—_—— B. E. Jakovlev (28, I, 1839—2, VIII, 1908). Some pages from the

history of zoology in Russia. [In Russian. |

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIX, 1910. ]

———— Jacobson (G. G.). The Jubilee (L) (1860-1910) of the Russian

Entomological Society. [In Russian. ]

[Reprinted from Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XXXIX, and Revue

Russe d’Entom. 1909-10. ]

(ie)

SEMENOFF-TrAn-SHANSKY (Andreas). On the importance and aims of the

Russian Entomological Society. [In Russian. ]

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1910.]

—-— The Common aims of Botany and Zoology. [In Russian. ]

[Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., T. XLVIII, 1911. ]

——— A review of VY. F. Oshanin’s “ Verzeichnis der palaearktischen-

Hemipteren” (A catalogue of palaearctic Hemiptera). [In

Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1908. ] The Author.

SEMENOFF-TIAN-SHANSKY (A.) and others. Reviews of literature relating to

the Russian fauna. [In Russian. ]

[Reprints from Revue Russe d’Entom. 1901-8. ]

Critical Reviews of general entomological literature. [In Russian. |

[Revue Russe d’Entom. 1905, 1906. ] A, Semenoff-Tian-Shansky.

SHELDON (W.G.). The Lepidoptera of the Norwegian provinces of Odalen

and Finmark.

[Entom., Nov. and Dec. 1912, and Jan. 1913. ]

——— Lepidoptera at Albarracin in May and June, 1913.

[Entom., Oct.—Dece. 1913. | The Author.

Srecier (E. H.). [See Scorr (H. W.).]

SLAvDEN (F. W. L.), BAGNALL (R.8.), and Coiiin (J.E.). Some interesting

British Insects. V.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. XLIX, 1913.] G. C. Champion.

Srranp (E.). [See Lepitopterorum Catalogus. |

SrrRoHMEYER (H.). [See Aurtvitxius (Chr.).]

SwaInE (J. M.). Tent Caterpillars (Malacosoma americana, Fabr., and

M. disstria, Hibn.).

[Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. Circular No. 1, 1913.]

Canad, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.

THEOBALD (F. V.). The Aphididae of the Hastings district. Wye, 1912.

—_—— The British species of the genus Macrosiphum, Passerini. Pts.

[Journ. Econ. Biol., Vol. VIII, Nos. 2, 3, 1913.]

———— Two new Myrmecophilous Aphides from Algeria.

[Entom., 1914. ] The Author.

TrrELLI (Adelchi. [See Lurciont (Paolo). |

Toraiiyt (J. D.). A study in variation of the North American green bottle

flies of the genus Lucilia, with systematic notes on the species

involved.

[Ann. Ent. Soc. America, Vol. VI, No. 2, 1913.]

Dept. Agric., Ottawa.

-—-—W— Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts.

[Canad. Entom., Vol. XLV, 1913. ] The Author.

TRAGARDH (Ivar). Speleorchestes, a new genus of saltatorial Trombidiidae,

which lives in termites’ and ants’ nests.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 6, No. 2, 1909.]

———— Om biologin och utvecklings-historien hos Cedestis gysselinella,

Dup., en Barrminerare. Uppsala, 1911.

—— —— Contributions towards the comparative morphology and phylogeny

of the Parasitidae (Gamasidae).

[Arkiv fér Zool., Band 7, No. 28, 1912.]

——— Om en Cantharis-larv med vinganlag.

[Fauna och Flora popular Tidskrift for Biologi, 1912. ]

(iin)

TrAGARDH (Ivar). Undersékningar 6fver Rénnbirsmalen (Argyresthia con

jugella, Zell.) ar 1910 och 1911. Uppsala, 1913.

———— Bidrag till kannedomen om Dipterlarverna. II. En vampitande

Anthomyid-larv Eyle (Anthomyia) spreta, Meig.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 8, No. 5, 1913.]

Contributions towards the comparative morphology of the trophi of

the Lepidopterous leaf-miners.

[Arkiv for Zool., Band 8, No. 9, 1913.]

Turati (E.). Incroci e reincroci tra le Detlephila dahliit, H.G., e la D.

euphorbiae, L.

[Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Insektenbiol., 1912.]

-——— Tuaeniocampa [Amathes, Orthosia] witzenmanni, Standfuss, en

Algérie et en Sardaigne.

[Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1912. ]

——— New species and new forms of Lepidoptera from Sardinia.

[Ent. Rec., Vols. XXIV, XXV, 1912-13. ]

——-— Hinige neue italianische Rhopalocerenformen.

[Reprinted from the Soc. Ent., Jahrg. 26, 1913. ]

—— Un Record Entomologico, materiali per una faunula dei Lepidotteri

della Sardegna.

[Atti Soc. Ital. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Milano. Vol. LI, 1913.]

The Author.

——— — et Verity (Roger). Faunula Valderiensis nell’alta Valle del Gesso

(Alpi Marittime).

[ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., Ann. XLII, XLIII, 1910, 1911.]

The Authors.

TURNER (Rowland E.). On new Species of Fossorial Hymenoptera from

Africa, mostly Elidinae.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913.] The Author.

Urica (F. W.). The sugar cane froghopper (Tomaspis varia, Fabr.), and

biological notes on some Cercopids of Trinidad.

[Board Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, Circular No. 9, July 18, 1913. ]

Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago.

———— The Froghopper egg parasite (Olzgosita giraulti, Crawford), and its

colonization in the cane fields,

[Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, Circular No. 11, Aug. 1913. ]

The Auther.

Verity (Roger). Alcuni Lepidotteri inediti o non ancora figurati.

[Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., Vol. XLII, 1911-12. ] The Author.

— [See Turatt (E.).]

Viereck (H. L.). Descriptions of one new family, eight new genera, and

thirty-three new species of Ichneumon-flies.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIII, 1912. ]

Descriptions of six new genera and twelve new species of

Ichneumon-flies.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

— — Descriptions of ten new genera and twenty-three new species of

Ichnevmon-flies.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

—-— Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. Hymenoptera-

Ichneumonidae.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIV, 1913.]

———— Descriptions of twenty-three new genera and thirty-one new species

of Ichneumon-flies.

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1913.]

The Sinithsonian Institution.

( hii )

Wacner (H.). [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. |

Watker (KE. M.). The North American dragon flies of the genus Aishna.

[Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. series, 1912. ] The Author.

Wasmann (P. E., 5. J.). The Ants and their guests.

[Smithsonian Rept. 1912, issued 1913. |

The Smithsonian Institution.

WarernHouse (G. A.) and Lyrrr (G.). Description of a new Lycaenid

butterfly, with notes upon its life-history.

[Reprinted from Victoria Naturalist, Vol. X XIX, No. 10, Feb. 1913.

The Author.

Wesster (F. M.). The Southern corn rootworm or budworm.

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., No. 5, Sept. 1913.]

—-— The Western corn rootworm.

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., No. 8, Sept. 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

WHEELER (George). Suggestions for securing simplification and permanency

in nomenclature.

[‘Trans. Second Entom. Congress, Oxford, 1912.] | The Author.

White (G. F.), Sacbrood, a disease of bees,

LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 169, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Wicken Fen. The National Trust for places of historic interest or

natural beauty. [Apyeal for subscriptions towards the cost of

its preservation. |

The National Trust.

WickHam (H.F.). Fossil Coleoptera from Florissant, in the United States

National Museum.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Witttiams (C. B.). Some biological notes on Raphidia maculicollis, Steph,

[Entom., Jan.1913.]

A summary of the present knowledge of the Protura.

[Entom., Aug. 1913. |

———— The Berlese funnel.

[Entom., Oct. 1913. ]

Records and descriptions of British Thysanoptera.

[Journ. Econ. Biol., Vol. VIII, 1913. ]

———— On two new species of Thysanoptera from the West Indies.

[Journ. Econ. Biol., Vol. VIII, Dec. 1913.] The Author.

Winn (A. F.). A preliminary list of the Insects of the Province of Quebec,

Pt. I, Lepidoptera.

[Suppl. Report Quebec Society for Protection of Plants, 1912. |

The Author.

Woetvm (Russell 8.). Report of a trip to India and the Orient in search of

the natural enemies of the citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citr7, R. & H.).

LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 120, 1913.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Wyrtsman (P.). Genera Insectorum, Fase. CXXXI-CLIII, 1912, 1913.

A, E, Elliott.

Yoruers (W. W.). Spraying for white flies in Florida.

U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 168, April 16,

1913.] U. S. Dept. Agric.

ZOoLocicaL Recorp, Vol. XLIX, 1912. Purchased.

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YEAR 19138.

I. A few Observations in Mimicry. By W. J. Kaye.

[Read October 16th, 1912.]

Prare 1,

At the present time, when so much doubt is being cast

on the theories of Bates and Fritz Miiller concerning

Mimicry, it would be as well to put on record some observa-

tions that have come under the notice of the writer, and

to illustrate the insects concerned with a plate of figures.

The drawing of the latter has been done by Mr. Horace

Knight, and it is largely to his skill that many who cannot

possibly see the specimens will be able to form an idea of

some of the extraordinary resemblances. But the object

of the present paper is primarily to record the habits of

the mimicking insects, and to point out that they are

quite abnormal in the family to which they belong, and

must have been developed for a specific purpose. All the

mimics are members of the family Syntomidae, while the

models consist chiefly of Hymenoptera aculeata, but also

Coleoptera, Hymenoptera terebrantia, and in a single case

to another lepidopteron. There are many who, while dis-

believing in mimicry generally, yet half believe the action

of mimicry when between such widely differing insects as

those of the Hymenoptera aculeata and the Lepidoptera.

The theory of Bates then seems as if it might be true,

for it is obvious that a stinging wasp must be unpalatable,

while by comparison a small moth might well be palatable

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) B

2 Mr. W. J. Kaye on

and escape under the guise of the model. To those natur-

alists who have lived in tropical or subtropical 8. America,

instances of mimicry between the Syntomidae and Hymeno-

ptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and others, are constantly

coming to notice. But very few cases have been figured

of the models with their mimics. It is to be hoped, there-

fore, that the present small collection of cases will be useful

as well as interesting to those who are interested in these

extraordinary resemblances and the reasons that cause

them.

The altered habits of some of the Syntomidae are most

striking, for when we remember the very different ends

to be obtained by a 9 wasp and a 2 moth there can be nothing

really in common. The wasp is predatory and kills all

sorts of insects to provide food for the resultant larvae

from the eggs she lays, but the female moth merely lays

her eggs on a suitable plant or shrub. Any habits, then,

that the moth has that are wasp-like are certainly not

directly useful to the species concerned except in the way of

imitation which quite conceivably deceives its enemies.

That there is a reason for these resemblances is universally

admitted, and in the cases of moths being hke various

species of the Hymenoptera aculeata it is impossible to argue

that the same environment and general conditions can

produce habits in moths which are of no use whatever to

them except as a disguise. But if the moths themselves

were not hike the wasps one might argue that it was acci--

dental that the habits were so alike, but the general appear-

ance and structure are in conjunction with the habits so

alike that in the species of Pseudosphex it is impossible to

distinguish moth from wasp on the flower-heads of Ageratum

conyzoides unless one is within eighteen inches or so, while

on the wing at any distance it is quite impossible to dis-

tinguish them. But while the species of Pseudosphex are

mimics of the highest degree, vast numbers of other Syn-

tomidae are only very slightly less perfect in their resem-

blances and habits. Species of the genus Macrocneme,

although always distinguishable to an entomologist, are

wonderfully like members of the genera Salius and Pepsis

of Pompilid or fossorial wasps. The rapid vibrating of

the wings, and the waving of the antennae when alighted

on a leaf or on the ground, is a most noticeable habit in a

moth, which at once recalls the motions of the Pompilids.

It should be mentioned also that species of Macrocneme do

a few Observations in Mimicry. 3

not often settle on flowers, but like the fossorial wasps settle

on the ground, on a bank, or on a leaf, places identical

with where the Pompilid wasp settles. As to whether

such cases of mimicry are Batesian or Miillerian in their

origin is probably not difficult of solution. It seems

reasonable to suppose that the former is the explanation,

for a powerful stinging wasp is not only unpalatable, but

is actually dangerous to an attacking enemy, while the

moth is harmless and must by comparison be even palatable.

But Miillerian mimicry for its working presupposes ex-

perimental attack on model and mimic alike. In such a

case as a stinging hymenopteron for a model it is unlikely

that experimental attacks could be numerous enough,

if they occurred at all, to affect to any appreciable extent

its numbers. As soon as the young bird was old enough

and able to catch insects and feed itself would it not instine-

tively leave wasps alone, seeing that all wasps can sting

and to that extent at least be unpleasant ? Instinct is a

real thing, which Lloyd Morgan has so pithily expressed

as follows: “ Instinct depends on how the nervous system

is built through heredity.” Now, with the lepidoptera as

food for birds, instinct as to which are good and which are

bad probably does not count to any appreciable extent.

Experiences are varied and the nervous system is probably

affected in a very complex fashion, so that anything definite

is not transmitted by heredity, such as must be concerning

the edibility of wasps.

DETAILS OF THE INSECTS FIGURED.

Fig. 1 represents T'richura grandis. This fine species

was described by me after I had observed and taken it near

Santos in February 1910. It flew and alighted just like

a large wasp. The only specimen that I was able to catch

was flying along a path in the forest, and several times I

noted it settlng on the ground, and finally it was observed

settled on a leaf vibrating its wings when it was taken.

Unfortunately no wasp was taken that could be claimed

to be its model, but at that time (Feb. 27th) the species

was only just beginning to appear, as Mr. Dukinfield Jones

took a series later on, but did not specially look for a model.

The habits of several species of Trichura are identical in

the manner of flying low down along a path and settling

on the ground. At the same time and place 7. dixanthia

was so observed, and the remarkable tail to the abdomen

4 Mr. W. J. Kaye on

was quite conspicuous. This remarkable structure recalls

the ovipositor of a parasitic hymenopteron, but no such

possible model was observed.

Fig. 4 is Pseudosphex noverca, Schs., and fig. 4a is

the model Polybia nigra, Sauss., a Vespid wasp. This

Vespid was not taken by me with the Pseudosphex, but

Mr. C. Schrottky has taken the two together on Ageratum

conyzoudes in Paraguay. This same plant, which is very

abundant in 8. Brazil and Paraguay, always attracts a

large number of Syntomidae, as well as wasps of both the

families Vespidae and Eumenidae. It was on this same plant

that the Pseudosphex was taken together with a Kumenid

wasp, Zethus binodis. The mimicry of these two is remark-

able even when they are sitting together as I found them, but

the Vespid species Polybia nigra is even better, and it is

most probable that it also occurs where I took the Eumenid

at Fernandez, for it has a wide range. The wonderful

special development of the Pseudosphez is first of all worth

describing. First there are the antennae, which in the

stout pectinated portion are just about the length of the

wasp’s antennae. The fine thread-like tip to the antenna

of the Syntomid is hardly visible except one is looking

very close. In the figure the pectinations end too gradually,

the specimens showing that the pectinations end rather

abruptly, giving the antenna at a short distance the exact

build of a wasp’s. This characteristic is shown better

in fig. 5 of Pseudosphex jonesi, but even then the thread-

like end is not fine enough. The very marked constriction

of the basal segments, the very smooth scaling of the head,

thorax and abdomen and the colouring of both wings,

thorax and abdomen altogether makes these moths most

wasp-like. In all of them, also, the profile view of the head

is remarkable, for the palpi are densely scaled on the first

and second joints, so that the strong jaws of the wasp are

most completely imitated. In profile the general resem-

blance is most complete, for in every way there is imitation

of the wasp. When viewed above only, is the larger head

of the wasp distinctive.

The habits of the species of Pseudosphex are equally

remarkable with their structure. Of the four species

figured no less than three, P. novercida, P. noverca and P.

polybiordes (figs. 3, 4 and 6), occurred together at Fernandez,

while the fourth, P. jonesi (fig. 5), was found at Alto da

Serra. All the species were found to visit the flowers of

a few Observations in Mimicry. 5

Ageratum in the early morning sunshine before the sun had

gained much heat. They then alighted with wings held

back over the abdomen and then slightly lowered them

downwards and outwards; but to complete the resemblance

on the flower-heads these several species of Pseudosphex

greatly curve their fore-wings while the hind-wing is folded

up, so that the wings appear to be as narrow as the com-

pletely folded wings of the Vesprdae and Humenidae. A

further habit that was observed by Mr. Dukinfield Jones

when with me was that in the case of Pseudosphex jonesi

he saw that species move its abdomen in and out in

just the way that a wasp does, especially when about to

use its sting. The several species of this remarkable genus

when disturbed flew off the flowers rapidly, and it was

impossible for one to follow the flight. The several figures of

these moths and wasps with folded wings are unfortunately

not quite shown correctly. The artist has drawn them all to

show the complete wings, whereas all the specimens show

the strong curving of the fore-wing in the case of the moths

and folding in the case of the wasps. Figs. 3 and 3a

represent an undescribed species of Pseudosphex which I

propose to call Pseudosphex novercida. In the Entomo-

logist for 1911, p. 142, I described a species as P. polybia

which by an error was the already described Pseudosphea

noverca, Schs.

Pseudosphex novercida, nov.

Very close to Pseudosphex noverca, Schs., but differs in the following

respects. It has vein 2 of the fore-wing from close to cell while

noverca has it from long before the end. The white-edged valve on

the underside of abdomen is followed by a white band, which is not

present in noverca. Above, the wings are darker and more sooty in

appearance, but the dark scaling does not extend beyond the cell

as in noverca. In the hind-wing the cell is completely occupied with

smooth dark scales while in the case of noverca it is only the upper

part of the cell that is so scaled. In shape rather less rounded

in outline with both fore- and hind-wing slightly narrower. The

femur of the front pair of legs is black while noverca is white.

Habitat. FERNANDEZ Prnuetro, 12. iv. 10. (W. J. Kaye),

Castro (HZ. Dukinfield Jones).

Fig. 2 is another new species closely allied to the common

Sphecosoma melissa, Schs., but abundantly distinct in many

ways. I propose calling it

6 Mr. W. J. Kaye on

Sphecosoma melissina, nov.

Palpi orange. Frons white. Collar orange. Thorax black and

orange striped. Abdomen with the first three segments like the

thorax; 4th segment almost wholly black: 5th, 6th and 7th seg-

ments darker orange with a central black line : anal segment black.

First and second pair of legs with the tarsal joints blackish below.

Hind-legs wholly orange above and below. Antennae black. Fore-

wing yellowish hyaline with the costa slightly and with the inner

margin broadly at base orange. Costa beyond middle of cell

narrowly black. Apex black. Inner margin narrowly black

slightly widened at vein 2. Hind-wing yellowish hyaline. The

cell with some orange scaling and anal angle with some black scaling

up to the basal vein.

Exp. 23 mm.

Habitat. S. Braz: Guaruja, Santos, 27. ii. 10,

several specimens (W. J. Kaye).

Fig. 7 represents a Correbidia, while fig. 7a is its model

Calopterum braziliense. Both insects were caught together

on a very dwarf-growing species of Ageratum with small

white flowers on 27th Feb. ’10. The specimen figured of

the Coleopteron is not the specimen that was taken, but is

a specimen of the same species from Rio Janeiro. The

species is very variable, and if one had taken a number of

the insects at Guaruja it is highly probable that one would

have secured a specimen exactly like the moth. The

difference in the specimen figured of the Calopterum and

the single example taken is that the Rio specimen has more

black on the base of the elytra. It has been figured in

preference also because it is in a perfectly natural position

and so corresponds with the Syntomid, which also is in a

perfectly natural position of rest.

The similarity of these Lycid beetles with Syntomid moths

has been noticed by several writers. The heavily pectinated

antennae with the pectinations carried to the tip strongly

suggest the stout-jointed antennae of the beetle. The

abdomen is rather flattened like the beetle, while the shape,

colour and manner of folding of the wings is most suggestive

of the beetle, while finally the legs are short and correspond

with the legs of the Lycid. The habits of these two

totally different insects are extraordinarily alike. They

both sit on flowers in the early morning, and both drop off

if alarmed and draw the legs in. At such times (early

a few Observations in Mimicry. 7

morning) neither show a disposition to fly, but are extremely

sluggish.

Fig. 12 of Pterygopterus caeruleus with fig. 12a of the

Pompilid wasp Salius kirby affords a striking case of

Batesian mimicry. The very dark blue-black wings with

the smallest amount of lustre, the conspicuous yellow

antennae and the long hind-legs of the fossor are most

completely copied in the 9 Syntomid moth. Both fly

together in the forest near the Potaro River above the

Tumatumari cataract in Central British Guiana. The

wasp is common and flies heavily, carrying its antennae

and hind-legs almost as shown in the figure. The first and

second pairs of legs are carried more folded to the abdomen.

The moth is a rare species, and only the one specimen was

taken by Mr. C. B. Roberts, who was collecting in the same

locality for six years. I am unable to say anything as to

its habits, but it is highly probable that it carries its long

hind-legs stretched out behind in the way the wasp does,

in the same way as members of the genus Macrocneme do,

and as is shown in the case figured of Macrocneme adonis

(fig. 13).

Tig 13 and 13a is another case of a Syntomid moth

mimicking a Pompilid wasp. In this instance the two

insects, Macrocneme adonis (fig. 13), Pepsis (fig. 13a),

occur together towards the end of May in the wooded

ravines at about 3,500 ft. on the coast range of mountains

at Caracas, Venezuela. Flying at the same time is another

species of Syntomid Macrocneme lades (fig. 14). In some

hghts this species looks very much like the Salius even in

the cabinet drawer, while in flight it is almost as much like

the wasp as M. adonis. When the sunlight falls on the

wings of the wasp M. adonis is the better mimic, but in

shade Macrocneme lades and Macrocneme adonis are hardly

distinguishable, and both are equally good mimics. The

habits of these Macrocneme species are extremely interest-

ing. They carry their hind-legs extended in imitation of

the wasp. They alight on leaves or settle on the ground,

and do not frequent flowers. When settled on a leaf they

vibrate their wings while in the position as is shown in

fig. 14. They also wave their antennae, all of which are

characters of the “ marabunta’”’ as these wasps of the genus

Salwus are invariably called locally. Fig. 14 is a specimen

of M. lades from S. Brazil, and it was drawn purposely to

show the position in which the species alights with the wide

8 Mr. W. J. Kaye on

space between the wings. In the specimens of the same

species from Caracas the white spots at the base of the

abdomen are very greatly reduced, and in one 9 hardly

traceable at all. In 8. Brazil, at Castro in Parana, I found

M. lades (= leucostigma) commonly, yet wasps of the genus

Salius did not appear to be present. This was in March and

early April. But Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones, who resided

for many years at Castro, informs me that these fossors are

quite common at different times of the year, only they

usually occur but singly.

Figs. 10 and 10a represent a most interesting case of

mimicry from the Potaro River in British Guiana. Fig.

10 is of the Syntomid moth, Sphecosoma testacea, and

fig. 10a is of a small Pompilid or fossorial wasp, Batazonus

polistoides. Neither of these species I have seen alive.

Mr. C. B. Roberts, who collected for some years for me after

I left the Potaro district, sent the wasp as a Syntomid moth

along with several of the Sphecosoma testacea and with a

still greater number of a closely allied species (but not

figured on the plate) Sphecosoma anqustatum. Although

the latter is considerably the commoner species, Sphecosoma

testacea is more like the wasp as it shows the darkening of

the costal area, which is a character agreeing with the wasp,

while the commoner S. angustatwm does not exhibit this

character at all. The wasp was sent on 25. i. 05, and

specimens of S. testacea were sent in January, April, May

and June. Examples of S. angustatum were sent in March,

April, May and June. Two specimens of the very similar

Pseudosphex polistes were also sent in April and May 1904.

Fig. 8 of Rhyncopyga braconida and fig. 8a of a species of

Braconidae are figured together to show many points of

remarkable similarity. The two insects were not caught

together, but at approximately the same time of year and

at the same elevation, and it is possible and quite probable

that they could be netted together. The moth R. braconida

I took on March 6th, 1910, at Alto da Serra above Santos

at 2,500 ft. The Braconid I netted on 4th April, 1910, at

Castro at 2,900 ft. At Castro, however, on 14th April I

took another species of Rhyncopyga, viz. meister, which is

very similar but has the first four basal segments red below,

while the species figured has the two basal segments banded

red. Hither species forms almost an equally good mimic,

but as the one illustrated is new it seems more desirable to

figure it than the commoner and better known meisterv.

a few Observations in Mimicry. 9

In the case of the species figured, attention should be

drawn to the long thread-like antennae; the long black legs

and the colouring and markings of the wings, which all

suggest the Braconid, while on the wing one is deceived,

without previous experience, by the very similar flight and

attitudes. I myself caught the Braconid on a flower,

where its ovipositor was concealed, thinking it was a species

of the Syntomid genus Rhyncopyga. It is quite possible

that this Braconid might be parasitic on the Rhyncopyga

except that in size it is rather too large.

Fig. 11 of Callopepla inachia 9, a Syntomid, with fig. Lla

of Scea auriflamma, an Oenochromid, represents a remark-

able and very interesting instance of convergence. As

will be seen from the figures the two moths are very much

alike in colouring and scheme of markings. The 2 Synto-

mid must have been influenced by the Oenochromid, be-

cause the ¢ of C. inachia is quite different, with a brilliant

blue hind-wing and fore-wing, with red apical band and

basal streaks. The 99 vary greatly from having a reddish

orange band on fore-wing with orange basal streaks and

hind-wing with shot-blue scaling at the base, to the form

which is figured with an extension of a yellow band inwards

to the base and the hind-wing with but a trace of blue

scaling. The habits of these two insects are, however,

quite divergent; the Syntomid flies briskly in the early

morning sunshine and is fond of settling on various com-

positae, such as Eupatorium and Ageratum, while S.

auriflamma haunts shady woods and flies quite slowly.

Both insects when at rest fold their wings flat over the

abdomen, the Syntomid scarcely making the inner margins

of the fore-wing meet, while the Oenochromid makes them

meet closely. In relative abundance the S. awriflamma is

by far the most abundant and is also more generally

distributed. We found it on the Corcovado at 1,000 ft.

at Rio, where C. inachia was absent. We also found it at

Alto da Serra, where also C. inachia was absent. But at

Castro and Fernandez Pinheiro we found both in the months

of March and April, but always in their own special haunts.

The last case of figs. 9 and 9a will have puzzled those

who looked at the plate to see the resemblance. Fig. 9 is

of the common Syntomid Paraethria triseriata, and 9a is

of the Coleopteron Astylus antis. On March 11th, 1910,

at Castro in S. Brazil, I came on a bush in flower which

had myriads of the coleopteron flying round it. The sight

10 Mr. W. J. Kaye on a few Observations in Mimicry.

was so unusual that I stood gazing at it for a few minutes,

when I suspected two of the beetles of being moths. After

a little manceuvring I netted these two strangers, and they

turned out to be Paraethria triseriata. That there was a

very real resemblance when these insects were flying to-

gether in the sunshine must be taken on trust, for from the

figures of the dead specimens it seems almost impossible

that any real resemblance could exist. The figure of the

moth, however, is unable to show the shot metallic green

abdomen which can be most obviously seen by holding the

specimen in strong sunlight. The light-yellowish costa

of the hind-wing, which shows through the fore-wing as

the specimen is illustrated, can but be imagined to give

the banded appearance that the beetle has got. The white

spots on the abdomen certainly did not present themselves

in rapid flight, and the wings in some lights, like so many of

the Ithomiinae, are a strong blue. Confirmation of this

observation is much to be desired, for it is furthest from

the writer’s wishes to be considered an extremist.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]

’

a A

hep ony,

v ra) pave’ 4

cai Aiegn

5a.

5aa.

5b.

5bb.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Trichura grandis, Kaye

Sphecosoma melissina, Kaye

Pseudosphex novercida, Kaye

9° 99 39

Pseudosphex noverca, Schs.

. Polybia nigra, Sauss.

Pseudosphex jonesi, Kaye

99 33 39

Zethus binodis, Fab.

99 9° 99

Pseudosphex polybioides, Burm.

9 99 99

. Eumenes callimorpha, Sauss.

Correbidia calopteridia, Butl., var. ?

. Calopteron brasiliense, Lap.

Rhyncopyga braconida, Kaye

. Iphiaulax rufoplagiatum, Cam.

Paraethria triseriata, H. 8S.

. Astylus antis, Perty.

Sphecosoma testacea, W1k.

. Batazonus polistoides, Smith

Callopepla inachia 2, Schs.

. Scea auriflamma, Hiibn.

Pterygopterus caeruleus, Hmps.

. Salius kirbyi, Bingh.

Macrocneme adonis, Druce

. Pepsis venezuelae, nov.

Macrocneme lades, Cram.

enlarged profile.

~ Syntomidae.

Vespidae.

», enlarged profile. |

} Eumenidae.

Syntomidae.

Eumenidae.

Syntomidae.

Lycidae.

Syntomidae.

Braconidae.

Syntomidae.

Melyridae.

Syntomidae.

Pompilidae.

Syntomidae.

Geometridae ?

Syntomidae.

Pompilidae.

Syntomidae.

Pompilidae.

Syntomidae.

- Syntomidae.

Trans.Ent. Soc.Lond., 1913. Ft. I.

West, Newman chr.

Horace Knight del.et lith.

S. AMERICAN SYNTOMIDAE WITH MODELS.

(0 .)

Il. The Butterflies of the White Nile: a study wm Geo-

_—_

=2)

AD.

graphical Distribution. By G. B. Lonestar, M.A.,

M.D., F.E.S.

[Read November 20th, 1912.]

Pirate II.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(Works dealing specially with the White Nile District are

marked with an asterisk.)

. AuRIvILLIUS, Cur. Rhopalocera Aethiopica, Stock-

holm (1898).

AuRIVILLIuS, Cur. Results of the Swedish Zoological

Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901,

under the direction of L. A. Jagerskidld. Part I.

Lepidoptera, pp. 1-9.

(The specimens were collected by J. Tragardh.)

. AuRIvitLIuS, Cur. Die Gross-schmetterlinge der

Erde, von Dr. Adalbert Seitz. Fauna Africana

(1908—)

. Bryeuam, C. T. Fauna of British India: Butterflies,

vol. i, 1905; vol. 1, 1907.

Butter, A. G. A Revision of the Lepidopterous

Genus Teracolus, with Descriptions of New Species.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 126-165.

(This contains references to Consul Petherick’s

captures on the White Nile.)

. Butter, A.G. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made

by Major J. W. Yerbury at or near Aden (in 1883-

1884). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 478-503.

. Butter, A. G. An account of two Collections of

Lepidoptera recently received from Somaliland.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 756-766.

(A small collection made by Major Yerbury in

1884; a larger collection made by Messrs. J. G.

Thrupp, Lort-Phillips, and James, 1884-1885.)

. Butter, A. G. On the Butterflies obtained in

Arabia and Somaliland by Capt. Chas. G. Nurse

and Col. J. W. Yerbury. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1896, pp. 242-257.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE)

*i10:

IEG

12.

*13.

14.

15.

ia Ho

Li:

18.

12:

20.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

. Butter, A. G. A Revision of the Species of Butter-

flies belonging to the genus Teracolus, Swains.

Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 6th series, vol. xx,

1897, pp. 385-399, 451-473, 495-507.

Butter, A. G. On some Butterflies from the White

Nile collected by Capt. H. N. Dunn, of the Egyptian

Army. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 25.

(Capt. Dunn collected on the Bahr el-Zarafa.)

Drxey, F. A. On a Collection of Insects and Arach-

nids made in 1895 and 1897 by Mr. C. V. A. Peel,

F.Z.S8., in Somaliland, with Descriptions of New

Species. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1900, pp. 10-17.

Drxry, F. A. On a Collection of Insects and Arach-

nids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with

Descriptions of New Species. Lepidoptera. Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, pp. 372-383.

Dixry, F. A. On Lepidoptera from the White Nile

collected by Mr. W. L. 8S. Loat, F.Z.S.; together

with further notes on Seasonal Dimorphism in

Butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, pp.

141-163.

(I have had the great advantage of hearing Dr.

Dixey’s later views as to some of the more obscure

species dealt with in these papers.)

EitrincHaM, H. A Monograph of the African

Species of the Genus, Acraea, Fab., with a supple-

ment on those of the Oriental Region. Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1912, pp. 1-374.

Kuve, F. Symbolae Physicae (1829).

Lonestarr, G. B. Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands

(1912).

(The account of my first visit to the White Nile

will be found on pp. 415-423.)

Manpers, N. Entomological Field Notes at Suakin.

Ent. Month. Mag., xxi, pp. 277-279 (1886).

RotuscuHitp, The Hon. N. Cx. Lepidoptera from

Egypt and the Soudan (1900, 1901). Nov. Zool.,

vol. viii, pp. 426-434 (1901).

RotHscHILD, The Hon. N. Cu., and Warren, W.

Lepidoptera from the Soudan (1904). Nov. Zool.,

vol. xii, pp. 21-31 (1905).

SHarPe, Miss Emtty Mary Bowpter. List of Lepi-

doptera collected in Somaliland by Mrs. E. Lort-

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 13

Phillips. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 523-

529.

. SHARPE, Miss E.M.B. A List of the Lepidopterous

Insects collected on the Red Sea, in the neighbour-

hood of Suakim, by Mr. Alfred J. Cholmley. Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 775-777.

. SHarPe, Miss E. M. B. A Monograph of Teracolus

(1901).

. Trimen, R. South African Butterflies, 3 vols.

(1887-89).

. Trimen, R. Manuscript Notes on Lepidoptera

collected by Mr. F. C. Selous on the White Nile

and in the Southern Bahr el-Ghazal, between

Feb. 17th and Apr. 10th, 1911.

(Kindly lent by the author.)

. Watker, F. A List of the Butterflies collected by

J. H. Lord, Esq., in Egypt, along the African Shore

of the Red Sea, and in Arabia, with descriptions of

the Species new to Science. Entomologist, vol. v,

pp. 48-57 (1870).

(It is said that the types were claimed by the

then Khedive and placed by him in the museum

attached to the School of Medicine at Cairo, where

they perished owing to neglect. This paper

promised to be interesting; but Walker's state-

ment that such conspicuous butterflies as Teracolus

protomedia, T. eupompe and T. halimede were

taken by Lord in the Cairo district, convinces me

that either he or Lord had muddled up the localities

of the insects dealt with, since the butterflies

named are not known to occur within several

hundred miles of Cairo. The paper therefore is

worthless for my purpose.)

26. YERBURY, J. W. The Butterflies of Aden and

neighbourhood, with some Notes on their Habits.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1892.

The Area dealt with.

Strictly speaking the name White Nile should be con-

fined to that part of the river (Bahr al-Abyad) between

the mouth of the Blue Nile (Bahr al-Azrak) opposite to

Omdurman and nearly two miles below Kharttiim, and

Lake N6, where the Bahr al-Ghazal joins the Bahr al-

14 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on

Gebel. In practice, however, the name is usually held to

include the Bahr al-Gebel from Gondokoro or Rejaf, the

head of navigation [ Lat. 4° 45’ N.], down to Lake N6, and

this is the sense in which the name is here used. Moreover

the Bahr al-Zarafa, which is practically a loop of the

Bahr al-Gebel, running more or less parallel to it for about

23° of latitude, and never more than forty miles distant,

will here be treated as part of the same district. Khartiim

again, though strictly speaking it stands upon the Blue

Nile, is included for reasons of convenience, being the

port of entry into the region.

On the other hand the Bahr al-Ghazal, draining as it

does the large area between the Bahr al-Gebel and the

Congo basin, is not dealt with here. From what is known

of its fauna it would appear to comprise more insects

characteristic of Central and Southern Africa, than the

fauna we are here considering.

The region thus defined lends itself to treatment as a

unit, both from the fact that it is served by the convenient

Government steamers and by the fact that it is throughout

fairly uniform in character. At Gebel Auli and at Gebel

En are small hills of igneous rock, while many similar hills

occur at Ladé and above, but with these exceptions the

country is level.

Between Kharttim and Abba Island the country is for

the most part bare and open. A few Acacia (commonly

called Mimosa) trees or shrubs are here conspicuous by their

rarity. Another small tree or shrub. commonly met with

on the desert is the “‘ Nabbak,”’ a species of Buckthorn,

Zizyphus mucronata, Wild [Nat. Ord. Rhamnaceae|—a

rather graceful tree whose white stems give it a Birch-like

character, but it is defended by a peculiarly malicious

scheme of thorns, which are arranged in pairs, one straight,

the other curved. The Acacias extend right up to Gondo-

koro. Among the shrubs especially interesting to the

Entomologist, are various Capers and other members of

the order Capparidaceae. They are closely associated

with Pierinae, whose larvae feed upon them. Another

shrub, especially common on and near Abba Island, is

Salvadora persica, Linn., also much frequented by Pierines ;

it has numerous insignificant green flowers. A remarkable

plant with a wide range in the district is Vitis (Cissus)

quadrangularis, Wallich [Nat. Ord. Ampelidae], a succulent

jointed creeper, suggesting a Cactus. At the time of my

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 15

visit its snake-like branches were leafless and flowerless.

Several days out of our twenty-four were spent in the

Sadd.* Here the mass of the vegetation for many miles

at a stretch was made up of the dark green Papyrus

(Cyperus) antiquorum with its beautiful umbels six feet

across, and of “ tim sif,”’ or “‘ mother of wool ”’—Vossia

procera—a reed-like plant, together with the more familiar

Phragmites communis. Of smaller plants growing beneath

the Papyrus at the water’s edge a yellow composite and

a blue-purple Convolvulus or Ipomaea were the commonest.

The first “ Candelabra” Huphorbia, striking trees nearly

twenty feet high, were seen on the island of Hillet al-

Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.]. At Bér [Lat. 6° 13’ N.], my

attention was called to the singular Kigelia aethiopica, Decr.,

a tree belonging to the Nat. Ord. Bignoniaceae, which has

flowerstalks many feet in length from which hang the

large rich brown-purple flowers and cucumber-like fruits,

the latter a foot long. At Rejaf[Lat. 4° 45’ N.] a yet more

tropical-looking plant was the Adeniwm coetaneum, Stapf.

[Nat. Ord. Apocynaceae], with its absurdly thick stems,

fleshy emarginate leaves, and clusters of showy bright-

red waxy flowers. Palms were rarely seen. Doubtless

this somewhat monotonous vegetation largely explains

the restricted Butterfly Fauna.

The practice of burning the rank vegetation of the

Sadd, must have a very destructive effect upon insect life.

The numerous semi-calcined shelis of such Gasteropods

as Burtoa and Limicolaria—genera frequenting trees or

bushes—which are seen in many localities, prove that these

fires carry their destruction beyond the grassy areas on

which antelopes, giraffes and elephants still roam even

within sight of the steamer.

The circumstance that nearly every tree and shrub met

with is more or less prickly tends greatly to protect butter-

flies from the collector’s net. Near Ad-Duwém I came

across a grass even worse than the Indian “ spear-grass,”’

for its prickly awns at a touch converted the net into a

tangled mass, which required some minutes to unravel.

Fortunately its distribution appears to be restricted to

a very small area.

Shortly, the district to be dealt with includes Khartim

[Lat. 15° 37’ N., Long. 32° 31’ E.] and the country adjacent

to the banks of the White Nile to Lake Né6 [Lat. 9° 30’ N.];

* The correct spelling : pronounced Sudd.

16 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

the Bahr al-Zarafa throughout its length; also the Bahr

al-Gebel up to Gondokoro and Rejaf.

Gondokoro [Lat. 4° 54’ N., Long. 31° 41’ E.], situated

on the right or eastern bank of the Bahr al-Gebel, is the

most northerly station in Uganda. Rejaf, about eight

miles south of Gondokoro, but on the left bank, is in that

part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sidan which, under the name

of the Ladé Enclave, was leased to the late King of the

Belgians.

The Bahr al-Gebel in the Sadd region, some forty miles

south of Lake N6, reaches its most westerly point in Long.

30° 8’ KE. From these data it will be seen that the region

treated of is included within 23° of longitude, but extends

over 11° of latitude—say a strip of 650 miles by 140 miles—

though the distance by river is said to be 1,128 miles.

Probably most of the butterflies sent to Europe have been

taken within a very few miles of the river banks.

Since the place-names given are for the most part those

of small native villages, or of “ wooding”’ stations, there

is no reason to expect that they will be permanent in a

country where even Government posts are from time to

time moved for administrative convenience, or more often

from the proved unhealthiness of their sites; since, more-

over, whether permanent or not, many of these names are

not to be found even in the best atlases, it has been thought

well to give the approximate latitude of each locality.

Of course the latitude is not of much service in the case of

places situated on the part of the river running nearly due

east from Lake N6 to Kéd6k (Fashdda).

Entomologically this district is but little known, so,

having visited it myself twice, in February 1909 and

again in February 1912, it seemed worth while to gather

together the stray notes of travellers and sportsmen, to

form the basis of a local list. I have been confirmed

in this resolve by the discovery that my captures would

appear to exceed alike in numbers of species and specimens

those of my predecessors. But it must not be forgotten

that the district has not been systematically worked, and

especially must it be kept in mind that little is known of

the wet-season fauna.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 17

Family NYMPHALIDAE.

Sub-family DANAINAE.

1. Danaida chrysippus, Linn.

The Sidan is an interesting region in which to study

this very widely distributed species, since all its forms are

met with, often all together.

a. The typical, or chrysippus form. This varies much in

the depth of the ground-colour, moreover a large number

of the specimens met with in this part of Africa have the

veins of the hind-wings more or less dusted with white

scales.

Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zaradfa.* Loat took four

males near K4ka4, also a number of males and one female

at Gondokoro. Dr. Dixey notes that several of Loat’s

specimens had “a slight white powdering round the gland

patch.” The Swedes took it both at Khartiim and at

Kaka.

In 1909 I took a male at Gebel En, another at Kosti, and

a third on Abba Island. At Kharttim, where the species

was common, somewhat more than one-fourth of all the

specimens observed were of the chrysippus form. In 1912

though I saw a few D. chrysippus at Kharttim I did not pay

much attention to them, but a typical female was captured

at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] and two at Rejaf, my most

southerly point. It may accordingly be said to occur

throughout the White Nile region.

The wide distribution of D. chrysippus throughout

Africa and the Oriental region is well known, but attention

may be called to the curious fact that Dr. Dixey did not

find a single typical example among Peel’s twenty-two

specimens from Somaliland. Two specimens taken by

Bennett in Sokotra have the veins of the hind-wings white.

On the other hand, there is no trace of such white on the

hind-wings of any of my Egyptian specimens ranging from

Cairo to Aswan. The specimens taken by the Rothschild

party on the Atbara were typical.

B. Form alcippus, Cram., including alcippoides, Moore.

Under this I include all individuals with more or less white

hind-wings.

Taken by Capt. Dunn on-the Bahr al-Zarafa, also by

* So far as I can make out Capt. Dunn’s insects must have been

taken in about Latitude 9° N.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) Cc

18 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

Loat near Kaka and at Gondokoro. The Swedes took it

at Khartim, also near Kaka.

In 1909 I met with it commonly at Khartim, where I

estimated that more than half the chrysippus were of this

form: I also took a male of the extreme alcippus form

at Ad-Duwém.

In 1912 I took one at Kharttim, another on the battle-

field of Kerreri (about nine miles N.W. of Khartitim), and

saw others at both places. I also captured single indi-

viduals at Abba Island, Shambi and Gondokoro.

From these records it may be fairly said that the distri-

bution of alcippus covers the whole White Nile district,

Rothschild does not record it from the Atbara. Though

it is common at Port Stidan and at Aden, no specimens

were found in the Peel collection from SomAliland, nor in

the Bennett collection from Sokotra.

y. Form dorippus, Klug [called by some authors

klugui, Butler]. This lacks the transverse white band

across the fore-wing near the tip, but normally has the

hind-wings, on the upper surface, of the ground-colour.

Aurivillius (3. p. 72) considers this a distinct species, a

view in which probably he now stands alone.

Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat met

with it both at Kak& and Gondokoro. It was taken by

the Swedes at Khartfim. The Rothschild party took it on

the Atbara, as well as at Khartim.

Personally I did not come across this form in 1909, but

in 1912 took a single example at Khartiim.

It is a common insect both at Port Sfiidan, and at Aden.

Cholmley met with it to the north of Suakin, while Peel

found it the dominant form in Somaliland.

6. Form albinus, Lanzknecht [called by some authors

dorippus, Klug]. This, which may be said to combine in

one the two deviations from the type, in that while lacking

the white bar on the fore-wings, it has the hind-wings more

or less white, would appear to be by far the scarcest form

of chrysippus. Aurivillius (3. p. 72) regards albinus as an

aberration of dorippus.

Capt. Dunn found it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took

a specimen near Kaka and four at Gondokoro. In 1909 I

took a single specimen at Khartiim.

It occurs at Port Sid4an, also at Aden. It seems fair to

assume, though the data are imperfect, that dorzppus and

albinus occur throughout the White Nile district.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 19

2. Tirumala petiverana, Doubleday and Hewitson.

This was taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, but I

did not meet with it myself, and I have no other record from

the district.

It is found in Abyssinia and Somaliland, and has a wide

range in tropical Africa from East to West.

Sub-family SAT YRINAE.

3. Yphthima asterope, Klug. The types came from

Syria and Arabia.

The sole record that I possess of this butterfly—the only

White Nile Satyrine known to me—occurring within the

area under consideration, is that of a single example being

found upon our steamer near Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] on

February 17th, 1912.

Selous took a male in 1911 on the Southern Bahr al-

Ghazal. It is not uncommon at Port Sfid4in. and Col.

Yerbury found it in some numbers at Aden. Dr. Dixey

and I took it in Natal and Rhodesia; it is indeed a common

and widely distributed African species. The Hope collec-

tion contains specimens from British East Africa, Lake

Nyassa, Somaliland, and Lagos.

Sub-family NY MPHALINAE.

4. Pyrameis cardwi, Linn.

This cosmopolitan species was taken by Capt. Dunn on

the Bahr al-Zarafa, also by Loat—a single female at Kaka.

The Swedes took two males at Ad-Duwém.

Though in 1909 I found cardui common near the point

of junction of the Blue and White Niles, and saw it at

the same place in 1912, it is remarkable that I have no

record of having even seen it on either of my voyages up

the White Nile. It may reasonably be inferred that it

is not very common in that district, at all events during

the month of February.

The Rothschild party took one on the Atbara; Yerbury

found it commonly at Aden; Peel did not take it in Somali-

land, but Bennett found it “‘common everywhere” in

Sokotra. Personally I have found it common enough

in Algeria, Cairo, Aswin, Natal and Cape Colony.

20 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

5. Precis cebrene, Trimen.

Dunn took this species on the Bahr al-Zarafa, and Loat

took two near Kosti [Lat. 13° 10’ N.].

In 1912 I distinctly saw this butterfly on a thorny bush

at Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14° N.], also near Kanisa [lat. 6° 50’

vale

Cholmley took a few at Ambaia Erba; Yerbury found

it common at Aden; Grant in Sokotra, and Peel in Somali-

land; it occurs also in Abyssinia.

It is an abundant African species, being found throughout

the whole of South Africa and at Lagos on the West Coast.

The closely allied P. oenone, Hiibner, takes its place in

the Oriental region.

6. Precis clelia, Cramer.

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zaraéfa and by Loat at

Gondokoro.

In 1912 I took single specimens at Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat.

8° 13’], Gondoroko and Rejaf.

Peel took it in Somahland; Yerbury took one specimen

at Aden, while Bennett reported it as very common in the

mountains of Sokotra.

It is found throughout Central and South Africa as well

as on the West Coast.

7. Precis boopis, Trimen (= madagascariensis, Guenée).

This was taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. In

1912 I took a single example at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.].

Though ranging over Central and South Africa this

species is not so widely distributed as the two preceding.

8. Hypolimnas misippus, Linné.

Mr. H. H. King assured me that this interesting and

widely-distributed species was not uncommon at Khartfim;

it was also in a collection that he had received from the

Bahr al-Ghazal. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa.

It is, however, quite certain that I did not see this very

conspicuous insect during either of my visits to Khartim,

or the White Nile.

The Rothschild party did not see it, but Cholmley met

with it at Ambaia Erba, and Yerbury found it commonly

at Aden, noting that: “The females of this butterfly

mimic all the forms of chrysippus.”

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 21

At Sallom Junction, on the railway between Port Sadan

and Khartim, a native boy brought me a male misippus

in his fingers. Some weeks later I found both sexes fairly

common at Port Stiidan, where I took typical females as

well as females of the form imaria, Cram. (mimicking the

dorippus form of chrysippus). Specimens of both these

forms had traces of white on the upper surface of the

hind-wings.

It is notable that the Cairo collectors know of but two

specimens having occurred in that district durmg many

years ; in fact, they look upon it as a great rarity.

This familiar butterfly ranges over all tropical and South

Africa as well as India, Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago.

In two females I detected a slight treacly odour.

9. Hamanumida daedalus, Fabr.

This characteristic African butterfly is known to occur

on the Bahr al-Ghazal, where it has been taken by Selous

and others, and I am practically certain that I saw a

specimen on February 15th, 1912, at Mongalla [Lat. 5°

12’ N.].

Col. Yerbury took a single example at Aden; it has been

reported from Abyssinia and Somaliland. It is found

throughout tropical Africa, but stops short of Cape Colony.

10. Neptis agatha, Cram.

Loat took two specimens at Gondokoro.

On February 12th, 1912, a short distance below Kiré

[Lat. 5° 22’ N.| I had a clear unmistakable view from the

steamer of a Neptis of the size of agatha skimming over

the herbage at the water’s edge.

This species has been taken at Shoa, in Abyssinia [circa

Lat. 10° N.|—perhaps the northern limit of the genus in

Kast Africa—and has a wide range in Central, Hast, West,

and South Africa.

11. Byblia wlithyva, Drury.

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took a

female near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.], where the Swedish

expedition also took a female.

In 1912 I took in all five specimens, viz.—a female at

Melfit [Lat. 10° 27’ N.], a male and two females at Tawfi-

kiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.], and a female at Kanisa [ Lat. 6° 50’ N.].

22 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on

These records point to a northern limit on the White Nile

somewhere about 11° N.

Yerbury found this species at Aden and Peel found it

in Somaliland.

It occurs also in Abyssinia, Kast, West and South Africa,

as well as in India and Ceylon.

In a male I detected a sweet aromatic scent, compared

to that of scented tobacco; a female had a similar scent,

but less strong; in another female the scent was compared

to chocolate, in a third to that of Teracolus protomedia.

(Compare Longstaff, 16. pp. 501, 502.)

12. Byblia goetzius, Herbst. This species includes B.

achelova, Wallengren, B. castanea, Butler, and B.

vulgaris, Staudinger.

Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. In one or

other of the above forms it is found in Aden, Abyssinia,

Somaliland, East Africa, Nyassaland, Transvaal, Natal

and Cape Colony; but its distributiou is especially dis-

tinguished by a wider range than that of the preceding

species on the West coast and a less wide range on the

Kast.

In Sokotra it is replaced by the nearly allied B. boydi,

Dixey.

The distribution of the two species has been discussed

in great detail by Dr. Dixey (11. pp. 376-379).

13. Atella phalantha, Drury.

Capt. Dunn took this on the Bahr al-Zarafa.

It has been taken in Abyssinia, and, I believe, on the

Bahr al-Ghazal.

The species is widely distributed in Africa south of

the Sahara, it occurs in Madagascar and Mauritius, also

in India, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, China and Japan, but

it is not in Col. Yerbury’s Aden list.

Sub-family ACRAEINAE.

14. Acraea acerata, Hewitson, form vinidia, Hew.

Taken in abundance by Loat at Gondokoro, January 12th,

1902 [Lat. 4°54’ N.]. A solitary male was taken by the

Swedes at Gebel En, February 18th, 1901 [Lat. 12° 37’ N.].

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 23

In 1912 the engineer of our steamer took a male on

board near Ladé, February 13th, 1912 [Lat. 5° 5’ N.}].

Mr. Eltringham tells me that this species is found through

practically the whole of Africa south of the Sahara.

15. Acraea terpsichore, Linné, form rougeti, Guérin.

I took a single specimen, February 12th, 1912, at

Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.].

Mr. Eltringham tells me that this species is even more

widely distributed than the last, extending to the Islands.

16. Acraea natalica, Boisduval.

Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa.

Widely distributed in South and East Africa: the

nearest locality to the White Nile given by Mr. Eltringham

(13. p. 192) is Kibwezi in British Hast Africa.

17. Acraea encedon, Linné.

Loat took a male at Gondokoro which was intermediate

between the typical form and A. daira, Godman and

Salvin. The Swedish expedition took a male of the form

daira at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.], and Selous took three

males at the same place, as well as two males at Tawfikiya

[Lat. 9° 25’ N.]; Mr. Trimen says these are all small and

pale, and more or less inclining to the form daira.

In 1912 I took a male at Tawfikiyaé which approached

the form infuscata, Staudinger, and another near Diléb

Hill [Lat. 9° 22’ N.] of the form lycza, Wallengren, with

much white about it.

Thus it will be seen that this species, in several forms,

ranges in the White Nile district over at least 7° of latitude.

Mr. Eltringham (13. p. 210) gives its distribution as from

Sierra Leone to the East Coast and from the Cape to Upper

Egypt, also to the Islands.

Its larva feeds on Commelina.

18. Acraea abdera, Hewitson (= cepheus, Linné).

Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa.

Mr. Eltringham (13. p. 112) gives its range as including

the Bahr al-Ghazal, the Congo basin, Angola, Gold Coast

and Gaboon.

24 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

Family LYCAENIDAE.

19. Polyommatus baeticus, Linné.

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa; by Loat near

Kaka, and at Gondokoro; by Selous near Tawila, and by

the Swedish expedition at Khartim, Ad-Duwém, and

Mohadan Zarafa.

I found it in abundance at Khartim in 1909, and also

met with it at Ad-Duwém. In 1912 I found it again at the

last-named place, and also at Rejaf.

This, probably the most widely-distributed of all the

“ Blues,” may be said to occur throughout our district,

but it would not appear to be plentiful except at Khartim.

Rothschild speaks of it as “common in Egypt from Cairo

to Khartim.’ He also took it at Al-Nakhila, on the

Atbara River. I have myself taken a few specimens near

Cairo and have seen it in some numbers at Aswan.

It is common at Aden and it has been recorded from

Abyssinia and Somaliland, and has a wide range in South

Africa, as well as in Europe, Asia and Australia.

20. Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabricius.

The Swedes took two very dwarfed males on Abba Island

[Lat. 13° 22’ N.}.

This species has a wide distribution in South, Central,

East, and West Africa, but I have no other record for the

White Nile.

21. Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius.

Loat met with this common and widely-distributed insect

at Kaka, Mongalla and Gondokoro. The Swedes took it at

Khartiim, Abba Island, Renk and Kaka.

In 1909, besides seeing it in abundance at Khartim, I

took it at Sdba (on the Blue Nile), at Ad-Duwém and at

Tawila. In 1912 it was again abundant near Khartim as

well as near Sdba station, and on the battlefield of Kerreri.

Up the White Nile it occurred at Ad-Duwém (commonly),

Diléb, Shambi (several), Tombé, Kiré, Mongalla, Gondo-

koro and Rejaf, as well as on the Bahr al-ZarAfa.

Mr. Rothschild took it commonly at Al-Nakhila and at

Shendi, but found it rare at Khartiim. In 1909 I took one

at Wad Ben Naga station, about twenty miles south of

Shendi, as well as at Aswan and Luxor.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 25

Shortly, it may be said that the range of this butterfly

in North East Africa extends from Luxor to Gondokoro.

It is common at Aden, and Bennett took a specimen in

Sokotra. Thrupp took it in Somaliland. It also occurs in

Senegal.

According to Bingham (4. vol. 1, p. 419) it occurs in

Persia and Balichistan as well as throughout India and in

Ceylon. This and the next species reach Hurope.

22. Tarucus telicanus, Lang (= plinius, Fabr. = pulcher,

Murray).

Loat took a male near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.). In 1912

I took a male at Hillet al-Nuweér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.] and in the

same year took two specimens at Port Sadan.

In 1909 I took one at Aswan, two at Luxor, and another

as far north as Tel al-Amarna [Lat. 27° 37’ N.]; but though

ranging in the Nile Valley from that latitude down to

8° 13’ N., it would not appear to be common at any of the

places named.

Though the species is well known in Central and South

Africa as well as at Aden, and is found in Northern India,

I have no record from Somaliland or Sokotra.

23. Castalius usemia, Neave.

Mr. Neave’s types of this neatly marked little butterfly

were taken in the Victoria Nyanza district.

I was fortunate in securing a single example at the Rejaf

wooding station [Lat. 4° 50’ N.].

24. Cupido cretosus, Butler.

A female was brought home by the Swedish expedition

from Renk [Lat.-11° 45’ N.]; concerning this Aurivillius

remarks: ‘‘ This rare species was hitherto only recorded

from Senegal and from Abyssinia.” The variety C. lactin-

atus, Butler, has been met with in Somaliland.

25. Catochrysops eleusis, Demaison.

This little-known but very distinct “ Blue” was taken

by the Rothschild party at Aswan, Wadi Halfa, and at

Nakhila on the Atbara. I have myself met with it at

Aswan, Abt Simbel, and Kharttim, but not south of the

latter place. The Swedish expedition also found it at

Kharttim. Its range in latitude would therefore appear

26 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on

to be from 24°—153° N. It is usually common where it

occurs, and at Aswan it appeared to be attached to the

pink-flowered Lotus arabicus, Linn.

26. Catochrysops malathana, Boisduval, var. nilotica,

Aurivillius.

Two males were taken by the Swedes to the South of

Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

I have no other record in the Sfidan of this common

Central and South African butterfly, which has also been

reported from Lagos and Madagascar, as well as from

Lahej in Southern Arabia.

27. Zizera lysimon, Hiibner. This includes Z. karsandra,

Moore, and, according to De Nicéville, also Z. knysna,

Trimen.

In 1909 I took this fairly commonly at Khartim, also

a single example at Kosti [Lat. 13° 10’ N.] and another

at Luxor.

In 1912 I took two on Abba Island, one at Kédék, also

one at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.], as well as one at Port

Sadan.

Rothschild took one at Nakhila (f. karsandra); Bennett

found it plentiful in Sokotra, and Yerbury took it at Aden

(f. knysna).

This species is common in Central and South Africa, but

I have no record of it on the White Nile south of 9° 25’ N.

According to Bingham (4. vol. u, p. 358) it extends

northwards to Southern Europe, Central and Western

Asia; eastwards to India and Ceylon; southwards to

Malaya and Australia.

28. Chilades trochilus, Freyer.

Loat took three at K4ka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

In 1909 I took one at Asw4n, and another at Kharttim.

In 1912 I took three at Port Sidén. Cholmley took it

north of Suakin; Yerbury at Aden; also Peel in Somaliland.

It occurs also in the Victoria Nyanza district, British

Kast Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia, and also at

Lagos. To these Bingham (4. vol. i, p. 368) adds South

Eastern Europe, Central Asia, India, Ceylon, Burma,

Malaya, and Australia.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 27

29. Lycaenesthes amarah, Guérin.

Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, and by

Loat at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.].

In 1912 I took a male at Lal [Lat. 9° 47’ N.], also one

of each sex at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] and a male at

Gondokoro.

Its northern limit on the White Nile would appear, so

far at least as the above records go, to be about 10° N.

Cholmley met with it north of Suakin, and Yerbury at

Aden, where it is common. It also occurs in Somaliland,

in Central and East Africa and southwards down to

Rhodesia and Natal.

30. Lycaenesthes otacilia, Trimen.

I took a male on January 8th, 1912, near Soba station,

on the Blue Nile, about ten miles above Kharttim, but have

no other records for this part of Africa.

It is met with in Somaliland, British East Africa,

Rhodesia, Natal and Cape Colony.

31. Azanus jesous, Guérin.

Bingham (4. vol. ui, p. 363) considers this as the same

species as gamra, Lederer, and crameri, Moore: De Nicé-

ville considers the two latter as synonyms of sigillata,

Butler. Loat took a male at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.],

but I have not myself met with this butterfly nearer to

the White Nile than Port Sadan. Mr. Peel took several

in Somaliland. It occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district,

in British East Africa, British Central Africa, Rhodesia

and Natal. Bingham (4. vol. ii, p. 364) adds Arabia,

(Yerbury gives sigillata), Balichistan, a great part of India,

Burma and Ceylon.

32. Azanus ubaldus, Cramer (A. zena, Moore; A. thebana

Staudinger).

The Swedish expedition took it at Khartiim and on

Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.].

In 1909 I found it fairly common at Khartiim, and also

took single specimens at Ad-Duwém and Hillet Abbas

[Lat. 13° 7’ N.] as well as at Amada, in Nubia [Lat. 22°

45’ N1]. |

In 1912 I again took it at Khartfim and Ad-Duwém,

28 Dr. G. B. Longstafft on

also at Melit [Lat. 10° 27’ N.], Daléb [Lat. 9° 22’ N.],

Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.] and Mongalla [ Lat. 5° 12’ N.].

Mr. N. C. Rothschild took it near Shendi [ Lat. 16° 42’

N.] as well as at Nakhila [Lat. 17° 25’ N.], but did not find

it common at either place.

Thus it would appear to range along the Nile Valley from

the Tropic of Cancer, almost to Uganda.

Yerbury found it (zena) to be “ generally distributed ”

at Aden; Peel took it (thebana) in Sokotra, while Col.

Manders met with it at Suakin (zena). It has also been

taken in Somaliland and Natal.

Bingham (4. vol. ul, p. 363) gives Baltchistén, India,

Ceylon and Burma.

33. Deudorix livia, Klug.

The type was taken “ inter Kineh et Assuan Novembre,”

i.e. curca Lat. 25° N.

The Swedes took two females on Abba Island [Lat.

18° 22’ N.].

Personally I know it as a native of Port Stidan only.

Prof. Poulton took a specimen near the Great Pyramid.

Col. Yerbury used to take it at Aden and remarks on the

similarity of the female to that of the next species. Aurtvil-

lius gives Somaliland as a locality, also Nubia and British

Kast Africa.

34. Virachola antalus, Hopffer.

I took three at Tawila in 1909 [Lat. 13° 10’ N.], and

one at Port Stidan in 1912.

It is found practically throughout tropical and South

Africa as well as in Madagascar.

35. Hypolycaena philippus, Fabricius.

On February 22nd, 1912, I took one specimen at Tawila

[Lat. 13° 16’ N.], but have no other White Nile records for

this butterfly.

It occurs in Somaliland, in Uganda, and has a wide

distribution in tropical Africa, occurring also in Natal.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 29

Family PAPILIONIDAE.

Sub-family PIERINAE.

36. Herpaena ertphia, Godart (= melanarge, Butler),

f. lactecpennis, Butler; the extreme dry-season form

is termed by Aurivillius straminea.

Found by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. A very small

example (1’’ 34’’’ = say 33 mm.) of the extreme “ dry ”’

form was taken by Selous at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.].

The Swedes took two males of the form straminea at Gebel

En and Kaka respectively : the alar expanse of these was

31 mm. and 38 mm.

I took a very small example of each sex at Tawila in

1909. In 1912 I took another at the same place, as well

as three on Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’ N.] and three more

at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.]: these were all small.

Klug’s specimens of Pontia tritogenia, which is not dis-

tinguishable from ervphia, were taken at Ambuk6l in July

and August. There is a specimen in the Coll. Hope labelled

“ Nubia.”

On the White Nile, however, the above records indicate

a distribution limited by the latitudes 13° 16’ and 10° 40’ N.

This insect is found all along the eastern side of Africa,

in Madagascar, throughout South Africa, and it has been

recorded from Senegal.

Yerbury records H. zterata, Butler, for Aden: Aurivillus

(3. p. 31) seems to doubt whether it is specifically distinct.

This form is also recorded for Somaliland, as well as for

German East Africa, and British East Africa.

37. Belenois gidica, Godart, including f. abyssinica, Lucas

(Northern form), and f. westwoodi, Wallengren.

Capt. Dunn took the form abyssinica on the Bahr al-

Zarafa, and Loat took several of the same form near Kaka,

as well as two at Gondokoro. The Swedes took a male of

£. westwoodi at Gebel En [Lat. 12° 37’ N.], and two males

of the form abyssinica at Renk.

In 1912 I found it common at Gebel Ahmed Agha [Lat.

11° 0’ N.], and took a few specimens at Kaka, Kanisa,

Mongalla, Lad6, Gondokoro, and Rejaf.

It will be seen that I have no record of this common

30 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

South African “‘ White,” north of Lat. 12° 37’ N., 2. e. three

degrees above Khartiim.

This species is found in Abyssinia and throughout South

and East Africa, and in one or two districts in West Africa.

A female had a faint scent. (Compare Longstaff, 16.

p. 512.)

38. Belenois severina, Cramer.

Both Aurivillius and Dixey regard leucogyne, Butler, and

boguensis, Felder, as races of severina, and transitional

forms are common.

Dunn found typical specimens as well as boguensis on

the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took both forms at Mongalla

[Lat. 5° 12’ N.] and the typical form at Gondokoro.

In 1912 I met with the typical form at Gebel Ahmed Agha

[Lat. 11° 0’ N.], Daléb, Hillet al-Nuwér, Shambi, Kanisa,

Tombé [Lat. 5° 43’ N.], and Rejéf. The same year I took

the form boguensis at Melit [Lat. 10° 27], Daléb, Shambi

and Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.].

These records give a very similar distribution for typical

severina and for the f. boguensis; moreover the latter is

common in the Victoria Nyanza country, and Selous took

it on the Bahr al-Ghazal.

B. severina is the “Common White” of South Africa,

covering the whole continent south of the Sahara, passing

over into Madagascar, while Col. Yerbury records it from

Aden (under the name of leuwcogyne), but it does not enter

the Oriental province.

39. Belenois mesentina, Cramer (= lordaca, Walker).

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. It was found

commonly by Loat at Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.], Mongalla

[Lat. 5° 12’ N.] and Gondokoro. The Swedes took it at

Mohadan Zarafa, and at Kaka; the specimens, more

especially the males, being very small.

In 1909 I found it in abundance at Kharttim, and took

three at Sdba. It was common at Ad-Duwém and I took

a solitary male at Tawila. In 1912 I took several in the

Khartim district, including Kaderfi and Kerreri. On the

White Nile it occurred at Tawila, Renk, Meshra Zarafa,

Kaka (common), Meltit (common), Lil, Tawfikiyaé, Daléb

(common, but all the specimens taken were remarkably

small), lower Bahr al-Zarafa (common), Shambi, Kanisa,

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 31

Bor, Malék, Tombé, Kiréd, Mongalla (females abundant,

males scarce), Lad6, Gondokoro and Rejéf—in fact,

throughout the district.

Rothschild took several on the Atbara; it is common

at Port Sadan and at Aden [under the name of lordaca].

It also occurs in Somaliland. B. mesentina has by far the

widest distribution of the genus, extending as it does over

the greater part of Africa, Madagascar, Persia, Afghanistan,

India and Ceylon.

Yerbury notes its attachment to a species of Capparis

on which the larva feeds.

I found the males to have a slight scent, variously

suggesting the adjectives “musky,” “aromatic,” “flowery.”

40. Pinacopteryx venata, Butler.

[Plate II, figs. 1 g, 29, 3 u.s.]

The type of this little-known butterfly, a female, was

captured by Petherick somewhere on the White Nile.*

Another female was taken by Capt. H. W. Dunn on the

Bahr al-Zarafa in 1900.

On March 8th, 1902, Mr. Loat took a male at Gondokoro,

which was described by Dixey (12. p. 141).

Meanwhile the authorities at the British Museum had

identified this species with P. doxo, Godart, but Messrs.

Trimen and Dixey, who have both carefully examined

Godart’s type at Edinburgh, are satisfied that this identifi-

cation is wrong. Godart’s insect appears to come nearest

to P. sumana, Hopfter.+

In February 1912 I was fortunate enough to capture

twelve specimens of this distinct, though not very attractive

“ White,” viz. a male and three females at Shambi [Lat.

7° 0’ N.], a male and two females at Malék [Lat. 6° 7’ N.],

and three males and two females at Gondokoro [Lat.

4° 54’ N.].

Mr. Loat’s specimens and my own were all found between

Lat. 7° 0’ N. and Lat. 4° 54’ N., but Capt. Dunn’s specimen

must have come from further North, probably 8° 30’ N.,

or even 9° N., and the precise locality of Petherick’s speci-

men is also unknown.

* “ Descriptions of a New Genus and six New Species of Pierinae,”’

by A. G. Butler, F.L.S., etc. (There called [vias venatus.) Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 169, Plate VII, fig. 7.

+ Dixey, Proc. Ent. Soc. London (1912), pp. xlii, xiii.

32 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on

[Synchloé glauconome, Klug.

The type is said to have come from “ Arabia deserta,

in Monte Sinai ad Erigeron denticulatum.”

Rothschild took it at Aswan and at Shendi [Lat. 16° 42’

N.]. Cholmley found it north of Suakin. Col. Yerbury

reported it as common and generally distributed in the

Aden district, the larva feeding upon Cleome paradoxa

[Nat. Ord. Capparidaceae}.

I have taken it near Cairo, and found it commonly at

Port Stdan, but have no record for Kharttim, or the

White Nile.

Bingham states that it occurs in Persia, Balichistan,

the Pamirs and the Panjéb. The Hon. Walter Rothschild

tells me that it occurs on the Sahara.

Aurivillius (1. p. 414) gives SomAliland on the authority

of Miss E. M. Sharpe (20. p. 528). In the same work (p. 497)

he indicates this as one of three Ethiopian species (the

other two being Acraea doubledayi, Guér., and Teracolus

chrysonome, Klug) which extend northward into the

Palaearctic province. However, I should regard glau-

conome as a Palaearctic species which just enters the north

of the Ethiopian province.

Three males yielded a distinct sweet scent like that of

Freesia. |

41. Calomeris eulimene, Klug.

The types (both sexes) of this beautiful local and singular

butterfly came from Ambukél, a place in the Dongéla

district, situated on the Nile just below Korti in Lat.

18° 4’ N.

In 1909 I took a single specimen, a male, at Burri, the

eastern suburb of Kharttim, also seven other males at

Soba on the Blue Nile about twelve miles above Kharttim.

In 1912 I took a female a little to the north of Sdba

station on the east bank of the Blue Nile, and, a week later,

took three males and two females between that spot and

Kharttm. These were for the most part in poor condition.

Mr. N. C. Rothschild took a single specimen at Shendi.

Mr. A. J. Cholmley took five in 1896 at Ambaia Erba,

north of Suakin.

Mrs. Waterfield took several at Port Sadan during the

latter part of 1911 and the beginning of 1912, and I myself

during the last days of February and first days of March

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 33

secured no less than eighteen males and nine females.

My Port Stidan specimens may be distinguished from those

taken near Khartiim by the greater development of the

black markings, and more especially by the orange veins

on the undersides of the hind-wings being edged with black.

I associate this greater strength of coloration [not present

in Klug’s types] with spring rains reported by Mrs. Water-

field as having fallen at Port Stidan, but which did not

occur at Kharttm.

The above are all the records that I have come across.

Boisduval [Sp. Gén. der Lepid., vol. i, sp. 581] only quotes

Klug. .

ae ttle doubt that this butterfly is attached to

the Desert Caper, Capparis aphylla, Roth., a leafless bush

with bluish-green stems and inconspicuous flowers with

red stamens.

Three males appeared to have a faint sweet scent,

suggesting in one case Gorse.

42. Teracolus calais, Cramer (= dynamene, Klug, =

carnifer, Butler).

Klug’s types came from Ambukél, and from “ Arabia

deserta.”

Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa.:

In 1909 I took two at Tawila, and in 1912 I captured

in all twelve specimens at various points on the White

Nile from Tawila in Lat. 13° 16’ N., up to Kanisa in Lat.

6° 50’ N., half my specimens coming from the latter place.

Col. Yerbury found it one of the commonest butterflies

at Aden, where its larva feeds on the Salvadora persica,

Linn. [Nat. Ord. Salvadoraceae].

It has a wide range in Africa—Abyssinia, Somaliland,

Victoria Nyanza district, British East Africa, German Hast

Africa, the Congo, Damaraland, Angola; in Asia it is found

in Arabia, Persia, Sind and North-west India; but in

Southern India it gives place to 7. amatus, Fabricius.

43. Teracolus phisadia, Godart ( = arne, Klug).

Klug recorded this from Ambuk6l as well as from

“* Arabia deserta.”’

Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took

five males and two females near Kak&. Selous took two

males at Tawila. The Swedes took four males and a

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) D

34 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on

female on Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.] and at Renk

[Lat. 11° 45’ N.].

In 1909 I took six males and six females at Tawila

[Lat. 13° 16’ N.]. In 1912 I took in all fifteen males and

sixteen females, the distribution of which was remarkable.

A solitary female occurred at “the Mahdi’s place” on

Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.]. Thirteen specimens were

brought home from Tawila, some half-a-dozen miles to

the south of the last-named locality, where it was as

common as on the occasion of my first visit. Fifteen

were taken on Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’ N.] and a

solitary male at Mashra Zarafa [Lat. 10° 50’ N.].

I have not been able to determine the precise latitude

of Capt. Dunn’s locality, but it must have been some-

where between 9° 30’ and 7° 0’ N., or considerably south

of my localities, which all lie between 13° 22’ N. and

10° 50’ N., the great majority of the specimens occurring

a little to the north or south of the 13th parallel.

Cholmley saw but one example, at Wadi Gabait. Nurse

and Yerbury found it abundant and variable at Aden;

its larva feeding on Salvadora persica, Linn. It is also

recorded from the Lebanon, Somaliland, Abyssinia,

British East Africa and Senegal.

My impression is that of a very local butterfly, abundant

where it occurs, somewhat sluggish in habit and easily

caught.

44. Teracolus castalis, Staudinger.

The only record on the White Nile that I know of is

my capture of two males at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] on

February 17th, 1912.

It occurs in British East Africa, both in the Victoria

Nyanza Country and at Mombasa, also in Somaliland.

45. Teracolus chrysonome, Klug.

The type came from Ambukél. T. helvolus, Butler, is

the dry-season form.

Rothschild found it common at Gebel Margel, near

Shendi. I took a female near Mogran (on the Western,

or White Nile, side of Khartiim) on February 8th, 1909.

Cholmley found it very common in January and February

about Halaib on the Red Sea. Peel took it in Somaliland

(f. helvolus, Butl.).

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 35

Mrs. Waterfield and [ found it in numbers, though local,

in the scrub on the landward side of Port Siidan, males

preponderating largely. It did not turn up in the Park.

I have not come across any records from the White Nile

district south of Khartiim, but it has a wide range further

south, being found in Uganda, British Kast Africa, German

East Africa, Portuguese Hast Africa, Congo, Rhodesia

and Angola. Aurivillius (3. p. 51) adds Arabia and Northern

Nigeria.

The sexes are distinct enough, but it is not so strikingly

dimorphic as most species of the genus, nor does it seem

to be variable.

46. Teracolus vesta, Reiche.

The type came from Abyssinia.

I took a solitary specimen at Rejaf [Lat. 4° 45’ N.], on

February 14th, 1912, and have no other records from this

part of Africa although its range includes Mombasa, Natal,

Mashonaland, the Transvaal, Delagoa Bay, Damaraland

and Angola.

47. Teracolus amelia, Lucas.

The type came from British East Africa.

Aurivillius (3. p. 52) says that this species, which extends

from Senegal to Nubia, is very likely a local race of the

preceding, but Dixey considers them quite distinct.

Loat took a solitary female, of the dry-season form,

near Kaka; the Swedish expedition took another specimen,

also a female, at the same place [Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

I did not come across this species and have no other

records from that part of the world, but there is a specimen

in the Hope collection from Abyssinia (River Atbara).

48. Teracolus protomedia, Klug.

Klug says: “ex Arabia felici, Ambukohl: mensibus

Julio et Augusto.”

Petherick took both sexes on the White Nile. Dunn

took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took five females

near Kaka. Selous took two of each sex near Tawfikiya,

one of the males being very small. The Swedish expedi-

tion took six males and three females all to the south of

Kaka, the specimens being all of normal size and coloration.

In 1909 I took a solitary female at Khartiim, and subse-

quently ten males and one female at Ad-Duwém, also one

36 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

of each sex at Tawila. In 1912 it was quite common in

gardens at Khartim and I saw several at Kadart, ten miles

to the north. Moreover I either took, or saw, it at almost

every stopping-place on the White Nile, right up to Rejaf.

The Rothschild party took eight at Nakhila. Cholmley

took it commonly north of Suakin. I saw several at Port

Sadan, while Yerbury found it at Aden. Peel took a male

at Sibi, West Somaliland, in 1895. It occurs also in

Uganda, at Mombasa, in German Kast Africa, and

at Yola in Nigeria. It is thus evident that this large

handsome swiftly-flying butterfly has a wide distribution.

Butler remarks that specimens of this species almost

invariably arrive in a more or less broken condition. It

has a strong flight and is, I should imagine, long lived.

The sexes are not remarkably different in appearance, and

the insect does not appear to vary otherwise than in size.

In six males I have detected a slight scent, not easy to

describe. The words “dusty,” “stuffy,” “musky,”

“peculiar,” “ like wood,” and “ very faint Freesia’’ have

been applied to it. (Compare 16. p. 510.)

49. Teracolus halimede, Klug.

This includes Klug’s acaste, from Ambukél. Butler’s

leo is a form or race of this species, but no marked line

can be drawn between it and the type; coelestis, Swinhoe,

is not specifically distinct.

Klug’s types came from Ambukél, as well as from

“‘ Arabia felix and Arabia deserta.’’ Consul Petherick

sent it home from the White Nile. Loat took a male and

two females near Kaka. Selous found it common at

Tawila and took a female opposite Renk ; all his specimens

would appear to have been of the form leo. The Swedes

took one of each sex on Abba Island; these were assigned

by Aurivillus to var. acaste, Klug.

In 1909 I took a number from Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14°

0’ N.] to Gebel En [Lat. 12° 37’ N.].

In 1912 I took in all twenty-two (many of the form leo)

on the White Nile, namely : on Abba Island five, at Tawila

nine, on Masran Island five, at Gebel En two, and at Kaka

one [ Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

So far as my information goes its limits on the White

Nile are Lat. 14° 0’ N. and Lat. 10° 40’ N., with head-

quarters at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.]. It is an insect not

easily overlooked.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 37

Cholmley took two of the form leo north of Suakin, and

Yerbury took it at Aden [given under the names acaste,

Klug, and coelestis, Swinhoe]. The food-plant of the larva

is Cadaba glandulosa.

It is a common butterfly at Port Sadan and not as local

as the next species. I found many females extremely

worn, suggesting prolonged life.

This variable insect ranges over Abyssinia, Somaliland,

British East Africa and German East Africa.

A male had a distinct musky odour. (Compare 16.

p- 510.)

50. Teracolus pleione, Klug (=miriam, Felder).

The type came: “ex Arabia felici.”

Petherick took it somewhere on the White Nile, and Loat

took a female near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

On February 5th, 1912, I captured two females at Kaka,

both of the form with an orange flush, approaching the

male colouring. I know of no other specimens from the

White Nile.

At Port Sidan this butterfly is extremely local; in

certain spots in the Park it is very abundant, I took also

a few specimens to the north of the harbour. The males

had little or no orange flush.

Col. Yerbury took it in abundance at Aden, where he and

Col. Nurse noted that it attached itself closely to a certain

shrub, Cadaba glandulosa [Nat. Ord. Capparidaceae],

on which the larva feeds. I can confirm this, though I

did not identify the shrub. Late in the afternoon I have

beaten the butterflies out of these shrubs in such numbers

that on several occasions I have had five or six in my net

at once.

Col. Yerbury tells me that most of his specimens were

of a darker yellow than mine, also that in the Aden district

about one out of every four females has the yellow flush.

This butterfly has also been found in Abyssinia.

A male had a scent like Freesia.

51. Teracolus eris, Klug.

The type came from Ambukdl.

The only northern record that I have of this widely-

spread species is the capture of a solitary male at Masran

Island [Lat. 12° 45’] in 1912. I think, however, that Mrs,

Waterfield has taken it at Port Sidan.

38 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

Dr. Dixey and I took a few specimens in South Africa,

at Ladysmith and the Victoria Falls, but it is a very rapid

flyer, so that a small proportion only of those seen is actually

secured.

Its area of distribution includes Abyssinia, Somaliland,

the Victoria Nyanza, German East Africa, Rhodesia,

Matabeleland, Natal and Angola.

52. Teracolus hetaera, Gerstaecker.

Mr. Loat took a female of this species near Kaka [Lat. 10°

40’ N.], which was at first thought by Dr. Dixey (13. p. 146)

to be a yellow form of the female of 7’. phleqgyas. I have no

other record for the White Nile.

Its range extends from the Victoria Nyanza to Mombasa.

53. Teracolus phlegyas, Butler.

The synonymy of this species is puzzling. Butler called

its dry-season form jalone, and the male of the same

coliagenes. Again T. imperator, Butler, is indistinguishable

from phlegyas. According to Trimen phlegyas is wone,

Godart, in spite of the fact that Godart’s description of

tone agrees closely with the Natal insect. Trimen lays stress

on the fact that Natal was not known to white men in

Godart’s day. [He died in 1823.] Dixey, however, con-

siders the Natal insect to be specrosus, Wallengren [= erone,

Angas], of which the dry-season form is jobina, Butler, the

wet-season form zone, Godart.

The female is very variable and extremely different from

the male. The types were taken by Petherick on the

White Nile. Capt. Dunn met with it on the Bahr al-Zarafa.

Loat took a typical male near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.].

Selous took two females and a male at Tawfikiya [Lat.

9° 25’ N.]. The Swedes took a male on Abba Island [ Lat.

13° 22’ N.], also a female near Kaka.

In 1912 I took in all ten specimens, viz. two males at

Kir6é [Lat. 5° 22’ N.], two males at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’

N.], two males and a female at Gondokoro, and three

males at Rejéf wooding station.

Thus 7. phlegyas, while it ranges over 84° of latitude

along the White Nile, would appear to be commonest

high up the river, above the Sadd.

Outside our limits this lovely butterfly is met with in

Abyssinia, British East Africa, German East Africa,

Rhodesia, Matabeleland, Natal, Damaraland and Senegal.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 39

This species, and the remark is even more true of 7’.

eupompe, is easily taken late in the afternoon when dis-

turbed from the coarse grass in which the butterflies sleep ;

otherwise I quite agree with Messrs. Marshall * and Loat

(13. p. 146) as to the wildness of their flight. It is remark-

able that the purple-tip is rarely caught sight of during

flight, and even the crimson-tip of ewpompe is not nearly

so conspicuous as might be supposed, but both butterflies

have a peculiar bluish-white look when on the wing.

54. Teracolus euwpompe, Klug.

This species is both sexually dimorphic and variable,

and has consequently been split up by authors into, e. g.

pseudacaste, Butler ; theopompe, Felder, and dedecora, Felder.

It would appear also to be conspecific with miles, Butler

(26. p. 10).

Klug says: “ Habitat in Arabia deserta, in Sinai monte,

in Dongola et Habessinia.” Capt. Dunn took it on the

Bahr al-Zarafa. Petherick took it on the White Nile. Loat

took both sexes at Kaka and near Mongalla, as well as at

Gondokoro. Selous took a male at Tawila, and both

sexes at Tawfikiyé. The Swedish expedition took nine

males and one female at Renk, Gebel En, and Kaka; these

included the forms theopompe, Feld., and dedecora, Feld.

In 1909 I took two females at Gebel fin; seven males and

a female at Tawila, and an aberrant female at “the

Mahdi’s place ” on Abba Island.

In 1912 I met with it in considerable numbers, finding

it at nearly every landing-place from Ad-Duwém to Rejaf.

It was very common at Gebel Ahmed Agha, Kanisa and

Mongalla, but might be described as abundant at Rejaf.

This species varies greatly insize. Ina very few examples

there is a purple glance or sheen on the crimson-tip. Many

of the females were much worn. The great beauty of the

males so fascinated me that I could not resist taking a

considerable number, hence my collection gives the wrong

impression that this species was commoner on the White

Nile than, say, 7. evarne, which is less attractive.

The Rothschild party took it commonly (pseudacaste)

at Al-Nakhila in 1904, but I have no record from Khar-

tim. Mr. Cholmley took it commonly north of Suakin,

and Peel found it in Somaliland. It is common enough at

Port Sidan; Col. Yerbury took two specimens at Aden

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 354, 371.

40 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

(miles). It is found in Abyssinia, Somaliland (the commonest

butterfly at Zaila), the Victorian Nyanza district, British

East Africa, German East Africa and in Senegal.

In two males I detected a slight scent, in one described

as “ sweet,” in the other as “ stuffy.”

55. Teracolus achine, Cramer.

This fine species is variable and accordingly has received

several names. J’. svmplex, Sharpe, was described from a

dry-season male from Durban; antevippe, Boisduval, and

helle, Butler, are names given by the latter author to

Petherick’s specimens (both sexes) from the White Nile.

Selous, in 1911, took two males of the extreme dry-season

form at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.].

In 1912 I secured four males and two females on the

White Nile, viz. single specimens at Diléb (not far from

Tawfikiya), Hillet al-Nuwér, Kanisa and Kiré, and a

pair at Rejaf. From these occurrences it may be gathered

that on the White Nile 7. achine is confined to localities

south of Lat. 9° 30’ N., and that it is not very common

anywhere.

Cholmley took a dry-season male (svmplex, Sharpe)

north of Suakin. Peel took a wet-season female in Somali-

land. I took six males and four females at Port Sadan.

It occurs in Rhodesia, Natal, and Cape Colony, and

indeed probably over the whole of Africa south of the

Sahara, if with Dr. Dixey we reckon the West African

T. cartert, Butler, as a sub-species.

56. Teracolus evippe, Linné.

The form of this variable species usually met with on

the White Nile is epigone, Felder, which is the same as

microcale, Butler.

Petherick took a male somewhere on the White Nile.

Loat took a male and six females at Mongalla.

I did not meet with this species in 1909, but in 1912

took twelve males and twoj}females in localities ranging

from Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.] to Gondokoro. It was

not common anywhere, but three out of my fourteen

specimens were captured on the small patch of firm ground

in the Sadd known as Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.].

Col. Yerbury met with it at Aden [epigone], but so far

as I know it does not occur at Port Sidan.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 41

It occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district, Natal, Cape

Colony, Sierra Leone, Lagos, South Nigeria, the Gambia

district, the Cameroons and Angola.

The White Nile specimens are very small and many

of them have the orange-tip paler than in specimens taken

further south.

A male yielded a scent like Freesia.

[ Teracolus omphale, Godart.

The Swedish expedition sent home two Teracoli, a male

and a female, one taken at Renk, the other at Kaka, in

February. Aurivillius calls them 7’. theogone, Boisduval,

the winter form of omphale. He adds that both the

specimens are small, the male measuring 33 mm. in expanse,

the female only 28 mm.

I have not come across any other record of this species

being taken on the White Nile, and did not myself meet

with it anywhere in the Stdan.

Odd specimens of the genus Teracolus are difficult to

determine, and it seems reasonable to conjecture that the

butterflies taken by the Swedes were not omphale, but

perhaps the epigone form of evippe, or some other ad-

mittedly White Nile species, such as achine, or evagore.

Omphale occurs in Somaliland, though Peel did not

come across it there; the two butterflies which Dr. Dixey

(11. p. 15) so named, turn out, as he informs me, to be

respectively an “intermediate” male of 7. evagore, Klug,

and a wet-season female of 7. achine, Cramer.

It has also been taken in Abyssinia and almost all over

Africa south of the Equator. The Hope collection contains

two specimens from the Gambia.

In the absence of confirmatory evidence I exclude T.

omphale from the White Nile list.]

57. Teracolus daira, Klug. -

The synonymy of this species also is puzzling. Not only

is it sexually dimorphic, but the ground-colour of the

female may be either white or ochreous. Klug stated that

the types came “ex Arabia felici.”

Dr. Dixey has carefully studied long series of this butterfly

and a closely allied form from Aden, which he is convinced

is quite distinct. While admitting that Klug’s male insect

might well have come from Arabia, he asserts that no such

42 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

(ochreous) female as that figured in the Symbolae Physicae

has been received from Arabia since Klug’s time. Shortly,

he thinks that Klug had before him two nearly allied

species, an Arabian male and an African female.

Meanwhile Swinhoe described the Aden species as yer-

buru, and Dixey is strongly of opinion that it would be

convenient for that name to stand, and the name daira

to be confined to the African species. Probably Klug’s

type (female) of dara came from Ambukél.

Petherick took this species on the White Nile. Dunn

found it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took it near Kaka

and at Mongalla. Selous took two males at Tawila and

other two near Tawfikiya. The Swedish expedition sent

home four males and four females, from Abba Island,

Renk and Kaka.

In 1909 I took a male at Kharttim, six males and four

females at Ad-Duwém, a female at Hillet Abbas, and three

males and two females at Tawila.

In 1912 I captured a male between Séba and Khartim,

and met with it more or less commonly all the way up the

White Nile to Rejaf. My specimens vary in colour and

even more in size, but the dwarfs were not localised, e. g.

at Malék two males were taken, one of them described as

“a dwarf with very little black,’ the other as “a fine

large specimen with much black.” One male was yellowish

in ground-colour; in some females there is an orange-red

flush before the tip, but in a large specimen this is quite

absent, the tip being broadly black.

Mrs. Waterfield took a number at Port Sadan, where I

found one of each sex. Rothschild took it on the Atbara,

also at Shendi. Cholmley took a female “ below Shelal

mountain.”

It occurs in Abyssinia, Somaliland and British East

Africa.

58. Teracolus evagore, Klug.

The type is said to have come “ex Arabia deserta.”’

Dr. Dixey considers 7. nouna, Lucas, T. saxeus, Swinhoe,

T. glycera, Butler, T. demagore, Felder, and T. heuglini,

Felder, to be all synonyms of this variable species, which

has a wide distribution almost throughout Africa, and

extending to 8. Arabia.

Petherick took a male on the White Nile, also a female

which Butler referred to demagore, Feld. Dunn took it on

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 43

the Bahr al-Zarafa (glycera). Loat met with it (glycera)

commonly near Kaka and at Mongalla, also four males

at Gondokoro. The Swedes seem to have found it pretty

common at Renk and Kaka (heuglini). Selous took both

sexes at Tawfikiya (f. heuglinc).

I did not come across it in 1909, but in 1912 found it

from Gebel Ahmad Agha (a degree and a half south of

the furthest point reached by me in 1909), at most of the

places visited right up to Rejaf. It was distinctly com-

moner south of Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.], being especially

abundant at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. It varied in

size, and the female varied in the proportion of black and

orange in the tip of the fore-wing.

Col. Yerbury took it at Aden (nowna and saxeus), also

on the Somali coast. Under the name nowna it is well

known as the Algerian Teracolus. Its larva feeds on a

species of Capparis.

59. Teracolus ephyia, Klug.

[Plate II, fig. 4 J, fig. 5 9, fig. 6 Ju. s.]

The type (male) of this little-known butterfly came from

Ambukol. Aurivillius (1. p. 439) gives as other localities

“? Angola, ? Damaraland: Rehaboth (Coll. Staud.),”’ but

the same author writing later (3. p. 59) says : “‘ Mit sicher-

heit nur aus Nubien bekannt.”

The Swedish expedition took two males at Khartim.

In 1909 I took four males and a female at Khartiim, and

also four males at Sdba.

In 1912 I took three males near Sdba station, on the

opposite side of the Blue Nile to the ruins of the city. I

also took three males and a female at Kaderi, opposite to

the battlefield of Kerreri (Omdurman).

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild took a Teracolus near Shendi,

where it was abundant, and believes that he saw the same

species on the battlefield of Kerreri in March 1900.* This

he named T. liagore, Klug (18. p. 21), but Dr. Jordan, who

kindly re-examined the specimens at my suggestion, agrees

that they should be referred to ephyia.

The British Museum has two specimens, males, labelled

“ Upper Egypt.”

* In my two flying visits to the battlefield, in 1909 and 1912, I

did not take any Jeracoli, though I have a recollection of having

seen one.

44 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on

This Teracolus has a more restricted distribution than

any that I have met with; my specimens were all taken

within a dozen miles of Khartim—the most southerly at

Soba [Lat. 15° 32’ N.]. Shendi is in Lat. 16° 42’ N., and

Ambukél in Lat. 18° 4’ N., so that the total range in

latitude is but 22°.

There is a specimen in the Hope collection taken by

HK. N. Bennett on the Upper Nile near the Pyramids of

Meroé [Lat. 16° 55’ N.], which are not many miles north

of Shendi. There is, however, another specimen, which

seems to be referable to the same species, that was taken

by “S. L. and H. Hinde ” in the Kenya district of British

Kast Africa—about on the Equator.

Very closely allied to ephyia, but separable from it, is

T. las, Butl., of which Aurivillius (3. p. 5) gives the dis-

tribution as from Damaraland to Natal. Prof. E. B.

Poulton, in 1905, took a specimen at Artesia station,

British Bechuanaland [Lat. 24° §.]. 7. lavs might be termed

the representative species of 7’. ephyia in South Africa.*

Mr. Hinde’s specimen was taken 154° south of my speci-

mens of ephyia, and the extreme north of Damaraland is

yet another 17° further south, so that whether it be referred

to ephyza or to lais, it was found in an (at least apparently)

extremely isolated position.

60. Teracolus lagore, Klug.

[Plate II, fig. 7.3.82, 9 fsa

The type came from Ambukél, though Kirby’s Catalogue

gives Arabia.

This is another little-known butterfly. Miss Sharpe

[A Monograph of Teracolus, 1901, p. 128] considers

hagore to be the dry-season form of daira, but on what

grounds I know not. Dr. Dixey says it is impossible.

In 1909 I took a male at Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14° 0’ N.],

the only White Nile record that I know of. In 1912 I

took a female near Sdéba station.

[For the Hon. N. C. Rothschild’s captures see the

preceding species. |

Mr. Cholmley took four males in the district to the

north of Suakin. Mrs. Waterfield takes it at Port Sadan,

where I myself took seven males and five females.

* Compare Dr, Dixey’s remarks, Proc, Ent. Soc. London (1912),

p- cxli,

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 45

Aurivillius (3. p. 59) confines this species to Nubia, but the

British Museum has two males and a female from Muscat,

South-east Arabia.

The range of this species, though decidedly restricted,

is wider than that of the last, reaching the Red Sea

Littoral on the north-east, and going 13° above Kharttim

on the White Nile towards the south.

I have a fine large female which differs from the example

figured in that the transverse dark bar on the fore-wing

is reduced to two spots, whereas the marginal black spots

on the hind-wing are much more pronounced.

61. Teracolus evarne, Klug.

The type came from Ambukol.

Butler calls the dry-season form citreus, and the geo-

graphical race occurring in Upper Egypt, the White Nile

and Abyssinia, zanthevarne.

This butterfly was taken by Petherick on the White

Nile (citreus and zanthevarne). Dunn took it on the

Bahr al-Zarafa. It was found in some numbers by Loat

at Mongalla and Gondokoro. Selous took two females,

one opposite Renk, the other at Tawfikiya. Two males

and six females brought home by the Swedish expedition

from Renk, Gebel Ahmad Agha and Kaka were referred

by Aurivillius to “ var. hib. citreus, Butl.” ‘

A solitary male was taken by myself in 1909 at Gebel Kn

[Lat. 12° 37’ N.], but in 1912 I brought back twenty-eight

specimens from various places on the White Nile, extending

from Gebel Ahmad Agha in Lat. 11° 0’ N. right up to

Gondokoro. It was by far the commonest at Shambi

(Lat. 7° 0’ N.]. As it is not a very attractive insect on

the wing the number of specimens brought home is not

an exact measure of its abundance, for one’s attention is

apt to be diverted by more conspicuous things.

Rothschild found it common on the Atbara, but it was

not reported by either Cholmley or Yerbury. At Port

Sadan Mrs. Waterfield looks upon it as the commonest

butterfly.

It occurs in Abyssinia, Somaliland (philippsi, Butler), the

Victoria Nyanza district, British Hast Africa, German

Kast Africa and Senegal.

I detected a scent in five males; it was distinct and sweet

in character, in one case compared to Freesia, but in

another described as “ somewhat medicinal.”

46 _. Dr. G. B. Longstafft on

62. Hronia cleodora, Hiibner.

The Sadan form is var. erxia, Hewitson, which is more

similar to the Natal form than to the race with very

wide black borders which is found in the Mombasa

district.

Loat took a wet-season male at Mongalla [ Lat. 5° 12’ N.].

Selous took a small wet-season male near Tawfikiya

[Lat. 9° 25’ N.]. The Swedes took a small (51 mm.) male

as far north as Gebel Hn [Lat. 12° 37’ N.].

In 1912 I took two males at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.], and

saw another specimen at Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.].

This handsome insect ranges over the whole of the

Eastern side of Central and Southern Africa, and it also

occurs in Angola.

63. Eronia leda, Boisduval.

In 1912 I secured a specimen of this very swift butterfly

on the tiny island in the Sadd known as Hillet al-Nuwér

[Lat. 8° 13’ N.], and saw others at Bér [Lat. 6° 13’ N.] and

at Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.].

It would appear that this conspicuous South African

insect does not get further down the White Nile than the

Sadd.

This species has almost the same but not quite as wide

a range over the continent as the preceding.

64. Leuceronia buqueti, Boisduval.

Loat took a female at Gondokoro. Selous took a male

at Tawila.

In 1909 I took a female at Tawila, and in 1912 took

Six specimens in all, viz. two males at Tawila, two males

at Masran Island, a female at Kaka wooding station, and

a female at Malék [Lat. 6° 7’ N.].

Its northern limit, according to these records, is Tawila

[Lat. 13° 16’ N.], whence came four out of the total of

nine specimens.

Col. Yerbury took it at Aden [form arabica, Hopft.];

Thrupp took the same form in Somaliland.

It is found over nearly all Central and South Africa;

it also occurs in Sierra Leone and Madagascar.

I suspected a faint sweet scent in a male specimen, and

noted a slight “scarcely agreeable’ scent in another.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 47

65. Catopsilia florella, Fabricius.

Dunn took this on the Bahr al-Zarafa. The Swedes

took a solitary male to the south of Kaka.

It was common during my stay at Kharttiim in 1909,

less so in 1912. Though I did not myself take this

butterfly on the White Nile above Khartim, it is very

possible that I may have seen it.

Rothschild mentions it as common round Khartim,

and also as seen at Shendi. Cholmley took several north

of Suakin. Mrs. Waterfield found it common enough at

Port Sadan, though I did not myself see it there. Col.

Yerbury took it freely at Aden. Peel found it abundant

in Somaliland, and it extends even to Sokotra, where

Bennett noted of it: “ Fhght strong,” a fact that no one

acquainted with the insect will dispute.

It ranges over Arabia, the whole of Africa south of the

Sahara, and occurs in Madagascar and the Mascarenes.

At Kharttim I repeatedly saw this butterfly settle upon

Cassia obovata, Callad., a dwarf shrub with yellow flowers

that grows commonly on the sand in the outskirts of the

city. Col. Nurse says that its larva feeds upon species

of Cassia.

The strong luscious sweet scent of the males, noticed

by me in South Africa, was confirmed.

66. Terias senegalensis, Boisduval.

Butler considered his chalcomiaeta to be an insular race

of this species.*

Found by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took three

males and a female at Gondokoro; the males were “ dry,”

the female “ intermediate.”

In 1912 I took a single female, of the dry-season form,

and saw another specimen, at Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’

N.]. Perhaps that may be taken as about the extreme

northern limit of this butterfly, which is found throughout

Africa south of the Sahara, in Madagascar, and in Southern

Arabia.

Yerbury took the form chalcomiaeta at Aden.

67. Terias brigitta, Cramer.

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took one

of each sex at Gondokoro in January 1902; the male was

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. i (1898), p. 67.

48 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

“

distinctly of the wet-season form, the female “‘ wet’ or

“intermediate.”

In 1912 I took a male at Kiré, another at Lado, also a

male and two females at Gondokoro.

As butterflies of the genus Terias are quite easily seen

when on the wing, it might appear allowable to conjecture

that brigitta does not extend far north of Lake No [Lat.

9° 30’ N.], but the fact that specimens of the preceding

species turned up no less than three degrees north of that

place makes one cautious.

T. brigitta is found in Abyssinia, Somaliland and through-

out tropical and South Africa.

68. Colias hyale, auctorum, f. marnoana, Rogenh.

In 1909 I found this butterfly almost abundant in the

beanfields at the junction of the Blue and White Nile, just

below Khartiim, near a village called Mogran.

During my visit in 1912 I did not work that exact

locality, but I netted two males at the edge of a large

cottonfield at Kadari, opposite to Kerreri, and a few miles

to the north of Kharttim.

Peel took a female in Somaliland in 1897. It is fairly

common at Port Sfidin, and it occurs in Abyssinia, but

Col. Yerbury tells me that the genus has no representative

at Aden.

C. hyale is very widely distributed over the Palaearctic

region.

Sub-family PAPILIONINAE.

69. Papilio demodocus, Esp.

Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zaréfa; by the Swedes

at Khartiim, where the Rothschild party found it abundant

among lemon trees.

I saw but few at Khartiim in 1909; at the time of my

second visit, however, it was quite common among limes

(Citrus limetta).

Mr. H. H. King assured me that demodocus is found up

the White Nile, but could give no particulars.

Selous took two at Ardeiba in the Southern Bahr al-

Ghazal. It occurs at Aden, also in SomAliland, and is

found throughout tropical and South Africa.

70. Papilio pylades, Cramer.

Loat took a female at Gondokoro, noting it as “ rare.”

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 49

Selous took it commonly at Ardeiba in the Southern Bahr

al-Ghazal; Trimen (24.) notes that all Selous’ specimens,

though some of them are rather small, are of the typical

West Coast form.

For the typical pylades Aurivillius (3. p. 21) gives Senegal

to the White Nile, Northern Congo.

Family HESPERITDAE

71. Sarangesa eliominata, Holland.

The Swedish expedition took two specimens, both males,

on the White Nile, but the locality is not specified; Auri-

villius suggests that perhaps Cyclopides phidyle, Walker

[Entomologist, v, p. 56, 1870], may be this species.

Peel took it in Somaliland. It occurs also in British

East Africa, Rhodesia and in Cape Colony.

Possibly this is identical with S. tsava, B.-Baker, a com-

mon insect at Port Sadan.

72. Gegenes nostradamus, Fabricius.

Loat took three males and a female near Kaka [Lat. 10°

40’ N.].

In 1912 I took one near Séba station and two at Khartim.

In 1909 I took one (a male) at Aswan; I had previously

taken it in Northern India. Bennett took a female in

Sokotra, and Yerbury met with it at Aden [form karsana,

Moore]. It occurs in British East Africa; northwards it

extends to Cyprus; westwards to Gibraltar; and east-

wards to Afghanistan and the Panjab. It is a dingy insect,

and very inconspicuous, so that it might easily be over-

looked.

73. Parnara mathias, Fabricius.

Loat took a male near Kaka.

In 1912 I took one at Tombé [Lat. 5° 43’ N.] and another

at Rejaf wooding station [Lat. 4° 50’ N.].

Rothschild found it commonly at Cairo, and Yerbury

took it freely at Aden.

This is a very common and widely-distributed species,

but like the preceding it is inconspicuous and easily over-

looked. It occurs in British East Africa, on the Zambesi

and in Natal; it is found also in Cyprus and extends to

India, Ceylon and the Philippines.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) E

50 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

74. Parnara fatuellus, Hopffer.

This species was taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-

Zarafa, but I have no other records of it in that part of the

world; it occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district, Portuguese

Kast Africa, Rhodesia and Natal.

75. Rhopalocampta forestan, Cramer.

This fine Skipper was also taken by Capt. Dunn, but I

have no other record.

Like the preceding this insect has a wide range, including

Uganda, the Congo, British East Africa, Rhodesia, Natal,

the Gambia and Sierra Leone.

A perusal of the above list leads to certain conclusions,

which are made even more obvious by grouping the species

in families and sub-families.

Total Species Total Species Species

_ found on found in common

White Nile. S. Arabia. to both.

Danainae . 2 1 1

“Satyrinae .. 1 2 1

Nymphalinae . 10 8 7

Acraeinae . 5 0 0

Lycaenidae : IW 13 10

Prerimae . 33 hs) 16

Papilioninae. 2 1 ih

Hesperudae 5 6 2

ota as 75 50 38

The Butterfly Fauna of the White Nile is a very poor

one, comparable indeed, as far as numbers go, with that of

the British Isles.

Several groups are very poorly represented, both as

regards species and individuals, notably the Satyrinae, of

which but a single specimen was found among several

hundreds of butterflies sent home.

That typically African group, the Acraeinae, was repre-

sented by very few individuals; the same is true of the

Papilioninae and the Danainae, while the Nymphalinae are

not much more numerous.

The Lycaenidae contribute more species, but they are

for the most part inconspicuous, and none of them

strikingly common.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 51

There are many species of Pierinae, and several of

these are abundant, or at least common, so that when

individuals are taken into consideration this group by

far outnumbers all the others put together.

In the 8. Sidan, as everywhere, there are some favoured

spots where butterflies are found in unusual numbers.

One may spend an hour in such a spot among clouds of

“ Whites” and “ Yellows”? without catching sight of a

Swallow-tail, a Nymphalid or a Skipper.

The impression left on the mind is that throughout the

Anglo-Egyptian Sadan, alike on the Red Sea coast and on

the White Nile, from Khartim right up to Rejaf, the

beautiful, but puzzling genus Teracolus is dominant.

The most abundant and generally distributed species

are 7’. evarne and T’. eupompe, but several others—T. daira,

T. evagore, T. phisadia, T. halimede and T. protomedia, are

common enough where they occur, and it is indeed a

beautiful and a bewildering sight to see these “ orange-

tips”? and “‘ crimson-tips,”’ with here and there a “ purple-

tip’ flying over the dead grass or the flowering shrubs.

That the Butterfly Fauna of the White Nile has a de-

cidedly desert character was noticed long ago by Butler

(9. p. 25) and by Dixey (12. p. 142). This is made very

clear by a comparison with the fauna of 8. Arabia, brought

to our knowledge mainly by the labours of Col. Yerbury

in Aden and its neighbourhood.

A glance at the preceding table shows that, as might

have been expected, the South Arabian Fauna is even

poorer than that of the White Nile, but—with the notable

exception of the total absence of the great genus Acraea—

the distribution between the families is very similar. It

is very remarkable that out of the Arabian total of fifty

species, no less than thirty-eight are found on the White

Nile.* "

Although Yerbury’s operations were confined to a com-

paratively small area it may be assumed that his list is

nearly complete, whereas mine is very far from such

perfection. Collectors with more time at their disposal

* It is not possible when comparing lists to be certain that

different authors mean the same things by the same names. But

this difficulty has been minimised by the fact that neither Dr.

Dixey nor Col. Yerbury are “splitters.” My conclusions are

mainly, though not entirely, founded upon the great Hope Collec-

tion, in which the Pierinae have been so admirably arranged by

Dr. Dixey.

52 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on

will without doubt add many species to my list, more

especially among the less conspicuous Lycaenidae and

Hesperiidae, and will give new localities to many species

already recorded.

The following lists illustrate the relationship between

the two faunas, and may, I hope, be instructive in other

ways. The first (and longer) list gives all the butterflies

for which I have records from Khartim up to Ad-Duwém ;

the four shorter lists give the additional species met with

for each 2° of latitude as one ascends the river.

SPECIES RECORDED IN LatiTuDES 16° N.-14° N.

(Khartiim to Ad-Duwém inclusive.)

1. D. chrysippus A 45. T. chrysonome A

4. P. cardw A 48. T. protomedia A

5. P. cebrene A | 49. T. halimede A

8. H. misippus A | 54. T. eupompe A

19. P. baeticus A | 57. T. dara

21. T. theophrastus A 59. T. ephyia

25. C. eleusis _ 60. T. lagore A

27. Z. lysumon A 65. C. florella A

28, C. trochilus A 68. C. marnoana

30. L. otacilia | 69. P. demodocus

32. A. ubaldus A 71. S. elaminata ? *

39. B. mesentina A | 72. P. nostradamus

41. C. eulimene

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES

14° N.-12°N.

(S. of Ad-Duwém to Gebel fin.)

14. A. acerata 43. T. phisadia NA

20. L. bobulus BL. orig N

33. D. livia NA | 53. T. phlegyas te

34. V. antalus N | 56. 7. evrppe Pk

35. H. philippus 61. T. evarne P

36. H. eriphia NA | 62. E. cleodora

37. B. gidica 64. L. buquetia A

42. T. calais NA | 66. T. senegalensis A

* It is not stated where the Swedish expedition came across this

butterfly.

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 53

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES

12° N.-10° \N.

(Renk to Melit inclusive.)

11. B. ahthyra A 47. T. amelia

17. A. encedon 50. T. pleione

22. T. telicanus NA | 52. T. hetaera

24. C. cretosus 58. T. evagore

26. C. malathana A | 73. P. mathias NA

38. B. severina A

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES

10° N.-8° N.

(K6d6k to Hillet al-Nuwér inclusive: mostly Sadd.)

2. T. petiwerana | 29. L. amarah A

6. P. clelia A | 40. P. venata

7. P. boopis 55. T. achine

12. B. goetzius A | 63. E. leda

13. A. phalantha 67. T. brigitta

16. A. natalica 74. B. fatuellus

18. A. abdera | 75. RB. forestan

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED SoutH oF Lat. 8°N.

(Shambi to Rejaf: mostly above the Sadd.)

3. Y. asterope NA | 31. A. jesous NA

9. H. daedalus A | 44. T. castalis

10. N. agatha 46. T. vesta

15. A. terpsichore 70. P. pylades

23. C. usemia

The letter A indicates that the species is recorded also

for S. Arabia.

The letter N signifies that the species is known to occur

north of Kharttim, and that therefore it may well be

expected to occur further north than yet recorded.

The letter P signifies that the species was found by

Petherick, and as the precise localities in which his captures

were made are unknown, it is quite possible that he may

have found the species further north.

As might have been expected it is seen that north of

K6d6k—toughly speaking north of the Sadd—the fauna

54 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on

is decidedly more Arabian, or Desert, in character than it

is to the south.

Again as might have been expected the great majority

of the species are Ethiopian, that is to say peculiar to the

Province made up of Africa, with the adjacent islands, and

Southern Arabia. The species that extend beyond that

Province are eighteen in number, viz. :—

2. Yphthvma asterope. Syria.

4. Pyrameis cardui. Cosmopolitan.

8. Hypolimnas misippus. India, Ceylon, Malaya, etc.

11. Byblia thithyra. India, Ceylon.

13. Atella phalantha. India, Ceylon, Malaya, China,

Japan.

19. Polyommatus baeticus. Cosmopolitan.

21. Tarucus theophrastus. Persia, Balichistan, India,

Ceylon, Burma, 8. Europe.

22. Tarucus telicanus. India, Ceylon, Burma, Java, China,

Kurope.

27. Zizera lysimon. 8. Europe, W. Asia, India, Ceylon,

Malaya, Australia. |

30. Chilades trochilus. S.E. Europe, Central Asia, India,

Malaya.

a edi | Balichistan, India, Ceylon, Burma.

39. Belenois mesentina. Persia, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon.

42. Teracolus calais. Persia, Sind, N.W. India.

43. Teracolus phisadia. Syria (Lebanon).

68. Colias hyale. Palaearctic Province.

72. Gegenes nostradamus. Gibraltar, Cyprus, Afghanistan,

Panjab.

73. Parnara mathias. Cyprus, India, Ceylon, Philippines.

There are a few species which may be said just to touch

the northern fringe of our district in the neighbourhood of

Khartaim.

Such are :—

25. Catochrysops eleusis.

30. Lycaenesthes otacilia.

41. Calopieris eulimene.

45. Teracolus chrysonome.

59. Teracolus ephyra.

68. Colias marnoana.

Of these ZL. otacilia is an East African and South

the Butterflies of the White Nile. 55

African species, and probably has a wider range up the

river than has been yet recorded.

The other five are more Palaearctic in character, or are

borderland species. C. eulimene, so far as is known, is

confined to the Anglo-Egyptian Stidan, and I know of only

one example of 7. ephyia taken outside that country.

Synchloé glauconome has a wider range to the north, at

Shendf? it gets within sixty-five miles of Khartim, but does

not actually enter our district.

In like manner there are three butterflies which just

attain the southern end of our district, viz. :—

23. Castalius usemia.

46. Teracolus vesta.

70. Papiho pylades.

These are all Central or South African forms.

Though well known to have a wider range outside our

limits there are three species which, so far as actually

recorded have a very restricted range on the White Nile :-—

Terecolus halimede, 13° 22’—10° 40’.

Terecolus pleione, confined to Kaka, Lat. 10° 40’, ex-

cepting so far as the locality of Petherick’s specimens is

unknown.

Teracolus phisadia, 13° 22’-10° 50’, but presumably

Capt. Dunn’s specimens came from something like 2°

further south.

The most northerly limit of the great genus Acraea

would seem to be attained by A. acerata (f. vinidia) in

Lat. 12° 37’ N.

The sole species peculiar to the White Nile district

would appear to be the little-known, and hitherto rare,

Pinacoyteryx venata.*

Any one dealing with the Butterflies of N.H. Africa

must depend greatly on the magnificent work of Klug.

The writer has had the good fortune to take all his

Prierince.

* While this paper was going through the press my attention

was called by Commander J. J. Walker to the description by

A. G. Butler [Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 169, 1866] and a good

wood-cut of Aphnaeus (?) marmoreus, n. sp. The type, a female,

was taken by Petherick on the White Nile, and would appear to

be unique; it now stands in the National Collection next to the

8. African Stugeta bowkeri, Trimen,

56 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild’s captures on the R. Atbara

derive especial interest from the fact that, since Klug’s

time, no collector has worked so near to Klug’s locality—

Ambukél.

I have to thank alike draughtsman and printer for the

admirable plate.

Col. J. W. Yerbury, R.A., and Mr. Roland Trimea,

F.R.S., have kindly assisted me with valuable information,

the latter having placed his MS. notes on Mr. F. C. Selous’

captures in the spring of 1911 at my disposal.

Prof. EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., and his able assistants have,

as always, been most kind and helpful.

Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., has allowed me to draw upon

his unique knowledge of the Prerinae and helped to guide

me through the mazes of the genus Teracolus and steered

me clear of many pitfalls.

LocaALitiEs MENTIONED.

Lat. N. Lat. N.

[Port Sadan 19° 35’] | Melat 27;

[Suakin 19° 8’] | [Berbera(SomAéliland) 10°25’ ]

Ambukdél 18° 4’ Ké6d6k (Fashéda) 19° 54’

El-Nakhila 174 5) 4) don 9° 47’

Shendi 16° 42’ | Waw 9° 40’

Kerreri 15° 47’ | Malakal Poe siny

Kadart 15° 46’ | Tawfikiya 9° 25’

Kharttim 15° 37’ | Daléb(R. Sobat) | 9° 22’

Soba 15° 32'.| Khor Atar 9° 20’

Ad-Duwém 14° 0’ | Lake N6 9° 30’

Kawwah 13° 45’ | Bahr al-Zarafa 9° 25’-7° 0’

Abba Island,“‘ Mahdi’s Hillet al-Nuwér 8°A3’

place ” 18° 22’ | Shaémbi (hey 0

Tawila 13° 16’ | Kamisa 6° 50’

Kosti 13° 10° Bor 6°13"

Kéz Abt Gima 13° 8’ | Malék GRA

Hillet Abbas 13°. 7’ | Tombé 5° 43’

Masran Island 12° 45’ | Kiré 52a

[Aden | 12° 45’] | Mongalla | Heat

Gebel En 12° 37’ | Ladé Wooding Stn. 5° 8’

[Sokotra 12° 30’] | Ladé 5° 2!

Renk 11° 45’ | Gondokoro 4° 54’

Gebel Ahmad Agha 11° 0’ | Rejéf Wooding Stn. 4° 50’

Mashra Zarafa 10° 50’ | Rejaf 4° 45’

Kaka 10° 40’

See Abitamed

PortSudan

Sudkin

WHITE

NILE

DISTRICT

Kerrert,.)

Omdurmane oy { KHARTUM

AdDuwém

Abba I.

Bosti® \plillet Abbés

\ a

2 b Gebel En

Kodék p

ow (Fashéda,

naa! LT gutikiva

Shambées

je ee

Stantords Geog! Estab’ London

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

1. Pinacopteryx venata, 3.

2. is 55 9.

3. 95 - 3g, underside,

4. Teracolus ephyia, 3.

5. 54 oO;

6. a x 3, underside.

7. Teracolus lagore, 3.

8. os - Q.

9. 5 Ps g, underside

Trams. Eint. Soc. Lond.,1913. Pl. Il.

Horace Knight delet lith. West, Newman chr.

1. PINACOPTERYX VENATA S. 2 do. 2. 3.do 6, underside.

4.TERACOLUS EPHYIA @. & da. 2. G.do <; do.

Fe do. DiAGORM 6. 8 do. 9. 9.do ¢, do.

the Butterflies of the White Nile 57

[The spelling of place-names is based on that of Dr.

K. A. Wallis Budge in “Cook’s Handbook for Egypt and

the Sadan,” 2nd edition, 1906; “4” pronounced as “a”

in “father”; “a” pronounced as “u” in “mud”; “é’*

pronounced as ‘“‘a”’ in “mane”; “i” pronounced as “e”

6c A 9?

in “meet”; “i” pronounced as “oo” in “ boot.’’]

( 58 )

III. Notes on various Central American Coleoptera, with

descriptions of new genera and species. By GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

[Read November 20th, 1912.]

Puarres fT, TV.

THIS paper is mainly devoted to the enumeration and de-

scription of the Coleoptera rejected by the various contri-

butors to the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana ” as not belong-

ing to the particular groups studied by them,! or which

have been overlooked in the sorting of the large collections

that have passed through the hands of the Editors of that

work during the past thirty-five years. The material

has been supplemented by a number of interesting Mexican,

Guatemalan, and Antillean forms recently sent for

determination by the authorities of the U.S. National

Museum, who have kindly allowed me to retain co-types

of the new species for the British Museum. To determine

these insects a few closely allied Antillean and South

American forms have also had to be studied, and these, too,

are dealt with in the following pages. The Coleoptera

examined belong to the Clavicorn or Serricorn series, with

the exception of the Psephenidae, Tenebrionidae, and

Othniidae. The described Central American Lytopeplus

(= Brachylon, Gorh.), Hapalips, Trichodesma, Petalium

(= Micranobium, Gorh.), Hupactus (= Lioolius, Gorh.),

Priotoma (= Eutylistus, Fall), etc., have all had to be re-

examined, and a revised table of the species of each of

these genera (Petaliwm excepted) is appended. The

section Coleoptera of the “ Biologia’? was completed in

Dec. 1911, eighteen volumes in all having been required

for the enumeration of 18,039 species. This article,

therefore, is practically a supplement to one of the divisions

of the “ Insecta ” of that work, and the names of the species

not occurring in Central America are, for convenience

of reference, placed within square brackets. The additions

to the fauna, 106, are marked (except in the preliminary

list) with an asterisk, 89 of them being described as new.

+ The Tenebrionid Rhipidandri were dealt with by Dr. Sharp in

“B. C.-Am.,” Coleoptera, II, 1, pp. 690-692 (March, 1905),

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE)

Various Central American Coleoptera.

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED OR RENAMED.

PSEPHENIDAE.

+Psephenus palpalis.

+Psephenops grouvellei.

SILPHIDAE.

Inodes mexicanus.

Aglyptonotus (n. n.) majusculus.

a melas.

= matthews (n. n.)

Colenis phalacroides.

SCAPHIDIIDAE.

Scaphidium flavofasciatum.

Scaphisoma occidentale.

Baeocera irregularis.

NITIDULIDAE.

+Cybocephalus aciculatus.

ns flavicornis.

3 schwarz.

COLYDIDAE.

+Pseudaulonium discolor.

Me nitidum.

Pycnomerus stenosoma.

+Tyrtaeus (n. g.) rufus.

33 cribripennis.

Lapethus sharpi (n. n.)

Poti brasilianus.

Lytopeplus substriatus.

2 curtulus.

5 laevipennis.

ne tobralis.

be sulevmargo.

Murmidius estriatus.

CucUJIDAR.

Laemophloeus quadridentatus.

Lathropus minimus.

tSalpingomimus (n. g.) deceptor.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Mexico, etc.

Panama.

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Mexico, ete.

Panama, ete.

Guatemala.

Panama.

Mexico, etc.

Brazil. |

Mexico.

Mexico, etc.

Mexico, ete.

Nicaragua.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Panama.

60 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE.

+Truquiella (n. g.) gibbifera. Mexico.

Platoberus nigrolimbatus. Mexico.

Tomarus gibbipennis. Mexico.

JSuscicornis. Panama.

Trogocryptus longvusculus. Mexico, etc.

senecionis. Mexico.

t Cleridopsis (n. g.) latemanus. Guatemala, etc.

[Hapalips crenatus. Brazil. ]

» demidiatus. Mexico.

[ » parvicollis. Brazil. |

» sulcicollas. Nicaragua, etc.

» perlongus. Guatemala.

» bucidus. British Honduras,

etc.

[ » batesr. Amazons. |

[ » brevipes. Brazil. ]

» nitidulus. Mexico, etc.

» suturalis. Guatemala.

» obliteratus. Guatemala.

» lanugrnosus. Mexico.

ce Jamaica. |

[

[Pseudhapalips (n. g.) lamellafer. Amazons. |

LATHRIDIIDAE.

+Pseudevolocera (n. g.) atomarioides. Guatemala.

+Lycoperdinella (n. g.) subcaeca. Guatemala.

MyCETOPHAGIDAE.

+Pseudesarcus (n. g.) villosus. Panama.

LYCTIDAE.

+Berginus nigricolor. Guatemala, ete.

ENDOMYCHIDAE.

Micropsephus hemisphaericus. Mexico, etc.

+Micropsephodes (n. g.) serraticorms. Guatemala,

various Central American Coleoptera.

COCCINELLIDAE.

Cryptognatha rufoterminata.

i violacea.

ie Senestrata.

re circumducta.

e tumidiventris.

subaequalis.

Scymnus cribripennis.

es caeruleicollis.

s quercicola.

* nigroaeneus.

tLioscymnus (n. g.) diversipes.

+Microscymnus (n. g.) calvus.

MELYRIDAR.

Cymbolus elongatus.

s quadrituberculatus.

tEucymbolus (n. g.) cyaneus.

PTINIDAE.

Trichodesma tricristata.

Hs prctipennis.

bs seripta.

er truncata.

B93 armata.

Eupactus subvestitus.

» erythrocephalus.

my notescens.

» semirufus.

44 caeruleus.

a comatus.

Caenocara quercus.

; flohri.

Priotoma nigriventris.

# brevilinea.

[ * ensularis.

Ptilinus sericeus.

» maculicollis.

CIOIDAR.

Cis M-nigrum.

Panama.

Mexico.

Panama.

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Panama.

Mexico, ete.

Guatemala.

Mexico, ete.

Mexico.

Brazil. }

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Panama.

Mexico.

Panama.

Nicaragua.

Mexico.

Panama.

Antilles. ]

Guatemala.

Mexico.

62 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

TENEBRIONIDAE.

Corticeus sordidus. Guatemala.

tLorelus curvipes. Guatemala.

"4, curtecollis. Mexico, ete.

» breviusculus. Panama.

» angustulus. Guatemala.

» exths. Guatemala.

[- 4° rugefrons. Brazil.

» trapeziderus. Guatemala.

OTHNIIDAE.

Othnius immaculatus. Mexico.

»» planatus. Mexico.

The genera marked thus (+) are additions to the Central

American fauna.

PSEPHENIDAE.

PSEPHENUS.

Psephenus, Haldeman, Melsh. Cat. Coleopt. U.S. p. 34

(1853); Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii, p. 30

(1870), and x, p. 117, pl. 6, figs. 14, 15 (¢ 9) (1882);

Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. Ist edit. p. 115 (1861),

and 2nd edit. p. 163 (1883); Casey, Ann. N. York

Acad. Sci. vii, p. 578 (1893).

Eurypalpus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1852, p. 41.

Fluvicola, De Kay, Zool. N. York, vi, p. 53 (1844) (larva).

The four known members of this extraordinary genus,

the larva of one of which was described as a Crustacean,

are from the Atlantic and Pacific regions of the United States

and Lower California.. The species now added from Mexico

is evidently a near ally of the southern P. haldemani, Horn,

the types of which are females.

*Psephenus palpalis, n. sp. (Plate ITI, figs. 1, la, g.)

6. Oblong-ovate, rather broad, very depressed, shining above,

closely pubescent; nigro-piceous, a large indeterminate patch on

the disc of each elytron at the base, the sides of the front, the first

two joints of the antennae, the under surface in part, the femora,

and coxae testaceous, the tibiae and tarsi slightly infuscate. Head

densely, rugulosely punctate, foveate on the vertex, the sides of the

front raised; maxillary palpi (fig. la) about three-fourths the length

of the antennae, the fourth joint cultriform; antennae moderately

various Central American Coleoptera. 63

long, rather slender, subserrate, 11-jointed, 3-5 elongate, 6-11 grad-

ually becoming shorter, Thorax short, rapidly and _ obliquely

narrowing from the outwardly directed prominent hind angles,

deeply bisinuate at the base and also sinuate at the sides before the

middle, densely, minutely punctate. Elytra oblong, a little wider

than the thorax, rounded at the sides posteriorly ; densely, rugulosely

punctate, and with several longitudinal ridges on the disc and also

one near the outer margin. Beneath very densely punctate;

fifth ventral segment broadly emarginate, leaving the sixth in part

visible, the latter triangularly excised at the apex, the seventh

narrow, subcylindrical, rounded at the tip. Legs long; tibiae

slender; tarsi with joints 1-4 short, somewhat thickened, 4 small,

5 very slender, longer than the others united, the claws very long.

Length 4, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit. ex. coll. Fry).

One specimen, injured by pinning. The thorax has a very

deep transverse sulcus at the base, but this is clearly

accidental. It is just possible that P. palpalis is the male

of P. haldemani, but this is hardly likely to be the case.

PSEPHENOPS.

Psephenops, Grouvelle, Notes Leyden Mus. xx, p. 44,

(1898).

This genus is ada upon a single species, P. smithi,

Grouv., from the Antillean islands of Grenada and St.

Vincent, of which the male only is known, this having a

very large, elongate, acuminate-ovate fourth joint to the

maxillary palpus. The Guatemalan species now added,

the female only of which is known, has the second tarsal

joint more strongly and abruptly lobate, with a long slender

basal portion, the antennae much longer, etc. The genus

Psephenops affords a connecting link between the Parnidae

and Dascillidae.

*Psephenops grouvellei, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a, 9.)

Q. Oblong, widened posteriorly, depressed, moderately shining,

densely pubescent; dark brown, the front of the head, the antennae

and femora at the base, the scutellum, the margins and base

of the elytra, and the under surface, testaceous; the entire surface

densely, minutely punctate. Head concave and bifoveate between

the eyes, the latter large; antennae moderately long, 11-jointed,

1 and 2 stout, 1 elongate, curved, 2 short, subglobose, 3-11 feebly

64 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

serrate, 4-11 very little longer than broad, gradually decreasing in

size, 11 acuminate at tip; maxillary palpi comparatively short,

about reaching the tip of the second antennal joint, joints 2 and 3

obconic, 4 oblong-ovate, not wider than 3. Thorax short, rapidly

and obliquely narrowing from the outwardly-directed, prominent,

subacute hind angles; with three small tuberculiform prominences

at the base—one opposite the scutellum, and one on either side of it,

the latter transverse ; the base deeply bisinuate. Elytra with several

longitudinal ridges on the disc, the base depressed on each side

within the humeri. Abdomen with six visible segments. Legs

long; tarsi (fig. 2a) with joints 1 and 2 elongate, dilated, densely

spongy-pubescent beneath, 2 excavate at the apex above for the

reception of the small third and fourth joints, 1 also excavate for

the reception of the slender basal portion of 2, the terminal joint

very slender, about half the length of 2, the claws long and slender.

Length 32, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. GuatEema.a, Lanquin in Alta Vera Paz (Champion).

One example only of this insect was obtained. It was

captured in February, 1880, on the banks of the Rio

Cahabon, probably about the entrance of the Lanquin Cave.

P. grouvellei greatly resembles Psephenus darwint, C. O.

Waterh., from Rio de Janeiro, figured in “ Aid ident. Ins.,”’

i, pl. 26; the latter has simple slender tarsi.

SILPHIDAE.

LIODEs.

Inodes, Erichson, Nat. Ins. Deutschl. ii, p. 87 (1845); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vi, pp. 277, 296 (1880).

This Holarctic genus, with nine species in North America,

has not hitherto been recorded from so far south as Mexico.

Mr. H. H. Smith has, however, sent us a single example of

a species from the mountains of Guerrero. allied to the

Kuropean L. castaneus and L. orbicularis, i.e. with all

the tarsi 4-jointed in the female. The only N. American

form with confused elytral punctuation, L. confusus, has,

like the other species enumerated by Dr. Horn, the 9-tarsi

5-, 4-, 4-jointed. Some authors use the generic name

Amisotoma for this genus.

*Inodes mexicanus, Nn. sp.

Subhemispherical, very convex, shining, nigro-piceous, the

labrum, the two basal joints of the antennae and the tip of the

various Central American Coleoptera. 65

eleventh, the margins of the thorax, and the tarsi more or less

ferruginous. Head and thorax with a few widely scattered ex-

cessively minute punctures (only visible under the microscope) ;

antennae with joint 3 elongate, 4-6 gradually decreasing in length

and increasing in width, 4 and 5 obconic, 6 angular within, the

5-jointed club larger (the small strongly transverse eighth joint

excepted); thorax strongly sinuate at the apex; elytra closely,

finely, confusedly punctate, without trace of striae on the disc, the

sutural stria shallow and running from about the middle to the apex.

Beneath with excessively small and widely scattered punctures,

each bearing a minute hair; prosternum deeply excavate laterally ;

posterior coxae deeply grooved for the reception of the femora,

the coxae raised greatly above the level of the first ventral segment ;

fifth ventral segment unimpressed; legs long, tibiae narrow, tarsi

slender, 4-jointed.

Length (excl. head) 3, breadth 23; mm. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith).

One specimen. Larger than the European L. orbicularis,

the antennae more elongate, the legs longer and more

slender, the elytra without trace of dorsal striae, and with a

shallower sutural stria, the under surface almost smooth.

L. confusus, Horn, is said to have rather coarsely punctate

elytra.

AGLYPTONOTUS, n. n.

Aglyptus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 369; Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. viii, pp. 277, 307 (1880);

Matthews, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 77 (1887)

[nec Forster].

Matthews enumerated three species of this American

genus, including A. laevis, Lec., the type, from Central

America. Two others are contained in our collection.

The characters of Aglyptus have been given at great length

by both Horn and Matthews, but I can find no mention

of the very conspicuous curved impressed line (resembling

one of the ventral sutures) which extends outward across

the first ventral segment to a little behind the middle of

the outer margin. Matthews, it is true, describes “ the

basal segment as slightly but broadly elevated in a curved

line at its base, enclosing the whole length of the coxa,’

but as the line is distinct from the coxa this definition is

scarcely accurate. The anterior tarsi are said by Horn

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) F

66 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

to be 4-jointed in the male, but I am unable to make out

the additional joint in any of the species before me.

The generic name Aglyptus is preoccupied in Hymeno-

ptera (Forster, 1856) and a new one is therefore required.

*Aglyptonotus majusculus, n. sp.

Broad ovate, convex, shining, piceous or castaneous, the antennae

infuscate, the two basal joints and the tip of the apical one, and

the front of the head, mouth-parts, and legs, rufotestaceous, the

under surface ferruginous, with the metasternum more or less

infuscate. Head, thorax, and elytra (when viewed under the

microscope) with excessively minute, widely scattered, punctures ;

antennae long and slender, with joints 7 and 9-11 thickened, 8

much smaller, about as broad as long, a little shorter than 6, 10

subquadrate, 11 acuminate-ovate. Beneath faintly alutaceous, the

ventral segments 2-5 distinctly punctured and pubescent across

the middle, the long curved line on the first segment very conspicuous

and reaching the outer margin at about one-third from the apex,

the metasternum obliquely hollowed on each side to receive the

posterior femora when drawn forwards. Tarsi 3-, 3-, 3-jointed in

both sexes, the basal joint of the anterior and intermediate pairs

distinctly thickened in ¢.

Length (excl. head) 2, breadth 13-13 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme, 8,000 feet, and Chilpancingo,

4,600 feet, both in Guerrero (A. H. Smith).

Numerous examples, mostly in imperfect condition.

Larger broader than A. hormi, Matth., the antennae

more elongate and with a longer and more acuminate

apical joint; the basal joint of the anterior and inter-

mediate tarsi distinctly thickened in male. The elytra

are without a sutural stria.

*Aglyptonotus melas, n. sp.

Short ovate, convex, shining, black, the margins of the thorax,

the basal half of the antennae, and the legs testaceous, the under

surface piceous. Head, thorax, and elytra with excessively minute,

widely scattered punctures; antennae with joints 7 and 9-11

thickened, 8 small, 9 and 10 transversely subquadrate, 11 ovate.

Beneath faintly alutaceous. ‘Tarsi 3-, 3-, 3-jointed.

Length (excl. head) 14, breadth 1 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hége); GUATEMALA, Cerro Zunil

(Champion).

various Central American Coleoptera. 67

Three specimens, probably including both sexes. Nar-

rower and blacker than A. horni and A. laevis, Matth., and

very like a small Agathidiwm. From the much smaller

A. minor, the relatively broader thorax will sufficiently

distinguish A. melas. One of the Jalapa examples was

labelled Agathidium estriatum by Matthews, but it does

not agree with Horn’s description of that N. American

species.

Aglyptonotus matthewsi, n. sp.

Aglyptus laevis, Matth., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1,

p. 79 (1887) [nec Leconte].

The Chiriqui insect identified and described by Matthews

as A. laevis, Lec., has obviously nothing to do with the

N. American species, as a glance at Horn’s figures (Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. vii, pl. 7, figs. 15, 15a) will show, and a new

name is therefore required for it. A. laevis has much

shorter antennae. There are one or two forms in the lesser

Antilles very closely allied to, if not actually conspecific

with, A. matthewsi.

CoLENIS.

Colenis, Erichson, Nat. Ins. Deutschl. iii, p. 82 (1845);

Matthews, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 86.

Matthews enumerated two species of this genus from

Central America, both minute forms; a third has since been

detected in our collection.

*Colenis phalacrovdes, n. sp.

Short ovate, convex, shining, obscure ferruginous, the antennae

and tarsi testaceous, the antennal joints 7-10 sometimes slightly

infuseate. Head faintly alutaceous; antennae with joints 3-6

slender, 3 elongate, obconic, as long as 2, 4-6 small, subequal, 7-11

widened into a loose 5-jointed club, 7 trapezoidal, nearly as wide as

9, 8-10 strongly transverse, 8 small, 11 acuminate-ovate; thorax

almost smooth; elytra with somewhat sinuous rows of minute

punctures, the interstices sparsely, transversely strigose, and with

a short sutural stria on the apical declivity.

Length (excl. head) 1-12, mm.

Hab. GuAaTEMALA, Zapote, Pacific slope (Champion).

Three specimens. Smaller than C. punctulata, Matth.,

from Panama, ferruginous in colour, the antennae shorter,

the proportions of the joints somewhat different, the ninth

68 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

and tenth strongly transverse. Very like C. crassicornis,

Matth., from the same neighbourhood in Guatemala, but

with much more slender antennae. This insect is so like

a minute Olibrus that it was placed amongst the Phalacridae

when our collections were sorted.

SCAPHIDITDAE.

ScAPHIDIUM.

Scaphidium, Olivier, Ent. 11, 20, p. 1 (1791); Matthews,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 1, p. 159 (1888).

Matthews enumerated eight species of this genus from

Central America. The very distinct new form described

below was subsequently received from the mountains of

Guerrero, Mexico.

*Scaphidium flavofasciatum, n. sp.

Broad, subelliptic, robust, shining, black; the thorax (the upper

half of the flanks included) testaceous or rufo-testaceous, with a

narrow sinuous fascia at the base, a triangular patch or fascia at

the apex, and two spots or streaks on the disc, these markings

connected in one specimen, black; the elytra with two broad sinuous

fasciae, not reaching the suture, testaceous or rufo-testaceous; the

antennae with the basal joints obscurely rufescent and the apical

joint wholly or in part yellow; the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Head

finely punctate; antennae slender, joints 7-11 broadly widened.

Thorax closely, finely punctate, the sinuous transverse basal sulcus

foveato-punctate. Elytra more sparsely punctured than the thorax,

the deep transverse basal groove foveato-punctate, the sutural stria

deeply impressed and shallowly punctate.

Var. Rufo-testaceous, the thorax with the basal margin and two

oblong streaks on the disc, the suture of the elytra, and the femora

and tibiae, piceous, the antennae with joints 7-10 black.

Length 53-5, breadth 3-31 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme, Xucumanatlan and Chilpan-

cingo, 4,600-8,000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Four specimens; the pallid varietal form is from Xucu-

manatlan. Near S. varzabile, Matth., but larger and more

elongate, the thorax and elytra somewhat closely punctate,

the black elytral markings showing no tendency to break

up into spots, the suture infuscate or black.

various Central American Coleoptera. 69

ScAPHISOMA.

Scaphisoma, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix, p. 89 (1812);

Matthews, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. u, 1, p. 170

(1888).

Matthews enumerated thirteen species of this well-known

genus from Central America. The following new form was

subsequently received from the Guerrero mountains.

*Scaphisoma occidentale, n. sp.

Oblong-elliptic, very shining, pitchy-black, the labrum, palpi,

and antennae, the tip of the pygidium, the ventral segments in

part, and the tarsi testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the outer five

joints of the antennae slightly infuscate, the femora and tibiae rufo-

piceous; the punctures of the upper surface each bearing a rather

long, fine, adpressed, blackish hair. Head and thorax very sparsely,

minutely punctulate, the elytra with a much more distinct scattered

punctuation; antennae sparsely setose, joints 3-6 very slender,

3 and 4 short, 4 longer than 3, 5 as long as 3 and 4 united,

6 elongate, equalling 3-5 united, 7-11 long, subequal, arcuately

widened within; thorax (as seen from above) arcuately narrowed

from the base; elytra rounded at the sides anteriorly, abruptly

truncate at the apex, obliquely depressed just before the tip, the

sutural stria deep; legs very elongate.

Length 3, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith).

One specimen. Narrower and smoother than S. thoraci-

cum, Matth., the elytra more distinctly punctate, the femora

and tibiae rufescent. The minute black, adpressed hairs,

which are only visible under the microscope, and soon

abraded, make the elytral interstices appear obliquely or

longitudinally strigose. They are probably also present

in S. thoracicum. The N. American S. castaneum, Motsch.,

seems to be another allied less elongate form, with more

closely punctured upper surface.

BAEOCERA.

Baeocera, Erichson, Naturg. Ins. Deutschl. ii, p. 4,

nota (1848); Matthews, Biol. Centr.-Am. Coleopt. ii,

1, p. 168 (1888).

70 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Five species of this genus! are mentioned by Matthews

as from Central America, two of which he had not seen.

A sixth is now added from the mountains of Guerrero.

*Baeocera wrregularis, n. sp.

Oblong, elliptic, very convex, shining, black, the apex of the elytra

indeterminately, and the tip of the abdomen, rufo-piceous. The palpi,

antennae, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the femora

piceous. Head and thorax almost smooth; head small; antennae

long, joints 3-11 elongate, subequal in length, 3-8 extremely slender,

9-11 arcuately widened within; elytra with numerous coarse deep

punctures, which become obsolete towards the apex, the punctures

arranged in irregular scattered sinuous lines on the disc and becoming

more crowded towards the sides, the sutural stria deep and con-

spicuously punctate.

Length 2, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith).

One specimen. Differs from all the described species

of the genus in having the elytra impressed with extremely

coarse subseriately arranged punctures; the antennae

are long and very slender, and have the last three joints

widened. Viewed laterally, the insect is convex above

and beneath.

NITIDULIDAE.

CyYBOCEPHALUS.

Cybocephalus, Erichson, in Germ. Zeitschr. v, p. 441

(1844); Jacquelin Duval, Gen. Col. Europ. u, p. 151,

pl. 40, fig. 200.

Phantazomerus, Jacquelin Duval, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1854,

p. XXXVil.

Stagonomorpha, Wollaston, Ins. Mader. p. 484, pl. 10,

fig. 8 (1854).

Acribis, C. O. Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877,

p- 78.

Dr. Sharp in his enumeration of the Central-American

Cybocephalinae (Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, pp. 372,

373) does not mention any species of the typical genus

1 B. punctipennis, Matth., has the five apical joints of the

antennae widened, and it should be placed under Scaphisoma.

various Central American Coleoptera. ql

Cybocephalus from that region, whence three are now

described. Jacquelin Duval, it may be noted, correctly

described the antennal club as 3-, and the tarsi as 4-jointed ;

but in his figure the club is given 4, and the tarsi 5 joints.

Acribis, Waterh., type A. serrativentris, from the Galapagos

Is., is not separable from Cybocephalus.

*Cybocephalus aciculatus, n. sp. (Plate III. figs. 3, portion

of antenna; 3a, anterior tibia and tarsus.)

Oblong-ovate, transversely convex, black, the margins of the

thorax testaceous in one example, the antennae and _ legs

piceous; glabrous above, the pygidium and under surface clothed

with long cinereous hairs, the legs setulose. Head and thorax

shining, almost smooth; antennae with the 3-jointed club (fig. 3)

very stout, oval, about as long as the preceding five joints united.

Elytra alutaceous and somewhat closely aciculate (the minute

punctures, when viewed under the microscope, in the form of short

needle-scratches); the apices broadly subtruncate, leaving the

pygidium exposed. Under surface alutaceous and closely, minutely

punctate, the hairs long and adpressed; metasternal process very

broad, arcuate, margined in front. Tibiae moderately broad,

the anterior pair (fig. 3a) hollowed externally at the apex, and

with the outer apical angle sharp. Tarsi slender, the third joint

narrow, excavate above for the reception of the fourth.

Length about 1 mm.

Hab. Mexico, near the city (Flohr).

Two specimens. The chief characters of this insect

are—the alutaceous, aciculate elytra, the excavate apex

of the anterior tibiae, the slender tarsi, and the broadly

rounded, margined metasternal process. The row of

closely placed punctures along the apical margin of each

of the ventral segments 2-4 gives an appearance of

serrulation, hence the name serrativentris for one of the

species of this genus.

*Cybocephalus flavicornis, n.sp. (Plate ITI, figs. 4, portion

of antenna; 4a, anterior tibia and tarsus.)

Subrotundate, very convex, shining, glabrous above, black, the

antennae and the margins of the thorax testaceous, the legs fusco-

testaceous ; the thorax and elytra with widely scattered excessively

minute punctures, which become more distinct on the apical declivity,

the interspaces polished. Antennae (fig. 4) with the oval 3-jointed club

72 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

moderately large, nearly as long as the preceding four joints united,

11 abruptly truncate at the tip. Anterior tibiae (fig. 4a) rounded

at the apex externally. Tarsi moderately slender, joint 3 deeply

excavate above.

Length about 1 mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Zapote, Pacific slope (Champion).

Two examples. Easily separable from C. aciculatus by

the polished upper surface, the widely scattered excessively

minute punctuation of the elytra, the pale testaceous

antennae, with abruptly truncate club, the rounded outer

apical angle of the anterior tibiae, and the stouter tarsi.

This insect has exactly the facies of a minute Agathidium,

and it was placed among the Silphidae when our collections

were sorted.

*Cybocephalus schwarz, n. sp.

Subrotundate, very convex, shining, glabrous above, black or

bronze-black, the antennae testaceous, the club and basal joint

sometimes infuscate, the legs fusco-testaceous; the thorax and

elytra with widely scattered excessively minute punctures, which

become more distinct and more closely placed on the apical

declivity. Antennal club abruptly truncate at the tip. Under

surface alutaceous, closely, minutely punctate, pubescent. Anterior

tibiae rounded at the outer apical angle. Tarsi moderately slender,

joint 3 deeply excavate above.

Length 4-1 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Tampico in Tamaulipas (Schwarz, in

U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Described from three examples. Two others from the

same locality are larger and broader, and have the inter-

spaces of the elytra distinctly alutaceous on the apical de-

clivity; they are probably males of the same species.

Another large example from Livingston, Guatemala, doubt-

less belongs to C. schwarz. Extremely like C. flavicornis, but

with the minute punctures on the elytra much more closely

placed on the apical declivity. C. mgritulus, Lec., is un-

known to me, but as the surface is described as “‘ laevis ”’

the present insect can hardly be conspecific with it. Some

of the S. European forms, too, are also very similar to the

present species.

various Central American Coleoptera. 73

PYCNOCEPHALUS.

Pycnocephalus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1

p. 373 (1891) [nec Kraatz, 18951].

Pycnocephalus metallicus.

Pycnocephalus metallicus, Sharp, loc. cit. pl. 12, figs. 6, 6a.

This species was described from four examples, from as

many different localities in Guatemala and Panama. Three

have the head or the entire upper surface metallic green,

and one is of a uniform dark bronze colour. A short series

from Tampico, N.E. Mexico, sent me for determination by

the U.S. National Museum, showing similar variation, seem

to belong to P. metallicus: but they are smaller and have

the elytra more distinctly punctured on the posterior half.

It is probable that the green coloration is confined to the

male sex, as one of the dark examples from Tampico is

certainly a female. The legs, too, in the types vary in

colour from nigro-piceous to testaceous.

ADIMERIDAE.

MonoeEpuvs.

Monoedus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. x, p. 116 (1882).

Adimerus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 441

(1894).

The above synonymy has already been noted by Arrow

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv, p. 195 (1909)].

Monoedus guttatus.

Monoedus guttatus, Horn, loc. cit. p. 116, pl. 4, fig. 10.

Adimerus dubius, Sharp, loc. cit. p. 443.

Additional localities for this species, which was first

described from a single example from Cedar Keys, Florida,

are :—

Mexico, Tampico in Tamaulipas (Schwarz), Teapa

(H. H. Smith); Cupa, Cayamas.

We have recently received from the U.S. National

Museum specimens of M. guttatus (det. Schwarz) from

N.E. Mexico and Cuba, and I am unable to separate them

from A. dubius, Sharp. The elytral markings of M. guttatus,

* This genus of Colydiidae has been re-named Cephalopycnus by

Arrow [Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv, p. 193 (1909)].

74 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

as shown in Dr. Horn’s figure, are, it is true, slightly different

from those of A. dubius, but no reliance can be placed on

this character.

COLYDITDAE.

PSEUDAULONIUM.

Pseudaulonium, Reitter, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1877, p. 334.

This genus was based upon two species, P. regale, from

Colombia, and P. ferrugineum, from Brazil. There are

numerous specimens of the latter, from Rio Janeiro and

Parana, in the Fry collection at the British Museum.

Two others are now added. These were placed amongst

the “‘ genera incertae sedis’? when our collections were

sorted, and were thus not seen by Dr. Sharp when he

enumerated the Central American Colydiidae. The tarsi

are 4-, and the antennae 11-jointed, the terminal three joints

of the latter being dilated into a large club.

*Pseudaulonium discolor, n. sp. (Plate ITI, figs. 5, 5a, 3.)

Elongate-oval, rather convex, densely alutaceous, dull; ferru-

ginous, with the dise of the thorax and a large, common, elongate

or oblong patch on the elytra fuscous or black, the dark markings

sometimes obliterated and sometimes black and sharply defined,

the head (except in front) and the two basal joints of the antennal

club infuscate in one example. Head minutely punctate, bifoveate,

the eyes large; antennae with the joints preceding the club about

as broad as long. Thorax convex, slightly broader than long, the

explanate margins somewhat rounded and crenulate, the base

distinctly margined, the anterior angles not prominent, the hind

angles acute; densely, minutely punctate, the raised submarginal

line on each side rather prominent. LElytra a little wider than the

thorax, the humeri angular; minutely seriato-punctulate, the

interstices flat and densely alutaceous. Beneath alutaceous, dull,

sparsely, minutely, the thorax more coarsely, punctate. Prosternal

process rather broad, abruptly declivous behind.

Length 24-34 mm. (J 9.)

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion) ;

Brazit, Rio Janeiro, Bahia, Parana (coll. Fry).

Nine specimens, all but two from Brazil, varying greatly

in the development of the dark markings on the upper

surface. Smaller than, and perhaps an extreme form of,

various Central American Coleoptera. 75

P. ferrugineum, with the thorax shorter and less quadrate,

and the dorsal surface of the body usually fusco- or nigro-

maculate. P. regale, Reitt., from Colombia, is apparently

a larger, differently-coloured insect, with the surface of the

body shining and the anterior angles of the thorax produced

forwards.

*Pseudaulonium nitidum, n. sp.

Elongate-oval, narrow, convex, shining, very finely alutaceous ;

nigro-piceous or black, the antennae, palpi, front of the head, legs,

humeri, and sometimes the margins of the thorax also, ferruginous.

Head closely, finely punctate, bifoveate, the eyes large; antennae

with the joints preceding the club subtransverse in 3, transverse in 9.

Thorax convex, subquadrate, broader than long, somewhat rounded

and sharply margined at the sides, and also conspicuously margined

at the base, the anterior angles projecting forwards, the hind angles

acute; closely, very finely punctate, the submarginal line on each

side cariniform. LElytra oblong-oval, a little wider than the

thorax, the humeri not very prominent ; minutely seriato-punctulate,

the interstices flat, alutaceous. Beneath shining, sparsely, minutely,

the thorax more coarsely, punctate. Prosternal process narrow. Legs

very slender.

Length 24-34 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Cerro Zunil, Calderas, San Gerénimo,

Balheu (Champvon).

Ten examples. Found on both the Atlantic and Pacific

slopes, at elevations between 3,000 and 7,000 feet. Separ-

able at once from P. ferrugineum and P. discolor by the more

shining surface, the prominent anterior angles of the thorax,

and the narrower, less convex prosternal process. It cannot

be identified with P. regale, which has the elytra nigro-

piceous, with suture, base, and apex, and also a spot before

and beyond the middle, rufo-ferruginous.

PYCNOMERUS.

Pycnomerus, Erichson, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1842, 1, p. 214;

Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 474 (1894).

Penthelispa, Pascoe, Journ. Ent. i, p. 111 (1860).

Endectus, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. p. 91 (1861).

Three species of this cosmopolitan genus have been

described from Central America. The very small form

now added is much more finely sculptured than any of

them. It has an abrupt freely 2-jointed antennal club,

76 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

much as in Penthelispa truquii and the N. American

Endectus.

Pycnomerus stenosoma, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, cylindrical, flattened above, shining, ferruginous,

glabrous. Head large, as wide as the thorax, finely punctate, deeply

bifoveate in front, the eyes small; antennae short, with an abrupt,

freely 2-jointed club, joint 10 strongly transverse, 11 ovate, nearly

as wide as 10. Thorax longer than broad, narrowed posteriorly,

compressed at the sides at about the middle, finely margined, the

angles obtuse ; the surface somewhat closely impressed with oblong

moderately coarse punctures, the interspaces alutaceous. Elytra

elongate, subparallel, scarcely wider than the thorax, finely punc-

tate-striate, the interstices narrow and alutaceous. Beneath finely

punctate; fourth ventral segment in ¢ with a small tubercle in the

middle behind, its apical margin slightly sinuate. Legs short.

Length 2 mm.

Hab. GuatEMALA, Livingston, Atlantic coast (Barber

and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Two specimens, one of which has been presented to the

British Museum. Smaller and narrower than the Antillean

P. aequicollis, Grouv., the thorax and elytra more finely

punctured, the terminal joint of the antennal club relatively

larger.

« TYRTAEUS, n. gen.

Antennae (fig. 6a) short, 9-jointed, the joints very closely articu-

lated, completely exposed from above, 7-9 dilated into a very

large, compact oval club; head broad, the epistoma large, clearly

defined; labrum transverse, exposed; eyes rounded; mandibles

feebly emarginate at tip; mentum small, leaving the maxillae ex-

posed; last joint of the maxillary palpi long, stout, cultriform ;

anterior coxae narrowly separated, the cavities closed; prosterum

transversely excavate in front of the anterior coxae, the sutures

indistinct, the intercoxal process slightly widened behind; inter-

mediate coxae narrowly, the posterior coxae rather widely, separated ;

metasternum long; elytra oblong, the epipleura reaching the last

ventral suture and widened forwards; prothorax short, margined at

sides and base, without trace of basal fovae ; legs short, slender ; tarsi

simple, 4-jointed, sparsely pilose beneath ; body oblong, glabrous,

Type, ZT. rufus.

The two species belonging to this genus have somewhat

the facies of an Anommatus. The principal characters of

Tyrtaeus are—the 9-jointed antennae, with a very large,

various Central American Coleoptera. 17

compact 3-jointed club, and the 4-jointed, simple tarsi.

The genus can be placed for the present in Colydiidae,

near the Cerylinae. TJ. rufus has been found in Ceiba

(Bombaz) bark in Cuba.

*Tyrtaeus rufus, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 6, 6a.)

Oblong, somewhat convex, very shining, rufous or rufo-testaceous,

the legs and palpi testaceous. Head sparsely, finely punctate ;

antennae not reaching the middle of the thorax, joints 1 and 2 stout,

2 transverse, 3-6 gradually widening outwards, 3 about as long as

broad, 4-6 transverse, the club as long as 3-6 united, 8 strongly

transverse, 9 blunt at the tip. Thorax short, transversely convex,

rounded at the sides, the latter sinuate before the base, the hind

angles acute; the surface sparsely, finely punctured, and with

several coarser impressions on each side near the base. Scutellum

transverse, flat. Elytra moderately long, somewhat flattened on

the disc, of the same width as the thorax, parallel in their basal

half, the humeri angular; with rows of scattered punctures, which

become almost obsolete towards the apex, the interstices broad,

flat, smooth. Beneath very sparsely, finely punctate; fifth ventral

segment transversely depressed at the apex in 3.

Length 2-2} mm.

Hab. Guatemata, San Gerédnimo, El Jicaro, Tamahu

(Champion) ; CuBa, Cayamas (Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Described from seven specimens from Guatemala. Three

others were found by Mr. Schwarz in Cuba.

*Tyrtaeus cribripennis, 0. sp.

Smaller and less elongate than 7’. rufus, obscure ferruginous, the

antennal club infuscate. Antennae with the intermediate joints a

little shorter, the club nearly as long as the rest of the joints united.

Thorax very sparsely, finely punctate, with some coarse punctures

along the basal margin. Scutellum triangular. Elytra shorter than

in T. rufus, with irregular rows of closely placed coarse punctures,

the interstices narrow and somewhat uneven.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, between 2,500 and

4,000 feet (Champion).

One specimen. In this insect the seventh joint of the

antennae is so closely articulated to the club that it is not

easily seen.

78 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

LAPETHUS.

Lapethus, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vy, p. 317

(1890); Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 1, p. 494

(1895).

In this genus the metasternal and abdominal lines are

sharply defined, as in Lytopeplus.

Lapethus sharpi, n.n.

Lapethus discretus, Sharp, loc. cit. pl. 15, fig. 22 [nec

Casey ].

Additional localities for this species are :—

Mexico, Jalapa (Hdge) ; GUATEMALA, Coatepeque, Zapote,

Capetillo (Champion), Jocalo, Lake Yzabal (Barber and

Schwarz, nm U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Apparently a common insect in Central America. The

discovery of various allied forms with the lateral margins

of the thorax deeply sulcate, so as to have a thick acute

marginal bead, as described by Casey for L. discretus, shows

that the Californian and Oregon insect cannot be conspecific

with the Central American form figured under that name

by Dr. Sharp, and a new name is therefore required for the

latter.1_ The following species from Brazil is nearly related

to L. sharpi.

[Lapethus brasilianus, n. sp.

Short, convex, oblong-elliptic, convex, shining, piceous, the

antennae, mouth-parts, and legs rufo-testaceous. Head and thorax

densely, finely punctate, the latter finely margined along the sides

and feebly bisinuate at the base; elytra coarsely punctate-striate

to the apex, the interstices rather convex and closely, minutely

punctulate. Beneath smooth down the middle, conspicuously

punctured in the femoral depressions, the metasternal and abdominal]

lines sharply defined; prosternal process shallowly sulcate, extend-

ing beyond the anterior coxae and received in a cavity of the meso-

sternum.

Length 12-2 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Blumenau (ex coll. Sharp, in Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens, one much larger and broader than the

other. |

! We have now received from the U. 8S. Nat. Museum an example

of L. discretus, Casey, which is a very different insect.

various Central American Coleoptera. 79

LYTOPEPLUS.

Lytopeplus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1

p. 494 (1895) [sub Colydiidae].

Brachylon, Gorham, op. cit. vii, p. 256 (1898) [sub

Krotylidae].

These genera were each based upon a single species from

Central America. Various others are now known from the

same region, and from the Antilles and South America.

They have the antennae apparently 8-jointed, the solid

ovate club being formed of three fused joints, making eleven

in all; the club itself is received in repose in a deep pit in

the prosternum. The tarsi are 4-jointed. The long, curved

metasternal and abdominal lines (forming the inner limit

of the femoral depressions) are very conspicuous in both

Lytopeplus compactus and Brachylon breve, but they are not

mentioned in either author’s description. The broader

prosternal process separates the genus from Lapethus.

Euzxestus, Wollaston, type EL. parku, Woll., from Madeira,

is deceptively like Lytopeplus; but it wants the prosternal

fossae and the metasternal and abdominal lines, and the

antennae are differently formed: these organs in Euxestus

appear to me to be 11-jointed, there being six short closely

articulated joints between the elongate third (with which

the extremely short fourth and fifth are obliquely fused)

and the short broad blunt club, which itself is formed of

two connate joints. Hidoreus, Sharp, type EH. minutus,

Sharp, from the Hawaiian Is., also wants the metasternal

and abdominal lines. Huxestus appears to be cosmopolitan.!

The eight species of Lytopeplus now known may be tabulated

thus :—

a. Thorax without marginal sulcus.

a. Elytra with abbreviated series of punc-

tures.

a’. Body moderately convex or subde-

pressed.

a’. Thorax very sparsely punctulate,

feebly sinuate at base. . . . compactus, Sharp.

6%. Thorax closely punctulate, more

strongly sinuate at base . . . substriatus, n. sp.

1 EH. piciceps, Gorh. (1898), from the Antilles and Central America

= EF. minor, Sharp (1885), from the Hawaiian Is. This insect also

occurs in Christmas I., Damma I., Java, etc.; it is narrower than

the myrmecophilous HE. parkii (? = Neoplotera peregrina, Belon).

80 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

b’. Body more convex.

ce’, Seriate elytral punctures few in

number and present on anterior

half of disc only: species very

convex, larger, thorax and elytra

more rounded at sides . . . . brevis, Gorh.

d°, Seriate punctures more numerous

and extending outwards: species

very small, thorax and elytra less

rounded at sides. . . . . . curtulus, n. sp.

b'. Elytra impunctate, very convex . . . laevipennis, n. sp.

b. Thorax with a deep marginal sulcus; elytra

with abbreviated series of punctures.

c'. Body ovate; tibiae broadly dilated out-

WHEGS: 0) oi Mai are Otaier ce oe PROLIM, Eh BD:

d'. Body more oblong; tibiae more gradually

widened outwards.

ce. Seriate elytral punctures inconspicuous swlcimargo, n. sp.

d*, Seriate elytral punctures coarse . . [insularis, Grouv.]

*Lytopeplus substriatus, n. sp.

Oblong-elliptic, somewhat depressed, shining, nigro-piceous, the

antennae, the front of the head, and legs testaceous. Head almost

smooth; thorax strongly transverse, finely margined laterally,

bisinuate at the base, closely, minutely punctulate ; elytra with rows

of fine, closely placed punctures extending to near the apex, the

punctures placed in almost obsolete striae and becoming evanescent

towards the suture. Beneath almost smooth; metasternal and

abdominal lines well defined, the former reaching the episterna and

the latter extending to near the hind angles of the first segment.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé).

One specimen. Smaller and more depressed than L.

compactus ; the prothorax shorter, more closely punctulate,

and with the base distinctly lobed in the middle behind.

Lytopeplus brevis.

Brachylon breve, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii,

p. 257 (1898).

This species has been found in Mexico (Omilteme and

Jalapa) and Nicaragua. There is a single example of an

allied undescribed form from Trece Aguas, Guatemala, in

the U.S. National Museum, with the abbreviated rows of

various Central American Coleoptera. 81

scattered punctures present at the sides of the elytra only,

and the femoral excavations in the first ventral segment

very deep. It must be left to the American entomologists

to describe.

*Lytopeplus curtulus, n. sp.

Ovate, convex, shining, fusco-ferruginous, the antennae, mouth-

parts, and legs testaceous. Head and thorax with a few

widely scattered excessively minute punctures; thorax narrowing

from the base, finely margined, distinctly bisinuate at the base;

elytra with abbreviated series of fine scattered punctures, the

interstices almost smooth, the inferior marginal carina not very

prominent. Prosternal pits deep. Metasternum hollowed behind for

the reception of the posterior femora. Metasternal and abdominal

lines conspicuous, the former extending outwards to the episterna.

Length 12-14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith);

GuATEMALA, Capetillo, Zapote (Champion).

Ten examples, one only of whichis from Mexico. Smaller,

more convex, and less elongate than L. compactus, Sharp.

The prothorax and elytra with less prominent marginal

carina, the prothorax rather strongly sinuate at the base,

the prosternal fossae deeper. The seriate punctures on the

elytra are coarse in the Mexican specimen.

*Lytopeplus laevipennis, sp. n.

Short ovate, very convex, shining, black, the front of the head,

the margins of the prothorax, and the prosternum sometimes rufes-

cent, the antennae, mouth-parts, and legs testaceous. Head, thorax,

and elytra smooth (the elytra without trace of the usual dorsal

series of punctures, when viewed under the microscope), the thorax

finely margined at the sides and rather strongly bisinuate at the

base. Beneath smooth; metasternal and abdominal lines sharply

defined ; prosternal process very broad.

Length 14-2 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé); GuatEMaLA, San Gero-

nimo (Champion) ; PANAMA, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

Four specimens, the two from Guatemala, taken as the

types, larger than the others. The very convex body and

entirely impunctate upper surface readily distinguish L.

laewipennis. The thorax is much more strongly sinuate at

the base than in L. compactus, the type of the genus.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913—PARTI. (JUNE) G

B2 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

*Lytopeplus tabialis, n. sp.

Ovate, convex, shining, ferruginous, the legs and antennae testa-

ceous. Head and thorax smooth, the latter deeply sulcate along

the lateral margins and bisinuate at the base; elytra with rows of

scattered fine, conspicuous punctures which become obsolete beyond

the middle. Beneath smooth; metasternal and abdominal lines

conspicuous; prosternal process moderately broad. ‘Tibiae short,

broadly dilated.

Length 2 mm.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

One specimen, in perfect condition, but somewhat imma-

ture, labelled by Dr. Sharp long ago as belonging to his

genus Lytopeplus. The regularly ovate shape and the short,

broadly dilated tibiae distinguish this species from JL.

sulcomargo and L. insularis. The thorax is rapidly arcuately

narrowed from the base and the deep lateral sulcus extends

forwards to near the apex.

*Lytopeplus sulcimargo, n. sp.

Brachylon breve, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii,

p. 207 (part.).

Short, oblong-elliptic, convex, shining, piceous, the antennae,

mouth-parts, and legs testaceous. Head and thorax almost smooth,

the latter with a deep sulcus along the lateral margins and the base

feebly bisinuate; elytra with rows of very fine, shallow, scattered

punctures, which become coarser towards the sides and almost

obsolete towards the suture. Beneath almost smooth; metasternal

and abdominal lines fine, but conspicuous; prosternal process very

broad.

Length 14-2 mm.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Janson).

Two specimens, one much larger than the other. The

larger one was included by Gorham under his Brachylon

breve, from which it differs in having the margins of the

thorax deeply sulcate. L. sulevmargo is very like the

Antillean ZL. insularis, Grouv. (Notes Leyden Mus. xx,

p. 40, 1898), but it is less elongate and has smoother elytra.

MurRMIDIvs.

Murmidius, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii, p. 41 (1822);

Lewis, Biol. Centr,-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 248 (1888).

various Central American Coleoptera. 83

Two Central American species were referred to this genus

by Lewis, who placed it in the Histeridae. Casey [Ann.

N. York Acad. Sci. v, p. 318 (1890)] associates Murmidius

with Lapethus, in his section “ Murmidiini”’ of the Coly-

diidae, and this seems to me to be its proper position.

The new form now added from N. E. Mexico is more

elongate than the cosmopolitan M. ovalis, and entirely

glabrous. The non-striate prosternal process, etc., dis-

tinguish it from M. irregularis and M. rectistriatus.

*Murmidius estriatus, n. sp.

Oblong, shining, castaneous, the legs and antennae testaceous,

glabrous; the upper surface somewhat closely, minutely, confusedly

punctate, the punctures on the under surface widely scattered

and excessively minute. Head rather small; thorax short, very

gradually narrowed to the rounded anterior angles; elytra oblong,

subparallel for some distance below the base, finely margined ;

prosternal process very broad, arcuate-emarginate at the apex,

sharply separated from the flanks, but without submarginal stria ;

mesosternal process very broad, rounded in front, the marginal stria

complete.

Length 1} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Tampico in Tamaulipas (Schwarz, in U.S.

Nat. Mus.).

Four specimens.

CUCUJIDAE.

LAEMOPHLOEUS.

Laemophloeus, Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleopt. i,

p- 385 (1840); Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ni, 1, p. 513 (1899).

Dr. Sharp enumerated forty species of Laemophloeus from

Central America, some of which have a very different facies

from the type, L. monilis. The Guatemalan form now

added should perhaps form the type of a new genus. It

approaches Rhabdophloeus, but differs from it in having a

broadly truncate intercoxal abdominal process. The last

three joints of the antennae are much larger than the

preceding joints, the elytra are tricostate, the anterior

acetabula are open, and the upper surface of the body is

densely punctulate and pubescent.

84 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

*Laemophloeus quadridentatus, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 7, 3.)

Oblong-ovate, rather broad, flattened, feebly shining, closely,

finely pubescent; testaceous, the head and the disc of the thorax,

and the last three joints of the antennae (the eleventh pale in one

specimen), more or less infuscate, the elytra with a common, large,

subtriangular patch, a broad angulate median fascia, and the apex

fuscous, the legs testaceous ; the entire upper surface densely, minutely

punctate. Head broad, short, obliquely depressed on each side ante-

riorly, the labrum transverse; eyes very large, coarsely facetted ;

antennae about half the length of the body, joints 3-8 slender, grad-

ually becoming shorter and stouter outwards, 9-11 abruptly widened,

9 and 10 transverse, 11 ovate, as long as 9 and 10 united, and

constricted at the middle. Thorax broad, strongly transverse,

somewhat rounded at the sides, the latter explanate, undulate, and

strongly, equally crenate, the disc with a very prominent oblique

ridge on each side, limited inwards by a shallow groove, the hind

angles sharply rectangular. Elytra broader than the thorax,

arcuato-explanate at the sides, and (viewed laterally) distinctly

tricostate, the suture also a little raised posteriorly. Femora clavate,

tibiae and tarsi slender.

Var. Antennae entirely rufo-testaceous, the testaceous markings of

the elytra more extended, and not interrupted by the costae, which

are less prominent.

Length 12-1? mm.

Hab. Guaremata, Livingston and Trece Aguas (Barber

and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Five specimens, three paler than the others and with the

elytra somewhat differently marked. In the dark form

the testaceous portions of the elytral surface are clothed

with cinereous pubescence, which accentuates the light

markings, these being interrupted by the costae and ap-

pearing as oblong streaks. The undulation of the thoracic

margin forms four equidistant teeth, one of which represents

the anterior angle. In the paler form the oblique testace-

ous elytral fascia is broader and almost uninterrupted. The

hind tarsi appear to be 4-jointed in the male.

LATHROPUS.

Lathropus, Erichson, Naturg. Ins. Deutschl. iii, p. 327

(1848); Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 531

(1899).

Dr. Sharp enumerated two species only under this genus,

various Central American Coleoptera. 85

L. pictus, Schwarz, and L. parvulus, Grouv., which may

prove to be synonymous: both were described in 1878.

The N.-American L. vernalis, Lec., and L. pubescens, Casey,

are unknown tome. The minute form now added is closely

related to the Palaearctic L. sepicola, Miill.

*Lathropus minimus, n. sp.

Oblong-oval, depressed, opaque, piceous, the front of the head,

the antennae (the club excepted), and legs ferruginous, almost

glabrous. Head and thorax very densely, minutely, rugulosely

punctate; antennae short, joints 1 and 2 stout, 3-8 slender, 3 as

long as broad, 4-8 transverse, 9-11 stout, about as long as 3-8

united, and forming a long, loosely-articulated club; thorax trans-

verse, the lateral margins crenulate and moderately rounded, the

hind angles acutely rectangular, the submarginal carina incon-

spicuous, the disc transversely impressed or obsoletely bifoveate

towards the base and apex. Elytra oblong, a little wider than

the thorax, finely punctate-striate, the interstices rugulose, the

disc shallowly depressed below the base. Beneath alutaceous,

densely, minutely punctate. Legs very short.

Length 1,4-14 mm.

Hab. GuatEmALta, Zapote, Las Mercedes, Senahu (Cham-

pron).

A long series, all but two from Zapote. Very like L.

sepicola, but much smaller, the elytra relatively narrower,

the two shallow foveae on the disc of the thorax towards

the apex indistinct. In L. minimus all the coxae are widely

separated and the elytral epipleura extend rather broadly

to the apex. . Viewed laterally, the alternate elytral inter-

stices appear to be slightly raised. L. parvulus, Grouv., is

described as ovate and rather convex, with an oblique

Juteous mark on the anterior portion of the elytra.

SALPINGOMIMUS, n. gen.

Head short, broad, constricted behind, obliquely narrowed

anteriorly, the small transverse epistoma limited posteriorly by a

deep groove; eyes convex, very prominent; labrum transverse,

exposed; mentum transverse; maxillae (fig. 8a) with two ciliated

lobes ; maxillary palpi (fig. 8a) stout, joint 4 broadly oval, obliquely

truncate at tip; last joint of labial palpi narrow, conical; mandibles

short, bifid at tip; antennae free, stout, the last three joints widened

and forming a distinct club, the preceding joints more or less monili-

form; thorax constricted behind, immarginate laterally; scutellum

86 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

transverse ; elytra oblong, parallel, the epipleura extremely narrow ;

anterior coxae small, placed near the base of the prosternum,

separated by a thin lamella, the acetabula open; middle coxae

somewhat widely separated; tibiae obliquely truncated at tip;

tarsi 4-jointed in both sexes, 1-3 clothed with a few long hairs

beneath, 1 as long as 2 and 3 united, 3 small, free, 4 elongate; body

elongate, glabrous, metallic.

Type, S. deceptor.

The insect forming the type of this genus was rejected by

myself from the Pythidae in 1889, when dealing with the

Central American representatives of that family of the

Heteromerous Coleoptera. It has exactly the facies of a

Salpingid (such as Sosthenes), and if excluded from the

Pythidae, on account of its tarsal structure, the genus

must be placed in Cucujidae, near Phloeostichus and

Hymaea, which have the tarsi 5-, 5-, 4-jointed in the male.

It is probable, however, that the Pythidae will have to be

placed, sooner or later, in the Clavicorn series, near Cucu-

jidae, Salpingomimus clearly showing that the tarsal

formula alone is a character upon which too much depend-

ence has been placed by systematists.

*Salpingomimus deceptor, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 8, g;

8a, maxilla and maxillary palpus.)

Moderately elongate, shining, glabrous, aeneous or greenish-

aeneous, the mouth-parts, base of antennae, and tarsi ferruginous.

Head closely punctate, the transverse groove behind the epistoma

very deep; antennae moderately long, a little shorter in 9, joint 1

very stout, 7 and 8 transverse, 9-11 much wider and stouter, 9 and 10

strongly transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate. Thorax convex, oval, as

long as broad, narrower than the head with the eyes, feebly margined

at the base only, closely punctate. Elytra oblong, as wide as the

thorax, depressed on the disc below the base; seriato-punctate, the

seriate punctures becoming almost obsolete towards the apex and

more confusedly arranged at the base, the interstices usually with

a few scattered punctures. Beneath densely, the metasternum more

sparsely, punctate, the abdomen almost smooth. Tibiae widened on

the inner side from about the middle to the apex in g, more feebly

soin 3. ‘Tarsi slender, joints 1 and 2 slightly thickened.

Length 2;;-3 mm. (d 9.)

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 8,000 feet (Champion).

Twelve specimens, found in June 1882, varying in the

various Central American Coleoptera. 87

arrangement of the punctures on the basal portion of the

elytra, as is often the case in Salpingus and its allies.

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE.

TRUQUIELLA, n. gen.

Body elongate, pilose throughout; last joint of the maxillary

palpi narrow, ovate; antennae with joints 9-11 widened and forming

an abrupt club; head short, broad, subtriangular in 9, the sides of

the front subangularly raised in §; thorax gibbous in front in ¢ ;

anterior coxal cavities open behind, the prosternal side-pieces not

reaching the rather broad bisulcate process; prosternal sutures

obliterated ; intermediate and posterior coxae about equally separ-

ated; tarsi pilose to the tip, 4-jointed, 1-3 widened, short, 3 sub-

lobate, excavate above for the reception of the long claw-joint ;

tibiae very obliquely truncated at the apex.

Type, 7. gibbifera.

This genus must for the present be placed in the sub-

family Telmatophilinae of the Cryptophagidae, its 4-

jointed tarsi notwithstanding.’ The structure of the head

in the male is suggestive of Tenebrionidae, and a similar

dorsal hump on the thorax in the same sex is to be found in

certain species of Hapalips. There is no trace of a node or

minute additional tarsal joint at the base of the terminal

one when the claw-joint is broken off for examination.

The entire body is densely punctate and hairy, and the hairs

even extend to the fourth tarsal joint. 7. gibbifera has

the general facies of a large Telmatophilus.

*Truquiella gibbifera, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 9, 9a, 3.)

Elongate, moderately convex, closely pilose, feebly shining,

piceous, the front of the head, the base of the antennae, and the

legs in part, ferruginous. Head densely, finely punctate, without

definite line behind the epistoma, the sides of the front in ¢ raised

into a stout subangular ridge; eyes rounded, prominent, coarsely

granulated; antennae moderately long, joint 3 longer than 2, 4-8

shorter and submoniliform, 9-11 much widened, about equal in

width, 9 and 10 transverse. Thorax transversely convex, much

broader than long, a little wider at the apex than at the base,

slightly rounded and narrowly margined at the sides, the base also

feebly margined, the hind angles not very prominent; the entire

1 Platoberus, Sharp, apparently has tetramerous tarsi,

88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

surface densely, minutely, confluently punctate, the disc with a com-

pressed, cariniform hump in the middle in front in g. Scutellum

small. LElytra subparallel, about as wide as the thorax, finely

punctate-striate, the interstices rugulosely punctured. Beneath

densely, finely punctate.

Length 33-4 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqu, in Mus. Brit., ex coll. Fry).

One pair.

PLATOBERUS.

Platoberus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 1, p. 586

(1900).

Four species from Panama were referred to this genus by

Dr. Sharp. A fifth, from Mexico, has since been detected in

our collection. The tarsi appear to have the usual minute

penultimate joint fused with the apical one, so that they are

really 4-jointed.

*Platoberus ngrolimbatus, n. sp.

Ovate, rather broad, shining, ferruginous, the elytra with more

than the outer half black, the two basal joints of the antennal club

infuscate; clothed with long, fine, curled, decumbent, yellowish

hairs. Head finely punctate, the eyes convex, very large and

prominent; antennae long, the club large, joints 9 and 10 sub-

quadrate. Thorax strongly transverse, subquadrate, sharply

margined, the sides straight, the anterior angles tumid and very

prominent, the basal foveae connected by a deep transverse sulcus;

finely punctate. Elytra convex, oval, much wider than the thorax,

the lateral excavation moderately large; finely seriato-punctate,

the interstices with a few widely scattered smaller punctures, each

puncture bearing a long curled hair. Legs short, stout. Beneath

finely punctate, the metasternum smoother down the broad median

space and hollowed in front of the posterior coxae.

Length 2%, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Motzorongo in Vera Cruz (Flohr).

One specimen. Near P. diwisus, Sharp.

TOMARUS.

Tomarus, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. ed. 1, p. 99

(1861); Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 1, p. 587

(1900),

various Central American Coleoptera. 89

Dr. Sharp (loc. cit.) enumerated fifteen species of this

genus from Central America. The two others unnamed in

our collection may be described thus :—

*Tomarus gibbipennis, n. sp.

Short, broad, convex, moderately shining, brown, the legs and an-

tennae paler, the latter with joints 9 and 10 nigro-piceous, the tibiae

also infuscate at the middle, the tarsi testaceous ; sparsely, very finely

pubescent. Head finely punctate, the eyes small; antennae very

slender, elongate, joints 5 and 7 much longer than 4, 6, and 8, 8 a little

shorter than 6, 9-11 dilated into a rather long, abrupt club, 9 as

long as broad, 10 transverse. Thorax short, transversely convex,

rounded at the sides, slightly narrowed behind, faintly transversely

grooved at the base, the base itself very feebly sinuate, the hind

angles rectangular, the anterior angles prominent; densely finely

punctate, without basal foveae. Elytra broad, gibbous, subcordate,

a little more sparsely punctured than the thorax, the humeri

obtuse. Beneath densely punctate; mesosternum feebly margined

on each side between the coxae; metasternum unimpressed. Legs

long and slender.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith). ;

One specimen. The uniformly brown body, the alter-

nately longer and shorter intermediate joints of the anten-

nae, the short, transversely convex thorax, with the base

subtruncate, and the broad, gibbous elytra, readily dis-

tinguish 7’. gibbipennis. The apical joint of the antennae

is abruptly paler, as in the allied 7. picticornis, Sharp, and

other species of the genus.

*Tomarus fuscicornis, n. sp.

Convex, shining, rufo-testaceous, the thorax in great part, the

elytra with a very large subquadrate patch below the base (not

reaching the suture) and the apex, the antennae (the two basal

joints excepted), and the base of the tibiae, piceous; finely pub-

escent. Head broad, closely, very finely punctate, the eyes small ;

antennae moderately elongate, slender, joint 5 longer than 4 and 6,

8 small, transverse, 9-11 rather large and transverse. Thorax con-

vex, transverse, rounded at the sides anteriorly, sinuously narrowed

behind, subtruncate and feebly transversely grooved at the base;

closely, very finely punctate. LElytra convex, ovate, wider and a

90 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

little more sparsely punctate than the thorax, the humeri prominent.

Mesosternum sharply margined on each side between the coxae.

Length 1? mm.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 8,000 feet (Champion).

One specimen. More elongate than 7. gibbipennis, the

elytra less inflated, the antennae infuscate to the tip

(the two basal joints excepted), the thorax less trans-

verse, the humeri prominent, etc. The elytra have an

ill-defined basal and sub-apical fascia, connected along the

suture, rufo-testaceous. T'. fuscicornis is not very closely

related to any of the species described by Dr. Sharp. The

Mexican 7’. cruciatus, Reitt., was unknown to him, but it

is evidently different from the Panama insect.

OCHOLISSA.

Ocholissa, Pascoe, Journ. Ent. ti, p. 85 (1863).

Two species were referred to this genus by Pascoe—

O. laeta, from Ega, and O. humeralis, from Saylee, Mysol,

and other eastern islands. It may be stated that in the .

type of Ocholissa, O. laeta, the anterior acetabula are incom-

pletely closed behind, the prosternal sutures are almost

obsolete, and the tarsi are 4-jointed. Ocholissa was re-

ferred by Pascoe to the Colydiidae, but it seems to me to

be better placed in Cryptophagidae, near Holosternus and

Anepsicus, Sharp.

*Ocholissa laeta.

Ocholissa laeta, Pasc. loc. cit. pl. 5, fig. 1.

The following description was made from Guatemalan

specimens before the identity of the species was suspected,

and as the insect is somewhat variable in colour, the par-

ticulars given will supplement Pascoe’s diagnosis. The

measurements include a very small Amazonian example

found by Bates.

Moderately elongate, parallel, depressed, shining; piceous, the

elytra testaceous, with a common transverse black median fascia,

which extends indeterminately up and down the suture, the antennae

partly or entirely ferruginous, the legs testaceous. Head very finely

punctate, shallowly transversely grooved behind the epistoma,

greatly developed and as broad as the thorax in 3, smaller in 9;

eyes moderately large, rather prominent; antennae with joints 4-8

various Central American Coleoptera. oy

small and transverse, the club rather large, joints 9 and 10 strongly

transverse. Thorax about as long as broad, regularly quadrate,

the hind angles rectangular, the narrow lateral margins not visible

from above; closely minutely punctate. Elytra rather more than

twice the length of the thorax, parallel, the humeri angular; finely

punctate-striate, the interstices almost smooth.

Length 17-2} mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. GUATEMALA, Panzos and Teleman in the Polochic

valley (Champion); Amazons, Kga.

This genus is an addition to the Central American fauna.

HOLOSTERNUS.

Holosternus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 1, p. 599

(1900).

This is one of four Central American genera—the others

being Anepsicus, Cissocryptus, and Trogocryptus—referred

somewhat doubtfully by Dr. Sharp to the Cryptophagidae.

He described the tarsi in all of them as 5-jointed; but this

is a mistake, as the types have in each case the tarsi clearly

5-, 5-, 4-jointed.t_ Additional specimens of all these insects,

moreover, are now available for examination, and the tarsi

prove to be heteromerous in both sexes in each of the genera

mentioned. The imperfectly closed anterior coxal cavities,

combined with the tarsal formula, is suggestive of Pythidae ;

but in this last-mentioned family the thorax is not margined

laterally, etc. The four genera, therefore, must remain for

the present where Dr. Sharp placed them, the heteromerous

tarsi notwithstanding. Various Cucujidae are known to

have this form of tarsus in the male, so that it is not sur-

prising to find a similar structure in both sexes amongst

some of the Clavicornia.

Holosternus distans.

Holosternus distans, Sharp, loc. cit. p. 600, pl. 18, fig. 18.

Described from two specimens from Capetillo, Guatemala.

The following are additional localities :—

GuaTEMALA, El Tumbador, Las Mercedes, Zapote,

Guatemala city (Champion).

1 The tarsi of Holosternus are correctly, and those of the other

genera incorrectly, shown in the published figures of these genera.

92 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

ANEPSICUS.

Anepsicus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 600

(1900).

This genus seems to me to be nearly related to Ocholissa,

Pasc., referred by its describer to Colydiidae.

Anepsicus brunneus.

Anepsicus brunneus, Sharp, loc. cit. p. 600, pl. 18, fig. 19.

Described from three specimens only. Additional

localities are’:—

Mexico, Jalapa (Hodge); GuatEmALA, El Tumbador,

Las Mercedes, Cerro Zunil, Zapote, Capetillo, San Gerénimo

(Champion).

Numerous examples, varying from 2-3 mm. in length.

CISSOCRYPTUS.

Cissocryptus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 601

(1900).

This genus would perhaps be better placed in Pythidae,

near Inssodema, the tarsi being heteromerous.

Cissocryptus insolitus.

Cissocryptus insolitus, Sharp, loc. cit. p. 601, pl. 18, fig. 20.

Described from a single example from Guanajuato,

Mexico. Three others, found by Truqui in Mexico, are

contained in the Fry collection—one, a male, with the body

almost black, the others, females, paler in colour.

TROGOCRYPTUS.

Trogocryptus, Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 602

(1900).

The members of this genus are separable from the allied

forms by the acutely dilated, spinulose apices of the tibiae,

and the strongly marked prosternal sutures. 7’. nigripectus,

was described from a single (? 2) example found by myself

at Cahabon, Alta Vera Paz; two others, from Sinanja, Alta

Vera Paz, have since been detected in our collection, one

with the head greatly developed, and presumably a male.

The tarsi are really heteromerous, as stated above under

Holosternus. ‘Two additional species are now known.

various Central American Coleoptera. 93

*Trogocryptus longiusculus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, rather broad, subparallel, very shining,

glabrous; ferruginous, the apical half of the elytra, the disc of the

thorax, and part of the under surface sometimes piceous or black.

Head very broad in fully-developed 3, narrower in 9, finely and

somewhat thickly punctate, transversely grooved or bifoveate behind

the epistoma; antennae short, joints 4-8 strongly transverse, the

club very abrupt, joint 10 wider than 9. Thorax transverse,

moderately convex, rounded at the sides, and a little narrowed

towards the apex in 9, broader anteriorly in 3, finely margined, the

angles obtuse; finely, somewhat closely punctate. Elytra com-

paratively short, finely punctate-striate, the interstices minutely

uniseriate-punctate. Beneath with a few scattered fine punctures

along the sides, for the rest almost smooth. Legs short; tibiae

rapidly widened outwards, acutely dilated at the outer apical angle,

and spinulose along their apical margin.

Length 31-33 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge), Teapa (H. H. Smith);

GuaTEMALA, Purula and Sinanja in Alta Vera Paz, Las

Mercedes, Pantaleon (Champion); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Champion).

Eleven specimens, some of them uniformly ferruginous,

others with the dise of the thorax and the apical half of

the elytra infuscate, those with broader head and thorax

assumed to be males. This species is considerably less

elongate than 7’. mgripectus, Sharp, and also differs from it

in the transverse thorax and the finely punctate-striate

elytra.

*Trogocryptus senecionis, n. sp.

Elongate, subcylindrical, moderately convex, shining, glabrous;

black, the head, antennae, and legs, and in one specimen the sides

of the thorax, the humeri, and the under surface also in great part,

ferruginous. Head alutaceous and finely punctate, transversely

grooved behind the epistoma, the eyes not prominent; antennae

reaching very little beyond the middle of the thorax, joints 4-8

transverse, the club abrupt, rather large, joints 9 and 10 equal in

width. Thorax convex, transverse, rounded at the sides, about

equal in width at the base and apex, the sides sinuate before the

rectangular hind angles, the base distinctly margined; thickly

punctate, the punctures oblong in shape, the interspaces finely

alutaceous. Elytra elongate, scarcely wider than the thorax,

parallel to beyond the middle; punctate-striate, the interstices

94 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

sparsely, very finely, uniseriate-punctate. Beneath sparsely, finely

punctate. Tibiae much widened outwards, strongly spinose along

their apical margin, the anterior pair acutely produced at the outer

apical angle.

Length 43-54 mm. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, near the city (Flohr).

Two specimens, labelled as having been found in the

stems of Senecio by the late Julius Flohr. Larger and

broader than 7’. nigripectus, the thorax (except at the sides

in one example) and elytra black, the legs and antennae

longer, the tibiae more strongly spinose at the apex. T.

senecionis has quite the facies of a Tenebrionid, and this

is accentuated by its heteromerous tarsi, but the insect is

certainly congeneric with Trogocryptus nigripectus, Sharp.

CLERIDOPSIS, n. gen.

Head oblong, convex, exserted, shallowly arcuate-emarginate at

the apex, leaving the small labrum exposed, the epistoma confused

with the front, the eyes transverse, distant from the anterior margin

of the prothorax; antennae inserted under the sides of the front,

11-jointed, 9-11 widened into an abrupt club; mentum small,

triangular, leaving the maxillae exposed; last joint of the maxillary

palpi long, conical, that of the labial palpi stout, ovate, truncate at

the tip; anterior coxae globose, separated by a thin lamina, the

cavities narrowly closed behind; intermediate and posterior coxae

narrowly separated; prosternum truncate in front, the sutures

obliterated; metasternum long, the episterna very narrow, cunei-

form; ventral segment 1 long, the intercoxal process cariniform,

the segments 2-4 much shorter, equal in length ; prothorax elongate,

constricted at the base, without marginal carina; scutellum small ;

elytra parallel, confusedly punctate; femora strongly clavate ;

tibiae obliquely truncate at the tip, unarmed; tarsi 4-jointed, joints

1-3 of anterior pair (3) (fig. 10a) broadly lobate, spongy-pubescent

beneath, each deeply excavate above for the reception of the suc-

ceeding joint, the corresponding joints of the intermediate and

posterior pairs simple, pilose beneath, the claw-joint of all of them as

long as 1-3 united, the claws simple; body subcylindrical, hairy.

Type, C. latumanus.

The small, subcylindrical, hairy insect forming the type

of this genus has quite the facies of a Clerid, but the tarsal

structure is foreign to the species of that family. For the

present Cleridopsis would perhaps be best placed in Crypto-

various Central American Coleoptera. 95

phagidae or Cucujidae. The extraordinary dilatation of

the anterior tarsi may prove to be peculiar to the male sex.

The exserted head; the 3-jointed, abrupt antennal club;

the basally constricted, long thorax; the greatly thickened

anterior femora; the closed anterior acetabula, etc., are

also characteristic. The two basal joints of the interme-

diate and posterior tarsi are so closely articulated that the

separation between them is not easily seen.

*Cleridopsis latumanus, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 10, J; 10a,

anterior tarsus.)

Elongate, subcylindrical, shining, ferruginous or obscure ferru-

ginous, the elytra with a faint oblong darker patch on the outer part

of the disc; clothed with long, fine, erect hairs. Head, as seen from

above, nearly as long as broad, closely punctate, the eyes not

prominent; antennae moderately long, joint 1 stout, 2 about as

long as broad, 3 obconic, 4-8 shorter, submoniliform, 9-10 very

broad, transverse, 11, stout, oval. Thorax as long as broad, convex,

cylindrical, abruptly constricted into a short neck behind the incon-

spicuous rectangular hind angles, margined at the base only;

punctured like the head. Elytra parallel, about twice the length of

the thorax, strongly, transversely depressed before the middle;

rather coarsely, closely, confusedly punctate, the punctures becoming

very fine towards the apex.. Beneath coarsely, closely, the ventral

segments sparsely and finely, punctate. Anterior femora broadly,

the other femora less strongly, clavate.

Length 2,,-24 mm. (0.)

Hab. GuateMALA, Rio Maria Linda, Pacific slope

(Champion); Panama, Volcan de Chiniqui (Champron).

One specimen from each locality, the first taken in

Guatemala on March 4th, 1881.

PHARAXONOTHA.

Pharazxonotha, Reitter, Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. 1875, Heft.

il, p. 44; Sharp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 1, p. 598

(1900).

This genus was referred to the Cryptophagidae by both

Reitter and Sharp.

| Pharaxonotha kirschi.

Pharaxonotha kirschi, Reitt., loc. cit.; Sharp, Biol.

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 1, p. 598 (1900).

96 Mr. G. ©. Champion’s Notes on

Thallisella conradti, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii,

p. 249 (1898) [sub Erotylidae].

Additional localities for P. kirschi are :—

Mexico, Tupataro (Hége), Guanajuato (Sallé), Cordova

(Sallé, Hoge), Mitla (Deam, in U.S. Nat. Mus.); Guatr-

MALA, (Sallé) Senahu, Cahabon, San Juan, Panima, San

Gerdnimo, and Balheu in Vera Paz, Capetillo (Champion),

Trece Aguas, Santa Lucrecia (Barber and Schwarz, in U.S.

Nat. Mus.). The above synonymy has already been noted

by me (Ent. Monthly Mag. xl, p. 36). The insect has been

found in corn (maize) in Guatemala.

HAPALIPS.

Hapalips, Reitter, Verh. Ver. Briinn, Abhandl. xv, p. 122

(1877) [sub Rhizophagidae]; Gorham, Biol. Centr.-

Am., Coleopt. vu, p. 250 (1898) [sub Erotylidae,

Langurides]; Grouvelle, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908,

p. 58 [sub Cryptophagidae].

Gorham’s enumeration of the Central American species

of this genus was based upon insufficient material, nearly

all the examples obtained by myself having been mislaid

when our collections were sorted, and were therefore not

seen by him. These insects have since been found, and a

complete revision of the various forms has become neces-

sary. The unnamed American specimens in the collections

of Fry and Pascoe at the British Museum have also been

studied. Upwards of 20 species of Hapalips have been

described altogether, by Reitter, Gorham, Grouvelle, and

Schaeffer, one of which is African (H. eichelbaumi, Grouv.),

and Xenoscelis prolixus, Sharp, an insect found in tree-

ferns, must be included in it as here understood. The

tarsi are described by both Reitter and Gorham as 4-jointed,

whereas they are really pentamerous (as in the Cucujid

genus Xenoscelis, Woll.), the minute penultimate joint

being hidden in the lobe of the third joint; the three basal

joints are short, more or less widened, and spongy-pubescent

and pilose beneath. The tibiae are very obliquely trun-

cated at the apex, much widened and angularly dilated at

the outer apical angle in some of the larger species, narrow

in the small forms. The first ventral segment is sometimes

hollowed on each side for the reception of the hind femora,

but I am unable to detect the raised cariniform lines men-

tioned by Gorham and Grouvelle. The resemblance to

various Central American Coleoptera. 97

the Languriides is purely superficial,’ and the genus seems

best placed amongst the Cryptophagidae for the present,

not far from Haplolophus and Leucohimatium. The sub-

joined table, based upon the species represented in the

British Museum, or in the U.S. National Museum at

Washington, will assist in the identification of many of the

American forms.

A. Thorax without impressed lines on the disc.

a. Thorax more or less truncate in front in

both sexes.

a', Body glabrous above, shining; elytra

punctate-striate.”

a’. Tibiae much widened outwards;

elytra about as wide as thorax.

a®. Head short; eyes large and promi-

nent; thorax strongly crenate at

sides : body moderately elongate,

black or piceous . . . [crenatus, n. sp.]

b*. Head longer; eyes small a de-

_ pressed; thorax oblong-quad-

rate: body very elongate,

anterior half testaceous, rest

PlccOls,. 2) we ee «6A AIUS, Nn: Bp.

b?. Tibiae slender; eyes large: body

rather convex : species very small.

c3, Thorax narrow, subquadrate . . [parvicollis, n. sp. }

d®, Thorax transverse, narrowed and

transversely excavate towards

|Z a ean . sulcicollis, n. sp.

bt. Body pubescent (in H. ties ely a

few hairs visible).

c*, Eyes large.

e’, Thorax distinctly angulate at sides

anteriorly; elytra punctate-

striate, broader than thorax,

usually fasciate: body very

sing. 7K. A AS oribricolls, Gorh.

(?=gracilicornis, Reitt.)

1 Crotchia has a stridulating file on the head, a series of setigerous

pores on each side of the abdomen, ete.

* H. dufawi and H. guadalupensis, Grouv., belong to this section.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) H

98 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

f?. Thorax not or feebly crenulate at

sides; elytra punctate-striate.

a’, Thorax longer than broad, as

wide as elytra; elytra very

elongate, attenuate : body and

legs black, elytra with rufous

humeral patch: species large perlongus, n. sp.

b’. Thorax subquadrate or trans-

verse, about as wide as elytra.

a®’, Sides of thorax almost

straight or feebly rounded,

sometimes crenulate.

a’, Elytra long and_ sub-

parallel, interstices usually

conspicuously punctate;

eyes very large; thorax

strongly transverse, an-

terior angles not in line

with apical margin.

a’, Eighth antennal joint

moniliforn . . . ._ retttert, Gorh.

b?. Kighth antennal joint .

transverse, often angu-

late within . . . . fuscus, Reitt.

(= parallelus, Gorh.)

b®. Elytra narrowed _spos-

teriorly ; thorax quadrate

or subquadrate, anterior

angles nearly or quite in

line with apical margin.

ce’. Elytral interstices with

punctures similar to

those of the striae:

body rather convex.

a®, Thorax as long as

broad in <, shorter

Mm Boe oe ies ly ORTE MOOR:

68. Thorax transverse in

both sexes . . . lucidus, n. sp.

d’. Elytral interstices almost

smooth, the striae regu-

larly punctate: body

more depressed.

various Central American Coleoptera. 99

c&. Thorax quadrate,

sparsely, finely punc-

tate; elytra more

finely punctate-

striate ; antennae

stout; tibiae triangu-

lar Sepia Ay ets

d*. Thorax __ transversely

quadrate, more

coarsely punctate ;

elytra strongly punc-

tate-striate ; antennae

and legs more slender.

b°. Sides of thorax rounded,

sharply margined: surface

shining Ste hile

c’. Thorax strongly transverse,

narrower than elytra; tibiae

narrow : species small .

d*, Eyes small.

g®. Joints 7 and 8 of antennae about

as wide as those preceding ; elytra

regularly punctate-striate : body

narrow, elongate.

d’. Eyes more depressed; elytral

suture usually infuscate

e+, Eyes smaller, convex; elytral

suture not infuscate

h’, Joints 7 and 8 of antennae wider

than those preceding; elytra

densely, confusedly punctate,

the striae not traceable: body

broader and more attenuate

posteriorly .

c'. Body lanuginose; thorax transverse ;

elytra broad, subparallel, striae

almost obsolete .

b. Thorax angularly produced in front in 4,

apical margin subtruncate in 92; eyes

large ; elytra punctate-striate, interstices

punctured : body pubescent.!

[batesi, n. sp.]

[brevipes, n. sp. ]

nitidulus, n. sp.

[nigriceps, Reitt.]

suturalis, n. sp.

jfilum, Reitt.

obliteratus, n. sp.

lanuginosus, n. sp.

' H. angulosus, Grouv., and H. texanus. Schaeff., belong to this

section.

100 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

d'. Upper surface rather dull; thorax

densely punctate, the prominence in

g compressed at apex. . . . . mexicanus, Reitt.

el, Upper surface shining; thorax more

sparsely punctate, the prominence in

gnot compressed . . . . . . [grouvellei, Gorh.]

B. Thorax with two deeply impressed lines on

disc’. 0 x) Ss) ee RAO aia OR) [seulpiicoliss: nise.|

[Hapalups crenatus, n. sp.

Elongate, somewhat depressed, narrowing posteriorly, nigro-

piceous or black, the antennae, legs, and mouth-parts ferruginous,

glabrous above and very finely pubescent beneath, moderately

shining, the head and thorax distinctly alutaceous. Head short,

finely punctate, the oblique impressed line on each side of the

epistoma just traceable, the eyes moderately large, prominent;

antennae with joints 4-8 moniliform, the club broad and abrupt.

Thorax transversely subquadrate, sharply margined and crenate at

the sides, the base bisinuate and feebly margined, the apex sub-

truncate, the anterior angles obtuse, the hind angles acute ; sparsely,

finely punctate, obsoletely foveate in the middle before the base,

the basal foveae distinct. Elytra about as wide as the thorax,

moderately long, narrowing from the middle; regularly punctate-

striate, the interstices faintly punctulate. Beneath alutaceous,

finely punctate. Prosternal process rather broad. Tibiae gradu-

ally widened outwards. ‘Tarsal joints 1-3 broad.

Length 43-43 mm.

Hab. Braziu, Parana (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens, one with the lateral margins of the

thorax strongly, the other with the margins more feebly,

crenate. A moderately elongate, rather broad form,

glabrous above, with two or three short teeth at the sides

of the thorax. H. crenatus bears a certain resemblance

to the cosmopolitan Nausibius dentatus, Marsh. |

*Hapalups dumadiatus, n. sp.

Very elongate, depressed, gradually narrowing posteriorly,

shining, testaceous, the head ferruginous, the eyes black, the

antennae with joints 1, 2 and the club ferruginous and the inter-

mediate joints black, the elytra piceous from about the basal

fourth, the dark colour extending forwards along the suture to near

the base; glabrous above and very sparsely pubescent beneath.

Head rather long, moderately convex, finely punctate, the oblique

various Central American Coleoptera. 101

impressed lines conspicuous, the eyes not prominent and compara-

tively small; antennae about as long as the prothorax, joints 3-8

moniliform, 6-8 transverse. Prothorax about as long as broad,

subquadrate, slightly widened anteriorly, truncate at the apex, the

anterior angles obtuse and deflexed, the hind angles rectangular,

the base finely margined, the foveae almost obsolete; sparsely,

finely punctate, except along a narrow space down the middle.

Elytra very elongate, gradually narrowed towards the apex;

regularly punctate-striate, the interstices flat, the alternate ones

with a few very widely scattered fine punctures. Tibiae much

widened outwards, the joints 1-3 of the tarsi broad.

Length 54 mm. (? 3.)

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Hége).

One specimen. Smaller and more shining than H.

perlongus, and differently coloured, the upper surface

glabrous, the eyes depressed, much smaller, the thorax

not longer than broad and sparsely punctate, the elytral

interstices much smoother.

[Hapalips parvicollis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, rather convex, fusco-ferruginous, the elytra,

legs, and antennae testaceous, the eyes black; shining, glabrous

above, very finely pubescent beneath. Head triangular, finely

punctate, the oblique line on each side of the epistoma distinct,

the eyes moderately large and prominent; antennae reaching to a

little beyond the base of the thorax, joints 3-8 comparatively

slender, 8 transverse, the club moderately large. Thorax small,

transversely subquadrate, the anterior angles obtuse, the hind

angles acute; thickly, finely punctate. Elytra moderately long,

somewhat convex, considerably wider than the thorax, slightly

rounded at the sides, narrowing from about the middle; finely

punctate-striate, the interstices faintly punctulate. Leg slender;

tibiae but little widened outwards.

Length 37; mm. (9.)

Hab. Braziu, Rio de Janeiro (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen. This small form is not unlike the insect

here identified as H. mgriceps, Reitt., but differs from it

in having the upper surface glabrous and more shining;

the intermediate joints of the antennae longer and more

slender; the thorax relatively narrower (and therefore

less transverse) ; the elytra more convex; and the legs more

slender. In its general shape H. parvicollis approaches

H. ervbricollis, Gorh. |

102 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

*Hapalips sulcicollis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, convex, shining, ferruginous, the

eyes black; glabrous above, the under surface with a few minute

scattered hairs. Head short, thickly punctate, the line behind

the epistoma almost obsolete, the eyes large and prominent;

antennae comparatively slender, joints 4-8 short, subquadrate, the

club abrupt. Thorax transverse, convex, somewhat rounded at

the sides, and distinctly narrowed behind, the lateral margins

feebly crenulate posteriorly, the hind angles acute, the disc deeply

transversely grooved before the base; the surface somewhat

thickly punctate. Elytra about as wide as the thorax, moderately

long, gradually narrowed posteriorly; punctate-striate to near the

apex, the striae faintly impressed, the interstices almost smooth.

Beneath very sparsely punctate, the ventral segments almost smooth

down the middle. Tibiae narrow.

Length 2} mm.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson); Panama, Tolé

(Champion).

Three specimens. Smaller and more convex than any

of the other species of the genus known to me; the thorax

narrowed posteriorly and also deeply transversely grooved

on the disc before the base. H. sulcicollis was placed under

the Languriid-genus Crotchia when our collections were

sorted, and, indeed, is not unlike C. parvula, Gorh., from

which it differs in having a smaller antennal club, a less

constricted thorax, etc. The species agrees sufficiently

well with H. cribricollis to be included in the same genus.

Hapalips cribricollis.

Hapalips cribricollis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii,

p. 250.

Described from Mexican specimens. The following are

additional localities for it :—

British Honpuras, Belize (Blancaneaux) ; GUATEMALA,

Trece Aguas (Barber and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.);

Panama, David (Champion), Tabernilla, Canal Zone

(Busck, in U.S. Nat. Mus.); Brazit, Pernambuco (coll.

Fry).

ted the long series received from Teapa there

are some specimens with the post-median fascia of the

elytra almost or quite obsolete. They have the thorax

shaped exactly as shown in Reitter’s figure of the Colombian

various Central American Coleoptera. 103

H. gracilicornis, but the intermediate joints of the antennae

in H. cribricollis are apparently more transverse than in

that insect. The prothorax often has a longitudinal

vitta on each side of the disc, and the elytra a more or

less distinct, common, oblique post-median fascia, infuscate

or black.

*Hapalips perlongus, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 11, ¢.)

Very elongate, depressed, gradually narrowing posteriorly,

shining, very finely alutaceous, black, the head, thorax, and base

of the antennae nigro-piceous, the tips of the tarsi and a large

elongate humeral patch on each elytron ferruginous; somewhat

thickly clothed with rather long, fine, yellowish hairs. Head

triangular, feebly convex, thickly, finely punctate, bifoveate between

the points of insertion of the antennae, the impressed oblique lines

short, the eyes moderately large and prominent; antennae rather

stout, barely as long as the prothorax, joints 4-8 transverse and

moniliform. Thorax oblong-subquadrate, longer than _ broad,

sharply margined at the sides and base, truncate at the apex, the

sides faintly emarginate before the acute hind angles, the anterior

angles rounded and not prominent, the basal foveae very shallow;

closely, finely punctate, except along a narrow space down the

middle. Elytra very elongate, gradually narrowed towards the

apex; regularly punctate-striate, the dorsal interstices with a few

scattered punctures, the sides, apex, and suture closely punctate.

Tibiae much widened outwards, the joints 1-3 of the tarsi broad.

Length 7; mm. (3.)

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Senahu in Alta Vera Paz (Champion).

One specimen, somewhat abraded above. A very

elongate, black form, with a large oblong rufous humeral

patch on each elytron; the thorax longer than broad,

and closely punctate, except along the median line; the

tibiae much widened outwards. The latero-basal emargin-

ation of the thorax is preceded by a minute tooth.

Hapalips reatterv.

Hapalips reitteri, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vil,

p. 251.

This insect is very like the ferruginous form of H.

fuscus, Reitt. (parallelus, Gorh.), but it is more elongate

and much larger, and the joints of the antennae preceding

the club are moniliform. The head is short, and the eyes

104 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

very large and prominent. The thorax is strongly trans-

verse in the female, and a little longer and with the

anterior angles placed further backward in the male

[described as nearly square, not wider than long]. I

cannot detect the very short raised carinae on the abdomen

mentioned by Gorham.

Hapalips fuscus.

Hapalips fuscus, Reitt., Verh. Ver. Briinn, Abhandl. xv,

p. 127.

Hapalips brevicornis, Reitt., loc. cit.

Hapalips parallelus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii,

p. 252.

Additional localities for this species are :—

Mexico, Tampico (Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.), Acapulco

(Baker, in U.S. Nat. Mus.); British Honpuras (Blan-

caneaux); GUATEMALA, Champerico (Baker, in U.S. Nat.

Mus.); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion); Brazit,

Rio Janeiro, Santa Catharina (Fry).

After examining a long series of specimens from Brazil

and Panama I am unable to separate the Mexican H.

parallelus from the Brazilian H. fuscus, the punctuation

of the elytral interstices being somewhat variable. H.

brevicorms, from Parahyba, is doubtless a ferruginous

form of the same species, of which there are several in

the Fry collection. The similarly-coloured variety men-

tioned by Gorham, from Mexico and British Honduras,

has the elytral interstices much smoother than usual.

Dark examples usually have the humeri rufescent. The

eyes are coarsely facetted, very large, and prominent.

The antennae are rather short, and the joints preceding

the club are transverse, the eighth often subangulate

within. The thorax is strongly transverse in both sexes,

a little shorter in the female than in the male. The elytra

are long and subparallel, and usually have the interstices

conspicuously seriate-punctate. Two of the Brazilian

examples are smoother and more shining, as well as being

larger and more elongate, than the rest, but they seem to

belong to the same species; these specimens come near

H. grandis, Reitt.

Hapalips flohri.

Hapalips flohri, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vi,

pe zol:

various Central American Coleoptera. 105

Described from a single specimen (3) from Motzorongo,

Mexico. The following localities may be added :—

GUATEMALA, Teleman and Chacoj in the Polochic

valley (Champion : 3 9).

Compared with H. revttert, the present species has the

eyes smaller and less prominent; the thorax more coarsely

punctate, and with the anterior angles in a line with the

front margin; the elytra more narrowed posteriorly,

regularly punctate-striate, and with the interstices much

more distinctly punctured ; the anterior tibiae more acutely

dentate at the outer apical angle; and the surface of the

body more shining and clothed with longer hairs. The

thorax is nearly square in the male, and transverse in the

female.

*Hapalips lucidus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrowing posteriorly, shining, ferruginous,

the eyes black, strongly pilose. Head short, closely punctate,

shallowly bifoveate, the oblique impressed line on each side of the

epistoma distinct, the eyes moderately large ; antennae barely reach-

ing the base of the thorax, joints 4-8 short, the club abrupt. Thorax

transversely subquadrate, margined at the sides and base, obliquely

narrowed immediately before the acute hind angles, the anterior

angles almost in line with the apical margin, the basal foveae distinct ;

closely punctate. Elytra moderately long, about as wide as the

thorax, narrowing posteriorly; finely punctate-striate, the inter-

stices irregularly seriate-punctate. Legs short; tibiae rapidly

widened outwards, the anterior pair more or less toothed at the

outer apical angle.

Length 4-4} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Tampico (Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.),

Vera Cruz (Hége; U.S. Nat. Mus.); British Honpuras,

Belize (Blancaneauz).

Very near the Mexican H. flohri, Gorh., but less robust,

smaller, and not so elongate, the thorax strongly transverse.

The more dilated tibiae and the less distinctly punctate-

striate elytra separate H. lucodus from the females of

H. grouvellei, Gorh., and H. mezicanus, Reitt. The

description is taken from the three specimens from Belize,

these even varying in the intensity of the punctuation of

the upper surface. Five others have been seen from

Mexico.

106 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

[Hapalvps batesi, n. sp.

Elongate, depressed, narrowing posteriorly, shining, ferruginous,

the eyes black; almost glabrous above, the margins of the thorax

and elytra only with a few fine hairs. Head broad, subtriangular,

finely punctate, the oblique impressed line on each side of the

epistoma conspicuous, the eyes large; antennae short, stout, joints

4-8 transverse, the club large. Thorax subquadrate, nearly as

long as broad, the hind angles somewhat acute, the base feebly,

the sides more sharply margined, the basal foveae distinct ; sparsely,

finely punctate, except along a narrow smooth space down the

middle. Elytra elongate, narrowing towards the apex; punctate-

striate, the interstices almost smooth. Beneath very sparsely,

finely punctate; fifth ventral segment shallowly foveate in the

middle before the apex. Legs short, stout, the tibiae triangular,

the anterior pair acutely produced at the outer apical angle; joints

1-3 of the tarsi broad.

Length 44mm. (¢.)

Hab. Amazons, Ega (Bates, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, labelled ‘‘ Temesia batesti, Pasc., type,”

in the Pascoe collection, but I cannot find a published

description of the insect. It is very like a Rhizophagus.

The broad head; the stout antennae; the finely punc-

tate, subquadrate thorax; the punctate-striate, attenuate

elytra; the triangular tibiae; the clear ferruginous colour ;

and the almost glabrous upper surface readily distinguish

H. batesi. The type is perhaps somewhat rubbed on the

dorsal surface, as some fine hairs are still present along

the margins. |

[Hapalips brevipes, n. sp.

Elongate, depressed, narrowing posteriorly, testaceous, the eyes

black; shining, finely pubescent. Head triangular, short, closely,

rather coarsely punctate, the oblique groove on each side of the

epistoma conspicuous, the eyes moderately large and prominent ;

antennae with joints 4-8 short, 7 and 8 transverse, the club abrupt.

Thorax subquadrate, slightly broader than long, the sides sharply,

and the base obsoletely, margined, the anterior angles obtuse and

in line with the apical margin; rather coarsely, closely, uniformly,

punctate, the basal foveae barely traceable. Elytra moderately

long, about as wide as the thorax, gradually narrowing from a

little below the base; regularly punctate-striate, the interstices

impunctate. Legs short, the tibiae gradually widening outwards.

Length 44 mm.

various Central American Coleoptera. 107

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, probably somewhat immature, the head

and antennae being of a darker and more ferruginous colour

than the rest of the body. Recognisable by its depressed

form and shining, pubescent surface; the attenuate,

regularly punctate-striate elytra; the transversely sub-

quadrate, evenly punctured thorax; the moderately large

eyes; and the comparatively short legs. The smoother

head and thorax, the less thickened antennae and legs,

and the pubescent surface distinguish H. brevipes from

H. bates. |

[Hapalips ngriceps.

Hapalips nigriceps, Reitt., Verh. Ver. Briinn, Abhandl. xv,

p. 126.

The only locality given for this insect is “ Brazil.”

In Fry’s collection there are three specimens apparently

belonging to it, from 8S. Paulo (Campinas) and Rio de

Janeiro. |

*Hapalips mtidulus, n. sp.

Elongate, rather convex, narrowing posteriorly, shining, varying

in colour from piceous with the margins of the prothorax and the

elytral humeri rufescent to entirely ferruginous or testaceous, the

eyes black ; finely pubescent. Head short, triangular, much narrower

than the thorax, closely punctate, obsoletely bifoveate, the oblique

line on each side of the epistoma distinct, the eyes moderately

large ; antennae extending to a little beyond the base of the thorax,

joints 3-8 rather slender, gradually decreasing in length, the club

abrupt. Thorax transverse, still shorter in the 9, the sides rounded,

sharply margined, and obsoletely crenulate, the base bisinuate

and obsoletely margined, the anterior angles obtuse and not in line

with the apical margin; closely, finely punctate, except along a

narrow median space, shallowly bifoveate at the base. Elytra

about as wide as the thorax narrowing from about the middle;

finely punctate-striate, the interstices flat, finely seriate-punctate.

Beneath sparsely, very finely punctate. Tibiae rather narrow,

gradually widened outwards.

Length 33-42 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cerro de Palmas (Hége); GUATEMALA,

near the city (Salvin, Champion), Capetillo, Dueijias,

Zapote (Champion).

Found in abundance in Guatemala; a single immature

example only from Mexico. This species may be known

108 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

by the rounded, sharply margined sides of the thorax,

the comparatively long antennae, the moderately large

eyes, the posteriorly narrowed elytra, and the rather

narrow tibiae. Amongst the forms described by Reitter,

it can only be compared with H. semifuscus, from Brazil,

which is said to have rather short, stout antennae. H.

nitidulus is broader and less elongate than H. suturalis,

and it has the intermediate joints of the antennae more

slender, much as in H. cribricollis, Gorh. (? = gracilicornis,

Reitt.).

*Hapalips suturalis, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 12, 9.)

Very elongate, narrow, narrowing posteriorly, depressed, shining,

finely alutaceous, the body varying in colour from black, with

the front of the head, the basal joint of the antennae, and a

broad stripe down the disc of each elytron ferruginous, to entirely

testaceous, the head, thorax, and scutellum usually fusco-ferruginous

and the elytra testaceous with the suture piceous, the legs always

testaceous; clothed with rather long, fine, adpressed hairs. Head

triangular, closely punctate, obsoletely bifoveate, the oblique

impressed line on each side of the epistoma just traceable, the eyes

moderately large, somewhat depressed; antennae not reaching the

base of the thorax, joints 5-8 transverse. Prothorax subquadrate,

as long as or longer than broad in J, shorter in 9, obsoletely margined

at the base, truncate in front, the anterior angles obtuse and not

in a line with the apical margin; closely punctate, except along a

narrow median space. Scutellum almost smooth. Elytra elongate,

narrowing towards the apex; regularly punctate-striate, the inter-

stices almost impunctate. Legs short.

Length 44-5} mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Duefias and Capetillo (Champion).

A long series. A narrow, elongate, posteriorly attenuate

form, with the suture of the elytra usually infuscate (as

in many small Elaterids), the thorax subquadrate, longer

in the male than in the female. Much smaller than

H. dimidiatus, pubescent above, the head shorter, the

thorax more closely punctured, the eyes more prominent.

Compared with H. perlongus, the eyes are more depressed ;

the antennae are not so stout; the thorax is more coarsely

punctate, and less distinctly margined at the base; and

the sutural interstice and apex of the elytra are smoother.

The eyes are larger and more depressed than in H. filum.

various Central American Coleoptera. 109

Hapalips filum.

Hapalips filum, Reitt., Verh. Ver. Briinn, Abhandl. xv,

p. 125 (1877); Gorh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 335; Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii, p. 251.

? Hapalips tenuis, Reitt., loc. cit.

Recorded by Gorham from Mexico on the authority

of a single specimen from Frontera in Tabasco. Ad-

ditional localities for it are :—

Mexico, Teapa (H. H. Smith); Guatremata, Purula,

Tamahu, Chacoj, and Senahu in Vera Paz, Paraiso, Las

Mercedes (Champion), Trece Aguas (Barber and Schwarz, in

U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion) ;

Brazit, Parana (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.); Cupa, Cayamas

(Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Also found in the Antillean island of Grenada. H. tenuis,

Reitt., to judge from the description, and from the long

series of specimens before me, is no doubt the female of

H. filum, the sexes of some of the allied species also having

the thorax shorter in the female than in the male. The

types of both came from Colombia, and were contained in

the Schaum collection. The eyes in this insect are small

and prominent; the thorax is subquadrate, longer than

broad in the male (H. filum), much shorter in the female

(H. tenuis), and always has a narrow smooth space down

the middle; the elytra are very long, strongly punctate-

striate, subparallel in some examples, and narrowed

posteriorly in others, even amongst a series from the same

locality. The length varies from 3-5 millim. The

specimens from Cuba are labelled as having been found in

corn (maize) stalks.

*Hapalups obliteratus, n. sp. (Plate ITI, fig. 13.)

Elongate, depressed, narrowing posteriorly, moderately shining,

obscure ferruginous, the eyes black; closely, finely pilose; the

entire upper surface, a narrow line along the disc of the thorax

excepted, densely, finely, confusedly punctate, the under surface

more sparsely, minutely punctate. Head short, triangular, much

narrower than the thorax, obsoletely bifoveate, the usual oblique

line on each side of the epistoma wanting, the eyes small, but

prominent; antennae stout, reaching the base of the thorax, joints

4-6 moniliform, 7 and 8 strongly transverse, wider than 6, 9-11

much wider than 8. Thorax transversely subquadrate, truncate

at the base and apex, finely margined at the sides and base, the

110 Mr. G. ©. Champion’s Notes on

anterior angles rounded, the hind angles subacute, the basal foveae

small, but distinct. Scutellum strongly transverse, somewhat

tumid on each side. Elytra moderately long, narrowed towards

the apex, without trace of striae. Tibiae gradually widened out-

wards, the anterior pair bowed at the apex. Tarsi with joints

1-3 moderately stout.

Length 4-4} mm.

Hab. GuaTEMALA, El Tumbador, Pacific slope (Champion).

Four examples, found in Nov. 1880. This insect differs

from all its allies in having joints 7 and 8 of the antennae

intermediate in width between those preceding and the

club, and in the complete obliteration of the elytral striae,

the entire upper surface being densely, finely, confusedly

punctate.

*Hapalips lanuginosus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, rather broad, obscure ferruginous, the

eyes black; alutaceous, feebly shining, thickly clothed with long

decumbent hairs, the entire surface closely, finely punctate, the

elytra with indications of faint striae. Head short, the oblique

line on each side of the epistoma just traceable, the eyes moderately

large; antennae with joints 4-8 subequal in length, the club abrupt.

Thorax feebly margined at the sides, transversely subquadrate, the

angles somewhat obtuse, the anterior ones almost in line with the

apical margin. Elytra much wider than the thorax, moderately

long, subparallel in their basal half. Tibiae gradually widened

outwards.

Length 44-44 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Guajuco in Nuevo Leon (Dr. Palmer).

Six specimens, mostly in very dirty condition. A

comparatively broad, moderately elongate form, thickly

clothed with long hairs; the thorax strongly transverse;

the elytra much wider than the thorax, confusedly

punctured, the striae so faint as to be scarcely visible

till the insect is viewed from the side. H. lanuginosus has

the general facies of a very large elongate Cryptophagus.

H. delauneyi, Grouv., from the island of Guadeloupe, is

described as having similarly long hairs.

*Hapalups mexicanus.

Hapalips mexicanus, Reitt., Verh. Ver. Briinn, Abhandl. xv,

p. 128, pl. 2, figs. 4a (9), 4b (g) (1877).

This species was omitted from Mr. Gorham’s enumeration

various Central American Coleoptera. Iii

of the Mexican species in the “‘ Biol. Centr.-Americana.”’ The

locality given by Reitter was simply ‘‘ Mexico.” We have

received examples of both sexes from Tehuacan, Puebla.

The male has a compressed, oblong, cariniform prominence

at the middle of the angularly produced anterior margin

of the thorax (as in the Texan H. texanus, Schaeffer), and

a tubercle on each side of the disc towards the apex; and

the epistoma of the head tumid between the oblique

impressed lines. H. growveller, Gorh., from St. Vincent and

Grenada, and H. angulosus, Grouv., from Guadeloupe,

have a somewhat similarly shaped thorax in the male.

H. angulosus is recorded as having been found in the

flowers of a cactus, Cereus triangularis.

|Hapalips growveller.

Hapalips grouvellei, Gorh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 334, pl. 27, figs. 11, lla (8), 12 (9).

Described from a long series from the Antillean islands

of Grenada and St. Vincent. There is a male of it from

Trinidad in the Fry collection. ]

|Hapalips sculpticollis, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 14, thorax.)

Elongate, rather broad, feebly shining ; rufo-piceous above, ferru-

ginous beneath, the antennae and legs testaceous; the smaller

punctures each bearing an excessively minute squamiform hair,

these soon becoming abraded on the upper surface. Head sub-

triangular, rather small, finely punctured, the eyes coarsely facetted,

moderately large; antennal club large, abrupt. Thorax transverse,

somewhat rounded at the sides, a little narrowed anteriorly, the

angles obtuse; closely punctate, and with a deep, longitudinal,

crescentiform sulcus on each side of the disc behind, extending

forwards from the transverse basal groove to about the middle and

there becoming slightly sinuous, the intervening space smoother than

the rest of the surface. Elytra moderately long, subparallel in

their basal half; coarsely punctate-striate, the interstices convex

and closely punctulate. Beneath finely, the metasternum and

first ventral segment more coarsely, punctate. Tibiae moderately

widened outwards.

Length 4mm. (? ¢.)

Hab. Jamaica (Hubbard, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

One specimen. Differs from all the other forms known

to me in having two deep longitudinal arcuate sulci on the

112 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

disc of the thorax behind. This insect has the general

facies of a Tribolium. |

[PsEUDHAPALIPS, n. gen.

Head short and broad, the epistoma confused with the front,

differently shaped in the two sexes; eyes convex, coarsely granu-

lated; terminal joint of the maxillary palpi narrow, cultriform, that

of the labial palpi stout and subsecuriform; mandibles acute, with

a small tooth towards the tip; antennae with an abrupt 3-jointed

club; thorax transversely quadrate, sharply margined, with two

basal foveae connected by a deep transverse sulcus; scutellum

strongly transverse; elytra elongate, sharply margined laterally ;

prosternum with deep sutures, the intercoxal process horizontal ;

anterior coxal cavities closed behind; tarsi 5-jointed, 1-3 short and

broad, spongy-pubescent beneath, 2 and 3 lobate, 4 minute, hidden

in the excavate lobe of 3; tibiae very obliquely truncate at apex;

body elongate, subglabrous.

Type, P. lamellifer.

The single species referred to this genus is closely related

to Hapalvps, from which it differs in having deep basal

foveae on the thorax connected by an equally deep trans-

verse sulcus, in the extraordinary form of the head in the

two sexes (suggestive of certain Tenebrionids), and in the

very prominent convex eyes. The penultimate tarsal joint

is so small that it can scarcely be seen unless the tarsus is

viewed laterally. The thorax is shaped as in Platoberus.

The head is considerably broader in the female than in

the male.

Pseudhapalips lamellifer, n. sp. (Plate IIT, figs. 15, 3;

15a, head from in front, ¢.)

Elongate, somewhat depressed, ferruginous, shining, the eyes

black; almost glabrous above (the minute hairs arising from the

punctures soon abraded). Head (Q) uneven, bifoveate, very sparsely

punctate, with a broad, arcuate, tumid margin in front which

extends round to the greatly swollen antennary orbits, (3) with a

prominent, mesially depressed, vertical ridge between the points

of insertion of the antennae (the ridge concave behind and somewhat

convex in front), and the transversely depressed inter-ocular space

smooth; antennae moderately long, joints 3-8 moniliform, the two

basal joints of the club (9 and 10) strongly transverse. Thorax about

one-half broader than long, the disc transversely convex, the lateral

margins explanate, crenulate, slightly sinuate towards the base,

various Central American Coleoptera. 113

the anterior angles projecting a little forwards, obtuse, the hind

angles acute, the base slightly sinuate; the surface sparsely, irre-

gularly punctate, the convex portion of the disc limited outwards

by a stout longitudinal callosity, the basal sulcus and foveae very

deep. Elytra moderately long, a little wider than the thorax,

narrowing from about the middle; regularly punctate-striate, the

interstices almost smooth. Beneath very finely punctate.

Length 4-5 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Amazons, Santarem (Bates), Anand, R. Solimoes

(Trail).

Three specimens. }

LATHRIDITDAE.

PSEUDEVOLOCERA, N. gen.

Head retractile, small; antennae (fig. 16a) apparently 10-jointed,

the basal joint very stout, the last three connate and forming a

very large oval club; palpi stout; eyes small; prothorax with a

deep basal groove; scutellum transverse; prosternum with large

fossae for the reception of the antennal club, the sutures deep,

the intercoxal process broad, parallel between the anterior coxae,

truncate behind, and extending convexly forward across the long

ante-coxal portion to the apical margin; anterior acetabula closed

by the short mesosternum ; metasternal lines present; first ventral

segment about as long as the other four segments united, the inter-

coxal process very broad, truncate in front; legs very short ; femora

compressed, clavate, received in depressions of the under surface ;

tibiae broad; tarsi slender, 3-jointed, joints 1 and 2 very short;

body ovate, glabrous.

Type, P. atomarioides.

This genus is nearly related to the monotypic Evolocera,

Sharp, from which it differs in having the head much

smaller; the antennal club 3-jointed; the prosternum

much more developed before the anterior coxae, and with

a large pit on each side for the reception of the antennal

club; the coxae more widely separated, the convex inter-

coxal process of the anterior pair extending forwards to

the anterior margin; the coxal lines present on the meta-

sternum, but scarcely traceable on the first ventral segment,

the latter about as long as the following four segments

united. The slender intermediate joints of the antennae

(3-7) are so closely articulated that it is possible another

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) I

114 Mr. G. ©. Champion’s Notes on

short joint may be present. The type is a minute insect

superficially like an Atomaria.

*Pseudevolocera atomarioides, n. sp. (Plate ITI,

figs. 16, 16a.)

Ovate, convex, shining, obscure ferruginous, the elytra infuscate

and subalutaceous, the antennae and legs testaceous; the surface

above and beneath not visibly punctate. Thorax with an abrupt

deep basal groove extending across more than half its width, but

without trace of foveae. Antennae with joints 2 and 3 elongate,

3-7 slender, 4 and 5 apparently longer than broad, 6 and 7 trans-

verse, the club (8-10) with the last two joints strongly transverse.

Length 1$ mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Cerro Zunil, 4,000 feet, Pacific slope

(Champron).

Two specimens. The less dilated, non-foveate thorax

and the smooth surface separate P. atomarioides at once

from Evolocera champiom, Sharp,which also is an inhabitant

of Guatemala.

LYCOPERDINELLA, Nn. gen.

Antennae (fig. la) 10-jointed, 1 and 2 stout, subcylindrical, 3-9

obconic, decreasing in length, 10 dilated into a very large triangular

club; terminal joint of the maxillary palpi narrow; head subtri-

angular, deeply sunk into the prothorax, the labrum and epistoma

transverse, the antennae inserted immediately before the eyes,

which are reduced to four or five facets ; prothorax largely developed,

sharply margined, strongly plicate on each side behind, and deeply

transversely sulcate before the base ; scutellum small ; elytra acumin-

ate-ovate, with a deep sutural stria and extremely narrow and

incomplete epipleura; prosternum well developed in front of the

anterior coxae, the sutures sharply defined, the intercoxal pro-

cess narrow and parallel-sided; metasternum rather long, the

episterna moderately broad; ventral segments 2-5 subequal in

length, the sutures straight ; legs long, the femora clavate, the tibiae

narrow, the tarsi slender, 3-jointed, joint 1 longer than 2, 3 elongate ;

body oblong-ovate, convex, setose.

Type, L. subcaeca.

This interesting genus must, I think, be included in the

subfamily Merophysiinae of the Lathridiudae, near Holo-

paramecus. It has the facies of a miniature Lycoperdina.

various Central American Coleoptera. 115

The metasternum and first ventral segment are without

femoral lines, and the posterior coxae are not grooved.

*Lycoperdinella subcaeca, n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 1, la, 10.)

Shining, castaneous above, rufo-testaceous beneath, the legs and

antennae testaceous; sparsely clothed, the legs and antennae

included, with long pallid bristly hairs. Head almost smooth ;

antennae reaching to a little beyond the base of the thorax. Thorax

broader than long, the sides rounded anteriorly and parallel at the

base, the margins finely denticulate, the deep transverse basal

sulcus extending outwards to the abrupt longitudinal submarginal

plica; the surface with very minute scattered punctures and a

row of larger impressions along the basal margin. Elytra a little

wider than the thorax rounded at the sides below the base and

obliquely narrowed thence to the apex, the sutural stria extending

to the apex; the scattered piligerous punctures irregularly arranged.

Beneath very sparsely, minutely punctate.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Guaremata, Livingston, Atlantic coast (Barber

and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Two examples, one of which has been presented to the

British Museum.

MYCETOPHAGIDAE.

PSEUDESARCUS, nN. gen.

Antennae inserted under the obliquely raised sides of the head,

long, stout, perfoliate, 11-jointed, widening outwards, 11 abruptly

truncate at tip; head deeply inserted, subtriangular, small, the

epistoma sharply separated from the front; labrum transverse,

exposed; eyes strongly transverse, emarginate; mentum small,

longer than broad, leaving the maxillae exposed; last joint of the

maxillary palpi cultriform, that of the labial pair oval, truncate at

tip; ligula corneous, triangular; coxae rather narrowly, subequally

separated ; anterior acetabula closed behind ; prothorax with broadly

expanded margins, emarginate in front; scutellum large; elytra

broadly oval, the epipleura wide, reaching to very near the apex;

metasternum short, the episterna broad; ventral segments 1 and 2

equal in length, 1 triangularly produced between the hind coxae ;

tibiae narrow, unarmed at apex; tarsi simple, freely 4-jointed,

1-3 short, 4 as long as the others united, clothed with long hairs

beneath, the claws long; body broad ovate, convex, villose, winged.

116 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Type, P. villosus.

The Panama insect from which the above characters

are taken seems to me to be nearly related to Hsarcus,

Reiche, type E. leprieurwi, from Algeria, three other species

of which occur in the Mediterranean region. The long,

stout, perfoliate, loogely-articulated antennae, with

abruptly truncated terminal joint, the freely 4-jointed

simple tarsi, and somewhat narrowly separated coxae,

are its chief characters. The general facies is that of

a Coccinellid or Endomychid (Stenotarsus, etc.). Pseud-

esarcus must, for the present, be included in Coly-

diidae or Mycetophagidae, agreeing perhaps best with the

latter. Two specimens only have been found, possibly

both females.

*Pseudesarcus villosus, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 2.)

Shining, ferruginous, the elytra and the disc of the thorax with

a cupreous or purplish lustre, the under surface darker, the outer

seven joints of the antennae black ; thickly clothed with long, erect |

fulvous hairs, the under surface, legs, and antennae also set with

long hairs. Head closely, finely punctate, the eyes rather small ;

antennae reaching beyond the base of the thorax, stout, joints 1

and 3 obconic, 2 short, 3 about as long as 1 and 2 united, 4-11 broad,

subtriangular, 5-11 more or less transverse. Thorax transverse,

rounded and sharply margined at the sides, the latter sinuate

towards the base, the hind angles sharply rectangular, the anterior

angles angularly extending forwards; the convex disc very minutely

punctate, the expanded lateral portions granulate. Elytra much

wider than the thorax, transversely convex, subparallel at the base ;

with rows of closely placed, transverse, rather coarse punctures,

the interstices broad, convex, minutely punctate. Beneath sparsely

punctate.

Length 53, breadth 3mm. (? 2.)

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).

One specimen from each locality.

LYGTIDAE.

BERGINUS.

Berginus, Erichson, Naturg. Ins. Deutschl. ii, p. 405 (1848) ;

Wollaston, Ins. Mad. p. 194 (1854); Leconte, Class.

Coleopt. N. Am. 2nd edit. p. 139 (1883).

various Central American Coleoptera. 117

Three species have been referred to this genus, one of

which, the type, abounds on tamarisks in the Mediter-

ranean region, the others are American. The 2-jointed

antennal club, and the 4-jointed tarsi, the anterior pair

with three joints only in the male, are its chief characters.

Casey is of opinion that Berginus should be placed near

Lyctus [cf. Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. vii, p. 129 (1900)];

the latter was included in the Bostrychidae by Gorham in

the ‘ Biologia.”

*Berginus nagricolor, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, opaque, black or piceous, the legs some-

times obscure ferruginous; thickly clothed with short, curled,

squamiform, cinereous hairs, which are seriately arranged on the

elytra. Head and thorax very densely, somewhat coarsely punctate ;

the latter convex, about as long as broad, narrowed anteriorly, the

sides rounded and finely serrulate, the hind angles distinct; eyes

convex, small, prominent; antennae barely reaching the base of

the thorax, joints 1 and 2 stout, 3 narrow, as long as 2, 4~9 short,

about as broad as long, the two joints of the club (10 and 11) stout.

Elytra moderately long, considerably wider than the thorax, sub-

parallel in their basal half; with rows of closely packed rather

coarse punctures, the interstices narrow, transversely rugose.

Beneath densely, coarsely, the ventral segments 2-5 more finely,

punctate.

Length 14-13 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo, Mirandilla (Champion) ;

Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson) ; Panama, Tolé (Champion),

Portobello, Paraiso, Panama city (Schwarz, in U.S. Nat.

Mus.).

Apparently a common insect in Central America. From

B. pumilus, Lec., it may be known by its smaller size,

more slender build, the non-costate, regularly punctate-

striate elytra, and the finer vestiture ; and from B. bahamicus,

Casey, by its black antennae. In the U.S. National

Museum there is a mutilated example from Brownsville,

Texas, labelled as having been found in dead cotton bolls,

that may be referable to this species. Specimens of the

described American forms have been sent us by the U.S.

National Museum.t B. bahamicus has been found on

1 In the British Museum there is a single example (2) of an

unnamed species related to B. nigricolor, with much larger eyes

and stouter tarsi; it is from Grahamstown, S. Africa.

118 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

cotton. The genus is an addition to the Central American

fauna.

EN DOMYCHIDAE.

MICROPSEPHUS.

Micropsephus, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vu, p.

149 (1891).

The type of this genus is a minute, globose, shining

insect, not unlike an Aspidophorus, with 11-jointed antennae

(joints 1 and 2 long and stout, 1 curved and longer than

2, 3-8 very slender and closely articulated, 9-11 dilated

into a long, loosely-articulated club), stout, compressed

femora, slender tibiae, slender, elongate, 4-jointed tarsi,

widely separated intermediate and posterior coxae, and

an elongate first ventral segment. The additional species

now added from Central America has the intermediate

antennal joints more slender and reduced in number, but

otherwise agrees perfectly with M. mniophilinus. The

Antillean insect described by Gorham (Proc. Zool. Soe.

Lond., 1898, p. 338) under the name Dialexia punctipennis

is very like M. hemisphaericus, and also has 9-jointed

antennae, but it differs from the latter in having basal

sulci to the thorax, etc.

*Micropsephus hemisphaericus, n. sp.

Orbicular, convex, shining, nigro-piceous above, piceous beneath,

the antennae and legs testaceous. Head, thorax, and elytra

impressed with closely placed, small, conspicuous punctures; an-

tennae 9-jointed, 1 and 2 long and stout, 3-6 very slender, 3

elongate, as long as 4-6 united, the latter strongly transverse, 7-9

dilated into a long, stout, loosely-articulated club. Tibiae and tarsi

very slender.

Length 1,,-14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Tampico and Trece Aguas (Barber and

Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.), Motzorongo in Vera Cruz

(Flohr) ; GUATEMALA, Cerro Zunil (Champion) ; NicaRaGua,

Chontales (Janson).

Seven specimens, some of which were placed amongst

the Scymni when our collections were sorted. Smaller

than M. mniophilinus (from Mexico and Guatemala), the

elytra closely, conspicuously punctate, the antennae with

various Central American Coleoptera. 119

four slender joints only between the two stout basal ones

and the club, the tarsi relatively less elongate. The

antennae have been examined in three examples and

nine joints only can be counted, the two missing joints

being doubtless fused into the elongate third.

MICROPSEPHODES, n. gen.

Head retractile, broad, abruptly narrowed before the large,

prominent eyes; labrum small, exposed; last joint of the maxillary

palpi (fig. 36) oblong-ovate, obliquely truncated at the tip; an-

tennae (fig. 3a) moderately long, inserted under the sides of the

front, 7-jointed, 1 and 2 stout, 3 and 4 slender, 5-7 widened into

a very large, loosely-articulated, serrate club; prothorax finely

margined laterally, bisinuate at the base and apex, the median basal

lobe almost covering the scutellum; elytra very convex, closely

embracing the prothorax; legs moderately elongate; tibiae narrow ;

tarsi (fig. 3c) very slender, long, 3-jointed, the first joint extending

beneath the second to near its apex and clothed with some long

hairs, 2 short, 3 nearly as long as 1 and 2 united, the claws slender ;

body globose, glabrous.

Type, M. serraticorms.

This minute insect seems to be nearly related to Micro-

psephus, from which it differs in its 3-jointed tarsi, the

larger eyes, and the very peculiarly formed antennae,

suggestive of that of a Dorcatoma. The unique example

found is in such fragile condition that it cannot be safely

taken off the card again for the examination of the under

surface. The intermediate and posterior coxae are doubt-

less widely separated, as in Mucropsephus. The very

slender antennal joints between the thickened basal ones

and the broad loose serrate club are so closely articulated

that it is not easy to make out their exact number, and

it is possible one more joint may be present.

* Micropsephodes serraticornis, n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 3, 3a-c.)

Rotundate, very convex, shining ; black with an aeneous reflection,

the antennae with the club piceous and the other joints flavo-

testaceous, the first slightly infuscate, the palpi, femora, and tibiae

piceous, the tarsi fusco-testaceous ; the entire upper surface sparsely,

minutely, confusedly punctate. Antennae with joint 1 curved,

stout, elongate, clavate, 2 much shorter, obconic, 3 and 4 extremely

120 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

slender, 3 elongate, 4 transverse, 5 and 6 greatly enlarged, triangular,

hollowed at the apex (so as to appear subcyathiform), 7 broad ovate.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Purula in Vera Paz (Champion).

One specimen. ‘Till the limbs of this species are ex-

amined, it might be passed over for a very convex small

Phalacrid or Silphid. The tibiae are a little broader than

in Micropsephus.

COCCINELLIDAE.

Shortly after the conclusion of Gorham’s work on the

Central American species of this family, in Feb. 1899,

Captain Casey’s “ Revision of the American Coccinellidae ”

was issued [Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. vu, pp. 71-169

(June 1899)]. He added one new genus (Nephaspis) and

four new species to the Central American list—*Cycloneda

hondurasica, from Honduras, *Nephaspis gorhami and *N.

brunnea, and *Zagloba beaumonti, from Panama. The

descriptions of the few species added here were written before

I had seen Casey’s paper; but it does not appear that any

of them were known to him. The true generic position

of various Coccinellids described in the “ Biologia”’ could

doubtless be ascertained by a study of Casey’s work;

but this task is beyond the scope of the present “ Notes,”

the material examined: consisting mainly of forms left

unnamed by Gorham.

CRYPTOGNATHA.

Cryptognatha, Mulsant, Spec. Col. Trim. sécur. p. 497

(1850) ; Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii, pp. 181,

258 (1894).

Gorham enumerated eleven species of this genus from

Central America. Various others are contained in our

collection, some of which are now described.

*Cryptognatha rufoterminata, n. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, shining, glabrous; head, thorax,

and apex of the elytra rufous, the rest of the elytra cupreo-aeneous,

the under surface in part and the legs obscure ferruginous, the meta-

sternum rufo-piceous. Head and thorax closely, minutely, the

elytra more sparsely and a little more coarsely, punctate; thorax

very broad, and with the anterior angles considerably produced,

various Central American Coleoptera. 121

the broad retractile head invisible from above; elytra finely mar-

gined. Coxal lines prominent, that of the metasternum extending

round the coxae to the episternal suture, that of the first ventral

segment running in front of the apical margin of the latter to its

outer limit. Tibiae broad, the anterior pair deeply sulcate. for the

reception of the tarsus.

Length 23, breadth 1,9, mm.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

One specimen, found in our collection mixed with

Scymnus panamensis, to an abraded unset example of

which it bears a certain amount of resemblance. The

aeneous elytra, with rufous apex, and the rufous head and

thorax, are characteristic of the present species.

*Cryptognatha violacea, n. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, shining, glabrous ; cupreo-violaceous,

the head above (in part or entirely) and beneath, the last four

ventral segments, and the legs ferruginous, the rest of the under

surface black. Head and thorax closely, minutely, the elytra more

sparsely and distinctly, punctate, the punctures on the elytra

becoming coarser towards the outer margin; thorax very broad;

elytra finely margined. Beneath rather closely punctate. Coxal

lines prominent, that of the metasternum extending round the

coxae, that of the first ventral segment running just in front of

the apical margin of the segment to its outer limit. Tibiae broad,

the anterior pair deeply sulcate for the reception of the tarsus.

Length 2,1,-24, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

Two specimens, found placed in our collection under

C. flaviceps, Crotch, but not agreeing with the author’s

description, nor with the other Central American examples

identified by Gorham as that species. These latter have

more broadly margined elytra, the upper surface black, etc.

*Cryptognatha fenestrata, n. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, shining, glabrous; black, the elytra

each with a large rufous patch on the middle of the disc, the coxae

and legs testaceous. Thorax closely, minutely, the elytra more

sparsely and much more distinctly, punctulate. Coxal line of

the first ventral segment extending outwards in a feeble curve to

within some little distance of the outer margin of the segment.

Tibiae broad, the anterior pair deeply sulcate,

Length 13 mm,

122 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

One specimen. A small black form, with a rufous patch

on the middle of each elytron and pallid legs. The coxal

lines are placed as in C. tumudiventris.

*Cryptognatha circumducta, n. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, moderately shining, glabrous;

ferruginous, the elytra with the base, apex, outer margin, and

suture broadly piceous, the metasternum also infuscate or piceous.

Head, thorax, and elytra somewhat closely punctulate, the inter-

spaces alutaceous. Beneath very finely punctate, the metasternum

with a transverse smoother space behind each coxa; coxal line of

first ventral segment extending arcuately outwards at some distance

behind the coxae to near the outer margin of the segment. Tibiae

broad, the anterior pair deeply sulcate.

Length 1} mm.

Hab. Panama, Tolé, Petia Blanca (Champion).

Two specimens, left labelled Cryptognatha sp.? by

Gorham. The dark margins to the elytra in this insect

leave a very large, ill-defined, ferruginous dorsal patch.

The elytral surface is alutaceous and distinctly, finely

punctate. The coxal line on the first ventral segment

is somewhat strongly curved.

*Cryptognatha tumidiventris, n. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, shining, glabrous, black, the antennae,

coxae, and legs, and in one specimen (¢ ?) the head and a patch

at the anterior angles of the thorax also, testaceous, the ventral

segments rufous. Head and thorax closely, the elytra very sparsely,

punctulate; elytra finely margined. Beneath very sparsely,

minutely punctate; intercoxal process of the first ventral segment

broadly tumid in the middle; coxal lines prominent, that of the

metasternum curved round the coxae, that of the first ventral

segment extending far outwards in a feeble curve to within a short

distance of the outer margin of the segment. Tibiae broad, the

anterior pair deeply sulcate for the reception of the tarsus.

Length 13-1 mm.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Tolé (Champion).

Two specimens, the one with a pallid head (from Tolé)

presumably a male. The elytral punctuation is exces-

sively minute and scattered in this insect. The general

shape is that of C. erythrodera, Gorh.

various Central American Coleoptera. 123

*Cryptognatha subaequalis, nu. sp.

Hemispherical, very convex, shining, glabrous, black, the legs

testaceous. Head, thorax, and elytra closely punctulate, the

punctures on the elytra nearly as approximate as those on the thorax.

Beneath closely, very finely punctate; intercoxal process of the

metasternum hollowed in the middle, that of the first ventral

segment flattened; coxal line on latter extending outwards almost

parallel with the apical margin to within some little distance of

the outer margin. Tibiae moderately widened, the anterior pair

shallowly sulcate.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Cerro Zunil, 4,000 feet (Champion).

One specimen. Extremely like C. twmidiventris, but

with the elytra much more closely punctured, the anterior

tibiae narrower and less deeply sulcate, the coxal line of

the first ventral segment less curved and a little less

extended outwards, etc. The tibiae are broader than in

Scymnus.

ScYMNUS.

Scymnus, Kugelann, in Schneider’s Mag. 1, p. 545 (1794);

Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. vii, p. 226 (1897).

Gorham (loc. cit.) enumerated 25 species of this genus

from Central America, and left many others undeter-

mined. Amongst the latter, four are worth naming. The

whole of these Tropical American Scymni require further

study, the structural characters in the palpi, antennae,

under surface, etc., having been to a large extent over-

looked.

*Scymnus cribripennis, 0. sp.

Short-ovate, convex, shining, black, the antennae, mouth-parts,

tibiae, and tarsi testaceous; clothed with rather long, fine, cinereous

pubescence. Head broad, very finely punctulate; last joint of the

maxillary palpi acuminate-ovate ; thorax and elytra closely punctate,

the punctures on the latter coarse and crowded. Beneath closely,

rugosely, the ventral segments more finely, punctate ; intermediate

femora received in a very deep, and the posterior femora in a

shallower, depression, the depressions extending on to the elytral

epipleura; metasternum without lines; first ventral segment with

the coxal lines complete and sharply defined, extending round to

124 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

the metathoracic epimera; epipleura slightly depressed for the

reception of the tips of the intermediate and posterior femora.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Motzorongo (Flohr), Cordova (Hége).

Three specimens, all from the State of Vera Cruz. A

minute convex form, with unusually coarsely punctate

elytra, a rugose metasternum, a narrow apical joint to

the maxillary palpi, and semicircular coxal fossettes on

the first ventral segment. This species belongs to the

subgenus Pullus, Muls., following the arrangement adopted

by Gorham, and it is allied to his S. granum, from which

it differs in the very coarsely punctate elytra.

*Scymnus caeruleicollis, n. sp.

Broad ovate, short, convex, glabrous above, shining, the head and

thorax blue, the scutellum and elytra cupreo-aeneous, the body

beneath black, the labrum, mouth-parts, antennae, under sur-

face of the head, and legs testaceous, the femora slightly infuscate,

Head and thorax very closely, the elytra more sparsely, punctulate ;

maxillary palpi stout, short, the last joint obliquely subsecuriform ;

eyes depressed, large, vertical as seen from in front. Beneath

sparsely, finely punctate; anterior coxae very widely separated ;

coxal lines sharply-defined, that of the metasternum curving out-

wards and forwards just behind the coxae to the episternal suture,

that of the first ventral segment running obliquely to the outer

apical angle; epipleura excavate for the reception of the tips of

the intermediate and posterior femora. Legs short, tarsi rather

stout. F

Length 13-1,%, mm.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Tolé, Pena Blanca

(Champion).

Four specimens. The metallic, glabrous upper surface

and large eyes are characters foreign to Scymnus, as

generally understood, but the present species can quite

well be included in that genus till the allied forms are

properly studied. It would be out of place amongst the

heterogeneous Coccinellids referred by Gorham to Neaporva.

*Scymnus quercicola, n. sp.

Short ovate, convex, glabrous above, shining, black, the antennae

testaceous at the base, the tibiae and tarsi piceous; the entire upper

surface rather closely, minutely punctulate. Last joint of the

maxillary palpi elongate, narrow, cultriform, Antennal club oblong-

various Central American Coleoptera. 125

ovate, rather stout, blunt at the tip. Body beneath finely pubescent,

sparsely, minutely punctulate, alutaceous, the middle of the meta-

sternum smoother and shining. Coxal lines very fine, oblique, that

of the metasternum extending outwards to the middle of the epi-

sternal suture, that of the first ventral segment feebly curved and

running obliquely to the apical margin of the latter at about one-

third from the outer margin. Epipleura excavate for the reception

of the tips of the intermediate and posterior femora.

Length 1-1! mm.

Hab. Mexico, near the city (Flohr); GuaTEMALA, San

Gerénimo (Champion).

Six specimens, the five from Mexico labelled as having

been beaten from small oaks, The long narrow apical

joint to the maxillary palpi, the position of the coxal lines,

the dark legs, and the glabrous upper surface, are the chief

characters of this minute insect.

Scymnillus, Horn, appears to include some equally

minute glabrous forms, but the legs in this genus, according

to Casey, are free.

*Scymnus ngroaeneus, n. sp.

Short ovate, broad, convex, glabrous above, shining, black with a

faint aeneous lustre, the front and under surface of the head and last

three ventral segments ferruginous, the legs, antennae, and palpi testa-

ceous. Head and thorax closely, excessively minutely, the elytra

much more distinctly, punctate; last joint of the maxillary palpi

narrow, subcultriform; eyes rather small. Beneath sparsely, very

finely punctate; coxal lines long, fine, that of the metasternum

extending round behind the coxae to very near the episternal suture,

that of the first ventral segment running obliquely and arcuately

to very near the apical margin of the latter and continued parallel

with it to about one-fourth from the outer margin.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. Guaremata, Zapote (Champion).

One specimen. Broader than S. quercicola, nigro-

aeneous above, the elytra much more distinctly punctured

than the thorax, the legs testaceous, the coxal lines differ-

ently placed, that on the first ventral segment extending

further outwards, the maxillary palpi stouter.

LIOSCYMNUS, n. gen.

Head strongly retractile, in repose closely applied to the projecting,

raised, prosternal chin-piece, the palpi and antennae received in

126 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

grooves beneath; last joint of the maxillary palpi (fig. 4b) elongate-

ovate, stout, acuminate; antennae (fig. 4a) apparently 11-jointed,

1 very stout, 2 small, obovate, 3-8 very slender, 3 elongate, 4-8

short, 9-11 dilated into an elongate compact club; eyes depressed,

moderately large; anterior tibiae long, narrow, almost straight on

their outer edge, feebly arcuately dilated towards the base within ;

intermediate and posterior tibiae moderately long, angularly dilated

externally; tarsi 3-jointed, long, slender, 1 and 2 each produced

beneath the succeeding joint, 1 elongate, 2 short, excised for the

reception of 3, the lobe beneath reaching the middle of the next

joint, the latter slender at the base, the claws appendiculate ;

femora stout, clavate, compressed, grooved, received in deep cavities

of the under surface, those for the intermediate and posterior pairs

extending outwards across the elytral epipleura and limited behind

by the curved, cariniform coxal lines; intermediate and posterior

trochanters large, elongate, laminiform; body hemispherical,

glabrous above.

Type, L. diversipes.

This genus may be known by the strongly retractile

limbs; the prominent, raised, prosternal chin-piece; the

long, narrow, sinuous, anterior, and the angularly dilated

intermediate and posterior, tibiae; the greatly developed

intermediate and posterior trochanters; the long, slender

tarsi, with elongate basal joint; and the hemispherical

almost glabrous body. The head in repose is so closely

applied to the prosternum that the mouth-parts and

antennae cannot be seen till the head is forcibly raised, the

legs also being equally retractile, though the tibial grooves

are wanting on the anterior pair. The type is a minute,

convex insect superficially resembling the Endomychid

genus Micropsephus. Delphastus, Casey, of the group

Oenini, seems to be related to Lnoscymnus.

*Tioscymnus diversipes, n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 4, 4a, b.)

Very convex, shining, black, the antennae, mouth-parts, and legs

flavo-testaceous, the under surface of the head, the pro- and meso-

sternum, and the ventral segments testaceous or rufescent, the

head in one specimen testaceous in front. Head and thorax

sparsely, very finely punctate, the elytra almost smooth. Beneath

minutely punctulate. €

Length 1j-1} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith), Motzorongo

various Central American Coleoptera. 127

(Flohr); Brrrish Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancaneaux) ;

GUATEMALA, Zapote, Aceituno (Champion).

Six specimens, sex not ascertained. Apparently a rare

but widely distributed insect.

MiIcROscYMNUS, n. gen.

Maxillary palpi (fig. 5b) very stout, the last joint subconical ;

antennae (fig. 5a) apparently 11-jointed, joints 1 and 2 very stout,

‘8-11 dilated into an oblong club; eyes very large, depressed ;

anterior tibiae (fig. 5) broadly widened, sulcate above for the recep-

tion of the tarsi, and received in repose in a deep groove in the

anterior femora, the other tibiae moderately widened and imperfectly

suleate for the reception of the tarsi; coxae widely separated ;

intermediate and posterior femora received in deep grooves, which

extend outwards across the elytral epipleura and are limited behind

by the curved, cariniform coxal lines, the groove for the posterior

pair extending forwards into the metasternum; tarsi 3-jointed,

short, joints 1 and 2 strongly lobed beneath, the claws appendiculate ;

ventral segments 2—4 very short, 5 as long as 2-4 united; body

spherical, glabrous above.

Type, M. calvus.

The minute Scymnid from which the above characters

are taken is a fairly common insect in Central America.

It was rejected from the Coccinellidae by Gorham, and

one of our specimens is marked “ ? Histeridae,” owing to

its convex, glabrous, shining body, and the broadly dilated

anterior tibiae. These characters are quite sufficient for

the recognition of the insect. There is apparently a

minute node at the base of the terminal tarsal joint.

*Microscymnus-calvus, n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 5, 5a, 6.)

Very convex, shining, black, the antennae, mouth-parts, and legs

flavo-testaceous, the inter-ocular portion of the head and the sides

and under surface of the thorax sometimes similarly coloured.

Head and thorax closely, the elytra more sparsely, punctulate.

Beneath shining down the middle, the ventral segments 2-5, and

the sides of 1, alutaceous and more or less punctulate.

Length 1-11 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Teapa (H. H. Smith); British Honpuras,

Belize, Rio Hondo (Blancaneaux); GUATEMALA, San Juan

and Tamahu in Vera Paz (Champion).

128 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

A long series. This insect might, at first sight, easily

be mistaken for a minute convex Histerid, or a Cercyon

or Micropsephus.

MELYRIDAE.

CyMBOLUS.

Cymbolus, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 324

(1886).

Three species were included under this genus by Gorham

—two from Guatemala and one from Mexico. A second

was subsequently received by us from Mexico, and this is

now described, as well as one from Brazil, this latter extend-

ing the distribution of Cymbolus southward. The genus

is related to Arthrobrachys, Solier. It belongs to the section

Dasytinae.

*Cymbolus elongatus, n. sp.

Elongate, broad, rather depressed, shining; brown, the eyes and

abdomen black, the rest of the under surface, mouth-parts, antennae,

and legs ferruginous; thickly clothed above with very long, erect,

fine, fulvous hairs, the under surface sparsely pubescent, the legs

villose. Head sparsely punctate; eyes large, coarsely facetted ;

antennae moderately long, joints 4-10 strongly serrate. Thorax

short, nearly or quite as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides,

narrowing from a little before the base, the angles obtuse, the

lateral margins crenulate; the surface impressed with coalescent

umbilicate punctures between the irregular polished raised spaces,

which are large and here and there confluent on the disc and small

and more scattered towards the sides. Elytra elongate, somewhat

depressed on the disc, subparallel in their basal half; closely, coarsely

confusedly, punctate, the submarginal ridge narrowly separated

from the marginal carina and bordered within by a row of slightly

coarser impressions. Beneath finely punctate, the ventral segments

much smoother down the middle and subequal in length.

Length 7-7, breadth 3-3} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero, 4,600 feet,

(H. H. Smath).

Two specimens, probably male and female, one of them

having the thorax broader than the other. More elongate

than C. castaneus and C. rufopiceus, differing also from the

former in its ferruginous antennae and the very irregular

various Central American Coleoptera. 129

sculpture of the thorax, and from the latter in the much

smaller submarginal foveae on the elytra. The polished

spaces on the disc of the thorax are large and irregularly

shaped, much as in C. rufopiceus and C. punctipennis, Gorh.

[Cymbolus quadrituberculatus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, depressed, shining; above brown, the

thorax piceous on the disc and rufescent in front, beneath obscure

ferruginous, the antennae, mouth-parts, and legs testaceous, the

eyes black; thickly clothed with very long, erect, pale brownish

hairs, the legs also villose, the under surface sparsely pubescent.

Head short, irregularly punctate; eyes large, coarsely facetted ;

antennae serrate from the fourth joint (8-11 are missing). Thorax

short, rounded at the sides, slightly narrowed in front, the base

sinuate near the obtuse hind angles, the margins crenulate; the

surface densely, confluently, umbilicate-punctate, the disc with

several small, scattered, polished, tuberculiform callosities, four of

which (quadrangularly placed) are more prominent than the rest.

Elytra moderately elongate, depressed, very little wider than the

thorax, subparallel to beyond the middle; coarsely, closely, con-

fusedly punctate, and with a row of larger foveiform impressions

along the submarginal ridge, the latter placed extremely close to

the crenulate outer margin. Beneath finely punctate.

Length 43, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen. This insect unquestionably belongs to

Cymbolus; it differs from the northern forms in having

four small polished tuberculiform prominences on the disc

of the thorax and the submarginal ridge of the elytra

placed extremely close to the marginal carina. |

EUCYMBOLUS, n. gen.

Eyes transverse, sinuato-emarginate in front, finely facetted ;

elytra with a very sharp submarginal carina, corresponding in length

with the deeply excavate epipleuron, the latter becoming very broad

anteriorly and narrow behind, and about reaching the second

ventral suture; metasternum short; ventral segments 3-5 much

shorter than those preceding; body broad-ovate, convex, metallic,

strongly villose; the other characters as in Cymbolus.

Type, E. cyaneus.

The single species referred to this genus has the general

structure of Cymbolus—serrate antennae, securiform apical

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) K

130 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

joint to the labial and maxillary palpi, lobed tarsal claws,

a coarsely punctured villose surface, etc.; but differs from

it in the shape of the body, and in the less coarsely facetted,

transverse eyes, and the more sharply carinate sides of the

elytra. The type appears to have been placed amongst

the Eumolpid Phytophaga when our collections were sorted.

*Hucymbolus cyaneus, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 6.)

Shining, cyaneous above, black beneath, the head rufous, the

mouth-parts, antennae, legs, mesosternum, and fifth ventral segment

rufo-testaceous ; above thickly set with long, erect, cinereous hairs,

the under surface sparsely clothed with adpressed pallid pubescence,

the legs villose. Head rather sparsely punctate: antennae moder-

ately long, joints 4-10 strongly, and 3 more feebly, serrate. Thorax

short, rapidly narrowing forwards, finely margined and bisinuate

at the base, the angles rounded, the margins crenulate; sparsely,

finely punctate on the disc, the punctures becoming coarser, closer,

and umbilicate towards the sides. Elytra coarsely, closely, con-

fusedly punctate, with a row of coarser impressions within the sub-

marginal ridge, the latter becoming somewhat widely separated

from the marginal carina towards the base; transversely com-

pressed below the humeral callus. Beneath finely punctate.

Length 44, breadth 3mm. (3.)

Hab. GUATEMALA, Sinanja in Alta Vera Paz (Champion).

One specimen, found in April 1880. Seen from above

the sides of the thorax form an almost continuous outline

with those of the elytra, the general shape being broad

ovate.

PTINIDAE.

OZOGNATHUS.

Ozognathus, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. p. 205 (1861),

and Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, p. 226; Fall, Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 132, 135 (1905); Pic, Cat.

Anobiidae, p. 16 (1912).

Micranobium, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

p- 202 (1883) (part.); Pic, L’Echange, xix, p. 171

(1903).

Durangoum, Pic, L’Echange, xix, p. 182 (1903).

Mr. Fall (loc. cit. p. 136) correctly states that two very

dissimilar insects, belonging to two different groups of the

Prinidae, were placed by Gorham under Micranobium :

one, M. exiguum, appertains to the genus Ozognathus, Lec.,

various Central American Coleoptera. 131

of the Dryophilini; the other, M. pulicariwm (under which

various species, as already pointed out by M. Pic, were

confused by the author), to the genus Petaliwm, Lec., of

the Doreatomini. The characters of the genus Micrano-

biwm, Gorh., were drawn from the two species: those

referring to the structure of the antennae, head, and thorax

having been taken from the Ozognathus, and that of the

relative length of the abdominalsegments from the Petaliwm.

The synonymy of O. exiguus is given below. O. mexicanus,

Pic, is unknown to me.

Ozognathus exiguus.

Micranobium exiguum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Cole-

opt. iii, 2, p. 202 (nec M. exiguum, Gorh., Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 325).

Ozognathus exiguus, Fall, loc. cit.; Pic, loc. cit.

This insect has only been found at San Gerdnimo,

Guatemala. It has been examined by Fall, who records

three other species of the genus from the Southern United

States, one of which has a horn on each mandible in the

male. The Antillean specimens subsequently referred by

Gorham to M. exiguum belong to two genera—Cryptorama

(2) and Petaliwm, and of course have nothing to do with the

Guatemalan Ozognathus. —

*Ozognathus mexicanus.

Micranobium (s. g. Durangoum) mexicanum, Pic, L’ change,

xix, p. 183 (1903).

Ozognathus mexicanus, Pic, Cat. Anobiidae, p. 17 (1912).

“Luteo pubescens, robustus, latus, paululum nitidus, sub-

convexus, brunneus sed ad suturam et apice rufescens, antennis

testaceis; thorace transverso, postice dilatato-subrotundato ; elytris

satis latis et brevibus, minute et dense punctatis, instriatis; pedibus

testaceis; subtus corpore nigro. Long. 2, 6 m.” The subgenus

Durangoum is characterised thus :—‘“‘ Prothorace minus late ad

basin lateraliter sejuncto, antennarum articulis intermediis satis

brevibus, ultimis modice crassis et submodice longioribus, distinctis.”

Hab. Mexico, “ Sierra de Durango.”

TRICHODESMA.

Trichodesma, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. p. 204 (1861),

and Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, p. 230; Gorham, Biol.

132 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 2, p. 199 (1883); Fall, Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 154, 171 (1905) ; Pic, Ann. Soe.

Ent. Belg. xlvi, p. 408 (1902), and Cat. Anobiidae,

p. 30 (1912).

Gorham enumerated four species of this genus from

Central America, eight are recorded by Fall from the

United States or Lower California, and various others

have been described by Pic from Mexico or 8. America.

T. imperator, Cast., from Mexico, was, as stated by Pic,

wrongly identified by Gorham, and the examples from the

Mexican and Guatemalan localities quoted by him belong

to various different species. These are described below,

and some notes on the other Mexican forms are also

appended. The thirteen species now known from Mexico

and Central America may be tabulated thus :—

Thorax without lateral tooth, simply sinuate

at the sides behind.

Elytra conjointly rounded at apex.

Elytral vestiture dense, in great part

whitish.

Elytra with brown lines on disc and a

broad white fascia towards apex . imperator, Cast.

Elytra with spots on the disc and a broad

common saddle-shaped post-median

fascia blackish brown, strongly

nigro-tricristate on disc . . . . ¢ricristata, n. sp.

Elytra with apical fourth sparsely set

with small tufts of fulvous pubes-

cence, and with an irregular trans-

verse row of small dark tufts at

about one-fourth from the tip . . texana, Schaeff.

Elytra with a large black lateral patch . albina, Gorh.

Elytral vestiture dense, pale brownish,

that of the numerous small fascicles

whitish: body elongate . . . gorhami, Pic.

Elytral vestiture close, mottled, perio

brown, fulvous, and whitish, the

whitish pubescence condensed into

transverse lines at tip. . . pictipennis, n. Sp.

Elytral vestiture dense, brown, aotied

with black, and with a sharply-defined

common, narrow, W-shaped median

fascia and other markings white . . w-albwm, Gorh,

various Central American Coleoptera. 133

Elytral vestiture rather sparse, in great

part black, the whitish pubescence con-

densed into sharply-defined markings.

The whitish pubescence condensed into

a broad W-shaped median fascia and

other markings; antennae ferrugin-

eee ee Se Shoe eT, fds Wl serepld Te Spy

The whitish pubescence condensed into

a submarginal line and a common

transverse mark on disc; antennae

placket 2) ee SO Bier ono a lbistolata, Gorhe

Elytral vestiture rather sparse, in great part

plumbeous, the black pubescence con-

densed into two common transverse

patches ate Pa ae oe

Elytra truncate at apex, the vestiture

mottled.

Elytra with several large tufts of fulvous

and black setae on disc : body elongate mexicana, Pic.

Elytra with three small oblong tufts of black

decumbent setae on third interstice

and a common pallid subapical fascia truncata, n. sp.

Thorax toothed at the sides; elytra truncate

at apex; vestiture mottled. . . . . armata,n. sp.

plumbea, Gorh.

Trichodesma vmperator.

Anobium wmperator, Cast., Silb. Rev. iv, p. 58 (1836).

“ Granuleux, brun, couvert d’un duvet blanc; corselet avec une

strie longitudinale et présentant au milieu une forte élévation de

couleur jaune; élytres couverts de gros points enfoncés bruns

avec quelques lignes longitudinales; sur la base un trait sinueux au

milieu et une large bande transversale en arriére formée d’un duvet

blanc; dessous du corps noir et velu, ainsi que les pattes; antennes

rougedtres. Long. 3, larg. 1} lig.”

Hab. Mexico.

This species cannot be identified from the Mexican

material before me.

*Trichodesma tricristata, n. sp.

Oblong, broad, black, the antennae and tarsi, and the margins

of the dorsal abdominal segments, rufo-ferruginous; variegated

with a dense clothing of decumbent pale brown, whitish, and

134 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

brownish-black pubescence, the whitish pubescence condensed on

the elytra into a narrow, conspicuous, sharply-angulated, common,

submedian fascia, which is preceded by two dark spots and followed

by a broad, common, transverse, saddle-shaped blackish-brown

patch; the surface also set with very long, erect, scattered whitish

hairs and black setae, the latter condensed into three large fascicles

on the elytra (one at the suture before the middle, and one on the

disc of each towards the apex) and two smaller tufts on the dorsal

hump of the thorax. Antennae long, rather slender, the three

joints of the club elongate, the terminal joint longer than the pre-

ceding. Thorax arcuato-explanate anteriorly, sinuate at the sides

behind, densely punctate, the dorsal hump abrupt. Elytra much

wider than the thorax, moderately long, parallel, conjointly rounded

at the apex; with rows of closely placed coarse transverse punctures.

Length 43, breadth 22 mm. (? 3.)

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sallé).

One specimen, with the dense whitish woolly vestiture

somewhat matted and discoloured, but nevertheless leaving

the sharply angulate submedian elytral fascia (which

extends some distance down the third interstice, and is

followed by one of the tufts of black setae) very conspicuous.

Near T. w-album, Gorh., but with the tufts of black setae

on the disc of the elytra towards the apex much longer,

the common W-shaped mark broader, and preceded and

followed by sharply-defined dark patches. This is one

of the examples quoted by Gorham under 7. amperator,

the insect having been thus labelled in the Sallé collection.

T. sellata, Horn, from Lower California, has somewhat

similarly marked elytra.

*Trichodesma texana.

Trichodesma texana, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xxxv, p. 263

(1903); Fall, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 172,

175 (1905).

Hab. Nortu America, Texas; Mexico, Matamoros.

This species has the elytra densely clothed with whitish

pubescence to the apical fourth, which is more sparsely

clothed with fulvous hairs; the thorax strongly sinuate at

the sides behind and with four blackish spots on the dorsal

hump; and the anterior tufts of black hairs on the elytra

almost wanting, the posterior tufts small but obvious, the

dark ones in a transverse line at the apical fourth. T. sor-

dida, Horn, from Texas, has also been taken at Brownsville,

various Central American Coleoptera. 135

on the Mexican frontier; it has numerous brush-like tufts

of blackish hairs arranged in three longitudinal lines on

each elytron. We are indebted to Mr. C. Schaeffer, of the

Brooklyn Museum, for a specimen of each of these insects,

and also for 7. pulchella, Schaeff., and 7’. gibbosa, Say.

*Trichodesma gorhame.

Trichodesma imperator, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ili, 2, p. 199, pl. 10, fig. 9 (nec Cast.).

Trichodesma gorhami, Pic, L’Echange, xvii, p. 94, nota

(1901).

Elongate, piceous, the antennae and tarsi ferruginous; densely

clothed with pale brown and whitish decumbent pubescence, inter-

mixed with very long, erect, light hairs and dark setae, the whitish

pubescence here and there clustered into dense fascicles, which

become larger and more crowded on the apical declivity of the elytra

(two on each elytron near the suture, the anterior one followed by

a cluster of blackish setae, being very conspicuous) and at about the

middle of the disc coalescing into two oblique streaks (the inner one

reaching the suture and forming with the corresponding streak on

the opposite elytron a common ,~-shaped mark), the dark setae

clustered into a few small oblong or rounded widely scattered

fascicles on the disc of the elytra and two on the anterior declivity of

the thorax. Thorax broadly arcuato-explanate, the sides feebly

sinuate towards the base, the sculpture hidden by the vestiture,

the compressed dorsal hump angular as seen in profile. Elytra

elongate, parallel, rather convex, granulate, very uneven, conjointly

rounded at the apex, the closely-packed rows of coarse, transverse

punctures interrupted by the inequalities of the surface.

Length 5-54, breadth 2}—2} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Almolonga in Puebla (Hoge).

The above description is taken from the two examples

in the “ Biologia” collection, one of these having been

figured by Gorham as 7. imperator. Pic renamed the

insect from this figure, but he did not describe it in any

way, neither did Gorham give any characters for the

specimens he referred to 7’. imperator.

*Trichodesma pictipennis, n. sp.

Elongate, piceous, the antennae and tarsi obscure ferruginous ;

mottled with grey, pale brown, and whitish, decumbent pubescence,

intermixed with long scattered erect hairs and black setae, the latter

136 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

clustered into four small tufts on the dorsal hump of the thorax and

various fascicles on the elytra (giving the appearance of black spots),

the whitish pubescence condensed into three oblique lines on each

side of the thorax, some small spots or streaks on the disc of the

elytra, and two, narrow, curved, transverse lines near the apex,

the pale brownish hairs condensed into an indeterminate, common,

post-scutellar patch. Eyes very large. Antennae with the three

joints of the club very elongate, the apical joint much longer than

the preceding. Thorax arcuato-explanate anteriorly, strongly

sinuate at the sides behind; densely granulato-punctate, the dorsal

hump very prominent, angulate as seen in profile. Elytra elongate,

parallel, much wider than the thorax, conjointly rounded at the

apex; with rows of coarse, closely placed, transverse punctures

visible through the vestiture, the interstices narrow, faintly granu-

late.

Length 43, breadth 2;; mm. (? 3.)

Hab. GuatTEeMALA, San Geronimo in Baja Vera Paz

(Champion).

One specimen. Very like 7. armata, but wanting the

tooth at the sides of the thorax; the eyes larger; the elytra

conjointly rounded at the tip, and with the markings

differently arranged, the small scattered tufts of black

setae giving a spotted appearance to their surface.

Trichodesma w-album.

Trichodesma w-album, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111,

2, p. 200.

Described from a single 2 from Vera Paz. A male was

subsequently received from Atoyac, Mexico, and it proves

to have very much longer antennae than the type.

*Trichodesma scripta, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 7.)

Oblong, nigro-piceous or black, the antennae, tarsi, and abdomen

rufo-ferruginous, the femora and tibiae slightly infuscate ; variegated

with black and cinereous decumbent pubescence, intermixed with

very long light and dark hairs and black setae, the cinereous pubes-

cence on the thorax confined to the sides and anterior portion and

an oblong median vitta at the base (leaving a black horseshoe-

shaped mark on the disc), and that on the elytra into a common

quadrate patch at the base, extending outwards along the anterior

margin, a common sharply-angulated rather broad median fascia,

and a transverse patch at the apex, the black setae condensed into

various Central American Coleoptera. 137

a large oblong fascicle on the suture of the elytra before the middle

and a small one on the dorsal hump of the thorax. Antennae

moderately long, comparatively slender, joints 1 and 2 of the club

subequal in length, elongate-triangular, the apical joint longer and

more slender than the preceding one. Thorax convex, moderately

dilated anteriorly, the sides sinuate before the distinct hind angles,

the anterior angles sharply produced; densely, finely granulato-

punctate, the dorsal crest abrupt and very prominent. Elytra

convex, much wider than the thorax, oblong-quadrate, conjointly

rounded at the apex; with regular rows of closely-placed, coarse,

transverse punctures, the interstices sparsely granulate.

Length 3, breadth 1} mm. (? 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

Two examples. Broader than 7. albistolata, Gorh.,

from Vera Paz, the sharply-defined cinereous markings

very differently arranged, the antennae ferruginous,

shorter, and with a comparatively slender club. The

angulate W-shaped median fascia of the elytra is suggestive

of T. w-album, Gorh., but the two insects are not otherwise

very nearly related.

*Trichodesma mexicana.

Trichodesma mewicana, Pic, L’Echange, xvii, p. 93 (1901).

Elongate, nigro-piceous, the antennae fusco-ferruginous; varie-

gated with a thick clothing of whitish, grey, and fulvous, decumbent

pubescence, intermixed with scattered very long, erect, pallid hairs

and black and fulvous setae, the whitish pubescence predominating

on the thorax and on the base of the elytra, and on the latter con-

densed into a large oblique patch at the middle of the sides, a common

A-Shaped mark at the middle of the suture, and several curved

transverse lines near the apex, the fulvous setae clustered into a

single fascicle on the dorsal hump of the thorax, several others on

the basal third of the elytra, and some larger ones at about one-

fourth from the apex, the black setae condensed into several small

fascicles on the anterior declivity of the thorax and various larger

ones on the elytra, one on the disc before the middle, one near the

suture below the base, and one on the outer part of the disc towards

the apex being more prominent than the rest. Thorax broadly

arcuato-explanate anteriorly, the sides strongly sinuate towards

the base, the compressed dorsal hump angular as seen in profile,

a space on the dise behind it bare and granulate. Elytra elongate,

parallel, much wider than the thorax, somewhat depressed, narrowly

138 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

truncate at the apex; with rows of coarse transverse punctures, the

interstices feebly convex. Beneath densely clothed with whitish

pubescence.

Length 6, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. Mexico, “ Sierra de Durango” (coll. Pic), Almo-

longa in Puebla (Hége).

The above description is taken from a very clean fresh

example in the “ Biologia” collection. This insect agrees

very nearly with Pic’s definition of 7. mexicana. Compared.

with 7. gorhami it is broader and less convex, the thorax

is more strongly sinuate at the sides behind, and the

colour and arrangement of the vestiture is very different.

*Trichodesma truncata, n. sp.

Elongate, nigro-piceous, the antennae and tarsi ferruginous;

variegated with greyish-brown, fulvous, and whitish decumbent

pubescence, intermixed with scattered semi-erect hairs and black

setae, the latter clustered into three small oblong fascicles on the

third elytral interstice, the fulvous pubescence condensed into

several spots or streaks about the base, middle, and apex of the

elytra, and a large, common, saddle-shaped, subapical fascia (the

pubescence here becoming whitish on the second interstice), the

whitish pubescence forming a scutellar spot. Thorax arcuato-

dilatate anteriorly, strongly sinuate at the sides behind, densely

granulato-punctate, the dorsal hump large and subangular. Elytra

elongate, parallel, much wider than the thorax, sinuato-truncate

at the apex, the sutural angles sharp; with rows of closely-packed

coarse transverse punctures, the interstices narrow and conspicuously

granulate. Beneath pubescent, very densely punctulate, with

scattered intermixed slightly coarser punctures, the spaces occupied

by the latter bare, giving a mottled appearance to the surface.

Length 5, breadth 24 mm. (? 3.)

Hab. GUATEMALA, Duefias (Champion).

One specimen, worn, but easily recognisable by the

sinuato-truncate apex of the elytra, the pallid saddle-

shaped subapical fascia, the white scutellum, the con-

spicuously granulate upper surface, and the mottled

vestiture of the ventral surface. The non-dentate sides

of the thorax separate 7’. truncata from T. armata and the

truncate apex of the elytra from 7’. pictipennis,

}

various Central American Coleoptera. 139

*Trichodesma armata, Nn. sp.

Elongate, piceous, the antennae, tibiae, and tarsi ferruginous;

mottled with grey, fulvous, and whitish pubescence, intermixed

with a few long semi-erect hairs and black setae, the grey pubescence

predominating and somewhat scattered on the elytra, the whitish

pubescence on the latter condensed into a A-shaped mark on the

shoulders and two transverse rows of small fascicles near the apex,

and the fulvous hairs into various spots at the base and three

narrow oblique streaks at the middle (the inner one meeting the

corresponding streak on the opposite elytron at the suture, the two

forming a common A-shaped mark, which extends some distance

down the third interstice), the black setae clustered into a few

small tufts, two in front of the dorsal hump of the thorax and

one at about the basal fourth of the third elytral interstice

being more conspicuous than the rest. Antennae rather long,

the three joints of the club elongate, moderately broad, the terminal

joint about one-half longer than the preceding. Thorax moderately

explanate anteriorly, the sides acutely dentate behind this, and

sinuously converging thence to the base; densely punctate, obliquely

biplicate on each side of the angular dorsal hump, and with

the triangular bare space at the base finely granulate. Elytra

elongate, a little wider than the thorax, parallel, narrowly truncate

at the tip; with sinuous rows of moderately coarse transverse

punctures, the interstices here and there finely granulate. Beneath

very densely minutely punctulate, with scattered coarser punctures

intermixed, the pubescence fine, fulvous in colour.

Length 4, breadth 2mm. (? 3.)

Hab. GuatEMataA, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope (Champion).

One specimen, in very fresh condition. Smaller and

less elongate than 7’. mexicana, the elytral vestiture finer,

differently coloured, and not clustered into large tufts,

the thorax sharply toothed at the sides behind the middle.

The clothing on the elytra and under surface does not

completely hide the sculpture. 7’. dentatithorax, Pic, from

Brazil, must be an allied form; it is described as having the

thorax quadridentate on the disc and the elytra furnished

with a pilose humeral gibbosity.

PETALIUM.

Petalium, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. p. 204 (1861),

and Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, p. 234; Fall, Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 211-213 (1905); Pic, Cat,

Anobiidae, p. 58 (1912).

140 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Rhadine, Baudi, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. 1873, p. 331.

Micranobium, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2,

p. 202 (1883) (part.).

This genus includes a number of minute forms with a

strongly produced and broadly expanded metasternal

lobe which covers the mouth when the head is withdrawn

into the mesosternal cavity. Six N.-American species are

recognised by Fall, under one of which, P. bistriatum, Say,

he describes three named varieties. About a dozen

Central American forms (including one from the Pearl Is.),

several of which were confused by Gorham with Micranobium

pulicarium, are represented in the “ Biologia ” collection,

but the material at present available is too scanty for the

description of these small insects. M. Pic has named

various Central and 8.-American and Antillean species,

but, as Fall remarks (loc. cit.), his characterisations are

insufficient for their acceptance unless supported by

further description. Some attempt has been made by

me to identify the Mexican and Antillean forms

described by Pic after he purchased the Gorham collection.

The changes in their synonymy are also noted.

Petalium pulicarvum.

Micranobium pulicarium, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, p. 202, pl. 10, fig. 14 (part.).

Petalium pulicarium, Fall, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi,

p. 213; Pic, Rev. d’Ent. xxiv, p. 186 (1905).

Hab. GuateMmata, Duefias and Capetille (Champion).

The examples from the other localities quoted by Gorham

belong to different species. The M. pulicarium, too,

recorded by him from the Lesser Antilles appertain to P.

antillarum, Pic.

*Petalium striatipenne.

Rhadine striatipennis, Pic, L’Kchange, xix, p. 172 (1903);

Rev. d’Ent. xxiv, p. 186 (1905).

Hab. Mexico, Mexico city (Flohr).

This species is described as having “une coloration

générale noire, l’aspect presque mat et les élytres plus longs

que ceux de pulicarium, Gorh., et ses stries ponctuées

fortes.” Long. 2°5 mill. Four specimens from Mexico

city, sent us by the late Julius Flohr, doubtless belong here.

various Central American Coleoptera. 141

They have deep oblique depressions on the disc of the

thorax and a long deep metasternal sulcus.

*Petalium apicale.

Rhadine apicalis, Pic, L’ Echange, xix, p. 172.

Petalium apicale, Fall, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, p. 217,

note; Pic, Rev. d’Ent. xxiv, p. 188 (1905).

Hab. Mexico, “ Sierra de Durango,’ Manantial, Jalapa.

“Moins allongée [que R. striatipennis, etc.], et trés

reconnaissable a sa pubescence distincte et fournie ainsi

que sa particuliére coloration élytrale, les élytres étant

foncés avec une étroite bordure apicale rousse.” Long.

1-8-2 mill. According to Fall, who has seen one of the

types, P. apicale is exceedingly like P. brunnewm, Horn,

from Lower California. We have an abraded Petaliwm

from Chilpancingo (H. H. Smith) that may belong here.

*Petalium gorhami.

Micranobium pulicarium, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

li, 2, p. 202 (part.).

Rhadine gorhami, Pic, L’Echange, xix, p. 171, nota.

Petalium gorhami, Pic, Rev. d’ Ent. xxiv, p. 187 (1905).

Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerdénimo, Duefias, Cerro Zunil

(Champion).

According to Pic, M. gorhamt, from San Gerdnimo, is

“ distincte [de M. pulicarium] par la forme plus allongée,

la coloration plus claire, brunatre, le dessus du corps orné

d’une pubescence grisdtre assez rapprochée, le prothorax

faiblement impressionné en dessus et 4 étranglement a

peine marqué.” Long. 2 mill.

[Petalium antillarum.

Micranobium pulicarium, Gorh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1898, p. 325.

Rhadine antillarum, Pic, L’Echange, xix, p. 171 (1903).

Petalium antillarum, Pic, Rey. d’Ent. xxiv, p. 186 (1905).

Hab. ANTILLES, Grenada and Grenadines.

M. Pic characterises this species thus :—‘‘ Trés voisine

de Gorhami, Pic, par sa coloration, s’en distingue par la

pubescence jaune dorée et plus serrée du dessus du corps,

la ponctuation élytrale plus fine ou l’absence de stries

142 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

discales, enfin la forme moins allongée du corps, le prothorax

a bord antérieur abaissé et non relevé; antennes testacées,

courtes, 4 1° article trés long, deuxiéme large, suivants

courts avec les trois derniers longs et un peu épaissis.

Long. 1°6 mill. environ.” There are four Antillean

specimens standing under the name M. pulcarvwm in the

British Museum, probably belonging to two species, both

very different from the Guatemalan type, one of which

is doubtless the insect M. Pic describes. He also charac-

terises a var. dufawi from Guadeloupe. |

EUPACTUS.

Eupactus, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am., p. 203 (1861),

and Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, pp. 235-236; Fall, Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 211, 218 (1905).

Iioolius, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, pp. 203

(1883), 347 (1886).

Mirosternus, Gorham, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 327

(nec Sharp).

This genus is mainly characterised by the very long,

parallel-sided, flattened, 3-jointed antennal club, the

closely articulated apical two joints of which united are

about as long as the elongate preceding joint, the club itself

being sometimes much wider in the male than in the female.

The metasternum is notched in front, leaving the tips of

the antennae exposed when these organs are retracted into

the meso- and metasternal cavities. The species are

numerous in Central America and nine are recognised by

Fall from the United States or Lower California. Pic, in

his “‘ Catalogue of Anobiidae,” 1912, p. 64, sinks Hupactus,

Lec., Hutheca, Kies., and Thaptor, Gorh., under Calym-

maderus, Sol.; but in this I cannot follow him, the last

named Chilian genus having a very prominent hood-like

anterior prolongation to the thorax. Thaptor (and not

Itoolius), Gorh., is also sunk by Fall as synonymous with

Eupactus, but they are here retained as distinct. The type

of Hupactus, HL. nitidus, Lec., is a small, oblong-oval, shin-

ing, glabrous insect; that of Thaptor, T. pupatus, Gorh., a

large, subfusiform, densely pubescent insect (approaching

Calymmaderus in shape), with a single submarginal stria to

the elytra, and a dense double system of punctuation, above

and beneath.

The following table will assist in the identification of the

various Central American Coleoptera.

143

fourteen Central American Ewpacti, one of which is un-

known to me. Gorham’s descriptions, it may be observed,

were mostly made from one specimen, the others placed

by him under the same name often proving on examination

to belong to different species. His #. (Mirosternus) laevis

was from the Antillean island of St. Vincent.

a. Elytra with two submarginal striae :

surface punctuation simple.

a'. Submarginal striae very deep,

abbreviated anteriorly: body

oblong-ovate, metallic, bare

above iif al es?) eee

b'. Submarginal striae shallower, punc-

tate, almost complete; elytra

subparallel: species small.

a, Upper surface (when fresh) very

finely pubescent : body black .

b°. Upper surface bare: body ferru-

SUNIOUISY os) “en deytesixtele ary ove ug

b. Elytra with a broad deep submarginal

groove along the apical half.

ce’. Elytra with two abbreviated rows of

punctures on disc : upper surface

sparsely, minutely punctate:

body black, head red.

d', Elytra with one short row of punc-

tures on disc near suture : upper

surface sparsely, minutely punc-

tate: body castaneous . . .

e'. Elytra confusedly, sparsely, minutely

punctate.

c*. Head, thorax, and elytra black;

ventral segments very densely

DUNGtate. See alee tee 8,

d*. Head and thorax rufous, the elytra

black; ventral segments more

sparsely punctate :

c, Elytra with a broad submarginal groove

at apex only, the elytra themselves

long and subparallel. :

d, Elytra convex, without submarginal

striae or definite lateral groove.

f'. Surface punctuation single.

punctatus, Gorh.

subvestitus, n. sp.

donckieri, Pic.

erythrocephalus, n. sp.

nitescens, N. Sp.

glaber, Gorh.

semirufus, Nn. sp.

[laevis, Gorh. ]

144 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

e*, Elytra distinctly or faintly striate

on disc ; upper surface glabrous.

a*, Upper surface more sparsely

punctate, bluish; elytral striae

more distinct . . . . . striatus, Gorh.

b3. Upper surface more _ closely

punctate, piceous or black;

elytral striae less distinct . . eaxiguus, Gorh.

f?. Elytra not or very obsoletely striate

on disc.

c*. Upper surface pubescent.

a’, Thorax and elytra densely,

rather coarsely punctate:

body blue above Come caeruleus, n. sp.

b4, Thorax rather densely, he

elytra more sparsely, punc-

tate: body nigro-piceous :

species very small . . . dejeant, Pic.

d’, Upper surface glabrous; thorax

and elytra sparsely, minutely

punctate: body ferruginous :

species very small. . . . ovulum, Gorh.

g'. Surface punctuation double.

g?. Upper surface very densely punc-

tate and pubescent; vertex not

carinate: species larger . . . pubescens, Gorh.

h?. Upper surface more shining and

less densely punctate, pubescence

long; vertex carinate: species

verysmall. . . . . ©. «© comatus, n. sp.

Hupactus punctatus.

Lioolius punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i

2, p. 203 (part.) (nec pl. 10, fig. 15).

Oblong ovate, convex, very shining; cyaneous above, black

beneath, the head, legs, apical margin of the elytra, and abdomen

rufo-piceous, the antennae partly or entirely ferruginous; glabrous,

Head densely, finely punctate; eyes large, angularly compressed ;

antennae with joints 2-8 strongly, irregularly serrate, transverse ,

3 triangular, 4-8 extremely short, 9-11 very broad, 9 longer than

10 and 11 united, the latter closely articulated; thorax closely,

finely punctate; elytra oblong, dilated at the sides posteriorly,

broadly rounded at the tip, rather sparsely and distinctly more

various Central American Coleoptera. 145

coarsely punctured than the thorax, the punctures here and there

arranged in lines (which give the appearance of very faint striae on

the disc), the two submarginal striae confined to the apical half,

the inner one very deep and sulciform and not reaching the suture,

the humeral callus smooth. Beneath densely, the middle of the

metasternum coarsely and more sparsely, punctate, the intercoxal

process of the latter broader than long and triangularly notched in

front.

Length (excl. head) 2}—2}, breadth 13-12 mm.

Hab. Honpuras (Sallé); GuaremMata, Panzos in Alta

Vera Paz (Champion).

Gorham’s description of Lioolius punctatus was taken

from the three Honduras examples, and the Panama insect

figured by him belongs to the different species charac-

terised below under the name £. caeruleus. A fresh

description, however, is required in each case.

*Hupactus subvestitus, n. sp.

Oblong, moderately shining, nigro-piceous or black, the antennae

and legs obscure ferruginous; the punctures bearing excessively fine

short hairs, which are soon abraded. Head, thorax, and elytra

very sparsely, excessively minutely punctate, the interspaces

somewhat alutaceous, the elytra with two punctured submarginal

striae, the inner one abbreviated anteriorly and not nearly reaching

the suture behind; eyes moderately large; antennal club elongate,

not very broad, the apical two joints united slightly longer than 9;

thorax (as seen from above) obliquely narrowing from the base ;

elytra a little wider than the thorax, subparallel in their basal half,

the humeri rather prominent. Beneath densely, minutely, the

metasternum rather sparsely, punctate, the latter sulcate down the

middle and deeply notched in front.

Length 27;-2%, breadth 1}-1} mm. (? 9.)

Hab. Mexico, near the city (Hodge, Flohr).

Two examples. This species and the following have the

elongate form of the Antillean #. laevis (Gorh.), a much

larger insect without submarginal striae to the elytra.

Found on oak, according to Flohr.

*Hupactus donckiert.

Eupactus donchiert, Pic, L’Kchange, xx, p. 19 (1904).

Oblong-ovate, narrow, compressed, very shining, castaneous,

glabrous above. Head, thorax, and elytra very sparsely, excessively

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) L

146 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

minutely punctate, the elytra with two punctured, narrowly

separated, submarginal striae, the inner one not reaching the base

or apex; eyes very large; antennal club elongate, moderately

broad, the apical two joints united slightly longer than 9; elytra a

little wider at the base than the thorax, rather long, subparallel in

their basal half, the humeri prominent.

Length 13, breadth ,°, mm.

Hab. Mexico, Manantial (Flohr), “ Sierra de Durango ”

(coll. Pic).

One specimen. Very like H. subvestitus, but a little less

elongate, smaller, narrower, and more compressed, and

uniformly castaneous in colour. The elytral punctures,

seen under the microscope, are shallow and flat-bottomed.

The insect described appears to be referable to H. donchiert,

Pic, the type of which was from the Sierra de Durango;

the latter is said to be 2 mm. in length.

*Hupactus erythrocephalus, n. sp.

Inoolius glaber, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

p. 203 (1883) (part.).

Oblong-ovate, convex, very shining, black, the head, palpi,

antennae, and tarsi rufescent; glabrous above and_ beneath.

Head, thorax, and elytra very minutely punctate, the punctures

more closely placed on the thorax than on the elytra, the latter with

two short irregular rows of coarser impressions on the disc below the

base and with a very shallow broad submarginal groove along the

apical half; eyes large; antennal club moderately broad, the apical

two joints together as longas9. Metasternum and ventral segments

very sparsely and minutely, the anterior portion of the posterior

coxae closely and rather coarsely, punctate; ventral sutures 3 and

4 double, sharply defined.

Length 3, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. GuatTEMALA, San Gerdnimo in Baja Vera Paz

(Champron).

This is the insect doubtfully referred by Gorham to

Lioolius glaber, the types of which came from Dueias and

Capetillo. The red head, the two short abbreviated striae

on the disc of the elytra near the suture, and the very

sparsely punctured glabrous ventral surface readily

distinguish F. erythrocephalus from EH. glaber. The length

of the latter was incorrectly given as “1-3 mm.”: it

should be 2-24mm. £. glaber, it may be noted, is extremely

various Central American Coleoptera. 147

like the N.-American LZ. nitidus, Lec., the type of Hupactus,

but may be separated from that species by the densely, very

finely punctured ventral surface and the non-carinate vertex.

*Hupactus nitescens, n. sp.

Lioolius ovulum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 2,

p. 205 (1883) (part.).

9. Oblong-ovate, rather narrow, convex, very shining, castaneous,

the suture and apical margin of the elytral and the metasternum

slightly infuscate, glabrous. Head, thorax, and elytra sparsely,

minutely punctate, the punctures on the elytra subseriately

arranged on either side of a smooth space along the suture before

the middle, the apical elytral margin explanate, leaving a broad

shallow groove within; eyes extremely large; antennae with joints

4-8 very small, short, alternately serrate, the club long, moderately

broad, its apical two joints united rather longer than 9. Beneath

shining, very sparsely, finely punctate; metasternum grooved, the

notch in front deep.

Length 1,%,, breadth 1 mm.

Hab. Panama, Volean de Chiriqui, 3,000 feet (Champion).

One specimen. More elongate and much more shining

than EL. ovulum, the eyes extremely large, the apical two

joints of the antennae relatively longer, the apical margin

of the elytra explanate, the upper surface much more

sparsely punctate.

*Hupactus semirufus, n. sp.

Oblong-ovate, convex, very shining, rufous, the elytra nigro-

piceous or black, the metasternum and posterior coxae more or less

infuscate; glabrous above, the ventral segments finely pubescent.

Head, thorax, and elytra sparsely, very minutely punctate; elytra

subparallel in their basal half, broadly hollowed along the outer

margin from about the middle to the apex, and with moderately

prominent humeri; head obsoletely carinate on the vertex; eyes

very large; antennae with joints 3-8 minute, irregularly serrate, the

club long, moderately broad, the apical two joints together rather

longer than 9. Metasternum very sparsely and irregularly, the

ventral segments densely, minutely (the first more sparsely so

towards the sides) punctate, the third and fourth sutures double,

the metasternal process broader than long.

Length 24-23, breadth 12-13 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

148 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Four specimens, possibly all females, the antennal club

being rather narrow in all of them. Very like E. glaber

(Gorh.), but with the elytra only black and the ventral

segments 1-4 much less densely punctate. In H. glaber

the entire ventral surface is extremely densely punctured

and pubescent, a character not mentioned by its deseriber,

though visible in one of the Duefias examples dissected

by him. £. punctulatus, Lec. (viticola, Schwarz), and E.

nitidus, Lec., are closely allied larger forms, the former

having a much more sparsely, and the latter a more

coarsely, punctured under surface.

Eupactus striatus.

Inoolius striatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2,

p. 204 (1883).

Described from specimens found at Chontales, Nicaragua.

Additional localities are :—

Mexico, Teapa (H. H. Smith); GuatTemata, Purula

(Champion); Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

E. striatus was treated as somewhat doubtfully distinct

from E. glaber. The long series subsequently received

shows that the species is perfectly valid: the elytra are

closely, finely punctate, faintly striate on the disc, and the

broad shallow marginal depression is wanting; the upper

surface has a bluish tint, and would be better described as

nigro-cyaneous; and the ventral segments are piceous or

rufous, like the antennae. The male has the antennal club

much more broadly widened than the female. The under

surface is finely pubescent. The metasternal process is

broader than long and the notchis deep. The length varies

from 2-24 mm.

Eupactus exiguus.

Inoolius exiguus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

p. 347 (1886).

Described from two examples from Honduras. Addi-

tional specimens have since been received from Teapa,

Mexico, and Bugaba, Panama. This is a form of #.

striatus, black or piceous above, with the thorax and

elytra more densely and a little more distinctly punctate,

and the dorsal striae of the latter almost obsolete.

Gorham presumably meant to compare it with #. striatus,

and not with H. punctatus, a very different species with two

deeply impressed submarginal striae.

various Central American Coleoptera. 149

*Hupactus caeruleus, n. sp.

Tnoolius punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2,

p. 203, pl. 10, figs. 15 (1883) (part.).

Ovate, very convex, shining; blue (with a greenish tint in

certain lights) above, piceous beneath, the antennae, legs, and

abdomen obscure ferruginous; thickly clothed with fine ashy

pubescence. Head, thorax, and elytra densely, rather finely punctate ;

antennae with joints 3-8 small, 4-8 transverse, feebly subserrate,

9-11 very broad, 9 elongate, as long as 10 and 11 united, 10 excised

on the inner side at the base; elytra with traces of very faint im-

pressed lines on the disc, the submarginal striae entirely wanting

the humeral callus smooth. Beneath densely, finely punctate, the

metasternum with a narrow smooth space down the middle, the

intercoxal process of the latter triangularly notched in front.

Length (excl. head) 2;;, breadth 13 mm.

Hab. Panama, David in Chiriqui (Champion).

One example. This is the insect figured by Gorham

under the name Lnoolius punctatus. The densely punctured

cinereo-pubescent surface, the complete absence of the sub-

marginal striae of the elytra, the almost simple inter-

mediate joints of the antennae, and its ovate general shape

distinguish H. caeruleus at a glance from E. punctatus.

The legs (which were not properly seen by the artist) are

shown much too long in the figure, the tarsi especially,

which are not half the length of the tibiae.

*Hupactus dejeani.

Eupactus (Thaptor) dejeani, Pic, L’Kchange, xxi, p. 115

(1905).

This species is unknown to me. The description of it

is as follows :—Minutus, convexus, nigro-piceus, distincte

punctatus, sat dense in thorace et capite, sat sparse in

elytris; antennis testaceis; elytris instriatis. Court et

assez large, convexe, peu brillant, briévement pubescent, a

ponctuation forte, plus serrée sur lavant-corps, noir

de poix avec les pattes rembrunies; antennes testacées,

premier article courbé, suivants petits, trois derniers gros et

épaissis, les deux de l’extrémité peu détachés l’un de l’autre ;

téte peu convexe; prothorax assez court, progressive-

ment atténué en avant; élytres courts et larges, a épaules

marquées, un peu rétrécis au sommet avec une faible

dépression latérale incompléte, mais sans aucune trace de

150 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

strie. Long. 15 mm. Mexique: Teapa (coll. Pic). Trés

distincte par sa petite taille jointe 4 sa forte ponctuation.

Eupactus ovulum.

Lioolius ovulum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu, 2,

p. 205 (1883) (part.).

9. Ovate, convex, moderately shining, castaneous, the antennae,

legs and abdomen rufo-testaceous; glabrous above. Head,

thorax, and elytra closely, minutely punctate, the interspaces on

the thorax closely alutaceous, those on the elytra more shining, the

elytra without trace of striae or marginal depression; eyes rather

small; antennae with joint 3 triangular, rather stout, 4-8 very

small, transverse, the club moderately long, the apical two joints

united barely as long as 9; thorax rapidly and obliquely narrowing

from the base.

Length 1%, breadth 1 mm.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

Four specimens were doubtfully referred to E. ovulum

by Gorham, belonging to three perfectly good species.

The above description is taken from the example selected

by him as the type. . ovulum is closely related to £.

striatus and EH. exiguus, differing from both in the non-

striate, extremely finely punctate elytra, the castaneous

colour of the body, etc.

*Hupactus comatus, n. sp.

Lioolius ovulum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ili, 2,

p. 205 (1883) (part.).

Ovate, convex, shining, rufo-castaneous, the antennae rufo-

testaceous; thickly clothed with long yellow pubescence. Head,

thorax, and elytra densely impressed with very small flat-bottomed

punctures intermixed with excessively minute ones, the elytra

without trace of striae or marginal groove; head distinctly carinate

on the vertex; eyes extremely large in g, much smaller in 9;

antennal club elongate and very broad in 3, narrower in 9, the apical

two joints united as long as 9; thorax (as seen from above) rapidly

and obliquely narrowed from the base. Beneath densely, minutely

punctate; metasternum deeply notched in front, the notch extending

as far back as the posterior margin of the middle coxae.

Length 12-14, breadth 74-1 mm. (¢ .)

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

various Central American Coleoptera. 151

One pair, the sexual differences in the antennae of which

were noted by Gorham. The double system of punctuation

is like that of #. pubescens, which is a much larger, duller,

and more densely pubescent form. The types of the

latter, two females from Chiriqui and Vera Paz respectively,

do not agree very well inter se, but as the Vera Paz specimen

is not in good condition it must be included under £.

pubescens for the present. EH. dejeani, Pic, from Teapa,

Mexico, is probably an allied form.

THAPTOR.

Thaptor, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, pp. 205

(1883), 348 (1886).

This genus Thaptor, according to Mr. Fall [Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. xxxi, p. 219 (1905)], was created quite unneces-

sarily by Gorham; nevertheless it is convenient to retain

itfor the various Central American forms described by that

author. These species, it is true, have the antennae and

sterna formed as in Hupactus (= Lioolius, Gorh.) ; but they

are very different in general facies, having the dense double

system of punctuation and close pubescence of Cathorama.

They are rather large, elongate, subfusiform, or broad

oblong, insects, with setose antennae, and a single sub-

marginal stria running down the apical half of the elytra.

Fall’s synonymy is also quoted by Pic [L’Hchange, xx,

p- 31 (1904) ], who had just before added (loc. cit. pp. 18, 19)

three species to the genus Thaptor—one from Chile, one

from Australia (!), and one from Mexico. The last

named, 7’. mexicanus, is clearly nothing but 7. oblongus,

Gorh., the only difference mentioned being “ moins

brillant.” The four Central American species may be

tabulated thus :—

Elytra without definite rows of punctures

at the sides preceding the sub-

marginal stria.

Body somewhat fusiform.

Species larger; setae on inner edge of

antennal joints 2, 3, 5, 7 very long;

under surface more array eee aE bese us, Gorh.

1 H. amoenus and EL. mixtus, Fall, ako. telone to this section.

152 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Species smaller ; antennal setae shorter ;

under surface smoother, less densely

PUNCEATC in) is. vast ag, he throscoides, Gorh.

Body broader, oblong; punctuation ex-

cessively dense... 4.» ). +.» . sharp, /Gorh,

Elytra with two or three rows of punctures

at the sides preceding the sub-

marginal stria . . -.. » «», «,,,0blongus, Gorh.

(mexicanus, Pic.)

DOoRCATOMA.

Dorcatoma, Herbst, Kafer, iv, p. 103 (1790); Mulsant et

Rey, Térédiles, p. 338 (1864); Leconte, Class. Coleopt.

N. Am., 2nd edit., p. 226 (1883); Gorham, Biol. Centz.-

Am., Coleopt. ili, 2, p. 208 (1883) (part.); Fall, Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 212, 261 (1905); Pic, Cat.

Anobiidae, p. 72 (1912).

Gorham included three Central American species under

Dorcatoma, two of which he subsequently [op. cit. p. 350

(1886)] transferred to Priotoma, at the same time remarking

that the third, D. tomentosa, would probably have also to

be withdrawn from it.

Dorcatoma tomentosa.

Dorcatoma tomentosa, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 208, pl. 10, fig. 16.

Priotoma tomentosa, Pic, Cat. Anobiidae, p. 72 (1912).

A specimen of this insect has now been dissected, and it

proves to have the usual, erect, ciliate process arising from

each posterior angle of the intercoxal portion of the pro-

sternum; but these processes are shorter than in the

European species of Dorcatoma I have examined (D.

flavicornis, F., and D. chrysomelina, Sturm), being simply

dentiform in D. tomentosa. This species, which has 11-

jointed antennae (as stated by its describer) and a very

broad securiform apical joint to the maxillary palpus, can,

therefore, quite well remain in Dorcatoma, the additional

minute jomt to the antennae being a character of no

importance.

CAENOCARA.

Caenocara, Thomson, Skand. Col. i, p. 90 (1859), and v,

p- 174 (1863) ; Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am., 2nd edit.,

p. 226 (1883); Fall, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 212,

260 (1905); Pic, Cat. Anobiidae, p. 76 (1912).

various Central American Coleoptera. 153

Tylistus, Leconte, Class. Col. N. Am., p. 203 (1861).

Enneatoma, Mulsant et Rey, Térédiles, p. 367 (1861).

This genus, as restricted by Fall, includes various forms

related to Dorcatoma in which the intercoxal portion of the

prosternum is simply truncate behind and the long horn-

like processes are altogether wanting, and the eyes are very

deeply excised. In the type of Caenocara, C. bovistae, the

eyes are so deeply notched as to be nearly divided into two,

but in one of the new species now added, C. flohri, the

notch extends only half-way across them. In all these

forms the elytra have an additional sublateral callosity

at about the middle, thus appearing constricted below the

swollen humeri. The antennae are 9-jointed, and the

elytra have a short subhumeral and two deep submarginal

striae. Three species only are known to me from Central

America, one of which, C. bovistae, has not previously been

recorded from the New World;! Fall enumerates twelve

from the United States, based mainly upon the form of the

palpi, antennae, or eyes, in the male sex. The Central

American forms may be tabulated thus :—

Eyes almost divided into two : body black.

Thorax and elytra densely punctate . . *bovistae, Hofim.

Thorax and elytra more sparsely punctate quercus, n. sp.

Eyes notched to about the middle; thorax

and elytra densely punctate: body

castaneous above . . . . . . . flohri,n. sp.

*Caenocara quercus, 0. sp.

Dorcatoma contracta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2

p. 209 (part.). ;

Priotoma contracta, Gorh., loc cit. p. 351 (part.).

g. Suborbicular, very shining, black, the antennae ferruginous,

with the basal joint infuscate, the legs piceous or rufo-piceous, the

tarsi and anterior femora ferruginous; somewhat thickly clothed

above and beneath with long cinereous hairs. Head closely, the

rest of the upper surface more sparsely, finely punctate; eyes

rather small, the antennal groove extending nearly across them ;

antennae 9-jointed, the dentiform first joint of the club greatly

produced inwards, the two succeeding joints broad, elongate; elytra

1 Dorcatoma dresdensis, Herbst (= pallicornis, Lec.), is recorded

by Fall as rather common in the United States.

154 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

with a prominent humeral callus and also tumid in a line with this

beyond the middle (thus appearing subquadrate above), the outer

submarginal stria reaching the suture, the inner one a little less

produced, the subhumeral stria not extending to the middle.

Beneath densely, somewhat coarsely punctate, the metasternum

obsoletely canaliculate, the intercoxal process of the latter broad,

truncate in front; ventral segments free.

Length 2, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, near the city, San Miguel del Soldado

in Vera Cruz (Flohr), Xucumanatlan in Guerrero (H. H.

Smith); GuATEMALA, Calderas (Champion).

Two very different species were confused by Gorham

under the name Dorcatoma contracta—a larger one, from

Calderas, with the eyes very deeply excised, which 1s abso-

lutely congeneric with Caenocara, Th., and is here described

under the name C. quercus; the other smaller form, from

Capetillo and Aceituno, with the eyes feebly excised, which

must be taken as the type. C.quercus is closely related to

C. bovistae (Hofim.), differing from it in the more sparsely

punctured thorax and elytra, the longer and sparser pubes-

cence, and the very shining black body. The Mexican

examples received from Flohr were beaten from oaks.

He has also sent us a 2 example of a Caenocara, from

Mexico city, which is certainly referable to C. bovistae.

*Caenocara flohri, n. sp.

6. Suborbicular, shining, castaneous above, piceous beneath, the

antennae and legs ferruginous; thickly clothed with yellowish

pubescence. Head, thorax, and elytra densely, finely punctate,

the punctures minute on the disc of the thorax; eyes moderately

large, the groove extending nearly half way across them; antennae

9-jointed, long, the dentiform first joint of the club greatly produced

inwards, the two succeeding joints broad, elongate; elytra with a

prominent humeral callus and also tumid in a line with this beyond

the middle, the outer submarginal striae reaching the suture, the

inner one a little less produced, the subhumeral stria short. Be-

neath densely punctate.

Length 2, breadth 12-1} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Real del Monte (Flohr).

Two males. Larger than C. bovistae; the antennae

and legs longer; the eyes larger, the groove not extending

more than half way across them. The denser puncturing

"heals aaa itn aggy aga es a tie ym

various Central American Coleoptera. 155

of the upper surface and the much shorter ocular groove

separate C. flohri from C. quercus.

PRIOTOMA.

Priotoma, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 350

(1886); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 327; Pic.

Cat. Anobiidae, p. 72 (1912).

Eutylistus, Fall, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 212, 264

(1905).

The species referred to Priotoma simply differ from

Caenocara, Thoms., in having the eyes feebly excised, and

the body more regularly convex, due to the obliteration

of the latero-submedian callosities of the elytra. Byrrhodes,

Lec.,1 type B. setosus, Lec., again, is said by Fall to differ

from Hutylistus in one character only, viz. in the sharp

striation of the elytra. Some of the Central American forms

with very finely striate elytra, e.g. P. tenwistriata, Gorh.,

etc., would therefore be almost as well placed in Byrrhodes,

Lec.; these insects, however, are connected with the

typical Priotoma, type P. quadrimaculata, Gorh., by inter-

mediate forms. It is probable that, sooner or later, the

whole of them will have to be included under Caenocara,

C. flohri forming the connecting link between that genus

and Priotoma. Fall enumerates eight species of this genus

from the United States, and says that the European Dorca-

toma dommeri, Rosenh., also belongs to it. The six now

known from Central America, and the one before me from

the Lesser Antilles, may be tabulated thus :—

a. Antennae 11-jointed; elytra spotted,

the two submarginal striae abbreviated

anteriorly : body veryconvex . . . quadrimaculata, Gorh.

b. Antennae 9-jointed.

a'. Elytra with two submarginal striae,

the subhumeral stria wanting.

a*, The two submarginal striae not

abbreviated anteriorly.

a®. Elytra coarsely, confusedly

punctate, and obsoletely striate

throughout : body bluish-green

QOOVEl Wega os cs. ses ssp Orevis, Gorn.

1 Byrrhodes, Sharp (Dascillidae), published a few months later in

1878, requires a new name: Byrrhopsis is here substituted for it.

156 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

6%. Elytra very finely punctate,

distinctly striate throughout :

body black above.

a’, Body oblong-ovate; elytra

more distinctly striate; an-

tennae and ventral segments

red, the latter free . . . tenuwistriata, Gorh.

b'. Body rotundate-ovate ; elytra

more finely striate ; antennae

and ventral segments black,

the latter subconnate . . nigriventris, n. sp.

b?. The two submarginal striae ab-

breviated anteriorly, the punc-

tures on the elytra seriately

arranged ; eyes compressed : body

black: species small . . . . brevilinea, n. sp.

b!. Elytra with a short subhumeral and

two submarginal striae, the punctu-

ation scattered: body black or

fusco-castaneous: species very

small.

c’, Metasternum coarsely punctate ;

ventral segments connate at

middle; eyes moderately large . contracta, Gorh.

d*, Metasternum finely punctate;

ventral segments free; eyes very

large, less widely separated above [insularis, n. sp. ]

*Priotoma mgrwentris, n. sp.

Priotoma tenwistriata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 351 (1886) (part.).

Q. Short-ovate, broad, convex, shining, black, the head and palpi

piceous, the second antennal joint and the tarsi rufo-testaceous ;

clothed with long, fine, cinereous pubescence. Head, thorax, and

elytra closely, very minutely punctate; eyes large, feebly excised ;

antennae 9-jointed, the two basal joints of the club triangular, the

apical one oval ; elytra excessively finely striate, the two submarginal

striae deeply impressed and sulciform from about the basal third,

the inner one not nearly reaching the suture. Metasternum sparsely

and finely, the ventral segments minutely, punctate, the latter

3 ubconnate at the middle.

Length 2, breadth 15 mm.

various Central American Coleoptera. 157

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

Gorham based his description of P. tenwistriata upon two

females from Chiriqui belonging to different species. The

larger form (length 23, breadth 12? mm.), with reddish

legs, antennae, and abdomen and clearly cut fine elytral

striae (marked type by the author) must be taken as the

type. The other form, from which the above description

is taken, is smaller and subrotundate in shape, almost

wholly black, and with the fine elytral striae only just

traceable on the disc and the inner sulciform submarginal

one less extended posteriorly; the ventral segments sub-

connate, and the entire surface less densely and very

minutely punctate.

*Priotoma brevilinea, n. sp.

Priotoma contracta, Gorh.,. Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 351 (part.).

9. Short ovate, broad, convex, very shining, black, the palpi and

antennae ferruginous, the basal joint of the latter slightly infuscate,

the femora and tibiae rufo-piceous, the tarsi ferruginous; very

sparsely, finely, cinereo-pubescent. Head broad, densely, finely

punctate; eyes moderately large, angularly compressed (when

viewed laterally), not very deeply excised; antennae 9-jointed, the

first two joints of the club triangular, the first very stout, the apical

joint elongate; thorax closely, minutely punctate; elytra short,

sparsely, finely, seriato-punctate, the two submarginal striae deep

and confined to the apical half, the inner one not nearly reaching

the suture, the short subhumeral stria wanting, the humeral callus

inconspicuous. Beneath densely punctate.

Length 1}, breadth 1} mm.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca (Champion).

One specimen. A small, short, convex, very shining,

black form, broader than P. contracta, with angularly com-

pressed eyes, finely seriato-punctate elytra, and the two

submarginal striae of the latter abbreviated anteriorly.

The ventral segments are apparently free, but this character

was unfortunately not noted when the specimen was re-

mounted. P. brevilinea is related to P. brevis and P.

tenwstriata, Gorh., both of which have almost complete

submarginal striae to the elytra.

158 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

Priotoma contracta.

Dorcatoma contracta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 209 (part.).

Priotoma contracta, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 351 (part.).

Short ovate, convex, shining, varying in colour from black to

castaneous, the antennae in some specimens wholly rufo-testaceous,

in others infuscate, the tarsi rufo-testaceous; sparsely clothed with

rather long whitish hairs. Head and thorax very sparsely, minutely

punctate; eyes moderately large, widely separated, feebly excised ;

antennae apparently 9-jointed—(3) long, with the dentiform first

joint of the club greatly produced inwards, and the succeeding joints

broad and elongate, (2) shorter, and with the joints of the club

smaller; elytra very sparsely, finely, subseriately punctate, the

punctures becoming coarser and more crowded towards the suture,

the two submarginal striae deep, the subhumeral stria short, the

humeral callus moderately prominent, the latero-submedian promin-

ence wanting. Beneath finely, the middle of the metasternum

coarsely, closely punctate; ventral segments connate in the centre.

Length 11-13, breadth 1-13, mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); GuatE-

MALA, Capetillo, Aceituno, Cahabon (Champion); Panama,

Tolé (Champion).

Eleven examples. Gorham first included P. contracta

in his section of Dorcatoma with 8-jointed antennae, sub-

sequently placing it in Priotoma to which he ascribed 10

joints, though the actual number of joints is nine. The

feebly excised eyes, the partially connate ventral segments,

the absence of the latero-submedian elytral callosities, the

narrower form, and much smaller size, at once separate

P. contracta from the other species he confused with it,

which is described above under the name Caenocara quercus.

P. tenuistriata and P. brevis (Gorh.) are larger allied forms.

[Priotoma insularis, n. sp.

Priotoma brevis ?, Gorh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 327

[nec P. brevis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 351].

Short ovate, convex, shining, black, the antennae and tarsi rufo-

testaceous, the femora and tibiae rufo-piceous; sparsely clothed

with long whitish hairs. Head and thorax very sparsely, minutely

punctulate; eyes very large, separated above by about the width

various Central American Coleoptera. 159

of one of them, feebly excised; antennae 9-jointed, 1 greatly

thickened, 3-6 minute and very closely articulated, 7-9 large, 7 tri-

angular ; elytra very sparsely, finely punctate, the punctures becom-

ing coarser, closer, and subseriately arranged towards the suture,

the two submarginal striae deep, the subhumeral stria short, the

humeral callus moderately prominent. Beneath sparsely, finely

punctate; ventral sutures distinct.

Length 14, breadth 1 mm. (@.)

Hab. Antities, St. Vincent (H. H. Smith).

Five examples. This insect, like P. contracta, is so like

a small immaculate Scymnus that it might be passed over

as such. Then, again, P. insularis so closely resembles

P. contracta that at first sight it appears to be referable

to the same species; but the much larger, more contiguous

eyes, the finely punctured metasternum, and the non-

connate ventral segments readily distinguish P. imsularis.

Gorham presumably intended to write P. contracta ?, as

the present species bears no resemblance to the much

larger submetallic P. brevis. |

Ptilinus.

Ptilinus, Geoffroy, Hist. Ins. Paris, i, p. 64 (1762); Mulsant

et Rey, Térédiles, p. 226 (1864); Gorham, Biol. Centr.-

Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 198 (1883); Fall, Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. xxxi, pp. 277, 278 (1905) ; Pic, Cat. Anobiidae,

p- 41 (1912).

Gorham has recorded a species of this genus from

Guatemala. A second very different form, also from the

same country, was subsequently detected in our collection,

and a third, P. mexicanus, Pic, from Mexico, was added in

1901. Six are now known from the United States. The

two from Guatemala are described below.

*Ptilinus sericeus, n.sp. (Plate IV, fig. 8, 3.)

Ptilinus sp. ?, Gorh., loc. cit.

3. Elongate, rather broad, cylindrical, opaque, obscure ferrugin-

ous, the tibiae and the base of the femora infuscate; thickly clothed

with fine, silky, brownish-cinereous pubescence, the thorax with a

broad, sharply defined, anteriorly abbreviated, darker, velvety median

vitta, and various curved, sinuous dark marks on either side of it,

the elytral depressions also appearing darker, owing to the diverted

arrangement of the vestiture. Head very broad, densely rugulose,

160 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

the eyes enormously developed; antennae with joints 4-10 each

furnished with a long ramus, that on joint 4 much shorter than that

on 5, joint 3 acutely, triangularly dilated. Thorax transverse, very

broad, compressed at the sides anteriorly, obliquely narrowed (as

seen from above) forwards; densely, rugulosely punctate, the sinuous

depressions on each side of the disc interrupting the arrangement of

the pubescence. Scutellum ratherlarge. Elytra distinctly narrower

than the thorax, finely, interruptedly, subseriato-punctate, the

interstices rugulose; with a transverse depression on the disc below

the base and various other rounded depressions on the apical half,

interrupting the arrangement of the pubescence. Legs moderately

elongate, the tarsi shorter than the tibiae.

Length 4, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Guatemata, El Tumbador, Pacific — slope

(Champion).

Gorham suggested that this species was probably a

known N.-American form, on what grounds I know not.

The enormously developed eyes, the very broad thorax,

with a sharply defined darker median vitta, and the uneven

elytra are characteristic. The unique example is some-

what immature, and the elytral depressions may be in part

due to the softness of the integument, but as they are

symmetrical, this is not likely to be the case.

*Ptilinus maculicollis, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 9, 3.)

dg. Elongate, narrow, cylindrical, opaque, black, the thorax with a

large rufous patch on each side extending forwards to the anterior

angles ; closely, very finely pubescent. Head broad, densely, rugulosely

punctate, the eyes large; antennae with joints 3-10 each furnished

with a moderately long ramus, the rami becoming gradually longer

outwards, that on joint 10 nearly twice as long as that on joint 3.

Thorax transverse, compressed at the sides anteriorly, obliquely

narrowed (as seen from above) from about the middle to the apex,

the sides and base sharply margined, the hind angles rounded, the

anterior angles sharp and reaching to the middle of the eyes (when

the head is in a vertical position); densely, rugulosely punctate,

subgranulate on the disc towards the apex, the disc feebly canalicu-

late. Scutellum small. Elytra elongate, of the same width as the

base of the thorax; regularly punctate-striate, the interstices narrow,

feebly convex, and densely rugulose. Legs elongate, the tarsi fully

as long as the tibiae.

Length 3, breadth 1 mm.

various Central American Coleoptera. 161

Hab. GuatrmMaua, San Gerdénimo in Baja Vera Paz

(Champion).

One example only was obtained of this species, which is

easily recognisable by its small size and black coloration,

the thorax with a large rufous patch on each side. *P.

mexicanus, Pic [L’Echange, xvii, p. 95 (1901)], must be

an allied form. It is described thus: ‘‘ Allongé, subparal-

léle, peu brillant, revétu d’une trés fine pubescence grisatre,

entiérement noir y compris les antennes et les pattes, a

l'exception seulement du labre et de la base des mandibules

qui sont roussatres ; téte assez petite; antennes progressive-

ment dentée 4 partir du 4™° article; prothorax court,

fortement dilaté-arrondi en arriére, explané sur les cotes ;

élytres & peu prés de la largeur du prothorax, trés longs,

faiblement striés. Long. 4-5 mill—Mrxique, ‘Sierra de

Durango ’ (coll. Pic).”’

CIOIDAE.

Cis.

Cis, Latreille, Préc. Car. Gen. Ins. p. 90 (1796); Gorham,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, pp. 220 (1883), 357

(1886).

Gorham enumerated sixteen species of this genus from

Central America, three of which he did not name. One

other is here added, received some time after his work was

published.

*Cis M-nigrum, n. sp.

Elongate, convex, shining; piceous, the elytra fusco-testaceous,

with a common sharply-angulate, post-median, nigro-piceous

fascia, the labrum, base of antennae, and legs testaceous; the

entire upper surface densely, somewhat coarsely punctate, each

puncture (seen under the microscope) bearing an excessively minute

squamiform hair. Head broad, unarmed, the transverse, arcuate,

inter-antennal groove deep, the epistoma very short, truncate in

front; eyes small; antennae 10-jointed, 3 elongate, 4—7 small, the

3-jointed club moderately stout. Thorax ample, broader than

long, longitudinally convex, a little narrower at the base than at the

apex, rounded at the sides, the margins narrowly explanate and very

prominent. Elytra about twice as long as the thorax, narrowed at

the base and there considerably narrower than the latter.

Length 23, breadth 1 mm.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) M

162 Mr. G. ©. Champion’s Notes on

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith).

One specimen. This is so different from any of the

previously known Mexican species of the genus that it is

worthy of a name. The common angulate elytral fascia

is somewhat M-shaped, as seen from above. C. M-nigrum

has the general shape of the European C. alm. The

Hawaiian C. signatus, Perkins, has somewhat similar

elytral markings.

TENEBRIONIDAE.

CoRTICEUS.

Corticeus, Piller and Mitterpacher, Iter per Pos. Sclav. p. 87

(1783); Champion, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iv, 1,

p. 171 (18886). .

Hypophloeus, Fabricius, in Schneider’s Neu Mag. Ent. i, 1,

p. 24 (1791).

Six species of this genus were recorded by myself from

Central America in 1886. The one now added approaches

C. mexicanus, Reitt.

*Corticeus sordidus, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, cylindrical, shining, testaceous, the eyes black.

Head densely, finely punctate, the transverse frontal groove deep,

the eyes very large and coarsely facetted; antennae with joints

6-11 very stout, 6-10 strongly transverse. Thorax convex, longer

than broad, finely margined at the sides and base, the sides very

feebly rounded and constricted immediately before the hind angles,

the latter just visible; closely, minutely punctate. Elytra

elongate, parallel, about as wide as the thorax; alutaceous, with

rows of fine punctures, the interstices flat, each with a single irregular

row of scattered punctures, which are very little smaller than those

of the striae.

Length 33, breadth ? mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, near the city (Champvon).

This small species is very different from any of the other

described Central American forms, and is more like some of

the Palaearctic members of the genus (C. linearis, etc.)

found in pines. The single example obtained was placed

by mistake amongst our unnamed Clavicornia, and was

thus overlooked.

various Central American Coleoptera. 163

LORELUS.

Lorelus, Sharp, Ent. Monthly Mag. xii, p. 76 (1876).

The typical species of this genus were obtained in New

Zealand, an Antillean form, L. brevicornis, Ch., having

subsequently been added by myself (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1896, p. 14). Seven other tropical American representatives

are now known to me; two of these, L. rugifrons and L.

trapeziderus, approach Lorelopsis (type L. pilosus, Ch.,

from St. Vincent, Antilles), but they have a less developed

penultimate tarsal joint. L. priscus has been found on

tree ferns; L. brevicornis in rotten cacao-husks and stems

of Cissus. It is probable that some of them are carried

about in commercial products. The American forms may

be tabulated thus :—

Thorax subquadrate, a little narrowed pos-

teriorly ; elytra parallel.

Thorax sharply margined laterally; body

glabrous above.

Posterior tibiaeof Jbowed . . . . . curvipes, n. sp.

Posterior tibiae of 3 simple - « «+ ‘ Curnticolis, n. sp.

Thorax more finely margined laterally.

Species larger; body glabrous above.

Body somewhat depressed.

Eyes smaller; thoracic punctuation

coarser ; elytra more elongate. [brevicornis, Ch.]

Eyes larger; thoracic punctuation

finer; elytra shorter . . . breviusculus,n. sp.

Body more convex . . . - . . angustulus, n. sp.

Species very small, narrow; body

pubescent above ais exilis, n. sp.

Thorax trapezoidal, much narrowed behind;

elytra widened posteriorly; body pilose

above.

Head rugosely punctate ; antennae stouter ;

penultimate tarsal joint small, es

loked : : rugifrons, n. sp.

Head closely aaraetee ditenane mee so

stout, with more abrupt club; pen-

ultimate tarsal joint larger, lobed . . trapeziderus, n. sp.

*Lorelus curvipes, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 10, 3.)

Moderately elongate, rather convex, shining, glabrous; nigro-

piceous, the elytra fusco-castaneous, the antennae, palpi, legs, and

164 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

under surface in part, ferruginous; the upper surface closely, con-

fusedly punctate, the punctures on the elytra much coarser than

those on the head and thorax. Head transversely grooved in front ;

antennae moderately stout, reaching to a little beyond the base of

the thorax, the last three joints abruptly widened. Thorax convex,

transverse, slightly narrowed posteriorly, sharply margined and

feebly crenulate at the sides, and also margined at the base, the

anterior angles obtuse, the hind angles rectangular. Elytra a little

wider than the thorax, moderately long, parallel in their basal half.

Beneath very finely, the head and prosternum more coarsely,

punctate. Legs short; posterior femora distinctly hollowed on the

lower side near the apex; posterior tibiae in 3 sinuate at the base

and arcuately bowed thence to the apex.

Length 3mm. (3 32.)

Hab. GuatEMALA, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope (Champion).

Two males and two females. Distinguishable from all

its allies by the peculiarly formed posterior tibiae of the

male. The posterior femora appear to be feebly dentate,

owing to the slight hollowing of the lower surface near

the tip.

*Lorelus curticollis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, somewhat depressed, feebly shining,

glabrous; black or piceous, with the elytra wholly or in part (leaving .

a broad common dark sutural stripe) castaneous, and the antennae,

palpi, and legs ferruginous, the legs in one example infuscate; the

upper surface closely, confusedly punctate; the punctures coarse on

the elytra and much finer on the head and thorax. Antennae rather

stout, reaching to a little beyond the base of the thorax, the last

three joints abruptly widened. Eyes rather small. Thorax trans-

versely subquadrate, much broader than long, distinctly narrowed

towards the base, sharply margined and crenulate at the sides, and

also margined at the base, the hind angles subrectangular, the

surface alutaceous. Elytra considerably wider than the thorax,

parallel in their basal half, somewhat flattened on the disc. Beneath

very finely, the head and prosternum more coarsely, punctate ;

prosternal process narrow. Legs short.

Length 3-4+ mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé); Guatemata, El Tum-

bador, Las Mercedes, Cerro Zunil (Champion); Panama,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

Twelve examples, doubtless including both sexes, varying

a good deal in size and colour. Very like L. curvipes, and

various Central American Coleoptera. 165

at first confused by me with that species; but differing from

it in the less convex, duller, and more finely punctured

thorax, the less convex elytra, and the simple posterior

tibiae of the male. The thorax is more sharply margined

at the sides than in L. brevicornis. The legs are shorter

than in the New Zealand L. priscus, crassicornis, and

pubescens. In the Fry collection at the British Museum

there are two specimens that apparently belong to L.

curticollis—one labelled ‘‘ Pacific, N. Cal.” (? = New

Caledonia), and the other (wholly rufo-testaceous in colour)

*“* Brazil, Parana.”

*Lorelus breviusculus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining, glabrous, uniformly ferruginous ;

the upper surface closely, confusedly punctate, the punctures on

the head and thorax rather fine, those on the elytra much coarser.

Head rather convex, without definite groove in front; eyes large,

transverse, somewhat prominent; antennae reaching the base of the

thorax, joints 6-8 transverse, 8-11 much broader and _ stouter,

together forming an abrupt club. Thorax rather convex, strongly

transverse, narrowing posteriorly, narrowly margined at the sides

and also distinctly margined at the base, the hind angles rectangular.

Elytra comparatively short, a little wider than the thorax, sub-

parallel in their basal half. Legs short.

Length 24 mm. (? 9.)

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

Twospecimens. Closely related to L. curticollis, uniformly

ferruginous in colour, the eyes larger, the thorax more

finely punctate, the elytra less elongate, the surface a little

more shining.

*Lorelus angustulus, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, rather convex, shining, glabrous, varying in

colour from obscure castaneous with the humeri rufescent to entirely

ferruginous; the upper surface closely punctate, the punctures on

the elytra very coarse and confusedly arranged, those on the head

and thorax finer. Head truncate and margined in front; antennae

reaching to a little beyond the humeri, rather stout, the last three

joints abruptly widened; eyes rather small. Thorax subquadrate,

a little narrower at the base than at the apex, the sides finely margined

and obsoletely crenulate, the hind angles sharp, the anterior angles

obtuse, the base finely margined. Elytra elongate, much wider

166 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

than the thorax, parallel in their basal half. Beneath coarsely and

closely, the ventral segments sparsely and finely, punctate; pro-

sternal process narrow.

Length 23-3 mm. (? 3.)

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Livingston, Atlantic coast (Barber

and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Four specimens. Two females found by Mr. Schwarz

at Tampico, in N.E. Mexico, may belong to the same

species; they are larger and broader than the others, and

have the epistoma immarginate in front and the prosternal

process broader. More convex than the Antillean L.

brevicornis, Ch., the thorax subquadrate (g), the eyes a

little smaller. The simple posterior tibiae, etc., separate

L. angustulus from L. curvipes. This insect might easily

be mistaken for a Cryptophagid.

*Lorelus exilis, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 11.)

Elongate, very narrow, depressed, shining, finely pubescent ;

varying in colour from piceous with the elytra castaneous to wholly

rufo-testaceous; the upper surface densely, confusedly punctate,

the punctures on the elytra a little coarser than those on the head

and thorax. Head deeply transversely grooved behind the epistoma,

the groove reaching the antennary orbits (in one specimen reduced

to two lateral impressions); eyes small, rather prominent; antennae

barely reaching the base of the thorax, joints 4-8 strongly transverse,

9-11 moderately widened. Thorax as long as broad, subquadrate,

very narrowly margined, the sides obliquely constricted before the

rectangular hind angles; the disc with a shallow, transverse, arcuate

depression before the base, on either side of which a basal fovea is

just traceable. Elytra elongate, a little wider than the thorax,

subparallel in 3, broader and slightly widened posteriorly in 9. Legs

very short.

Length 17-2} mm.

Hab. GuatEMALA, El Tumbador and Las Mercedes,

Pacific slope (Champion), Trece Aguas in Alta Vera Paz

(Barber and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Six examples, assumed to include both sexes. A very

small, narrow, pubescent form, with the head transversely

grooved across the front, the eyes small, and the thorax

oblongo-quadrate. In the single specimen from Vera Paz

the transverse frontal groove is interrupted at the middle,

various Central American Coleoptera 167

[Lorelus rugifrons, n. sp.

Elongate, shining, obscure ferruginous, the legs testaceous, clothed

with long, fine, yellow hairs; the upper surface closely, confusedly

punctate, the punctures on the elytra much coarser than those on

the thorax, those on the head confluent. Head shallowly, trans-

versely grooved behind the epistoma, the antennary orbits feebly

developed; eyes transverse, rather small; antennae stout, barely

reaching the base of the thorax, joint 3 longer and stouter than 2,

4-8 transverse, 9-11 moderately thickened. Thorax convex, tra-

pezoidal, rather small, very narrowly margined, the anterior angles

obtuse, the hind angles rectangular. Elytra moderately elongate,

depressed, much wider than the thorax, widening posteriorly. Legs

short.

Length 4mm. (? 9.)

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens. Distinguishable by the rugose head;

the small antennary orbits; the stout antennae, with

thickened third joint and moderately dilated club; the

trapezoidal, convex, feebly margined thorax; and the

pubescent, uniformly coloured surface. L. rugifrons

approaches Lorelopsis pilosus, but it has the thorax much

more widened anteriorly, the antennae stouter, and the

penultimate joint of the tarsi smaller. |

*Lorelus trapeziderus, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 12, 9.)

Elongate, depressed, varying in colour from piceous to testaceous,

shining, clothed with long fine yellow hairs; the upper surface closely

confusedly punctate, the punctures on the elytra coarser than those

on the head and thorax. Head transversely grooved in front, the

antennary orbits well developed; eyes transverse; antennae

moderately stout, joints 2 and 3 equal in length, 4-8 short, 9-11

abruptly widened. Thorax trapezoidal, nearly as long as broad,

truncate in front, sharply margined at the sides and also feebly

margined at the base, the anterior angles prominent, the hind angles

rectangular. Elytra moderately elongate, a little wider than the

thorax, widening posteriorly. Legs short; penultimate tarsal joint

somewhat strongly lobed.

Length 34 mm. (9.)

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Senahu in Alta Vera Paz (Champion),

Trece Aguas (Barber and Schwarz, in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Hight specimens. Differs from L. rugifrons in its less

rugose, broader head; the prominent antennary orbits;

168 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

the more abrupt club of the antennae, with less thickened

basal joints; the sharply margined, larger thorax; and

the more strongly lobed penultimate tarsal joint, the insect

in this respect more nearly approaching Lorelopsis.

OTHNIIDAE.

OTHNIUS.

Othnius, Leconte, Class. Col. N. Am., p. 103 (1861); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 11, p. 132 (1868); Champion,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iv, 1, p. 466 (1888).

Six species of this genus from Central America were

known to me in 1888; two others, one from Mexico, have

since been found in the Fry collection.

*Othnius immaculatus, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 13, 9.)

Elongate, depressed, shining, aeneo-piceous, the elytra brown,

the antennae, palpi, and tarsi, and sometimes the under surface also,

ferruginous, the femora and tibiae reddish-brown; thickly clothed

with brownish hairs. Head, thorax, and elytra densely, rather

coarsely punctate; antennae (¢) reaching the base of the thorax,

and with the three widened terminal joints distinctly longer than

broad, (2) shorter and with the tenth joint transverse; head with

the eyes slightly broader than (¢), or as broad as (2), the thorax,

the eyes very large; thorax a little broader than long, about equal

in width at the base and apex, the sides rounded and unarmed, the

marginal carina becoming obsolete towards the apex, the hind

angles subrectangular ; elytra long, wider than the thorax, subparallel

in their basal half, the base depressed within the humeri. Beneath

densely, minutely punctate, the coriaceous ventral sutures 1-4 very

conspicuous.

Length 53-61, breadth 1}-2 mm. (¢ 8.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit., ex coll. Fry).

Four specimens, the two with broader head and longer

antennae (both injured by pinning) assumed to be males.

This species and the following, O. planatus, differ from the

known Central American forms in having the sides of

the thorax completely unarmed and the upper surface of

the body immaculate. O. umbrosus, Lec., from Nebraska,

seems to be similarly coloured, but it is said to have the

sides of the thorax feebly serrate.

Trans. Ent.Soe. Lond 1913. Pt. IT.

Edwin Wilson del.et lith.

American Cole optera.

—

Fic.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE III.

. Psephenus palpalis, 3: 1a, profile of head, to show maxil-

lary palpus.

. Psephenops growvellet, 2: 2a, posterior tarsus, in profile.

. Cybocephalus aciculatus: 3, antenna; 3a, anterior tibia

and tarsus.

. Cybocephalus flavicornis: 4, antenna; 4a, anterior tibia

and tarsus.

5. Pseudaulonium discolor, 3: 5a, profile of head and thorax.

6. Tyrtaeus rufus: 6a, antenna.

7. Laemophloeus quadridentatus, 3.

8. Salpingomimus deceptor, 3: 8a, maxilla and maxillary

palpus.

9. Truquiella gibbifera, 3: 9a, profile of head and thorax.

10. Cleridopsis latimanus, 3: 10a, anterior tarsus.

ll. Hapalips perlongus, 3.

12. 3 suturalis, 2.

13: a obliteratus.

14. 55 sculpticollis : thorax.

15. Pseudhapalips lamellifer, 3: 15a, head from in front, to

show vertical transverse ridge.

. Pseudevolocera atomarioides : 16a, antenna.

Fic.

Co ho =

EXPLANATION OF PuaATE IV.

palpus; 3c, tarsus.

. Lycoperdinella subcaeca: la, antenna; 10, profile of head.

. Pseudesarcus villosus.

. Micropsephodes serraticornis: 3a, antenna; 3b, maxillary

LTioscymnus diversipes : 4a, antenna; 4b, maxillary palpus.

. Microscymnus calvus :

5b, maxillary palpus.

Kucymbolus cyaneus.

Trichodesma scripta.

. Ptilinus sericeus, 3.

a maculicollis, 3.

. Lorelus curvipes, 3.

re exilis.

pt trapeziderus, 9.

. Othnius immaculatus, 2.

5, anterior leg;

5a,

antenna ;

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.1913. PU IV.

Edwin Wilson del.et lith.

American Crlecr+

various Central American Coleoptera. 169

*Othnius planatus, un. sp.

Elongate, very depressed, moderately shining, nigro-piceous with a

faint aeneous lustre, the labrum, palpi, and antennae ferruginous, the

femora and tibiae reddish-brown, the tarsi rufo-testaceous; thickly

clothed with fuscous hairs. Head and thorax very densely and finely,

the elytra more coarsely and less closely, punctate; antennae barely

reaching the base of the thorax, joints 9 and 11 moderately widened,

9 and 10 transversely subquadrate; head with the eyes as wide as

tue thorax, the eyes large; thorax transversely subquadrate, slightly

narrowed posteriorly, longitudinally depressed on each side of the

disc, the sides unarmed, the hind angles rectangular; elytra wider

than the thorax, subparallel in their basal half.

Length 4, breadth 1; mm. (? 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus Brit., ex coll. Fry).

One specimen. Smaller and still more depressed than

O. immaculatus, the head and thorax very densely, finely

punctate, the upper surface almost uniformly nigro-piceous,

the elytra being very little paler than the thorax. 0.

lugubris, Horn, from Oregon, seems to be an allied form,

with a more coarsely punctured thorax, the sides of which

are armed with two indistinct teeth.

(roa

IV. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera

By HE. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

[Read December 4th, 1912.]

Tue following genera and species are described from

examples in my own collection. Five genera and sixty-

one species are described as new.

PTEROPHORIDAE.

Pterophorus salticola, n. sp.

¢. 22-23mm. Head brown, with a white fillet between antennae.

Palpi 14, slender, white. Thorax brown, anterior half white.

Abdomen whitish, infuscated towards base and in middle, sides

with a brownish line towards base and tinged with pale yellow

posteriorly. Forewings cleft to %, segments rather narrow, sub-

equal, apex acutely pointed, termen of second segment very oblique ;

rather dark brown; a shining white streak along costa from its

base to middle of first segment, interrupted by a dark brown bar

opposite base of cleft; a short indistinct longitudinal streak of

whitish suffusion in middle of disc; a shining white spot on base of

cleft, extended into upper part of basal third of second segment :

cilia whitish-ochreous, with brownish patches at apex and tornus,

and on base of cleft. Hindwings grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

Prru, Chanchamayo; two specimens.

TORTRICIDAE.

MNESIPYRGA, N. g.

Head with tolerably appressed scales. Palpi moderate, curved,

ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint rather short.

Thorax with large double posterior crest. Forewings with 3 from

angle, 7 and 8 out of 9, 7 to termen. Hindwings without basal

pecten; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate, 8 so closely

approximated to cell on basal half as to appear coincident.

An interesting form, undoubtedly allied to Pyrgotis,

yet very distinct.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1913.—PaRTI. (JUNE)

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 171

Mnesipyrga trichostrota, n. sp.

9. 18mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, face and palpi

light brownish, thoracic crest brown. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-

wings elongate-triangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen

slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; dark ashy-purple-fuscous,

strewn with whitish-yellowish hair-scales, more densely towards

termen, towards dorsum suffusedly mixed with brown; obscure

undefined patches of darker suffusion in middle of disc, and on

costa at 2; a spot of whitish-ochreous suffusion on costa before

apex: cilia fuscous mixed with whitish-ochreous, with a patch of

whitish-ochreous suffusion on upper part of termen. Hindwings

rather dark fuscous; cilia grey, outer half grey-whitish.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Atieria pavimentata, n. sp.

dg. 39 mm. Head blue-black, with whitish lateral stripes.

Palpi 3, blue-black, upper and lower edges whitish. Thorax blue-

black, with an orange spot on each side. Abdomen blackish,

segmental margins whitish. Forewings oblong, costa anteriorly

strongly arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen

shortly sinuate beneath apex, vertical, rounded beneath; deep

reddish-orange ; an indigo-blue-black costal band, occupying about

} of wing throughout, cut by about fourteen slender yellow-whitish

bars, of which about four beyond middle are partially incomplete

or irregularly connected, rest entire; seven rounded-oblong blue-

black spots along termen, three uppermost tending to be connected

anteriorly and preceded by three other spots, of which the middle

one is smaller and preceded by a fourth, all these spots separated

with yellow-whitish ; a series of about eleven small transverse blue-

black spots along dorsum, a series of seven or eight small round

blue-black spots beneath fold, two or three above fold beyond

middle, one or two dots towards costal band before middle, and

one before terminal band in middle: cilia blue-black barred with

whitish. Hindwings deep reddish-orange; about ten moderate

irregular black spots round apex and termen to tornus, three or

four dots or small spots on or near costa posteriorly, one or two

in dise posteriorly, and three or four towards tornus; cilia blackish,

on upper part of termen with slight whitish bars.

Prru, Huancabamba; one specimen. This is a true

Atteria, not Pseudatteria,

172 Mr. E. Meyrick on

Cnephasia dryoglypta, n. sp.

$9. 14 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, sides brownish. Palpi

moderate, ochreous-brownish, terminal joint short, whitish-

ochreous. Thorax brownish-ochreous. Abdomen grey. Fore-

wings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen gently rounded, somewhat oblique; brownish-

ochreous; markings ochreous-brownish sprinkled with fuscous; an

oblique transverse patch from dorsum before middle, and a triangular

patch on dorsum beyond middle, these sometimes mixed with

blackish; central fascia running from middle of costa to tornus,

rather broad on upper half and broadly projecting in disc anteriorly,

narrower on dorsal half; costal spot subquadrate, connected by

an irregular streak with termen below middle; an irregular striga

across apex: cilia light brownish-ochreous. Hindwings grey,

lighter towards base; cilia grey-whitish, with light grey subbasal

line.

ARGENTINA, Parana; two specimens.

Argyrotoxa melanophyta, n. sp.

g. 16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen brownish-grey.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

nearly straight, oblique; light brownish, obscurely irrorated with

grey-whitish specks, with faint indications of darker strigulae, and

a few blackish scales in disc; a small black tuft beneath fold at

+ of wing, and a minute one in disc above this; a blackish spot of

raised scales about fold beneath middle of wing : cilia light brownish -

ochreous. Hindwings grey, lighter anteriorly; cilia whitish-grey,

darker towards base.

ARGENTINA, Tucuman; one specimen.

ARDEUTICA, 0. g.

Palpi long, porrected, second joint triangularly rough-scaled,

terminal joint moderate. Antennae in ¢ ciliated. Thorax with

lateral and posterior erect crests. Forewings with tufts of scales,

without costal fold; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 7 to termen,

11 from middle. Hindwings without pecten; 3 and 4 connate,

5 parallel, 6 and 7 connate.

Type, A. spwmosa. Allied to Peronea.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 173

Ardeutica semipicta, n. sp.

g. 23 mm. Head ochreous-grey-whitish. Palpi fuscous, above

whitish. Thorax brownish-ochreous. Abdomen rather dark

fuscous. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique ;

fuscous; a large yellow-ochreous patch, mixed with ferruginous,

with a few dark fuscous scales, occupying whole wing anteriorly

except towards costa, and limited posteriorly by an obscure cloudy

rather excurved whitish line running from 2 of costa to tornus,

more broadly suffused towards costa; a curved oblique-transverse

. ridge of scales within this patch before middle of wing, and some

other scattered smaller tufts: cilia fuscous, beneath tornus pale

ochreous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.

Brazit, Petropolis; one specimen. Thorax without

apparent crest, but possibly abraded; structure otherwise

conforms to type.

Ardeutica spumosa, n. sp.

3g. 26mm. Head and thorax white, crests tinged with fuscous.

Palpi fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings oblong, costa

anteriorly strongly, posteriorly hardly arched, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique; bronzy-fuscous, partially

suffused with light purplish-grey; a broad whitish-ochreous streak

edged with white from base of dorsum, reaching costa at }, thence

narrower and curved downwards through middle of dise to costa

just before apex; a white line runs from this streak in dise nearly

to tornus ; four or five tufts towards costa anteriorly, three beneath

fold, and several in disc posteriorly : cilia light fuscous, suffusedly

barred with darker bronzy-fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler

anteriorly; a long hairpencil lying in submedian groove from base ;

cilia light fuscous, becoming pale greyish-ochreous towards dorsum.

Peru, Huancabamba; one specimen.

EUCOSMIDAE.

Laspeyresia guttifera, n. sp.

g- 15 mm. Head and palpi fuscous. Thorax rather dark

lilac-fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather

dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen

rounded, little oblique, somewhat indented in middle; rather dark

174 Mr. EK. Meyrick on

purplish-fuscous; eight small blackish spots on costa between }

and apex, first six separated by pairs of short obscure whitish

strigulae suffused beneath with ochreous-orange, first, third, and

fifth of these pairs giving rise to short very oblique blue-leaden-

metallic strigae, partially edged with ochreous-orange, last three

spots separated by ochreous-orange interspaces; apical margin

irregularly ochreous-orange; tornal area irregularly marked with

ochreous-orange, enclosing a thick purplish-leaden-metallic trans-

verse streak, beyond upper part of which is a black dot towards

middle of termen : cilia purplish-fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

cilia light grey.

PARAGUAY; one specimen.

GELECHIADAE.

CRAMBODOXA, 0. g.

Head loosely rough-haired on crown (somewhat injured); tongue

short. Antennae 3, in 3 moderately ciliated, basal joint moderate,

without pecten. Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second

joint rather short, thickened with scales, in 3 with very long

expansible projecting apical pencil of very fine hairs above, terminal

joint in g much longer than second, thickened with appressed

scales, hardly pointed. Maxillary palpi imperceptible. Posterior

tibiae clothed with long fine hairs above. Forewings with 2 from

4, 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 absent, 11 from ? of

cell. Hindwings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, termen faintly sinuate

beneath apex, cilia 1; 2 widely remote, 3-5 slightly approximated

towards base, 6 and 7 parallel.

Probably related to Polyhymno.

Crambodoza platyaula, n. sp.

gd. 23 mm. Head white. Palpi rather dark fuscous, hairpencil

and apex of second joint white. Thorax fuscous, patagia white.

Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa nearly

straight, towards apex moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded; brownish, dorsum and anterior half of

costa suffused with darker brown; a broad silvery-white supra-

median streak from base to apex, edged beneath with blackish-

brown, lower edge angular-prominent in middle, whence a streak

of blackish-brown suffusion runs to tornus: cilia pale brownish,

somewhat mixed with whitish, with two undefined interrupted

South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 175

dark fuscous lines, at apex with a white bar. Hindwings grey;

cilia whitish-ochreous.

CotomBiA, San Antonio, 5,800 feet, in November; one

specimen.

Anisoplaca praesignis, n. sp.

9. 30 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale greyish-ochreous,

shoulders fuscous; palpi with scales of second joint brushlike

beneath, not tufted, terminal joint considerably thickened with

scales. Antennae light greyish-ochreous, towards base dark

fuscous. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa slightly arched,

apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; light greyish-

ochreous with a faint pinkish tinge, faintly strigulated with grey;

first discal stigma indicated by a minute linear fuscous mark with

two or three blackish scales ; a small roundish blackish apical spot :

cilia light greyish-ochreous. Hindwings bronzy-grey; cilia light

grey.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen. Agrees exactly

in structure with the single New Zealand species, except

in details of palpi as specified, and is also very similar

superficially.

Trichotaphe macrosphena, n. sp.

g. 18 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, second

joint with dense rough projecting scales beneath, and triangularly

projecting long rough scales above, terminal joint ochreous-whitish

except base and anterior edge. Thorax dark purple-fuscous.

Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen straight, somewhat oblique; dark ashy-

fuscous; a pale ochreous costal streak from base to +, with some

scattered dark fuscous scales, on costal edge brownish, rather wide

at base and dilated to before middle of disc, where it reaches more

than half across wing, thence attenuated to extremity, edged

beneath throughout by a streak of dark brown suffusion; second

discal stigma transverse, suffused, dark brownish; a slightly in-

curved dark brown suffused transverse line at #. Hindwings

rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.

Brazit, Sao Paulo; one specimen.

Trichotaphe themelra, n. sp.

g- 17 mm. Head pale brownish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-

whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, above with rough

176 Mr. E. Meyrick on

projecting scales towards apex. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax

light fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded,

somewhat oblique; rather dark purplish-fuscous; a pale brownish-

ochreous patch occupying costal half of wing from base to #, in-

dented by a large irregular-trapezoidal blackish blotch from dorsum

before middle reaching % across wing, and an irregular trilobed

blackish blotch in disc at 3. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

Brazin, Sao Paulo; two specimens.

Trichotaphe meconitis, n. sp.

g. 14mm. Head and palpi fuscous, second joint of palpi com-

pressed, thickened, with scales somewhat rough towards apex

above. Thorax rather dark fuscous, patagia pale ochreous.

Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; fuscous,

slightly purplish-tinged; some whitish-ochreous suffusion towards

base of dorsum, above which is a short dark fuscous dash; discal

stigmata undefined, dark fuscous, each followed by a pale ochreous

dot; plical stigma represented by an elongate blackish dash, edged

beneath with whitish-ochreous; veins posteriorly partially marked

with ferruginous-brownish lines and scattered blackish scales ;

a patch of whitish-ochreous irroration extending from costa before

apex downwards to disc; a terminal series of cloudy blackish dots

edged anteriorly with whitish-ochreous: cilia fuscous with two

whitish-ochreous shades. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia whitish-

ochreous, with light fuscous subbasal line.

ARGENTINA, Parana; one specimen.

Trichotaphe memnonia, n. sp.

9.15 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark ashy-fuscous.

Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint externally suffused with

purplish-fuscous, anteriorly dark fuscous, above with triangularly

projecting rough scales towards middle, terminal joint with anterior

edge blackish. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly somewhat

dilated, costa sinuate in middle, arched posteriorly and appearing

bent at ? through cilia, apex pointed, termen concave, rather

oblique; dark ashy-purplish-fuscous; markings bronzy-blackish ;

an oblique transverse bar in disc at }, not reaching margins; a

broad cloudy transverse median fascia; a moderately broad fascia

—

——

<a RE ae

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 177

from ¢ of costa to tornus; a narrow terminal fascia : cilia purplish-

fuscous, on basal half obscurely barred with whitish. Hindwings

dark fuscous; cilia grey, basal third darker.

Brazi, Petropolis; one specimen.

OECOPHORIDAE.

STRUTHOSCELIS, n. g.

Head with dense loosely appressed hairs, sidetufts spreading ;

ocelli present ; tongue roughly scaled. Antennae over 1, in ¢ serrate,

shortly and unevenly ciliated, basal joint stout, thickened with

scales, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second

joint thickened with scales, terminal joint somewhat longer than

second, scaled, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, drooping,

loosely scaled. Anterior and middle tibiae and first joint of tarsi

densely tufted with long rough projecting hairscales above, posterior

tibiae very long, densely rough-haired beneath and on basal half

above, tarsi excessively long, rough-haired beneath towards base-

Forewings with cell very short, lower margin strongly retracted,

secondary cell strongly developed, 2 and 3 long-stalked from angle,

4 absent, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to apex, 9 absent, 10 from towards angle, 11 from middle. Hind-

wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia }; 3 and 4 stalked, 5-7 parallel.

Probably allied to Cryptolechia, but highly modified.

The peculiar distortion of the veins in the forewings may

perhaps be due to the alteration of stress involved in the

excessive development of the posterior legs.

Struthoscelis acrobatica, n. sp.

3. 23-24 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-whitish. Thorax

ochreous-whitish sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous. (Abdomen

broken.) Posterior legs whitish, tarsi suffused with greyish towards

base, tibiae 8 mm., tarsi 12 mm. Forewings elongate, rather

narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish, irregularly clouded with

light greyish-ochreous, especially on several indefinite patches in

disc, a streak along dorsum, and towards termen ; a patch of fuscous

suffusion in disc at 2 below middle: cilia white, on basal half

obscurely barred with pale whitish-ochreous suffusion. Hindwings

light grey; cilia whitish.

Peru, Chanchamayo; two specimens.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART I. (JUNE) N

178 Mr. E. Meyrick on

Coptotelia orthochaeta, n. sp.

¢. 23 mm. Head and thorax dark brown, scales of crown

forming an erect ridgelike tuft, posterior edge of thorax yellow

marked with crimson. Palpi with second joint very long, thickened

with scales gradually expanded towards apex, crimson-fuscous

sprinkled with blackish and ochreous-whitish, terminal joint 4 of

second, ochreous-whitish suffused with deep crimson towards base,

without perceptible projection. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.

Forewings moderately broad, suboblong, costa anteriorly rather

strongly arched, slightly sinuate beyond middle, apex obtuse,

termen almost straight, vertical; 7 to termen, 9 separate; dark

brown, somewhat mixed with blackish-grey irroration tending to

form suffused strigulae, costal edge blackish; dorsum marked with

crimson suffusion towards base; obscure dots of crimson suffusion

in disc at 4, and on fold beyond this; stigmata represented by

suffused crimson spots, plical beyond first discal, second discal

largest ; small white wedgeshaped costal spots at 3 and }, and three

white costal dots posteriorly: cilia dark brown, tips ochreous-

whitish from apex to near tornus. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous,

posterior half suffused with pale brownish; cilia pale brownish,

more whitish towards tips round apex.

Peru, Huancabamba; one specimen. Allied to amphi-

crena, but that species is without the crimson spots.

Coptotelia oligarcha, n. sp.

g. 21mm. Head and thorax light fuscous. Palpi light fuscous

suffused with pink and slightly sprinkled with blackish, second

joint thickened with dense scales triangularly projecting above

towards middle, apex suffused with blackish, terminal joint half

second, thickened with scales, with large posterior median scale-

projection, suffused with blackish except at tip and towards base.

‘Abdomen dark grey. Forewings moderately broad, suboblong,

costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; 7 to apex, 9 separate;

pinkish-brown, irregularly mixed with dark grey; costa narrowly

suffused with ochreous-yellowish except towards base, costal edge

fuscous towards base, whitish posteriorly ; stigmata blackish, plical

beyond first discal, second discal placed in a round rosy-pink spot ;

a curved row of small blackish-grey spots partly suffused and

confluent near termen, and a terminal series of cloudy blackish

dots: cilia pale brownish, round apex suffused with dark grey.

Hindwings dark grey; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade.

Peru, Huancabamba; one specimen.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 179

Coptotelia vexillata, n. sp.

3g. 21-22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-yellow mixed

with bright crimson, second joint of palpi fuscous-crimson except

towards apex, scales somewhat expanded above towards apex,

terminal joint somewhat more than half second, thickened posteriorly

with dense rather projecting scales except towards apex. Abdomen

dark grey, anal tuft grey-whitish. Forewings rather broad, oblong,

costa anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly straight, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, nearly vertical; 7 to termen, 9 separate; brown

tinged with purple, dorsal edge sometimes suffused with dark

purplish-fuscous ; an elongate deep yellow patch suffusedly mixed

with bright crimson extending from base of dorsum along costa

to middle and thence projecting downwards to end of cell, marked

with purplish-fuscous towards base of costa and twice interrupted

posteriorly ; first discal stigma indistinct, blackish; costal edge

white for a short distance towards %, edged beneath with rosy

suffusion: cilia dark grey, round apex brown tipped with rosy-

whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, basal half fuscous.

PERu, Chanchamayo, Huancabamba; two specimens.

Coptotelia cyathopa, n. sp.

6. 22 mm. Head yellowish mixed with crimson, with dense

projecting frontal scales. Palpi light crimson sprinkled with dark

fuscous, apex of joints yellowish, terminal joint 2 of second, thickened

with rather projecting scales posteriorly except towards apex.

Thorax fuscous, tinged with pinkish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish.

Forewings moderately broad, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ;

7 to termen, 9 out of 7; yellow, streaked with crimson-red on veins;

a rather dark purplish-fuscous streak edged with crimson from base

of dorsum along costa to 4, thence bent abruptly down to middle

of dise and again angulated upwards to costa beyond middle,

discal angle truncate, preceded and followed by round semitrans-

parent white spots edged with crimson, and sending a slender

streak to dorsum at }, dilated on dorsum; a rather dark fuscous

transverse mark in disc at 41; a slender curved crimson streak

mixed with fuscous running from extremity of costal streak to a

spot of dark fuscous suffusion above dorsum towards tornus;

costal edge shortly white beyond this; a moderate lilac-brown

fascia running round apical portion of costa and termen to tornus,

its costal portion including three small spots of crimson and yellow :

cilia rather dark fuscous, on termen with outer half spotted with

180 Mr. E. Meyrick on

crimson and yellowish, mixed in middle with whitish, on costa with

a patch of crimson towards apex. Hindwings whitish, on posterior

half tinged with yellowish, and towards upper half of termen with

pale rosy; cilia whitish, faintly rosy-tinged.

CotomstA, San Antonio, 5,800 feet, in November; two

specimens.

Coptotelia pronuinula, n. sp.

3. 19-20 mm. Head pale yellowish mixed with crimson, with

strong projecting frontal tuft. Palpi pale yellowish irrorated with

crimson and dark fuscous, scales of second joint somewhat expanded

at apex above, terminal joint half second, thickened with projecting

scales posteriorly except towards apex, which is whitish. Thorax

fuscous, more or less mixed with crimson posteriorly. Abdomen

whitish. Forewings moderately broad, posteriorly dilated, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rather oblique, rounded-

prominent on vein 4, concave between this and apex; 7 to termen,

9 out of 7; crimson, suffusedly spotted with yellow between veins ;

a rather dark lilac-fuscous band along costa from base to 2, thence

abruptly bent down to middle of disc, and again angulated to costa

beyond middle, its median section including a subcostal spot of

groundcolour, and an oval semitransparent white crimson-edged

spot in disc; costal edge shortly white before middle and at 3;

dorsal area more or less spotted indistinctly with fuscous, sometimes

with a streak from disc to dorsum at 4; an oval semitransparent

white spot in disc beyond the dark band, followed by three round

similar spots placed transversely, median one smallest, and a narrow

oblique similar spot beneath discal extremity of band; a broad

rather dark lilac-fuscous terminal fascia extending to costa, con-

nected above by two cloudy oblique streaks with costal band,

below middle with a broad projection occupied by a blotch of blackish

suffusion; three pale yellow dots on costa within this fascia: cilia

ochreous barred with white, basal third dark brown, at apex,

middle, and tornus with dark fuscous spots. Hindwings whitish,

faintly tinged with yellowish and towards dorsum with rosy;

a broad light brown terminal fascia not reaching tornus; cilia

fuscous, towards tips whitish, round dorsum and tornus wholly

whitish.

Cotomst1A, Naranjito, R. Dagua, 3,900 feet, in June;

two specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 181

Coptotelia chaldaica, n. sp.

3. 19 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish, face sprinkled with

fuscous, crown posteriorly mixed with crimson. Palpi pale yellowish

sprinkled with crimson and dark fuscous, terminal joint somewhat

more than half second, thickened with scales but without distinct

projection, apex whitish. Thorax whitish-ochreous suffusedly

mixed with light rosy, shoulders fuscous. Forewings moderately

broad, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa moderately arched,

apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, little oblique; 7 to termen, 9

Separate; pale ochreous-yellowish, suffusedly reticulated with

crimson; a brown streak along basal 2 of costa; an irregular brown

streak from beyond middle of costa to before middle of dorsum,

preceded and followed in disc by round semitransparent silvery-

white spots, second followed by a smaller similar spot; a lilac-

brown terminal fascia, enclosing a pale yellowish praeapical spot,

and on lower half broadly dilated and marked anteriorly with a

suffused spot of blackish irroration. Hindwings whitish, apical

fourth very pale rosy-ochreous.

ARGENTINA, Parana, in September; one specimen.

STENOMIDAE.

Antaeotricha nuclearis, n. sp.

3. 25-26mm. Head whitish, crown partially tinged with fuscous.

Palpi whitish, second joint tinged with grey, with a dark grey

lateral streak, terminal joint shorter than second, extreme base

dark grey. Thorax whitish irregularly mixed with fuscous and

dark fuscous, crest dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish.

Forewings elongate, rather narrow, widest in middle, costa gently

arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique; white,

dorsal half suffused with pale fuscous, obscurely spotted with

darker; a fuscous basal patch occupying 4 of wing, irregularly

spotted with blackish irroration, terminated on dorsum by a ferru-

ginous mark; a faint pale fuscous cloud towards costa in middle ;

second discal stigma represented by a triangular-crescentic blackish

mark, surrounded posteriorly by a semicircle of five cloudy dots of

blackish irroration, fourth tinged with yellowish ; apical area beyond

second discal stigma wholly suffused with light fuscous and sprinkled

with blackish, crossed by a nearly straight whitish line from a

triangular spot on costa at s to tornus: cilia white, basal half

spotted with fuscous suffusion. Hindwings whitish-fuscous,

becoming light fuscous posteriorly ; costa anteriorly broadly dilated

182 Mr. E. Meyrick on

and tufted with grey and white projecting scales towards 4, above

with long dark grey hairpencil from base lying in a subcostal groove,

clothed with whitish hairs; cilia whitish, basal third pale fuscous.

Prru, Chanchamayo; two specimens.

AGRIOPHARA, Ros.

I propose to maintain this as a distinct genus from

Stenoma, differing from it by the possession of more or

less developed tufts or ridges of raised scales on the disc

of forewings; it is a natural division, and its separation

will assist the comprehension of this extensive group. It

includes morbida Zell., acronitis Busck, mendoron Busck,

epophrysta Meyr., monastra Meyr., inscita Busck, gemina

Zell., tritypa Meyr., and other South American species,

besides the group of Australian species on which it was

originally founded.

Agriophara discors, n. sp.

3g. 23 mm. Head lilac-fuscous, face mixed with ochreous and

whitish. Palpi fuscous, terminal joint shorter than second. Thorax

fuscous, posteriorly mixed with ferruginous-ochreous. Abdomen

fuscous, median third whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa anteriorly slightly

arched, faintly sinuate beyond middle, apex rounded, termen

rounded, little oblique; lilac-fuscous, mixed with brown, with

some scattered blackish scales; several tufts of scales on or near

fold anteriorly; two oblique obtusely angulated series of brown

tufts crossing wing from before middle of costa to ? of dorsum, first

including in disc a small blackish-mixed spot partially outlined

with whitish; beyond these the terminal third of wing is wholly

ochreous-white, crossed by a strongly sinuate line of grey dots from

a small spot on costa to tornus, a cloudy grey dentate line near

termen, and a series of minute indistinct blackish dots suffused

with ferruginous-ochreous just before termen: cilia grey, towards

tornus whitish. Hindwings grey, apical margin suffused with

whitish ; cilia grey, towards tips whitish-tinged.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Agriophara batrachopis, n. sp.

g. 34 mm. Head and thorax whitish mixed with light olive-

brownish. Palpi stout, white, basal 3 of second joint dark fuscous,

terminal joint little more than half second, base and an anterior

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 183

spot beneath apex dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1?. Abdomen

dark grey. Forewings moderately broad, slightly dilated posteriorly,

costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ;

pale dull olive-ochreous mixed with whitish ; four dull olive-ochreous

fasciae mixed with fuscous, appearing greenish-tinged, first at },

slender, irregular, second reduced to costal, discal, and submedian

spots, third from ? of costa to before tornus, very narrow between

a costal blotch and middle, fourth terminal on lower half and forming

four praeterminal spots on upper half; second discal stigma forming

an oblique black transverse mark; a transverse tuft of scales in

disc near before this, and another on fold before middle : cilia olive-

ochreous sprinkled with fuscous, with dark fuscous antemedian

line, barred with whitish on upper part of termen. Hindwings

dark grey; cilia grey, with dark grey subbasal shade.

Peru, Chanchamayo, 3,500 feet; one specimen.

Agriophara forcipata, n. sp.

6. 23mm. Head and thorax whitish, thoracic crest mixed with

dark fuscous. Palpi whitish, lower 3 of second joint dark fuscous,

terminal joint % of second, base and apex suffused with dark fuscous.

Antennal ciliations 2}. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings

moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

rounded, somewhat oblique; white, sprinkled with brown and a

few black scales; brown costal spots at + and 2, and a larger one

at }; a small subcostal tuft of black and brown scales beyond first

of these; a brown median longitudinal streak from base to end of

cell, where it expands into a brown cloud surrounding posteriorly

the blackish white-centred second discal stigma, first discal stigma

black, placed on upper edge of this streak; a rather irregular series

of indistinct blackish dots suffused with brown from third costal

spot to before tornus, and a row of more distinct blackish dots

near termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, basal half chequered with

light brownish. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

CotomstA, Naranjito, R. Dagua, 3,900 feet ; one specimen.

Agriophara ptilopa, n. sp.

3 9. 22-26 mm. Head and thorax whitish-fuscous. Palpi

whitish mixed with grey, second joint with a dark fuscous lateral

streak on basal 2, terminal joint somewhat over half second, base

and a subapical ring suffusedly dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations

2t. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings moderate, posteriorly slightly

dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded,

184 Mr. E. Meyrick on

somewhat oblique; pale fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous; a

short oblique dark fuscous line from base of costa; four transverse

series of blackish-fuscous dots sometimes connected by fuscous

suffusion, angulated in disc, fourth very near apical portion of costa

and termen; plical and second discal stigmata raised, whitish,

edged with dark fuscous, forming the angles of first and second

series respectively; fourth series sometimes preceded and followed

by a series of suffused whitish spots: cilia pale fuscous, basal half

whitish spotted with fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia

whitish-fuscous, with two dark fuscous shades.

Cotomepia, San Antonio, 5,000 feet, in November; five

specimens.

Agriophara lithograpta, n. sp.

3g. 25mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-white, palpi with

lower half of second joint dark fuscous, terminal joint } of second,

with a few grey specks, thorax sprinkled with greyish-ochreous.

Antennal ciliations 2. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,

posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; ochreous-white, sprinkled

with light greyish-ochreous; three small blackish spots on costa at

4, before middle, and at 2; first discal stigma small, black, with an

arched pale greyish-ochreous cloud adjacent to it beneath; plical

and second discal represented by white transverse ridge-tufts,

latter followed by a round pale greyish-ochreous cloud; a rather

curved cloudy waved pale greyish-ochreous line from third costal

spot to tornus, and a similar line between this and termen; two

cloudy dark fuscous dots on costa posteriorly : cilia white, towards

base with a few greyish-ochreous specks. Hindwings grey; cilia

white, basal third light greyish-ochreous.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Agriophara chlorosticta, n. sp.

3. 30 mm. Head brown. Palpi fuscous, terminal joint 2 of

second, rather densely scaled, extreme apex whitish. Antennal

ciliations 13. Thorax very stout, fuscous with a few olive-greenish

scales, collar and thoracic crest brownish. Abdomen stout, grey.

Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse,

termen rounded, little oblique ; ashy-fuscous, longitudinally streaked

with darker fuscous, these streaks running into costa anteriorly;

a short fine greenish dash towards costa at 4; two small greenish

spots obliquely placed towards dorsum before middle ; a submarginal

row of greenish dots running near and parallel to posterior half of

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 185

costa and termen; a row of small brown marginal spots round

apex and termen: cilia purplish-fuscous, with three darker lines.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with darker subbasal line.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Agriophara truncatula, n. sp.

39. 15-l17mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sides of crown brownish.

Palpi whitish, second joint brown on basal half, with a dark brown

subapical ring, base of terminal joint dark brown. Antennal

ciliations in g 3. Thorax ochreous-whitish, patagia brown.

Abdomen whitish-grey. Forewings elongate, costa strongly arched

towards base, slightly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen

straight, somewhat oblique; pale ochreous, sometimes brownish-

tinged on dorsal half; a small suffused brown basal patch, darker

and more defined towards costa; three oblique dark brown marks

on costa between this and middle; an irregular brown fascia at 3,

on costal half irregularly dilated anteriorly and edged posteriorly

with whitish, on dorsum preceded by a suffused blackish spot;

disc sometimes marked with indistinct longitudinal brownish

lines; a tuft of scales on fascia indicating second discal stigma;

terminal area sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous; a suffused

brown streak along posterior part of costa and termen, sometimes

obscurely spotted with dark fuscous or blackish: cilia whitish-

ochreous mixed with grey and fuscous, on termen with two dark

fuscous shades. Hindwings in ¢ pale greyish, in ? grey; cilia

whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, in May; four specimens.

Stenoma amphiptera, n. sp.

3g. 25 mm. Head whitish, centrally suffused with fuscous.

Palpi white, second joint fuscous except apex, terminal joint mixed

with fuscous anteriorly. Antennal ciliations %. Thorax dark

fuscous, patagia forming long raised tufts tipped with whitish.

Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat

dilated, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique; dark

purplish-fuscous; a light brownish blotch occupying basal fourth

of costa, crossed near base by a dark fuscous shade, terminated

posteriorly by a small black costal mark, and including a blackish

dash in its lower portion; two ochreous-whitish dots above and

below fold at }; a white dot indicating plical stigma, and an ochreous-

whitish ring resting on dorsum beneath this; an indistinct very

oblique brownish line from a slight whitish mark on costal edge

186 Mr. KE. Meyrick on

beyond basal blotch to an obscure brownish cloud in disc beyond

middle, followed on costa by a very narrow flattened-triangular

blackish mark; a whitish mark on costa at 3, and a group of fine

whitish dots beneath this; traces of a curved series of darker dots

accompanied with some whitish scales running from these to tornus ;

a suffused brownish streak round apical margin; some indistinct

whitish terminal dots separated by darker spots : cilia dark fuscous,

tips whitish. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, tips

whitish.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Stenoma glaphyrodes, n. sp.

9. 26-27 mm. Head whitish, crown posteriorly suffused with

grey. Palpi white, second joint with a dark fuscous lateral streak

towards base, terminal joint suffused with grey towards apex.

Thorax grey, patagia yellow-ochreous except towards shoulders.

Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, widest beyond middle, costa

strongly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique;

glossy light greyish-ochreous; costal edge whitish; a transverse

blotch of blackish suffusion on dorsum before middle, reaching to

submedian fold; sometimes a faint spot of fuscous suffusion towards

dorsum before tornus: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings rather

light grey; cilia pale greyish.

Frencu Guiana, St. Laurient; Brazit, Iquitos; two

specimens.

Stenoma capnobola, n. sp.

9. 26 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous, face ochreous-

whitish. Palpi ochreous-white, second joint grey laterally on

basal 2, base of terminal joint grey. Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,

somewhat oblique; glossy pale fuscous; costal edge whitish-

ochreous; a small suffused rather dark purplish-fuscous spot to-

wards dorsum beyond middle: cilia ochreous-whitish, suffused with

pale fuscous towards base. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey.

Dutcw Gurana, Paramaribo; one specimen.

Stenoma actista, n. sp.

9. 33-34 mm. Head pale fuscous. Palpi fuscous-whitish, second

joint more fuscous-tinged. Thorax light fuscous. Abdomen grey.

Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly slightly

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 187

arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, hardly oblique; light

fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with darker; dorsum indistinctly

suffused with darker fuscous from near base to near tornus; second

discal stigma minute, dark fuscous: cilia pale fuscous. Hindwings

fuscous; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with two suffused fuscous

shades.

VENEZUELA, Palma Sola; BririsH Guiana, R. Demerara;

two specimens.

Stenoma phaeoneura, n. sp.

9. 29mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint

suffused with grey posteriorly, base of terminal joint grey. Thorax

pale whitish-ochreous, patagia with a spot of ochreous-yellowish

suffusion adjacent to a blackish external dot. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly

moderately, posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded, termen

rounded, hardly oblique; ochreous-white; all veins marked with

fuscous lines; submedian space tinged with pale greyish-ochreous,

dorsal space suffused with ochreous-grey: cilia ochreous-white.

Hindwings pale grey; cilia whitish, basal third pale grey.

BRITISH GUIANA; one specimen.

Stenoma heteropa, n. sp.

6 2. 27-30 mm. Head whitish, crown suffused with pale greyish-

ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint in g with ochreous-grey or

dark fuscous streak above on basal 3, terminal joint in ¢ shorter.

Antennal ciliations in ¢ 13. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Abdomen

grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa

slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex rounded, termen

rounded, hardly oblique; greyish-ochreous; base, costa towards

middle, and a curved transverse fascia from + of costa to tornus

obscurely suffused with whitish; first discal stigma represented

by a dark grey or blackish-grey cloudy spot, second by an obscure

whitish dot: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia

ochreous-whitish, basal third suffused with greyish.

British Guiana, R. Demerara; Durcu Gurana, Para-

maribo; FrRENcH Gur1ANA, St. Laurient; Paracuay;

seven specimens.

Stenoma canonias, n. sp.

9. 21 mm. (Head broken.) Thorax pale fleshcolour. Abdo-

men pale ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly

188 Mr. E. Meyrick on

gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex rounded, termen

slightly rounded, hardly oblique; pale fleshcolour, more rosy to-

wards costa, tinged with purplish-fuscous on dorsal 2; a straight

dark brown streak from +} of costa to ? of dorsum; a flattened-tri-

angular dark brown spot on costa somewhat beyond middle; two

dark brown dots transversely placed on end of cell; a faint brownish

curved transverse line at §; a row of dark fuscous dots round apex

and termen: cilia pale fleshcolour tinged with fuscous on basal

half. Hindwings pale yellowish, apical third suffused with pale

rosy; cilia whitish-yellowish, round apex rosy-tinged.

Frencu Guiana, St. Laurient; one specimen.

Stenoma xylurga, n. sp.

3. 17 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, face lighter.

Palpi fuscous, terminal joint fuscous-whitish except extreme base.

Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate,

costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded,

termen rounded, hardly oblique; rather light fuscous; a patch of

dark fuscous suffusion occupying basal third of wing on dorsal half,

extended at base to costa, and as a dark fuscous line on fold nearly

to middle of wing; a narrow slightly curved suffused dark fuscous

fascia from middle of costa to dorsum before tornus; a faint curved

darker shade from + of costa to tornus; an obscurely interrupted

dark fuscous line round apex and termen: cilia fuscous. Hindwings

dark grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

Stenoma futura, n. sp.

3 9. 32-38 mm. Head and thorax rather light fuscous, face

light greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, more or less in-

fuscated except towards apex of second joint. Antennal ciliations

in ¢ 2. Abdomen whitish-ochreous mixed with grey. Forewings

elongate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique; rather light fuscous,

with faint lilac tinge; costal edge whitish-ochreous; stigmata dark

fuscous, plical and first discal very indistinct or almost obsolete,

plical somewhat beyond first discal, second discal small, distinct ;

a very faint slightly bent shade of darker irroration crossing wing

just beyond second discal ; a series of indistinct dots of dark fuscous

irroration from ~ of costa to dorsum before tornus, strongly curved

outwards in disc, somewhat sinuate inwards towards extremities ;_

a series of dark fuscous dots round apex and termen: cilia pale

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 189

fuscous, towards tips mixed with ochreous-whitish. Hindwings

grey, somewhat lighter anteriorly; cilia ochreous-whitish, with grey

subbasal line.

Peru, Chanchamayo; three specimens.

Stenoma tetrabola, n. sp.

3g. 33 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous tinged with

grey. Palpi whitish, lower # of second joint dark ochreous-grey,

apex of terminal joint grey. Antennal ciliations 1}. Abdomen

pale greyish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse-angled, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique ;

pale greyish-ochreous; costal edge blackish towards base; a small

black spot near base in middle; stigmata forming round black spots,

plical and second discal largest, plical very obliquely beyond first

discal; a rather irregular strongly curved series of indistinct sub-

erescentic dots of blackish irroration from % of costa to dorsum before

tornus, approaching termen in middle; a terminal row of black dots :

cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey, with

dark grey subbasal line.

Peru, Huancabamba; one specimen.

Stenoma patens, n. sp.

3. 34-43 mm. Head whitish, crown more or less slightly tinged

with pale fuscous. Palpi white, lower + of second joint dark fuscous.

Antennal ciliations 2. Thorax whitish-fuscous. Abdomen greyish,

anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly some-

what dilated, costa slightly arched, apex nearly rectangular, termen

faintly sinuate, vertical; glossy light greyish-ochreous; costal edge

whitish ; stigmata small, dark fuscous, plical very obliquely beyond

first discal; very faint traces of a curved darker transverse series

of cloudy dots at 3; a curved series of subcrescentic dark fuscous

dots from # of costa to dorsum before tornus, sinuate inwards to-

wards costa; a terminal row of blackish dots: cilia whitish, basal

third light greyish-ochreous. Hindwings light fuscous, on apical

third obscurely suffused with whitish-ochreous; cilia whitish-

ochreous, with grey subbasal line.

Peru, Huancabamba, Chanchamayo; four specimens.

Allied to immunda.

Stenoma trichoneura, n. sp.

$2. 18-21 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous, face

sometimes ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint rosy-grey

190 Mr. E. Meyrick on

except apex. Antennal ciliations of g 2. Abdomen ochreous-

whitish, slightly rosy-tinged. Forewings elongate, posteriorly

slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly

straight, vertical; rosy-brownish-ochreous; costal edge whitish-

ochreous from near base to near apex; stigmata small, very in-

distinct, fuscous, plical obliquely beyond first discal; an unevenly

curved series of indistinct fuscous dots or line from 3 of costa to

tornus; a series of indistinct fuscous dots round apex and termen :

cilia rosy-ochreous. Hindwings in ¢ whitish-grey-ochreous, in 9

light grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, sometimes slightly rosy-

tinged. Forewings in 3 beneath with a fringe of very long whitish-

yellowish hairs extending along vein 1b from } to 3.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, in May and June; eleven

specimens.

HY PONOMEUTIDAE.

Trichostibas cyanombra, n. sp.

. 23 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen blue-

blackish, antennae densely thickened with rough scales from base

almost to apex. Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly gently,

posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely

rounded; dark indigo-bluish-grey: cilia concolorous. Hindwings

grey, thinly haired and semitransparent on anterior 3, posteriorly

dark grey, opaque; cilia grey.

ARGENTINA, Parana; one specimen.

Trichostibas favigera, n. sp.

9. 36 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark bluish-grey, thorax

with four very obscure patches of grey-whitish suffusion, posterior

most distinct. Antennae deep purple, somewhat thickened with

appressed scales towards base, shortly ciliated. Abdomen dark

grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow anteriorly, posteriorly

dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

rather oblique; dark purplish-grey; three moderate irregular grey-

whitish fasciae cut into spots by dark veins, first at 4, curved, not

reaching costa, forming four spots, discal longest, second postmedian,

straight, third running round apical portion of costa and termen,

almost or quite reaching second at both extremities, widest below

apex, narrowed and less distinct on costal portion: cilia bronzy-

fuscous, becoming dark purplish-grey on costa and tornus. Hind-

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 19)

wings grey, thinly haired and subhyaline, becoming dark grey and

opaque on apical third; cilia grey, darker towards base.

Peru, Chanchamayo; one specimen.

TINEIDAE.

OROTHYNTIS, n. g.

Head loosely rough-scaled; ocelli absent; tongue absent.

Antennae 2, basal joint elongate, thickened with dense scales pro-

jecting anteriorly towards apex. Labial palpi rather long, porrected,

second joint tufted with dense rough projecting scales beneath,

terminal joint shorter, thickened with scales, obtuse. Maxillary

palpi moderate, ascending, filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae

clothed with hairs above. Forewings with tufts of scales on surface ;

2 from angle, 2-4 approximated at base, 7 to apex, 11 from } of cell,

secondary cell defined. Hindwings 1, ovate, cilia #; 2 widely

remote, 3-7 parallel.

Allied to Scardia.

Orothyntis scrwpulata, n. sp.

9. 27 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous mixed with

brown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffusedly irrorated

with dark brown. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa

moderately arched, apex nearly rectangular, termen very faintly

sinuate, oblique; brown irregularly sprinkled with black, with

numerous very irregular pale whitish-ochreous marks and marbling,

terminated posteriorly by a series near and parallel to posterior part

of costa and termen; three raised tufts towards dorsum, and one

on end of cell; a series of whitish dots round apex and termen : cilia

brownish, with indistinct paler bars becoming whitish at base.

Hindwings rather dark fuscous; several suffused whitish dots round

apex and upper part of termen; cilia whitish-fuscous, round apex

brown, with traces of pale bars.

CoLomBiA, Popayan; one specimen.

ACROLOPHUS, Poey.

I unite under this name Anaphora Clem., Bazira Walk.,

Eddara Walk., Urbara Walk., Eutheca Grote, and Wal-

singham’s genera Atopocera, Ankistrophorus, Caenogenes,

Eulemste, Felderia, Hypoclopus, Neolophus, Ortholophus,

Pilanaphora, Pseudanaphora, and Thysanoscelis, all of

192 Mr. E. Meyrick on

which are in my judgment based on characters which are

in this genus of specific value only, and indeed in part

unreliable even for that. I may add that I treat the

generic name as feminine, which is permissible, regarding

it as a Greek compound adjective of two terminations,

that is, with the masculine and feminine forms identical.

I regard the uncus as always double, though the two parts

are sometimes closely appressed.

Acrolophus schistodes, n. sp.

3g. 26-28 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi moderate, re-

curved, reaching to base of antennae, basal joint elongate, second and

terminal joints together shorter than basal, subequal, whitish-

ochreous, basal joint suffused laterally with dark fuscous, scales of

the other joints readily denuded. Antennae flat-dentate, dentations

distinct. Thorax whitish-ochreous, longitudinally suffused towards

middle with ferruginous-brown. Abdomen dark grey, clothed with

long hairs, anal tuft ochreous-whitish, uncus short, stout, slightly

curved, pointed, appressed, claspers greatly dilated posteriorly,

apex rounded but with its lower angle forming a slight pointed

prominence. Basal joint of posterior tarsi with appressed hairs

above. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa almost straight, apex

rounded, termen almost straight, oblique; 8 and 9 stalked; whitish-

ochreous, more or less distinctly marked with fine brown lines on

and between veins; costa irregularly marked with short fine oblique

dark brown strigulae; a very undefined longitudinal median streak

of whitish suffusion from base to apex, interrupted by an irregular

dark brown longitudinal streak through median third of wing, which

is enlarged anteriorly and lined with black on veins; a broad streak

of brown suffusion along dorsum from } to near tornus; an irregular

submedian brown streak, marked with dark brown or blackish,

running from } to termen below middle, where it is shortly furcate ;

a similar subcostal streak from 3 to apex: cilia whitish barred with

brown. Hindwings reddish-fuscous, paler towards base; cilia

whitish-brownish.

VENEZUELA, Palma Sola; two specimens.

Acrolophus ridicula, n. sp.

3. 12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-whitish, shoulders

fuscous; palpi moderate, not rising much above crown, basal joint

dark fuscous externally. Antennae simple, moderately ciliated.

abdomen dark fuscous, uncus moderate, slender, closely appressed

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 193

throughout, slightly curved downwards, claspers narrow, rather

abruptly curved downwards towards apex, obtuse. Posterior tarsi

with basal joint slightly rough-scaled above. Forewings elongate,

costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, rather oblique ;

8 and 9 stalked; fuscous-whitish, irregularly and suffusedly mixed

with dark fuscous, with a few black scales; a group of black scales

beneath disc before middle, and one in disc at #. Hindwings

blackish.

Durcu Gurana, Paramaribo, in January; one speci-

men. The forewings are partially rubbed, but the species

is easily recognisable by the structural characters, small

size, and blackish hindwings.

Acrolophus pumicea, n. sp.

gd: 28mm.,2. 34mm. Head, palpi, and thorax greyish-ochreous ;

palpi in 3 rather long, ascending, rising considerably above crown,

thickened with loose scales, basal joint rather long, second and

terminal joints together longer than basal. Antennae in ¢ shortly

bipectinated. Abdomen in @ light fuscous (in g broken). Fore-

wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex

rounded, termen rounded, rather oblique; all veins separate;

greyish-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with brown; in 3 a dark

fuscous dot, in 2 a very small fuscous spot on end of cell: cilia

whitish, speckled with fuscous, with traces of darker bars. Hind-

wings grey; cilia light grey, becoming whitish towards tips.

PARAGUAY; two specimens.

Acrolophus practica, n. sp.

3g- 24-26 mm., 9. 30-37 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light

brownish or fuscous, palpi in g extremely long, strongly recurved,

not quite reaching end of thorax, clothed with dense roughly pro-

jecting scales, especially on terminal joint and apex of second.

Antennae in ¢ flatly dentate, dentations closely appressed, hardly

distinguishable. Abdomen fuscous, in 3 with uncus moderately

long, closely appressed throughout, curved, claspers moderate,

uniform, apex rounded, penis very long, fine, very acute. Posterior

tarsi not rough-scaled. Forewings elongate, more so in 2, in ¢ slightly

dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen

rounded, somewhat oblique, more so in 9; all veins separate; light

brownish, sometimes strigulated or suffused with fuscous, margins

more or less strigulated with dark fuscous; a more or less developed

oblique blackish mark towards dorsum at }; a flattened-triangular

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) O

194 Mr. E. Meyrick on

dark fuscous blotch beneath disc before middle, darker and more

sharply marked in 3; an indistinct suffused dark fuscous spot in

disc at $3, and sometimes a smaller one between this and termen :

cilia brownish, sometimes obscurely barred with darker. Hindwings

and cilia fuscous.

Brazit, Entre Rios, Sao Paulo; Paraacuay, Sapucay ;

ARGENTINA, Parana, Tucuman; from December to

February; sixteen specimens.

Acrolophus tricausta, n. sp.

3. 20-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax greyish-ochreous or light

fuscous sprinkled with darker; palpi extremely long, strongly re-

curved, extending to extremity of thorax, thickened with dense

slightly rough scales. Antennae strongly flat-dentate. Abdomen

fuscous, uncus slender, diverging towards apex, curved, claspers

long, narrow, with rounded apex, on middle of lower margin with

a strong acute tooth having a prominence on its inner edge,

penis obtuse-pointed. Posterior tarsi not rough-scaled. Forewings

elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen

rounded, somewhat oblique; all veins separate; brownish-ochreous

or brownish, more or less strigulated with dark fuscous, especially

on costa; an oblique-transverse mark towards dorsum at }, a tri-

angular submedian blotch before middle, and a spot in disc at #

blackish-fuscous: cilia brownish-ochreous. Hindwings and cilia

fuscous.

ARGENTINA, Parana; seven specimens.

Acrolophus spinifera, n. sp.

3g. 27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous; palpi extremely

long, strongly recurved, reaching to end of thorax, thickened with

dense scales roughly projecting anteriorly throughout. Antennae

flat-dentate. Abdomen fuscous, uncus moderately long, curved,

branches nearly approximated but not touching each other, claspers

narrow, uniform, at apex rounded beneath but with upper angle

terminating in a long fine projecting spine. Posterior tarsi not

rough-scaled. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently

arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; all veins

separate; brown, with some scattered dark fuscous strigulae, costa

spotted and strigulated with darker fuscous; a semioval dark fuscous

blotch extending beneath disc from 4 to beyond middle, where it

coalesces with a rather dark brown oblique blotch extending from

disc at 2 towards tornus but gradually becoming obsolete, its upper

angle dark fuscous and followed by two or three ochreous-whitish

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 195

scales, beyond this is a roundish patch somewhat lighter than

groundcolour: cilia brownish. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

PARAGUAY; one specimen.

Acrolophus tetrancyla, n. sp.

g: 24-26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous; palpi ex-

tremely long, recurved, clothed with dense somewhat rough scales

throughout. Antennae strongly dentate, dentations well separated.

Abdomen fuscous, uncus curved, branches remote at base but

appressed at tips, claspers very long and slender, pointed, strongly

curved downwards, thus each forming a long hook and resembling

a larger uncus. Posterior tarsi not rough-scaled. Forewings

moderately elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex

rounded, termen rounded, rather oblique; all veins separate;

fuscous, obscurely strigulated with darker, on costa more distinctly ;

a small blackish spot or mark towards dorsum at 4; a triangular

dark fuscous submedian patch before middle, suffused above but

well-defined and angular beneath; an indistinct darker spot in disc

at %: cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

Peru, Chanchamayo; three specimens.

Acrolophus seminigera, n. sp.

g. 18-21 mm., 9. 26-30 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax varying

from greyish-ochreous to rather dark fuscous; palpi in g extremely

long, more or less strongly recurved, not quite reaching to extremity

of thorax, thickened with dense appressed scales, more or less

roughly projecting on posterior surface of terminal joint, which

varies somewhat in length. Antennae in ¢ flatly dentate. Abdo-

men fuscous, in g¢ with uncus curved, branches moderately and

evenly remote throughout, claspers moderate, apex rounded.

Posterior tarsiin g not rough-scaled. Forewings elongate, posteriorly

dilated, more elongate in 2, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen

somewhat rounded, rather oblique, in 2 more oblique; all veins

separate; varying from brownish to rather dark purplish-fuscous,

strewn with indistinct darker strigulae, costa distinctly spotted or

strigulated with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous crescentic submedian

patch before middle, suffused above but convex and well-defined

beneath ; an indistinct suffused darker spot in disc at 3, in J followed

by several (2-6) variable minute whitish specks, in 2 these are

hardly indicated: cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, from May to September;

twelve specimens.

196 Mr. E. Meyrick on

Acrolophus scopodes, n. sp.

g. 24-25 mm., 9. 30 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-

ochreous or brown; palpi in ¢ extremely long, strongly recurved,

reaching to extremity of thorax, strongly thickened with dense

scales roughly expanded towards apex. Antennae in 4 flatly

dentate. Abdomen fuscous, uncus curved, points appressed, claspers

rather narrow, nearly uniform, apex rounded. Posterior tarsi in 3

with dense roughly projecting scales above almost to apex. Fore-

wings elongate, more so in 9, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa

gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;

all veins separate; brownish-ochreous or brown, more or less mixed

with darker brown, and variably irrorated or strigulated with dark

fuscous, sometimes partially suffused with dark brown or fuscous ;

a suffused dark fuscous spot beneath middle of disc, and one in

disc at 3: cilia brownish, sometimes obscurely barred with darker.

Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia brownish, darker towards

base.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, from June to September ;

thirteen specimens.

Acrolophus perpetua, n. sp.

g. 28-31 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-grey; palpi

extremely long, more or less recurved, reaching nearly to extremity

of thorax, thickened with dense tolerably appressed scales expanded

at apex into a rough tuft. Antennae flatly dentate. Abdomen

hairy, ochreous-greyish ; uncus moderate, curved, points appressed,

claspers slender, slightly dilated towards tips, apex obliquely trun-

cate, lower angle forming an acute spine. Posterior tarsi with rough

projecting scales above almost to apex. Forewings rather elongate,

posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,

termen rounded, somewhat oblique; all veins separate; brownish-

grey, indistinctly strigulated with dark fuscous; costa posteriorly

more or less dotted with whitish-ochreous; a small subquadrate

dark fuscous spot beneath middle of disc, preceded and followed

by pale suffusion, and one in disc at %, followed by a small whitish-

ochreous spot; sometimes a few whitish-ochreous specks towards

termen: cilia brownish-grey, more or less barred with ochreous-

whitish. Hindwings light fuscous or greyish-ochreous; cilia

ochreous-grey, outer half grey-whitish.

Paracuay, Sapucay, in November and December; two

specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 197

Acrolophus pachynta, n. sp.

¢. 33mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark brown; palpi extremely

long, recurved, reaching to extremity of thorax, strongly thickened

throughout with dense projecting scales. Antennae flatly dentate.

Abdomen densely hairy, rather dark fuscous; uncus long, curved,

points appressed, claspers rather narrow, hardly expanded, apex

rounded. Posterior tarsi with basal joint rough-scaled above.

Forewings moderately broad, Somewhat dilated, costa gently arched,

apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; all veins separ-

ate; deep brown with slight purplish tinge, with small scattered dark

fuscous dots; costa dotted with dark fuscous; suffused subquadrate

dark fuscous spots in disc at 4 and %, and a triangular blotch beneath

and between these: cilia brown, tips reddish-tinged. Hindwings

rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, towards tips fuscous-whitish.

CotomsBia, Rio Bitaco, 4,400 feet, in April; one

specimen.

Acrolophus particeps, 1. sp.

6. 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light greyish-ochreous

or fuscous; palpi extremely long, more or less strongly recurved,

not reaching to extremity of thorax, thickened with dense appressed

scales. Antennae flatly dentate. Abdomen light fuscous, uncus

long, abruptly curved downwards, points closely appressed, claspers

moderate, rather dilated, apex rounded. Posterior tarsi not rough-

scaled. Forewings elongate, hardly dilated, costa gently arched,

apex rounded, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; all veins

separate; pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes much suffused with

fuscous; costa spotted or strigulated with dark fuscous; a dark

fuscous suffused patch beneath middle of disc, and a spot in disc

at %, these sometimes forming part of a large triangular area of fus-

cous suffusion and dark fuscous strigulation extending along costa

from } to §; sometimes some irregular spots of dark fuscous suffusion

towards middle of termen: cilia pale brownish, indistinctly barred

with dark fuscous irroration. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, in July and September;

two specimens.

Acrolophus infida, n. sp.

d- 16-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous, sprinkled with

dark fuscous; palpi extremely long, recurved, reaching to extremity

of thorax, thickened with dense somewhat rough scales. Antennae

strongly bipectinated, pectinations slender. Abdomen fuscous,

198 Mr. KE. Meyrick on

uncus curved, points appressed, claspers moderately broad, some- |

what dilated, apex rounded. Posterior tarsi not rough-scaled.

Forewings moderately elongate, somewhat dilated, costa gently

arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 8 and 9

stalked; pale greyish-ochreous; basal area and anterior half of

dorsum suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous; a large triangular

patch of subconfluent dark fuscous maculation extending along

costa from } to 3, its apex reaching # across wing in middle; an

irregular subterminal series of small dark fuscous spots: cilia light

brownish, indistinctly barred with dark fuscous suffusion. Hind-

wings rather dark fuscous; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal

shade.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, in June and July. Super-

ficially excessively similar to particeps from the same

locality, but structurally abundantly distinct.

Acrolophus subfusca, n. sp.

g. 26-28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax rather dark fuscous;

- palpi extremely long, strongly recurved, reaching to extremity of

thorax, strongly thickened with dense scales projecting roughly

above on two apical segments. Antennae with short thick pecti-

nations. Abdomen fuscous, uncus short, closely appressed through-

out, abruptly bent at base, claspers moderate, slightly expanded,

apex rounded. Posterior tarsi not rough-scaled. Forewings

rather elongate, moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa

gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;

all veins separate; rather dark fuscous; some costal strigulae,

and cloudy spots in disc below middle and at % faintly darker or

obsolete: cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

ARGENTINA, Tucuman; two specimens.

Acrolophus phaeomalla, n. sp.

¢. 15-17 mm., 2. 20mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown, darker

in $; palpi in g extremely long, recurved, reaching extremity of

thorax, thickened with dense rough scales, roughly expanded to-

wards apex; posterior extremity of thorax whitish. Antennae in 3

strongly bipectinated. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, uncus

moderate, directed downwards, appressed throughout, claspers

moderate, with prominent tooth above before middle, extremity

rather obliquely subtruncate. Posterior tibiae and tarsi smooth-

scaled. Forewings in $ moderate, posteriorly dilated, in 2 elongate,

costa in ¢ moderately, in 9 gently arched, apex rounded, termen

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 199

rounded, somewhat oblique, more so in 9; all veins separate;

brown, darker in 3g, obscurely and suffusedly strigulated with rather

dark fuscous; a small obscure dark fuscous spot beneath middle of

disc; a suffused dark fuscous spot in disc at 3, followed by some

ochreous-whitish suffusion: cilia brown, darker in g. Hindwings

rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.

ARGENTINA, Parana; three specimens. Allied to

pygmaea, Wals.

Acrolophus. sarista, n. sp.

dg. 19-20 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen fuscous; palpi

very long, erect, appressed in middle and then diverging laterally,

basal joint greatly thickened with dense scales, second and terminal

joints shorter, subequal, densely scaled but much less thickened than

basal, each expanded with loose rough scales towards apex; uncus

slightly curved, appressed throughout, claspers narrow, rather

expanded, apex rounded. Antennae rather strongly bipectinated.

Posterior tarsi with rough projecting scales on basal joint above.

Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex

rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 8 and 9 stalked;

fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous; costa marked with

about ten small dark fuscous spots or dots, one at 4 larger; a sub-

triangular dark fuscous submedian blotch in dise at $; a dark

fuscous fascia from dorsum beyond middle directed towards a dark

fuscous spot in disc at 3, but becoming more or less obsolete before

reaching it: cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

VENEZUELA, Ciudad Bolivar, in May; two specimens

ARRHENOPHANIDAE

ARRHENOPHANES, Wals.

Arrhenophanes inca, n. sp.

9. 54 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-grey-

ochreous, thoracic crest mixed with dark fuscous spatulate scales.

Antennae stoutly bipectinated. Forewings elongate, moderately

broad, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen

somewhat rounded, rather oblique; 8 and 9 stalked; whitish-grey-

ochreous; a semioval yellow-brown spot edged with blackish occupy-

ing median third of cell, posterior third occupied by a hyaline spot of

about equal area; median third of wing from cell to dorsum occupied

by a large roundish suffused fuscous patch, in which is an oblique

200 Mr. E. Meyrick on South American Micro-Lepidoptera.

central spot of violet-blue suffusion ; posterior margin of cell marked

with blackish, beyond and beneath this some dark fuscous suffusion,

marked with a pale bar between veins 2 and 3 near base, another

between 3-5, and one between 5-8 at base; three or four slightly

waved and irregular transverse blackish lines between this and

termen. Hindwings whitish-grey-ochreous; posterior 3 of wing

marked with about six irregular waved dark fuscous lines tending

to anastomose in rings; a small blackish spot at tornus.

Perv, El Porvenir, 3,000 feet; one specimen.

(201) )

V. Comparative notes on Chilades galba, Led., and phiala,

Gr. Gr. By G. T. Beruune-Baker, F.LS., F.Z.S.

[Read December 4th, 1912.]

PLATE V.

THE specific distinction of Chilades galba has always been

more or less obscure in our collections, and it is only since

the Elwes collection has been incorporated at South

Kensington that its definite position has been made possible.

Lederer described the species in 1855 (Z. b. V., 1855, p. 190,

taf. 1, fig. 4) from Beirut, and he also stated that Kotschy

obtained it at Senaar. He then compared the underside

with trochilus, though the upperside was blue. Phiala was

described in 1890 (“ Romanofi’s Memoires,” IV, p. 366,

t. 21, f. 4) by Groum-Grshimailo from Kabadian, who

stated that it was very close to galba. The figure given

in those Memoires is not very accurate, the lighter spots

being decidedly too dark.

In examining these specimens the first question that

arose was their generic position; they certainly had nothing

to do with lysimon, with which I found galba mixed up,

and they appeared to be more nearly related to trochilus

than to anything else, though probably to be distinct

from the genus containing that species. The only way

to solve the difficulty was to examine the genitalia. Per-

mission having been obtained for this to be done, it soon

became evident that the two species before us occupied a

peculiar position. The clasps are nearest to Lycaena

charybdis and are very similar to those of that species;

from this character its natural position would therefore be

in the arion section in its broad sense, but the tegumen is

quite Plebeid, being highly bifid and is extremely close to

Chilades lavus in its structure; the falces (hooks), however,

are not quite typical of the genus Plebeius, whilst the

aedoeagus is also very closely allied to Chilades laius.

It appeared to me evident at first that a new genus

should be raised for the two species we are considering,

but as I cannot find any structural character apart from

the genitalia I am rather unwillingly constrained to place

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRTI. (JUNE)

202 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

them in Chilades, as I am unable to bring myself to raise

genera on the male appendages only.

Having thus given a summary of the position as I now

find it, it only remains to describe and figure the specimens,

so as to make the information available for collectors

generally.

Chilades galba, Led.

6. Both wings above darkish bright blue with the termen broadly

brown, in each wing near the anal angle of the secondaries there is

a trace of a marginal series of three or four dark spots. Under-

surface creamy grey with spots edged with white. Primaries with

spots slightly darker than the ground edged with white, a narrow

spot closing the cell, a series of six more or less confluent spots well

beyond the cell, a double series of crescent-shaped termina! spots.

Secondaries with a series of three black basal spots and one black

subcostal encircled with white, the latter one being well beyond

the middle of the costa and lying between veins 7 and 8; there are

also two black spots at the anal angle edged with bright greenish

metallic scales; the other spots are only slightly darker than the

ground and are edged with white, one of which closes the cell; a series

of seven irregularly placed spots beyond the cell, the first being

placed below and slightly beyond the black subcostal spot, the

second far out detached from the first but touching the third which

is shifted slightly inwards, fourth very small, its outer white edging

almost confluent with the inner white edging of the third, fifth

right in again, sixth somewhat outwards, seventh right in, detached

from the sixth and placed on the inner margin, a subterminal series

of crescentic marks followed by a series of terminal spots. Between

the irregular series and the crescentic marks the ground is more or

less suffused white.

The genitalia as previously referred to are very special-

ised. The clasps are long and very broad for the apical

half, gradually increasing in width from their origin, the

upper margin being slightly arched and the lower margin

waved; the apex itself is evenly excavated out for nearly

all the front edge, and at the upper apex is bent round to

form a long hook. The girdle is moderately upright, very

narrow at first, and then expanding somewhat rapidly to

its fusion with the tegumen, which is very deeply bifid,

its two arms being very narrow, narrower even than the

falces that are attached high up to them; these have a

sharp shortly curved hook at the extremity. The fulcrum

convparative notes on Chilades galba. 203

is unusually long, inclined forwards, and rather broad;

the aedoeagus irregular tapering more narrowly at the tip

with a long orifice. The clasps are copiously furnished

with bristles, many being very long; the arms of the

tegumen have them also, but shorter, finer and much less

plentifully.

Chilades phiala, Gr. Gr.

6. Both wings violet blue. Primaries with the termen very

narrowly brown, secondaries with the termen broadish with the

marginal row of dark spots moderately distinct. Underside both

wings creamy grey with the spots edged with white; primaries with

a spot closing the cell, a series of six more or less confluent spots

beyond the cell, not so far beyond as in galba, a double series of

crescent-shaped terminal spots, the outer row being indefinite.

Secondaries with a series of three black basal spots and one subcostal,

the latter one being well beyond the middle of the costa and lying

between veins 7 and 8; there are also two black spots at the anal

angle edged with metallic blue scales; a spot closes the cell, a series

of seven irregularly placed spots just beyond the cell, the first below

and beyond the black subcostal spot, the second shifted well beyond

the first, its inner white edge being confluent with the outer white

edge of the first, third inwards, fourth small and shifted inwards,

fifth further in, sixth slightly out, seventh well in but not detached ;

a series of four terminal spots which are preceded by a series of de-

fined, sharply crescentic lunules extending from the anal angle to

the costa, a very slight suffusion of white in the radial area. All the

spots in both wings except the five specially mentioned are but

slightly darker than the ground-colour.

The genitalia are very closely similar to those of galba;

the front edge of the clasps instead of being evenly hollowed

inside the hook is curved outwards. The tegumen is

slightly longer as to its bifid processes and more hairy ;

the aedoeagus is decidedly stouter than in galba, though

of the same shape; a reference to the figures will, however,

show that it is about one-third broader.

Comparing the genitalia with those of Chilades lavus

(Pl. V, figs. 1—3) it will be seen that the clasps have no

near affinity at all, but that the tegumen is very closely

allied; in each case the tegumen is highly reduced and

very highly bifid, consisting of two long thin arms, almost

as narrow as the falces, ending in a fine point. In laius

the hairs are long and very fine, the spicules from which

204 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s notes on Chilades galba.

they arise being so fine and minute that they are invisible

except under a high-power objective; in galba and also in

phiala, but particularly in the latter, they are coarser, and

the hairs are shorter and denser. The falces in laius are

longer and finer than in either of the other two species,

but they all have the same short, sharply upturned little

hook at the tip; in laius, however, they are fixed well

below the arms of the tegumen, whilst in both galba and

phiala they are fixed so close beneath the arms as to be

practically almost attached to them. The slight differ-

ences of the aedoeagus are best seen from the figure, being

little more than relative size and length of the taper.

A comparison of the underside of the perfect insects at

once shows the relationship with the Indian laius, the

general pattern being very similar.

My descriptions and figures are taken from specimens in

the British Museum, the one being a specimen taken in the

Plain of Jenin, Palestine, by Miss Fountaine and agreeing

exactly with the coloured figure of galba given by Lederer,

and the other is from Groum-Grshimailo’s type of phiala

out of the Elwes collection and now also in the National

Collection.

In the course of my examination of these specimens I

found mixed with them several others which were evidently

belonging to the genus Zizeerva, Chapman, and were either

lysimon or karsandra: of one of these from Beirut I have

mounted the genitalia, and it turns out to be karsandra.

This led me to examine several in my own collection from

Egypt and Algeria, all of which are karsandra; the range of

this species will therefore be thus extended westward to

this extent.

EXPLANATION. OF PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Chilades laius.

2. Chilades galba (with the upper part of one clasp removed).

3. Chilades phiala.

All magnified x 30.

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( 205 )

VI. Notes on the specific distinction of certain species in the

orbitulus and pheretiades section of the genus Plebeius.

By G. T. Beraune-Baxer, F.LS., F.Z.S.

[Read December 4th, 1912.]

Puatses VI, VII, VIII.

For many years I have felt that the varieties placed in

Staudinger’s “ Catalog” under the two species orbitulus

and pheretiades were not probably in their right positions,

but other matters prevented me from settling the question

until now.

In October last I was looking up various points connected

with the Lycaenidae in the British Museum, when I came

across the species jaloka, Moore, which was placed as a

form of orbitulus; a short examination convinced me that

it was not a race of that species, and this was confirmed

by the genitalia. ‘This incident made me go carefully

into all the Eastern forms allied to those species, and has

thus enabled me to elucidate various differences that I had

previously believed to exist.

My investigations have, I think, proved that jaloka and

regagrus are not forms of orbitulus, but are distinct species,

both being nearer to phereivades than to the HKuropean

species. Dr. Chapman has already shown (Trans. Ent.

Soc. 1908, p. 314) that pyrenaica is also a distinct species.

Staudinger catalogues under pheretiades two forms which

he calls v. pheres and v. pheretulus; the genitalia show

that whilst pheretulus is correctly placed where it is,

pheres, Stgr. (nec Boisduval), is distinct and that it is

closest to jaloka, Moore.

In the year 1890 Groum-Grshimailo (‘‘ Romanoft’s

Memoires,” iv,-p. 391) suggests the name phereclus for

a certain race found in the Trans-Alai, retaining pheretulus

for the Pamir race and giving the name pherecydes to

Staudinger’s pheres—a name preoccupied by Boisduval for

a North-American species quite distinct from those now

under consideration. He supposes that phereclus is the

primitive form of this small assemblage of allied species,

and considers that dardanus and aegagrus have developed

off on the one hand, that pheres-pheretiades and pheretulus

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE)

206 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on

have been evolved on the other hand, and that the de-

scendants of the latter (pheretulus) are orbitulus aquilo,

pyrenaica and wosnesenskir.

It appears very much more probable to me that orbitulus

is the Stirps of this group; the colour is less developed,

the sexual dimorphism is less marked, and its dominance

in high altitudes (though mere dominance unaccompanied

by other points is no sign of primitiveness) makes this

species more likely to be the primitive race. Groum-

Grshimailo says, (/. c.) and says rightly, that pheres, Stgr.

(which hereafter I will call pherecydes), is brighter blue,

and that pheretulus is darker blue, and he goes on to state

that in certain of the southern slopes of the Alai Mountains

the two forms amalgamate, and that it is impossible to

distinguish the one from the other, whilst almost immedi-

ately after stating this he proposes the name phereclus

for the Trans-Alai form. I fear I am quite unable to

follow his lead in this particular, and shall treat the name

(phereclus) as Staudinger has done in his 1901 “ Catalog,”

placing it under pherecydes. Neither can I adopt his

evolution of the different races: dardanus he makes go

off directly from phereclus, whilst pyrenaica he considers

is evolved from orbitulus, which descends from his sug-

gested primitive phereclus. I have no doubt whatever

that dardanus and pyrenaica went off directly on the same

line; the one finding a suitable home in the mountains of

Asia Minor, the other in the Pyrenees and the mountains

of Spain. Aegagrus I find by the genitalia to be nearer to

pheretiades, but the author referred to considers they go

off from the Stirps in quite divergent lines.

It will now be well to treat with the forms individually.

It is probably unnecessary to say that the whole of these

insects are high Alpine species; orbitulus is too well known

to need reference. The pheretiades-pherecydes group is

said by the author already quoted not to occur below

9,000 feet and to go up to 10,000 feet. Aegagrus occurs

only in the high mountains of Persia, and jaloka in the

mountains of Kashmir, and ellis: and leela at an elevation

of 12,000 and 11,000 feet respectively in the Sanch Pass,

Pangi and in Ladak, etc.; of these the three last are

without doubt the same species.

Taking them in the order they are placed in in

Staudinger’s “Catalog,” the first form that I make as

a good species is—

orbitulus and pheretiades section of genus Plebeius. 207

Plebeius aegagrus, Chr., sp. bon. (Plates VI and VII,

figs. 2 on each plate.)

A beautiful species very similar in colour to quite fresh

pyrenaica, but more transparent; it has a large black

spot closing the cell in the primaries and a waved series

of postmedian black spots usually, these are occasionally

obsolescent, and I have one specimen in which they are

absent; below it is of the pyrenaica type, only paler.

Staudinger, I believe, sent me some of the first specimens

that he received of this insect, certainly the first he re-

ceived when he obtained enough to dispose of, and he

wrote me that he considered it a pretty variety of orbitulus.

I was young in the study of Entomology then, and accepted

the dictum of so experienced a collector; my days of

lumping species as I did then have gone, and I have for

long looked upon this as a good species; time failed me

then to examine critically my preparations of the genitalia,

and now that I have more to do I have had to make time

for their examination. I give at fig. 1, Plate VI, a

profile view of orbitulus; at fig. 2, a similar view of aegagrus,

and also the apex of the clasps, in each case showing the

teeth, on Plate VII. It will at once be seen that the

clasp of orbitulus is longer and narrower proportionately,

the teeth at the upper apex of orbitulus are much further

apart and might be likened to the teeth of a large circular

saw, whilst those of aegagrus are small and even like the

teeth of a tenon saw. Again, the fulerum (the bifid arms

arising at the base of the clasp) has a very distinct angle at

a third from the apex, which is entirely lacking in orbitulus ;

the tegumen is rather shorter and broader and the falces

are slightly shorter also. The aedoeagus of aegagrus is

rather stouter and less tapering.

The species has only been recorded from Persia, and it

might be expected in its isolation to have set up special

characteristics as it has done.

Plebeius jaloka, Moore, sp. bon. (Plate VI, fig. 3; Plate

VIII, fig. 2.)

_ The genitalia show perhaps more decidedly than in the

preceding species that it is distinct from orbitulus.

The suffusion of blue is bright and darker, quite a distinct

colour from orbitulus and pheretiades; it has also a distinct

postmedian row of spots in both wings which is never

entirely absent; underneath it is often almost white and

208 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on

of the pheretiades type, with a bright blue basal suffusion.

In the genitalia the clasps are slightly shorter and also

slightly broader than in orbitulus or pheretiades, whilst

the teeth at the apex of the clasps are quite different to

either; they are long strong teeth, not mere serrations as

in both the species referred to. The falces are slightly

more slender, and the aedoeagus is much stouter and quite

short, the figure, Pl. VI, f. 3, showing vesica considerably

extended.

When examining the specimens in the British Museum

it was evident to me that the insect was more nearly allied

to pheretiades than to orbitulus; the pattern and general

appearance led to this conclusion in the first instance,

whilst subsequent examination of the genitalia confirmed

this view. I have no doubt, therefore, that the species

is distinct from either, and should come between them.

Referring to ellisi, Marshall, and leela, de N., I am quite

unable to separate these from Moore’s species, which is a

variable insect. In some specimens there is no discal

series of spots, in others there are traces more or less dis-

tinct, whilst in the typical form the discal series is specially

mentioned. In both Marshall’s and de Nicéville’s species

this series is also distinct. De Nicéville points out in his

“ Butterflies of India,” vol. ii, p. 88, that the three are

perhaps at best local races only, and if a larger series could

be obtained it might be found that they would be completely

connected by intermediate gradations; this has been done,

and de Nicéville’s surmise has proved correct, hereafter

ellist and leela must appear as synonyms of galoka.

Plebeius pherecydes, Gr. Gr. (Plate VI, fig. 5; Plate

VIII, fig. 3.)

This butterfly was first described by Staudinger as pheres

as a variety of pheretiades, he having overlooked Boisduval’s

preoccupation of that name; Groum-Grshimailo as already

mentioned pointed out the oversight and proposed the

name I have adopted. The species appears to me to be

distinct from Eversmann’s insect, and from the genitalia

to be more nearly allied to jaloka; its position will there-

fore be between the two. It seems that Groum-Grshimailo

has confused the local races somewhat. Staudinger is quite

explicit in his descriptions and localities; he described

from the mountains near Osch the species he called phere-

tulus; this he also received later from his collector in

orbitulus and pheretiades section of genus Plebevus. 209

the Alai Mountains. I have examples from both places

and they are alike, and there is no difficulty in separating

them from the species from Namangan, which he called

pheres (pherecydes, Gr. Gr.). I have this latter also from

Bokhara and a good series from the Pamir; it is quite

impossible to separate the specimens from the three local-

ities, but they are all easily separable from the Osch and

Alai ones. Phereclus, Gr. Gr., will therefore fall as a

synonym of pherecydes. The species is very close to phere-

teades, but it can be recognised by the tone of colour being

of a more delicate greener blue than that insect, and the

dark borders are much narrower; it is very difficult to

separate them from the undersides. One character in

the genitalia, however, shows strongly the difference

between the two; the upper hard chitinous part of the

end of the clasp is more elongated, or perhaps the lower

soft lobe is shorter in pherecydes, whilst the upper apex

itself is furnished with long strong teeth as in jaloka, the

central teeth being the longest. This is a marked and good

character in all Plebeids, and I have found it constant. In

pheretiades these teeth are nothing more than fine very

short even serrations. The tegumen also has slight differ-

ences, the bifid arms in pheretiades are produced upwards

so as to form a high saddle rather beyond the middle,

descending suddenly rearwards in a sharp short curve and

rising slightly again at the hindermost bridge; in pherecydes

the saddle is not nearly so high, there is very little curve

at the back, the hinderpart being little more than an inclined

plane; the aedoeagus is shorter than in pheretiades, more

even in structure and slightly stouter.

Plebeius pheretiades, Kv. (Plate VI, fig. 4; Plate VIII,

eT")

I have already shown the difference in colour between

this and the preceding species, these two being the closest

so far as colour relation is concerned; the genitalia and

the apex of the clasp are figured for comparison.

Plebeius pheretiades pheretulus, Stgr.

In colour it is not difficult to separate this local race from

both its parent form and from pherecydes; it is very

much greyer, almost less blue than the form of orbitulus

that occurs plentifully about 1,000 feet below the top of

210 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on

Canigou (in this locality I took last summer the bluest form

of orbitulus that I have yet seen, and all were of the same

colour); |the brown borders are decidedly broader and

are very indefinite; the black spot closing the cell in the

primaries is much smaller, and below there is an almost

complete obsoletion of the black pupilled spots of the

secondaries. I have no doubt that this is merely a variety

of Eversmann’s insect, as the genitalia agree entirely with

it, and the serrations at the apex of the clasp are precisely

as in that species.

Groum-Grshimailo states (J. c.) that he has placed all the

pheretiades from the Pamir in his collection under the name

pheretulus, and presumably the same has been done in the

collection of the Grand Duke Nicolas, but I have no doubt

whatever that is a mistake. I have not seen this species

from the Pamir at all, whilst pherecydes is evidently common

in that region; the specimens belonging to the former

collection are in the British Museum, and those from the

Pamir are certainly not pheretu us but pherecydes.

v. tekessana, Alph.

Were it not for the fact that Alphéraky is much too

careful a worker to have forgotten Staudinger’s description

of pheretulus, | should have thought that this had taken

place; he only compares it with pheretiades, and I have

no doubt whatever that it is pheretulus. Seven specimens

were taken, six males and a female, on the river Tékesse

in the Thian-Chan.

Plebeius dis, Gr. Gr.

The type of this species is now in the British Museum;

it is a female not a male, as stated in Staudinger’s “Catalog,”

and is entirely blackish-brown with a prominent white

spot closing the cellin each wing. Below at the first glance

it has a certain resemblance to pheretes, Hb., but on further

examination it is soon seen that it occupies an intermediate

position between the species we have been considering and

Hiibner’s insect; the spots below are white without the

black pupils, and occupy positions combining somewhat

the characteristics of the two insects just named.

It is a thoroughly good species described originally from

Amdo south-east of the Kuku-noor, but it has also recently

been received from Thibet; there are at present, I believe,

only four specimens known.

orbitulus and pheretiades section of genus Plebeius. 211

Before closing these notes I should like to make a few

brief remarks on the species orbitulus.

Orbona, Gr. Gr., (1891), Hor. xxv, p. 453.

Syn. orbitulinus, Stgr. (1892), Iris, v, p. 318.

,, oberthuri, Stgr. (1901), “ Catalog,” p. 81.

It is curious and interesting to find precisely the same

large form of this well-known European species occurring

in the Pyrenees, in South-East Siberia, Mongolia and Amdo.

I have specimens that if unlabelled and mixed up it would

be absolutely impossible to separate out again. Groum-

Grshimailo’s name has priority, and the other two so far as

I am concerned must sink as synonyms to it.

Menetries’ form wosnesenskw from Kamschatka is de-

scribed from a 2; of this I have very little doubt. The

form from that region is slightly larger perhaps than Kuro-

pean specimens, though it shows very little if any difference

when compared with the other Far Eastern and the Pyre-

nean races; it is very doubtful if the white spots shown in

the figure would persist, and, when it is remembered that

they do not appear in any of the few males that I have

seen from that district, it would seem almost well to discard

the name. I am, however, loth to do it on insufficient

material, and therefore propose to retain it until more

collections come to hand from that somewhat remote region.

Plebeius orbitulus is a variable species; I have specimens

of the 2 with white dots as in wosnesenski from several

districts, and on Mount Canigou (Pyrenees) last summer

I obtained many specimens which were also excessively

dark.

EXPLANATION OF Puiates VI, VII, VIII.

PEATH. VI.

. Plebeius orbitulus.

. Plebeius aegagrus.

. Plebeius jaloka.

. Plebeius pheretiades.

. Plebeius pherecydes.

Fic.

Om 0 DD me

All magnified x 25.

212 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Plebeius orbitulus (upper apex of clasp showing the teeth),

2. Plebeius aegagrus (upper apex of clasp showing the teeth).

Originally magnified x 90, but reduced slightly to bring it

within the regulation size of the plate.

PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1. Plebeius pheretiades (upper apex of clasp showing the teeth).

2. Plebeius jaloka (upper apex of clasp showing the teeth).

3. Plebeius pherecydes (upper apex of clasp showing the teeth).

Fig. 1 was magnified x 250, figs. 2 and 3 x 90, but these have

been reduced slightly to bring them within the regulation size ot

the plate.

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VII. Note sur Lucanides conserves dans les collections de

PUniversite d Oxford et du British Museum. Par

M. H. Borueav, F.E.S.

[Read October 16th, 1912.]

PrATE UX:

Parmi les auteurs qui se sont spécialement occupés de

l'étude des Lucanides, il faut citer au premier rang le Pro-

fesseur Westwood et le Major Parry auxquels on doit un

trés grand nombre de descriptions et de remarques utiles.

Beaucoup d’autres descriptions plus anciennes sont indi-

quées dans les publications sous le nom du Révérend Hope,

mais il est juste de dire que certaines d’entre elles paraissent

en réalité devoir étre attribuées 4 Westwood. [1] semble

que l’on puisse, en particulier, considérer comme telles les

descriptions des n. sp. insérées dans le Catalogue publié

en 1845 sous le titre: “A Catalogue of the Lucanoid

Coleoptera in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope.”

Cette brochure porte en effet un sous-titre: “ With de-

scriptions of the new species therein contained,” au dessous

duquel, sur certains exemplaires,* se trouve la mention

manuscrite, de la main de Westwood, “by J. O. West-

wood.” Il est extrémement probable que ces descriptions,

qui ne sont guére que de courtes diagnoses, sont bien dies

a Westwood et que la mention ‘“‘ Hope ”’ qui suit le nom des

n.sp. décrites est une simple indication de catalogue,

nayant pas plus de valeur que la mention “ Catalogue

Dejean” donnée pour certaines espéces également citées

dans cet opuscule.

Quoi qu'il en soit, l'ensemble des descriptions de Hope,

Westwood et Parry constitue encore maintenant une des

bases importantes de l’étude des Lucanides, aussi ai-je été

particuliérement heureux en 1906, de profiter d’un court

voyage en Angleterre pour examiner le plus grand nombre

possible des types décrits par ces auteurs. Ceux auxquels

* Un de ces exemplaires, ayant été envoyé a Snellen von Vollen-

hoven par Westwood a été mentionné par Albers (Deutsch. Ent.

Zeitschr., 1884, p. 301) qui a signalé le fait et ses conséquences.

Je posséde également un de ces catalogues a titre modifié par

Westwood et je présume qu’il en existe d’autres.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) P

214 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

le nom de Hope a été attaché sont, pour la plupart, con-

servés au musée de |’ Université d’Oxford. M. le Professeur

Poulton, que je ne saurais assez remercier de son excellent

accueil, a poussé lobhigeance jusqu’ & me confier quelques-

uns de ces précieux spécimens que j’ai ainsi pu étudier avec

tout le soin désirable. Dans ce méme musée et dans les

riches collections du British Museum, ou j’ai trouvé, grace

& MM. Waterhouse et G. Arrow, les plus grandes facilités

d’étude, se trouvent également de nombreux types de

Westwood et de Parry, ainsi que plusieurs espéces

remarquables, décrites par M. Waterhouse.

Beaucoup de ces espéces sont, en fait, restées tout a fait

inconnues de la plupart des spécialistes, les anciennes dia-

gnoses étant absolument insuffisantes pour les caractériser,

aussi ai-je pensé quwil ne serait pas inutile de résumer les

résultats de l'étude que j’en ai pu faire, quelque incomplete

qu'elle soit en raison du peu de temps dont j’ai disposé &

Londres et 4 Oxford. J’ai joint a ces notes, quelques- uns des

croquis faits sur place, bien qu’ils ne soient pas ce que j’aurais

désiré donner ici. Une revision analogue, mais d’une tout

autre importance, a été faite par le Majc or Parry au moment

de l’établissement de son premier Catalogue.* [1 est évident

que pour ce travail considérable et de haute valeur, Parry

a di examiner les types conservés & Oxford, vraisemblable-

ment avec l’aide de Westwood. A ce moment, les maté-

riaux d’étude dont on disposait, lui permirent déja de trés

nombreuses rectifications. Mais, pour plusieurs espéces,

des doutes ont subsisté, et j’aurai plus loin l’occasion de

montrer que dans certains cas la synonymie adoptée d’aprés

Parry est erronée et doit étre rectifiée. Nous avons en effet

maintenant, non pour toutes, mais pour la plupart des

espéces anciennes, des éléments de comparaison bien plus

considérables que ceux auxquels avaient recours les anciens

descripteurs et il nous est ainsi devenue possible de recon-

naitre leurs erreurs. Celles-ci sont d’ailleurs bien excusables

quand il s’agit d’insectes tellement variables dans leur forme

et leur taille qu’a plusieurs reprises les spécialistes les plus

autorisés ont réuni des espéces trés distinctes, ou séparé

sous deux, trois et méme quatre noms les différents

développements de la méme espéce.

Les observations dont je donne ici le résumé, portent sur

tous les types qu'il m’a été possible de reconnaitre en

* A Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera, etc. etc., Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1864.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 215

examinant les collections. La plupart de ceux-ci ont

dailleurs été identifiés depuis longtemps par les entomo-

logistes éminents qui ont eu la charge des collections et se

trouvent trés correctement étiquetés. Ces précieux spéci-

mens sont, en général, tant 4 Londres qu’a Oxford, dans un

état de conservation des plus satisfaisants. Leurs anciennes

étiquettes ont, le plus souvent, été scrupuleusement con-

servées, précaution qui a une importance considérable et

qui permet, dans bien des cas, de reconnaitre si tel ou tel

spécimen se rapporte ou non aux descriptions anciennes et

constitue un type ou tout au moins un cotype de l’espéce.

J’ai également mentionné certains exemplaires qui, sans

étre des types, appartiennent a des espéces rares ou

intéressantes.

Pour plus de simplicité j’ai suivi, dans ces notes, l’ordre

approximatif de la classification adoptée par Parry, qui

n'a dailleurs pas été modifiée sensiblement par les récents

auteurs. Je me borne a mentionner les types revus en

1906, sur lesquels aucune observation ne me parait utile

a présenter, en indiquant par les lettres B. M. (British

Museum) et U. O. (Université d’Oxford) les collections

dans lesquels ils sont conservés.

Sphenognathus higginst Parry, Ent. Monthl. Mag., 1876,

p. 174. Le male de cette espéce est jusqu’a présent fort

rare. Outre le type, qui fait partie de la collection de

M. R. Oberthiir, et un exemplaire de la collection Van de

Poll, actuellement dans ma collection, je ne connais que le

spécimen du British Museum. Ces trois insectes sont absolu-

ment différents du S. garleppi que j’ai décrit, et la synonymie

qui figure fréquemment sur les catalogues des marchands

allemands et dont je ne connais pas l’auteur, est erronée.

S. hagginsi est un insecte de plus petite taille que S. garleppt,

ses mandibules sont plus rectilignes; les angles antérieurs

et surtout les angles postérieurs du prothorax sont arrondis,

la saillie humérale des élytres est coupée obliquement. Tous

ces caractéres n’existent pas chez S. garleppi.

Sphenognathus canaliculatus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1874, p. 368, pl. 4, fig. 2.—Le type, conservé au

British Museum, ressemble beaucoup 4 un petit male de

S. fersthameli Guérin; les angles antérieurs de la téte sont

trés aigus; la couleur est celle du S. feisthameli ; la double

épine des angles postérieurs du prothorax est peu développée.

Pour affirmer la synonymie il serait nécessaire de comparer

216 H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

le type a plusieurs exemplaires de méme développement du

S. feisthameli, mais elle me parait au moins vraisemblable.

Dendroblaz earler White, Voyage Ereb. and Terror, 1846,

Ent., p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 9-10. Le type conservé au British

Museum parait étre un male d’aprés ses antennes.

Rhyssonotus jugularis Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1863, p. 429, pl. 14, fig. 1. Le type, présumé étre une

femelle, mais qui me parait plutot étre un male, est conservé

au British Museum.

Lamprima schreibersi Hope in litt. L’insecte type est un

male de taille moyenne de L. aurata Latr., de couleur verte,

avec la téte vert doré un peu rougeatre.

Lamprima coerulea Donovan, Ins. Nov. Holl., 1805,

tab. 1. Il existe, au musée d’Oxford et au British Museum,

quelques exemplaires d’une Lamprima d’un vert plus ou

moins bleu, parfois bleu violacé, ayant la téte d’un vert

bronzé, & peine un peu rougeatre sur les carénes céphaliques,

qui présentent, outre leur couleur spéciale, une légére

modification de la forme habituelle des mandibules, surtout

pour celle de gauche. L’extrémité des mandibules se

trouve en effet plus ou moins nettement quadridentée au

lieu d’étre, comme d’ordinaire, tridentée, ce qui est réalisé

par l’existence d’une petite dent supplémentaire placée

entre la dent supérieure simple et la dent apicale bifurquée.

Ces insectes paraissent étre des L. latreille: M. L., faiblement

modifiés et peuvent étre considérés comme appartenant a

une variété ou sous-variété de cette espéce. Je n’en al

vu des spécimens que dans des collections anciennes ou

ils sont en général étiquetés: “ Coerulea Donovan.” Leur

provenance exacte m’est inconnue. II y a huit spécimens a

Oxford dont un beau male, trés typique, venant de la col-

lection Hope et deux autres grands exemplaires bien

caractérisés, provenant de la collection Westwood. Trois

autres sont au British Museum. (PI. IX, fig. 5, L. coerulea,

mandibules.)

Lamprima fulgida Dupont (type ou cotype ?). Sous le

nom de puncticollis Hope, fulgida, Dupont, sont conservées

4 Oxford plusieurs femelles, dont l’une porte une étiquette

visiblement trés ancienne, sur laquelle se trouvent tracés,

d'une écriture allongée, les mots: “ fulgida mihi.” C'est

une L. aurata Latr.

Lamprima puncticollis Dejean, Hope in litt. Le spéci-

men qui porte la mention : “ puncticollis De.” est également

une L. aurata Latr. (U. O.).

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 27

Lamprima insularis Hope in litt. Le spécimen de Hope

est un male de L. micardi Reiche, assez grand exemplaire de

couleur bronzée, a pointe sternale assez forte. (U. O.)

Lanvprima purpurascens Hope, type, Cat., p. 28. L’in-

secte ainsi désigné est également un male de L. micardi

Reiche, assez grand, de couleur bronzée rosatre (U. O.).

Espéce omise par Parry dans son Catalogue.

Lamprima tasmaniae Hope, type, Cat., p. 27. Le type

parait étre un petit exemplaire, vert foncé, a courtes mandi-

bules, de ZL. latreille: MacLeay. Cette synonymie a été

indiquée par Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 69). (U. 0.)

Lamprima subrugosa Hope, type, Cat., p.28. Le type est

un male moyen de L. aenea Fabr., comme |’a indiqué Parry

(Cat. 1864, p. 70). (U. 0.)

Lamprima sumptuosa Hope, type, Cat., p. 28. Le type

est un petit spécimen, assez étroit, paralléle, de couleur

dorée cuivreuse, de L. micardi Reiche. Parry a considéré

dans son premier Catalogue (Cat. 1864, p. 7 et p. 70) cette

espéce comme distincte, mais elle ne se sépare de L. micarda

par aucun caractére valable (U. O.).

Lamprima ngricollis Hope, type, Cat., p. 28. Cette espéce

n’a pas été mentionnée par Parry dans son Catalogue de

1864. Le type conservé a Oxford est une femelle d’un noir

glacé bleu, avec la téte vert doré nuancée de rouge cuivre.

Les pattes sont presque noires. La saillie du prosternum

est presque nulle. L’insecte porte une étiquette: “ Nagri-

collis Hope, micardi teste Parry,” qui prouve que cette

Lamprima, quoique non inscrite au Catalogue de 1864, a

été examinée par Parry. Je rapporte également ce

spécimen a L. micardi Reiche.

Streptocerus speciosus Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,

1850, p. 53. La femelle, figurée par Westwood (Tr. Ent.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. i1., 1853-56, p. 204, pl. xi., figs. 1, la, 10,

lc, 1d), est conservée a Oxford.

Colophon thunberg:y Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1855, p. 198, pl. 10, fig. 2 type. L’exemplaire, conservé

a Oxford, correspond bien a la figure donnée par Westwood,

mais les étiquettes sont récentes. Le type du C. westwood

Gray, figure également dans la collection. L’examen de

ces spécimens est d’autant plus intéressant que M. Péringuey

a cru devoir mettre en doute la validité de l’espéce et a

affirmé, un peu légérement, que le C. thunbergi était simple-

ment la femelle du C. westwoodi:. Je ne sais sur quels

documents est basée la conviction de M. Péringuey, mais il

218 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

me parait certain qu'elle n’est pas exacte. Le C. thunberbi

du Musée d’Oxford est un spécimen dont les parties génitales

et la machoire de gauche ont été disséquées. Ces mémes

organes se retrouvent sur un carton ot se trouve la men-

tion: ‘‘Genitaliaet max. Colophonbuffonu, Wd.” Ce dernier

nom était probablement celui que Westwood s était d’abord

proposé de donner a l’espéce. Les organes génitaux sont

ceux d’un male. C. thunbergi doit done étre considéré

comme distinct de C. westwoodt.

Il est & noter d’ailleurs que Westwood a formellement

affirmé que le type du C. thunbergi était un male et non

comme on pourrait le supposer, l'autre sexe du C. westwoodt.

Colophon westwoodi Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., 1832,

p. 534., pl. 46, fig. 5, type. L’insecte porte deux étiquettes

anciennes: ‘‘Colophon lethroides Hope, westwoodi G.”

avec l’indication ajoutée au crayon “g” et “Colophon

westwoodi, Gray in Griff., Westw. in Ann. Sc. Nat.” Sur

un carton se trouvent l’organe génital, qui est celui d’un

male, et le dernier segment abdominal, coté dorsal. Ce

carton porte : “ Genitalia Colophonis westwoodi.” Le spéci-

men, conservé au British Museum, est également un mile.

D’aprés ce qui précéde, les hypothéses de M. Péringuey

doivent étre rejetées.

Phalacrognathus westwoodi Shipp., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1893, p. 223. Le type est un male de Ph. muelleri

M. L., appartenant & la forme majeure, mais non au maxi-

mum de son développement.

Pseudolucanus atratus Hope, in Gray, Zool. Miscell., 1831,

p. 22, Cat., p. 10. Le type est un male de faible

développement, & mandibules simples, provenant du

Nepaul (U. 0.).

Lucanus lusitanicus Hope, type, Cat., p. 9. C'est un

mile de trés grande taille, de la forme un peu spéciale,

allongée et élégante, qui se trouve dans la péninsule et se

rencontre déja dans les Pyrénées. Cette race ressemble a

celle de Syrie, mais les antennes ne différent pas de celles du

L. cervus ordinaire.

Lucanus lunifer Hope, in Royle Ill. Nat. Hist. Hymal.

Ins., 1833, p. 55, pl. 9, fig. 4, Cat. p. 9. Le male type est de

grande taille, la fourche des mandibules est pointue et ne

présente pas l’élargissement apical que l’on remarque sur

certains exemplaires. La femelle type, L. rugifrons Hope,

est petite, elle se rapporte bien 4 cette espéce (U. O.).

Lucanus cantori Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 83,

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 219

types. Le male est un exemplaire moyen, la femelle type

existe également dans la collection (U. O.).

Lucanus villosus Hope, in Gray, Zool. Miscell., 1831, p. 22.

Un male de cette rare espéce existe au British Museum, il

nest pas impossible que ce soit le type de Hope. D’aprés

le Catalogue Hope, p. 4, le L. villosus n’existait pas dans la

collection Hope. Je ne l’ai pas retrouvé a Oxford. L’espéce

était représentée dans la collection Parry par un couple,

actuellement conservé dans la collection de M. R. Oberthiir,

mais ce couple, d’aprés le Catalogue dressé au moment

de la vente de la collection Parry, ne comprenait pas de

type.

iifinsanbe du British Museum, trés voisin du L. lunifer

par les mandibules, se rapproche également beaucoup de

cette espéce par la téte, le thorax et les pattes.

Lucanus mearesi Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 83,

Cat., p. 10. Le type est un grand male dont la fourche

mandibulaire ne présente pas d’élargissement sur la dent

apicale (U. O.).

Lucanus mgripes Hope, Cat., p. 10. Parry a signalé

(Cat., 1864, p. 72) que cet insecte était la femelle du précé-

dent, ce qui avait déja été indiqué comme possible dans la

diagnose originale. Le spécimen étiqueté comme type est

une femelle de taille médiocre, sans étiquette ancienne.

Cet insecte doit bien étre rapporté au L. mearesi. Une

autre femelle, de plus grande taille, qui porte l’étiquette

ancienne: “ Mearse, India,” appartient également a cette

espéce. L’attribution du type a lune ou a l’autre des deux

femelles peut étre douteuse, mais la synonymie demeure,

de toute fagon, correcte (U. O.).

Lucanus westermanni Hope, Cat., p. 10. Le type est un

male moyen, ne présentant aucune particularité (U. 0O.).

Lucanus vicinus Hope, Cat., p. 10. Cette espéce est une

de celles qui ont donné lieu a des discussions. Elle a été

admise par Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 73), et ce spécialiste possé-

dait un spécimen passé ensuite dans la collection Barton et

actuellement conservé dans ma propre collection, quwil

considérait comme un L. vicinus. Cet exemplaire porte,

de la main de Parry, une étiquette ainsi libellée: “ L.

vicinus, Hope, from his coll. Ind. O. Burm., says good sp.

from Poonah but ? a sp. very close to cervus.” L’insecte

présente tous les caractéres d’un L. cervus de forme mineure,

légérement déformé par un accident, aussi la synonymie :

L. vicinus Hope = L. smithi Parry, donnée par M. Planet

220 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

dans sa monographie* (vol. 11, p. 63) d’aprés examen du

type du L. vicinus par M. R. Oberthiir, m’avait toujours

semblée fort douteuse. La diagnose du Catalogue Hope dit

en effet expressément que le type ressemble a un L. cervus

de petite taille et appartient peut-étre 4 une simple variété

géographique. L’examen fait par M. R. Oberthiir a dt

étre des plus superficiels, ou aura porté sur un autre exem-

plaire que le type, car, aprés avoir étudié ce spécimen, je

ne puis lui trouver aucune parenté avec L. smithy. I

ressemble au contraire beaucoup a l’exemplaire de Parry

que j’avais emporté 4 Oxford, mais est plus grand et sans

défectuosité. Il n’y a pour moi aucun doute sur lattri-

bution de ces insectes, qui sont des L. cervus de forme

mineure. Quant a leur provenance, l’hypothése la plus

vraisemblable est que ces deux seuls spécimens connus du

L. vicinus sont des L. cervus européens, emportés ou envoyés

aux Indes et qui auront été réexpédiés sans indication de

provenance, soit volontairement, soit par erreur. Des

confusions de ce genre se sont produites plusieurs fois et se

produisent encore assez fréquemment; j'ai regu, pour ma

part, un Dorcus parallelipipedus de Sumatra et des Figulus

de l’Amérique du Sud, sans parler des erreurs nombreuses

de provenance que l’on trouve dans toutes les anciennes

collections.

Lucanus americanus Hope, Cat., p. 10. Cet insecte a

été considéré par Parry comme synonyme du L. cervus.

Le type est d’un aspect trés singulier. C’est évidemment

un insecte immature. Les élytres sont presque compléte-

ment décolorées et les tarses sont jaunes. La forme elle-

méme est assez spéciale. L’insecte parait étre un L. cervus

mineur, mais trés fort pour son développement mandi-

bulaire, et beaucoup plus massif que cela n’est habituel pour

ceux de ces insectes qui proviennent de |’ Europe occidentale.

J’ai regu récemment un lucane de cette forme, mais plus

petit, provenant de Sarepta (Russie Méridionale) et, dans

Pétat actuel de nos connaissances, on peut admettre que

cest & une race locale analogue qu’appartient le JL.

americanus Hope.

Je dois cependant dire que, d’aprés des spécimens

femelles qui se trouvent dans plusieurs collections, il

* “Généralement désigné dans les collections sous le nom de

Smithit que lui a donné Parry, ce Lucane n’est autre que la Luc.

vicinus, ainsi que M. R. Oberthiir a pu le constater l'année derniére

a Oxford, en examinant la collection de Hope.’ Planet, loc. cit.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 221

semblerait exister, dans Amérique du Nord, un Lucanus

plus grand que le L. elaphus. Mais ces femelles, dont il

existe deux exemplaires au British Museum, sont trés

distinctes de celles du L. cervus et il parait bien peu

vraisemblable que leurs males se rapportent au LZ. ameri-

canus Hope.

Lucanus laminifer Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 33. Les types existent au British Museum; ils

comprenaient un male d’une espéce distincte, que j’ai

séparé et décrit sous le nom de L. doherty.

Lucanus swinhoet Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874,

p. 370, pl. 4, fig. 4. Les types, male et femelle, sont au

British Museum.

Lucanus sp. ? Planet, Essai Monographique, vol. ii,

p. 124, fig. 75. M. Planet a figuré (loc. cit.) d’aprés un

croquis de l’album de Parry conservé chez M. R. Oberthiir,

un singulier male de Lucanus provenant du Liban, et l’a

rapproché, avec quelque doute, du Lucanus qwil a décrit,

dans le méme travail, sous le nom de L. cervus, var.

akbesiana Planet, Essai Monogr. vol. i, p. 62. Pl. 14, fig. 2.

J’ai retrouvé cet exemplaire dans la collection du British

Museum. I] porte les étiquettes anciennes: “ Macro-

phyllus ? Reiche, Syria, Lebanon, n. sp. Dr. Meryon.”’

L’insecte est un spécimen défectueux. Les deux mandi-

bules ont été arrachées et mal rentrées dans leurs alvéoles,

ce qui leur donne l’aspect falciforme reproduit par le

croquis de Parry. En examinant l’insecte, on voit exté-

rieurement, a la base de la mandibule, ’apophyse sortie de

son logement. La téte et le corps sont ceux d’un ZL.

abericus Motsch. (orventalis Kraatz) assez fort et assez plat.

(RRO, fig. 14].

Rhaetus westwood Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862,

p. 108, type male, conservé au British Museum.

Hexarthriuslongipennis Hope, Cat., pp. 10,11. Cetinsecte

est indiqué, dans la diagnose, comme provenant de Java et

de l’Assam et comme pouvant étre la femelle de l Hexarthrius

rhinoceros Ol. Parry, (Cat. 1864, p. 74) a admis cette hypo-

thése et, dans la collection d’Oxford, le type a été réuni

aux spécimens de H. rhinoceros. Les étiquettes que porte

cet insecte sont: 1° “Java.” 2° “longipennis Hope.”

3° “longipennis Hope Assam.” La provenance Assam

doit étre considérée comme erronée. L’insecte, étroit

avec des élytres longues, une téte trés bombée et des

canthus oculaires arrondis extérieurement, me parait étre

222 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

une femelle de lHexarthrius buqueti Hope. Hexarthrius

rhinoceros Ol. est rarement regu de Java et, de plus, la

structure de H. rhinoceros femelle est plus courte et plus

robuste que celle du type de H. longipennis.

Hexarthrius falciger Hope, Cat., p. 11. Cet insecte a

également été réuni a H. rhinoceros Ol. par Parry (Cat.,

1864, p. 74) comme appartenant a la forme mineure de

cette espéce. Le type provient de Java et porte les mémes

étiquettes de provenance que le spécimen type de H.

longipennis, toutefois au lieu d’“ Assam” la troisiéme

étiquette indique “Java.” L’insecte est de trés faible

développement et difficile a déterminer a vue, il me parait

cependant étre un H. buqueti Hope (U. 0.).

Hexarthrius forsteri Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1841,

p-. 587, pl. 40, fig. 1, Cat., p. 11. Cette espéce est repré-

sentée par trois spécimens anciens. Des deux plus grands,

qui portent l’étiquette “ Calanus, Hope,” le second pour

la taille correspond trés bien avec la figure donnée par le

descripteur (Linn. Trans. 18, 588, tab. 40, fig. 1). Le plus

petit porte létiquette “ Cantors Hope.” (U. 0.) Hexar-

thrius serricollis Hope, Cat., p. 11, est bien, comme l’a

indiqué Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 74), la femelle de H. forstera

(U0:

Hezarthrius davisoni Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1888, p. 250. Cette espéce, dont les types sont conservés

au British Museum, a bien pour synonymes /. cotes: Non-

fried et H. castetsi Boileau.

Cladognathus confucius Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1842, p. 60, Cat., p. 18. J’espérais trouver dans les

collections de l'Université d’Oxford le type de Hope, mais

je l’ai cherché inutilement. Par contre, les exemplaires

indiqués par la diagnose comme se rapportant a cette espéce

et autrefois nommés L. whithilla Hope existent dans la

collection; mais ce sont sans aucun doute des C. giraffa

Fabr. ainsi que l’a indiqué Parry.

Les deux plus grands exemplaires mesurent l'un 34

lignes, l'autre 31. Le premier porte les indications : “ Wit-

hill, Bombay” et “ Confucius var. Withilliaa Hope,” le

second: ‘‘ Wethillii Hope” et “ Khasyah Hills.” Deux

autres mesurent 263 et 25 lignes, et ont simplement les

étiquettes de provenance: ‘“‘ Poona” pour le premier,

‘Bombay ” pour le deuxiéme. Ils représentent probable-

ment le C. brahminus Hope.

Le C. confucius type est indiqué comme ayant eu 28

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 223

lignes ; il ne correspond donc a aucun de ces spécimens ; on

voit Vailleurs qu’il s’agit d’un petit exemplaire. Le prove-

nance “‘Chusan”’ me porte a croire que le type doit bien

étre un C. confucius tel que nous le comprenons maintenant ;

la confusion faite par Hope (ou Westwood) entre les deux

espéces voisines s’explique par le faible développement du

type du C. confucius.

C. downesi Hope, Cat. p. 19, type, existe dans la collection

d’ Oxford ; c’est une femelle courte et large, dont l’étiquette

de provenance est Bombay; on doit la considérer comme

étant une femelle de C. giraffa Fabr.

Psalidoremus motschulskyz Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1869, p. 16. Le type de cette espéce est conservé

au British Museum. Dans la description, la provenance

est indiquée “ Japon ou Archipel Indien.” Je posséde,

de cette espéce, deux exemplaires qui se trouvaient dans

la collection Barton et venaient de la collection Parry,

comme aussi le type de la description. Tous deux sont de

la forme mineure mais se rapportent bien au P. motschulskyt

et ont été déterminés comme tels par Parry. Le plus grand

porte Vindication : “I. Formose,” autre: “‘ Coll. Saunders

Formosa.” La provenance Formose me parait donc

certaine; elle est d’ailleurs tout a fait vraisemblable

PPY: EX, fig. 13};

Metopodontus downesi Hope, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1835, p. 99, pl. 13, fig. 7, Cat., p. 11. Trés exactement

représenté par la figure donnée par le descripteur (Zool.

Trans. i, p. 99, pl. 13, fig. 7), le type est conservé a

Oxford.

Metopodontus savage Hope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842,

p. 494, Cat., pp. 11, 12. Deux miles et une femelle sont

indiqués comme étant les types. La femelle seule porte

une indication un peu précise de localité: ‘ Palmas.”

Metopodontus ungulatus Hope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842,

p. 494, Cat., p. 12. Le type, conservé comme les précédents

a Oxford, est, comme l’a indiqué Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 82)

un M. savage. de forme mineure. Ses mandibules sont

inermes.

Metopodontus castaneus, Hope, Cat., p. 12. Cette espéce

a toujours été considérée comme valable. L’insecte indiqué

comme type dans la collection d’Oxford mesure exactement

les 24 lignes indiquées par la description. II porte deux

étiquettes anciennes: “Castanea,” “‘ Castaneus Sn. P.

Walker.” Les mandibules sont celles d’un exemplaire

224. M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

appartenant 4 la forme moyenne des Metopodontus de cette

section (Metopodontus vrais); elles présentent une dent

basale trituberculée, aucune dent médiane, et trois denti-

cules anté-apicaux. Par la forme générale, la coloration,

surtout celle des pattes et des élytres, et par langle

médian du prothorax cet insecte se rattache, sans aucun

doute possible, au M. cinnamomeus Guérin, de Java. Le

M. castaneus, Hope, doit done passer en synonymie.

Comme je l’indique plus loin les espéces que l'on regoit

habituellement de l’Inde et que l’on désigne dans les

collections sous le nom de M. castaneus sont, en réalité,

des M. foveatus Hope, ou des M. poultona Boileau.

Metopodontus omissus Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1842,

p- 591, Cat., p. 12. Ainsi que l’a indiqué Parry (Cat. 1864,

p-. 79) le type est un M. foveatus Hope. L’exemplaire

étiqueté comme type appartient a la forme moyenne. Les

mandibules, dépourvues de dent médiane, ont une double

dent basale. I] existe un autre exemplaire, qui semble

ancien; un peu moins développé, contrairement a |indica-

tion donnée par Parry (loc. cit.) et conformément a la

diagnose.

Metopodontus foveatus Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1842,

p- 590, Cat., p. 12. Comme je viens de l’indiquer, ¢’est le

M. castaneus Hope de la plupart des collections. Le nom

de M. foveatus est seul valable, la description du M. omissus

suivant celle du M. foveatus et étant relative a un plus

petit exemplaire de la méme espéce. Le type est un male

intermédiaire entre la forme moyenne et la forme majeure.

Les mandibules ont une dent médiane simple, a gauche,

mais celle-ci est seulement aux deux cinquiémes de la

longueur & partir de la base. A droite, la dent est bifide.

L’insecte vient de Sylhet. L’indication “‘ Java” qui suit

la provenance correcte ““ Assam” dans le Catalogue, vient

évidemment d’une confusion avec d’autres exemplaires

appartenant au M. cinnamomeus Guérin, qui auront sans

doute été vus par Hope ou Westwood dans d’autres

collections.

Metopodontus astacoides Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1842,

p. 590, Cat., p. 12. Parry a déja indiqué que cet insecte

était un M. foveatus minor (Cat. 1864, p. 79). Le type

est un exemplaire 4 mandibules entiérement denticulées.

_Metopodontus fraternus Hope, Cat., pp. 12, 18. La

méme synonymie correcte a été donnée par Parry (loc. cit).

Le type ne différe du précédent que par ses mandibules

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 225

incomplétement denticulées; il appartient & un développe-

ment plus fort.

Metopodontus (Hoplitocranum) macclellandi Hope, Proce.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 83, Cat., p. 13. Le type est un

petit exemplaire 4 mandibules entiérement denticulées.

Les pattes postérieures ne portent pas les pinceaux soyeux

de l’espéce voisine, généralement connue sous le nom de

M. calcaratus Jakowleff et que je considére comme étant

en réalité le M. yenkinsi Westwood.

Metopodontus fulvipes Hope, Cat., p. 13. La synonymie

donnée par Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 79) ): fulvipes = cimnamo-

meus var. min. est exacte. Le type est un male de trés

petite dimension du M. cinnamomeus. Il porte l’étiquette :

« fulvipes ” au verso de laquelle se trouve l’indication

“ raffles: Hope,” qui a été barrée. Le M. rafflesix Hope

(Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. 106), est, suivant Parry,

(Cat. 1864, p. 79) la femelle du M. cunnamomeus ; je n’al

pas retrouvé ce type a Oxford, par contre celui du M.

pallidipennis Hope (Trans. Linn. Soc., 1842, p. 590) s’y

trouve conservé; c’est un grand male du M. cinnamomeus,

dont la seule particularité 4 signaler est l’existence d’une

dent médiane double a la mandibule de droite. I] résulte

de ce qui précéde que le M. cinnamomeus Guérin a été

décrit quatre fois par Hope et Westwood sous les noms

de pallidipennis, castaneus, fulvipes et rafflesi.

Metopodontus impressus Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1864, p. 17, types conservés au British Museum.

Cette espéce est intéressante, peu connue; sa provenance

exacte est ignorée. LHlle se rapproche des espéces pour

lesquelles Jakowleff avait créé le sous-genre Hoplitocranum ;

les femelles, en particulier, sont fortement ponctuées et

rappellent celles de ce groupe, dont elles ont 4 peu prés

la taille. Je ne considére pas comme absolument certain

que le plus grand male appartienne 4 la méme espéce que

les autres.

ee ee limbatus Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 5, xix, p. 381, types male et femelle, British

Museum. Cette espéce ‘est. tantét considérée comme

distincte, tant6t comme synonyme de M. cinctus Montrou-

zier. Hn général les exemplaires que l’on rapporte au

M. limbatus forment passage entre le M. cinctus et le M.

torresensis ; ils sont assez allongés, un peu cylindriques,

avec une large bordure jaune aux élytres et semblent

former une sous-variété ou une race locale. Dans le

226 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

collection du British Museum, il y a bien, sous la désigna-

tion cinctus, quelques spécimens de cette forme, provenant

des Iles Murray, Cornwallis et du Cap York. Mais les

véritables types viennent des Iles Thursday et ne me

paraissent pas différer des M. cinctus de Nouvelle Guinée

et des iles voisines. Le M. cinctus lui-méme peut difficile-

ment étre séparé du M. bison, qui varie suivant les prove-

nances et dont il constitue une variété.

Metopodontus roepstorffi Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 6, v, p. 35, dont les types sont également au

British Museum, ne peut guére étre considéré que comme

une variété du M. occipitalis Hope, dont la répartition

géographique est fort étendue et qui varie sensiblement

suivant les provenances. Les marques noires de la femelle,

plus fortes que dhabitude, n’ont pas grande importance ;

on retrouve d’ailleurs sur des femelles du M. occipitalis de

diverses localités la forte macule élytrale portée par les

femelles du M. roepstorffi.

Metopodontus occipitalis Hope, Cat., p. 13. Le type

male est un spécimen de forme moyenne, & mandibules

symétriques; la femelle, brillante, présente une suture

élytrale et des macules thoraciques trés nettes; les macules

céphaliques sont peu développées. Ces insectes n’ont

conservé aucune étiquette d’origine, mais la diagnose

indique quils proviennent des Philippines, ce qui concorde

bien avec leur structure.

Metopodontus inquinatus Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 18,

pl. 8., fig. 4. Je pense que le couple conservé au British

Museum est formé par les deux types. Cet insecte est

resté trés rare dans les collections; il est étroitement ap-

parenté au M. biplagiatus Westwood. Comme dans cette

espéce, mais d’une maniére moins nette, le male du M.

inquinatus porte trois carénes sur la face inférieure des

joues.

Prosopocoelus cavifrons Hope, Cat., p. 13. Le type est

un spécimen de forme majeure (U. O.).

Prosopocoelus lateralis Hope, Cat., p. 13. Il existe deux

types males, le premier est un exemplaire de forme majeure,

dont les mandibules sont dépourvues de dent médiane, le

second appartient a la forme mineure. La femelle type

est également conservée a Oxford. Quelques spécimens de

la collection portent le nom exaratus Dejean.

Prosopocoelus quadridens Hope, Cat., p. 14. Cette

espéce, et les quatre suivantes, sont restées trés douteuses

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 227

et l’examen que j’en ai fait ne m’a pas permis de déterminer

aussi exactement que je l’aurais désiré, leur synonymie

véritable. La question se complique du fait que l’attribu-

tion réelle du P. antilopus, Swederus, est également restée

problématique. Enfin il semble que les Prosopocoelus

africains de ce groupe soient a la fois trés proches et assez

variables, ce qui rend encore plus difficile leur délimitation

et leur synonymie.

Le P. quadridens type [Pl. IX, Fig. 8. mandibule] est un

insecte d’un roux obscur, plus foncé sur la téte et le thorax.

Les mandibules, la téte, le pronotum, sont finement et

réguliérement granuleux; les élytres sont dépolies, avec

la région suturale noircie et assez brillante; il existe de

faibles traces de cétes. L’exemplaire est un male de forme

majeure, dont les mandibules, légérement élargies a la base,

inermes sur la plus grande partie de leur longueur, portent

chacune deux dents antéapicales, dont la plus voisine de

apex est la plus forte. Ce sont donc les deux mandibules

considérées ensemble qui portent quatre dents. Cet insecte

est étiqueté comme venant de Sierra Leone. Un autre,

presque pareil, est indiqué de “‘ Cape Palmas.” Ces deux

exemplaires sont conservés au Musée d’Oxford. Je posséde

des spécimens tout a fait analogues venant de Sierra Leone,

d’Assinie, du Dahomey, et méme du Congo; je considére

également que le Prosopocoelus que lon recoit du Cameroun,

et qui est de couleur un peu plus claire, ne différe pas de

cette espéce, c’est, je pense, cette variété qui a été décrite

par M. Kolbe sous le nom de P. camarunus (Ent. Nachr.,

1897, p. 12).

Tous ces insectes, et spécialement certains spécimens du

Cameroun, semblent devoir étre rapportés au P. antilopus

Swederus, quoique la description et le dessin ne permettent

pas une affirmation absolue sur ce point. De toute facon,

il est certain que le P. quadridens est identique au suivant :

Prosopocoelus sayersi Hope, Cat., p. 14. Le type[Pl. IX,

fig. 9, mandibule], qui est également un male de grand

développement, a une dent de plus aux mandibules et

lextrémité fourchue de celles-ci est un peu plus plate.

La dent supplémentaire, qui est assez faible, est voisine

du milieu, et se trouve implantée dans le plan de la face

inférieure de la mandibule qui est, comme chez quadridens,

de section plutét carrée qu’arrondie. Or si l’on regarde

bien les mandibules du quadridens, on voit qu il existe une

faible caréne formant un rudiment de denticule au dessous

228 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

de la premiére dent et un peu plus prés de celle-ci que chez

le P. sayersi. Sauf des différences insignifiantes, les deux

spécimens sont identiques comme forme et couleur et le

nom de sayersi doit, de toute facon, ainsi que l’avait déja

indiqué Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 83) étre considéré comme un

simple synonyme de quadridens.

Prosopocoelus speculifer Hope, Cat., p. 14. Le male et

la femelle, qui sont les types de Hope, sont des spécimens

de petite taille. La couleur est sombre, avec la région

suturale rembrunie et noiratre. Les joues sont creuses,

la saillie de l’épistome est simple. Cette espéce, qui est

certainement identique a la suivante, P. picerpennis Hope,

décrite antérieurement, me parait pouvoir étre également

assimilée au P. camarunus Kolbe qui n’en différe guére

que par une coloration plus claire. Les types du P.

speculifer sont de Cape Palmas.

Prosopocoelus picerpennis Hope, Cat., p. 14. Le type

est un insecte de forme élégante et de couleur sombre,

appartenant 4 un développement moyen. Les mandibules

sont relativement assez gréles. Les bords du pronotum

ne sont pas droits, mais légérement concaves avant l’angle

médian. La téte et le prothorax sont granuleux. La

provenance, d’aprés l’étiquette ancienne, est Sierra Leone.

Parry a admis que les P. picerpennis et speculifer représen-

taient respectivement la forme moyenne et la forme mi-

neure du P. quadridens. S’il en est bien ainsi, comme je

suis aussi disposé 4 le croire, le nom de picerpennis aurait

la priorité sur les autres, mais ne serait valable que si la

description du P. antilopus Swed. devait étre rapportée a

une autre espéce, ce qui semble vraiment peu probable.

En résumé, dans l’état actuel de nos connaissances,

on peut considérer les P. piceipennis, quadridens, sayersi

et speculifer Hope, ainsi que le P. camarunus Kolbe,

comme synonymes du P. antilopus Swederus.

Prosopocoelus martini Hope, Cat., p. 14. Parry a admis

(Cat., 1864, p. 82) que cet insecte représentait une forme

du P. senegalensis Klug. L’insecte conservé a Oxford

différe certainement du P. piceipennis; il est encore plus

foncé comme couleur, la suture élytrale est largement

teintée de noir. Les canthus oculaires sont droits; les

cétés du prothorax sont concaves derriére langle médian.

Les tibias postérieurs sont inermes, comme Ilindique la

diagnose, mais portent un renflement indiquant que des

exemplaires plus petits et les femelles ont une épine a

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 229

cette paire de pattes comme a la précédente. L’épistome

forme une saillie simple, peu prononcée. Tous ces caractéres

se retrouvent chez le P. senegalensis et la synonymie donnée

par Parry me semble exacte.

Prosopocoelus hanningtoni Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1890, p. 34. Cette espéce, dont les types sont au

British Museum, se rattache au groupe du P. serricornis

Latr.; elle ne différe que par des caractéres sans importance

de l’espéce, largement répandue dans |’ Afrique orientale

allemande, qu a été ensuite décrite par M. Nonfried

sous le nom de P. brunneus (Ent. Nachr., 1892), et que

ce dernier considérait comme une variété du P. serricornis

Latr. de Madagascar.

Prosopococlus owent Hope, Cat., pp. 14, 15. Le type

est un petit male. Les mandibules présentent chacune

un tubercule inférieur, plus développé a droite, mais bien

distinct aussi a gauche. I] se rapporte bien aux spéci-

mens ordinairement déterminés comme P. oweni dans les

collections.

Prosopocoelus subangulatus, Hope, Cat., p. 24. Cet

insecte est conservé & Oxford, comme le précédent. Ainsi

que l’a indiqué Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 82), c’est la femelle

du P. owent.

Prosopocoelus bulbosus Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii,

p. 589, tab. xi, fig. 2, nec. P. bulbosus Hope, Cat., p. 20.

Parry a signalé (A Revised Catalogue of the Lucanoid Col.

etc. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 84) que le P. bulbosus

Hope, Cat., p., 20, était un autre insecte que le P. bulbosus

Hope antérieurement décrit dans les Trans. Linn. Soe.

Le vrai P. bulbosus, tel qwil a été figuré (loc. cit.) a la saillie

de l’épistome simple et le P. bulbosus du Catalogue a cette

saillie bituberculée. Je reviendrai, en parlant du P.

spencei Hope, sur les conclusions que Parry a cru devoir

tirer de cette constatation.

Le P. bulbosus type, conservé a Oxford, est certainement

celui qui a été décrit dans les Trans. Linn. Soc., 1841, p.

589. Il est bien conforme au dessin donné dans cette

publication (tab. xi, fig. 2). La saillie de l’épistome est

simple.

Par contre, je n’ai pas vu les spécimens ayant servi de

base a la description du Catalogue, mais il est trés possible

quwils existent dans la collection d’Oxford, mon attention

ne s étant pas portée sur l’intérét que présentait, en réalité,

leur recherche.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) Q

230 M. H. Belcan. Note sur Lucanides.

Prosopocoelus punctiger Hope, Cat., p. 24. C'est une

femelle, qui appartient certainement & ce groupe. II

serait nécessaire de |’examiner avec beaucoup de soin

pour pourvoir la rapporter a lune ou l’autre des espéces

connues et la synonymie (= spencer 2) donnée par Parry

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 85), est basée sur l’hypo-

thése incorrecte de lidentité du P. bulbosus Hope (Trans.

Linn. Soc.) et du P. spencer.

Prosopocoelus spencet Hope, Cat., p. 19. Cette espéce

qui a été décrite par Hope (Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi, p. 589)

d’aprés un male unique de développement maximum,

de la collection Cantor, est en réalité peu connue et a donné

lieu 4 des discussions anciennes, ainsi qu’a des confusions

nombreuses. L’étude du type, conservé a Oxford, est done

particuliérement intéressante.

Dans son premier Catalogue (1864, p. 37) Parry a exposé

les motifs pour lesquels il croyait devoir considérer P.

spencei comme étant la forme maxima, trés rare, du P.

bulbosus ; malgré l’aspect trés différent des mandibules,

il avait aisément reconnu la parenté des deux insectes.

Ultérieurement, dans son deuxiéme Catalogue (1870, p.

84), comme je l’ai dit plus haut. Parry a signalé quwil y

avait, en réalité, deux P. bulbosus distincts, Yun décrit

par Hope dans les Trans. Linn. Soc. en 1841 en méme temps

que le P. spencei, autre décrit dans le Catalogue des

Lucanides de la collection Hope en 1845. Les deux espéces

différent par la saillie de l’épistome, qui est simple

chez le premier et bituberculée chez le second; de

plus on peut remarquer que la taille indiquée pour les

deux spécimens types n’est pas exactement la méme: unc.

1, lin. 6 pour le premier, lin. 17 pour le second. Dans son

travail, Parry a admis 4 nouveau l’identité spécifique du

P. bulbosus décrit en 1841 et du P. spencei ; il a considéré,

de plus, que la P. crenicollis Thomson, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Trans., 1862, p. 418, était également assimilable au P.

spencei ; enfin ila laissé le nom de P. bulbosus & Vespéce

décrite dans le Catalogue Hope de 1845.

Plus tard encore, Parry semble avoir eu quelques doutes

sur identification du P. crenicollis Thomson, puisque dans

son troisiéme Catalogue, publié en 1875, le P. crenicollis

est rétabli au nombre des espéces distinctes et signalé, en

méme temps comme manquant a sa collection ; cette espéce

n’est d’ailleurs pas indiquée dans le Catalogue de la vente

de la collection en 1885. I] me parait probable que, dans

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 231

VYintervalle écoulé entre la publication de son deuxiéme et

de son troisiéme Catalogue, Parry aura eu loccasion de

voir en nature le P. crenicollis et qwil aura reconnu quwil

différait notablement du P. bulbosus Hope (Trans. Linn. Soc.)

qu il considérait toujours comme étant la forme mineure

du P. spencer.

Le fait que Parry n’a pas eu a sa disposition un spécimen

du P. crenicollis et n’a pu, par suite, le comparer au type

resté unique du P. spencei explique bien qu il ait persisté

a identifier le P. bulbosus 4 cette derniére espéce. La grande

forme des deux P. bulbosus n’a dailleurs été regue qu'une

dizaine d’années plus tard. Si, a ce moment, la synonymie

véritable n’a pu étre établie, malgré le bon dessin du P.

spencer donné par Parry (Cat., 1870, pl. 2. fig. 1), cela tient

a ce que ce dessin laisse un petit doute sur la position et la

grandeur de la dent médiane. On peut en effet supposer

qu il existe une dent supérieure dressée, dont les contours

auraient été faiblement indiqués, analogue a celle des

exemplaires de la forme maxima des P. bulbosus. La

description est d’ailleurs encore moins explicite que le dessin

sur ce point particulier.

En réalité, il n’y a aucune dent supérieure [ Pl. IX, fig. 6

a,b,c, mandibule; d menton], et la petite dent que l’on voit

sur le dessin de Parry et qu’on pourrait prendre pour la

projection de l’extrémité de la dent supérieure, est un

denticule placé sur la caréne interne inférieure. Cette

disposition est absolument différente de ce qui existe chez

P. bulbosus et suffit 4 séparer immédiatement les males

de développement majeur. Un autre caractére réside

dans la forme de la caréne suturale du menton, qui est

simple chez P. spencei et trilobée chez les deux P. bulbosus ;

ce caractére est d’autant plus marqué que le développement

est plus grand, les males de la forme mineure proprement

- dite ont la caréne suturale simple pour les trois espéces.

Enfin les canthus oculaires du P. spencei sont plus élargis

en arriére que ceux des deux P. bulbosus, les crénelures

thoraciques sont plus marquées et la forme est plus

élégante.

Il faut conclure de ces différences que P. spencer nest

pas la forme majeure de P. bulbosus Hope (Trans. Linn.

Soc.), qui constitue une espéce distincte.

I] en résulte immédiatement que P. bulbosus Hope, Cat.,

p. 20 qui constitue également une bonne espéce, doit

recevoilr un nouveau nom. II! me parait bien juste de lu

232°. M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

donner celui de Parry, qui a reconnu le premier la différence

des deux P. bulbosus décrits par Hope.

Quant au P. crenicollis Thomson, je n’ai pas de notes sur

les types de cette espéce, qui doivent faire partie de la col-

lection de M. R. Oberthiir, mais si je m’en rapporte a

Yexamen d'un spécimen qui faisait partie de la collection

Mniszech et que j’ai trouvé dans la collection van de Poll

avec l’étiquette “* Crenicollis, comparé”’ 11 serait identique

a linsecte que j’ai décrit en 1904 (Le Naturaliste, 15, xu,

p- 285) sous le nom de P. mordaz. La description de

Thomson, assez médiocre, s’'applique A peu prés a cet

insecte. J’ai peu de doutes que le P. laticeps Méllenkamp

dont la description a paru a la méme date (Ins. Borse, 15,

xii, p. 402) soit une espéce distincte de celle-ci, mais sa

description est trop sommaire pour que je puisse l’affirmer

absolument.

En étudiant le type du P. mordaz, et le spécimen du

P. crenicollis mentionné ci-dessus, ainsi qu'un exemplaire

de la méme espéce qui se trouve conservé au British Museum

et porte l’indication ‘‘ spencei Hope, crenicollis Thomson,”

il m’a paru probable que ces trois insectes appartiennent a

des formes mineures plus ou moins développées du P.

spencei. Le passage de la forme mineure de grande taille

a la forme maxima, étant trés brusque dans ce groupe, il

est difficile d’arriver 4 une certitude compléte tant qu’on

n’a pas vu une série suffisante de spécimens de taille variée,

mais la synonymie me parait d’autant plus vraisemblable

qu’on ne connait aucun autre insecte pouvant représenter

la forme mineure du P. spencez.

Si mes conclusions sont correctes, on peut donner le

tableau suivant des quatre espéces affines qui constituent

ce petit groupe :

A, Saillie de ’épistome simple.

a. Suture du menton formant une caréne lobée chez les

exemplaires de grand et moyen développement.

b. Une dent supérieure médiane chez les males de dévelop-

pement maximum.—l.

1. P. bulbosus Hope Trans. Linn. Soc., 1841, p. 589, pl. 40, fig. 2.

c. Suture du menton formant une caréne simple chez les

exemplaires de grand et moyen développement.

d. Pas de dent supérieure médiane chez les males de

développement maximum.—2.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 233

2. P. spencet Hope Trans. Linn. Soc., 1841, p. 589.—

Synonymes: P. crenicollis Thomson, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1862,

p. 418.

P. mordax, Boileau, Le Naturaliste, 1904, p. 285.

? P. laticeps, Méllenkamp, Ins. Borse, 1904, p. 402.

B. Saillie de Pépistome bituberculée.

a. Une dent supérieure médiane chez les males de dévelop-

pement maximum.

b. Suture du menton formant une caréne lobée chez les

exemplaires de grand et moyen développement.—3.

3. P. parryi n.n. (= P. bulbosus) Hope, Cat., p. 20.

c. Suture du menton formant une caréne simple chez les

exemplaires de grand et moyen développement.—4.

4. P, dentifer H. Deyrolle, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1865, p. 29, tab. 1,

fig. 5.

Pour cette derniére espéce, trés rare jusqu’a présent,

j ajouterai que la taille est plus petite et que les cotés du

prothorax sont trés faiblement crénelés.

Prosopocoelus tenuipes Hope, Cat., p. 18. Le type du

musée d’Oxford est une femelle brillante, appartenant

évitemment a un Prosopocoelus de la section du P. buddha

Hope. D’aprés les étiquettes anciennes, elle aurait été

envoyée des Philippines, par Cuming. La synonymie

donnée par Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 81) = cavifrons 9, parait

exacte.

Prosopocoelus curvipes Hope, Cat., p. 25. Le type d’Ox-

ford est une femelle de trés petite taille, noire et trés

brillante, ayant un aspect bien distinct de celui des autres

femelles du groupe. Outre l’étiquette d’origine “ Poona ”

cet insecte porte l’indication suivante : “Figuloides Parry, 9,

allied to bulbosus.” Parry a décrit (Cat. 1864, p. 35) le

male de cette curieuse petite espéce dont les rares exem-

plaires ne se trouvent que dans les anciennes collections.

Quoique trés distincte, c’est en effet du groupe du P. bulbosus,

plus spécialement du P. spencer: qu’on peut la rapprocher.

Le grand développement est inconnu. I] existe au British

Museum deux miles, dont l’un porte une note de Parry

“not in Hope’s coll.” Ce n’est pas le type, qui doit se

trouver actuellement dans la collection de M. R. Oberthiir.

L’autre male est intéressant comme appartenant a une

forme minima de l’espéce.

Aulacostethus archeri Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1869, p. 14 pl. in, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b—L’insecte paradoxal,

234 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucandes.

difficile 4 classer, trés exactement décrit par M. Waterhouse,

est, 4 ma connaissance, resté unique jusqu’a présent. I]

présente un curieux mélange de caractéres dont plusieurs

peuvent faire supposer une adaptation 4 une vie partielle-

ment souterraine: réduction des yeux, position de ces

organes, gracilité et briéveté des tarses, élargissement

considérable des extrémités des tibias médians et pos-

térieurs qui semblent disposés pour pousser en arriére

[B.M.] [Pl. EX, fig. 12 a, antenne; 12 6, extrémité du tibia

postérieur. |

Homoderus johnstoni Waterhouse (in Johnston, Uganda

Protectorate, 1902, i, p. 460). Un spécimen femelle,

conservé au British Museum, sans doute le type de l’espéce.

Elle porte Vindication de localité “ Entebbe. Oct. 1900.”

et une étiquette “ Sir H. H. Johnston, 1901, 281.” Crest

une femelle de forte taille quia la couleur d’un rouge obscur

de l’ H. gladiator Jakowleff. Elle ressemble extrémement

& la femelle du preussi Kolbe. Sa validité spécifique me

semble trés douteuse.

Prismognathus platycephalus Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1842, p. 83. Le type, conservé a Oxford, grand exemplaire

male.

Cantharolethrus buckleyi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1872, p. T7, tab. 1, fig. 1 g, fig. 2.9. Le musée d’Oxtord

posséde deux males et une femelle de cette rare espéce.

Le grand mile et la femelle sont les types de Parry.

Cyclommatus strigiceps Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 18,

tab. 8, fig. 5. Le type, conservé & Oxford, bien conforme

au dessin donné par Westwood: c’est un male de grand

développement, ne présentant aucune macule sur le disque

du pronotum.

Cyclommatus multidentatus Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p.

18, tab. 8, fig. 3. Cette espéce a été considérée par Parry

(Cat., 1864, p. 84) comme étant synonyme de la précédente

(strigiceps var. min.). L’exemplaire décrit par Westwood

doit étre celui qui se trouve dans la série du British Museum

avec l’étiquette ancienne “ K. India” “‘ Type Cyclophtalmus

multidentatus locat. in Or. Entomology.” Ce male, qui

appartient 4 la forme mineure, se distingue immédiatement

des autres C. strigiceps de développement analogue par

sa taille notablement plus forte, sa couleur plus rougeatre,

les cOtés du prothorax plus paralléles avec langle médian

moins épineux, les élytres plus striées. Je ne puis le

considérer comme appartenant 4 la méme espéce; il en est

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 2a)

voisin, mais distinct. II] serait utile de le comparer a des

C. mniszechi de méme développement.

Cyclommatus affinis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 40. Le type de Parry est conservé au British Museum ;

c’est un spécimen de forme moyenne, dont le dent basale

est quadridentée; l’épistome est un pentagone dont les

quatre cdtés libres sont légérement concaves. Avec ce

male s’en trouve un autre, de plus grand développement,

qui parait aussi provenir de la collection Parry. Chez

celui-ci la dent basale est simple et le triangle curviligne

antérieur de l’épistome forme des pointes aigués aux angles ;

le lobe interne de la région latérale antérieure de la téte,

contre la mandibule, est trés relevé.

M. Ritsema a admis la synonymie C. affinis Parry = C.

de haant Westwood. Je n’ai pas assez d’éléments pour

discuter actuellement cette question, je dois dire toutefois

que les C. de haani de Sumatra, déterminés par M. Ritsema,

que je posséde, me paraissent différer sensiblement du

type du C. affinis conservé au British Museum. La ques-

tion de provenance des deux espéces devrait étre tout

d’abord bien éclaircie. D’aprés Westwood, le C. de haant

était de Java. Ilse trouve ainsi indiqué dans le Catalogue

Hope, p. 5, et dans les trois Catalogues de Parry. Dans le

Cabinet Oriental, il est donné comme provenant de Bornéo,

mais on peut se demander si ce n’est pas a la suite de son

identification présumée (et d’ailleurs inexacte) avec le

C. rangifer Schonherr (= tarandus Thunberg). Le C.

macrognathus White MSS. cité par Westwood comme

étant un grand exemplaire du C. de haani parait bien étre

un C. tarandus, et c’est a lui certainement que s’ applique

le renseignement de la capture faite par M. Hugh Lowe a

Bornéo.

Outre cet exemplaire qui aurait fait partie des collections

du British Museum, et que je n’ai pas remarqué, Westwood

indique que l’espéce existait dans la collection Hope et

dans la collection Melly. Je ne puis rien dire de celle-ci,

ou parait étre le type véritable. L’exemplaire de la col-

lection Hope, conservé a Oxford, porte l’étiquette suivante :

“de haant g var. minor.” “Sumatra.” “Mus. Melly

for type.” Cespécimen est un male de faible taille (28 mm.)

dont les mandibules présentent un groupe basal et un groupe

terminal de plusieurs denticules, les deux groupes étant

séparés par un large intervalle inerme. Son aspect est

celui dun C. canaliculatus Ritsema, var. minor. Avec

236 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

lui sont trois spécimens, qui semblent intermédiaires entre

le C. canaliculatus typique et le C. frey-gessnert Ritsema.

Les exemplaires de C’. de haani du British Museum sont des

C. frey-gessneri, canaliculatus et consanguineus, les seuls

exemplaires qui se rapprochent du C. de haanz, tel que nous

le comprenons, sont les spécimens de C. affinis venant de la

collection Parry, cités plus haut.

Cyclommatus faunicolor Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1844, p. 106. L’exemplaire conservé au musée d’Oxford,

avec létiquette ancienne C. faunicolor, semble pareil a

celui figuré par Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1847, pl. 20,

fig. 1) mais ne porte aucune indication de type.

Leptinopterus polyodontus Hope, Cat., p. 15. Les deux

spécimens d’Oxford sont trés vraisemblablement les types

de Hope. Le male porte la provenance “ Bz.’’ (Brazil) la

femelle l’étiquette ‘‘ polyodontus.”’ Ce sont deux L. ibex

Billberg, un grand male nettement caractérisé, une belle

femelle.

Parry, dans son travail de 1864, n’a pas signalé cette

Ssynonymie et a laissé subsister le L. polyodontus Hope

comme espéce distincte. I] est & remarquer, cependant,

qu'il a donné, comme synonyme du L. cbex le L. polyodontus

Dejean, d’aprés Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, i, p. 78.—

Or dans le Catalogue Hope, l’indication ‘“‘ Dej. inédit ” est

donnée en téte de la description de l’espéce. Le Leptinopterus

polyodontus Hope n’existe done pas comme espéce. C’est

Burmeister qui a réellement décrit le L. polyodontus tel

que nous le comprenons (Handbuch, vol. v, p. 381).

Leptinopterus rufifemoratus Hope, Cat., p. 5, est bien la

femelle de L. femoratus Fab., comme l’ont indiqué Hope

lui-méme (loc. cit.) et Parry. (Cat. 1864, p. 85). U. O.

Leptinopterus melanarius Hope, Cat., p. 15. Le type est

un male de grand développement, qui correspond bien a

la description du Catalogue. La mandibule porte une

double dent basale peu développée, une forte dent inter-

médiaire, et se termine par trois denticules [pl. IX, fig. 4,

mandibules]. Il porte simplement Vindication de prove-

nance “ Bz.” et l’étiquette “ melanarius Hope Bz.” Le

British Museum posséde plusieurs spécimens tout a fait

pareils dont deux indiqués de “‘ Sao Paulo.” Il n’y a pas

de doute d’aprés la description de Burmeister (Hand-

buch, v, p. 379) que son L. morio ne soit identique au L.

melanarvus.

Leptinopterus funereus Hope, Cat., p. 15. Les types sont

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 237

un male moyen et une femelle. Il y a, de plus, un male

minimum. Le plus grand des deux males a des mandibules

assez développées, dépourvues de dent médiane, mais

Pextrémité est formée par trois denticules comme chez le

L. melanarius. Les tibias médians, chez ces deux types,

portent une épine, précédée d’une autre trés petite. La

ponctuation est analogue. L/identité spécifique, admise

par Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 85) me semble trés probable.

UO:

Leptinopterus politus Hope MSS., localité ‘ Bz.” (Brazil)

conservé a Oxford, est une femelle de L. ibex Billberg.

Leptinopterus ochropterus Hope MSS., spécimen portant

les indications “ Mex.” et ‘‘ Ochropterus mihi” est un male

moyen de L. tibialis Eschscholtz. U. O.

Leptinopterus v-niger Hope, Cat., p. 15. Plusieurs

males, et probablement une seule femelle ont servi a établir

la diagnose. Le male portant l’étiquette type, a Oxford,

est un spécimen de taille moyenne, de forme majeure,

étiqueté ““ v-nager Hope.” I] existe d’autres males étiquetés

Psalicerus cuspidatus. La femelle ne porte aucune étiquette

ancienne.

Leptinopterus fraternus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., 1874, p. 359, tab. 3, fig. 3, J. Les types, male et

femelle, sont conservés au British Museum.

Leptinopterus erythrocnemus Burmeister, Handbuch, v,

p. 378. Le British Museum posséde plusieurs spécimens de

cet insecte. Chez un male et deux femelles, on constate le

passage a la forme typique, qui est le L. tebialis Eschscholtz,

dont le L. erythrocnemus ne doit étre considéré, 4 mon avis,

que comme une variété.

Macrocrates bucephalus Hope, Cat., p. 15. Le type, con-

servé a Oxford, est un beau spécimen male. I] existe

également, dans la collection, sous les noms inédits de

Psalicerus rotundicollis Gory, nigripes Dej. une femelle

appartenant a la méme espéce.

Odontolabis burmeisteri Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1839, p. 279, tab. 13, fig. 3. Cat., p. 16. Le type est un

male de forme majeure, bel exemplaire, mais plus gréle que

ceux ordinairement conservés dans les anciennes collections.

Il porte Vindication de provenance “ Assam” qui est

erronée et en désaccord avec la diagnose qui donne “ My-

pore,” 'U. 0.

Odontolabis cuvera Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1843, p. 105,

tab. 10, fig. 3. Le type est bien conforme au dessin mais

238 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

ne porte plus aucune étiquette ancienne. C’est un spécimen |

de forme majeure, de taille plutdt faible. U. O.

Odontolabis prinseppi Hope, Cat., p. 16. Comme l’a

indiqué Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 75) le type est un male de

forme moyenne (f. mesodont Leuthner). U. O.

Odontolabis saundersi Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1843,

p. 105. Cat. p. 16. Le Catalogue mentionne sous le nom

de O. delesserta Guérin (= O. saundersi Hope, Cat. p. 5) un

couple. La collection d’Oxford contient une femelle qui,

comme l’a indiqué Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 75) est O. cwera;

ce spécimen provient de Khasyah-Hills. Deux males sont

étiquetés comme O. saundersi Hope. Le plus grand porte

une étiquette rouge, de Hope, “ Saundersii Hope” et une

autre blanche: “‘ bicolor.” D’aprés P’étiquette du Musée ce

serait le type d’ O. bicolor Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

ii, p. 177, tab. 16, fig. 3. Toutefois, le deuxiéme male, plus

petit, tout 4 fait de la forme priodont, porte une étiquette

ancienne.:: ‘‘ described by Saunders,” probablement de

Hope. Ily aun petit doute sur la question de savoir lequel

est le type du bicolor Saunders et lequel du delesserta Hope,

mais aucun sur le fait que ce sont tous deux des O. cwvera.

Hope ne semble pas avoir possédé le véritable O. delesserti

Guérin: tous les spécimens de sa collection sont des O.

cuvera venant de “ Khasyah-Hills.”’

Odontolabis sinensis Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 54,

tab. 26, fig. 2,3, g; fig. 4,9. Les types figurés par West-

wood sont conservés a Oxford.

Odontolabis dux Westwood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846,

p. 124. L’énorme exemplaire sur lequel a été fondée cette

espéce (= alces Fabr. f. telodont) et qui a été figuré par

Westwood (Cab. Or. Ent., p. 17, tab. 8, fig. 1) est conservé

au British Museum.

Odontolabis cumingi Hope, Cat., p. 17. Le type, exem-

plaire de forme moyenne (amphiodont) d’ O. alces porte de

trés nombreuses étiquettes anciennes. II a été disséqué

pour vérifier son sexe. Sa provenance est Manille. U. 0.

C’est au British Museum que se trouve conservée la curieuse

série des tétes d’O. alces, figurée par Leuthner (Mono-

graphie, p. 399) 4 ’appui de sa distinction des quatre princi-

pales formes mandibulaires des lucanides de ce groupe.

Cette division ne s’applique dailleurs qu’a un nombre

restreint d’espéces; elle est en discordance avec ce qu’on

remarque dans d’autres genres.

Odontolabis siva Hope, Cat., p. 16. Le male type est un

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 239

petit amphiodont. Il a été envoyé par le Dr. Cantor,

d’aprés l’ancienne étiquette. La femelle type est égale-

ment conservée a Oxford. Ainsi que l’a reconnu Leuthner

(Monographie, p. 438) Vindication Java, donnée par Hope,

Cat., p. 16, en contradiction avec celle donnée Cat., p. 5,

est erronée. L’erreur commise provient sans doute de ce

que cette espéce a été confondue avec O. bellicosus, Castel-

nau, qui en est assez voisine et vient de Java.

Odontolabis vishnu Hope, Cat., p. 17. Le type est un

male amphiodont de O. bellicosus Castelnau, ainsi que

la reconnu Parry. (Cat. 1864, p. 76.) L’étiquette an-

cienne indique la provenance “‘ Java” et porte la men-

tion “‘ Gazella $ Hope” au dessus de laquelle est écrit :

“Vishnu.” Cette indication concorde avec celle du

Catalogue, p. 5. “‘ Vishnu Hope, Java, an. L. Gazella

mes. Fabr.” qui est d’ailleurs erronée. U. O.

Odontolabis serrifer Hope, Cat., p. 17. Sous ce nom sont

conservés deux petits exemplaires de forme mineure (prio-

dont), qui paraissent étre des O. bellicosus, comme Il’a

indiqué Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 76). U. 0.

Odontolabis dalmani Hope, Cat., p. 17. Le type est un

assez grand male qui ressemble, comme forme, aux exem-

plaires de cette espéce provenant de Sumatra. La diag-

nose indique comme provenance “ Tenasserim,”’ ce qui est

possible. Aucune étiquette ancienne n’a été conservé pour

cet insecte. U. O.

Odontolabis platynotus Hope, Cat., p. 18. Les spécimens

considérés comme types par le musée d’Oxford sont deux

femelles, dont lune porte une étiquette ancienne “ gla-

bratus”’ et la provenance: “ Hast India.” Cette derniére,

un peu plus courte que l’autre, parait étre le type véritable.

Odontolabis emarginatus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1854, p. 49, pl. 3, figs. 4,5. Trois exemplaires, deux males,

une femelle, sont conservés sous ce nom a Oxford, mais

sans indication de type. I] n’est pas impossible que le plus

grand des deux males soit un des exemplaires de la collection

Saunders. Son étiquette, analogue a celle des autres

lucanides provenant de cette collection, porte les indica-

tions: “ Odontolabis emarginatus (Reiche MS.) ¢ minor.

W.W.S. Trans. Ent. Soc., n.s., vol. 3, pl. 3, fig. 5 g minor nec

2.” Parry a donné (Cat., 1864, p. 77) la synonymie O.

platynotus Hope. Leuthner (Monographie, p. 436) a émis

Vhypothése que la provenance indiquée par Hope était

inexacte. En réalité, la distribution géographique de

240 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

O. platynotus parait étendue, cette espéce, généralement

recue de Chine, se trouve aussi en Indo-Chine, au Tonkin,

et Fea en a rapporté un exemplaire de Birmanie. J’ai vu

plusieurs exemplaires indiqués de I’Inde, mais sans localité

précise.

Odontolabis femoralis Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1887, p. 486.—Cette espéce, dont les types, provenant de

Perak, ont été rapportés par M. Doherty et se trouvent

au British Museum, n’est pas autre chose que l’énorme

espéce retrouvée a Kina-Balu par M. Waterstradt, et

décrite, sous le nom de O. waterstradti, par M. von Rothen-

burg, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1900, p. 84.

Les deux males de Perak ont le pronotum rougeatre, l’un

d’eux a méme les angles latéraux marqués de jaune. Une

femelle de Perak figure également dans la collection.

Cette espéce a di étre regue antérieurement a 1887, car

jen ai trouvé, dans la collection Armitage, un mile,

visiblement ancien, indiqué “ Odontolabris n. sp. Penang.”

Le pronotum de ce spécimen est légérement rougeatre.

Il est intéressant, au point de vue de la distribution

géographique des espéces, de voir cette espéce de Malacca

se retrouver dans la région nord de Bornéo.

Au sujet de cet Odontolabis, il est utile de faire remarquer

que M. Mollenkamp a cru devoir considérer que O. water-

stradti n’était pas la forme typique de l’espéce mais une

variété, et a décrit, en conséquence, comme forme typique,

son O. kinabaluensis (Ins. Borse, 1904, p. 341). Il convient

de faire toutes réserves sur ces appréciations de ce qui est

ou n’est pas la forme typique d’une espéce encore fort peu

connue. On peut évidemment concevoir la forme typique

comme représentant la moyenne des formes variables de

Pespéce. Mais la détermination de cette moyenne est

excessivement délicate et, actuellement au moins, la seule

régle logique a suivre pour la nomenclature consiste a

respecter les antériorités.

Partant de la, le nom véritable de l’espéce est O. femoralis

Waterhouse; la forme typique est celle de Perak a prono-

tum légérement rougedtre et méme marqué de jaune aux

angles latéraux. O. waterstradti Rothenburg et O. kinaba-

luensis Méllenkamp ne représentent que deux variétés, la

premiére est méme trés douteuse comme validité, et doit

plutdt étre considérée comme une sous-variété ou race locale.

Odontolabis latipennis Hope, Cat., p. 17. Le type, con-

servé 4 Oxford, est une femelle étiquetée “ Dejeanw Reiche,

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 241

latipennis Hope verus” “ Pr. Wales.” (Prince of Wales

Isl.)

Odontolabis cephalotes Leuthner, monographie, p. 478.

Le spécimen, jusqu’a présent, je crois, seul connu de cette

espéce, est conservé au British Museum.

Cest un grand male, entiérement différent de I’ O.

striatus Deyr. et qui appartient, sans aucun doute, a une

espéce bien distincte.

L’hypothése faite par M. van Roon dans son Catalogue des

Lucanides (Tijdschr. v. Ent., i, 1907, pp. 58-70).—Tirage

a part p. 63, reproduite d’ailleurs dans la Pars 8 du

Coleopterorum Catalogus de Junk, du méme auteur, p. 39

(O. cephalotes Leuthner, placé avec un peu de doute dans le

genre Hulepidius) est Vailleurs sans fondement. L’insecte

n’a rien de commun avec Hulepidius luridus Westw., type

du genre, qui est un proche parent des Gnaphaloryz, et il

appartient bien aux Odontolabis. La différence la plus

frappante entre O. cephalotes et O. striatus est dans la forme

de la téte et des mandibules. Ces derniéres, aplaties en

largeur chez O. striatus, sont au contraire comprimées

latéralement chez O. cephalotes. La dent basale est simple

au leu d’étre double comme chez striatus et il existe une

forte caréne, surplombant le front, qui fait défaut, méme

chez les plus grands males connus de striatus.

I] convient de remarquer que cette forme, assez spéciale

pour le genre, se retrouve, autant qu’on en peut juger par la

figure publiée, chez O. sarasinorum Heller, espéce des

Célébes, également de petite taille, vraisemblablement

apparentée a O. cephalotes Leuthner.

Odontolabis elegans Méllenkamp, Ins. Borse, 1902,

p. 363.—Je crois utile de signaler ici qwil existe au British

Museum une femelle provenant de Malacca, ex collection

Atkinson, sous le nom de O. gazella, qui ressemble tout a

fait a la femelle de O. elegans. M. Zang a soutenu que

0. elegans MOll. devait étre considéré comme un simple

synonyme de O. mouhoti Parry, hypothése qui a été re-

poussée avec une véritable indignation par M. Méllenkamp,

qui s'est basé sur les “ 800 000 kilométres carrés”’ qui

existent entre Carin Cheba (Birmanie), patrie de O. elegans,

et le Cambodge, patrie de O. mouhoti, et sur ses ‘‘ 25 années

d’études sur les Lucanides” pour déclarer que M. Zang

manquait de toute preuve a l’appui de son affirmation.

Je dois dire que je ne puis partager cette maniére de voir,

et qu’ayant recu, de M. Gestro, les chasses de M. Fea, en

242 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

Birmanie, d’ou proviennent tous les exemplaires connus

de O. elegans, je n’ai pas cru pouvoir décrire cette espéce,

tant elle me paraissait proche de O. mouhoti. M. Mollen-

kamp déclare que O. elegans est “un petit lucanide gra-

cieux,” tandis que O. mouhoti a la téte large, et que les

élytres de O. elegans ne sont pas aussi longues que celles de

O. mouhoti sont larges. En réalité O. mouhoti est un peu

plus grand que les spécimens connus de O. elegans, cependant

le plus grand male (telodont) du Musée de Génes mesure

66 mm. (mand. incl.); les élytres ont 26 mm. de long., la

téte a 20°5 de large. O. mouhoti mesure 64 mm., avec des

élytres de 28 mm. et une téte de 22'5. La couleur ne semble

pas différer sensiblement et, sur une des excellentes planches

photographiques exécutées d’aprés quelques-unes des boites

de la collection R. Oberthiir, on peut se rendre compte que

aspect général n’est pas trés différent. D’aprés la figure

de Leuthner, le dessin des élytres est tout a fait pareil. Si

nous retrouvons, a Malacca, la femelle de O. elegans, l objec-

tion des ‘‘ 800,000 kilométres carrés”’ qui justifient, aux

yeux de M. Méllenkamp, la séparation, sans comparaison,

de deux espéces aussi voisines se trouve également trés

affaiblie, car il y a une bonne distance, me semble-t-il,

entre Carin Cheba et Malacca.

Sans affirmer l’identité ou la différence des deux espéces,

ce que l’examen du type de O. mouhoti permettrait seul de

faire, je tiens 4 dire que l’opinion de M. Zang prarait au

moins aussi fondée que celle de son contradicteur.

Odontolabis lowei Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873,

p. 336, pl. 5, fig. 1—Le type figuré, conservé au British

Museum, ne différe pas des spécimens recus de Kina-Balu a

une époque récente.

Chalcodes carinatus Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, 1735, p. 560.

On sait que H. Deyrolle a cru pouvoir séparer en trois

espéces distinctes le C. carinatus L.: C. cingalensis Parry,

C. intermedius Deyr. et C. nigritus Deyr. Les collections du

British Museum contiennent un bon nombre de spécimens

de ces diverses formes, qui ne sont d’ailleurs pas rares dans

les collections, quoique C. nigritus soit certainement moins

répandu que C. cingalensis. Une carte est jointe a cette

série et donne la distribution géographique des trois espéces

présumées distinctes. D’aprés ce document, C. nagritus et

C. intermedius seraient propres 4 Ceylan, tandis que C.

carinatus, également représenté 4 Ceylan, se retrouverait

sur toute la céte de Calcutta a Madras.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 243

L’examen d’un grand nombre d’exemplaires me fait

admettre qu'il existe certainement deux espéces : C. carina-

tus L. (cingalensis Parry) qui est la grande espéce, légére-

ment pubescente, et C. nigritus Deyr., de taille notablement

plus faible, trés noir, brillant, beaucoup plus anguleux

comme contours. Quant au C. intermedius Deyr., je ne

puis arriver 4 le considérer comme autre chose que la forme

mineure du C. carinatus.

Le type du C. cingalensis Parry doit se trouver dans la

série du British Museum, mais je ne l’ai pas spécialement

remarqué; il n’existe d’ailleurs aucun doute sur l’identifi-

cation de cette espéce 4 la suite du travail de Leuthner.

Chalcodes aeratus Hope, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1835, p. 99,

pl. 14, fig. 2. Cat.,p. 16. Deux males types sont conservés

a Oxford. Quoique la diagnose du catalogue indique

comme provenances Tenasserim et Pr. Wales Isl., un de

ces exemplaires porte l’indication de localité ‘‘ Khasyah

Hills” qui résulte sans doute d’une confusion.

Neolucanus saundersi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 20, pl. 9, fig. 3. Les types de cette espéce sont

conservés dans la collection R. Oberthiir ; il existe cependant,

dans la collection du British Museum un petit male

étiqueté : ‘‘ Bowring, 63, 47, India’ qui porte la mention

manuscrite de Parry: ‘ Sawndersi, priodont type.” Cet

insecte est un N. lama Ol. La femelle qui l’accompagne,

provenant également des chasses de Bowring, est aussi

N. lama.

Neolucanus baladeva Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1843,

p. 105. Cat. p. 17.—Les deux types males et le type femelle

existent dans la collection d’Oxford. Ce sont des N. lama

Olivier, ainsi qu’on l’admet d’ailleurs généralement. Le

plus grand male vient de Khasyah Hills. Le deuxiéme

porte la mention: ‘“‘ Ursus Lap. descriptio nec figura

convenit,” observation également faite dans la diagnose.

(N. ursus Lap. est O. bellicosus femelle.)

Neolucanus angulatus Hope, Cat., pp. 17, 18. Cette

espéce a été considérée par Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 78) comme

représentant la forme mineure de N. lama ou baladeva.

Cette opinion a toujours été considérée comme correcte.

Le doute, cependant, était permis. II existe certainement

deux espéces, confondues dans les collections sous le nom

de lama et qui, toutes deux, sont regues des mémes localités.

La plus grande, plus large et plus plate, présente, chez les

grands males, une dent supérieure dressée a l’extrémité

244 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

des mandibules. Celles-ci sont donc fourchues. La plus

petite, plus étroite, plus paralléle, n’a jamais, méme chez

les plus forts exemplaires, aucune trace de dent apicale

dressée, les mandibules sont simples a la pointe. La grande

espéce a les canthus oculaires saillants, souvent trés

anguleux et méme épineux, la téte toujours trés plate, le

métasternum ne porte aucune dépression. La petite

espéce a les canthus plus arrondis, ne formant jamais

une saillie épineuse, la téte est plus renflée en dessus et

par derriére, le métasternum porte toujours une dépression

en lozange trés marquée. Des différences analogues

permettent de séparer aisément les femelles: celles de la

petite espéce sont bien plus faibles, plus étroites et surtout

elles présentent toujours la dépression caractéristique du

métasternum.

Leuthner, dans sa remarquable monographie, a signalé

qu'il y avait une différence d’aspect entre les grands et les

petits spécimens de N. lama ; il a méme figuré une femelle

de la petite espéce, mais il n’a pas vu les différences con-

stantes qui séparent les deux formes; il se borne a dire

que Hope a nommé Lucanus angulatus la petite forme, qu'il

considérait comme une espéce distincte. (Leuthner, Mono-

graphie, p. 451.)

Ayant depuis assez langtemps reconnu l’existence des

deux espéces, je m’étais toujours demandé si le type de

N. angulatus Hope appartenait bien a la plus petite; je

pensais étre immédiatement fixé a Oxford, mais il n’en

a pas été tout a fait ainsi.

L’insecte indiqué comme angulatus type dans la collection

du Musée est un petit male de la petite espéce; il mesure

seulement (la téte un peu inclinée) 36 mm. Ce spécimen

porte Vindication : “ Angulatus Hope” “‘? baladeva var.”

Ce n'est évidemment pas le spécimen mentionné dans la

diagnose comme ayant 21 lignes.

Deux femelles, de la méme espéce, sont avec ce mile;

elles mesurent 36°5 mm: et sont indiquées de Khasyah

Hills, étiquettes anciennes ; elles dépassent un peu la mesure

de 16 lignes indiquée par la diagnose : 16 lignes.

Deux autres males, plus grands, conservés dans la méme

série que les insectes précédents, ont la méme étiquette

“Khasyah Hills” ; ils mesurent respectivement 41 et 45 mm.

(environ 19} et 214 lignes), mais ils appartiennent a la

grande espéce.

Par contre, il existe encore deux males de la petite espéce,

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 245

dont un seul porte une étiquette ancienne “K. Hills.”

L’autre parait plus récemment recu. I] est a remarquer

que le premier a son épingle coupée de la méme maniére

que celle du petit male type; c’est un insecte réparé, recollé,

qui a pu perdre une partie de ses étiquettes anciennes; il

mesure 45°5 mm. (environ 21} lignes), ce qui concorde

sensiblement avec Vindication du catalogue.

Leuthner indique 40 mm. comme longueur du N. angulatus

Hope, mais il ne dit pas que la mesure s’applique au type.

Toutes les probabilités me paraissent étre pour que le

type véritable soit le male de 45°5 mm., mais il y a cependant

une petite chance pour que ce soit un des males de l’autre

espéce. Au British Museum, il existe quatre males anciens

de la petite espéce, et les indications qu ils portent viennent

& lappui de la premiére hypothése. Un des males qui

parait avoir été étiqueté par Westwood porte: “ Angulatus,

Hope’s Collect.” : un autre, “ Angusticollis, Hope’s coll.”

Le troisiéme, par contre, est étiqueté, ‘‘ Chalcodes ?

Baladeva Hope.”

Je crois, en définitive, que l’on peut admettre l’identifica-

tion de la petite espéce au NV. angulatus Hope (Westwood)

et je propose en conséquence de lui restituer ce nom.

En plus des insectes mentionnés ci-dessus, se trouve,

a Oxford, un spécimen qui correspond a la derniére phrase

de la diagnose: “‘ Varietas Assamensis mandibulis parum

brevibus . . . etc.” Cet insecte est un N. saundersi

Parry, de forme mineure. I] porte d’ailleurs une mention

qui parait étre de Leuthner: “ Saunders: Parry nec

Hope ¢.”

Neolucanus glabratus De Haan, inédit; Hope, Cat.,

p. 18. Albers a parfaitement indiqué que la diagnose du

Lucanus laticollis Thunberg ne pouvait s’appliquer 4 un

Neolucanus et que la synonymie donnée par Reiche entre

les deux espéces était inexacte. Cette espéce est repré-

sentée 4 Oxford par plusieurs spécimens, dont deux males

indiqués comme types. Le plus grand seul correspond

aux dimensions données par la diagnose, mais tous deux

portent une étiquette ancienne “ Glabratus De Haan.”’

Un troisiéme male, plus petit, a en plus la mention “ Java,

Burm.” Une femelle porte la méme étiquette que les

deux premiers males. La provenance Assam doit étre

le résultat d’une erreur.

Deux autres femelles, indiquées comme “ Dorcus puncti-

ceps Hope” sont aussi des N. glabratus Hope.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) RB

246 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

Neolucanus nitidus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1854, pl. 4, fig. 1—Trois de ces insectes figurent dans la

collection d’Oxford et ont tous les mandibules arrachées,

procédé pour tuer les insectes spécialement peu recom-

mandable pour les lucanides. Le plus grand male, qui

est l’exemplaire figuré, est le seul portant l’étiquette :

“ Odontolabi(s) nite(dus) m(rht)”’ tronquée; c’est le vrai

type, il mesure 38 mm., les deux autres ont respectivement

35 et 32 mm. Le premier a une indication de provenance :

“ Shangai, Mr. Fortune.”

Cette espéce est restée peu commune. D’aprés les

males que je posséde, les mandibules sont assez courtes,

elles portent une fourche 4 l’extrémité apicale et quatre

forts denticules sur leur longueur. Mes exemplaires ne

sont pas trés développés, leur taille est un peu plus faible

que celle du type figuré, qui n’est probablement pas lui-

méme un réellement grand exemplaire. La femelle est

assez allongée, réguliérement ovalaire, moins brillante sur

les élytres que les males, les angles latéraux du prothorax

sont légérement arrondis, les canthus oculaires sont trés

arrondis, ainsi que le contour externe des mandibules.

Mes spécimens sont du Fokien.

Neolucanus championt Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 20.—La collection d’Oxford posséde plusieurs

spécimens de cette espéce. Le plus grand mile est le

type de Parry, il appartient 4 la forme majeure; les trois

autres males, ainsi que la femelle, viennent également de la

collection Parry; la femelle a été décrite et figurée par

Leuthner, avec le grand male (Monogr. p. 428, pl. 85,

figs. 8 J, 6 Q).

Le grand mile ressemble beaucoup 4 un N. opacus Boil.

qui serait entiérement dépoli et de forme gréle. Les

canthus sont tout a fait arrondis. La dent supérieure

apicale est forte et se relie a la dent inférieure par une

courbe peu concave.

Parry a indiqué (loc. cit.) que le type avait été envoyé

de Hong-Kong par le Major Champion, mais que d’autres

spécimens avaient été depuis rapportés de l’intérieur de la

Chine par Mr. Fortune. Des quatre spécimens d’Oxford, le

premier, le troisiéme et le quatriéme male, ainsi que la

femelle, sont de Hong-Kong. Le deuxiéme male a comme

provenance ‘‘ China or Thibet,” c’est un petit spécimen et

son attribution a l’espéce est peut-étre un peu douteuse.

Les exemplaires du N. champion du British Museum,

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 247

assez nombreux, sont de la provenance “‘ Victoria Peak—

Hong-Kong.”

Neolucanus sinicus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1854, p. 48, pl. 4, figs. 2, g, 3, 9—Trois males indiqués

comme rapportés par Mr. Fortune; le plus grand est

indiqué comme type; 11 mesure 37 mm.; un autre, un peu

plus petit, porte les mémes étiquettes anciennes. La

femelle d’Oxford n’est pas le type. Je crois les vrais types

au British Museum, mais ne les ai pas revus.

Neolucanus parry Leuthner, Monographie, p. 424,

pl. 85, fig. 4. Deux exemplaires, au British Museum, dont

le type, qui vient de Siam. L’autre spécimen, qui vient

du Laos (Mouhot) différe légérement du type et se rapproche

davantage du N. leuthnerv Boil.

Neolucanus marginatus Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly Mag.,

1873, p. 53. La femelle type est au British Museum, ainsi

que le male considéré par Mr. Waterhouse comme se rap-

portant probablement a cette espéce. Ce dernier exem-

plaire porte Vindication de provenance “ Lacken, Sikkim.

9000 feet.” J’ai déja signalé (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1899,

p. 178) a la suite d’une communication verbale de M. R.

Oberthiir, que cet insecte n’était certainement pas le male

du N. marginatus, qui est aujourd’hui bien connu, et qui

est bicolore, comme sa femelle. Mais croyant que cet

insecte était distinct, }’avais proposé de lui donner le nom

de son descripteur, Mr. Waterhouse, nom sous lequel il

figure dans le catalogue de Van Roon. (Coleopt. Catal.

Jung. pars 8, p. 16.) Aprés avoir examiné le type, je ne

vois pas de caractére permettant de le séparer du NV. lama

Ol. ; c’est, a ce qu’il me semble, un trés petit exemplaire de

cette espéce.

Je ne crois pas non plus que les deux petits males bico-

lores conservés au British Museum soient des N. marginatus.

Neolucanus castanopterus Hope, in Gray, Miscell. Zool.,

1831, p. 22: Cat., p. 18.—Le type est un male moyen,

provenant du Nepaul, envoyé par le Général Hardwicke.

WU: 0.

Hemisodorcus nepalensis Hope, in Gray, Zool. Miscell., 1,

1831, p. 22: Cat. p. 19.—Le type male appartient 4 la forme

moyenne; la femelle est également conservée 4 Oxford.

Hemisodorcus parryi Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1843,

p. 94: Cat. p. 20. Le type male est un H. nepalensis de

forme mineure et de petite taille; la femelle type est

également trés petite. U. O.

248 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

Hemisodorcus raffles’ Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1842,

p. 588, est un grand male de H. nepalensis, forme

majeure. U. O.

Hemisodorcus similis Hope, in Gray, Zool. Miscell. i,

1831, p. 22. D’aprés la diagnose, le type serait au British

Museum; je n’ai pu le retrouver. Au contraire, il est

indiqué par le musée d’Oxford comme faisant partie

de sa collection. L’insecte ainsi désigné comme type est

un H. nepalensis plus petit mais de plus grand développe-

ment mandibulaire que le H. nepalensis type. Les étiquettes

anciennes semblent bien indiquer que cet insecte est le

type du H. similis.

Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 86) a indiqué toutes ces synonymies,

qui prouvent, une fois de plus, combien certains descripteurs

ont de facilité a fractionner les espéces.

Hemisodorcus macleayi Hope, Cat., p. 19. Le type est

un male de trés grande taille pour l’espéce, de forme

majeure. U. O.

Digonophorus atkinsoni Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1895, p. 157.—Un male (type ou cotype ?) est con-

servé au British Museum. J’ai déja indiqué, d’aprés l’avis

de M. R. Oberthiir, que cet insecte était Hemisodorcus

elegans Parry (voir Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1899, p. 178).

Cette espéce a une certaine affinité avec Macrodorcus

rubrofemoratus Voll.

Hemisodorcus passaloides Hope, Cat., p. 24.—Le type

femelle de cette petite espéce est conservé a Oxford.—Cet

insecte est assez difficile a classer; il se rapproche des

Prosopocoelus du groupe du cilipes Thomson par plusieurs

caractéres, mais ses affinités semblent plus réelles avec

le Ditomoderus mirabilis Parry.

Ditomoderus mirabilis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 45, pl. 12, figs. 6, 6a-6e. Le type male de

cette intéressante espéce, certainement plus prés des

Cladognathides que des Dorcides vrais, se trouve au

British Museum; c’est un trés fort exemplaire, de Bornéo.

Il est accompagné d’une instructive série de six autres

spécimens, dont plusieurs de trés petite taille, et de quatre

femelles. Un des males, le quatriéme comme grandeur, qui

a& aussi appartenu a Parry, montre une dissymétrie

mandibulaire assez nette. Un male est de Sarawak,

plusieurs de Penang.

Eurytrachelus briareus Hope, Cat., p. 20.—Cet insecte

a été rapporté a E. bucephalus Perty par Parry (Cat., 1864,

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 249

p. 87). La description de Hope, surtout en ce qui concerne

les saillies intermandibulaires et les mandibules_ elles-

mémes semblent en eflet s’appliquer a cette espéce. J’ai

bien cherché le type a Oxford. Le seul insecte portant

Pétiquette “ Briareus Hope” est un Titan, étalé avec les

ailes ouvertes, dans la position du vol. C’est un exemplaire

assez grand. II ne porte aucune indication de provenance,

mais une étiquette “Cantor” ferait supposer que c’est

un exemplaire de I’Inde. Je doute beaucoup que ce soit

le type, qui est probablement perdu.

Eurytrachelus tityus Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842,

_p. 83. Un male, assez grand, et bel exemplaire, est con-

servé a Oxford, c’est trés probablement un cotype ou un

exemplaire typique offert par Parry, d’aprés l’étiquette

que porte cet insecte. Le catalogue de la vente de la

collection de Parry, annoté par A. Sallé, semble indiquer

que les types du #. tetyus ont di étre acquis pour le British

Museum, ot je ne les ai pas remarqués.

Eurytrachelus falco Hope, Cat., p. 6.—L’insecte indiqué

a Oxford comme type de cette espéce est un EF. tityus de

forme majeure qui porte les étiquettes “falco Laporte

MSS.” “falco Laporte?” Le £#. falco est simplement

mentionné p. 6 du Catalogue et n’a été décrit ni par

Laporte de Castelnau, ni par Hope ou Westwood.

Eurytrachelus punctilabris Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1842, p. 84 : Cat. p. 21—Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 88) a rapporté

cette espéce a H. reichei Hope. Je ne puis me ranger a son

opinion. Le type, conservé a Oxford, a les mandibules

gréles armées de deux dents intermédiaires a peine indiquées,

qui caractérisent les males mineurs de #. tityus. Il ap-

partient certainement a cette espéce. [Pl. IX, fig. 11,

mandibule. |

Eurytrachelus reichet Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842,

p. 83 : Cat., p. 21.—Trois males sont étiquetés comme types

a Oxford; ils mesurent 52, 51 et 47 mm. et sont tous trois

indiqués de “K. Hills.” Un autre spécimen, mesurant

50 mm. porte aussi une étiquette de Hope “‘ Reichei Hope”

et la localité “‘ Bengal.”

Eurytrachelus lineatopunctatus Hope, in Gray, Zool.

Miscell., i, 1831, p. 22: Cat., p. 23.—La description de

lespéce parle de males et de femelles. Il n’y a, 4 Oxford,

que des femelles indiquées comme types de cette espéce.

Toutes trois paraissent étre du Nepaul, deux sont explicite-

ment indiquées de cette provenance. Bien qu'il soit fort

250 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

difficile de distinguer les femelles de H. tetyus de celles de

E. reiwchei, je considére comme vraisemblable qu elles se

rapportent a cette derniére espéce. Parry les a, au con-

traire, rapportées a L. tityus (Cat., 1864, p. 87). A Vapput

de mon opinion vient la description donnée par Hope des

males venus avec ces femelles: dont la phrase suivante

est applicable a #. reichei, mais non a F. tityus : “ mandi-

bulis maris capitis longitudine falcatis dente parvo conico

ante medium interdum fere obsoleto . . .”

Eurytrachelus blanchardi Hope, Proc. Soc. Ent. Lond.,

1842, p. 84: Cat., p. 21. Le type male, conservé a Oxford,

est un FE. reicher Hope, forme moyenne (et non de forme

mineure comme l’a indiqué Parry, Cat., 1864, p. 88).

Eurytrachelus rugifrons Hope, Cat., p. 24.—Comme la

indiqué Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 87) la femelle type appartient

a E. bucephalus Perty. Elle porte les indications “ rugi-

frons Hope,” “ subcostatus Dup. Java.” Une autre

femelle est étiquetée “‘ subcostatus De Haan.” U. O.

Eurytrachelus candezer Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1870, ~ 90, pl. 1, fig. 2. Le type, figuré par Parry, est

conservé a Oxford. Parry a reconnu son identité avec

E. eurycephalus Burmeister (loc. cit., 1874, p. 371). Les

curieuses impressions du pronotum sont parfaitement

symétriques. On peut les expliquer par la déformation

produite par les mandibules d’un autre male alors que le

premier exemplaire n’était pas absolument solidifié, mais

cette hypothése est discutable. I] arrive assez souvent

que les petits males et les femelles du L. cervus présentent

des dépressions symétriques sur le pronotum.

Eurytrachelus chevrolati Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1842, p. 84: Cat. p. 20.—Le type est un grand male de

E. gypaétus Castelnau comme l’a indiqué Parry (qui

supposait H. saga identique a ces insectes). C’est un

exemplaire de forme assez lourde, avec des mandibules

moyennement allongées. Il porte létiquette de pro-

venance “ Khasyah Hills,” s’accordant avec l’indication

du descripteur et certainement inexacte. U. O.

Eurytrachelus dubius Hope, Cat., p. 21. Deux males

types sont conservés a Oxford. Le plus grand mesure

194 lignes, l’autre 18 lignes (environ 41°5 et 38 mm.). Ce

sont des EL. gypaétus Cast., de forme moyenne, dont les

mandibules portent encore des soies, et non des spécimens

de forme mineure. La provenance des deux exemplaires

est “ Java,” contrairement a l’indication de la diagnose.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 251

Eurytrachelus incertus Hope, Cat., p. 22. Deux miles

sont indiqués comme types 4 Oxford. Ils appartiennent

tous deux a la forme moyenne, l’un de E. gypaétus Cast.,

Pautre de E. cribriceps Chevrolat. Le premier est étiqueté

“ Java,’ le deuxiéme, et une femelle placée avec lui,

“Manille.” Le gypaétus est le plus grand des deux.

Eurytrachelus vndeterminatus Hope, Cat., p. 22. C'est

un petit male de #. gypaétus, appartenant a la forme

capito Albers. Provenance “ Java.” U.O. Sous le nom

inédit de Dorcus megacephalus Gory, est conservé également

un autre male capito plus grand.

Eurytrachelus javanus Hope, Cat., p. 6. Cet insecte,

cité, mais non décrit dans le Catalogue, se trouve 4 Oxford,

c’est une femelle de H. gypactus.

Eurytrachelus moloschus Hope, Cat., p. 21. Trois ex-

emplaires, deux males (types) et une femelle, conservés a

Oxford. Ce sont des H. cribriceps, comme Ila reconnu

Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 88). Un male et la femelle portent

Vindication “I. Phillip. de Cuming MSS.,” Tautre male

* Manille, coll. Miers.”

Eurytrachelus submolaris Hope, Cat., p. 23. Le male

type est conservé a Oxford. C’est un exemplaire de petite

taille, qui a été indiqué par Parry comme espéce distincte,

dans son premier Catalogue, puis simplement supprimé

dans les suivants. II figure dans le premier sous le nom

de Dorcus submolaris Hope et le D. bengalensis Hope est

donné comme étant sa variété mineure. Je reviendrai sur

cette deuxiéme espéce.

Le type du submolaris [pl. IX, fig. 10 mandibule] est

un male de 31°5 mm. envoyé par Cantor, de |’ Assam.

C’est un insecte parfaitement distinct de E. reichei et de

E. tityus, mais apparenté a ce dernier. J’ai pu en réunir

une vingtaine d’exemplaires dans ma collection; ils sont

trés homogénes quoique variant de provenance. C’est a

cette espéce que se rattache mon Dorcus brachycerus (Bull.

Soc. Ent. Fr., 1904, p. 27) du Kaschmyr, quoiqu’il ne me

paraisse pas identique aux spécimens de |’Assam. [I

constitue vraisemblablement une forme locale ou une

variété, ce que je ne puis affirmer absolument, n’en ayant

que de petits développements. Je posséde, au contraire,

d’assez grands males de EH. submolaris, mais non encore

la forme majeure. Tous les spécimens se distinguent par

une forme robuste et ramassée, les élytres sont a peine

striées latéralement, méme chez les plus petits males. Les

252 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

contours de la téte sont remarquablement arrondis. L’arma-

ture mandibulaire des males moyens ressemble beaucoup &

celle de H. t2tyus, mais la mandibule est plus courte et plus

large.

Eurytrachelus (%) bengalensis Hope, Cat., p. 22. Le

type male est conservé a Oxford. C’est un petit spécimen,

de la taille d’un petit Dorcus parallelepipedus L.; ses élytres

sont presque tout a fait dépourvues de strioles qui n’exi-

stent que sur les cdtes; elles sont assez finement ponctuées ;

la téte est assez large, les mandibules ont une dent basale

simple. Ces caractéres suffisent pour prouver que &.

bengalensis ne peut étre H. reicher min., puisque les élytres

ne sont pas striées; il ne peut étre ni H. tityus ni EF. sub-

molaris, comme l’avait supposé Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 89),

puisque chez les petits males de ces espéces il n’y a pas

de dent basale a la mandibule.

Je pense qui si cet insecte est la forme mineure d’une

espéce déja nommée, ce serait plutdt avec D. glabripennis

Westwood qu'il conviendrait de vérifier ses affinités, mais

je ne connais pas, d’une maniére certaine, les petits

développements de cette rare espéce.

Eurytrachelus wickhami Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1894, p. 283. Type male au British Museum.

Eurytrachelus pilosipes Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1883, p. 447, pl. 21, fig. 1. Les deux males conservés

au British Museum, types de l’espéce, rappellent entiére-

ment l’#. intermedius Gestro dont ils ne différent que par

les mandibules. D’aprés les spécimens de cette espéce

qui ont été regus plus récemment, elle semble co-exister

aux I. Salomon avec I’F. intermedius.

Dorcus antaeus Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 83:

Cat., p. 20. Le type est un bel exemplaire male de “ K.

Hills.” U. O.

Dorcus mercurius Hope. Sous ce nom, inédit, figurent

a Oxford deux petits males de lespéce précédente.

Dorcus scaritoides Hope, Cat., p. 24. La femelle type

de cette espéce est un D. antaeus Hope de faible taille

provenant, comme le male, de “K. Hills.” Elle porte

une étiquette: “ Antaeus 2? tityus?” Parry a indiqué,

avec doute (Cat., 1864, p. 90), Pidentité présumée de D.

scaritoides et de D. antaeus. I] a simplement supprimé

cette espéce dans ses deux autres Catalogues.

Dorcus de haan Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1843, p. 106:

Cat. p. 22.—Le musée d’Oxford posséde un male cotype

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 200

de cette espéce, et le type femelle. Le male est un petit

spécimen a élytres striées réguliérement. I] porte les indica-

tions : ““ Khasyah Hills” et ““ De Haani Hope.” La femelle

a les mémes étiquettes.

Dorcus curvidens Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1842, p. 589 :

Cat. p. 22. Le type est conservé a Oxford. II porte les

indications suivantes: “Assam, 8. Jones” “‘ Curvidens

Hope” “‘ Antaeus var. 3.” Cet insecte est un male de

D. de haan, de forme moyenne, avec les cétés des élytres

striés. Parry a donné la synonymie: Cwrvidens = de

haant var. min. (Cat., 1864, p. 88). En réalité, D.

curvidens est le vrai nom de cette espéce. Non seulement

la description du D. curvidens est antérieure d’une

année a celle du D. de haani, mais encore, des deux

spécimens décrits, c'est sans aucun doute de haani qui

appartient a la forme la moins développée. La longueur

indiquée pour D. curvidens est 21 lignes, celle donnée pour

de haan est seulement 17 lignes. La description des

élytres montre bien d’ailleurs que la différence signalée

plus haut entre D. curvidens et D. de haani cotype existait

de méme avec D. de haan type. Le nom de de haani doit,

réguliérement, passer en synonymie.

Dorcus glabripennis Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. -Lond.,

1871, p. 359, pl. 8, fig. 6. Le type, conservé au British

Museum, ressemble peu a la figure, bien que Westwood

ait été, en général, un dessinateur aussi habile qu’exact.

Les cotes élytrales sont peu apparentes et les élytres sont,

en réalité, assez lisses et brillantes. Un male plus petit,

étiqueté par Parry “var. minor” de “ Khasyah Hills”

ressemble a un #. brachycerus ou submolaris, ses élytres

sont brillantes, sans cétes ou stries plus apparentes que

chez le type.

Dorcus vicinus Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1854,

p. 51, pl. 4, fig 9. Type au British Museum, ot: la femelle

se trouve également conservée.

Dorcus suturalis Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 358, pl. 8, fig. 5. Type male au British Museum.

Les femelles n’appartiennent pas 4 cette espéce; ce sont

des femelles de H. brachycerus. Le D. suturalis, qui a

été récemment recu en assez fortes séries, est apparenté a

Pespéce suivante.

Dorcus ratiocinativus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 356, pl. 8, fig. 2—Cette espéce a été recue en

nombre par M. R. Oberthiir il y a une douzaine d’années,

254 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

ce qui a permis de connaitre la femelle. Les spécimens ainsi

recgus sont, d'une maniére générale, plus grands que le type

du British Museum, mais lui ressemblent trés exactement.

Dorcus rudis Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 35, pl. 9, fig. 4, 4a-4g. Le type femelle de cet insecte

est conservé au British Museum. JD. rudis a toujours été

un peu une énigme pour les spécialistes. On en recoit,

quoique rarement, des exemplaires isolés. J’en ai vu un

a Bruxelles (Museum) et j’en ai réuni quatre dans ma

collection. Mais le male reste introuvable, soit que nous

le connaissions déja et que nous ne sachions pas reconnaitre

ses affinités avec sa femelle, soit quil n’ait pas encore été

envoyé en Kurope.

Le dernier catalogue des Lucanides, di a M. van Roon,

me préte une énormité dont je crois étre incapable en

mattribuant la synonymie inattendue D. rudis= D.

derelictus Parry. Je ne sais ou M. van Roon a trouvé ce

renseignement.

Dorcus derelictus Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862,

p. 112.—Le type est également au British Museum. Comme

D. rudis, D. derelictus a exercé la sagacité des spécialistes,

mais je crois que ses affinités sont beaucoup plus certaines

et, aprés avoir examiné le type, je maintiens entiérement

lopinion que j’ai donnée autrefois (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg.

1902, p. 58) que cet insecte est la femelle d’un Dorcide

trés voisin de Macrodorcus rubrofemoratus Voll. Le spéci-

men du British Museum est d’un noir franc, avec reflets

soyeux, dans le genre des femelles de Rhaetus westwoodt.

Les pattes antérieures sont cintrées concaves extérieure-

ment. Les fémurs ne sont pas tout a fait noirs, mais ont

une faible teinte rougeatre, l’extrémité des tibias antérieurs

est tout a fait du méme modeéle que chez M. rubrofemoratus.

J’ail vu deux autres spécimens, qui m’ont été communiqués

par M. Mollenkamp et qui ne me paraissent pas différer

du type. L’espéce est plus grande que Macrodorcus

(Hemisodorcus) rubrofemoratus, mais voisine de cette espéce

et de H. arrowi Boil.

Macrodorcus opacus, Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly Mag.,

1870, p. 208, est bien, comme I’a indiqué Lewis, un male

de grand développement de M. striatipennis Motschulsky.

B. M.

Metallactulus parvulus Hope, Cat., p. 25. Les types de

Hope conservés a Oxford sont deux femelles, provenance

“ Manille.”’

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 255

Gnaphaloryx squalidus Hope, Cat., p. 19. Les types, un

male et une femelle, sont également a Oxford.

Gnaphaloryx sculptipennis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 52. Le type male, qui se trouve au British

Museum, est un petit exemplaire.

Eulepidius luridus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1874, p. 357, pl. 3, fig. 1. Le type de ce rare insecte est

conservé a Londres. Je pense que sa place est bien a

cété des Gnaphaloryx, mais ceux-ci ne sont pas correctement

classés dans les Dorcides.

Aegotypus trilobatus Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862,

p. 113. Il a été décrit trois espéces d’ Aegotypus. L’ Ae.

trilobatus est nettement distinct d’Ae. armatus Boil. I]

se rapproche beaucoup plus d’de. lobicollis Jakowlefi ou,

tout au moins, de l’espéce de Kina-Balu qui est répandue

sous ce nom. Le grand male d’de. trilobatus porte une

créte frontale bien développée. La saillie antérieure du

prothorax est lobée comme chez les exemplaires de Kina-

Balu. La femelle est seulement ondulée sur les cotés du

prothorax; cette forme varie un peu suivant les spécimens

chez Ae. lobicollis. L’écart des deux espéces est trés faible,

s'il existe.

Aegus chelifer MacLeay, Horae Ent., 1819, p. 113.—Le

British Museum posséde un spécimen qui, d’aprés Parry

(Cat. 1864, p. 54), aurait été envoyé par Mr. MacLeay

lui-rméme, avec l’indication de l’habitat ‘‘ Australia’ sur

son étiquette. Parry, dans la note qu'il consacre a cette

espéce, identifie ce spécimen avec ceux recus par Mniszech

et lui-méme du Cambodge et de la péninsule Malaise.

Au Cambodge existe une assez grande espéce, voisine

d’ Ae. acuminatus Fab. mais ayant les mandibules armées

d’une dent toujours simple, assez avancée vers l’apex, et

les élytres brillantes sur les cétés. Par contre cette espéce

ne semble pas se trouver en Malaisie. Elle a été décrite

par Jakowleff, sous le nom d’Aegus specularis (Horae Soc.

Ent. Ross., 1900, p. 633). Une autre espéce, plus petite,

répond également a la description donnée par Parry dans

sa note. Elle différe davantage que la précédente d’ Aegus

acuminatus, et a les intervalles des élytres bombés au lieu

d’étre plats. La distribution géographique semble assez

large. Bornéo, Malacca, sont ses provenances les plus

certaines. Quelques exemplaires sont indiqués de Java,

sans grande certitude, et de Sumatra. J’ai décrit cette

espéce sous le nom d’Aegus nitidus (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.,

256 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

1899, p. 321), pensant, d’aprés la provenance : “ Cambodge”

que le véritable Aegus chelifer devait étre la grande espéce

indo-chinoise. L’examen du spécimen cotype d’Aegus

chelifer, conservé au British Museum, montre immédiate-

ment que c’est a cette derniére espéce qu'il se rapporte.

L’insecte porte les indications suivantes: “ Aegus chelifer

MacLeay,” “ Australasia, 1736,” “Chelifer, 1736.” Ce

spécimen se rapproche davantage de ceux recus de Singapore

que de ceux recus de Bornéo. Sans discuter indication

“ Australasia’ qui reste douteuse, nous devons considérer

ce cotype comme vraisemblablement correct et mettre

Ae. nitidus en synonymie.

Aegus platyodon Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862, p.

112.—Le type (British Museum) de cette espéce est un

assez grand male, provenant de Gilolo, par Wallace. Cette

espéce varie un peu suivant les localités. Le type a le

pronotum assez brillant, le dessous du menton et le sous-

menton sont couverts d’une ponctuation cicatricielle

confluente.

Aegus blandus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 57.

Le type male, conservé au British Museum est, je crois,

toujours l’unique exemplaire connu. C’est un insecte

d’aspect trés distinct, allongé, avec une grosse téte et de

courtes mandibules simples, armées d’une dent basale

également simple; les intervalles des élytres sont plats,

lisses mais peu brillants, le pronotum assez brillant.

Aegus woodfordi Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 38. Types male et femelle au British Museum.

Le male est un petit exemplaire. Les males majeurs de

cette espéce ont un aspect assez différent. Les mandibules

sont toujours velues en dessous.

Aegus glaber Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 59.

Le type est un trés petit male. B. M.

Aegus curtist Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 36. Type au British Museum. Est apparenté a Ae.

oxygonus Jakowleff, mais distinct.

Aegus parryi Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 37. Cette espéce est représentée par trois spécimens,

qui viennent de la collection Parry et sont, vraisembla-

blement, d’origines distinctes. I] y a au moins deux

espéces différentes sous le méme nom.

Le plus grand male doit étre considéré comme le vrai

type; il a les mandibules terminées par un biseau vertical,

la dent basale est bien détachée. oblique, et obliquement

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 257

coupée, de sorte quelle forme un angle obtus vers la

mandibule a laquelle elle appartient et un angle aigu a

son extrémité, du cdté de autre mandibule. Cette forme

rappelle beaucoup celle des mandibules de l’Aegus hoped

Boil., et les deux espéces sont certainement trés voisines,

sinon identiques, ce que je ne puis affirmer, n’ayant pu

comparer les types et n’ayant rapporté qu'un croquis de

lAe. parrys. [Pl. IX, fig. 15, mandibule.] Celui-ci est

indiqué de Sarawak. Hope est de Palembang.

Le deuxiéme exemplaire me semble identique 4 mon

Ae. westwoodi; il en a la dent basale simple et la forte

caréne apicale des mandibules. [Pl. IX, fig. 16, mandibule.]

Le troisiéme exemplaire, d’aprés un croquis envoyé autre-

fois 2 M. Ritsema, qui me l’avait communiqué, était un

petit spécimen avec mandibules aigués a la pointe et dent

basale simple, comme les ont les petits spécimens d’Ae.

malaccus Thomson. Ce type était réduit a état de débris

lorsque je lai vu en nature, B. M.

Aegus roepstorffi Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 36. Les types, conservés au British Museum, sont des

Iles Andamans. La méme espéce existe aux Iles Nicobar.

Aegus subnitidus Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly Mag., 1873,

p. 277. Le type est un petit male 4 dent basale aigué. B. M.

Aegus kandiensis Hope, Cat., p. 6: Parry, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 61, pl. 2, figs. 5-8. Cette espéce, que

Parry a bien voulu considérer comme attribuable a Hope,

qui l’a simplement nommée, et a tort, comme un synonyme

d’Ae. cicatricosus Wied, lui-méme forme mineure d’Ae.

acuminatus Fab., a été, en réalité, décrite par Parry dans

son deuxiéme Catalogue. Le vrai type doit donc étre

considéré comme étant le grand male figuré a cette occa-

sion ; il fut acquis par H. Deyrolle a la vente de la collection ;

peut-étre se trouve-t-il actuellement dans la collection de

M. R. Oberthiir.

L’insecte nommé par Hope est conservé & Oxford;

c’est un petit male, provenance “‘ Kandy.” Le pronotum

est ponctué et brillant, la dent basale des mandibules est

simple.

Aegus parallelus Hope, Cat., p. 22. Le type est conservé

a Oxford, il m’a été communiqué et j’ai pu l’examiner

avec soin. C’est certainement un petit spécimen apparte-

nant, soit a Aegus labilis Westwood, soit a Aegus platy-

cephalus Westwood. En raison de la provenance: “‘ Kha-

syah Hills” il convient de la rapporter a la premiére de

258 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

ces deux espéces et, en raison des dates de description le

nom de parallelus doit faire passer en synonymie le nom

de labilis. Westwood a dailleurs lui-méme admis que

Ae. parallelus était la forme mineure d’Ae. labilis et que

Ae. aequalis Westwood était trés probablement identique

a Ae. parallelus. (Vide Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 56.)

Aegus eschscholizi Hope, Cat., p. 22. Le type male

appartient au développement maximum. Son étiquette

de provenance semble indiquer Java, contrairement a la

diagnose qui donne ‘‘ Tenasserim.” U. O.

Aegus striatus Hope, non décrit, est representé & Oxford

par un petit male d’Aegus acuminatus sans indication de

provenance.

Aegus fronticorns Hope, également non décrit, est un

male moyen, provenance “ Kandy,” d’Aegus kandiensis

Parry. U0.

Aegus punctiger Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1854,

p. 54, dont le type existe a Oxford est, comme l|’a indiqué

Parry (Cat. 1864, p. 92) la femelle d’ Ae. laevicollis Saunders.

Alcimus dilatatus Fairmaire, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 416,

pl. 11, fig. 6. M. Waterhouse a décrit la grande forme de

cette espéce, dont le type de Fairmaire est un petit spéci-

men. Le grand male, qui faisait partie de la collection

Parry est maintenant conservé au British Museum.

[Ply 1X; fie: 3.)

Paraegus listeri Gahan, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1888, p. 539.

Types males et femelles au British Museum. Cette espéce

ressemble aux Aegus lansberger et rotundatus Boil., et

rappelle également certains Lissotes.

Apterocyclus honoluluensis Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1871, p. 315, fig. 9. Le croquis publié avec la

description ne permet pas de se rendre compte de l’aspect

de l’insecte, qui ressemble assez a un Sclerostomus, de la

taille du S. bacchus. M. Sharp a publié les descriptions de

plusieurs autres espéces dont j’ai vu les spécimens, et qui,

ace qu'il m’a semblé, sont vraiment bien voisines les unes

des autres. B. M.

Sclerostomus fairmairer Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 61, type male. B. M.

Sclerostomus philippii Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 61, pl. 11, fig. 5. Types male et femelle. Le

male est un exemplaire moyen. La dent basale tridentée

s’'atténue beaucoup chez les spécimens de plus grand

développement.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 259

Sclerostomus buckleyz Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1886, p. 497. Les femelles, indiquées comme types

n’appartiennent pas, 4 mon avis, a la méme espéce que le

male ; elles sont trés courtes et larges, ternes, d’une couleur

rougeatre nuancée de noir, avec des strioles et non des stries

réguliéres comme celles du male; il y a un angle postérieur

épineux trés net au prothorax qui n’existe nullement chez

le male; je ne serais pas éloigné de penser que ces femelles

appartiennent au genre Aegognathus Leuthner.

Sclerostomus darwinit Hope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845,

p-. 302: Cat., p. 25. Type male conservé 4 Oxford; parait

étre, comme l’a indiqué Parry, S. femoralis Guérin, mais

nest pas un grand exemplaire.

Sclerostomus rubripes Hope, Cat., p. 26. La provenance

du type male est “ Magellan,” c’est un S. femoralis de

faible développement. (Parry, Cat. 1884, p. 95.) U.O.

Sclerostomus variolosus Hope, Cat., p. 25. Les types

d’Oxford se rapportent bien au S. caelatus Blanchard,

comme I’a indiqué Parry (Cat., 1864, p. 95).

Sclerostomus bacchus Hope, Cat., p. 26. Type male,

conservé a Oxford.

Sclerostomus ditomoides Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1855, p. 208, pl. 11, fig. 4. La synonymie indiquée

par Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 96, ne me

parait pas certaine. I] semble d’ailleurs que Parry ait

eu lui-méme des doutes 4 ce sujet, puisque, dans son

Catalogue de 1875 il a rétabli, quoique avec doute, S.

neotragus Westwood = ditomoides Westwood (teste Parry)

comme une espéce distincte de S. cruentus Burmeister. U. O.

Scortizus wroratus Hope, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835,

p- 100, pl. 14, fig. 3. L’insecte conservé comme type a

Oxford est un male de cette espéce, le vrai type doit étre

une femelle.

Scortizus costatus Hope, Cat. p. 27. Types male et

femelle. U. O.

Aegognathus Waterhousei, Leuthner, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1883, p. 445, pl. 21, fig. 3. La figure qui a été

donnée de cet insecte est bonne, mais les mandibules sont

dans une position anormale qui en change l’aspect. Les

élytres ont l’apparence pruineuse de celles de certains

Sclerostomus, mais la forme de l’extrémité des tibias, étroite

et peu épineuse chez Aegognathus, éloigne ces deux genres

et rapproche plutdt le dernier des Aumicerus, tout en

restant trés distinct. L’extrémité des mandibules est

260 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

coupée en biseau un peu élargi en spatule, avec une trace

de denticule anté-apical. B. M.

Charagmophorus lineatus Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 1895, p. 495. Type male au British Museum.

[Pl. IX, fig. 2.]

Auaicerus platyceps Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

1883, p. 387. Le type est un insecte trés gracile, c’est un

male de développement moyen. Les mandibules portent

une trace de la dent d’arrét placée sur la partie supérieure,

un peu au dela du milieu. B. M.

Platycerus caucasicus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 60. Le type male est conservé au British Museum.

Pseudodorcus hydrophiloides Hope, Cat., p. 23. Le male

de cette espéce énigmatique est conservé a Oxford, la

femelle au British Museum. Cet insecte est resté extréme-

ment rare jusqua présent, et peu connu. Le male

[ Pl. IX, fig. 1-la, antenne] a tout a fait ’aspect d’une grosse

femelle d’Hurytrachelus du groupe de E. intermedius, mais

plus large, et avec des mandibules beaucoup plus compli-

quées. La femelle a la méme taille que le male, mais la

téte est un peu plus petite et les mandibules présentent

une dent simple vers apex. Celles du male sont sensible-

ment égales a la longueur de la téte; elles sont convexes

extérieurement, leur pointe est simple; il existe une dent

basale double a gauche, simple et projetée vers avant a

droite, et une dent médiane double placée un peu plus bas

a droite qu’a gauche. Le front est concave et brillant,

Pépistome forme une saillie conique dont la forme est celle

d'une accolade a pointe assez développée, la partie qui

avance est en relief sur le reste. L’antenne est bien

coudée et ressemble beaucoup a celle d’un grand Dorcide.

Le scape est sensiblement égal au fouet. Le 2° article

est plus long que le 3°; celui-ci est égal au 5° et plus long

que le 4°; le 6° et le 7° sont égaux au 5°. Le 7° est

éperonné, l’éperon est conique et porte des soies courtes ;

les trois derniers ont leur surface feutrée, mais le 8° a

toute la région dorsale, et le 9° la partie apicale de cette

région, brillantes. Le peigne est bien développé.

Les canthus ne coupent pas plus du tiers antérieur de

Toil; celui-ci est gros, sphérique, un peu plus développé

en dessous. Le menton est petit, trapézoidal, avec les

angles bien arrondis et le bord antérieur convexe. II est

brillant, avec une forte ponctuation cicatricielle.

Le prosternum est en caréne saillante, aplatie, avec deux

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 261

impressions distinctes avant le milieu des hanches; il

forme ensuite une pointe conique dont les génératrices sont

un peu convexes. Le mésosternum est concave. Le

métasternum est lisse, un peu déprimé en triangle vers les

hanches postérieures.

Les pattes sont assez fines; les tibias antérieurs sont

dentés et denticulés en scie entre les dents principales.

La fourche apicale est peu caractérisée. Les tibias médians

et les postérieurs ont une forte épine aigué avant le milieu.

Les tarses sont assez gréles, plus courts que les tibias,

le dernier article a deux fois et demie la longueur d’un

des autres. Les soies inférieures sont disposées en deux

pinceaux, moins fournis vers le dernier article.

Ce qui sépare le plus nettement, au premier examen,

cet insecte des grand Dorcides auxquels on serait tenté de

le réunir, c’est la forme de la lévre supérieure et armature

compliquée de ses courtes mandibules. A ce point de vue,

il se rapproche davantage des Cladognathides. Mais la

disposition des pattes, au contraire, avec les fortes épines

apicales, rappelle davantage les Dorcides.

J’ai recu, il y a quelque temps, sans provenance précise,

mais venant presque certainement du Queensland, un

spécimen de Pseudodorcus qui différe de P. hydrophiloides

par la dent basale des mandibules qui est double a droite

et a gauche, et la dent médiane, qui est simple; son aspect

est tout a fait analogue a celui du male de l’Ile Melville,

mais il est un peu plus petit.

Je n’ai pu examiner la femelle du P. hydrophiloides,

décrite par Westwood sous le nom de carbonarius (Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 515, pl. 21, fig. 3) avec autant de

soin que le male, ce dernier m’ayant été trés obligeamment

communiqué. Elle me parait bien, comme l’a reconnu

Parry (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 94) appartenir a

la méme espéce. La figure donnée par Westwood (loc. cit.)

ne ressemble pas a l’insecte; elle est exacte comme détails,

mais la position réelle de la téte est inclinée, de sorte

quelle est peu visible et que la forme générale parait

presque réguliérement elliptique.

Inssapterus howittanus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1863, p. 513, pl. 21, fig. 1, g. Le musée d’Oxford

posséde deux males et deux femelles, types de l’espéce.

Inssapterus pelorides Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1855, p. 220. La femelle type, seul spécimen connu de

cette espéce, est conservée au British Museum; le dessin

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) Ss

262 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

qu’en a donné Westwood (loc. cit., 1863, p. 514, pl. 21,

fig. 2) est trés exact. L’insecte est noir et lisse, a peu

prés comme une femelle de Dorcus antaeus Hope, et trés

distinct de L. howittanus.

Lissotes helmsi Sharp, Ent. Monthly Mag., 1881, p. 49,

type dg. B.M.

Lissotes capito H. Deyrolle, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873,

p. 339, pl. 5, fig. 4, J: Parry, loc. cit., p. 339, pl. 5, fig. 5, 9.

Les spécimens du British Museum ne sont pas les types,

mais sont intéressants 4 comparer a l’espéce la plus voisine,

L. helmsi, les exemplaires de L. capito étant fort rares. Le

British Museum posséde deux males et trois femelles.

L’espéce est & peine inférieure a L. helmsi comme taille.

La dent basale pointue des mandibules, qui est latérale

chez L. helmsi est supérieure chez L. capito. Les intervalles

des élytres sont plus serrés chez ce dernier et les tibias

postérieurs portent une épine qui fait défaut a L. helms.

Lissotes forcipula Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 366, pl. 9, fig. 2. Petite espéce, trés courte et ar-

rondie. Je serais trés disposé & croire que la suivante, dont

le type est une femelle, n’en différe pas réellement. B. M.

Inssotes subcrenatus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 368, pl. 9, fig. 5. Le type femelle, originaire

de Tasmanie, comme Vlinsecte précédent, et paraissant

apparentée avec lu. B. M.

Inssotes crenatus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1855, p. 216, pl. 12, fig. 3. Le musée d’Oxford posséde

un male et une femelle indiqués comme types. Le male

appartient 4 la forme majeure et correspond bien a la

description.

Quant a la femelle, qui n’est nullement mentionnée dans

la description de l’espéce, je suis disposé a penser que c’est

celle décrite plus tard par Westwood sous le nom de L.

forcipula? 9. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 367,

pl. 9, fig. 6, a, b. Elle correspond exactement a cette

description et aura sans doute été identifiée postérieurement

par Westwood avec L. crenatus? I] est bien certain que

les L. crenatus, subcrenatus, forcipula constituent un petit

groupe qu'il serait nécessaire de revoir avec soin. Mal-

heureusement, ces espéces sont trés mal représentées dans

nos collections et nous ignorons |’étendue et la genre de

leurs variations spécifiques.

M. A. M. Lea a récemment publié une intéressante étude

sur le genre Lissotes,* dans laquelle il examine et figure les

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 263

espéces australiennes et tasmaniennes dont il a eu con-

naissance, maisil ne fait que citer LZ. crenatus et L. subcre-

natus d’aprés les descriptions originales.

Inssotes latidens Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871,

p. 363, pl. 9, fig. 4. Le type male de cette rare espéce est

conservé a Oxford. I] est trés distinct et bien caractérisé.

Inssotes launcestont Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 365, pl. 9, fig. 1. Le type se trouve au musée

d’Oxford. Il n’est pas explicitement indiqué mais je

pense que c’est le spécimen, de taille moyenne et de forme

assez étroite, qui porte les étiquettes anciennes : “‘ Lissotes

launcestont Westw" Howitt” “ Lissotes n. sp? Tas-

mania, March 1866 two 3” et “ W. Dr. Howitt. N.H.”

I] existe d’autres spécimens, dont un grand male, mais ils

ne correspondent pas a la figure. Cette espéce est bien

connue et l'une des plus répandues dans les collections.

Inssotes cancroides Fabricius, Mant., i, 1787, p. 2.

D’aprés Westwood, le type méme de l’espéce, décrit par

Fabricius, fait partie des collections du British Museum.

Je ne Vai pas vu; aucun des L. cancroides ne portait

dindication de type. Dans la collection d’Oxford, le

spécimen étiqueté L. cancroides, qui m’a été communiqué,

porte les indications: “‘ Cancroides § Mus. Hope” et

une étiquette qui parait trés ancienne: “ Van D. Land.

Mr. Richard.’ Cet insecte ressemble beaucoup a un autre

Inssotes, qui est étiqueté Lissotes curvicornis et m’a égale-

ment été envoyé. Ce dernier porte les indications :

“ Inssotes cancroides Kab. Mount Wellington Tasmania,

March 1866, gj and 2”—* L. curvicorms Boisd. sec. type

sp. Mus. Paris ’—‘‘ W. Dr. Howitt. N.H.”

La femelle existe également, avec les étiquettes: “ 9.

cancroides”’ ““ L. curvicorns” “ W. Dr. Howitt. N.H.”

Ces divers spécimens appartiennent sans aucun doute a

la méme espéce et sont des L. curvicornis Boisduval.

Lissotes subtuberculatus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1855, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 2. Le couple de cette

espéce, possédé par le musée d’Oxford, peut étre considéré

comme typique, mais le type véritable se trouvait unique

dans la collection Chevrolat. Ces spécimens ont exacte-

ment les mémes indications de provenance que les deux

Inssotes curvicornis mentionnés ci-dessus. Ces insectes

* Notes on the Genus Lissoies, with descriptions of New Species,

by Arthur M. Lea, F.E.S., Government Entomologist. Proc.

Royal Soc., Tasmania, 1910, pp. 346-366, pl. viii, ix.

264. M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

sont d’ailleurs trés étroitement apparentés et M. A. M. Lea,

dans son travail, considére L. subtuberculatus comme une

simple variété de L. curvicorns.

Oonotus adspersus Boheman, Ins. Caffr., 1., 1848, p. 384.

La femelle, décrite par Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1863, p. 455, pl. 16, fig. 6) est conservée au British Museum,

A défaut des exemplaires décrits par Boheman, on peut la

considérer comme type. Avec cette femelle sont une autre

femelle et un mile, tous trois ayant fait partie de la collec-

tion Parry. Le male a la téte sensiblement plus large et

les canthus plus développés; il est un peu plus grand et

plus large.

Nigidius cribricollis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1873, p. 340, pl. 5, fig. 6, type. B. M.

Nigadius divergens Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 38. Forte espéce, de la taille du N. beningsent

Kraatz, aisément reconnaissable 4 la fossette longitudinale

du pronotum et a quatre impressions bien marquées le

long du bord antérieur incliné. Type. B. M.

Nigidius welwitschi Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 39, type. B. M.

Nigidius distinctus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873,

p. 341, pl. 5, fig. 7, type. B. M.

Nigidius formosanus Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,

p. 347 type. B.M.

Nigidius obesus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 63 type. B. M.

Nigidwis parryt Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,

p- 347. Le type n’est probablement pas un spécimen de

la plus grande taille. Il ne présente aucune différence

valable avec le N. gigas du Tonkin, décrit par M. Mollen-

kamp. N. parryi a seulement la téte un peu plus plate sur

la partie antérieure, avec deux trés légéres impressions qui

ne se remarquent pas sur un N. gigas de méme taille pris

comme exemplaire de comparaison. N. gigas me parait

étre, tout au plus, une sous-variété de N. parry. B. M.

Nigidius ‘integer Westwood. Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 265.

Cet insecte est conservé 4& Oxford. La synonymie : =

bubalus Swederus a été donnée par Parry (Cat. 1864,

Pp: 98);

Nigidius forcipatus Westwood, Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 267.

Le type est un petit exemplaire de NV. laevicollis Westwood.

Le bord antérieur du pronotum est entiérement dépourvu de

tubercule médian et il n’y a aucune fossette sur le disque ;

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 265

les canthus oculaires et la dent supérieure de la mandibule

sont moyennement développés. L’absence de tubercule

médian au pronotum et la forme des canthus indiquent que

cet exemplaire doit étre une femelle. U.O

Nigidius laevicollis Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1835, p. 128. Le type, également conservé a Oxford, est

un assez grand exemplaire, plus développé comme mandi-

bules et canthus que le précédent et possédant un petit

tubercule médian a la marge antérieure du pronotum.

C’est trés probablement un male.

Je me suis assuré, sur un bon nombre d’exemplaires

de cette espéce, que les males avaient toujours un tubercule

médian au milieu du bord antérieur du pronotum et que

les femelles en étaient dépourvues. Le N. taurus, décrit

par Jakowleff, dont la distinction du N. laevicollis est

basée sur le développement des canthus et des mandibules

et sur la présence de ce tubercule qui, suivant Jakowleff,

manque au NV. laevicollas (ce que nous venons de reconnaitre

inexact), me parait étre simplement le male de cette espéce ;

ce nom doit passer en synonymie.

Nigidius trilobus Westwood, Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 263.

Le type est conservé au British Museum. Cet insecte est

certainement un Frgulus.

Nigidius grandis Hope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1841,

p- 302. Cat., p. 26.—Le type est indiqué de Sierra Leone.

C’est un exemplaire de taille moyenne. Cette espéce

varie un peu comme sculpture du pronotum, mais est

toujours facile 4 reconnaitre. U. O.

Figulus binodulus Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly Mag.,

1872, p. 277, type. B. M.

Figulus punctatus Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly Mag.,

1872, p. 278, type. B. M.

Figulus rossi Gahan, Monogr. Christmas Isl., 1900,

p- 96, type. B. M.

Figulus regularis Westwood, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1834,

p. 120. Le type, conservé a Oxford, est un grand exem-

plaire. L’espéce semble trés commune; c’est a elle que

se rapportent le plus grand nombre des exemplaires recus

d’ Australie.

Figulus sulcicolis Hope, Cat., p. 26. Cette espéce est

peu connue, elle est décrite de Port Essington et parait

étre beaucoup plus rare dans les collections. Ayant pu

comparer a loisir les deux types, je crois devoir indiquer

quels sont les caractéres qui permettent de les distinguer.

266 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

F. sulcicollis a la téte un peu plus anguleuse en avant; les

canthus sont plutét coudés que réguliérement arrondis,

soit en avant, soit en arriére. Le milieu du disque céphalique

est lisse chez cette espéce, il est ponctué, surtout au bord

frontal, chez F. regularis.

Le prothorax a a peu prés la méme forme, mais est sensi-

blement plus long chez sulcicollis. Le milieu du disque porte

une véritable fossette avec des points enfoncés au leu ©

d’une série de points enfoncés chez regularis. Les points

s’avancent jusque prés de la saillie anguleuse du bord

antérieur chez regularis, ils en restent éloignés, comme le

sillon lui-méme, chez sulcicollis.

La ponctuation générale est plus fine chez ce dernier.

Les élytres ne paraissent pas différer beaucoup, mais l’angle

huméral est épineux chez regularis et seulement assez aigu

chez sulcicollis.

Les mandibules de ce dernier sont plus fortes, plus

horizontales, moins ponctuées sur le c6té externe, celles de

regularis sont vraiment relevées a l’ extrémité.

Les tibias antérieurs sont plus larges, avec la fourche

plus longue chez regularis.

Les deux types de F. sulcicollis sont conservés a Oxford.

Les exemplaires qui se rapprochent le plus de ces spécimens,

dans les collections modernes, sont des Figulus du Queens-

land, qui ont sensiblement méme forme, mais sont bien plus

fortement ponctués.

Figulus subcastaneus Westwood, Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 263.

C’est une petite espéce qui, comme aspect général, res-

semble beaucoup au F: marginalis Ritsema. II s’agit,

en réalité, d’une espéce voisine mais distincte. La téte

porte une bosse centrale médiane entre les yeux et le

prothorax est notablement plus court, & peu prés aussi

large que long, avec les angles postérieurs et antérieurs

arrondis. La fossette du pronotum est linéaire, ponctuée a

deux rangées; elle n’atteint pas la marge antérieure, qui

n’est pas tuberculée au milieu, et rejoint au contraire la

postérieure. Les élytres sont remarquablement longues,

striées finement, les intervalles lisses et presque plats, les

stries réguliérement ponctuées. U. O.

Figulus manillarum Hope, Cat., p. 26. Le type est

conservé au musée d’ Oxford.

Figulus ebenus Westwood, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1834, p. 120,

pl. 7, fig. 4. Le type est un grand exemplaire de Madagas-

car, dont les stries latérales des élytres sont bien marquées.

M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides. 267

C’est une des formes locales du F. sublaevis qui est assez

variable comme sculpture des élytres. U. O.

Figulus mgritus Westwood, Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 161. Le

type est un exemplaire du Sénégal, plus petit que le précé-

dent; les stries latérales des élytres sont un peu moins

prononcées. C’est une autre forme du F. sublaevis. U. O.

Cardanus sulcatus Westwood, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1834, p. 113,

pl. 7, fig. 1. Le type, conservé 4 Oxford, est un exemplaire

de grande taille.

Cardanus cribratus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870,

p. 98. Le type, conservé au British Museum, ressemble a un

C. sulcatus de grandeur réduite & moitié. C’est un insecte

d’un noir terne dont le prothorax a une forme plus simple

que celle du C. sulcatus. La fovéole médiane est grande,

peu profonde, a bords assez larges, formant fer 4 cheval

ouvert en arriére. La dent des mandibules est trés faible.

Hexaphyllum westwoodi Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1840, p. 11. Le male et la femelle de Nouvelle Grenade,

qui sont les types de Hope, sont conservés 4 Oxford. La

synonymie de cette espéce et de H. aequinoctiale Buquet a

été indiquée par Burmeister (Handb. v, p. 332).

H. aequinoctiale n’est pas une espéce répandue dans les

collections, on peut la considérer comme rare. Les

spécimens d’Oxford se distinguent de H. schuberts Perty

par le pronotum entiérement ponctué, moins bombé, avec

une dépression longitudinale médiane moins marquée;

par les nervures élytrales étroites et ponctuées, et surtout

par la forme des mandibules dont la dent latérale interne

est beaucoup plus forte et la deuxiéme dent supérieure, a

partir de la base, bien plus voisine de l’extrémité apicale.

Hexaphyllum brasilense Gray in Griff. Anim. Kingd.,

Ins. i, 1832, p. 536, pl. 46, fig. 4. Un male et deux femelles,

indiqués comme types de “ H. brasiliense Gray = Psilodon

schubertt Perty ”’ sont conservés 4 Oxford. Ce sont trois

exemplaires de grandes dimensions de l’espéce que lon

trouve habituellement dans les collections.

Aesalus neotropicalis Bates, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Col. ii,

1886, p. 2, pl. 1, figs 3, 3a. Plusieurs exemplaires types,

provenance: “ Guatemala City.” B. M.

Aesalus smitht Bates, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Col. ii, 1886,

p. 382. Un seul exemplaire type, provenance: “ Chilpan-

cingo, Guerrero, 4,000 ft., June. B.M ;

Mitophyllus marmoratus Waterhouse, Ent. Monthly

Mag., 1874, p. 8. Le type du British Museum porte

268 M. H. Boileau. Note sur Lucanides.

Vannotation “Specimen of M. marmoratus sent to Oberthiir

agrees with type of M. parryanus sec. Oberthiir,” d’aprés

laquelle cette espéce devrait passer en synonymie.

Ceratognathus rufipennis Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 82 pl. 2, fig. 2. Le type est conservé au British

Museum. la figure donnée par Westwood n’est pas trés

bonne.

Ceratognathus niger Westwood, Ent. Mag., 1838, p. 261,

fig. Le type, conservé 4 Oxford, est un fort male. Les

piéces de la bouche ont été disséquées et conservées avec

linsecte.

Ceratognathus abdominalis, Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1870, p. 99. La description de cet insecte parait le rap-

procher de C. froggatti Blackburn. En réalité, le type, qui

existe au British Museum, appartient a une petite espéce

bien distincte.

Ceratognathus areolatus Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1863, p. 430, pl. 14. fig. 2. L’exemplaire femelle, conservé

a Oxford, qui sert de type a cette espece, a été rapporté par

Parry au C. helotoides Thomson. Le C. helotoides étant

de Nouvelle Zélande et la C. areolatus étant, d’aprés ses

étiquettes de provenance, de Nouvelle Hollande, bien que

décrit de Nouvelle Zélande, il était intéressant de vérifier

la synonymie proposée, d’autant plus qu il existe, en

Australie, une espéce assez voisine comme aspect du C.

helotoides, le C. gilesi Blackburn. Aprés un examen attentif

il n’y a pas de doute pour moi que C. areolatus est bien la

femelle de C. helotoides. Il reste & expliquer pourquoi

linsecte porte une étiquette “ W. D" Howitt N.H.,” celle-ci

a probablement été mise par erreur 4 la réception de ce

spécimen, car C. helotoides n’a pas, jusquwici, été signalé

d’ Australie.

TYPES OU SPECIMENS TYPIQUES APPARTENANT AU BRITISH

Museum eT Au Muste DE L’UNIVERSITE D’OxFORD

ETUDIES OU CITES DANS LA NOTE PRECEDENTE.

Nora.—Les noms des espéces non-valables sont indiqués en

italique. Les espéces pour lesquelles une modification est proposée

dans la nomenclature sont indiquées par un astérisque.

PAGE PAGE

Sphenognathus higginsi . 215 Dendroblax earlei type . 216

53 canalicula- Rhyssonotus jugularis

tus type ,, type ,,

M. H. Boileau.

Lamprima schreibersi

coerulea

fulgida .

puncticolis . ,,

(type) 216

PAGE

217

$3 imsularis (type)

45 purpurascens

type

Lamprima fasmaniae type

i subrugosa type

a sumpltuosa type

i nigricollis type

Streptocerus speciosus

Colophon thunbergi type

. westwoodi type.

Phalacrognathus westwood

type

Pseudolucanus atratus

type

Lucanus lusitanicus type .

es lunifer type

Lucanus lusitanicus type .

3s lunifer type .

5 rugifrons type

218

Note sur Lucanides.

269

PAGE

*Metopodontus castaneus

type 223

OMIiSSUS

type 224

foveatus

type

astacoides

type

macclel-

landi type

fulvipes

type

pallidi-

pennis type

impressus

types

limbatus

types

roepstorffi

types

occipitalis

types

inquinatus

types

”°

cantori type .

Prosopocoelus cavifrons

es villosus type 219

sy mearesi type. ie

_ nigripes type =

35 westermanni

type ,,

ai dyes vicinus type . 7

$5 americanus type 220

laminifer types . 221

*Lucanus sp. ? Planet .

Rhaetus westwoodi type

*Hexarthrius longipennis

type

* us falciger type

5 forsteri type

5 serricollis type

davisoni types

Cladognathus confucius

as whithill

se downest

type

Psalidoremus motschul-

skyi type

Metopodontus downesi

type

4 savagei

types

Pi ungulatus

type

type ;,

lateralis

types ,,

quadridens

type 227

sayersi type

speculifer

types 228

picerpennis

type

mariine

type

hanningtoni

types

oweni type

subangula-

tus type

bulbosus

type

punctiger

type

spencei

type

tenuipes

type

curvipes

type

Aulacostethus archeri type

229

230

231

233

”>

270

Homoderus johnstoni

type

Prismognathus platyce-

phalus type

Cantharolethrus Buckleyi

types

Cyclommatus strigiceps

typ

multiden-

tatus type

affinis type

de haani .

a faunicolor

*Leptinopterus polyodontus

types

rufifemora-

tus

melanarius

type

funereus

types

politus

ochropterus

v-niger

types

fraternus

types

erythrocne-

mus .

Macrocrates bucephalus

type

Odontolabis burmeisteri

type

cuvera type .

prinseppr

type

saunderst

type

bicolor type .

sinensis types

dux type .

cumingi type

alces .

siva type

vishnu type .

serrifer types

dalmani type

platynotus

types

emarginatus

types

femoralis

types

”

M. H. Boileau.

PAGE

234

240

Not

e sur Lucanides.

PAGE

Odontolabis latipennis

type 240

“A cephalotes

type 241

i elegans =

5 lowei type . 242

Chalcodes carinatus a

bs nigritus qae

es aeratus types . 243

Neolucanus saunders! .

baladeva types

angulatus

types

glabratus

nitidus types .

championi

sinicus type .

parryi type

marginatus

typ

waterhouser

type

castanopterus

type

Hemisodorcus nepalensis

type

parry. type

rafflesi type

similis type

macleayi

type

Digonophorus atkinsona

type

Hemisodorius passaloides

type

Ditomoderus mirabilis

Des

Eurytrachelus briareus

tityus .

i QICOM mere

punctilabris

type

reichei

types

lineato-

punctatus

types

blanchardi

type

rugifrons

type

candezet

type

M. H. Boileau.

Eurytrachelus chevrolati

type

“3 dubius

types

<5 ancertus

types

35 indeter-

minatus

type

“p javanus

“f moloschus

types

* is submolaris

type

a er bengalensis

type

8 wickhami

type

os pilosipes

types

Dorcus antaeus type

* mercurius .

» scaritoides type

* , dehaanitype .

* , curvidens type

», glabripennis type .

53 vicinus type

eS suturalis type

», ratiocinativus type

» frudis type

derelictus type

Macrodorcus opacus type .

Metallactulus parvulus

types

Gnaphaloryx squalidus

types

- sculptipennis

type

EKulepidius luridus type

Aegotypus trilobatus

Dee

*Aegus chelifer . . :

» platyodon type.

» woodfordi types

» glaber type

» curtisi type

Le) parryi ty pes

» roepstorffii types

» subnitidus type

», Kandiensis

» parallelus type.

» eschscholtzi type .

» striatus

PAGE

250

251

255

Note sur Lucanides.

Aegus fronticornis

» ‘punctiger type .

Alcimus dilatatus .

Paraegus listeri types

Apterocyclus honoluluensis

types

Sclerostomus fairmairei

type

- philippi

types

as buckleyi

types

* darwini type

Pr rubripes

type

Br: variolosus

type

“3 bacchus

type

Js ditomoides

type

Scortizus irroratus ;

5 costatus types .

Aegognathus waterhousei

type

Charagmophorus lineatus

type

Auxicerus platyceps type .

Platycerus caucasicus type

Pseudodorcus hydrophy-

loides types

Lissapterus howittanus

types

e pelorides type

Lissotes helmsi

55 capito

- forcipula .

ar subcrenatus type

x crenatus type

a latidens type .

os Jauncestoni type .

- cancroides :

- subtuberculatus .

Oonotus adspersus

Nigidius cribricollis type .

93 divergens type

as welwitschi type

Ss distinctus type .

a formosanus type

a obesus type .

i parryi type .

s integer type .

Ps forcipatus type .

272 M. H. Boileau.

PAGE

Nigidius laevicollis type . 265

Nigidius trilobus type . ,,

Nigidius grandis type. . ,,

Figulus binodulus type. ,,

53 punctatus type . ,,

33 FOSS WuyjDel te ss

» Yregularistype . ,,

o sulcicollis types As

» subcastaneus type 266 |

55 manillarum type. ,,

oo, | CDBREES bY pe ot |

» nogritus type . 267

Cardanus sulcatus type . ,,

ea cribratus type . ,,

Note sur Lucanides.

PAGE

Hexaphyllum westwood

types 267

a brasiliense

types ,,

Aesalus neotropicalis types ,,

A Smithivtype. . 2s

Mitophyllus marmoratus

type 5,

Ceratognathus rufipennis 268

o niger type _i,,

FP abdomi-

nalis type ,,

a areolatus

type 5

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE IX.

[See Explanation facing the PLATE. |

ahs i lites xe ie om yy! r ; |

ie hy ae 4

» i : ¥ ied “¢ ] P i B a a \ ;

aan at en ae a patina eh ful Ais spd tz. ne

a Gale : 1 ey

i , vay bet fe “hy cay fj

a me ; covet

Sit: A lit nw T. Sida : ey nyt Wie ae cae rs batt

: biiiie Mies att oesntoit ny w PR ba a Se i

Nhe re i

Preis muee” 5 ahd bo

oe % : doainare npg erie iP i Pvoney ext aeaen ta : :

; <2 DUNT My MP UMIEH Gebviy qe ‘ ah muy Lt

y Ps i i eon seeds halacinn ese mt: mold Pe Re He aA eae | af wy

Pre. - i” 4 Niasnits jo hatyi aly id) apenee iba dae q

? af - ; i * wiht», i ‘(eked Pani: Sal wy AY ‘/ -_

ae con iti a Annan he Sina i, Met ia ab

a -* ; ay ee st” thse een y Phacaiytty as Hd

ee a race i‘: et Sask ir Ne ee

ey . Perkin yy at, mire: hy fy reat Piy wy aweune . é hy Ge. .

: iD ¢ "I : ie ob 48 ; (fae OG oa ‘ : Pa

— mo aan? tes Roe Yes of anak he ahi ae W

a a Hawa wed ph) re tmubey) let” nally pelt y rh 7

y Tie . an a ee Bayes, rat,

‘« ae i)

a o rete Ay ns 7 Al bs bali righ eas "

Peay laid eka Breer 2

Wire l?e

Fic.

[LEGENDE DE LA PLANCHE.|

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

. Pseudodorcus hydrophiloides Hope, 3. la. antenne.

. Charagmophorus lineatus Waterhouse, 5. 2a. antenne.

. Alcimus dilatatus Fairmaire, 3.

. Leptinopterus melanarius Hope, 3, mandibules.

Lamprima latreillet var. coerulea Donovan, 3, mandibules.

. Prosopocoelus spencei Hope, 3, mandibules vues par dessus

(a), par dessous (b), de cdté (c); menton (d).

. Oonotus adspersus Boheman, 3, téte.

. Prosopocoelus quadridens Hope, 3, mandibule.

. Prosopocoelus sayersi Hope, 3, mandibule.

. Hurytrachelus submolaris Hope, 3, mandibule.

. Lurytrachelus punctilabris Hope, 3, mandibule.

. Aulacostethus archeri Waterhouse, 3, a. antenne, b. extrémité

du tibia postérieur.

. Psalidoremus motschulskyi Waterhouse, 3.

. Lucanus sp. ? = sbericus Motschulsky nec Akbesiana

Planet.

15. Aegus parryi Waterhouse, 3, type, mandibule.

. Aegus parryi Waterhouse, 3 = Ae. westwoodi, Boileau.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate 1X.

C. Hentschel.

DETAILS OF LUCANIDAE.

CEC eae

VIII. On some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae ;

together with a revision of the Thecline genus

Thamala, Moore. By J. C. Movutton, F.LS.,

Curator of the Sarawak Museum.

[Read December 4th, 1912.]

Prare X.

Havine recently published a paper on the Lycaenidae of

Borneo,* it is perhaps only natural to expect further

material to present itself at once, thereby necessitating

modifications and additions to a work just “‘ completed.”

Two interesting specimens, lent me for examination by

Mr. H. H. Druce, have led me to work out the Thecline

genus Thamala, Moore, which has been treated with much

uncertainty by different authors for many years past

owing to the rarity of specimens in collections; and the

study of further material has brought to light some details

of synonymy in other Lycaenids, so that it seems advisable

to place these notes on record as soon as possible.

To the authorities of the British Museum I am much

indebted for facilities accorded in studying their collections.

Through Mr. F. H. Gravely of the Indian Museum I was

able to examine some rare specimens belonging to that

Museum. Mr. Noakes, Curator of Mr. Joicey’s collection

of Lepidoptera, was also kind enough to bring me speci-

mens of Thamala to examine. The numbers before each

species refer to the numbers used in my paper mentioned

above.

The number of different species of Lycaenidae now

known from Borneo is 302, of which 118 are not at present

* “A List of the Butterflies of Borneo with descriptions of

New Species. . Part III. Lycaenidae.” Journal of the Straits

Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, No. 60, 1911, pp. 73-177, with one

plate.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

274 Mr. J. C. Moulton on

recorded elsewhere. They are divided into seven sub-

families thus :—

3s g 3 & 5 2 =

Total recorded from iy,

Borneo . 33 | 76) 2 | 15 | 70 | 105 | = 302

Confined to Borneo. | 18 | 27 | — | — te N\etSaieete sl — LES

296b. Lycaenopsis (Notarthrinus) boulti, Chpmn.

Notarthrinus boulti, Chpmn., Ent. Mo. Mag.,

p. 103, pl. vi, figs. 1-5 (1912).

Described from two males captured on Mt. Kling-

kang, alt. 2,500 ft., October 1911, and one female

taken near Limbang, June 1911; both localities

being in Sarawak, although some 400 miles apart.

These are the only three examples yet known; the

types (male and female) are in the British Museum,

the third specimen (male) is in the Sarawak Museum.

Dr. Chapman places the species provisionally under

Notarthrinus, and suggests that when more is known

of it a new genus will probably be necessary.

316. Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chpmn. (Plate X, figs. 8 and 9).

This species, originally described from males

only, has since been taken im cop. with a species

described by me later as Lycaenopsis oskewa; this

last name therefore gives way before that of Dr.

Chapman, and the following synonymy becomes

necessary :—

Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chpmn., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 184, pl. xxviii, figs. 5, 6, 7 (1911).

Lycaenopsis (Neopithecops) oskewa, Moulton,

Journ. Str. Br., Roy. Asiat. Soc., No. 60, p. 90 (1911).*

* Two females representing seasonal forms (one with large

iridescent discal patch and the other with this patch reduced) were

unfortunately described as female and male.

some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae. 275

317. Lycaenopsis matanga, Chpmn. (Plate X, fig. 11).

In 1910 two Lycaenopsids (representing two

species as I thought) were sent to Dr. Chapman for

determination. Unfortunately they were in bad

condition, and Dr. Chapman finding no differences

in their genitalia described them as one species

(Lycaenopsis matanga), depositing the type in the

British Museum and returning the co-type to me

in Sarawak. Later, two more examples of a species

agreeing well with Dr. Chapman’s figure of matanga

were obtained in Sarawak, but they were so different

to the co-type, which was alone available to me for

comparison, that I was induced to describe them as

new under the name of Lycaenopsis delapra. Since

returning to England I have now compared

these with Dr. Chapman’s type of matanga and find

them identical, so that my species sinks before his.

However, there are six more specimens in the Sara-

wak Museum exactly agreeing with his co-type and

uniformly differmg from his type. These are

therefore left without a name, as, although appar-

ently alike in genitalia, they are sufficiently constant

in their differences from matanga to warrant separa-

tion from that species, and I now describe them as

Lycaenopsis chelaka. The synonymy of L. matanga

is now thus :—

Lycaenopsis matanga, Chpmn., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 185 (in parte), pl. xxvii, fig. 1 (1911).

Lycaenopsis delapra, Moulton, Journ. Str. Br.,

Roy. Asiat. Soc., No. 60, p. 98 (1911).

318. Lycaenopsis chelaka, n. sp. (Plate X, fig. 10).

Lycaenopsis matanga, Chpmn., l.c. p. 185 (in parte).*

6. Upperside. Dark fuscous brown; sub-discal area of

fore-wing iridescent violet blue. Fore-wing: the violet-

blue area extends from median nervure to inner margin

* The following passages in Dr. Chapman’s description of L.

matanga refer to L. chelaka :—‘‘ On the upper wing is an area of blue,

rather violet in one specimen. . . . In one specimen it is a little

more restricted. In the hind-wing there is a slight central tint in

one specimen.” His detailed description of the underside also

refers to this species.

276 Mr. J. C. Moulton on

not quite reaching the base of wing or touching the outer

third of hind margin. Hind-wing: a few violet-blue scales

at the base of the Ist and 2nd median nervures (in some

specimens hardly apparent).

Underside. Greyish-white. Fore-wing: a dark line

closes cell; post-discal series of 6 dark spots light-edged

arranged thus :—the first four in a line curved inwards

towards the costa, the first and third spots sloped inwards,

the second and fourth run parallel to hind margin; the

fifth and sixth placed nearer the base and slightly sloping

towards anal angle. Hind-marginal border of double row

of small dark curved lines inwardly and outwardly edged

with whitish-grey, especially towards anal angle. Hind-

wing: dark spot below costa near base, larger spot on costa

near apex; dark spot in cell, a line closing cell; post-discal

row of 6 spots, the first four in line curving downwards and

inwards, the fifth and sixth placed well out at anal angle.

Well-marked hind-marginal border consisting of continuous

series of dark lines succeeded outwardly by a line of inter-

nervular spots whitish-edged; an anteciliary dark line.

Cilia of both wings fuscous. Fore-wings pointed as in

LI. matanga.

Exp. al. 3, 26 mm.

Type 3. Matang Road, Kuching, Sarawak, 17.

vu. 11. (British Museum).

Six other examples have been taken in the vicinity

of Kuching, including Dr. Chapman’s co-type of

matanga, which I have deposited in the British

Museum.

L. matanga, Chpmn., has also been taken in this

locality as well as on Mt. Matang.

326. Nacaduba lugine, H. H. Druce. (Plate X, fig. 12).

The only known female, which was described in

my recent paper and figured in this paper, is now

deposited in the British Museum for safe preserva-

tion and to facilitate studies necessitating the

examination of types.*

* For these reasons other types of Bornean Lycaenidae have

been presented now by the Sarawak Museum to the National collec-

tion at South Kensington. They include the following: Allotinus

strigatus, Moulton, ¢ and 9, A. borneensis, Moulton, g and 9, Logania

drucet, Moulton, g and 9, Lycaenopsis lingga, Moulton, 9, L. niger-

rumus, Moulton, 3g, L. moultoni, Chpmn., ¢ and 9, L. malanga,

some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae. 277

339. Lampides kondulana, Feld.

This species was recorded from Borneo with some

doubt, after examining a single worn male in the

Sarawak Museum. I have since seen another male

from the Indian Museum which bears the label

** Borneo—W. Davison.”

390. Arhopala meander, Boisd.

Mr. Druce kindly points out a mistake I made in

including New Zealand in the geographical distri-

bution of this species. It should have been New

Ireland. No Arhopalas occur in New Zealand.

461. Pratapa calculis, H. H. Druce.

This species is very near the Indian species,

Camena carmentalis, de Nicéville, but may be

separated from that species at once on comparing

the anal markings on the underside of the hind-wing.

In calculis the orange-yellow covers the anal angle,

while in carmentalis it is restricted to a narrow edging

round the two black spots at the anal angle. The

difference appears constant and the merging of the

two species does not therefore seem necessary.

THAMALA, Moore.

It would appear that there is considerable confusion

between the two species comprising this genus (7’. marciana,

Hew., and 7. miniata, Moore), De Nicéville suggested

that the two species were really one; however, on examin-

ing the types, it appears that there are two quite distinct

species, although neither of them can stand as described

by their original authors. Hewitson described a male and

female belonging to two different species as marciana. I

propose to retain his name for the female only. Later

Chpmn., 3, L. chelaka, Moulton, 3, L. boulti, Chpmn., 3 and 9,

L. sonchus, Druce, 9, Nacaduba lugine, Druce, 9, N. angusta, Druce,

©, Lampides vyneri, Moulton, 3g, L. virgulatus, Druce, 2, Poritia

pasira, Moulton, g¢ and 9, P. philura, Druce, 9, Arhopala incerta,

Moulton, ¢, A. sarawaca, Moulton, g and 9, A. tembaga, Moulton,

6 and 9, A. shelfordi, Moulton, 9, A. rajah, Moulton, g, Tajuria

sunia, Moulton, 9, Chliaria balua, Moulton, g, Charana splendida,

Moulton, 3, Horaga albistigmata, Moulton, g, and Deudorix

strephanus, Druce, 9.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) T

278 Mr. J. C. Moulton on

Moore described two males (like Hewitson’s type male) as

male and female miniata. These two I propose to regard

as the male types of miniata and to refer Hewitson’s male

marciana to them. Hight years later Moore described a

female miniata which should be referred in all probability

to marciana, as it appears from the figure to differ only

from the female of that species in having a greater develop-

ment of fulvous in the discal region of the fore-wing upper-

side. The actual specimen is in the Indian Museum and

for the moment not available for comparison.

We have thus marciana known from females only, and

miniata only from males. In the British Museum collec-

tion, however, there are five females quite different from

Hewitson’s marciana, which I refer to miniata without any

hesitation. Swinhoe in his Lepidoptera Indica figures one

of them, although in his references he accepts Moore’s

female as the type female of the species, which, as mentioned

above, probably should be referred to Hewitson’s marciana.

Mr. Druce has shown me lately two fine males from

South Borneo—very different to the meniata males—which

agree exactly on the underside markings with the marciana

females, and I have no doubt that these are really the

hitherto unknown males of Hewitson’s species. The follow-

ing descriptions, illustrated by Mr. Knight’s figures, I hope

will help towards a better understanding of the two species.

The synonymy necessitated is rather complicated, but I

trust the references given under the two names, and my

note on the bibliography,* will make it clear.

* BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON THAMALA.

Herwitson (1863-8 ?) describes and figures a male and female as

Myrina marciana; these are now regarded as male miniata

and female marciana. The actual female labelled ‘‘ Sarawak”

is now in the British Museum, and is regarded as the female

type of marciana; the male is not to be found.

Moore (1878) describes two males as male and female T'hamala

miniata, without any reference to Hewitson’s marciana. These

two specimens are now in the British Museum, and that labelled

‘““male”’ is taken as the actual male type of miniata.

Moore (1886) describes and figures a female (without reference to

his previous female type) as miniata female. This is now

regarded as a female variety of marciana. The actual specimen

is in the Indian Museum.

Butter (1877), in his list of the butterflies of Malacca, mentions

a male from Malacca, and gives, as reference, Hewitson’s de-

scription and figure of the female. There is only one example

in the British Museum from Malacca and that is a female, so

some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae. 279

480. Thamala marciana, Hew. (Plate X, figs. 1-3).

Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep.,

p. 34, n. 22, pl. xu, figs. 12, 13, 9, nec pl. xvi, fig. 44,

¢ (1863). Type specimen in British Museum.

Myrina marciana, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,

Zool., i, p. 549, No. 4 (1877).

Myrina marciana, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 282,

Tab. xxi, fig. 15, 9 (1885).

Thamala minata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc., xxi,

p. 42, pl. iv, fig. 1, 2 (1886). Type specimen in

Indian Museum.

Thamala miniata, de Nicéville, Butterflies of

India, fig. 213, 9, nec 212, 3 (1895). Same specimen

described by Moore, now in Indian Museum.

The male is now described for the first time.

6. Plate X, fig. 1.

Upperside. Fore-wing: deep scarlet, apical half, costal

and inner margins narrowly, hind margin broadly, dark

fuscous. Median nervure joining apical region fuscous,

Ist median nervule also marked with fuscous. Hind-wing :

dark fuscous, except for scarlet patch below outer portion

of costa, extending down across outer part of cell and nearly

to apex, and bluish-white area extending from end of 3rd

median nervule across anal region to inner margin. Dark

fuscous anteciliary line, spot at base of tails and on anal

lobe.

Underside. Fulvous ochreous. Sub-hind-marginal line

in fore-wing barely noticeable. Hind-wing: broad white

presumably Butler’s statement as to sex must be regarded as

a misprint, though it should be noted that the specimen in the

British Museum bears a manuscript label ““ Myrina marciana,

Hewitson, 3.”

Distant (1883) refers to the Malaccan specimen mentioned by

Butler and figures it as a female, without, however, commenting

on Butler’s mistake.

DE NICEVILLE (1895) suggests marciana and miniata will prove the

same species. He figures a pair as miniata, the female of which

is probably the marciana var. figured by Moore and now in the

Indian Museum; the male is typical miniata.

DoueErty (1895), quoted by de Nicéville, regards the two species as

one, “ knowing them both in life.”

SwINHOE (1911) figures a pair of true miniata from Tenasserim.

280

Mr. J. C. Moulton on

bar from inner margin to base of lobe inwardly and out-

wardly edged with narrow black line; the continuation of

this bar can be traced to the 3rd median nervule. Anal

region white with deep black spots on lobe and between

Ist and 2nd median nervule, and greyish spot between these

two dark spots at base of tail; thin black line between

2nd and 3rd median nervule, black anteciliary line from

anal angle to end of radial nervure. Cilia white to this

point; above it and in fore-wing dark fuscous.

Exp. al. 3, 31 mm.

Described from two males from Tameang Lajang, South-

West Borneo (Semper coll. 1907) in Mr. Druce’s collection.

9. Plate X, fig. 2.

Upperside. Fore-wing: dark fuscous, with orange ful-

vous spots half encircling a dark sub-discal portion which

borders the median nervure extending across the Ist and

2nd median nervules to the 3rd median nervule. Hind-

wing : upper half dark fuscous, lower half whitish-blue. This

latter portion extends unevenly from end of sub-costal

nervure across to inner margin. Cilia whitish in lower

half of hind-wing, dark fuscous in upper half and in fore-

wing. The orange fulvous marking in the fore-wing is

variable in intensity.

Underside. As in male.

Distribution. Sarawak (Hewitson’s type, much

damaged), Singapore, Salanga Isle and Malacca (British

Museum).

480a.

Thamala marciana, Hew., var. (Plate X, fig. 3).

A single female from Sumatra in the British

Museum differs from typical female just described

in the whitish-blue colouring at the anal angle being

much reduced, not extending above the 3rd median

nervule. Underside markings, however, are the

same.

Thamala miniata, Moore. (Plate X, figs. 4-7).

Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep.,

p. 34, n. 22, pl. xvi, fig. 44, g (1863) (nee pl. xu,

figs. 12, 13 9).

some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae. 281

Thamala miniata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

p. 834, pl. lu, fig. 6 g (1878).

Thamala miniata, de Nicéville, Butterfl. Ind.,

vol. i, p. 388, pl. xxvii, fig. 212, J (nec fig. 213, 9)

(1890).

Thamala miniata, Swinh., Lep. Ind., p. 198, pl.

740, figs. 4 5, 4a 9, 4b 3, 4c 2 (1911).

3g. Upperside. Fore-wing: scarlet, broadly bordered

with fuscous-brown along costa, hind margin and across

apex of fore-wing. The median nervure, outer portions

particularly of the median nervules, sub-median nervure

and base of wing fuscous, but in varying intensity, thus in

one example the end of cell is so marked and continued

broadly below to Ist median nervule, the hind-marginal

border also broadens at anal angle; in another example

this band is narrower and of uniform width and other

examples show intermediate stages. Hind-wing: scarlet,

inner marginal border and anteciliary line dark fuscous.

In two specimens fuscous spots are present at the base of

the two tails.

Underside. Dull brown ochreous to orange ochreous.

Sub-marginal line well pronounced in some, hardly notice-

able in others. A small transverse whitish bar on inner

margin above anal lobe edged above and below with thin

fuscous line. Small fuscous markings relieved with a few

light scales at base of tails in some specimens, but hardly

visible in most. Tail brown ochreous, white-tipped.

Q. Upperside. Fore-wing: fulvous, with dark fuscous

markings as in male, except that the hind-marginal border

widens across anal angle, narrowly along inner margin to

join basal region of fuscous; this last extends narrowly

(broadly in some examples) along and below median nervure

to base of 3rd median nervule. Cilia fulvous. Hind-wing :

costal region fulvous, succeeded in the lower half (in lower

three-quarters in some specimens) by fuscous, anal region

relieved with grey. The hind-wings are extremely variable ;

thus the anal grey colouring is practically absent in one

specimen, in another extending nearly to end of Ist median

nervule. Underside as in male.

Distribution. Tenasserim, Burma, Sumatra (B.M.),

Borneo (coll. Druce), Tenasserim (coll. Joicey).

282 Mr. J. C. Moulton on

T. miniata, Moore, var.

¢g. Thin anteciliary white line at base of tails on

upperside of hind-wing. On underside pre-anal bar

slightly more pronounced; a dark spot on lobe and

another between Ist and 2nd median nervules as in

marciana. Whitish markings between these two

spots, though not above them as in marciana.

Markings and coloration otherwise agree with

muniata. ©

A single example from Hewitson collection in

B.M. labelled “ Singapore.”

The following table shows at a glance the differences by

which the two species may be distinguished in each sex.

Botu SEXES.

J. Tails on underside brown-ochreous,

white-tipped, and region on under-

side of hind-wing showing little if

any white and black marking. . . TT’. miniata.

I’. Tails on underside white. Anal region

on underside of hind-wing well

marked with white and black . . TJ. marciana.

II. No bluish-white on upperside of hind-

wing or heavy _ fuscous _ hind-

margined border . . . . . T. miniata.

II’. Anal portion of upperside of ‘hina?

wing well marked with bluish-

white with heavy fuscous border

from base to hind-margin, narrow-

inp'to apex... '2 (2 sass il marctana,

III. Cilia of fore- and hind-wing fulvous

brown. Costal region of hind-

wing upperside fulvous. . . . J. miniata.

II’. Cilia of fore-wing fuscous and lower

half of hind-wing whitish. Costal

region of hind-wing dark fuscous,

never fulvous . . . .°. . .. T. marciana.

492. Purlisa gigantea, Dist.

There is a male of this rare species in the Adams

collection, now in the British Museum, bearing the

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Thamala marciana, Hew. New ¢ described from Borneo

(Druce coll.).

Thamala marciana, Hew. 9, as described and figured by

Hewitson.

Thamala marciana, Hew., var. @ variety from Sumatra.

Thamala miniata, Moore. Typical (?) 3.

Thamala miniata, Moore. Another form of 3.

Thamala miniata, Moore. Typical (?) 9.

Thamala miniata, Moore. Another form of 9.

Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chapman. 4.

. Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chapman. 9.

Lycaenopsis chelaka, Moulton. ¢ (Type).

. Lycaenopsis matanga, Chapman. 4.

. Nacaduba lugine, Druce. 9 (Type).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1913. Pl. X.

some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae. 283

label “‘ Borneo, ex coll. Van der Poll.” The only

other known male has been described from the

Sarawak Museum collection.

494. Mantordes licinius, H. H. Druce.

It has been suggested that this species might prove

to be the same as Mantoides nisibis, described by

de Nicéville from two females, one captured in

Sumatra and the other in the Malay Peninsula.

Through the courtesy of the authorities of the

Indian Museum, I have been allowed to examine one

of these females, and find that it is quite distinct

from Mr. Druce’s species. The principal difference

which at once distinguishes nisibis from licinius is

the position of the last black bar nearest the inner

margin of the pre-anal line on the underside of the

hind-wing; in licinius this is quite separate and

placed outwardly considerably nearer the anal

angle; in nisibis it is joined to and in the same

straight line as the rest of the pre-anal line.

M. licinius, of which both sexes are known, is

only recorded from Borneo; while M. nisibis is

only known from the two females mentioned above,

the one from Sumatra and the other from the Malay

Peninsula.

538a. Rapala albapex, de Nicév.

Rapala albapex, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Beng., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, No. 3, p. 560, pl. iii, fig. 23, g

(1897).

Borneo, Labuan (coll. Druce), Sandakan (coll.

Skertchly).

Apparently confined to Borneo. Allied to R.

domitia, Hew. Left out of my original list by

mistake.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]

( 284 )

IX. Synoptic Table of the British Species of Aleuonota,

Thoms., Atheta, Thoms., and Sipalia, Rey. By

Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S.

[Read December 4th, 1912.]

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

THERE not being in existence any table dealing with the

British species of these three genera, it is hoped that the

one now presented may prove useful to students of these

somewhat difficult groups, but, as many of the specific

characters are comparative, it is essential to have access

to a certain amount of authentic material. I have

endeavoured, however, to give absolute characteristics

wherever possible. The two primary sections of the table

are the old divisions based on a pointed or parallel-sided

abdomen, and at the outset it must be confessed that it

is not entirely satisfactory. Most of the species in the sub-

genera Hydrosmecta, Aleuonota, Bessobia and Microdota

have the abdomen very distinctly parallel-sided, whilst in

Datomicra, Chaetida and Coprothassa, on the other hand,

it is distinctly pomted; there remain, however, a number

of forms with the abdomen more or less variable in shape,

probably depending on the mode of death or method of

mounting; yet, with experience, it is not as a rule difficult

to refer any particular species to its correct division, and,

without such division, it would considerably increase the

difficulties in drawing up a table.

In the examination of the species I have restricted

myself to the use of a l-inch objective and a 20-diameter

platyscopic lens. In examining for the presence of a

metallic reflex a lens and daylight are necessary; with

artificial light this character cannot be determined. I

use the term “greasy lustre” for surfaces which are

neither highly polished as in A. coriaria, nor yet quite dull

as in A. aequata; it is the equivalent of the “ fett-glanz ”

of German authors, and is well seen, for example, in the

common A. amicula, Steph. (sericea, Rey.). In examining

the joints of the antennae it is important to view them at

right-angles to the lens, as when seen on a slope a false

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 285

impression of lengthening or shortening may be given.

It may be noted, too, that a free use of gum in fixing the

antennae to a card may, by clotting the fine hairs at the

distal end of a joint, give a square appearance to one really

transverse.

The phrases “elytra sinuated” or “not sinuated ”

refer to the presence or absence of an emargination of the

posterior margin of the elytron just internal to the postero-

external angle.

““Shagreening ” and ‘“ puncturation.”—These terms are

somewhat loosely used by authors. By the former I

understand a more or less fine wrinkling, the wrinkles by

joining together forming a distinct pattern easily visible

under a l-inch objective. In the majority of species it is

accompanied by puncturation, by which I mean small

depressions in the surface usually bearing a hair and

forming a simple puncturation, or, if the margin of the

puncture is raised above the general surface, a rough

puncturation. Examples of shagreening without punctura-

tion are to be seen on the head and thorax of A. angustula,

aequata, puberula, atomaria, and perexigua. Examples of

rough puncturation are found on the head and thorax of

A. corvina, subtilis, mortuorum (atricolor), ete.

The nomenclature is that of the last European Catalogue

of Heyden, Reitter and Weise, 1906, which is based on the

law of priority; no good purpose can be served and only

confusion result in having well-known Continental forms

figuring under names applied to them by British authors

subsequent to the original descriptions. As, however,

some of the names are so familiar, they are inserted in

brackets.

In conclusion I must acknowledge my indebtedness for

the loan of specimens to Dr. Sharp, Dr. Joy and Mr. J. H.

Keys; to the latter also my best thanks are due for valuable

criticisms and suggestions.

—_

. Abdomen.more or less pointed at apex .

— Abdomen more or less parallel-sided . . . : 3

2. 2nd joint of antennae distinctly shorter than the 3rd.

— 2nd joint of antennae not shorter than the 3rd

3. 4th joint of antennae transverse

— 4th joint of antennae longer than broad ane G

4. Sides of thorax with strong setae, middle and posterior

tibiae with two strong and long setae. Antennae black,

Svat OO 22" 55. Iso

286 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

last joints longer than broad. Elytra shining yellow

with triangular black scutellary patch reaching

posterior margin, and sides more or less dark, scarcely

sinuated. Abdomen strongly pointed, thickly punc-

tured and pubescent to the extremity. 3, 8th dorsal

plate slightly emarginate. 9, 6th ventral plate emar-

ginate. Length3-35mm.. . . . . 134 longicornis, Gr.

— Sides of thorax without distinct setae, middle tibiae

with a short stout seta, posterior without setae. An-

tennae pitchy, last joints about as long as broad. Elytra

not shining, yellow with dark triangular scutellary patch

often reaching posterior margins, strongly sinuated.

Abdomen thickly punctured and pubescent to extremity.

dg, ventral plate of 6th segment a little produced and

rounded. 9, ventral plate of 6th segment rather deeply

emarginate. Length3-3-5mm. . . . 137 sordida, Marsh.

5. Last joints of antennae transverse. Elytra scarcely

longer than thorax, distinctly sinuated, yellow with

large triangular black scutellary patch extending to

posterior margins. Sides and postero-external angles

dark. Middle and posterior tibiae each with distinct

seta. dg, ventral plate of 6th abdominal segment

rounded and produced, in 2 broadly emarginate.

Length 3mm. . . . . « 136 melanaria, Mann.

— Last joints of antennae bul as long as broad

6. Elytra distinctly sinuated, reddish brown, scarcely

longer than the thorax, the latter with lateral setae.

Apex of abdomen reddish yellow, tibiae without distinct

setae. dg, 6th ventral segment broadly rounded and

produced. Facies of sordida, a brightly coloured

species. Length 3mm. . . . 135 consanguinea, Epp.

— Elytra feebly sinuated, distinctly longer than thorax

7. Elytra yellow, broader than long, about } as long again

as the thorax, the latter with rather short setae at sides,

middle tibiae with short indistinct seta at middle.

Abdomen slightly narrowed, facies of castanoptera,

Mann., but antennae entirely dark, last joint much

shorter and posterior tibiae without distinct setae,

average size smaller and abdomen more thickly punc-

tured. 4, 6th ventral segment narrowed and produced.

Length3-3°5mm. . . . .°’ « 118 intermedia, Thoms.

— Elytra brownish yellow, Viggen than broad, fully half as

long again as thorax, the sides of latter with long setae,

and roughly punctured. Middle tibiae with rather long

the British Species of Alewonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 287

seta in middle, posterior with two fine but distinct setae

one below the knee and one at middle. Antennae with

first three joints yellow. Abdomen only slightly

narrowed towards apex. <3, 8th dorsal segment nar-

rowed—slightly rounded. 6th ventral segment slightly

produced. Length 3-3°5 mm. . . . 120 marcida, Er.

8. 2nd and 3rd joints of antennae of about equallength . . 9.

— 3rd joint of antennae distinctly shorter than 2nd . . . 29.

9. Abdomen thickly punctured and pubescent to apex, as in

Oxypoda. . . 10.

— Abdomen much less tok ourtoparesd ind wiuheseent ait

apex : : 13.

10. Antennae lighter ai — Elytra dictenctiny simibtedl ; 11.

— Antennae entirely dark. Elytra less strongly sinuated . 12.

11. 4th joint of antennae longer than broad, 8 to 10 as long as

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

broad. Colour often entirely pitchy brown. Facies of

an Oxypoda and very similarly punctured and pubescent

but readily distinguished by having two pretty distinct

setae on intermediate tibiae. Length 2-2-3 mm.

138 pygmaea, Gr.

4th joint of antennae as long as broad, 8 to 10 distinctly

transverse. Facies of fungi, Gr., black or brownish

black. Abdomen much more thickly punctured and

pubescent than in fungi, but considerably less pubescent

at apex than pygmaea. Length 2-2°3mm. . 141 parens, Rey.

Species smaller 16-2 mm. Last joints of antennae

transverse.

Thorax longitudinally impressed before scutellum.

140 parva, Sahlb. (pilosiventris, Thoms. ).

Thorax without impression . . . Vv. muscorum, Bris.

Species larger 2-2°5 mm. Last joints of antennae as

broad as long . . - «+ + 139 aterrima, Gr.

4th joint of antennae tauaen ‘cine DECRG ah eect) os ye gl 14.

4th joint of antennae about as long as broad or transverse —.20.

Antennae more or less dark, sometimes sidiales lighter

HE DASC. he widens re 15.

Antennae reddish Ee inca ath ella, bea, 3, 6th

ventral segment rounded and _ produced. Length

2°3-2°6 mm. ‘ 5) ati. 143 Junge, Gre

Facies of fungi, sides of ‘aus with feeble setae, middle

tibiae with very feeble and obscure seta . . . 16.

Sides of thorax with distinct and strong setae, satadle

tibiae with strong setae (except in cadaverina) . . . Fie

Thorax less transverse, not more than half as broad again

288 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

as long, less shining, pubescence and punctuation closer.

Elytra as broad or almost as broad as thorax at its

greatest width. Length 2mm. . . . . v. orbata, Er.

— Thorax more transverse, more than half as broad again

as long, more shining, with pubescence and punctuation

more sparing. Elytra distinctly narrower than thorax

at its greatest width. Length 2°3-3 mm. 144 clientula, Er.*

17. Species entirely shining black . . . . b REREZ 18.

— Species with the elytra yellowish or brownish yellow, head

and thorax with metallic reflex . . . . 19.

18. Size larger, last joints of antennae about as juny as

broad, setae on middle and posterior tibiae very feeble.

3, 8th dorsal plate feebly emarginate posteriorly, 6th

ventral plate narrowed and slightly produced. Length

25-2°3 mm. . . . »« . 115 cadaverina, Bris.

— Size smaller, last ae of ait longer than broad,

two well-marked setae on middle and posterior tibiae.

3, 6th ventral plate slightly produced. Length 2 mm.

124 macrocera, Thoms.

19. Punctuation coarser, elytra darker, fore parts less bronzed,

abdomen not strongly pointed. dg, 8th dorsal plate

posteriorly slightly emarginate. Length 2°3-2°8 mm.

117 picipennis, Mann.

— Punctuation finer, elytra brighter, fore parts more

bronzed, abdomen distinctly pointed. ¢, 8th dorsal

plate posteriorly feebly emarginate. Length 2°5 mm.

119 cinnamoptera, Thoms.

20. Fourth joint of antennae transverse. Species shining

black; thorax and elytra thickly and finely punctured,

the former without lateral setae, the latter strongly

sinuated. Penultimate joints of antennae strongly

transverse. Abdomen pretty strongly pointed. Middle

and posterior tibiae without setae. Length 2 mm.

133 paradoxa, Rey.

— Fourth joint of antennae aslongas broad . . . . . 21.

21. Species with metallic reflex on fore parts, sides of thorax,

middle and posterior tibiae with strong setae . . . 22.

— Species without metallicreflex . . . . . . . . 28.

* A. montivagans, Woll. I have examined the type in the

British Museum and can see no specific differences from clientula, a

widely distributed and variable insect.

A. sharpi, Rye. This insect is probably identical with A.

clientula, but, as the type is not accessible, it is not possible to be

certain.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia.

22. Elytra brown or brownish black with more or less bronze

reflex. Legs pitchy yellow, femora dark. Thorax

broader. 3, 8th dorsal plate slightly emarginate

posteriorly, the emargination bounded on each side by a

289

small tooth. Length 2°3-3mm. . . 116 atramentaria, Gyll.

—- Elytra yellowish, legs yellow. Thorax narrower. 4,

8th dorsal plate with four teeth at hinder margin, the

outermost larger and only separated from the inner by

a small notch, a broad shallow emargination separates

the inner teeth from one another. Length 2—2°5 mm.

121 laevana, Rey.

23. Posterior tibiae without distinct setae, middle tibiae with

at most one short seta. Lateral setae of thorax feeble .

— Middle and posterior tibiae each with two long setae.

Lateral setae of thorax strong

24. Elytra yellowish, often darker about Ronielhia fia ‘he

postero-external angles

— Elytra uniform black or brownish black

25. Antennae with base at least distinctly yellow, the 5th aaa

6th joints a little longer than broad. Thorax brownish,

paler at the sides. 3, 8th dorsal plate with four equi-

distant teeth at posterior margin, the outer ones longer

24.

27.

25.

26.

than theinner. Length 2:°3-2-9mm. . . 146 laticollis, Steph.

— Antennae at most pitchy at the base, the 5th and 6th

joints about as long as broad. Thorax not lighter at

the sides. <4, 8th dorsal plate slightly emarginate

posteriorly, 6th ventral plate produced and rounded.

9, 6th ventral plate slightly emarginate posteriorly.

Length 2—2°9 mm. : . . . 145 fuscipes, Heer.

26. Size larger, antennae dark, ih sacs pitchy at base, head

small. Middle tibiae with distinct short stout seta.

Facies of fungi. 3, 6th ventral plate a little produced.

9, broadly emarginate. Length 2°5-2°8 mm.

147 subsinuata, Er.

— Size smaller, antennae distinctly light at base, head large.

Middle tibiae without distinct seta. Facies of fungi.

6; 8th dorsal plate truncate, 6th ventral plate rounded

and slightly produced. Length18-2mm. . 142 orphana, Er.

27. Last joints of antennae distinctly transverse. 4, 6th

ventral plate rounded asian Q, emarginate.

Length 2mm. .. «.«, ,«, 122. setgera, Shp:

— Last joints of antennae ibe or acs slightly transverse

28. Elytra scarcely sinuated, size smaller. ¢, 8th dorsal

plate rounded posteriorly, 6th ventral plate rounded.

28.

290 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

9, 6th ventral plate emarginate posteriorly. Length

15-18 mm. . . . . 125 parvula, Mann. (cauta, Er.).

Elytra distinctly sinuated, size larger. dg, 8th dorsal

plate produced and truncate in middle, on either side

and separated from the produced central portion by a

distinct space is a rather long slightly incurved spine.

2, 8th dorsal plate broadly and feebly emarginate with

a small tooth on either side, 6th ventral plate emarginate

posteriorly in middle. Length 2—2°7 mm.

123 nigripes, Thoms. (villosula, Kr.).

Fourth joint of antennae as broad as long, last joints

more or less transverse. . . 30.

Fourth joint of antennae cranietde or eager ith rr 34.

Head, thorax and elytra very shining, finely and asper-

ately punctured, elytra with disc reddish yellow and cir-

cumference more or less pitchy. Legs yellow, femora

dark. Length 18mm. . . . '. 86 titers, Fuss.

Species not very shining, at saibae with a greasy lustre,

elytra uniform black or brown. Small obscure species 31.

Thorax very transverse, double as broad as long, without

trace of lateral setae, fore parts dull, thickly deeply and

roughly punctured. Last joints of antennae strongly

transverse. <@, 8th dorsal plate truncate, 6th ventral

plate rounded and produced. 9, 8th dorsal and 6th

ventral plates slightly emarginate posteriorly. Length

1:3 mm. e7 ) LU LO ea 1 26teribraia, Kar:

Thorax only ibderdtely anit ones, not twice as broad

as long, with distinct but feeble lateral setae ; last joints

of antennae moderately transverse . . 32.

Head and thorax with greasy lustre, finely sleet: Belt

not roughly punctured. 3, 8th dorsal plate at posterior

margin with four small equidistant teeth. Length

162mm, *. |.) 2 >. Y82 zosterae, Phoms. (nigra, Kz.).

Head and thorax finely closely and roughly punctured . 33.

Antennae lighter at base. Elytra brownish, legs testa-

ceous. 4, 8th dorsal plate with four small teeth at

posterior margin. Length 15 mm. . . 129 celata, Er.

Antennae entirely dark. Elytra darker, legs with femora

pitchy. dg, 8th dorsal plate with four obscure teeth.

Length 1°5 mm. . «180 arenicola, Th. (germana, Shp.).

Fourth joint of antennae longer than broad, 7th to 10th

longer than broad, 11th more than twice as long as 10th.

Facies of zosterae. 3, 8th dorsal plate with four small

teeth on posterior margin. Length 2 mm. . 131 hodierna, Shp.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 291

— Fourth joint of antennae transverse. Small, dull,

obscure species with foreparts thickly, finely, and

roughly punctured. Elytra not sinuated. Length

P2-lSmm. 7. : 35.

35. Eleventh joint of siibeliahs ebbing hse hain tis it

preceding together, puncturation less strong and close,

thorax more transverse, elytra not much longer than

the thorax. Length 1:2-1°3 mm. . . .128 sordidula, Er.

— Eleventh joint of antennae pointed, not longer than

the two preceding together, puncturation stronger and

closer, thorax less transverse, elytra evidently longer

than the thorax. 3, 8th dorsal plate with four in-

distinct teeth at posterior margin. Length 1:3 mm.

127 canescens, Shp.

36. Sides of head behind eyes diverging uniformly backwards

to posterior angles. Head triangular, broadest at the

posterior angles... : 37.

— Sides of head behind eyes net aiveecenle oighes Sidioealy

rounded or temples more or less prominent . . . . 40.

om Head not impressed) i-giin ah > is) eRe, 38.

— Head impressed ing .. Herd 39.

38. 8th dorsal plate of abdomen with diatintet éeintigreli

notch posteriorly in both sexes; abdomen less densely

punctured. Length 18-2 mm. . . . . 148 analis, Gr.

— 8th dorsal plate of abdomen wthout emargination;

abdomen more densely punctured. Length 1°7-2 mm.

149 decipiens, Shp.

39. g, 8th dorsal plate of abdomen with distinct triangular

emargination posteriorly, 6th ventral plate produced

and rounded at apex. Q, 8th dorsal plate distinctly

emarginate. Length 1‘7-2 mm. . . 151 cavifrons, Shp.*

— 6, 8th dorsal plate of abdomen with a deep notch pos-

teriorly, commencing on either side near the lateral

margins of the plate, its sides almost parallel and its

summit gradually rounded. 6th ventral plate produced

and rounded at apex. 9, 8th dorsal plate not or very

slightly emarginate. Length 2-2°3 mm. . 150 soror, Kr.

40. Puncturation of abdomen very coarse and close, species

dull and somewhat depressed. Base of antennae

reddish yellow, penultimate joints distinctly transverse. 41.

— Abdomen with normal puncturation . . . . . . 42.

* I have examined A. simillima, Shp., but am unable to see

any specific distinction from this species.

292 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

41. Larger. Temples bordered. Elytra about half as long

again as thorax. 4, 8th dorsal segment in front studded

with large granules, behind quite smooth with usually

a distinct notch in middle of posterior margin. 9,

8th dorsal segment in front studded with finer granules,

the posterior margin not notched. Length 2°5-3 mm.

49 incana, Er.

— Smaller. Temples not bordered. Elytra scarcely longer

than the thorax. 4, 7th and 8th dorsal plates studded

with granules, posterior margin of the 8th plate with four

blunt teeth. Length 2—2°5 mm. . « » 48 nigella, Er.

42. 4th joint of antennae distinctly transverse, last joints

transverse sometimes very strongly sat

— 4th joint of antennae about as broad as long or longer

than broad

43. Species in great part tetera or foddich iesteduns

— Species black or pitchy brown, pica in some more or

less testaceous :

44. Small species; length 1°2— is 51 mm.

— Larger species; length 2°5-3 mm.

45. Species testaceous

— Species varying from reddish Joakduens to redial pias:

(A. exilis often very dark) ‘ j

46. Elytra more or less infuscate at postero- sexiziciall ai aless

much longer than the thorax. Eyes moderate, rather

prominent. Abdomen infuscate before apex. Length

43-

1°3 mm. , ‘ » whee oe) a tae palleola,. Mr,

— Uniformly pale teataadous lyst not longer than the

thorax. Eyes very small, not prominent. Length

1:2-1'4mm. . . . 155 indocilis, Heer. (pallens, Redt.).

47. Head small, narrow, quadrate, much narrower than the

thorax, black or dark brown. Thorax distinctly trans-

verse, sometimes more or less reddish testaceous.

Head, thorax and elytra finely shagreened, impunctate

with greasy lustre, the elytra much longer than the

thorax. Antennae with base yellow, infuscate towards

apex, 3rd joint much shorter than 2nd, the last joints

about four times as broad as long. Length 1°3—-1°5 mm.

74 clavigera,

— Head large, orbicular, nearly as broad as thorax .

48. Elytra shorter than the thorax, finely punctured. Hand

and thorax very finely and sparingly punctured. 4,

6th ventral abdominal plate produced and truncate.

Scrib.

48.

Length 1°3-1'5 mm. Che! Poe elo eaenatae Bert

the British Species of Aleuwonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 293

49.

50.

dl.

52.

53.

54.

Elytra not shorter than thorax . ..... . 49.

Eyes small, not prominent, thorax about } broader than

long. Abdomen in front finely and rather closely punc-

tured and pubescent. Length 1°5-1°75 mm. 154 ewilis, Er.

Eyes moderate rather prominent, thorax about half again

broader than long. Abdomen in front finely and spar-

ingly punctured and pubescent. ¢, Head with small

depression on vertex, 6th ventral plate of abdomen

narrowed and produced. Length 1°5 mm.

153 validiuscula, Kr.

3rd joint of antennae distinctly shorter than 2nd, thorax

almost quadrate; last joints of antennae strongly

transverse . . eles Vehaaice : dl.

3rd joint of niieinae. as rea as or aang ahioter Gin

2nd, thorax distinctly transverse . . Shih 53.

Thorax and elytra finely shagreened, a“ very ee

finely but distinctly punctured . . . . 52.

Thorax and elytra very shining without visible Ay eee

tion. 3, 8th dorsal plate of abdomen without tubercles.

Length 25 mm.. . . . 4 gracilenta, Er. (splendens, Kr.).

Head strongly but not closely punctured. 11th joint of

antennae as long as the two preceding together. 0,

8th dorsal plate without tubercles. Length 3:3 mm.

1 atricapilla, Rey. (elegantula, Bris.).

Head obsoletely punctured. 11th joint of antennae not

as long as the two preceding together. , 8th dorsal

plate without tubercles. Length 2°7-3 mm.

2 aurantiaca, F'vl. (rufotestacea, Shp., Fowler nec Kr.).

Elytra thickly and roughly punctured. 4, 8th dorsal

plate with four teeth at posterior margin, the outer

ones spiniform, the inner ones short and stout. Length

3-3°55 mm. . . . . . 77 scapularis, Sahlb.

Elytra finely and not thickly punctured: 2, a0 Si) solic 54.

Thorax twice as broad as long, last joints of antennae

about twice as broad as long. , 8th dorsal plate with

four teeth at posterior margin of equal length, the inner

ones blunt, the outer pointed. Length 2°2-2°8 mm.

79 subterranea, Rey.

Thorax about half as broad again as long, last joints of

antennae about three times as broad as long. gy, 8th

dorsal plate produced in middle, externally furnished

with a slender obsolete spine, internal to which is

an oblique tubercle near posterior margin. Length

2-2°5 mm. . . 16 dilaticornts, Kr.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) U

294 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

55.

lor)

57.

58.

59.

61.

Species with elytra in part at least testaceous or yellowish

brown... BUS ELE EK Ven 56.

Species with elyipa baifteel nik sie Lil Feta 60.

. Thorax scarcely transverse pitchy brown, facies of

atricapilla and aurantiaca, but darker in colour, more

depressed, more distinctly punctured, antennae longer

and less thickened with longer terminal joint than the

latter species. 3, 7th dorsal plate with two tubercles.

Length 3. mami. )9 2. Ste) osteo al degregiag Rye.

Thorax distinctly transverse . . sc Dieb as 57.

Last joints of antennae strongly ramen; dive times

broader than long . ... . fosd Pee actin 58.

Last joints of antennae much less soir anes at most one

and a half times broader than long . . . 59.

Shining black, antennae testaceous at base. wBivtta

yellow, darker at scutellum and often at sides and

postero-external angles. dg, 8th dorsal plate at pos-

terior margin with slender incurved spine on either side

and two blunt teeth (shorter than the spines) internally.

Length 2-25 mm. . . - « + 75 testaceipes, Heer.

With greasy lustre only. Matsuapie entirely testaceous.

Elytra yellow, sometimes slightly darker at scutellum.

6, 8th dorsal plate at posterior margin with four stout

blunt teeth, the inner ones separated by a deep semi-

circular notch. The margins of the teeth are raised.

Length 1:8-2 mm. . . . . . 90 liturata, Steph.

2nd joint of antennae a little denver than the 3rd. Elytra

bright yellow, dark at scutellum and postero-external

angles. 4, 8th dorsal plate truncate posteriorly and

thickened with four obtuse rather obsolete teeth.

Length 2°3-2°8 mm. . . «+» +») 89 negritula, Kr.

2nd joint of antennae distinetly dhorter than 3rd. Elytra

yellowish brown. , 3rd joint of antennae thickened,

8th dorsal plate truncate and finely crenulate with

small tubercle on either side. 9, 6th ventral segment

rounded. Length 2-8-3 mm.

92 crassicornis, F. (fungicola, Kr.).

?, 6th ventral segment distinctly emarginate

v. fulvipennis, Rey.

. Antennae distinctly lighteratthe base. . . . . . 61.

Antennae entirely dark, at most obscurely lighter at base _—64.

Head and thorax very shining, elytra feebly sinuated. 4,

8th dorsal plate emarginate posteriorly in middle and

with a tooth externally, the space between the emargina-

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 295

62.

63.

65.

66.

67.

68.

tion and the tooth with traces of one or two teeth.

Length 2:2-25mm. . . . . . .« . 84 cortaria, Kr.

Head and thorax with greasy lustre only . . 62.

Elytra roughly punctured, strongly sinuated. Abdamien

pretty finely and closely punctured and pubescent

throughout . . . - . «© ~« ¥8 clancula, Er.

Elytra finely panntered, aot ainniatedk Abdomen very

sparingly and finely ue and eraser especially

posteriorly . . . - ; 63.

Elytra quite half as ae again as bho slietarenle

longer than broad. <d, 7th dorsal plate with two or

three irregular rows of granules, 8th also with granules,

the hinder margin furnished on each side with a sharp

tooth. Length 2mm... . . . » 58 mhabilis, Kr.

Elytra only about one-third lorie than thorax, a little

broader than long. 4, 8th dorsal plate produced in the

middle and emarginate, on each side furnished with a

spine. Length 1-8-2°3 mm.

82 basicornis, Rey. (autwmnalis, Shp.).

. Puncturation of head and thorax not visible, very shining,

finelyishsoreenad:’ ryan <wleenne | sa) «ss Lee bae He 65.

Puncturation visible, shagreened . . . . .. . 66.

Larger, thorax nearly as broad as elytra, antennae

stouter. 3g, 6th ventral plate produced. Length

ES mm og ‘ . '« « 65 atomaria, Kr.

Smaller and more sitter, thom much narrower than

elytra. Antennae more slender. 4, 6th ventral plate

produced. Length ] mm. . . . . 64 perexigua, Shp.

Puncturation of head and thorax fine, not valid surface

with greasy lustre,shagreened . . . . were Gt

Puncturation fine but rough. Small Sees species . 69.

Size smaller. Puncturation of head and thorax very

fine sparing. Elytra not sinuated. , 8th dorsal plate

broadly emarginate scarcely visibly crenulated. Length

15-2mm. . . . . 70 amicula, Steph. (sericea, Muls.).

Larger, puncturation of head and thorax fine and close.

Length 2-3 mm. . . 68.

Elytra distinctly sinuated, ard joint of shtennaa, Raabe

than the 2nd. 4, 8th dorsal plate with posterior margin

furnished with two stout backwardly directed tubercles

on each side of middle line and externally on either side

a slender spine curved inwards. Length 2 mm.

83 oblita, Er.

Elytra scarcely sinuated. 2nd joint of antennae shorter

296 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

69.

70.

file

75.

than 8rd, facies of crassicornis, but 4th joint of antennae

more strongly transverse, 5th to 10th much less strongly

transverse. 3, 8th dorsal plate finely crenulate with

larger tubercle externally. 9, 6th ventral plate emar-

ginate. Length 3mm. 91 nitedicollis, Faitm. (ignobilis, Shp.).

Very small “7 mm... (. . . 0. = )68tngemnaia, Gr;

Larger, 1-2mm. . . 70.

Less robust, narrower ‘a more fini: sieGiirelor at thea

finely and sparingly punctured. Legs yellow. dg, head

and thorax broadly impressed in middle line throughout

8th dorsal plate truncate, 6th ventral plate rounded and

not produced. In size intermediate between inquinula

and morluorum. Length 1-1'2 mm. . 67 liliputana, Bris.

More robust, broader, less shining, abdomen at base more

coarsely and closely punctured. Legs pitchy . . . as

Head, thorax and elytra closely and distinctly punctured ;

species narrower, smaller. 4, 8th dorsal plate slightly

emarginate. 6th ventral plate narrowed but not pro-

duced. Length 15 mm. 69 mortuorum, Th. (atricolor, Shp.).

Head, thorax and elytra much less closely and distinctly

punctured ; species broader, larger. Length 2 mm.

71 subtilis Scriba.*

. 4th joint of antennae about as long as broad ft . . . 73.

4th joint of antennae longer than broad . . . . . = II17.

. 3rd joint of antennae obviously shorter than the 2nd. 74.

3rd joint of antennae not or scarcely shorter than the 2nd. _—86.

. Species entirely dull, thickly and finely punctured and

pubescent all over, much as in Oxypoda. Last joints of

antennae distinctly transverse. Length 2—-2°5 mm.

12 pruinosa, Kr.

Species with normal puncturation and pubescence . . 75.

Last joints of antennae distinctly transverse . . . . 76.

Last joints of antennae about as broad as long or very

slightly transverse, entirely testaceous. Narrow fragile

species of brownish or dirty testaceous colour. Head

subquadrate, thorax about as long as broad. Abdomen

very finely and moderately thickly punctured and

pubescent. 4, thorax broadly impressed in the middle

line. Length 1:2-1'4 mm. . . .. . 5 subtilissima, Kr.

* T have examined specimens of indiscreta, Shp., but am unable to

detect any specific differences. M. Fauvel also regards them as

identical.

+ In 3 dwersa the 4th joint appears slightly longer than broad.

the British Species of Alewonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 297

76.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

Antennae with at least the first three joints oe often

entirely testaceous or reddish brown . . fils

Antennae entirely dark. Narrow, parallel- ed ae

Elytra fully half as long again as thorax, evidently

lomperatinmeDiOmMe ta ae Bg 85.

. Antennae entirely testaceous . . wig) Sk

Antennae reddish brown or pitchy an fges Bees ies 81.

Head distinctly narrower than thorax, transversely

rounded. Thorax and elytra often reddish brown,

shining, very finely and sparingly punctured. Abdo-

men black with reddish apex. Length 1°5 mm.

152 hace Heer. oe Mann.).

Head nearly as broad as thorax . . Sapa C 79.

Head quadrangular, species smaller, more or less® dirty

testaceous. Length 13-2 mm. . . 80.

Head orbicular, species larger. Facies of sill As tanita.

Length 29mm. . . . . . 37 scotica, Elliman.

More robust, elytra about re longer than the thorax,

scarcely as long as broad. , 8th dorsal plate truncate,

6th ventral plate slightly produced. 9, 8th dorsal

plate slightly emarginate. Length 2 mm.

39 complana, Mann. (deformis, Kr.).

More slender, elytra about } longer than the thorax,

about as long as broad. 3, 6th ventral plate produced

and slightly emarginate. Length 1-3-1-5 mm.

38 laticeps, Th. (difficilis, Bris.).

Antennae entirely reddish brown. . . 82.

Antennae dark, with lighter base, elytra éllone with aes

triangular patch at scutellum and the sides also darker.

Very shining, legs yellow with dark femora. Length

Simm: + % - . . 85 nitens, Fuss.

Very shining, pallet mation fe visible on head and

thorax, colour varying from reddish to dark brown. ,

6th ventral segment ai and narrowed. Length

eS =Puomims haa 7 « = 63i\aegra, Heer:

Not very shining : with greasy eee only. Species dis-

tinctly punctured and shagreened . . . . 83.

Abdomen finely and closely punctured and ate

throughout. , 6th ventral plate narrowed and _pro-

duced. Length 15-2 mm. . . . . . 40 vilis, Er.

Abdomen much more sparingly punctured and pubescent

at apex . . 84.

Larger and more “anes clytve qietienie foneer en Te

thorax, about as broad as long. dg, 6th ventral plate

narrowed and produced. Length 3 mm. 34 fallaciosa, Shp.

298

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

Dr. Malcoim Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

Smaller and more slender, elytra scarcely longer than the

thorax, not sinuate, broader than long. (Much like

gemina, Er., but in this species the antennae and elytra

are longer and the latter are sinuated.) 4, 6th ventral

plate narrowed and produced. Length 2 mm.

29 curtipennis, Shp.

Species distinctly and rather roughly punctured. Head

large and quadrate. ¢, head and thorax impressed in

middle line, 8th dorsal plate truncate, 6th ventral plate

produced and narrowed, 3rd joint of antennae triangu-

larly dialated. Length 2mm. . . . . 57 corvina, Th.

Species finely shagreened not punctured on head and

thorax, facies of preceding but with broader thorax.

6, 8th dorsal plate truncate and crenulate, 6th ventral

plate rounded and produced. Length2mm. 66 puberula, Shp.

Antennae with 2nd and 3rd joints of practically equal

lenetuy) 27. Aas Sh) see” we 87.

Antennae with 2nd sont aibeter iden 31 Gey ie eee ieee GET B:

Antennae entirely testaceous or but slightly darker near

AER 56 ob ¢ : 88.

Antennae not entirely fostaneas a ieee distinctly

darker near apex, or entirely dark, at most obscurely

lighter at base . . .. 91.

Thorax not transverse, as long or ie longer ‘fbn

broad. Colour reddish brown. LElytra shorter than

thorax. d, elytra each with raised tubercle at base near

suture, 7th dorsal plate with a raised line in middle, 8th

dorsal plate at posterior margin with two obscure teeth

near middle. Length 2-5-3 mm. . . 156 circellaris, Gr.

Thorax distinctly transverse . . PMT och. 89.

Antennae stout, the last joints twice as ‘bread as long : 90.

Antennae slender, the last joints not twice as broad as

long. Elytra yellow with large triangular area at

scutellum dark and the postero-external angles largely

dark, the dark markings often extending so as only to

leave a yellow patch at anterior angles. Sometimes the

elytra are almost entirely yellowish red. Sometimes

the antennae are dark with lighter base (see 96). 0,

8th dorsal plate finely crenulate, the outer tooth on each

side more distinct. Length 2°3-2°8mm. 88 pallidicornis, 'Th.*

Species larger, darker, elytra reddish brown, abdomen

I have seen a mature specimen with one antenna entirely

testaceous and the other dark with light base.

the British Species of Alewonota, Atheta and Sipalia.

black. 3, elytra each with raised line parallel to

suture: 7th dorsal plate with two raised lines con-

verging backwards, 6th ventral plate produced. 9,

6th ventral plate rather deeply emarginate. Length

299

44.7mm. . . « .-» 5 hepatica, Er.

— Species smaller, priatiee clita reddikh, abdomen pitchy.

3, each elytron with raised line at hinder margin near

suture. Length 33mm. . . . . . 52 exarata, Shp.

91. Antennae with lighter base .

— Antennae entirely dark, at most dbaoinalyy lightar at base .

92. Elytra entirely reddish yellow, or ed with dark

markings

— Elytra uniform edelish oo or plaka = bes

93. Antennae stout, with strongly transverse terminal joints.

Head very coarsely and closely punctured, thorax

strongly transverse, closely and coarsely punctured.

Elytra yellow with postero-external angles dark.

Length) 2:5:mmi,siso8 xe ie oe LB Bieribricepa;

— Antennae longer, much less stout, the terminal joints

moderately transverse or about as broad as long. Head

and thorax finely and moderately closely punctured, the

latter not so strongly transverse . ,

94. Species in great part reddish testaceous, pba tad ie

depressed. Penultimate joints of antennae about as long

as broad or very slightly transverse. 3, 3rd joint of

antennae dilated : 7th dorsal plate witha tubercle. 8th

dorsal plate with four teeth at posterior margin, the

inner closer together and tubercular, the outer curved.

92.

101.

93.

97.

Shp.*

94.

Length 3-4°5 mm. : . « . 50 brunnea, F.

— Species dark, at most with elyire more or less testaceous

or reddish

95. Elytra scarcely sinuate, yolleseish with dishieiat Griangeilan

black scutellary patch and postero-external angles

black. Coloration of trinolata but narrower and more

parallel, and 3rd joint of antennae not longer than 2nd.

6, 8th dorsal plate finely crenulate. Length 3 mm.

95.

94 xanthopus, Th.

— Elytra distinctly sinuate .

96. Size smaller. Last joints of antennas distinably cians:

verse, elytra either entirely yellow or with large dark

triangular scutellary patch and postero-external angles

96.

* This insect is Coenonica puncticollis, Kr., found in both the

East and West Indies and no doubt imported. See E. M. M., vol,

xlix, p. 135, 1913.

300 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

dark. Sometimes the dark markings extend so as only’

to leave a yellow humeral patch. 4, 8th dorsal plate

finely crenulate, the outer tooth on each side more

distinct. Length 2°3-2°8 mm. (See also 89.)

88 pallidicornis, Th.

— Size larger. Facies of large castanoptera, Mann. Elytra

reddish yellow. Last joints of antennae as long as

broad or feebly transverse. Length 4—4-5mm. 101 9 valida, Kr.

97. Thorax scarcely broader than long: elytra sinuate . . 98.

— Thorax distinctly transverse . . sioetietah 100;

98. Head and thorax either shining or witin disiiat greasy

lustre. . . 3 99.

— Head and thorax completely rail stineioe nee witha

puncturation. Elytra brown with greasy lustre, a little

longer than thorax, very finely punctured. 3, head and

thorax broadly impressed, 6th dorsal plate near hinder

margin with a transverse row of two to six granules, 7th

with about 8 tubercles in two transverse rows of four,

each one behind the other, 8th with four small teeth at

posterior margin. 6th ventral plate narrowed and

produced. Length 3-355 mm. . . . . 46 aequata, Er.

99. Head and thorax with greasy lustre, shagreened not

punctured. Thorax often brown, elytra reddish brown

with greasy lustre, very finely punctured. 3, head and

thorax broadly impressed. 7th dorsal plate with about

ten large granules, more or less irregularly disposed,

8th with a transverse row of four large granules ands»

the hinder margin with four small teeth. Length

33-3°3 mm. . .. . . . 45 angustula, Gyll.

— Head and thorax shintive, distanietly punctured, elytra

reddish brown distinctly and roughly punctured. 4d,

head broadly impressed, 6th ventral plate produced.

Length 3-355 mm. . . . i. . 47 linearis, Gr.

100. Elytra strongly sinuate; fom te shining. g, 8th

dorsal plate distinctly emarginate behind. Length

25-8 MM! «~~: . . + 87 sodahs, Er.

— Elytra feebly sinuate : fore anit with greasy lustre only.

Abdomen not seldom pretty distinctly pointed. , 8th

dorsal plate with four teeth at posterior margin, two

central broad, blunt and close together, two lateral

spiniform. Length 2:2-25mm.. . . 86 gagatina, Baudi.

. Elytra yellow with black markings

Elytra uniformly brown or black

. Elytra yellow with distinct black dchveltany patch

102.

103.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 301

105.

. Femora pitchy; species less shining, puncturation of

extending to posterior margins; postero-external

angles black. 4g, 8th dorsal plate crenulate, the

outermost crenulation on each side forming a distinct

tooth. 9, 8th dorsal and 6th ventral plates obscurely

emarginate. Length 3-355 mm. . . 97 triangulum, Kr.

Elytra yellow with suture and circumference black.

Very shining, puncturation very fine and sparing. Legs

yellow. Facies of small longiuscula Gr. (vicina, Steph.).

According to Fauvel 3 with 8th dorsal plate finely crenu-

late at posterior border, 6th ventral plate narrowed and

produced. Length 2-233 mm. . . . 62 subglabra, Shp.

» Thorax (searcely ‘transverse, foie se. as 6 (104,

Thorax distinctly transverse . 105.

abdomen much more sparing. ¢, 8th dorsal plate

slightly emarginate, 6th ventral plate narrowed and

produced. Length 1:°8-2°3 mm. . . 60 angusticollis, Th.

Femora testaceous; species more shining, puncturation

of abdomen much closer. Antennae often obscurely

lighter at base. dg, 8th dorsal plate emarginate, 6th

ventral plate produced. Length 2—2°5mm. 61 palustris. Kies.

Elytra distinctly longer than broad. . . . . . . 106.

— Elytra about as long as broad or transverse . . . . 107.

106.

107.

108.

Larger. Antennae more slender, the penultimate

joints less transverse. Thorax scarcely narrowed be-

hind. 4, Head less strongly impressed, 3rd joint of

antennae thickened. 8th dorsal plate with sides and

posterior margin raised, the latter broadly and obsoletely

emarginate. 9, 8th dorsal and 6th ventral plates

slightly emarginate. Length 3-3°3 mm. . 53 occulla, Er.

Smaller and narrower. Antennae stouter with pen-

ultimate joints more transverse. Thorax distinctly

narrowed behind. 3, head deeply and broadly im-

pressed; other characters as in preceding. Length

2°5-3 mm. oR... aE fungivora, ‘Fhoms,

Elytra not longer than the thorax: black, rather shin-

ing, legs pitchy testaceous. g, 6th ventral plate

narrowed and produced. 9, 6th ventral plate emargin-

ate. Length 2°3-2° mm. . . . . 41 tibialis, Heer.

Elytra longer than the thorax . . .. . 108.

Small species. Shining black, very finely punctured.

Legs usually pitchy. Facies of a large dark amicula.

3; 8th dorsal plate distinctly crenulate at posterior

margin. Length 15-17 mm. . . . 72 indubia, Shp.

302

109.

a2:

113.

114.

Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

Larger species. Length 2°2-3°3 mm. . . . 109.

Thorax broader, about $ as broad again as long. Biytra

yellowish brown or Bbcilcra aan ese yay 210;

Thorax narrower, about } as sped neat as long.

Elytra dark brown or black sometimes reddish brown

in monticola . . . om v3;

. Last joint of antennae iondete Aina the tie proneding

together. Elytra yellowish orreddish brown. . . III.

Last joint of antennae not longer than the two preceding

together. LElytra brown or black . . . . 112.

. Larger, broader, more shining. Elytra yellowish biciirn

abdomen sparingly punctured in front. 3, 8th dorsal

plate crenulated posteriorly (about 8 or 10 teeth), the

outermost on each side the most distinct. Length

3°5-3°8 mm. : . . . 99 euryptera, St.

Smaller, narrower with greasy lustre only. Elytra

reddish brown; abdomen rather closely punctured

in front. 4, head and thorax broadly impressed in

middle. 8th dorsal plate broadly emarginate and

very obscurely crenulate with larger tooth on either

side. Length2;2-25mm. . . . . . 81 divisa, Mark.

Larger, less depressed, penultimate joints of antennae

less transverse. ¢, penultimate joint of antennae

nearly square; 8th dorsal plate crenulated with dis-

tinct tooth externally on each side. Length 3°5 mm.

98 diversa, Shp.

Smaller, depressed, penultimate joints of antennae

much more transverse. 4, penultimate joint of an-

tennae distinctly transverse, head and thorax broadly

impressed. 8th dorsal plate slightly emarginate.

Length 2°2-255 mm. . . + +» 80 nigricornis, Th.

3g, without tubercles or raised foes on 8th dorsal plate

which is simply emarginate, 6th ventral plate pro-

duced. Head and thorax rather broadly impressed.

9, 8th dorsal plate with triangular notch posteriorly.

Length 2-7-3 mm. . . shies. | 9. gtetpes, Th.

dg; with tubercles or raised ties on Sth dorsal plate. . 114.

Rather larger, more shining, thorax broader. dg, head

and thorax deeply impressed. 8th dorsal plate deeply

and triangularly emarginate posteriorly, towards each

side with distinct ridge commencing at the emargina-

tion on the posterior margin and curving forwards

with concavity inwards. In the space thus enclosed

are four shorter ridges, the two inner nearly parallel.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 303

9, 8th dorsal plate slightly emarginate. Length

S=3°0. mi. Peak. . . « 96 monticola, Th.

— Rather smaller, less Shining ions narrower. 6,

head and thorax less impressed. 8th dorsal plate

broadly triangularly emarginate posteriorly and with a

raised ridge on either side. In the space enclosed is

a curved transverse row of four tubercles. 9, 8th

dorsal plate slightly emarginate. Length 2°5-3 mm.

55 excellens, Kr-

115. Elytra testaceous with darker markings. Antennae

dark with base pitchy ;

— Elytra uniformly reddish brown or reddieh sailor. sae

tennae with base lighter, the last joints distinctly trans-

verse, head and thorax rather dull, apex of abdomen

reddish. 4, 8th dorsal plate with posterior margin

thickened and feebly crenulate. 9, 8th dorsal plate

broadly emarginate with small tooth on either side,

6th ventral plate emarginate. Length 3-3°5 mm.

116.

93 pilicornis, Th.

116. Elytra yellow with distinct black triangular patch at

scutellum usually extending to posterior margin,

postero-external angles dark. 10th joint of antennae

transverse in both sexes. , 8th dorsal plate crenulate

posteriorly. Length 277-3 mm. . . . 96 trinotata, Kr.

— Elytra markings less distinct, the ground-colour dirty

yellow, the sutural and angular patches brownish.

10th joint of antennae square in 4, transverse in Q.

(According to Ganglbauer $ with a short longitudinal

keel in middle of base of 7th dorsal abdominal seg-

ment.)* Length3mm. .. . . . 97 hybrida, Shp.

117. 2nd joint of antennae longer than 3rd

— 2nd joint of antennae as long as 3rd or differing but

slightly in length wile

118. Penultimate joints of antennae as oe as ‘iron: Abdo-

men finely but distinctly punctured and pubescent to

the apex. Fore parts rather shining, black, elytra

brown. <4, 6th ventral plate narrowed and produced.

9, 6th ventral plate slightly emarginate. Length

118.

121.

2-25mm.. . . . 33 meridionalis, Rey. (littorea, Shp.).

— Penultimate joints of antennae longer than broad,

Length 1-5-2 mm.

119.

* Dr. Sharp tells me that he can see no keel in his specimens,

but that the segment in question is retracted.

304 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

119. Antennae testaceous, species pitchy . om was P LAO:

— Antennae brown, species black, head bioaden than

long. Elytra longer than broad, abdomen closely and

finely punctured and oe throughout. Length

I-8-2 mm. =. oo ao Pi longata; eer. *

120. Very small fragile species, Heda square, elytra longer

than broad. Abdomen finely and closely punctured

and pubescent throughout. Length 1:5 mm.

6 delicatula, Shp.

— Larger and more robust, head broader than long. Ab-

domen less finely and closely punctured especially at

apex. <4, antennal joints slightly longer than in 9.

6th ventral plate much produced but not narrowed.

Very like fragilis but antennae testaceous and insect

more depressed. (See also 133 fragilis.) Length

yA OT - . . 9 exumea, Shp.

121. The whole upper snfacs doandl arial finely punctured

and pubescent as in Oxypoda: black with brown

elytra, completely dull. 3, 6th ventral plate rounded

and produced. Length 2°3-2°3 mm. . . 11 fallax, Kr.

— Species with normal puncturation and pubescence 122.

122. Penultimate joints of antennae longer than broad 123.

— Penultimate joints of antennae as long as broad or

transverse 134.

123. Elytra distinctly efitinte 124.

— Elytra not or scarcely sinuate . 130.

124. Head and thorax with metallic reflex . 125.

— Head and thorax without metallic reflex 127.

125. Elytra distinctly transverse 126.

— Elytra scarcely transverse, distinctly fonpes hi thee,

yellowish brown. Antennae dark, testaceous at

base, the last joint not longer than the two preceding

together. 3, 8th dorsal plate with 7 or 8 distinct

teeth at posterior margin, the outer on each side the

largest. Length 3°-5-4mm. . . . . 102 aquatica, Th.

126. Elytra distinctly transverse, antennae dark, testaceous

at base, last joint not longer than the two preceding.

Facies of ayuatica but broader and more depressed,

the elytra scarcely longer than the thorax. Punctura-

tion of fore parts more rugose. 4, 8th dorsal plate

more or less emarginate and more or less distinctly

* T have examined a specimen of A. muiri, Shp., but am unable

to perceive any characters to distinguish it from this insect.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 305

127.

128.

crenulate. 6th ventral plate produced. 9, 6th

ventral plate slightly emarginate. Length 3°5-4 mm.

105 aquatilis, Th.

Elytra distinctly transverse, facies of large castano-

ptera. Puncturation of thorax fine, not rugose. An-

tennae testaceous more or less infuscate towards apex,

the last joint longer than the two preceding together.

g, last joint of antennae longer, 8th dorsal plate trun-

cate, 6th ventral plate produced and rounded. Length

4mm; .° . - «+ « 100 incognita, Shp.

Antennae sntinely elarks saulpitive of elytra consisting

of small granules, dark brown or black: head and

thorax shining black. Legs testaceous with femora

darker. 3, granules of elytra much coarser. 7th and

8th dorsal plates studded with granules, 8th plate

truncate and crenulate posteriorly, 6th ventral plate

produced and slightly notched. Length 3°8-4°3 mm.

113 graminicola, Gr.

Antennae with base lighter . . . aan, “128.

Thorax reddish testaceous, elytra fesanonties abdomen

with base and apex pitchy. Species of bright appear-

ance. <4, 8th dorsal plate sprinkled with granules, on

each side near apex with a short raised ridge. Length

448mm... . Pere SLO pagana; Hr:

Thorax black, alan vellowish bidntn coe Wlds eas. “L2O-

Last joint of antennae rather longer than the two pre-

ceding together. Species more robust, more shining,

head and thorax much more finely and sparingly

punctured, elytra more thickly punctured. 8th dorsal

plate crenulate at hinder margin, teeth about 8 in

number. Length4-45mm. . . . . 101 ¢ valida, Kr.

Last joint of antennae nearly as long as the three pre-

ceding together. Species less robust, less shining,

head and thorax more coarsely and closely punctured,

elytra more sparingly punctured. , 8th dorsal plate

truncate and furnished at hinder margin with about 8

crenulations. Length 3°5-4 mm.

104 castanoptera, Mann. (xanthoptera, Steph.).

. Larger and more robust species. Length 4-43 mm. . 1381.

Smaller and more delicate species. Length 2-3mm. . 132.

. Thorax scarcely narrowed behind, quadrate, species

pitchy brown, dull, abdomen with hind margins of

segments» and apex lighter, closely punctured and

pubescent. 3, 7th dorsal plate with a tubercle, 8th

306

133.

Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

posterior margin with 6 teeth, the outer on each side

larger. Length 44:3 mm. ~ «© « s!) 20Mangueda, Er.

Thorax distinctly narrowed behind. Black more shin-

ing, elytra often brown. Abdomen black, less closely

punctured and pubescent especially behind. 4, 7th

dorsal plate in middle line with short ridge pointed

behind. 8th dorsal plate at posterior margin with four

small teeth, two close together near middle line and

two externally, the margin between sometimes showing

traces of crenulations. Length 4-43 mm. . 14 currax, Kr.

. Abdomen with all the segments pretty closely stl

and pubescent ;

Abdomen less closely poneiieell an Hbeanent. “Tth seg-

ment smooth and shining. Pitch-black or pitch-

brown, elytra often lighter, rather depressed. 3, 7th

dorsal plate with a short keel pointed behind, 8th dorsal

plate at posterior margin with four teeth, two blunt

median ones close together, and externally on each

side with a more or less distinct pointed one. Length

135.

Drb—simime en ie . . . 15 cambrica, Woll.

Head quadrate ; matting darks last joint but slightly

longer than 10th; elytra half as long again as thorax,

longer than broad. Pitchy-black or pitchy-brown

with elytra usually lighter. ¢, 6th ventral segment

slightly produced and broadly rounded. 9, 6th ventral

segment slightly emarginate. Length 2 mm. (See

also: 120 sexsmia).) a 280 42 hae oat) ue Sofragelis, Kr,

Head transversely oval, antennae testaceous, last joint

equal to length of 9th and 10th together; elytra about

+ as long again as thorax, broader than long. Pitchy-

black or pitchy-brown with elytra reddish. 4 6th

ventral plate distinctly produced and rounded. 9, 6th

ventral plate broadly emarginate. Length 2°5—-2°8 mm.

32 marina, Rey. (imbecilla, Wat.).

. Last joints of antennae scarcely transverse, about as

long as broad exit be

Last joints of antennae aistinatly tranaverte

. Thorax about as broad as long

Thorax distinctly transverse

. Thorax distinctly narrowed behind

Thorax scarcely narrowed behind

. Larger and more robust, rather dull, temples no dilated

Abdomen pretty closely punctured and pubescent on

anterior segments. Black or pitchy with elytra lighter.

135.

147.

136.

141.

137.

139.

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 307

3, 7th dorsal plate with a tubercle, 8th dorsal plate at

hinder margin with four more or less distinct teeth.

Length 4mm. .. ee Laneeeia,. Th;

— Smaller, rather fevriln a species, Head and thorax very

shining, temples dilated, abdomen Cape punctured

and pubescent out ; 138.

138. More depressed, abdomen more a) tise paiangueds

antennae more slender. 4, 7th dorsal plate with a

tubercle, 8th dorsal plate with four teeth at posterior

margin, the outermost on either side being less marked.

Length 3mm. . . - + « 17 etchhoffi, Scriba.

— Less depressed, a dinien very sparingly punctured,

antennae stouter. 4, characters as in preceding

species. Length3 mm. 16 debilicornis, Kr. (planifrons, Wat.).

139. Species pitchy brown or reddish brown, dull with greasy

lustre only. Antennae brown with yellow base.

Abdomen black with margins of segments and apex

reddish. Facies of small languida. 3, 7th dorsal

plate with a tubercle. 8th with six teeth at pos-

terior margin, four placed near the middle. Length

o2-36mm. . . . +» «©. 21 longicollis, Rey.

— Species black, rather seieiicgs elytra often brown or

pitchy. Antennae dark with base lighter . . . 140.

140. Species narrower. Abdomen often more or less pointed,

finely and closely punctured and pubescent through-

out. First joint of posterior tarsi much longer than

second. <4, 6th ventral plate produced and rounded.

°, 6th ventral plate notched. Length 2°5-3 mm.

10 luteipes, Er.

— Species broader and more robust. Abdomen much less

closely punctured and pubescent especially towards

apex. Ist joint of posterior tarsi not longer than 2nd.

3, 6th ventral plate narrowed and produced. Length

35mm. . . . . 3 arctica, Thoms. (clavipes, Shp.).

141, Elytra yellowish brown, head and thorax pitchy black

or pitchy brown, abdomen with margins of segments

and apex reddish. Species dull . ... . . . 42.

— Elytra dark brown or black, abdomen black . . . 148.

142. Broader and more depressed. 3, 8th dorsal plate

emarginate, 6th ventral plate considerably produced,

the apex turned upwards and the sides narrowed in the

middle. 9, 8th dorsal plate feebly emarginate, 6th

ventral plate rounded. Length 4~4°5 mm.

22 luridipennis, Mann.

308

143.

144.

145.

146.

149.

Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

Narrower and less depressed. 3, 6th ventral plate pro-

duced and narrowed with apex slightly emarginate.

9, 8th dorsal and 6th ventral plates rounded. Length

Sb-4. mam. tony lk . . . 23 gyllenhah, Thoms.

Elytra scarcely longer dha the thorax, the latter

strongly transverse, as broad as the former. Antennae

reddish brown with lighter base. 4, 6th ventral plate

narrowed and produced. Length 3-3°5 mm.

30 islandica, Kr. (eremita, Rye.).

Elytra distinctly longer than the thorax . . . . 144.

Thorax strongly transverse, about half as broad again

as long, with distinct impression at base continued

forwards as a fine channel. Ist and 2nd joints of an-

tennae distinctly paler than the rest. Facies of fungi.

3, 6th ventral plate produced and narrowed. Length

2°3-2'°5 mm. : Li Pan nese aOen, Horse

Thorax only slightly tnaeees Abts Hiieldse (eb.

Species larger, broader, and more dsproesesee Antennae

dark, sometimes with first joint obscurely lighter.

Facies of currax. 3, 6th ventral plate produced.

Length 35-45 mm. . . . . . 26 hygrotopora, Kr.

Species smaller, narrower, a depressed. Antennae

reddish brown or dark brown, often lighter at the base 146.

Antennae more robust, penultimate joints about as

broad as long. <, 6th ventral plate strongly produced

and narrowed. 9, 8th dorsal plate slightly emarginate.

Length 3-3°5mm. . . . . . 25 elongatula, Gr.

Antennae more slender, obiniltineabe joints about as

broad as long or slightly transverse. 3, 6th ventral

plate much less produced than in preceding, broadly

rounded. 9, 8th dorsal plate not emarginate. Length

25-355 mm. . . . 24 melanocera, Thoms. (volans, Scrib.).

. Elytra strongly sinuated at the postero-external angles ;

mandibles prominent abet iM aiee | aS:

Elytra not or but slightly sinuated, onal normal . 150.

. Colour in great part reddish testaceous, head and ab-

domen before apex usually darker. 3, 6th ventral

segment produced and rounded. Length 2—2°5 mm.

42 testacea, Bris.

Colour black or blackish . . . 149.

More depressed, head more deeply und anee 5th fone

of antennae quadrate (about as long as broad) base of

antennae usually reddish. 3, 6th ventral plate narrowed

and produced. Length 2°5-3mm. . . 44 puncticeps, Th.

the

British Species of Aleuoncta, Atheta and Sipalia. 309

— Less depressed, head less deeply punctured, 5th joint

of antennae longer than broad; base of antennae

testaceous. 4, 6th ventral plate produced and

rounded. Length 2°5-3 mm.

43 flavipes, Th.* (halobrectha, Shp.).

. Thorax not, or scarcely broader than long . . . . I51.

Thorax distinetly transverse . . . . . «. » » I653.

. Thorax distinctly narrowed towards base, shining, head

with large superficial punctures, abdomen very spar-

ingly punctured. ¢, 6th ventral segment produced

and rounded. 9, 6th ventral segment slightly emargin-

ate. Length 35 mm. . . eeyte ee ves, (Gr:

Thorax distinctly narrowed tow ands base, not shining

(greasy lustre only); head without large superficial

punctures, abdomen pretty thickly Pees and.

pubescent ee 152.

. Elytra longer than eae euduaien ome more tee

and finely punctured and pubescent. Ist joint of

posterior tarsi considerably longer than 2nd. gy 6th

ventral plate narrowed and a little produced. Length

3-3°3m. . . te ca Leignegana. br:

Elytra broader ‘faa fanes g, dates much less thickly

and finely punctured and pubescent. Ist and 2nd

joints of posterior tarsi of equal length. ¢, 7th dorsal

plate with a tubercle, 8th with four indistinct teeth

at posterior margin. Length 3°5mm.. 18 sulcifrons, Steph.

. Antennae dark, not lighter at base. . So ee LOA:

— Antennae dark with lighter base or entirely Be OW wiinvan LOB.

155.

. Elytra uniformly brown or yellowish brown . . . 1565.

Elytra yellow, with margins more or less fuscous, legs

yellow with femora dark. d, 3rd dorsal plate (Ist

visible) with tubercle (sometimes obscurely in @ also)

8th sprinkled with granules and shagreened, on either

side with short ridge. Length 3-5-4 mm.

109 longiuscula, Gr. (vicina, Steph.).

Larger and more convex, very shining, very feebly

shagreened, antennae longer and more slender. 4,

8th dorsal plate truncate and obscurely crenulate.

Length 3°8—4°3 mm. dre fie Lb ltedale, Kr.

Smaller and more depressed, ae less shining and very

distinctly shagreened. Antennae rather shorter and.

I am unable to see in A. princeps, Shp., anything more than

a large flavipes. In the Mediterranean I have taken large forms of

pune. “ice ps.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART I. (SEPT) a

310

156.

157.

160.

161.

Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

stouter. G, 8th dorsal plate obscurely crenulate

posteriorly. Length 3°5—4 mm.

112 oblonga, Er. (oblongiuscula, Shp.).

Thorax black with metallic reflex, elytra yellow, darker

at scutellum and postero-external angles. 3, 8th

dorsal plate crenulate posteriorly. Length 3-3°3 mm.

103 pertyi, Heer. (aeneicollis, Shp.).

Thorax black without metallic reflex, elytra uniformly

reddish yellow or brownish . . . tae aie

Last joint of antennae very long and stout, sop in

length to the three preceding together. Species black

and shining, elytra reddish yellow. dg, 6th ventral

plate narrowed and produced. Length 4-45 mm

106 hypnorum, Kies. (silvicola, Fuss.).

Last joint of antennae not longer than the two itis

together bail 8 5 a Me die iar, 158.

. Elytra not or sdainGoly ini than the chokes 3, 8th

dorsal plate obscurely crenulate. Length 3°5 mm.

110 alpestris, Heer. (nitidiuscula, Shp.).

Elytra distinctly longer than the thorax . . . . 159.

. Larger species; thorax reddish brown with large super-

ficial scattered punctures; elytra yellowish red, abdo-

men with margin of segments and apex reddish. 3, 8th

dorsal plate granulate and slightly produced in middle,

the granular area bounded by a little ridge on either side.

Length 3°5-4 mm. 108 granigera, Kies. (crassicornis, Gyll.).

Smaller species, 1°7-3 mm., uniformly pitchy black or

pitechy brown, thorax closely and finely punctured . 160.

Head almost as broad as the thorax, the latter distinctly

narrowed behind ils seats : Hes ate GIR

Head much narrower than ewe ss bitter scarcely

narrowed behind, with two small impressions one on

either side of middle line before scutellum. 4, 6th

ventral segment a little ai and narrowed.

Length 1°7-2°3 mm. . . . » .» 28 gemina, Er.

Fifth joint of antennae as fein as broad, penultimate

joints more strongly transverse. 4, 6th ventral plate

produced and rounded. 9, 6th ventral plate furnished

at posterior margin with short, closely set setae. 35 debilis, Er.

— Fifth joint of antennae longer than broad, penultimate

joints less transverse. <, 6th ventral plate narrowed,

produced and rounded. 9, 6th ventral plate furnished

at posterior margin with rather long, less closely set

setae a el we a 8 lw 63 BB regniceps eal,

the British Species of Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 311

A LIST OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF ALEUONOTA

ATHETA AND SIPALIA.

ALEUONOTA, Th.*

1. atricapilla, Rey.

rufotestacea, Kr.

elegantula, Bris.

. aurantiaca, Fauv.

rufotestacea, Rye. (nec Kr.) -|

3. egregia, Rye.

gracilenta, Kr. (nec Er.)

hypogaea, Fowler (nec Rey.)

4. gracilenta, Er.

splendens, Kr.

hypogaea, Rey.

ATHETA, Th.

Sub.-g. HyprosmEctina,

Ganglb.

5. subtilissima, Kr.

Sub.-g. Hyprosmrcta, Th.

. delicatula, Shp. |

- longula, Heer.

. fragilis, Kr.

. eximia, Shp.

OO-1d>

Sub.-g. Dmacra, Th.

10. luteipes, Er.

Sub.-g. Dacrma, Rey.

11. fallax, Kr.

12. pruinosa, Kr.

Sub.-g. Grossona, Fowler.

13. gregaria, Er.

Sub.-g. ALoconora, Th.

14. currax, Kr,

15. cambrica, Woll.

16. debilicornis, Er.

planifrons, Waterh.

17. eichhoffi, Seriba.

18. sulcifrons, Steph.

19. insecta, Th.

Sub.-g. Disopora, Th.

20. languida, Er. |

21. longicollis, Rey.

* The synonymy of this genus

Sub.-g. Perurea, Rey.

| 22. luridipennis, Mann.

Sub.-g. Metaxya, Rey.

23. gyllenhali, Th.

24. melanocera, Th.

volans, Scriba.

25. elongatula, Gr.

26. hygrotopora, Kr.

27. aubei, Bris.

28. gemina, Er.

29. curtipennis, Shp.

30. islandica, Kr.

eremita, Rye,

| 31. arctica, Th.

clavipes, Shp.

32. marina, Rey.

imbecilla, Waterh.

33. meridionalis, Rey.

littorea, Shp.

Sub.-g. HyGroxcta, Rey.

34. fallaciosa, Shp.

35. debilis, Er.

36. magniceps, Sahlb.

| 37. scotica, Elliman.

Sub.-g. PARAMEOTICA, Ganelb.

38. laticeps, Th.

difficilis, Bris.

39. complana, Mann.

deformis, Kr.

Sub.-g. Dratica, Rey.

40. vilis, Er.

Sub.-g. Orrostrpa, € ranglb,

41. tibialis, Heer,

Sub.-g. Pskupopasmnta, Ganelb.

42. testacea, Bris.

Sub.-g. Hatoprectua, Th.

| 43. flavipes, Th.

halobrectha, Shp.

44, puncticeps, Th.

is that given by Fauvel (Rey.

d’Ent., 1895, p. 95) after an examination of all the types,

312 Dr. Maleolm Cameron’s Synoptic Table of

Sub.-g. Dinaraka, Th. Sub.-g. Ceriraxa, Rey

45. angustula, Gyll. 75. testaceipes, Heer.

46. aequata, Kr. 76. dilaticornis, Kr.

47. linearis, Gr.

| Sub.-g. Anaosia, Th.

y 1 7 = S

Sub.-g. Pacuntpa, Rey. 77. scapularis, Sahlb.

48, nigella, Er.

Sub.-g. Artanta, Th.

49, incana, Er.

Sub.-¢. Docrmonota, Th.

78. clancula, Er.

Sub.-g. ATHETA, s. str.

. subterranea, Rey.

80. nigricornis, Th.

81. divisa, Mark.

82. basicornis, Rey.

autumnalis, Shp.

Sub.-g. PLATARAEA, Th.

50. brunnea, F’.

depressa, Gr.

Sub.-g. Prycuanpra, Ganglb.

51. hepatica, Gr.

. exarata, Shp.

Sub.-g. Brssopra, Th.

83. oblita, Er.

84. coriaria, Kr.

85. nitens, Fuss.

53. occulta, Er. | 86. gagatina, Bandi.

54. fungivora, Th. | 87. sodalis, Er.

55. excellens, Kr. | 88. pallidicornis, Th.

56. monticola, Th. humerailis, Kr.

: R 89. nigritula, Kr.

Sub.-g. ANOPLETA, Rey. | 90. liturata, Steph.

57. corvina, Th. | 91. nitidicollis, Fairm.

58. inhabilis, Kr. | ignobilis, Shp.

| 92. crassicornis, I.

Sub.-g. TRaumorcta, Rey. | | crassicornis, |

sree eas ; | fungicola, Kr.

59. picipes, Th. | v. fulvipennis, Rey.

60. angusticollis, Th. | 93. pilicornis, Th.

1 | 9) . X J 1 Ss x .

Sub.-g. Pamunyera, Rey. of xanthopus, Th

aratay : | 95. hybrida, Shp.

61. palustris, Kies. | 96. trinotata, Kr.

9 «¢ ‘ N | Sy : r

62. subglabra, Shp. | 97. triangulum, Kr,

Sub.-g. Mrcropora, Rey. ae diversa, Shp.

63. aegra, Heer. 22. OUnY PEOUA aD aE

= ; ‘ | succicola, Th.

64. perexigua, Shp. | ae ; a

z Sea 7 | 100. incognita, Shp.

65. atomaria, Kr. | aoe

x 101. valida, Kr.

66. puberula, Shp. ee :

7 At: D..: 102. aquatica, Th.

67. liliputana, Bris. 108: wectek dicen

68, inquinula, Gr. |” feneicollis, Shp

69. mortuorum, Th. | aa pee

Bs Se SON eS 104. castanoptera, Mann.

abneCE el xanthoptera, Steph

70. amicula, Steph. a Nabe Sia a

sericea, Rey.

. subtilis, Seriba.

indiscreta, Shp.

105. aquatilis, Th.

Sub.-g. Lioatuta, Th.

72. indubia, Shp. 106. hypnorum, Kies.

73. palleola, Er. | silvicola, Fuss.

107. pagana, Er.

Sub.-g. RHopaLocera, Ganglb.

108. granigera, Kies.

74. clavigera, Scriba.

crassicornis, Gyll,

the British Species of Alewonota, Atheta and Sipalia. 313

109. longiuseula, Gr.

vicina, Steph.

110. alpestris, Heer.

nitidiuscula, Shp.

111. nitidula, Kr.

112. oblonga, Er.

oblongiuscula, Shp.

Sub.-g. Mucista, Rey.

113. graminicola, Gr.

Sub.-g. THinoBAENA, Th.

114. vestita, Gr.

Sub.-g. Dimerrota, Rey.

115. cadaverina, Bris.

116. atramentaria, Gyll.

117. picipennis, Mann.

118. intermedia, Th.

119. cinnamoptera, Th.

120. marcida, Er.

121. laevana, Rey.

122. setigera, Shp.

123. nigripes, Th.

villosula, Kr.

Sub.-g. Bapura, Rey.

4. macrocera, Th.

5. parvula, Mann.

cauta, Er.

Sub.-g. Daromicra, Rey.

126. cribata, Kr.

127. canescens, Shp.

128. sordidula, Er.

129. celata, Er.

130. arenicola, Th.

germana, Shp.

131. hodierna, Shp.

132. zosterae, Thp.

nigra, Kr.

Sub.-g. Pycnota, Rey.

133. paradoxa, Rey.

134.

Sub.-g. CHAETIDA, Rey.

longicornis, Gr.

Sub.-g. Coprotuassas, Th.

135.

136.

137.

156.

157.

consanguinea, Ipp.

melanaria, Mann.

testudinea, Er.

sordida, Marsh.

Sub.-g. Acrorona, Th.

8. pygmaea, Gr.

. aterrima, Gr.

. parva, Sahib.

pilosiventris, Th.

v. muscorum, Bris.

. parens, Rey.

. orphana, Kr.

. fungi, Gr.

v. orbata, Er.

. clientula, Kr.

. fuscipes, Heer.

. laticollis, Steph.

. subsinuata, Hr.

Sub.-g. Amiscua, Th.

. analis, Gr.

. decipiens, Shp.

DF sororm, Kr:

. cavifrons, Shp.

Sub.-g. Amrposra, Th.

2. talpa, Heer.

parallela, Mann.

3. validiuscula, IXr.

Sub.-g. Muotica, Rey.

. exilis, Er.

5. indocilis, Heer.

pallens, Redt.

SIPALIA, Rey.

circellaris, Gr.

caesula, Er.

Sprcres oF Uncertain Posrrion

158.

cribriceps, Shp.*

_ * This species is Coenonica puncticollis, Kr., and no doubt

imported. Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xlix, p. 135 (1913).

( gid)

X. On the Life-history of Lonchaea chorea, Fabricius. By

ALFRED KE. Cameron, M.A., B.Sc., Government Re-

search Scholar, and Honorary Research Fellow, the

University of Manchester.

[Read October 18th, 1912.]

Prats XI.

InTRopUCTORY AND HisToRICAL.

Towarps the end of the year 1911 some cow-dung amongst

which small white Muscid larvae had been observed feeding,

was received by me from Mr. Saunders of the Agricultural

College, Holmes Chapel. The adults were reared, and Mr.

Collin kindly identified them as Lonchaea chorea, F. The

larvae were transferred to wire-gauze breeding-cages with

a fresh supply of cow-dung and the temperature kept fairly

high, ranging from 70° to 78° F. Under those favourable

conditions of food and temperature the life-history was

soon completed, pupation occurring in about twelve days

and the adults appearing about ten days later. In the

laboratory the whole development from the egg to the

imago occupied about thirty days at the outside, where

temperature and other conditions of nutriment and humidity

were favourable.

Bouché * in 1834 was the first to give an account of the

life-history of L. chorea, and it might be useful to repeat his

brief description.

“Die Larve ist walzig, vorn verjiingt, glatt, weiss.

Bauchgelenkstiicke gerieselt. Prothorax = Stigmata gelb,

sieben- bis zehntheilig. Afterabschnitt schief, nach unten

gestutzt. Die gelbbraunen erhéheten Stigmentriger sitzen

an der obern Kante der Abstutzungsfliche und haben

gebreite Stigmen.—Lange 3 Linien.—Man findet sie den

Herbst und Winter hindurch unter fauler Baumrinde.

“Teh habe noch bei keiner Fhegenlarve eine so schéne

und zusammengesetzte Luftréhren-Verbindung gesehen,

wie bei dieser. Um sie anschaulich zu machen, fiige ich

auf Taf. vi, Fig. 1. eine Zeichnung davon bet.

* Bouché, P. Fr., Naturgeschichte der Insekten, besonders in

Hinsicht ihrer ersten Zustande und Puppen, p. 94, Taf. vi, fig. 1,

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1913,—PART II, (SEPT.)

Infe History of Lonchaea chorea. 315

“ Die Puppe ist ein lingliches, quergestricheltes, hellroth-

braunes Tonnchen. Der Thorax ist gerieselt. Der After-

abschnitt porkat, mit vorstehender, schwarzbraunen Stig-

mentrigern.—Lange 1} Linien.—Nymphenzeit vierzehn

Tage.”

Bouché gives but one figure, an admirable representation

of the branching tracheal system of the larva, to which he

refers in his text. As regards the breeding habitat, Bouché

says he found the larva under the bark of trees, whilst

Scholtz * discovered it amongst cow-dung. Mr. Austen

informs me that he has bred the imago from larvae feeding

on diseased bulbs of Crinwm and Brunsvigea cooperi, to

which it would seem they are rather partial, and also from

others in a rotten cabbage. Farsky + discovered the larvae

in a erop of beetroot suffering from so-called ‘ Kernfaule ”

or core-rot.

THe Hae.

The egg of L. chorea is very similar in size and appearance

to that of many of the Anthomyudae, bearing on its outer

delicate case a pretty ornamental sculpturing composed of

minute hexagonal areas. By reason of their pure white

colour they were easily recognisable in the breeding-cage:

amongst the cow-dung, where they were deposited by the

imagines. arsky gives their accurate measurement, stat-

ing their size to be 0°8670 mm. long and 0°2500 mm. broad,

After a period of about eight to ten days under ordinary

conditions, the larva bursts the chorion longitudinally and

emerges. In the laboratory . probably on account of the

high temperature, only about half that time elapsed be-

tween the act of oviposition and the appearance of the

larvae.

THe Larva.

A certain number of the larvae were placed in a cool-

house where the temperature did not rise above 50° F.,

and usually, indeed, the temperature remained a few degr ees

below this—during ‘the night often falling well below 40° F,

It was observed that the larvae under these conditions

continued to feed, and pupation did not begin until as many

as sixty to seventy-two days had passed. It would thus

* Scholtz, Ent. Zeit. Breslau, 1-3 Bd., p. 10.

} Farsky, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien (1879), pp. 101-107, pL. iii,

figs. 1-7,

316 Mr. A. E. Cameron on the

appear that a lowering of the temperature effects a retarda-

tion of development, the larval stage at higher temperatures

(70°-78° F.) occupying but ten to fourteen days. Again,

it seems rather anomalous that although the period of

feeding is five to six times as long, the larvae never attain

the same size, but always remain somewhat smaller, the

pupae and imagines being correspondingly diminutive.

Several other authors have experienced like results in the

case of other Muscid larvae. Another factor associated

with development is humidity. Variations in humidity

have a similar effect to variations of temperature, a large

amount of moisture acting as a check on development, just

like a low temperature. Where there is little moisture

development is hastened to a remarkable extent; but it

must be also observed that a certain amount of moisture

is always necessary to the larva for the proper assimilation

of its food.

Farsky observed that the larvae feeding on decaying

beetroot in the open, required six to eight weeks for their

development according to the weather conditions.

The full-grown larva (figs. | and 2) measures 9 mm. in length, and

is of the cylindrical form usual in Muscid larvae, gradually tapering

postero-anteriorly, the posterior end rounded and rather obliquely

truncate. The colour is dull white, the cuticle being perfectly

smooth, devoid of hairs and exhibiting a faint iridescence in speci-

mens preserved in alcohol. There are in all twelve very distinct

segments, including the head or most anterior. The organs of

locomotion consist of small ellipsoidal areas (figs. 1 and 2, kw.)

interposed between each two segments, commencing between the

third and fourth. These are beset with transverse rows of minute,

closely-set spines, which give the larva a grip on any roughnesses

of the surface over which it may chance to be travelling. They are

the ‘‘ Kriechwiilste ’’ or ‘‘ Kriechschwielen”’ of German authors as

opposed to the “‘ Zwischensegmente ”’ or tween-segments by which

are meant small intercalary segments between any two true adjacent

segments. At the posterior end (fig. 3) the larva of L. chorea is

devoid of tubercles or protuberances of any kind and herein differs

from the larvae of other members of the Sapromyzidae which possess

a transverse row of four conical tubercles on the penultimate seg-

ment, whilst many of the Lonchaeinae have small wart-like projec-

tions on the last segment behind the stigmata. The two dark-

brown, almost sessile posterior spiracles (figs. 3 and 4, p. sp.) are

of the shape of equilateral triangles with the angles rounded off.

Iife History of Lonchaea chorea. 317

They are situated rather dorsally on the terminal segment and

consist of a comparatively broad, circular, chitinous band enclosing

a small space in which lie three slits situated almost at right angles

to each other. The larvae of the Sapromyzids proper are distin-

guished from those of Lonchaea by the presence on the posterior

aspect of the last segment, of two 3-segmented tubercles. Between

these is situated the pair of cylindrical projections bearing the

spiracles at their extremities. Brauer * describes small wart-shaped

processes behind the spiracles of the larvae of Lonchaea. The

palmate funnel-shaped prothoracic stigmata (figs. 1 and 2, pt. sp)

of a pale yellow colour, are provided with nine circular orifices; but

the number may vary from seven to ten (Bouché), eight to ten

(Brauer).

Farsky gives a very interesting account of the behaviour

of the larva which he observed attacking the roots of

diseased sugar-beet previously encroached upon by a

nematode worm. In fact, it was the investigation of the

diseased conditions caused by the nematode, which led

him to detect the presence of the maggot. The eggs are

laid at the base of the leaf-petiole in small clusters; the

larva on emerging penetrates the petiole and instinctively

it seems, following the course of the leaf-traces downwards,

makes its way into the root, attracted in some curious way

to the decaying tissue where the nematode has previously

been at work. How the larva is made aware of the internal

decay consequent on the presence of the nematode,

rather puzzling, seeing that no trace of the internal putres-

cence may be apparent on the periphery of the root.

The same author carried out a series of experiments

which go to prove the wonderful vitality of the larva.

The delightful unconcern and apathy which it showed

under most trying conditions, would seem to be scarcely

credible. Taking a larva, he plunged it three times running

into a watch-glass containing absolute alcohol which was

then allowed to evaporate; but the unhappy larva success-

fully faced the ordeal and came through it alive. Having

recovered uninjured from the hardening effect of this

unwonted medium, the succeeding attempts to deprive it

of life seem comparatively trivial. Keeping it in water for

four hours had no effect, as was amply demonstrated on its

subsequent removal, by its vigorous movements. Even

* Brauer, Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien,

p: 41, 1883.

318 Mr. A. E. Cameron on the

fourteen hours of an aquatic life did not trouble it much.

An all-night sojourn in a weak solution of alcohol consisting

of water mixed with beer, also failed to disturb its equa-

nimity ; for it became as active as ever when withdrawn.

Granted a short rest and allowed some nourishment, the

larva refreshed, successfully tackled the final test, a day’s

submersion in undiluted beer. Having emerged with

flying colours, or, should we say, retaining all its cuticular

iridescence, it was restored to a diet of decaying beetroot,

when it shortly afterwards pupated and completed its

metamorphosis. Such a tenacity of life is not, I should

imagine, shared by many larvae.

Tue Pupa.

After becoming full grown the larva rests for a short

time previous to pupating, when it undergoes contraction

from 9 mm. to 5 mm., assuming the barrel shape char-

acteristic of Muscid pupae. The pupae vary in size, the

average size being 5 mm. in length by 1:9 mm. broad.

During the process of pupation, which occupies about a

couple of hours, the colour changes from a creamy white to

a reddish brown, and as the development of the imago

proceeds within, the puparium gradually becomes darker.

Most of the larval characters are discernible in the pupa;

but owing to the shrinkage which has occurred, the relative

position of organs has been affected. The prothoracic,

lateral spiracles are now situated almost quite at the

anterior end of the pupa, and two small projections pos-

teriorly, denote the position of the posterior spiracles.

Inside the breeding-cages the larvae pupated in the drier

portions of the cow-dung.

At the termination of twelve to fourteen days under the

laboratory conditions employed, the imagines were ready -

to emerge, and they made their exit from the pupa cases

by a T-shaped split at the anterior end,—the fly employing

the ptilimum to push the valves apart.

Under ordinary natural conditions Farsky states that

the pupal period of development lasts for three and a half

to five weeks, and in moist, damp weather it may be even

more prolonged. It must be always borne in mind that a

difference in the nature of the food of the larva may be of

radical importance in determining the length of the period

occupied by the insect in its metamorphosis, where other

conditions of temperature and moisture are equal. In

Infe History of Lonchaea chorea. 319

Farsky’s experiments the development occupied a rather

longer time than I experienced in mine. This may be in

part, I think, associated with the fact that the food on which

he reared his larvae, consisted of pieces of decayed beetroot,

whilst in my experiments, the larvae may have found a

richer diet in the nutritious cow-dung. On this account

their development may have been greatly hastened, all

the more so when we take into consideration the high

temperature prevailing in the laboratory where my breeding-

cages were kept. The complete metamorphosis was gone

through in not more than four to five weeks; whereas,

Farsky states that the. time required is ten to fourteen weeks.

But I must add that this agrees very well with the time

occupied in the development of the imagines which I

reared in the cool house at the lower temperature of 50° F.

In this case, at least ten weeks passed between the act

of oviposition and the appearance of the adult.

Buccan APPARATUS OF LARVA.

The elaborate mouth-parts (fig. 7) consist of a number

of pairs of sclerites which become more strongly chitinised

and tend to fuse, as the larva matures. Projecting through

the oral aperture and surrounded by the rugose areas of

the mouth, is a pair of parallel, robust, sickle-shaped hooks

(md. s.) to which there articulates distally the hypostomal

sclerite (h. s.) bearing two small teeth on its ventral aspect.

Ventro-posteriorly a pair of small irregular dentate sclerites

(d. s.) articulates with the falciform hooks. The hypo-

stomal sclerite has two arms connected by a slender cross-

bar, each arm fitting into a space between two anterior

ventral processes of the corresponding cephalo-pharyngeal

sclerite (c. p.). These paired cephalo-pharyngeal sclerites

have attached to their anterior dorsal extremities, a small

perforate sclerite (pf. s.) which serves to unite them;

whilst posteriorly, a deep bifurcation divides each sclerite

into a slender dorsal (d. p.), and a broad ventral process

(v. p.). The whole of the mouth-apparatus is left behind,

attached to the dorsal anterior valve of the puparium,

when the imago emerges.

Tue Imaco.

From the very full descriptions of Farsky and Schiner *

* Schiner, Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen, vol. ii, -p. 91.

320 Mr. A. E. Cameron on the

the imago may be easily identified by the aid of my figure.

The ovipositor is rather characteristic.

A. H.C. del.

LONCHAEA CHOREA 2 X 10 (amount magnified).

Many authors consider that Lonchaea chorea, ¥., is

merely a variety of vaginalas, FIn. Schiner says in his

account : “* L. chorea is very closely related to L. vaginalis,

in fact they may be considered as varieties of one and the

same species : at least, no author has been able to give any

definite characters which will delimit the one from the

other. . . . L. chorea is smaller than L. vaginalis; wings

transparent, with weak veins. . . . Quite similar to the

preceding species (L. vaginalis), from which it differs only

in the relatively shorter ovipositor, and also apparently

in the fact that the humeral cross-vein hes nearly opposite

to the origin of the anterior branch of the auxiliary, whilst

in L. vaginalis the humeral cross-vein is decidedly anterior.’

In my opinion Lonchaea chorea, F., and vaginalis, Fln., are

merely synonymous names for one and the same species,

and in the “ Katalog der Palaarktischen Dipteren,” Bd.

iv, pp. 86-87 (1905), they are regarded as such. Mr.

Austen kindly refers me to the fact that this synonymy is

shown on the labels attached to the species of Lonchaea,

in the Diptera collection of the Natural History Museum,

South Kensington. I have had the opportunity of examin-

ing the specimens there.

Life History of Lonchaea chorea. 321

PosITION OF THE LONCHAEIDAE.

As regards the systematic position of the Lonchaeidae

there would appear to be some difficulty. Originally united

with the Sapromyzidae, they have been more recently

separated off by Loew, Becker and other authors as a

distinct family because of certain small differences. But

Williston in his “ Manual of North-American Diptera ”

(1908) includes in the Sapromyzidae the sub-families

Sapromyzinae and Lonchaeinae.

Economic STATUS.

L. chorea is not known to cause much damage, although

it may be very extensively found at times attacking crops

of diseased beetroot. It does not frequent human habita-

tions; so that it could not be classed with the disease-

carrying house-fly which it resembles to a certain extent

in its breeding habits. Rather should we class it in that

large group in which are included all “ followers of decay,”

in that plants, such as beetroot and certain Monocotyledons,

which have been previously attacked by fungus or other

destructive agencies, are hable to have the injury accen-

tuated by the larvae of this fly. The larvae may be

transmitted by the use of infected dung for the manuring

of soils in which the crops liable to attack, are cultivated.

If the dung be mixed with a small quantity of some

chemical goil-fertiliser, such as commercial sulphate of

ammonia, the larvae will be killed off; and at the same

time the percentage of available nitrogen will be increased

by the admixture of the chemical. Other dressings may

be used with equal effect, such as the potash salts, super-

phosphate of lime, etce.; but care must be taken to use

them in fertilising quantities, otherwise serious damage

might be done to the plants. The use of fertilisers as

insecticides is by no means new, and in America at least,

they have been long known to be effective against cut-

worms, wireworms, scale-insects and aphides

EXPLANATION oF Puatr XI.

Fie. 1. Ventral aspect of larva of Lonchaea chorea: numerals

denote number of segment.

pt. sp. prothoracic spiracle; kw. locomotory areas ‘Kriech-

wiilste); an. anus.

322

Mr. A. KE. Cameron on Lonchaea chorea.

Lateral aspect of same to show the position of posterior

spiracles (p. sp.).

. Posterior aspect of same showing posterior spiracles (p. Sp-)

greatly magnified.

. Camera lucida sketch of posterior end of larva of L. chorea

to show structure of posterior spiracles (p. sp.). Canada

balsam preparation.

. This figure makes clear the relation of the posterior spiracles

(p. sp.) to the last segment.

. Pupa of L. chorea—dorsal view.

. Camera lucida sketch of the mouth armature of the mature

larva after treatment with caustic potash.

md. s. mandibular sclerite; d. s. dentate sclerite; h. s.

hypostomal sclerite ; pf. s. perforate sclerite ; c.p. cephalo-

pharyngeal sclerite; d. p. dorsal process of cephalo-

pharyngeal sclerite; v. p. ventral process of same.

. Prothoracic stigma of mature larva

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XI.

LONCHAEA

C. Hentschel.

CHOREA, Fab.

XI. Descriptions of new species of the Syrphid genus Calhicera

(Diptera). By the late G. H. Verratt, F.ES.

Edited by J. E. Corin, F.Z.8., F.E.S.

[Read April 2nd, 1913.]

THE following descriptions of new species of Callicera (one

Palaearctic, two from the Oriental Region, and one from

Central America), together with a detailed description of

the British C. yerburyi, Verr., and a re-description of C.

erratica, Walk., were written by the late Mr. Verrall some

years ago, but were kept in MS. until such time as he could

complete an elaborate paper upon the whole genus. This

unfortunately he had not finished at the time of his death,

and a critical examination of the unfinished MS. showed

that it was not in a state for publication without so much

editing as would practically make it cease to be the late

author’s work, therefore it has been thought best to publish

only the following descriptions.

JO Here:

C. LOEWI, n. sp. &.

A rather small'species, with no black hairs at tip of abdomen, second

antennal joint half the length of first, third joint more than twice the

length of first two together, thorax with 3-5 conspicuous black stripes,

abdomen with nearly all the first two segments and a large triangle on

third segment, black.

Face shining black with abundant golden pubescence, leaving

bare a broad but not well-margined middle part which becomes

narrow near the upper mouth edge. Frons all shining black ex-

tending down the sides to below antennae and across under antennae,

side-margins of face below this with a tolerably broad line of grey

dust extending nearly to lower angle of eye, frons and antennal

prominence all absolutely bare. Jowls shining black and _ bare,

lower half of back of head with dense yellow conspicuous pubescence,

but upper part of back of head with a shining aeneous rim narrowed

at vertex, and with more sparse dark brown pubescence, but all

upper part with abundant tolerably long orange pubescence. Vertex

with dense black pubescence almost lost amidst dense dark pubes-

cence of eyes. Eyes viewed from above with all the middle, ex-

tending nearly to front, clothed with very dense brownish-black

pubescence and the hind third apparently bare but really with long

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

324 Mr. G. H. Verrall’s descriptions of

rather dense sparse blackish pubescence above, greyish-white about

middle and below; the eye-margin itself however bare, rather

broadly so all about middle of eye. Antennae with the third joint

hardly dilated,equal in width for two-thirds then slightly attenuated ;

style white, one-third the length of third joint, hardly blackened at

base and moderately pointed.

Thorax and scutellum clothed all over with dense tawny pubes-

cence which does not conceal the shining aeneous-black ground-

colour, this pubescence is rather longer on fore part than on rest,

and is still denser and more conspicuous at sides and on mesopleurae ;

middle of thorax in front with a conspicuous rather narrow dull

black line fading away after reaching half-way down, well separated

from this line are two broad dull black stripes each of which throws

out at suture a dull black line which in its turn connects with an

undefined black stripe along the sides of thorax, and this and the

broad stripe converge and coalesce further down thorax and reach

hind-margin rather narrowly near postalar calli.

Abdomen brighter aeneous but rather obscured by the very

dense equal erect tawny pubescence, this is slightly but incon-

spicuously longer on the two basal segments, and distinctly longer

about the sides near the base; first segment all dull black, second

segment dull black with a large shining aeneous triangle at basal

corners, a point of which nearly reaches the hind-corners of segment,

third segment bright aeneous with a dull black dorsal triangle which

begins at a point very near middle of base of segment and slopes

out nearly to side corners leaving all actual hind-margin rather

narrowly shining aeneous, fourth segment all shining aeneous only

obscured by dense pubescence and without any trace of dull mark-

ings. Genitalia black but with only tawny pubescence. Belly

shining aeneous with less dense tawny pubescence.

Legs black with the tip sixth or eighth of femora, all the tibiae

absolutely, and basal joint of all tarsi except at the tip, clear orange ;

pubescence behind anterior femora and in front of hind femora

rather long, dense, and conspicuous, all tawny; pubescence on

tibiae longer and denser than usual and all tawny, but that on four

last joints of tarsi black except on the soles of second and third

joints; tarsi, especially front ones, dilated; claws black but

obscurely orange about base, pulvilli blackish orange.

Wings rather smoky with a brownish orange tinge on fore part

which is hardly defined except on the long stigma; cross-vein at

two-fifths the discal cell; upper marginal cross-vein with a rather

sharp angle. Squamae glassy orange with orange fringes. Halteres

orange.

Jength 124 mm. Antennae about 4 mm,

New species of the Syrphid genus Callicera. 325

Described from a male in the British Museum taken by

Miss D. M. A. Bate at Troodos (about 4,500 feet) in Cyprus,

some time between July and October 1902.

C. YERBURYI, Verrall, Ent. Month. Mag., xl, 229 (1904). 9.

Aeneous black, brightly shining but rather obscured on the thorax

and base of abdomen by abundant reddish-orange pubescence. Second

antennal joint less than half the length of first. Thorax not striped.

Abdomen black haired at the tip and with dark transverse bands on the

jirst and second segments. Femora almost entirely yellow.

Head black, moderately shining; frons below the ocelli with abun-

dant pubescence, which ranges from being brownish-orange with a

band of black hairs crossing the ocelli and pointing more forwards

to being blackish on the upper and middle part or even all dark

blackish brown or mainly black, behind this, dense longer orange

pubescence extends sideways a little beyond the upper angle of the

eye; Space across the antennal knob shining black from eye to eye

and almost bare; face with rather abundant shorter slightly droop-

ing pale greyish-yellow or orange pubescence which leaves a middle

line all the way down shining black and bare; space between the

eyes at the vertex more than one-third the width of the head, and

slightly widening all down to the mouth; before the jowls there is

a shining black rather wide bare space; jowls with reddish-orange

pubescence, which becomes denser though shorter on the lower

part of the back of the head, and then decreases rapidly in length

until it dies out before the middle of the back of the head; all

about the flat of the back of the head the pubescence is very short

and insignificant, brownish-orange until it meets the longer orange

occipital pubescence; all the upper part of the back of the head

brightly shining aeneous black, but the lower third slightly dusted

whitish; close against the eyes on almost all the upper two-thirds

it is polished and impunctate; proboscis large and black with small

black palpi. Eyes with dense pubescence on almost all the fore

part conspicuous and mainly dark brown, but becoming greyer

and less dense below, while on all the back half of the eye it is very

short inconspicuous and very sparse, and all the middle part of the

back of the disc of the eye is bare. Antennae distinctly longer than

the head is from the back of the vertex to the tip of the antennal

knob; antennal knob polished black and quite bare; second an-

tennal joint less than half the length of the first, and the third about

two and a half times as long as the two basal ones together; third

joint for about two-fifths of its length forming the deepest part of

the antennae, but thence gently shelving off for a short distance

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) b 4

326 Mr. G. H. Verrall’s descriptions of

after which the rest of the joint remains equal in depth; style

yellow with the basal quarter blackish, pointed at the tip; the

basal joint of the antennae is slightly shining, but the third joint

is dull blackish and quite bare, while the two basal joints are

rough with tiny bristles.

Thorax shining aeneous black with no trace of grey or black

stripes, and with the mesopleurae and the scutellum entirely and

almost equally covered with rather long dense but not crowded

reddish-orange pubescence, but this pubescence does not much

obscure the ground-colour on the whole disc of the thorax and on

the scutellum; on the mesopleurae the pubescence is more dense

and tangled and more reddish, on the back-margin of the thorax it

is slightly longer, and on the scutellum it is longer and less reddish.

Abdomen with the basal segment hardly visible, but the second

segment dull black on the middle quarter of the base, extending into

a wide dull black cross-band a little before the hind-margin which

is fairly broad at its middle but becomes narrower towards, and does

not reach by a fair distance, the sides; third segment with a dull

black band, narrowly interrupted at its middle, occupying about

one-sixth the segment and nearly reaching the sides. Pubescence

about the base and sides similar to that on the thorax, but longer

about the basal corners and shorter at the sides of the third and part

of the fourth segments, shorter and more brownish-orange on the

dise of the third segment, and extending slightly (ranging from an

eighth to more than half) on to the disc of the fourth segment, or

vice versa, the pubescence on the rest of the fourth segment including

all the tip black and slightly longer, extending slightly on to the hind

part of the disc of the third segment. Belly shining aeneous black

on the dise but with wide lateral margins up to the dorsal plates;

second segment with rather abundant and rather long orange

pubescence; third segment with shorter similar pubescence; fourth

segment with much shorter dull brownish pubescence about its base

but all black on the rest; fifth segment (concealed under the fourth

dorsal segment) triangular and shining black with entirely black

pubescence.

Legs reddish-orange; coxae and trochanters black and moder-

ately shining, and the last two joints of the tarsi black; femora

more reddish, hind pair slightly obscured above near the base or,

in one specimen, all the femora blackish at the base and the posterior

pairs even to the basal third; hind tibiae sometimes with a blackish

speck outside just before the middle, and always with a kink inside

at about three-quarters of their length. Pubescence on the front

femora beneath towards behind dense, equal, and all orange; on

the middle femora shorter, especially on the tip half, slighter, and

New species of the Syrphid genus Callicera. 327

rather less dense; on the hind femora mainly on the front part,

but some beneath near the base, and there are some black hairs

beneath about the tip; the tiny pubescence on the tibiae and tarsi

is all orange, even on the black joints of the tarsi, but the soles of

the anterior tarsi bear several short black bristles and there are a

few on the soles of the hind tarsi, after the basal joint and the base

of the second joint; claws black at the tip; pulvilli dull glassy

yellowish.

Wings with an orange tinge on the base and the fore part, and

the stigma orange though blackish at its extreme base; veins on

the basal half orange, and the costal vein orange almost to the tip

of the subcostal vein, other veins blackish; cubital vein slightly

arched; upper marginal cross-vein never far from the wing-margin,

but about twice as far at its slight bend as at its top or bottom, and

ending in the cubital vein at an acute angle near the wing-tip;

discal cross-vein placed before the basal third of the discal cell and

moderately sloping. Squamae dark glassy yellow, with a yellow or

orange margin, the alar pair with a short dense matted yellow or

orange fringe, the thoracal pair with a long orange or dark orange

fringe and with some rather long orange pubescence on the outer

part of the disc. Halteres small, brownish-orange.

Length without antennae about 12 mm. Antennae 35 mm.

Four female specimens of this beautiful fly were taken

by Col. J. H. Yerbury near Nethy Bridge in Inverness, from

August 8th to 21st 1904.* Altogether he saw about ten

specimens, but found them very difficult to follow with the

eye when they were on the wing; he saw the first specimen

on August 3rd, but only as a strange reddish insect paying

fleeting visits to the pine-stumps; this insect, however,

attracted him so much that he made special search for it,

and on August 8th after a long day’s work he was returning

home, and while hesitating about taking shelter from a

shower under a big pine-tree he became aware that an

Eristalis-like fly was flying up and down the trunk; after

one abortive attempt at capturing it, the fly returned and

was boxed while sitting on the trunk; on August 16th

he missed two specimens which appeared to be yellower

in colour and which might have been males, but he took

another female. He mentions in a letter to me an in-

teresting chain, “ hunting for the headquarters of Laphria

flava showed me where Xylota florum occurred in numbers,

* At the same locality, on August 9th, 1911, Col. Yerbury took

two more females.—J. EH. C.

328 Mr. G. H. Verrall’s descriptions of

hunting for X. florwm showed me where Callicera paid

fleeting visits, hunting for Callicera showed me where

Palloptera usta occurred in some numbers, while catching

P. usta put me on the track of a Drosophila which sat on

the stumps and flicked its wings about almost exactly

like Palloptera.”

I have had much pleasure in naming this fine species

after Col. Yerbury, especially as the species of this genus

and of the allied genus Ceria have been very extensively

used for association with their original captors or with

well-known Dipterologists.

C. DOLESCHALLT, n. sp. 3.

3g. Head wider than thorax and seen in profile nearly two-thirds

as long as deep; face shining black slightly obscured with brownish-

grey dust and with rather abundant pale brownish-grey pubescence,

hanging down or sloping rather inwards, leaving bare a broad shining

black middle line all down the face; eye-margins broadly dusted

brownish-grey, seen from above there is a line of dark pubescence

running down the sides of face from the base of antennae parallel

with eye-margin; frontal prominence broad and rounded all polished

black; upper part of face under antennae bulging; a rather broad

black space across front part of jowls from eyes to mouth, jowls with

ong brownish-grey pale pubescence like that on face; lower half

of back of head a little inflated and all the same brownish-grey

colour as facial eye-margins but with only short brownish-yellow

pubescence, upper half blackish, reduced in width and hollowed

out towards vertex, with a brownish post-ocular ciliation on upper

part ending in much longer hairs on vertex. Eyes with dense brown

pubescence longest on front part of eye, shorter, rather sparser and

paler below and behind, but no dark band visible. Antennae with

the basal joint long, rather ferruginous, second joint dark-brown

about two-thirds the length of first, third joint dark-brown and

nearly so long as the first two together, about as thick as end of

second joint for half its length then gradually tapering to a moderate

point, arista not quite so long as the third antennal joint, blackish

and moderately thick on basal quarter then not conspicuously

white but slightly brownish-white and ending in a very sharp point,

the basal antennal joint with unusually conspicuous bristly pubes-

cence on end three-quarters above, and on end half beneath, second

joint with very minute, hardly noticeable pubescence.

Thorax dark aeneous, appearing darker behind because of black

pubescence, on the disc may be traced with difficulty a broad middle

New species of the Syrphid genus Callicera. 329

blacker stripe and apparently four more broad lines the two outer

ones on each side connected in front just about the suture. Pubes-

cence fairly dense but not very long except at sides and nearly erect

on the disc, brownish-grey on all fore part but black on all hind

part becoming long and rather conspicuous on and about postalar

calli. Scutellum moderately bright aeneous, large, rather inflated

and semi-circular, pubescence round margin forming a long con-

spicuous whitish fringe but on disc not quite so long and tinged with

brown.

Abdomen much spoilt by damp, pubescence on two basal segments

long, pale-brownish on first segment (almost whitish at sides, similar

to that round margin of scutellum, but rusty on disc), black and

conspicuous on all second segment (but rusty on disc), erect abun-

dant and whitish-yellow on third and fourth segments. I think the

first segment is deep black and that there is on the second segment

well after the aeneous base a broad transverse deep black band which

js extended down the middle to the hind-margin. Belly aeneous

with rather abundant brownish-orange pubescence.

Legs orange-red with nearly the basal half of femora indetermin-

ately black, tarsi blackish after most of basal joint, the last three

joints of tarsi appear to be a little dilated. Femora all with abun-

dant greyish-white pubescence but front pair with a few incon-

spicuous black hairs behind above. Front tibiae behind on more

than tip half with a conspicuous whitish fringe which occurs (though

much less conspicuous) on middle tibiae, hind tibiae also with some

inconspicuous short whitish pubescence about the middle.

Wings rather tinged with brownish about the base and especially

about the middle and on the stigma, discal cross-vein before one-

quarter the length of discal cell, upper marginal cross-vein with a

rounded angle. Alar squamae blackish-brown with fringes of the

same colour, thoracal squamae more orange-brown with large con-

spicuous fringes of the same colour. Halteres orange.

Length about 12 mm. without antennae, which measures 2°75 mm.

Described from a male in the British Museum taken by

Lieut. EK. Y. Watson in the N. Chin Hills (5,000 feet) in

March 1893.

C. eRRAticA, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus.} iii. 543

(1849). 9.

Second antennal joint on the outer side slightly more, but on the

inner side distinctly less, than half the length of first; first joint

obscurely tawny, paler at the base than at the tip, bearing scattered,

all short, black bristles on the end two-thirds, second and third

330 Mr. G. H. Verrall’s descriptions of

joints dull black the former densely clothed with short bristles, first

joint and basal third of third joint dusted with red pollen, third

joint a little dilated for basal two-fifths then gradually tapering to a

blunt end. Style missing in the specimen examined. Face nearly

all covered with orange pubescence hardly obscuring the ground-

colour and leaving bare only a narrow shining black middle line;

the black line against jowls narrow; jowls and lower half of back

of head with long orange pubescence, which becomes shorter and

browner on the upper part of back of head but is longer, bent forward

and orange on the vertex as far forward as the top ocelli, in front

of which the frontal pubescence is dense, soft and rather upturned

and when viewed from in front is very inconspicuous, frons moder-

ately shining blue-black but slightly obscured by dust, lower half

of sides of frons with an eye-stripe of whitish-grey dust continued

(but yellower in colour) all down sides of face. Eyes when viewed

from in front with a narrow conspicuous black band of pubescence

running down just in front of the middle, and with long rather dense

whitish pubescence before and behind it; this pale pubescence ex-

tends all over the rest of eye leaving only just the middle of back

part bare, and is most dense against the black band. The facial

pubescence creeps up the sides of the frontal prominence leaving

only just the prominence bare, and there is no sign of a black band

of pubescence across frons.

Thorax dull black (apparently having been cleaned), but probably

of an aeneous colour in life because the sides are aeneous black,

scutellum moderately shining black with a tinge of aeneous. Pubes-

cence equal, all tawny. It is impossible to tell whether stripes are

present or not.

Abdomen moderately shining black tinged with aeneous; basal

segment and a semi-circular depression at the middle of the base

of second segment, dull black; across the middle of second and

third segments (just after middle of second and probably interrupted

on third segment) there may be indications of a very narrow dull

black band. Pubescence all tawny and short except about basal

corners of second segment.

Legs red-tawny, coxae black but even tips of tarsi only a little

obscured, pubescence abundant on femora, moderate but noticeable

behind anterior tibiae, and all orange.

Wings with brownish-orange infuscation about the veins on the

front part even to tip of wing, also along discal vein to almost end

of discal cell; discal cross-vein at two-fifths the discal cell; upper

marginal cross-vein with a slight angle. Squamae glassy whitish-

yellow, with long yellow fringes. Halteres brownish-orange.

Length 11 mm. without antennae, which measures 4 mm.

New species of the Syrphid genus Callicera. 331

This description was made from the original type

specimen of Chrysotoxum erraticum in the British Museum.

C, SACKENI. n. sp. 3.

3. Head dilated and nearly two-thirds as long as broad, pubes-

cence of face greyish-orange and hardly leaving a bare middle line

but bare only just about middle of facial knob, a good deal of yellow

dust along upper sides of face, pubescence similar to the facial is

present all round under eyes and up lower part of back of head

which is very little inflated; jowls aeneous. Eyes densely clothed

with pubescence and I think I can trace a dark line of pubescence

down eyes in the usual place. Frons shining black, almost or quite

bare. Antennae without style not so long as head, both the basal

segments short and third segment quite three times as long as the

other two together, considerably dilated on the basal half and ferru-

ginous beneath at the base, but tapering on the end half; style

long, white and thin, but blackish and thickened at base, about half

as long as the third joint.

Thorax with brownish-orange dense pubescence, but more than

hind half of disc with mainly black pubescence intermixed, and

scutellum on disc with practically all rather conspicuous black

pubescence, though beneath’ and round margin the pubescence is

longer and all brownish-orange. Pleurae with brownish-orange

pubescence.

Abdomen bright aeneous though I can trace nearly all the second

segment dull black and a broad dull black band right across the

dise of third segment, it is on this latter segment that the bright

aeneous colour is most conspicuous on the fore- and hind-margins,

broader at the sides than at middle; the fourth segment appears

coppery aeneous. Pubescence equal and dense of a more ruddy hue

than on thorax with no trace of black hairs at tip. Belly with

dense brownish-orange pubescence. Genitalia black.

Legs rufous orange, femora black except on the tip quarter when

they become indeterminately rufous orange, tarsi rather darkened

above on the last two or three joints. Pubescence behind anterior,

and in front of hind femora, dense, not very long, brownish-orange ;

hind tibiae rather darkened above for a considerable space after the

middle; coxae, trochanters, and base of femora conspicuously black

haired, especially the coxae and trochanters.

Wings rather brownish about base and fore part just past discal

cross-vein and more so about costa to end of long subcostal vein,

discal cross-vein at two-fifths of discal cell, upper marginal cross-vein

a little angulated. Squamae dark brownish glassy, fringes of thora-

332 Mr. G. H. Verrall’s descriptions of

cal squamae long brownish-orange. Halteres with small blackish-

brown knobs.

Length without antennae 13 mm. Antennae 3°O mm.

Described from one male in the British Museum from

Burma (Fort White, N. Chin Hills, 7,000 feet, April 1893),

collected by Lieut. KE. Y. Watson.

C. POULTONI, n. sp. Q.

Q. Face with dense golden pile leaving middle line bare, frons

(? partly rubbed) with a patch of golden pile on each side a little

above antennae then about middle with a cross-band of longer

erect black hairs, and a few black hairs about ocellar space and

some long ones at back of vertex; all back of head from jowls to

vertex with dense golden pile but there is a rather wide bare shining

black space between jowls and face. Eyes with fairly abundant

pubescence, brown on upper part but pale on lower part, and there

is apparently a broad dark brown band of pubescence running down

the eye from about a quarter from top to about middle, after which

the same band seems to be composed of whitish pubescence behind

and brown in front (the whitish predominating)—the top and back

part of the eye may be bare (perhaps rubbed). Antennae with the

second joint half the length of first, but both short, and the third

joint more than three times as long as the first two together, very

moderately dilated for about half its length then gradually diminish-

ing but altogether rather slender, style long about one-third the length

of third joint, basal joint black then orange, style long pure white

and rather thick from dense white pubescence; base of antennae

and top of antennal prominence brownish.

Thorax apparently dull slaty black (much rubbed and apparently

having been wetted) with three conspicuous rather narrow black

lines down the disc well apart, and of these the two side ones

widen a little above the suture, while none extend more than half-

way between suture and hind-margin. Scutellum similar in colour

to thorax, but I can see traces of bright aeneous round margin (which

tends to confirm my suspicions of discoloration), the pubescence as

left is mainly a dense golden one round margin. All about disc of

thorax, especially behind the humeri and possibly on disc of scutel-

lum are a few scattered, erect, thin, blackish hairs, which may well

exist though inconspicuous amidst a dense golden pile and might

remain even when that pile had been rubbed off, but in this specimen

the dense golden pubescence remains only on sides after base of

wings and along hind-margin.

Abdomen dull black (possibly having been wetted) with traces of

New species of the Syrphid genus Callicera. 333

shining on the front quarter of the second segment and narrowly

along the hind-margin, while the third segment at the middle has a

pair of brilliant aeneous, narrow, transverse bands well separated

in the middle, widening upwards at sides towards basal corners and

quite reaching the side-margins, the side-margins below them and the

hind-margin narrowly are also rather bright aeneous; the fourth

segment has a pair of similar transverse bands slightly sloping up-

wards and nearly meeting at the middle. Pubescence (as left in

specimen examined) forming a dense bright golden band on hind-

margin of the second, third and fourth segments, but there are

indications of golden pubescence all over the abdomen but no sign

of any apical black hairs. Belly with rather universal golden

pubescence (long on hind half of second and third segments), which

tends to prove that upper side should be all covered.

Legs, after the black coxae and trochanters, all fulvous except at

tips of tarsi, pubescence as far as traceable all clear orange, no

pubescence noticeable on front tibiae or any long pubescence visible

behind anterior or in front of hind femora (probably, however, rubbed

off).

Wings with a strong fulvous tinge mainly caused by the orange-

red anterior veins, but still the anterior part is all so tinged and it

only gradually dies away towards tip and hind-margin; discal

cross-vein at two-fifths discal cell, upper marginal cross-vein with

a very slight angle, in fact only slightly rounded. Squamae pale

yellow with long red-orange fringes. Halteres apparently with

a brownish knob and pale stem.

Length without antennae 12 mm. Antennae 4 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Hope Depart-

ment of the University Museum of Oxford with a label

‘* Mexico,” a small square coloured label [74| and a diamond

shaped label ®

(igat a

XII. Notes on British Mycetophilidae. By F. W. Epwarps,

B.A., F.E.S.

[Read May 7th, 1913.]

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Puates XII-XVIII.

In the preface to his List of British Diptera, published in

1901, the late Mr. G. H. Verrall said of the British Myceto-

philidae, “ this family, though much improved, is still in a

most unfinished condition.” The truth of this remark will

be appreciated when it is stated that in the following notes

no fewer than 124 species are introduced as new to the list,

while nearly 50 names have been proved to be synonyms

or wrongly identified ; so that the net total of additions is

about 70. But Mr. Verrall’s remark is still true to some

extent, for several genera remain more or less unworked,

while even in those which have been studied most, it 1s

evident that many more species remain to be found in

Britain, since so many of those now known are represented

by single specimens only.

The large increase in the number of British species here

made would hardly have been possible from the study of

a single collection, and the writer desires to express his

thanks to all those to whom he is indebted for the loan of

specimens, for the gift of material to the National Collection,

and for help in other ways. Of these gentlemen particular

mention must be made of Mr. F. Jenkinson of Cambridge,

who has very kindly read the proofs of this paper and

contributed many useful suggestions, besides giving the

writer access to the whole of his very extensive collections.

In the following notes an asterisk has been placed against

each species or genus recorded for the first time as British,

and the initials of the collector are placed in brackets after

each record. The collectors, with the localities from which

they have mainly obtained their material, are as follows :—

F.C.A. Mr. F. C. Adams. New Forest.

K.A.A. Mr. KH. A. Atmore. Kine’s Lynn.

A.K.J.C. Mr. A. E. J. Carter. Perthshire.

J. EC. Mr. J. EH. Collin. Various localities.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 335

FJ. Mr. F. Jenkinson. Logie (Hlgin) ; Crowborough

(Sussex), ete,

C.G.L. Mr. C. G. Lamb. New Forest; Nethy Bridge

(Inverness), ete.

C.M. Mr. Claude Morley. Suffolk.

ADP: The late Mr. A. Piffard. Felden (Herts).

D.S. Dr. D. Sharp. New Forest; Nethy Bridge,

etc.

HLS. Mr. Hugh Scott. Henley-on-Thames.

G.H.V. The late Mr. G. H. Verrall. Newmarket (Suffolk), ete.

J.H.W. Dr. J. H. Wood. Herefordshire.

J.W.Y. Lt.-Col. J. W. Yerbury. Sutherland; Inverness;

Cornwall, ete.

A considerable amount of new synonymy is given, mainly

rendered necessary by the identification of a number of

Walker’s types in the British Museum collections. It is

most unfortunate that under the existing rules some of

these names have to take precedence over others which have

been better founded and are in general use. Although no

believer in the rigid application of the “ rule of priority,”

which seems to me mainly to tend to put a premium on

bad work, I have adopted these names for the sake of

conformity to rules.

Certain other changes proposed by Coquillett and

Johannsen have not been adopted in their entirety. Since

Rondani was the first to divide Meigen’s Sciophila, I

have with great reluctance replaced Lasiosoma by Sciophila,

and Scvophila by Mycomyza, though I cannot agree to spell

this last name as Rondani did, “‘ Mycomya.” The replac-

ing of Anaclinia by Neuratelia, Rond., seems to be wrong,

for since Rondani included his genus in his section BB,

“venae transversariae non adsunt vel inter primam et

secundam longitudinales, vel inter secundam et tertiam,”’

meaning that the subcostal cross-vein was absent, it is

evident that he had wrongly identified Meigen’s Mycetophila

nemoralis, which has a subcostal cross-vein. Whether

Rondani’s Neuwratelia nemoralis was a species of Leia or

Paraneurotelia it is impossible to say, and therefore,

fortunately, there is no excuse for not placing his genus on

the scrap-heap.

According to the zoological rules in force at the time when

Winnertz’s monograph was published ‘* when the evidence

as to the original type of a genus is not perfectly clear and

336 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

indisputable, then the person who first subdivides the genus

may affix the original name to any portion of it at his

discretion, and no later author has a right to transfer that

name to any other part of the original genus.”* Curtis

specified L. fascipennis as the type ‘of the genus Leia, but

did not subdivide it; Rondani specified L. bimaculata as

the type and renamed the genus Leyomya, but Winnertz

was the person who first subdivided Leva, and his interpreta-

tion therefore takes precedence above all others. The

attempt to use the name Leva in another sense arises

entirely from a misinterpretation of the rule quoted

through ignoring the word “original.” Rondani’s

Levomyra (the corrected form of Lejomya) is evidently the

same as Winnertz’s Glaphyroptera, and so must be used,

both because it is the older and because Glaphyroptera

is preoccupied.t+

Although these notes are far from complete, it is hoped

that they will enable collectors roughly to place their

specimens, and at least in the genera Bolitophila, Macrocera,

Platyura, Sciophila, and Mycetophila, to determine them

with some degree of accuracy. Certain species of these

genera, and the majority of those in the other genera, can

only be properly differentiated by a microscopic examina-

tion of the male hypopygium, and it is frequently necessary

(particularly in the genus Boletina) to remove this organ

and mount it in balsam (after clearing with potash) before

its structure can be properly ascertained. ‘The figures of

hypopygia here given have been prepared from specimens

mounted in small drops of stiff balsam, placed (without

cover-slip) on small strips of transparent celluloid, which are

kept on the same pin which bears the remainder of the insect.

The table of genera may be useful to those who do not

possess Johannsen’s monograph in the Genera Insectorum.

In this key an attempt has been made to use only those

characters which will group the genera according to natural

relationships, but as Johannsen has suggested, it is highly

probable that the Mycetophilinae is of polyphyletic origin

and therefore in a strictly scientific arrangement should

be divided into two or more groups or else united with the

* Brit. Ass. Rept. 1842, p. 111. Although the wording of this

rule was altered in 1905, the general sensé remains the same and

the words italicised here are still retained.

+ This is not the case with Leia. The coleopterous genus of the

same name was not published until 1821.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 337

Sciophilinae; our knowledge, however, is not yet sufficiently

advanced for this, though . it seems probable that Acnemia

may have arisen directly from Monoclona, and Anaclinia

from Polylepta. In this key some new characters have been

used, while others, such as the presence or absence of a

subcostal cross-vein or a median ocellus, have been dis-

carded as useless for separating genera, since they are not

infrequently variable within the limits of a species. The

Comstock-Needham nomenclature of venation has been

adopted, and should readily be understood with the aid of

the three figures of wings which are given. For the sake

of convenience the genera are separately dealt with in the

order in which they appear in Kertész’s catalogue, but it

may be pointed out that this is not entirely a natural

arrangement; for example, there is, I feel convinced,

only a superficial resemblance between the genera Phronia

and Hxechia; the former is closely allied to Trichonta,

the latter to Rhymesia.

Several papers, containing figures of the hypopygia

of very many of our species, have recently been issued,

and the student of British Mycetophilidae will find these

absolutely indispensable. The most important are as

follows :— .

Dzarepzickt, H. [On the genus Mycetophila, ete.] Pam.

Fizy]., Warsaw, tom. iv, pp. 298-324, pls. v-ix (1884).

[On Boletina, Sciophila, etc.}. Pam. Vizy]:, tom. v,

pp. 164-194, pls. iv-ix (1885).

Revue des espéces européennes du genre Phronia.

Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 23, pp. 404-532, pls. xn—xxi

(1889).

Zur Monographie der Gattung Rymosia, Winn. Horae

Soc. Ent. Ross., 39, pp. 89-104, pls. i-vi (1910).

Lunpstrém, C. Neue oder wenig bekannte europiische

Mycetophiliden. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 1911,

No. ix, and 1912, No. x.

Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Dipteren Finlands. Acta

Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Helsingfors. Vol.

207 Nox I (1906);;* vol) 32,-No.'2 (1909) : vol. 36,

No. 1 (1912).

Lanprock, K. Neue oder seltene Mycetophiliden aus

Mahren. Wien. Ent. Zeit. 1912, pp. 27-39.

Neue oder wenig bekannte Pilzmiicken. Wien. Ent.

Zeit. 1912, pp. 175-185.

338 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

Lur bee colle der Gattung Bolilophila, Meig. Berl.

Ent. Zeit. 1912, pp. 33-51.

In addition to these papers, some helpful notes on

many of the British species have been given by JENKINSON

(Ent. Mo. Mag., 1908, pp. 129-133, 151-154); reference to

these will be made subsequently.

The following types of Walker’s still exist in the British

Museum, and have been determined by me as follows :—

Symmerus ferrugineus. ~ Plesiastina annulata, Me.

Platyura vitrupennis. ‘Platyura semirufa, Mg.

- mycetophilordes. 7 dorsalis, Staeg.

i nigriceps. x nagriceps, Winn,

ss antica. 43 migricorms, F.

ee CONCISA. zonala, Lett.

servula. HI elladepichori va servula.

Sciophila lenuis. Sciophila apicalis, Winn.

bs maura. - lugubris, Winn.

é compressa. Telragoneura sylvatica, Curt.

é aliena. 6 hirta, Winn.

rufilatera. Monoclona ? unicornuta, Dz.

' Boletina plana. Boletina grzegorzeku, Dz.

Leptomorphus elongatus. ~Anaclinia nemoralis, Mg.

Azana scatopsoides. ~Azana anomala (Staeg.).

“Leia basaks. Docosia valida, Winn.

». parallela. Trichonta (?%) atricauda, Zett.

,, defecta. ~ Acnemia nitidicollis, Mg.

,»» pubescens. Docosia valida, Winn.

Mycetophila binotata. Zygomyia piclipennis, Staeg.

is stolida. M. stolida, Winn.

ie nigritula. Zygomyia notata, Stan.

* sobria.* ‘ Allodia crassicornis, Stan.

us conformis.t Phronia girschneri, Dz.

5 ferminalis. Trichonta funebris, Lundstr.

(? Winn.).

3 jinalis. “Empalia vitripennis, Mg.

5 longicornis. ~ Allodia lugens, Wied.

_ levordes. Phronia crassipes, Winn.

5 recuproca. Dynatosoma ngricoxa, Ztt.

‘ ocellus. Mycothera dimidiata, Staeg.

. flava. Coelosia flava, Staeg.

* A second specimen is a female Bolelina ( ? inermis, Lundstr.).

{ A second specimen under the same name is P. forcipata, Winn.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 339

The following species are among those wrongly identified

by Walker, and should therefore be struck off the list, as

they have not since been discovered in this country :

Walker’s

Mycetophila paludosa was Zygomyva valida.

iY lutescens ,, M. rufescens, Ztt.

x uninotata ,, M. linda, Mg.

‘, maculosa ,, Rhymosia fenestralis, Mg.

¥ sericea ., Brachycampta ? caudate: Winn.

in fuscula » Hxechia °% lateralis, Me. , and

Brachycampta, sp.

zs tarsata. » Phronia signata and Monoclona

? halterata.

Platyura atrata. » P. senirufa, Mg.

TABLE OF RECENT EUROPEAN GENERA OF

MYCETOPHILIDAE.

[Genera which have not yet been found in Britain are enclosed

in brackets. The dubious genera Synapha, Agaromyia, and Piote-

palpus are omitted. The genera Parastemma, Rulrophora, Telma-

philus, Brachycampta, and Mycothera have been sunk as they appear

to me to be insufficiently distinguished from M egophthalmidia (the

first two), Phronia, Allodia, and M: ycelophila respectively. |

1. Cu, connected with M either by contact or by the M-Cu cross-

vein : : : : : : . , Bt As

Cu, and M not saneieed BP cide iitcs | Seb) Acme ee

2. Cross-vein R-M distinct . . oe pay eae

Cross-vein R-M obliterated by ae aan Ai R, with M

(Ceroplatinae) . . SpA ates Be, 8 eee

3. R,+, distinct, short, Mes Nee in R, (Sciophihnae). . . 14.

R,+, not separated from al i.e. R, unbranched (Myceto-

philinae) ae sl) tad abt eS de aac anak) ee all 2) ae

4, Ry branched pg emy aA at Aah! Say Pale he as

R, unbranched (Dindacitinae) : ; . Dtapocrpia, Ruthe.

5. Cross-veins (R-M and M-Cu) close together; usually only one

basaleell. . . 6.

Cross-veins widely Seciaun fed a eee sits GBeticomietinese) 7.

6. R, with three branches (Pachyneurinae) [PACHYNEURA, Zett.].

R, with two branches, R,+, and R,+, (Mycetobiinae). . 8.

BOLITOPHILINAL.

7. Antennae 17 jointed, slender . é ‘ Bouiropuina, Me.

Antennae 12 jointed . . . . . [Hesperinvs, Walk. ].

340 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae..

MYCETOBIINAR.

8. Se, long, ending in costa. : : é . Mycrrosta, Meg.

Se, very short, not reaching costa. . ele eR

9. R, forks before base of fork of M. : mivemenl Winn.

R, forks beyond base of fork of M . i Symmervs, WIk.

10.

12.

13.

14.

18.

CEROPLATINAL.*

Antennae at least as long as the whole body Macrocera, Mg.

Antennae much shorter, usually not longer than the head and

thorax. ; , ors hate Gua Bees cet at dolbe

Proboscis produced (as long as the head or longer) Bi ey liens

Prohoscis not distinctly produced . -. . =. ~.: . 138

Se rather long, reaching costa; first joint of palpi roundish

AsinpuLuM, Ltr.

Se short, not reaching costa; first joint of palpi much elongated

HELLADEPICHORIA, Beck.

Antennae flattened ; palpi very short and thick

CEROPLATUS, Bosc.

Antennae not or scarcely flattened; palpi rather long and thin

Priatyura, Mg.

SCIOPHILINAE.

Lateral ocelli contiguous with the eye margins

[Eupicrana, Lw.].

Lateral ocelli remote from the eye margins . . . . 15.

Wings, at least towards tle apex, with a distinct though short

pubescence. ; : : ‘ : 5 ; ; . 16.

Pubéscence of wings microscopic’ “5.9 9 0 a ee 0

Cusmottorked) <°) gov Af Sn Mee ees Monoctrona, Mik.

Cu forked as usual. A ae : piel a icy! TS

. M forks at or scarcely beyond cross-vein R- M, i.e. upper fork

almost or quite sessile ScropHiia, Mg. (Lasiosoma, Winn.).

M forks far beyond cross-vein R-M fa po the Che Le

Cell R, (the Sciophiline cell) large; wings hairy only towards

apex : : : 2 * « ' >: PaRArinnas Male

Cell R, very sree wing pubesoanes very short but uniform 19.

. Ry+, wavy; Cu forks beyond the cross-vein R-M

PoLy.Lepta, Winn.

R,+, straight; Cu forks below the cross-vein R-M

LorwtieLLa, Meun.

. Cross-vein R-M very long and almost horizontal. . . 2).

Cross-vein R-M moderately short and very far from hori-

zontal 22:

* iiteeleaane Macrocerinae.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycelophilidae. 344

21.

ao: Se; ends.in Rye) [... « Ph nae yA) hy ks

Se, ends in costa ays oF Tey rites abe

24. Prosboscis produced, nearly as deux as the head

[Haproneura, Lundstr. }.

Proboscis not produced. : : Li DzIEDZIcKiA, JOH.

25. Se, (subcostal cross-vein) absent . . ee Grzeg:

Se, present’. ss F a4 ate

26. Cu forks under slightly haters baie of fork of M; wings clear

Empata, Winn.

Cu forks considerably before fork of M. . «wt. OQ

27. Se, before base of Rz; wings not banded

[PALAEOEMPALIA, Meun. }.

Se, above or beyond base of R,; wings banded

NEOEMPHERIA, O.-S,

MYCETOPHILINAE.

28. Lateral ocelli remote from the eye margins . . ws. 29,

Lateral ocelli contiguous with the eye margins or nearly so 44,

oes (wile, not forkedi- i690) we ee ck. in we 2, 0 BO)

Coforked ong iby les a bekta) Dey 31.

30. Se, long and distinct; M fonked oT pels bige ae NEMIA, Wi inn.

Se, very short; M simple ait? beliyister culmuaras Wik,

Si. oc, long... 5 sud Kelint ta hts Roa) nein Ge greek

Se, short, not aces nies CRD ie pk Adie tn OOOW ALAR,

G2..8e, ferminatingin Ry. - «=< « “i SyntTemna, Winn.

Se, terminating in fi CUR Tis yP Om NA GOT ie a tee

33. Proboscis very much elongated i) se (GxoRtim, Mo.

Proboscis shorter than the head if produced at all. . 34,

34. Wings with a distinct short pubescence (compare also

Phthinia) # , : : : ; F : 2 Bia

Wings with only microscopic panebeancs pe AR Gt NaS

35. M, almost or quite complete; wings marked SoA ty ie HM peat

M, obviously defective at the base; wings unmarked. . 37.

36. Se, placed rather near tip of Se,; large species

LEPTOMORPHUS, Curt.

Se, placed before middle of Sc, ; rather small species

ALLOcOTOCERA, Mik,

37, Costa produced only slightly beyond tip of R,+,;

Cu forks close to base of wing . EcTREPESTHONEURA, End.

Cu forks beyond cross-vein R-M_.. TETRAGONEURA, Winn,

. Costa not reaching beyond tip of R,+;

Mycomyta, Rnd. (Sciophila, Winn.).

Costa extending at least ais beyond tip of Rj+,. . 23.

ANActLINTA, Winn,

TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1913,—PART II. (SEPT.) Z

342) Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae

38.

39.

Costa produced much beyond tip of R,+,

PARANEUROTELIA, Landr.

Cu forks under or beyond the R-M cross-vein; tibial setae

weak. ; : 3 auaoe

Cu forks doaaidersibliy isafont the R- ee cross-vein; tibial setae

strong . . ; . 42.

Base of fork of Ca pelonr or nibatore hat of M 3 bleh (ale 40:

Base of fork of Cu much beyond that of M . SN pe ce eee

. Se, (when present) placed near middle of Sc, | Bonrrrna, Mg.

Se, placed near tip of Se, nets Empaura, Winn. (part).

. Front metatarsus much longer than the tibia; Cu, wavy

PurTainta, Winn.

Front metatarsus scarcely as long as the tibia; Cu- not wavy

Cornosta, Winn.

. M, and Cu, both interrupted at base ; costa exceeding R,

Leta, Mg.

M, not interrupted at base; costa not exceeding apex of R,

Leromyta, Rnd. (Glaphyroplera,Winn. ).

43. Base of fork of Cu nearer base of wing than that of M

MrcoruTHaLmipia, Dz.*

44. Cavsimple. 3.) te ta9 PPE Pe tel ee amen

Cu branched : ‘ she Walks nfs

45, Second joint of palpi gr sil bil wail (first dint)

CorpyLa, Mg.

Second joint of palpi not conspicuously enlarged ah Wee Hh:

46. Costa extending distinctly beyond the tip of R, . . . 47.

Costa not extending beyond the tipof R, . . . . SI.

47. Bases of forks of M and Cu about level bn eae: 48.

Base of fork of Cu distinctly nearer apex of wing ‘han that of

Min Gene SE) nae) lee sel ae RR i a eee,

48. Se, long; axillary vein wanting » yl barhh2) eDecostay Vina.

Se, short; axillary vein distinct . . . Epicypra, Winn.

49,

50.

Fork of Cu much shorter than that of M SACRE Cie alae eet! 5

Fork of Cu only a little shorter than that of M

ANATELLA, Winn.

Costa only slightly produced beyond tip of R,; anal vein weak

PHRonta, Winn.

Costa considerably produced beyond tip of R,; anal vein strong

{[Mactropracutus, Dz. }.

Se, reaching beyond middle of basal cell and (except in 7’.

submaculata) ending in R, Bs teak dM ne Tricwonta, Winn.

* Including Parastemma and Rutrophora,

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 343

54.

57.

58.

59.

Se, not reaching middle of basal cell or if rather longer not

ending in R, pariart lc BS Pee Pico Fh Sate 5b. 52.

. Cu, and Cu, obviously divergent in their terminal portions ;

tibial setae nearly always weak; wings generally un-

marked) ro (ids tm By lans Cit treT eee Grane t- SS:

Cu, and Cu, parallel or siahety convergent in their terminal

portions; tibial setae strong and conspicueus; wings nearly

always spotted then cai neh ers we hel 159:

Base of fork of Cu nearer apex at wing than that of M; tibial

setaealwaysweak. . . A ace ae is . 54,

Base of fork of Cu nearer base of wing than that of M; if not,

then with strong tibial setae ger deer Seared 5D;

R, slightly indented at origin of R,; M forks iene origin of R.

Puronta, Winn.*

R, straight except towards tip; M forks before origin of R,

Exrecura, Winn.

Anal vein long and conspicuous. lt : @ ope 36:

Anal vein short and inconspicuous or alltagéthet wanting . 57.

Base of fork of Cu nearer apex of wing than that of M; tibial

setae strong; wings with dark clouds © DynaTosoma, Winn.

Base of fork of Cu nearer base of wing than that of M; tibial

setae weak; wings unmarked ‘ ‘ . Raymosia, Winn.

A very long vein-like fold simulating the anal vein, lying close

up against Cu and extending nearly to the middle of the fork

BracHyPEzA, Winn.

This fold if present at allis very much shorter AtLLopia, Winn.t

R, and R, closely approximated to one another and to the costa

Scepronta, Winn.

R, and R, not closely approximated to one another or to the costa

ZyGcomyta, Winn,

Male genitalia not enlarged; female without distinct setae on

the ventral side of the sixth abdominal segment

Myceropuina, Mg.t

Male genitalia very large; female with a few setae on the ventral

side of the sixth abdominal sezment OPISTHOLOBA, Mik

Boutropwita, Mg.

Fee Cndinmim theeastay. 6 i a el wD,

R,+,endingin R,_ . : : ‘ ‘ : : : be Os

* Including Telmaphilus, Beck.

‘i Including Brachycampla, Winn.

2 Including Mycothera, Winn.

‘

344 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycetophilidae.

2. Cu, ending in tip of Cu, . : ; : occlusa, sp. Nn.

Cu, ending in the hind margin reniots from tip of Cu, or

3. Thorax with three shining blackish stripes; Cu, and Cu, con-

siderably approximated at their tips. . glabrata, Lw.

Thorax dull brownish, striped or almost unicolorous; Cu, and

Cu; very littleapproximated.’. 2» #! Oy .04 Teel GP AL

4. Wings with two distinct dark spots. . . bimaculata, Zett.

Wings not distinctly spotted

hybrida, Mg.; pseudohybrida, Landr.

5. Cross-vein M-Cu obliterated by contact of Cu, with M

tenella, Winn.

Cross-vein. M-Cu not obliterated . 2. 9. w) .. 6.

6. Male antennae long, clothed with long hair . saundersi, Curt.

Male antennae shorter, clothed with short hair . cinerea, Mg.

*B. oeclusa, sp. n.

Fusca ; vena brachiali in costam exeunte : cellula posteriori quinta

(Cu?) apice occlusa,

3. Dingy brownish; thorax more ochreous with three dark brown

stripes. Antennae short haired, shorter than the whole body, with

the first three joints yellowish. Legs dingy ochreous, tarsi dark,

trochanters and knees black. Wings transparent, only the stigma

darker; R,+. ends in the costa close to the tip of R, ; cross-vein M-Cu

absent as in B. tenella; Cu, terminating in the tip of A. Genitalia,

fig. 1. Length about 6 mm.

One male from Brockenhurst, Hants, 22. v. 1910 (Lt.-Col,

Yerbury). Type in Mr, Collin’s collection.

*B. bimaculata, Zett. Logie (F.J.); Nethy Bridge (C.G.L.)

New Forest (D.8.); Stoke Wood, Hereford (J.H.W.);

Aviemore (J.W.Y.).

*B. glabrata, Lw. A single ,fneags much damaged,

from Blythburgh, Suffolk ae iy? Wells, Somerset, 1 ¢

(C.G.L.); New Forest, 1 2 (D.S.). The shining thorax

and distinctive neuration fie its identification certain.

It seems to be very rare on the Continent.

B. hybrida, Mg. This is the species generally known as

B. fusca, Mg. It is not uncommon.

*B. pseudohybrida, Landrock. Cambridge (F.J., D.S.)

B. tenella, Winn. Of this rare species I have seen only

one male in Mr. Collin’s collection and one female from

Aviemore (J.W.Y.). As in B. hybrida, Mg. and B.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 345

pseudohybrida, Landr., the middle joints of the front tarsi

of the female are distinctly thickened.

B. saundersvi, Curt. This species has been erroneously

referred to as synonymous with B. hybrida (= fusca), even

Landrock in his recent monograph of the genus assigning

that position to it. In reality it belongs to the cinerea

group, and differs from B. cinerea in the long hairs of the

male antennae and in the genitalia of the male. It is a

fairly common ss ge Hypopygium, fig. 2

B. cinerea, Mg. Mr. A. EH. Cameron, ‘of Manchester

University, has sent me larvae of this species from Man-

chester and from Delamere Forest. In the latter case they

were feeding on a decaying Agaricus; “‘ the larvae pupated

Nov. 29th and following “days, and the imagos began to

emerge December 3rd.”

Macrocera, Mg.

1. Wings microscopically pubescent ‘ 2.

Wings distinctly pubescent when viewed eheswen a ae 8.

2. Wings quite unspotted ; 3.

Wings with at least a central dark seb: 5.

3. Hind margins of abdominal segments aarapicentsle janes

than the basal portions.

Hind margins of abdominal es not lighter than the

basal portions : 3 ‘ lutea, Mg.

4, Large species ; hind coxae any a ane phi antennae somewhat

thickened at the base . -. . fasciata, Mg.

Small species; hind coxae Pata Bp spot; antennae not

thickened. . ; we. a pusilia,, Mig.

5. Wings with dark central Markinas athe cs Dae aon meena 8

Wings with dark central markings anda dark apex . . 7.

6. Wings with a small central spot only; resembles M. fascia‘a

grandis, Lundstr.

Wings with a central fascia which reaches the costa

centralis, Mg.

7. Thorax with two black stripes; central fascia interrupted and

not nearly reaching Ry+, . . : maculata, Mg.

Thorax all yellowish; central fascia japon but uninterrupted

and reaching R.+. ’ ‘ angulata, Mg.

8. Wings with a dark central fae nad ae apex phalerata, Mg.

Wings without distinct dark markings except at the tip of R,

stigma, Curt,

346 Mr. IF’. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

M. crassicornis, Winn, I cannot see how to distinguish

this from M. fasciata, Mg., and consider that there is only

one rather variable species. M. annulicoxa, Mik, 1s

evidently a synonym of M. crassicornis, Winn.

M. vittata of the List (and probably of Meigen) is, I feel

sure, only a variety of the female of M. lutea.

M. pusilla, Mg. Dingwall (May 1911) and Loch Assynt

(June 1911—J.W.Y.). These specimens perhaps repre-

sent the true M. pusilla. The M. pusilla of our list

is apparently an undescribed species, but the material is

too poor and scanty to describe.

M. maculata, Mg. This very distinct species, though

previously recorded as British, was omitted from the Liss

of 1901. The British Museum possesses three specimens

from Felden, Herts (A. Piffard). It resembles M. phalerata,

but has bare wings, and two blackish marks on the posterior

portion of the mesonotum. The latter character, together

with the different wing-markings, will also serve to dis-

tinguish it from M. angulata.

*M. grandis, Lundstr. Bowness, Westmoreland

(G.H.V.).

CErROPLATUS, Bosc.

*C. testaceus, Dalm. This species has been bred in the

New Forest by Dr. Sharp in some numbers, and some have

been collected in the same locality by Mr. F.C. Adams. It

is in the British List as C. tipuloides, Bosc.

The species was at first thought to be undescribed, and

figures of the wing and male genitalia were accordingly

prepared (figs. 3 and 4), but I am now convinced that it

is CU. lestaceus. Dalman described the antennae as 15-

joited, but he regarded the first joint as an articuliform

process, and evidently overlooked the minute round

terminal (17th) joint. There is no other disagreement

between our specimens and the description (Analecta Ent.,

p. 98). The author described the scutellum as pale

testaceous; it is usually darker in the middle. It is

doubtful, however, whether Zetterstedt had identified the

species correctly.

C. lineatus, F. New Forest (D.S.); Monk’s Soham,

Suffolk (C.M.); Cambridge (F.J.); Mordiford, Hereford

(J.H.W.) The genus Cerotelion, Rnd., has been used for

this species, but it seems inadvisable to separate it from

Ceroplatus, since C. sesioides (as described by Winnertz)

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 347

exhibits an intermediate venation, while in all other

characters the species are essentially similar.

PiatyurA, Mg.

I have devoted considerable attention to this genus,

having examined fully 300 British specimens in all, a large

number considering the rarity of most of the species. There

were 18 species represented; I give figures of the hypopygia

of all these, except P. migriceps, Wlk., the male of which

isunknowntome. Dr. H. Dziedzicki very kindly examined

some of my drawings, and informs me that those of P.

margunata, modesta, anfuscata, fasciata, unicolor, semirufa,

and nemoralis correspond with Winnertz’s specimens which

he has examined.

There should be little difficulty about determining British

specimens of Platyura by the following table :—

1. R,+, ending in R, (Apemon, Joh.),. . . marginata, Me.

he fs ONCE IM Costa a) ep hat a ay ee ae BS

2. Anal vein reaching hind margin Gy ena uk Lies reebnl aa ete

Anal vein not reaching hind margin hte ae wae ae UC

3. Male antennae almost twice as long as head and thorax together ;

front tibiae and metatarsi equal in length macrocera, sp. 1.

Male antennae about as long as head and thorax together;

front tibiae longer than the metatarsi : é : ee

4. Wings with an obvious dark tip and a dark cloud on Cu,

biumbrata, sp. n

Wings quite unmarked, or with a small inconspicuous dark

apical'spot . °.. oye ke Rte Tyrael Mag gee rome ELT

5. Tip of Se well before base at R,;; small yellow species . . 6.

Tip of Se level with or beyond base of R,; larger species . 8.

6. Last two segments of male abdomen black nigricauda, Strobl.

Last two segments of male abdomen yellow Be as ee

7. Tip of male wing with a small faint greyish spot (female wing

clear) oe eC oo) EY: ell efit h ames So cue. Evay McG.

Wing of male quite clear. . . . . modesta, Winn.

8. Thorax black with yellow shoulders (normally)

dorsalis, Staeg., Wlk.

Thorax yellowish, with or without dark stripes . . . 9%

9. Thorax clear yellowish ; wings with a small grey spot at tip

nigriceps, Wik,

Thorax with three dark stripes; wings quite clear

dorsalis, Staeg., var.; alriceps, sp. Nn.

348 Mr, F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

10. Anal vein strong, almost reaching the hind margin; rather large

species usually with an entirely shining black thorax; tip

of costa scarcely extending beyond Ry+, .« semirufa, Mg,

Anal vein weaker; usually disappearing much before the hind

margin; if with a black thorax, then small species; costa

distinctly produced beyond tip of Ry+; . . . . OH.

11. Front tibiae ey ih nine than the metatarsi; thorax

black Waves : SON see) Series

Front tibiae at most as this as rs qdethteisi: thorax yellow or

with yellow ground colour. .. Pens ve kee

12. Wings with the apex broadly though homieeinti faintly darkened

nemo ralis, Mg.

Wings clear . ; TE CON ig 0455 2

13. Abdominal segments 2 4 bale at the apex ; R. »+3 rather long and

Sambi ey ak ps : zonata, Zett.

Abdominal segments 2-4 gia at ‘fis A R,+3 short and

almost vertical re P26 oy eat perpusilla, sp. n.

14. Third and fourth costal diiuibus about equal; wings almost

or quite clear ; . . aestivalis, Winn.

Third costal division pousiderably shar ter than the fourth. 15.

15. Wings almost unmarked; costa extending half the distance

between the tips of R,+, and M,+, pectinifera, sp. n.

Wings with a dark fascia before the apex; costa extending at

most one-third of the distance between the tips of Ry; and

i) ree re ri gsi) Cicer as

16, Abdomen stininly or eatin lei there of male with three

large confluent shining black stripes . . nigricornis, F.

Abdomen largely or mainly reddish yellow; thorax reddish

yellow in both sexes. . 3) pate ct heel te

17. Inner edge of wing-fascia piotubeeant ucimaen R,+, and M,+,

fasciata, Mg.

Inner edge of wing-fascia indented between R,+, and M,+,

unicolor, Staeg.

P. marginata, Mg. Enderlein (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1911,

p. 163) introduces the genus Paraplatyura for this species,

basing it on the neuration, but since Loew’s P. occlusa

exhibits an intermediate structure, the separation of this

species from Platyura seems undesirable. Enderlein places

it in the Sciophilinae, obviously an error. In any case

Paraplatyura would be antedated by Apemon, Johannsen

(Gen. Ins. 1909, p. 20). P. marginata has the faint fold-

like basal extension of the media and the absence of bristles

on the whole body characteristic of Apemon, but some other

Mr. F, W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 349

species, e.g. P. senurufa and P. nigricornis, have practically

no bristles except on the coxae. Apemon is therefore not

adopted in this paper. As Strobl suggests, P. marginata

is very likely only a variety of P. atrata; I am unable to

confirm the latter as British, unless this is the case,

Hypopygium, fig. 5.

*P, macroeera, sp. n. ¢.

Fusca ; antennis thorace cum capite duplo longioribus ; alis

subinfuscatis, immaculatis ; vena anali marginem atlingente.

Head and thorax blackish-brown, somewhat shining; small

yellowish shoulder-patches in front of the mesonotum. Abdomen,

including hypopygium, dark brown. The abdomen is unusually

long and thin, for a Platyura, and the hypopygium (figs. 7 and 8) has

a quite unusual structure. Antennae, palpi and legs, dark brown,

femora somewhat lighter; front tibiae and metatarsi equal in length,

Antennae twice the length of the head and thorax together. Wings

(fig. 8a) somewhat infuscated, but quite unmarked. Halteres

long, whitish, knob small, black. Length (without antennae)

omm.

Two males of this interesting species were taken at

Aviemore, Inverness, by Lt.-Col. Yerbury, on August

10th, 1911, and presented by him to the British Museum,

Another male was taken by the same collector at Nethy

Bridge, 19. vit. 1905, and is in Mr. Collin’s collection. The

species is sufficiently distinguished from all the other

members of the genus by the long antennae, suggesting

Macrocera. In fact, it is difficult to decide in which of

the two genera the species should be placed, though on

the whole it would seem to go better in Platyura, on account

of the venation, which bears a close resemblance to that of

P. flava and P. nigricauda.

*P, biumbrata, sp. n.

Fusca ; thorace flavo brunneo-trivittato ; abdominis incisuris,

coxis, pedibus, halleribusque flavis ; alis apice fuscis, umbraque fusca

in vena postica ; vena anali marginem posteriorem attingente.

36: Head black above, front yellowish; palpi dark brown;

antennae black, the two basal joints yellowish. Thorax dingy

yellowish, with three separate dark brown stripes. Abdomen dark

brown, the posterior borders of segments 1—5 yellowish. Hypopy-

gium as in fig, 9. Legs yellow tarsi and tibial spurs dark; front

350 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

tibiae about one-fifth longer than the metatarsi. Wings with the

apex dark, and with a dark cloud along Cu,. Tip of Sc immediately

above base of R,; third costal division scarcely one-third as long

as fourth; R,+, moderately long, at an angle of 45° with R,+;;

costa extending nearly half the distance between the tips of R,+,

and M,+.; anal vein reaching margin.

2 3. Padstow, Cornwall, Sept. 1903 (C. G. Lamb—type

in British Museum ; para-type in Cambridge Museum); 1 ¢

Studland, Dorset, 11. vii. 1909 (Lt.-Col. Yerbwry), in Mr.

Collin’s collection. .

P. mgricauda, Strobl. Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest

(D.8.); Felden (A.P.); Porthcawl (J.W.Y.). Males only.

Hypopygium, figs. 10 and 11.

*P. flava, Meq. This is the species recorded by Verrall

as P. modesta, Winn. Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest

(D.S.); Stokenchurch (J.W.Y.); King’s Lynn (H.A.A.).

The male has a small greyish costal spot at the apex of the

wing, resembling in this respect P. dorsalis and P. nigriceps.

Hypopygium, figs. 12 and 13.

P. modesta, Winn. (=simpler, Grz.). Studland

(J.W.Y.); Tangham Wood (G.H.V.). I have only seen

two males of this species, both in Mr. Collin’s collection.

Hypopygium, figs. 14 and 15.

P. dorsalis, Staeg. (= mycelophiloides, Wik., = humeralis,

Winn.). King’s Lynn (E.A.A.); New Forest (D.S.); Nairn

and Aviemore (J.W.Y.); Studland (J..C.). Hypopygium,

figs. 16 and 17.

P. nigriceps, Wik. [have only seen two recent examples,

a female from Carrow, Norwich (I.J.) and one from

Aviemore (J.W.Y.). Two of Walker’s original specimens

are in the British Museum, both females. The Aviemore

specimen has indications of three darker stripes on the

thorax. I have rather a strong suspicion that P. nigriceps

may be only the female of P. dorsalis as the only differ-

ences seem to be coloration, and equally marked differences

are known to occur between the sexes of P. mgricornis.

*P. atriceps, sp. n.

3: Flava; capite nigro, thorace brunneo-trivittato, tarsis anten-

narumque flagello fuscis ; alis flavescentibus, vena anali marginem

attingente.

Head black; palpi and three basal joints of antennae reddish-

yellow, rest of antennae dark brown. Thorax yellowish with three

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 351

brown not confluent stripes; metanotum dark brown. Abdomen

yellowish, the last segment and the genitalia (figs. 18 and 19) dark

brown. Legs yellow, tarsi and tibial spurs dark brown. Front

tibiae longer than the metatarsi. Wings quite unmarked, slightly

yellowish tinged; halteres yellow. Apex of Sc opposite base of

R,; R.+, long, at an angle of 45° with R,;;; distance between tips

of R, and R,+, less than half that between tips of R,;, and R,+;;

costa just reaching tip of wing and extending nearly half the

distance between tips of R,+; and M,+,. Anal vein strong,

reaching hind margin.

One male from Goathorn, Dorset, 7. vi. 1907 (Lt.-Col.

Yerbury). Type in Mr. Collin’s collection. This may be

the species described by Winnertz as P. nigriceps, but it

differs from Walker’s type in the venation (Sc is shorter

and costa longer), in the absence of the dark spot at the

apex of the wing, and in the striped thorax.

P. semirufa, Mg. This is a common and very variable

species, and seems to have been described under a variety

of names. I have seen several varieties which at first

sight appear quite distinct, but as they all have identical

genitalia (fig. 6), and differ only in colour, I regard them

all as one species :

(a) Thorax and abdomen entirely black. This is the

commonest form; the male has apparently been described

by Van der Wulp as P. concolor, and is certainly Walker’s

P. vilripennis. The female of this form (of the others

I only know the male) has the wings rather deeply brownish-

tinged, especially on the margins, being darkest on the

anterior margin of the apical half. Females of this form

have been described by Meigen as P. bawmhaueri, by Staeger

as P. brunnipennis and by Walker as P. unicolor. (Meigen’s

P. baumhaueri, indeed, was described as 23 lines long, while

the usual size is 4 lines, but this discrepancy signifies little,

as the species varies areatly in this respect.)

(6) Head and thorax black, abdomen red except at base

and apex. P. semirufa, Mg., and probably P. erythrogaster,

Mg., belong here. This form is also common.

( :) Thorax dark reddish brown with two black stripes,

abdomen reddish. 1 3, Crowborough (F.J.). Winnertz’s

P. taeniata perhaps belongs here.

(d) Like var. a, but a distinct dark fascia before the tip

of the wing. Wells, Somerset (C.G.L.); Tram Inn, Here-

fordshire (J W.Y.); Tarrington (J.H.W.). P. fulvipes,

352 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophildae.

Mg., probably, and P. morio, Grz., certainly belong here.

In all these forms the strong anal vein almost reaches the

hind margin.

P. nemoralis, Mg. (probably = flavipes, Mg., Curt., Ztt.,

= nana, Winn., = cincta, Winn.). The commonest species

of the genus in this country. It is so variable in size and

in the amount of yellow (if any) on the abdomen, that I

feel confident that the same species has been described

under these various names. I have mounted the genitalia

of a number of different-looking specimens and find them

constant (figs. 20 and 21).

*P. zonata, Zett. (= concisa, Wik., = forcipula, Lundstr.)

Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.); Hast Leigh

(G.H.V.). Walker’s type is in quite good condition, and

answers quite closely to Zetterstedt’s description of P.

zonata. This may be the species described by Winnertz

as P. succincta, Mg., but as it only occasionally has the

margin of the wing slightly darker, and as the male claspers

are not oval, I have preferred to call it P. zonata. Hypo-

pygium, fig. 22.

*P. perpusilla, sp. n.

Minuta ; thorace nigro; coxis, pedibus, halieribusque ochraccis,

tarsis abdomineque fuscis ; alis subhyalinis, vena analt marginem

posteriorem non atlingente.

3. Head including whole antennae blackish; palpi dark brown.

Thorax black, rather shining, clothed with strong black bristles.

Abdomen mainly blackish-brown, segments 2, 3 and 4 rather broadly

yellowish at the base. Genitalia, fig. 23. Legs: Coxae, femora

and tibiae light yellow, tarsi and tibial spurs dark; front tibiae

considerably longer than the metatarsi. Wings hyaline, unmarked.

Tip of Sc, immediately above base of Rs; R.+3 very short, straight,

considerably beyond tip of R,, the distance between the tips of R,

and R,+, being about two-thirds of that between the tips of R,+;

and R,+;; R,+,; entering costa at a very low angle; the costa

does not reach the tip of the wing, but extends nearly half the dis-

tance between the tips of R,;, and M,+,. Anal vein very much

abbreviated. Length 2°5 mm.

One male from Boyton, Suffolk, 19. vii.1908 (G. H.

Verrall). Type in Mr. Collin’s collection.

*P. aestivalis, Winn. What I take to be this species is

represented by a short series from the New Forest (D.S.)

and one male from Studland (J.W.Y.). In most specimens

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 353

the thorax is uniformly yellowish, but im the one from

Studland it has three brown stripes, while in another it is

entirely dark brown; this last specimen has the wing

darkened at the tip and along the hind margin. Hypo-

pygium, figs. 24 and 25.

*P, pectinifera, sp. n.

3. Ochracea ; alis subhyalinis, macula parva apicali grisea ; vena

anali marginem vix atlingen'e.

Head blackish; palpi yellow; antennae dark brown. Thoraa’

reddish-ochreous. Abdomen discoloured but apparently in life it

must have been entirely ochreous. Genitalia as in figs. 26 and 27.

Legs yellowish; tarsi and tibial spurs dark. Front tibiae hardly

as long as the metatarsi. Wings slightly yellowish-tinged; a

small dark apical spot on the costa. Tip of Sc immediately above

base of R, ; third costal division about three-quarters as long as

fourth; R.+, long, at an angle of about 45° with R,+;; costa

extending half the distance between the tips of R,+; and M,+,;

anal vein distinct, almost reaching margin. Length about 4 mm.

1 g. New Forest, vii. 1905 (D. Sharp.). The general

aspect of this species is extremely like P. flava, from

which it appears to be distinguished by the shortened

anal vein. The name is suggested by the comb like

appendage of the hypopygium. P. ochracea, Mg., is also

similar but is larger, and there are several differences in

venation.

*P. nigricornis, F. (= nigriventris, Ztt., = antica, Wlk..

= infuscata, Winn.). New Forest (D.S., F.J.); | Monks-

wood (D.8.); Crowborough, Cambridge (F.J.). I have

little hesitation in adopting Fabricius’ name for this species.

He describes the abdomen of the female as having the

borders of the segments yellowish; this is often the case,

though typically the female abdomen is entirely black.

The thorax of the female generally has more or less distinct

indications of three darker stripes. Hypopygium, figs.

28 and 29.

P. fasciata, Mg. The hypopygium (figs. 30 and 31)

seems to be indistinguishable from that of Lundstrém’s

P. tristis, and his species is therefore very likely a dark

variety of P. fasciata. The latter is not uncommon with us.

*P. unicolor, Staeg. Apparently not at all uncommon,

Logie, Cambridge, Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest

(D.8.); Clacton-on-Sea (J.W.Y.). This species might be

354 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

confused with P. fasciata, as the abdomen, though usually

more or less unicolorous, is apt (especially in the female)

to develop dark bands. The two can most readily be

distinguished by the character given in the key; in ad-

dition, P. wnicolor is usually smaller. Hypopygium, figs.

32 and 33.

*TELLADEPICHORIA, Beck.

H. servula, Wik. (Platyura servula, W\k.). This is the

species referred to by Jenkinson as “the dark species of

Asindulum which is as common as A. flavum.” It 1s com-

mon in the New Forest (F.J., D.S., C.G.L., F.C.A.) and

specimens have also been taken at Whittlesford, Cambs.

(C.G.L.) and Crowborough (F.J.).

The thorax is blackish-brown rather than ferruginous,

as Walker described it; the type is in fairly good condition,

so that the identification is certain. The proboscis is

about the same length as in Asindulum rostratum, but

much more slender; the anal vein is very short; the sub-

costal cross-vein is present though very difficult to make

out. Loew’s short description of Asindulum geranias

applies in most respects to this species, but he states that

the anal vein is not very much shortened. Becker's

H. tenwipes, the type of the genus, must be extremely

similar, the only discrepancy I can find between our insect

and his being the statement that the proboscis is as long

as the middle tibiae, while in H. servula it is considerably

shorter; but for this I should have regarded H. Dale

asasynonym Head, fig. 3 ; hypopygium, fig. 3

The genera Asindulum aud Helladepichoria, Gioia very

similar, must, I consider, be kept distinct, as they apparently

represent separate developments from two different groups

of Platyura. This is strongly indicated by a study of the

hypopygia; that of H. servula is of a type similar to P.

biumbrata, while those of the other species appear to show

more affinity with the P. dorsalis group.

AsINDULUM, Latr.

*4. vostratum, Zett. This is the species which is in

the List as A. flavum; Dr. Lundstrém has confirmed my

identification by examining a specimen. The true A.

flavum (which I have not seen) has a much longer proboscis.

Head, fig. 36; hypopygium, figs. 57 and 38,

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycetophilidae. 355

*4. migrum, Latr. Mildenhall, Suffolk (D.S.). These

specimens are somewhat larger and have the dark apex

of the wing more extended than in 4. femorale, but other-

wise agree rather closely. Latreille’s description is of

course inadequate, but the determination seems probably

correct. Head, fig. 59; hypopygium, figs. 40 and 41.

Mycomyta, Rond.

(Sciophila, Winn.).

This genus seems to me to be in a very unsatisfactory

state; the following species have been identified by means

of the male genitalia, but their synonymy in some cases

is in much doubt.

*M. affins, Staeg. (= flava, Winn.). Carrow, Cam-

bridge, Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.S.); Henley-

on-Thames (H. Scott); Aberfoyle (A.E.J.C.).

M. incisurata, Zett. This seems to be by far the

commonest species of the genus here.

*M. winnertzii, Dz. Common. Probably the S. fasciata

of the list.

*M. lucorum, Winn. Felden, Herts. (A.P.); New

Forest (D.S.).

*M. wankowickzui, Dz. Common. (New Forest, etc.).

M. tenuis, Wik. (apicalis, Winn.; radoskowski, Dz.).

Largs, Logie, Cambridge, C ‘rowborough (F.J.); Nethy

Bridge (J. W.Y. ); New Forest (D.8.); * Padstow (C.G.L.).

Walker’s type has lost its abdomen, but as this is one of

the most distinct species in the genus, I do not think there

can be any doubt about the determination.

M. maura, Wik. (lugubris, Winn.). The genitalia of this

species resemble those of S. penicillata, Dz., rather closely ;

S. penicillata may perhaps be a synonym or variety. The

colour, as usual, is very variable; the thorax is usually

entirely shining black, but some specimens from Aberfoyle

(A.E.J.C.) have it licht brown with three dark reddish

brown stripes.

NEOEMPHERIA, O.-S.

N. pictipennis, Hal. This is not the same as Empheria

pictipennis, Winn. All the British specimens I have seen

have a wing venation resembling that figured by Winnertz

for N. formosa, but N. pictipennis has similar wing-

markings in both sexes, while in N. formosa the male has

356 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

the whole apex of the wing dark. The abdominal markings

of some specimens of N. pictipennis resemble those of

N. formosa, but they are variable, especially in the female ;

one female from the New Forest (D.S.) has a dark apex

to the wing. It is quite possible that N. formosa may be

only a variety of N. pictipennis. The new name winnertzi

is proposed for pictipennis, Winn. (nec Hal.).

PoLyLepra, Winn.

P. undulata, Winn. This is the species which is in the

list as P. splendida. A male specimen taken at Logie,

9. 1x. 1909, by Mr. Jenkinson, lacks the small cell on both

wings. This disconcerting variation, in the character on

which the subfamily Sciophilinae was founded, occurs in

a number of species. It has been recorded by de Man

(Tijd. v. Ent. 1884, p. 137) in Polylepta leptogaster, and

I have also met with it in Empalia vitripennis, Sciophila

lutea, and S. hirta (see below).

PaRATINIA, Mik.

P. sciarina, Mik (7%). This species exhibits remarkable

variation in size. I have compared mounts of the genitalia

of a large specimen sent me by Mr. Carter, and a very small

one in Mr. Jenkinson’s collection and find them identical.

If Mik’s figure of the palpus is anything like accurate, the

British species cannot be P. sciarina, and it is certainly

not P. difficilis, Dz., but I do not like to describe it as

new.

Monoctona, Mik.

This genus, it seems to me, has its nearest ally in Acnemaa,

the only difference being the absence of the small cell in

the latter. Both have the apical half of the club of the

halteres black, which is most unusual in this family. In

fact, if an abnormal Monoclona without a ‘“ small cell ”’

were to occur it could only be distinguished from Acnemia

by the genitalia,

M. rufilatera, Wik. Males from Studland (Dorset),

Sheviock and Lelant, Cornwall (J.W.Y.); Cambridge

(F.J.), and New Forest (D.S.), agree in having genitalia

of the exact structure figured by Dziedzicki for M. wni-

cornuta. In Daziedzicki’s specimen, however, the genitalia

were yellow, not black (as they are in ours), and the thorax

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 357

had three distinct blackish stripes, while in the seven

specimens I have seen the thoracic stripes are completely

fused. Lundstrém records a similar example to Dzie-

dzicki’s from Finland. It is probable that M. wnicornuta

is only a colour variety of M. rufilatera. The type of the

latter is a female, but there is no doubt that the males are

correctly associated with it.

M. halterata, Staeg., seems to be rare. I have only seen

females—from Crowborough, Quy, and Cambridge (F.J.);

Colwich and Rotherfield (G.H.V.).

Sctopuita, Mg. (Rond.),

(Lasiosoma, Winn.).

S. hirta, Mg. (= L. pilosa, Winn. var. a, according to

Dziedzicki). A specimen taken 4, vi. 1902 at Cambridge,

by Mr. F. Jenkinson, lacks the small cell on both wings,

while another example taken 6. vii. 1908 at the same

place by the same collector is even more remarkable in

having the fifth vein simple (both wings). The latter

specimen can be seen not to be a Monoclona by its uni-

colorous yellow halteres.. Both are males, and their

genitalia do not depart in any way from the normal struc-

ture found in S. hirta. Hypopygium, figs. 42 and 43.

S. lutea, Macq. (= L. analis, Winn., as Dr. Dziedzicki

informs me). The structure of the male genitalia is the

only sure distinction of this species, as it is very variable

in colour. Some specimens are almost entirely yellow,

others almost entirely blackish-brown, but even in the

darkest specimens the hypopygium remains yellow, and

does not vary in structure. A female from Cambridge,

11. vii. 1906 (F.J.) has lost the small cell on the right wing

only. Hypopygium, fig. 53.

S. rufa, Mg. The species which I recognise under this

name agrees fairly well with Winnertz’s description, but

the male has black hair on the last few segments of the

abdomen. It is the largest species of the genus in this

country, and has been bred by Dr. Sharp and Mr. H. St.

J. K. Donisthorpe from a Polyporus growing on birch

trees at Rannoch. Walker’s S. ochracea may be a

synonym, but the type appears to have been lost.

Hypopygium, fig. 56.

S. fenestella, Curt. This was erroneously referred by

Mr. Jenkinson to Apoliphthisa; it is evidently a true

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913,—PART II. (SEPT.) AA

358 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

Sciphila. The subcostal cross-vein + is situated at about

the middle of the small cell, which is not normally the case

in any other species I have seen. Hypopygium, figs.

48-50. I have seen two males, one from West Woodhay

(F.J.), the other from New Forest (D.S.); a third in the

Clifton collection in the British Museum seems to be a

variety of this species (see fig. 50).

*S. nigra, Landrock. Lochinver, and Aldburgh (J.W.Y.)

Blairgowrie (A.E.J.C.); New Forest (D.S.); Dyffryn

(G.H.V.); Stoke Wood (J.H.W.). This may be a variety

of Winnertz’s L. nitens with the hind femora partly

yellowish.

*S. varia, Winn. Logie, 1g 19 (F.J.). Hypopygium,

figs. 51 and 52.

*§. sharpi, sp. n.d

Nigra, subnitida, robusta; S. hirtae similis, differt magnitudine et

hy popygio.

Head, thorax and abdomen black, rather shining, with yellow

pubescence. Palpi, two basal joints of antennae, prothoracic lobes,

coxae, femora, tibiae and halteres yellowish, tarsi and extreme tip

of hind tibiae dark. Wings subhyaline, veins dark; subcostal

cross-vein placed more basally than the small cell which is practi-

cally square; costa reaching only a small distance beyond the tip

of the first longitudinal vein; upper fork nearly sessile; axillary

vein strong, reaching a little beyond the base of the lower fork.

Genitalia, figs. 54 and 55. Length 6 mm. A large species, about

the size of L. rufwm.

A single male from Nethy Bridge, Inverness, July 1910

(D. Sharp).

*S. interrupta, Winn. Lyndhurst (G.H.V.); Mildenhall

(J.W.Y.). Dr. H. Dziedzicki very kindly sent me copies

of his drawings of the hypopygium of Winnertz’s type;

these showed some slight differences from those here given,

figs. 44 and 45; not greater, however, than between the two

specimens of JS. fenestella figured. The two hairs on the

dorsal plate of Winnertz’s specimen are much shorter and

thicker.

*S. geniculata, Zett. One male from Whiting Bay,

Arran (Rev. J. Waterston), presented to the British

+ Walker’s statement (Ins. Brit. III. p. 42) that the “subcostal

vein is not connected with the radial” is in direct disagreement

with Curtis’ figure.

Mr. I. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycetophilidae. 359

Museum by Mr. A. E. J. Carter. This very closely re-

sembles iS. nigra, Landrock, except in the hypopygium.

Dr. Bengtsson of Lund informs me that the one remaining

specimen of Zetterstedt’s series has lost its abdomen, so

that there is no possibility of verifying the determination.

Hypopygium, figs. 46 and 47.

*S. jenkinsoni, sp. n.

Nigra, nitida ; palpis, antennis basi, halterum basi, coxvis pedi-

busque flavis, tarsis fuscis ; venula transversali subcostali pone cellulam

cubitalem anteriorem inseria.

6 2. Head blackish; palpi yellow; antennae a little longer than

the thorax, first two joints and basal half of third yellow, remainder

blackish. Thorax shining black or black-brown, a little yellowish

below the shoulders, clothed with rather sparse yellow pubescence.

Abdomen black, rather shining, long and thin in the male, thicker

in the female; pubescence yellowish. Hypopygium, fig. 57. Legs

with the coxae, femora and tibiae yellow-ochreous; trochanters

black; tarsi dark brown. Wings hyaline; the subcostal cross-

vein is placed distinctly beyond the small cell, which is less rect-

angular than in most species of the genus; fork of fourth vein

sessile ; upper branch of fifth vein less curved at the base than usual.

Halteres with a light ochreous stem and a black knob. Length

5mm.

Aldenham, Salop, 1 ¢ (type in British Museum—F'.J.) ;

Logie, 1 $19 (F.J.). The position of the subcostal cross-

vein and the dark knob of the halteres will distinguish this

species from all those previously described.

Empauta, Winn.

FB. vitripennis, Mg. In Walker’s type of Mycetophila

finalis (which is really this species) and in a specimen

from Crowborough, 11. viii. 1906 (F.J.), the small cell is

absent on one wing, while in one from Studland, Dorset

(J.W.Y.), one from Crowborough, Sussex (F.J.), and a

third from the New Forest (D.S.), it is wanting on both

wings. In such cases the species can be recognised by the

very characteristic elongate hypopygium.

*E, paradoxa, sp. n.

ER. vitripenni similis, differt hypopygio et abdominis segmentis

2-4 maculis basalibus (nec apicalibus) flavidis ; vena brachiali nulla,

360 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

3 2. Head blackish; ocelli almost in a straight line; palpi and

scape of antennae yellow; flagellum of antennae dark brown;

antennae about as long as thorax in female, a little longer in the

male. Thorax black, mesonotum rather shining, black-haired.

Abdomen dark brown, first segment with apical, second to fourth

segments with basal lateral yellowish spots; genitalia brownish-

black. Coxae and femora yellow, hind femora with a short black

stripe at the base beneath, and rather broadly black at the apex.

Tibiae brown, spurs yellow-brown; tarsi dark fuscous. Wings

hyaline, venation as in #. vilripennis, but the small cell is absent.

Halteres yellow. Length 3°5 mm. (without antennae). Wing,

fig. 61; ¢ hypopygium, figs, 58-60.

Type 3, and two females from Lyndhurst, New Forest

(F.J.); two males from Lochinyer, Sutherland (J.W.Y.);

a male from Lyndhurst and another from Stokenchurch

(G.H.V.). Type in the British Museum.

The absence of the small cell on both wings of all the

five specimens would seem to place this species in Boletina,

but the general appearance, the structure of the male

hypopygium and the slightly different venation (the forks

of the fourth and fifth veins have longer stalks than in

Boletina, and the anal vein is not nearly so well marked),

all tend to show that the real relationships of the species

are with Hmpalia.

APOLIPHTHISA, Grzeg.

A. subincana, Curt. Logie (F.J.); Nethy Bridge

(C.G.L.); Spey Bridge, Inverness, and Sheviock, Cornwall

(J.W.Y.); New Forest (D.S., F.J.). Haliday’s description

of Tetragoneura melanoceros applies in every detail to the

imsect which Mr. Jenkinson has named (no doubt correctly)

A. subincana, Curt., and it is reasonably certain that the

names are synonymous. A. rara, Grz., the type of the

genus, is also, I consider, the same species, although

Grzegorzek does not mention the shghtly expanded front

tarsi of the female. This feature is by no means con-

spicuous and may well have been overlooked.

* HCTREPESTHONEURA, Enderl.

Enderlein (Stettin. Ent. Zeit. 1911, p. 155) introduces

this genus for Tetragoneura hirta, owing to the marked

difference in neuration between that species and 7’. sylvatica.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 361

DztepzickKiA, Joh.

D. (Hertwigia) marginata, Dz., has occurred to Mr.

Jenkinson at Logie, Auchenbowie, and Crowborough. It

varies considerably in size and colour, some specimens

having quite distinct yellow bands on the apices of the

abdominal segments, others not.

*LOEWIELLA, Meun.

*D. hungarica, Lundstr. Grantown-on-Spey, 17. viii.

1912, 1 g (J.W.Y.); Kirkmichael, Perth, 1 ¢ (A.E.J.C.).

* PARANEUROTELIA, Landr.

*P. dispar (Winn.). Nethy Bridge, 2 ¢ (D.S.). Al-

though the subcostal cross-vein is absent, this species

undoubtedly belongs to Landrock’s new genus, as the

neuration is otherwise the same as in P. dziedzickii, Landr.

The wings are shortly pubescent; if this is also the case

in P. dzedzickw 1t will distinguish the genus from Boletina,

though not from Anachnia.

SYNTEMNA, Winn.

*S. flava, sp. n.

Flava ; thorace nigro-bimaculato, abdominis inscisuris segmentisque

ultimis nigris ; antennis apice tibits tarsisque fuscis.

3. Head blackish on the vertex, yellow on the front. Antennae

with the first three joints yellow, the next three yellowish beneath,

the remainder dark; joints of flagellum scarcely longer than broad.

Thorax yellow; a pair of large elongate black spots above and in

front of the roots of the wings; three rows of black setae, the lateral

ones placed along a darkened line in the integument. Abdomen

yellow, the posterior margins of the first five and practically the

whole of the sixth and seventh segments black; pubescence black.

Genitalia yellowish, a pair of black combs transversely placed near

the base are very conspicuous from above. Legs with the coxae

and femora yellow; tibiae and tarsi brownish; tibial spurs orange.

Wings yellowish tinged; tip of Sc immediately above base of Ry;

base of fork of Cu far before cross-vein R-M; anal vein extending

about level with cross-vein R-M. Length 6°5 mm.

The Doward, Herefordshire, 14. vi. 1910, 1 g (Dr.

J. H. Wood). Type in Dr. Wood’s collection.

The only near ally of this species is the North American

362 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

S. polyzona, which is much smaller and differs in several

details of coloration.

Bouerina, Mg.

In order to determine the species of this genus with

certainty it is usually necessary to remove and mount the

male genitalia, but some species are recognisable by other

characters, and for these the following table is put forward.

1. Subcostal cross-vein absent etl rE] aly Rew eee ee eres

Subcostal cross-vein present . . ‘ me SPA

2. Shoulders yellow, first four Nbdamantaa segments with large

triangular lateral yellow patches oe a reulert, Last.

Thorax and abdomen black . . , FMC yw os

3. Third vein (R,) rather wavy . ; : : inermis, Ldst.

Third vein almost straight : ; ‘ : villosa, Lndr.

4. Fork of fifth vein (Cu) rather short [Hm palia paradoxa, sp. n. |

Fork-cells normal ie yay MeN AN aes get lee) ae eee

5. Thorax cinereous with three black stripes, the middle one

divided. ges Eta G ds : é trivilta‘a, Mg.

Thorax not distinctly dened : 5 : ere eee (8

6. Shoulders and posterior borders of aden segments ob-

viously yellow. «. . - .« basalis, Mg., 9

Thorax and abdomen black or piabiieh ee ee Bie ys

7. Costa produced at most one third of the distance from the apex

of R, to that of M,+,. . , : , ‘ : eS:

Costa produced about half the stetancs wy fag tags Sos

8. Third and fourth antennal jointsdark . . . lg WIkK.

Third and fourth antennal joints yellow. . basalis, Mg., 3.

9. Medium-sized species; anal vein well-marked —lundbecki, Ldst.

Small species; anal vein rather faint . . sciarina, Staeg.,

dispecta, Dz., brevicornis, Ztt., gripha, Dz., nigricans, Dz.,

moravica, Lndr., trispinosa, sp. n., lundstroemi, Lndr.

B. borealis, B. winnertzi, B. dubia, and B. analis are

omitted from the above table, as I am unable to confirm

them as British, having seen no males.

*B. reutert, Lundstr. New Forest (D.S., C.G.L., F.J.-—

a long series); Beattock (C.G.L.); Loch Assynt and Spey

Bridge (J.W.Y.); Chippenham (G.H.V.—bred from rotten

stump). I have examined 55 specimens and find that in

only one of them is the subcostal cross-vein present.

*B. inermis, Lundstr. Logie and Crowborough (F.J.);

New Forest, Wells (Somerset), and Padstow (C.G.L.);

Mr. F. W. Edward’s Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 363

Lochinver, Porthcawl, and Mundesley (J.W.Y.); Stoke

Wood (G.H.V., J.W.Y.); Polton (A.E.J.C.). Two of the

twenty-two specimens I have seen have the subcostal

cross-vein present. The outer claw on the front leg of the

male is greatly enlarged and bears about eight fine teeth

on its underside; the front claws of the female are alike,

and each bears only a single tooth. The hypopygium is

orange with the apical half of the dorsal surface black, and

not all brown as stated by Lundstrém.

*B. villosa, Landrock. Aberfoyle, 1 3, and Kirk-

michael, 1 g (A.E.J.C.); Logie, 1 g (F.J.). In all these

three specimens there is a strong bristle before the apex

of the genital claspers (fig. 62); the abdomen is entirely

black, and the tibial spurs are blackish. In all these

points our specimens differ from the true B. villosa, but I

hardly think they can be specifically distinct, as the agree-

ment in other respects is so close. Two out of the three

specimens have the hypopygium dark brown, yellowish

at the base.

B. plana, Wik. (= gzregorzeku, Dz.). Stokenchurch

(J.W.Y.); Logie (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.). This is the

species recorded by Verrall as B. basalis, Mg. The latter

also occurs, e. g. at Logie (F.J.); Nairn, Rannoch, Chippen-

ham (G.H.V.); Nethy Bridge (D.S.).

*B. lundbecki, Lundstr. Logie and Crowborough

(F.J.); Polton (Midlothian) and St. Kilda (A.E.J.C.). I

have seen several specimens (from New Forest, D.S.,

and Westhide, J.H.W.) of a female Boletina with thickened

front tarsi, which may possibly be the female of this species ;

no species of Boletina with this character has been described.

*B. mgricans, Dz. Nethy Bridge (D.8.). The hypopy-

gium (fig. 63) differs slightly from Dziedzicki’s figure.

*B. dispecta, Dz. Stoke Wood, Hereford, 1 ¢ (J.H.W.).

*B. gripha, Dz. This species seems to be much com-

moner than 6. sciarina. The females appear to be

indistinguishable.

*B. moravica, Landr. Logie and Crowborough (F.J.) ;

Aviemore (J.W.Y.). These specimens have dark spurs,

thus resembling B. conformis. Dolgelley (G.H.V.). This

specimen has light spurs.

*B. brevicorms, Zett. 1 g New Forest (D.8.). The

hypopygium (fig. 64) does not quite agree with Lundstrém’s

figure.

* B. lundstroemi, Landr. 1 3 Aviemore (J.W.Y.).

364 Mr, I, W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

*B. trispinosa, sp. n. 3.

B. sciarinae similis, differt hypopygio et coxis posterioribus

tibiarumque calcaribus fuscis.

Closely resembles B, sciarina in general appearance, yet the

genitalia (fig. 65) are totally unlike those of any species of Boletina

which has so far been figured. If it were not for the darkened

posterior coxae I should have said that the species was B. conforms,

Siebke (pseudosciarina, Strobl), but it seems best on the whole to

describe it as a new species. The antennae are about twice the

length of the head and thorax together.

A male from Lelant, Cornwall, 31. vin. 1907 (J.W.Y.),

(type, in the British Museum); another from Bettws-y-

Coed (G.H.V.). This latter specimen has only the basal

half of the hind coxae darkened, and the genitalia have an

additional long spine, which, however, is weaker than the

other three.

Putruinta, Winn.

*P. winnertzi, Mik. Logie, Crowborough (F.J.);

Beattock (C.G.L.); Sheviock, Cornwall (J.W.Y.); King’s

Lynn (E.A.A.); New Forest (F.C.A., D.S.). The hypo-

pygium (fig. 66) is small, weakly chitinised and light

yellow in colour. The anal vein is practically straight.

Ovipositor, fig. 67.

P. humilis, Winn. The specimens I have seen of this

species do not agree very well with the original description.

They are larger (6 mm.), have a lighter coloured thorax and

shorter antennae. Still I think the identification is prob-

ably correct. New Forest (D.S., F.C.A.); Crowborough

(F.J.); Lelant (J.W.Y.). One of the specimens originally

recorded under this name is P. winnertzi. Hypopygium, |

figs. 68 and 69; ovipositor, fig. 70. A specimen from

Studland (J.E.C.) has the thorax with three sub-confluent

dark brown stripes, and in this, as in three males from the

New Forest, the genitalia are slightly different, the large

black appendages (fig. 69a) not being nearly so broad.

This form I at first took to be a distinct species.

The anal vein in P. humilis is curved downwards towards

the tip.

Cortosta, Winn.

As I interpret this genus it should include also Phthinia

thoracica, Winn., and probably P. curta, Joh., a North

American species. ;

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 365

*C. tenella, Zett. (= flavicauda, Winn.). Logie and Crow-

borough (F.J.); Nethy Bridge (D.8.).

C. flava, Staeg. I have seen only one recent specimen

of this species (Bonchurch, G.H.V.), but there is a male in

the Clifton collection in the British Museum, and Walker’s

type of Mycetophila flava is evidently Coelosia flava,

though now much discoloured.

Leta, Mg.

I very much doubt whether the three species (terminalis,

Mg., variegata, Winn. and elegans, Winn.) are really distinct ;

in any case I have only seen one distinct British species,

which had better be known as terminalis, Mg.

Docosia, Winn.

D. valida, Winn. A female taken at Logie, 23. ix. 1904,

by Mr. F. Jenkinson, appears to be a variety of this species.

The legs and halteres are entirely blackish brown, as in

D. morionella, Mik, but the yellowish pubescence extends

on to the abdomen, and is not confined to the thorax and

coxae. Other specimens from Stoke Wood (J.H.W.) have

the legs almost all black; but in these the halteres are

yellow.

D. sciarina, Mg. The mediastinal vein (Sc.) in’ this

species seems to be much more bristly than in D. valida.

BRACHYPEZA, Winn.

B. radiata, Jenk. One female from Dartford, Kent

(J.W.Y.).

*B. spuria, sp. n. (Verrall MS.).

Flava ; thorace grisescente, vittis 3 obscuris subconfluentibus ;

antennarum flagello vertice tarsisque fuscis, maris arliculis 3 ultimis

tarsorum anticorum flexis, subpilosis; abdominis segmentis dorso

fuscescentibus ; alis subhyalinis, immaculatis.

3g. Head dark brown, frons yellowish; palpi and base of antennae

yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax greyish-ochreous, with short

yellowish pubescence and black bristles on the margin; mesonotum

with three rather indistinct and almost united brown stripes.

Pleurae ochreous-brown. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, segments 1-5

with large triangular dark brown patches on the dorsum, the base of

the triangle towards the base of each segment; sixth segment dark

366 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

brown except on the hind margin; hypopygium yellowish (figs. 71

and 72). Legs rather long and slender; fore tibiae shorter than the

metatarsi; mid tibiae and metatarsi about equal in length. Coxae

and femora yellowish ; tibiae rather darker, the hind pair with three

rows of bristles, spurs dark; tarsi dark brown. The last three

joints of the front tarsi are (at least after death) bent round into

an almost equilateral triangle; they and the second joint (especially

the second) are clothed with a rather longer and denser pube-

scence than on the tarsi of the other legs, but are without

spines. Wings slightly tinged with ochreous, but unspotted.

Halteres yellow.

. Resembles the male, but front tarsi simple, and sixth abdo-

minal segment more yellow, like the preceding ones. First, fourth

and fifth abdominal segments each with two or three long hairs

at the apex beneath. Length 5°6 mm.

Lodore, Cumberland, 2 3 (including type, in British

Museum), | 2 (G.H.V.); Ivybridge, 8. Devon, 1 2 (G.H.V.);

Three Bridges, Sussex, 1 g (G.H.V.); Brodie, N.B., 2 ¢

(J.W.Y.); Wells, Somerset, 19 (C.G.L.); New Forest,

19 (D.8.); Westhide, (1 ¢) Haugh Wood (1 3) and Stoke

Wood (1 2), Hereford (J.H.W.).

B. bisignata, Winn. New Forest, 1 9 (D.8.).

Ruymosia, Winn.

The species of this genus are as a rule not very easy to

distinguish except by genital characters, or in the case of

gracilipes, signatipes, and spinipes, by the tarsal characters

of the males. The four species fenestralis, cristata, domestica,

and macrura differ from the other eight hitherto recognised

as British in having the pale markings of the abdomen

situated mainly towards the apices of the segments instead

of at the bases. These four species may be easily separated

by an examination of the thorax: cristata has two rows

of stout spines; fenestralis has three dull reddish brown

stripes; domestica and macrura have a dark thorax with

shining greyish pubescence on the shoulders and sides.

I have seen no British specimen of R. truncata, Winn.

Walker’s Mycetophila selecta, which Mr. Verrall placed in

Rhymosia, is quite unrecognisable, and as the type appears

to be lost it had better be placed in the “ expurgated ” list.

*R. gracilipes, Dz. Felden, Herts. (A. P.); Newmarket

(G.H.V.); Ledbury (J.H.W.).

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 367

*R. signatipes, Wulp. New Forest, Sept. 1904, 12

(C.G.L.).

*R. spinipes, Winn. -Logie (F.J.); Lelant (J.W.Y.);

Salcombe (G.H.V.); New Forest (F.C.A.).

*R. virens, Dz. Logie, Crowborough, Aldenham (I.J.);

Felden (A.P.); Aviemore and Sheviock (J.W.Y.); New

Forest (D.S.); Llangollen (G.H.V.); Nethy Bridge (D.8.).

*R. domestica, Mg. Seems to be common. Logie,

Cambridge, Crowborough (F.J.); Beattock, New Forest,

Wells (C.G.L.); Aviemore, Spey Bridge, Sheviock, Lelant

(J.W.Y.); Newmarket (G.H.V.); Westhide, Tarrington

(J.-H. W.).

*R. macrura, Winn. I regard as R. macrura a species

very similar to R. domestica, but with quite different geni-

talia, and with a short median pale line in front of the

scutellum which R. domestica does not possess. I have

seen the species from Logie (F.J.); New Forest (D.S. and

C.G.L.); Felden (A.P.); Sheviock (J.W.Y.); Chippen-

ham, Cambs. (G.H.V.); Nethy Bridge (D.8.); Stoke Wood

GREW):

*R.connexa, Winn. Crowborough, 1 3 (F.J.); Bridgend,

Glamorgan (J.W.Y.).

*R. fovea, Dz. Logie, 1 g(F.J.). In this specimen the

‘mediastinal vein ends in the subcostal, not freely between

it and the costal. The general character and structure

of the hypopygium, however, agree with Dziedzicki's

description and figure. The same remarks apply to the

Crowborough specimen of &. connexa.

*R. placuda, Winn. Salcombe (G.H.V.).

Autopia, Winn.

(including Brachycampta, Winn.).

A. crassicornis, Stann. Some very dark specimens from

Velden and elsewhere evidently represent Winnertz’s

A. obscura, having the flagellum of the antennae all black

and the thorax blackish instead of reddish. The male

hypopygium, however, is quite typical, and A. obscura may

safely be regarded as a dark variety of A. crassicornis.

A. lugens, Wied. (= ornaticollis, Mg.). This species

perhaps shares with Exechia fungorum the position of being

the commonest fungus-gnatin thiscountry. Itis extremely

variable, especially in the abdomen, which ranges from

entirely black to mainly yellow. No other fungus-gnat

363 Mr, F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

has a thorax quite like it and it should be easy to recognise

in all its varieties.

*4. caudata, Winn. This and A. amoena are also

very common with us, all the remaining species being more

or lessrare. A. caudata is the species which is in the list

as B. griseicollis, but I follow Lundstrém’s interpretation

of the latter, which also occurs with us (Logie, Crowborough,

New Forest, etc.).

*4. brachycera, Zett. Logie, Forres, Cambridge (F.J.).

Mildenhall (J.W.Y.); Newmarket (G.H.V.).

* 4. cinerea, Lundstr. Logie (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.) ;

Wyre (G.H.V.).

*4, pistillata, Lundstr. Cambridge (F.J.); Chippen-

ham, Cambs. (G.H.V.).

*A. fissicauda, Lundstr. Crowborough, 4. x. 1903, 1g

(F.J.). |

* 4, silvatica, Landr. Cambridge (F.J.); Newmarket,

CGambs.; Stokenchurch, Oxon. (G.H.V.); Porthcawl,

Glamorgan (J.W.Y.).

* A. triangularis, Strobl. Logie, 1 3 (F.J.).

*4. barbata, Lundstr. Stoke Wood, 1 ¢ (J.H.W.);

Aviemore, 1 ¢ (J.W.Y.).

TrRIcHONTA, Winn.

*T’. atricauda, Zett. Logie, Aldenham, Crowborough,

Lyndhurst (F.J.); Nethy Bridge (C.G.L.); Studland

(J.W.Y.); Colwich Park, Staffs. (G.H.V.); Stoke Wood

(J.H.W.).

*T. fissicauda, Zett. Logie (F.J.); Bettws-y-Coed

(G.H.Y.). .

*T. melanopyga, Zett.. Logie (F.J.); Spey Bridge

(Je WX);

*T. hamata, Mik. Lochinver and Glenmore, (J.W.Y.);

Bettws-y-Coed (G.H.V.); Nethy Bridge (D.8.).

*7T’. spinosa, Lundstr. Crowborough (F.J.); Dolgelley

(GABE Ve).

*T'. submaculata, Staeg. Colwich Park, Three Bridges,

Newmarket (G.H.V.); Westhide (J.H.W.); Lelant,

Sheviock, Downderry (J.W.Y.); Crowborough (F.J.);

Studland (J.E.C.); King’s Lynn (H,A.A.).

*T'. umbratica, Winn. Harrow, 16. xi. 1912, 1 9 (F.W.E.).

This specimen agrees very well with Winnertz’s description,

except that there is no yellow on the shoulders. I, know

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 369

of no other described species which it could be. New Forest,

2312(D8.).

*T. terminalis, Wk. ( funebris, Lundstr., ? Winn.). Logie

and Crowborough (F.J.); Dunkeld (J.W.Y.); Felden

CAPe le

*T.. falcata, Lundstr. Colwich Park, Staffs. (G.H.V.).

PuHronta, Winn.

*P. rustica, Winn. Newmarket (G.H.V.); Lelant and

Aviemore (J.W.Y.); Felden (A.P.); New Forest (D.S.);

Nethy Bridge (C.G.L.); Crowborough, Auchenbowie,

Morville (F.J.); Blairgowrie (A.E.J.C.).

*P. forcipata, Winn. Felden (A.P.); Crowborough,

Logie, Auchenbowie (F.J.); Woolhope (J.W.Y.); Nethy

Bridge (D.S.).

*P. brauert, Dz. Sawley (F.J.); Haslemere (KE. W.

Swanton); Lyndhurst (J.K.C.).

*P. tenuis, Winn. Newmarket, Chippenham (G.H.V);

Felden (A.P.); Sheviock, Lelant (J.W.Y.); Logie, Cam-

bridge, Crowborough (F'.J.); Polton, Midlothian (A.E.J.C.).

*P. strenua, Winn. Logie and Crowborough (F.J.).

*P. triangularis, Winn. New Forest, 1 ¢ (D.S.); Avie-

more, I (J-W.Y.).

*P. bicolor, Dz. Aldenham, 5. ii. 1903, 1 gf (F.J.).

*P. vitiosa, Winn. New Forest (C.G.L. and D.S.);

Loch Assynt, Studland, Sheviock, St. Ives, Lelant (J.W.Y.)

Lodore (G.H.V.). Lt. Col. Yerbury took a good series of

this species in Cornwall last autumn. The female, which

is undescribed, resembles those of P. forcipula and P. cras-

sipes in having the front tarsi thickened.

*P. taczanowskyi, Dz. Newmarket, Butley Thicks

(G.H.V.); New Forest (D.S.).

*P. elegans, Dz. myers Colwich Park (G.H.V.).

*P. disgrega, Dz. 3 Nethy Bridge (D.S8.).

*P_ interstincta, Dz, 3S Glenmore (inv. ¥ >)

Executa, Winn.

*E. spinuligera, Lundstr. (= spinigera, Lundstr. nec.

Winn.). This species is on the list as H. spinigera.

*H. trwittata, Staeg. Orford, Chippenham (G.H.Y.);

Sheviock, Lelant (WY): Harrow and Pinner (F.W.E.);

Logie, Cambridge (F.J.); Blythburgh (C.M.); New Forest

(DiS. FC Ag).

370 Mr. KF. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycetophilidae.

“K. trisignata, sp. n. ¢.

E. trivitta'‘ae similis, differt hypopygio et longitudine antennarum.

Apart from the differences in the hypopygium and the slightly

longer antennae I can see no differences between this and F., (rivitiata.

Lundstr6m seems to have confused the two; in his paper (Acta Soc.

pro Fauna et FI. Fennica, 1909) figs. 67 and 68a appear to represent

EK. trisignata, while fig. 68b is HL. trivittala. Hypopygium, figs.

73-75; the appendages of the hypopygium ot H. trivittata are

shown for comparison (fig. 76).

Type in the British Museum from Beattock (C.G.L.) ;

other specimens from Logie and Crowborough (F.J.);

Polton, Midlothian (A.E.J.C.).

*F. narva, Lundstr. Sheviock (J.W.Y.); Logie, Cam-

bridge, Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.).

*H. separata, Lundstr. (= concinna, Lundstr. nec. Winn.)

Felden (A.P.); Logie, Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest

(D.S.); Newmarket (G.H.V.); Brockenhurst (J.H.C.);

Tarrington and Ashperton (J.H.W.).

*H. lucidula, Zett. Felden (A.P.); Newmarket (G.H.V.).

*H. bicincta, Staeg. A male in the Chfton Collection

(in British Museum), without locality, but probably from

the London district; Studland, Dorset (J.W.Y.).

*H). nigroscutellata, Landr. Felden (A.P.); Logie (I'.J.);

New Forest (D.S., F.C.A.); Blairgowrie (A.E.J.C.).

*H. subulata, Winn. Sheviock, Lelant (J.W.Y.); New

Forest (D.S., F.C.A.); Logie, Crowborough (F.J.).

*B. gracilicornis, Landr. (= tenwcornis, Lundstr. nec.

Wulp). Logie, Aldenham (F.J.); Felden (A.P.).

*H. unguiculata, Lundstr. Nethy Bridge, 1 3 (D.8.).

*H. magnicauda, Lundstr. Stokenchurch (G.H.YV.).

*H. fimbriata, Lundstr. Logie (F.J.); Brodie (J.W.Y.);

Nethy Bridge (D.S.); Blairgowrie (A.K.J.C.).

*B. festiva, Winn. Logie and Crowborough (F.J.); New

Forest (C.G.L., D.S., F.C.A.); Crickhowell, Sheviock and

Lelant (J.W.Y.); Tuddenham (G.H.V.); Stoke Wood

(J Hl. W:.):

*B. contaminata, Winn. (dorsalis, Lundstr. nec Staeg.).

Logie (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.); Studland (J-E.C.),;

Blairgowrie (A.E.J.C.); Nethy Bridge (D.S.); Coldborough

(J.H.W.).

*E. pseudocincta, Strobl. (contaminata, Lundstr. nec

Winn.). Nethy Bridge (C.G.L.) ; New Forest (D.8., F.C.A.);

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Noles on British Mycetophilidae. 371

Logie (F.J.); Kirtlng, Suffolk (G.H.V.); Brockenhurst

(J.E.C.).

*H, pulchella, Winn. (= inlersecta, Lundstr.). Blair-

gowrie (A.E.J.C.); Brockenhurst (J.H.C.).

*H. crucigera, Lundstr. Cambridge (I.J.); Newmarket

(G-EEN'):

*H. clypeata, Lundstr. Logie (F.J.); Musselburgh,

Midlothian (A.E.J.C.).

E. leptura, Mg. New Forest (D.S., F.C.A.).

I have seen several other species which I have been unable

to name, the hypopygia not having been figured; while

E. lateralis, tenuicorms, dorsalis, and interrupta may be

confirmed as British.

Scepronra, Winn.

*S. concolor, Winn. Logie (F.J.); New Forest (C.G.L.) ;

Mildenhall, Tottington (G.H.V.); Lelant, Downderry

(J.W.Y.). This species seems to occur with S. nigra, but

is rarer.

Epicypra, Winn.

E. punctum, Stan. Of the 24 specimens of this species

which I have examined, no fewer than 19 have the four

posterior coxae blackish. The median ocellus, though very

small and difficult to see, is always present.

E. trinotata, Staeg. Mr. Jenkinson (Ent. Mo. Mag.,

1908, p. 131) is evidently right in his identification of this

species. I have examined 24 specimens, and find very

little variation. The median ocellus is much more evident

than in HL. punctum. This species has been bred from

limpet-like larvae found feeding on wood of a decaying

oak, at Haslemere, Surrey, by Mr. KE. W. Swanton.

E. scatophora, Perris. Two distinct species have ap-

parently been confused under this name, one or both of

which should in my opinion be transferred to Mycetophila.

The species identified by Mr. Jenkinson is evidently the

HK. scatophora of Winnertz, but this cannot be the true

E. scatophora. Winnertz refers to ‘‘das kleine Afterghed

und die kleine Zange der 3,” while Perris says the male

armature “consiste en deux appendices linéaires, aplatis,

velus, longs de prés de un millimétre,” and gives a figure

which bears out this description. Strobl describes the male

armature of H. aterrima thus : ‘‘ zwei sehr langen, lanzett-

lichen, gelben, dicht mit langen, gekriuselten Flaumhaaren

372 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

besetzten Lamellen;’’ he does not refer to H. scatophora,

but it 1s fairly evident that he had Perris’s insect before him.

The fact that the larvae of H. scatophora and E. trinotata

agree in their remarkable habits may show that they really

belong to the same genus, but as Strobl definitely states

that “ die Randader geht nicht iiber die Miindung derdritten

Langsader,” it is difficult to see |how the species can be

kept in Epicypta. Increased knowledge may of course

show that the larvae of other species of Mz ycetophila form

the same peculiar limpet-like cases.

In the other species, with the very small hypopygium,

the costa does not extend beyond the third vein, and the

median ocellus is absent, so that there is really nothing to

exclude it from Mycetophila. In fact, I have been unable

to detect any difference between the hypopygium of this

species and that of M. wnicolor, although Lundstrom has

just described the form under consideration as a distinct

species (M. posticalis) ; very probably E. scatophora, Winn.,

is only a variety of M. unicolor, Stan., without the central

wing-spot. If the female of MM. wnicolor should prove to

have the two long hairs on the ventral side of the second

abdominal segment, the specific identity of the two would

be fairly well established. These hairs are not present in

the male sex; the specimen referred to by Mr. Jenkinson

as taken at Cambridge, 24. vii. 1904, is really a male of

this species, and I have seen another from Crowborough,

5, vin. 1912 (F.J.).

The synonymy of the two may stand as follows :—

1. Mycetophila scatophora, Perris (1849).

? Mycetophila aterrima, 9, Zett. (1852).

Epicypta aterrima, 3, Strobl. (1894).

Mycetophila unicolor, Stan., var. posticalis.

Kypicypta scatophora, Winnertz, Jenkinson.

Mycetophila posticalis, Lundstr, (1912).

Myceropuina, Mg.

(including Mycothera, Winn.)

Since Lundstrém has found that the occurrence of a

median ocellus is not constant even within the limits of a

species, and as it is found in several species which have

been included in Mycetophila, the genus Mycothera cannot

be maintained; the type species (MW. dimadiata, Staeg.)

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 373

exhibits no other structural differences from Mycetophila,

though M. semifusca, Mg., is remarkable for the shortness

of its cubital fork, and approximates more or less to the

closely allied genus Zygomyia. M. semifusca may eventually

require a new genus (the name Mycothera unfortunately

being inapplicable to it if M. dimidiata is excluded), but

for the present at least it is placed in Mycetophila.

The following table of the British species of this genus

may be of use in roughly determining a specimen, but too

great reliance should not be placed upon it. Several of

the species can only be properly separated by a micro-

scopical examination of the male genitalia. A few more

British species of Mycetophila are certainly still to be

found.

1. Wings quite unspotted .. mM Sa Wigs aecioe Oe ah eee

Wings with at least a central dark saat yarn git edad BE

2. Reddish-brown species . . . . =. punctata, Mg.

Shining black species . . Uunicolor, var. posticalis, Ldst.

3. Wings with a central spot only (M. stolida sometimes has a

small rather faint subapical spot) . . . . . 4&

Wings with a central spot and other dark markings more

towards the apex .. con eS

4. Reddish or brown species, ahora dull. seuaily ened

lineola, Mg.

Black species, thorax shining, unstriped. . . . . 5.

5. Thorax and (usually) abdomen entirely black — wnicolor, Stan.

Thorax with yellow shoulder patches . . . . . 6.

6. Yellow patches between wing base and scutellum — stolida, Wlk.

No such patches present; shoulder patches much smaller

pumila, Winn.

7. Wings with a complete but ill-defined dark fascia just beyond

the middle; cubital fork very short . : semifusca, Mg.

Wings without such fascia; cubital fork not very short, though

its base is sometimes rather beyond that of the median. 8.

8. Subapical wing markings reaching and usually including the

apex of the first longitudinal vein (R,) . . . .- &Y.

Subapical wing-fascia entirely distal to the apex of the first

longitudinal vein. . Ht ae OPEN *

9. Thorax shining black, eaddinhs in front : re umbrata, Mik.

Thorax dull (more or less) : : ; ‘ ‘ ; lO:

MUPeEHOIAS ARINC ~~ 6 ke a MER 05 |) 1

Thorax ao. blackish, usually w ‘th one ish shoulder

patches . ail og ot a Ke nilen

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913. PART IL. '(SEPT.) BB

374 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

11.

12.

Centra spot of wings much enlarged, reaching costa

formosa, Ldst.

Central spot not reaching costa » UTES 2) 02.

Apical area of wing dark, including an oval ‘eal Bra

dimidiata, Staeg.

No pale spot included in the apical darkening of the wing

ezizekii, Lndr.

13. Whole apex of wing dark a ae 3 stylata, Dz.

Light areas included in the dark apie markings, even if the

apex itselfisdarkened . . . . . e054

14. Hind femora with a dark line above i - salted Zett.

Hind femora dark at apex only : : Hd.

15. A dark patch in the anal cell (except in light sessile wing

16,

Mie

18.

19.

21.

22.

apex more or lessdarkened. . . . ? nebulosa, Stan.

No dark patch in anal cell; wing apex not darkened

bimaculata, F., luteicauda, sp. n.

Thorax all yellowish-brown, hind tibiae with bristles in three

rows (though the middle row may only comprise two

bristles) . : : : 3 é ceedeile

Thorax dark, or with abvisue avi ZunbeR ; hind tibiae with

bristles in two rows : Pyitey Be ; econ mt:

Subapical wing-fascia large aad conspicuous cingulum, Mg.

Subapical wing-fascia small and rather inconspicuous

confluens, Dz.

Large reddish species, subapical wing-fascia forming four

distinct though not always completely separated spots

rufescens, Zett.

Medium sized or small species, subapical wing-fascia not forming

four distinct spots. . . Pint ae Se B11 2

Thorax dull, ov with two or three distinct stripes. co ee ee aE

Thorax shining, black, not striped or with the stripes com-

pletely confluent . . . 24,

. Thorax shining, the stripes danatiy’ yell donarated (imide one

sometimes obsolete, especially in M. signatoides) lunata, Mg.* ;

signata, Mg., sigillata, Dz., signatoides, Dz., guttata, Dz.

Thorax dull . : é : ; Fe mills

A dark blotch in the anal ‘Call (sometimes indistinct). 22.

No dark blotch in the anal cell . 23.

Abdomen entirely blackish; thoracic stripes quite sinttabnt

curviseta, Ldst.

Posterior margins of abdominal batik pale, thoracic stripes

not confluent stag? BT sites po

22a. Central spot of wing larger ana isaty diztal to the basal

portion of the third vein . . . _ . spectabilis, Winn,

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 375

Central spot of wing smaller and equally distributed on either

side of the basal portion of the third vein . russata, Dz.

23. Thoracic stripes confluent Sy Mtyel [Be marginata, Winn.

Thoracic stripes not or scarcely confluent

finlandica, sp. n., fraterna, Winn.

24. Subapical wing-fascia reduced to a roundish spot below the

costa; the three "3 spots in front of the scutellum very

large 3 : ‘ rudis, Winn.

Subapical fascia wot so a cenuoeds iit! scutellar spots smaller 25.

25. Subapical fascia with its anterior edge nearly vertical

blanda, Winn.

Subapical fascia with its anterior edge much curved or oblique

tarsata, Winn.} ; luctuosa, Mg. ; fuliginosa, Dz. ; obscura, Dz.+

M. dimidiata, Staeg. This is apparently the Mycothera

figured by Winnertz, but if so, his specimen had an abnor-

mally short fork to the fifth vein. It is very common here

and varies in the intensity of its wing markings and also

in the number of spines on the underside of the mid tibiae ;

usually there is only one of the latter, but I have seen

specimens with two and even three.

*M. czizekii, Landr. . Two males and three females from

Logie (F.J.), and a female from Nethy Bridge (D.S.)

must, I think, be this species. They agree exactly with

Landrock’s description and figures (Wien. ent. Zeit. 1911,

p. 165), except that a distinct median ocellus is present.

Herr Landrock informs me that in some of his specimens

a median ocellus can be detected. It rather closely resem-

bles M. dimidiata, but the pale oval near the tip of the

wing is absent; there are two equal spines beneath the

mid tibiae. This species much resembles M. sordida, Wulp ;

it differs in the lighter, striped thorax. This and the next

two species were placed by Mr. Jenkinson as _ possibly

varieties of Epicypta punctum.

*M. stylata, Dz. (Mycothera). Five specimens (1 3 49)

from Logie (F.J.). I cannot detect the median ocellus in

any of them. The species somewhat resembles the last,

but the apical 2 of the wing is all darkened, the hind femora

have a black line above, and the thorax is darker and rather

more shining.

*M. adumbrata, Mik. One female, Logie, 23, ix. ’05 (F.J.).

This specimen diverges from Mik’s description in two

respects : (1) it has three ocelli; (2) the fork of the fifth

+ In these species the thorax is only somewhat shining.

376 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

vein is distinctly shorter, though not narrower. Both these

characters are known to be variable in some species.

M. adumbrata has a superficial resemblance to #. punctum,

but the costa does not extend beyond the third vein, and

the hind femora are dark only at the apex.

M. unicolor, Stan. Of the typical form of this species,

with a central wing-spot, I have only seen a single male

(Cambridge, 2. xi. ’03, F.J.). See notes under Hpicypta

scatophora.

*M. formosa, Lundstr. (= pulchra, Lundstr.). This very

distinct species has occurred at Inveran and Colwich Park

(G.H.V.); Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (F.J., D.S., and

C.G.L.) Lundstrém’s M. pulchra seems to have been

described from a dark female of this species.

*M. nebulosa, Stan.? What I cannot but regard as this

species is represented by a good number of specimens from

Logie and Crowborough (F.J.), two from the New Forest

(D.S. and C.G.L.), and one from Aviemore (J.W.Y.). In

dark specimens the apical wing-fascia which includes a

pale spot (somewhat as in M. dimidiata), reaches the hind

margin, and there is a distinct brown blotch in the anal

cell, these points not being observed by Winnertz. But

the wing-markings vary a good deal in intensity and some

specimens answer fairly closely to Winnertz’s description.

The hind femora are broadly brown at the apex, which also

is not mentioned by Winnertz. So far as I have observed,

there are only two ocelli. The wing-markings of the

palest specimens resemble those of M. vittipes. Hypo-

pygium, figs. 79 and 80.

M. vittipes, Zett. This seems to be rather common. In

every one of 35 examples which I have examined micro-

scopically, three ocelli are present. There are two forms,

which may perhaps prove to be distinct species : (1) wings

and coxae yellower, thorax with two large yellowish

shoulder-patches, wing not darkened round apex ; (2) wings

and coxae greyer, thorax only very narrowly yellow on the

front margin, wing darkened round apex. ‘The latter form

is the true M. wittipes; the former has been described

(evidently by mistake) by Dziedzicki as M. gibba, Winn.

M. stolida, Wik. The type (a male) is fortunately still

in existence and is in fairly good condition. A large series ~

has been taken in the New Forest by Dr. Sharp and Mr.

C.G. Lamb. There is frequently a fairly distinct pre-apical

wing-spot, as well as the central spot on the cross-vein.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 377

There are a pair of yellow patches one on each side in front

of the seutellum, but the scutellum itself is entirely black.

M. luctuosa, Mg. One male from Crowborough (F.J.)

shows a remarkable abnormality in the venation: the

fork of the fourth vein of one wing is divided into two

by a cross-vein about the middle, the two branches being

drawn in so as to form an oval cell somewhat like that of

Synapha.

M. obscura, Dz. Tuddenham, Boyton (G.H.V.); Crow-

borough (F.J.). This seems to me to be probably only a

dark variety of M. lwnata, Mg. (Winn.), as the hypopygia

are practically identical.

*M. fuliginosa, Dz. Mildenhall and Tottington (J.W.Y.,) ;

Felden (A.P.); Dunphail (F.J.).

*M. blanda, Winn. Logie, Boat 0’ Garten, Cambridge,

Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.8., C.G.L.). The

brown cloud in the anal cell is absent in most of the British

specimens I have seen, but some Dr. Lundstrém sent me

from Finland have it very distinctly.

*M. tarsata, Winn. Westhide, 1 3 (J.H.W.).

*M. curviseta, Lundstr. Ply mbridge (G. C. Bignell) ;

Southern Down and Bridgend, Glamorgan (JAW. ¥i2)5

Felden (A.P.); Westhide (J.H.W.—in this specimen the

blotch in the anal cell is wanting). ~

*M. spectabilis, Winn. Dolgelley, Bettws-y-Coed, Ug-

brooke, Lyndhurst (G.H.V.); Felden (A.P.); | Sheviock

(J.W.Y.); Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.S.,

C.G.L.); Haugh Wood and Stoke Wood, Hereford

(J.H.W.).

*M. marginata, Winn. This seems to be one of the

commonest species.

*M. fraterna, Winn. Logie (F.J.); Lelant (J.W.Y.);

Bettws-y-Coed (G.H.V.).

*M. finlandica nom. n. (Dziedzicki, MS.—lunata,

Lundstr. nec Mg.). Nethy Bridge (C.G.L.); Logie and

Crowborough (F.J.); Bettws-y-Coed (G.H.V.); New

Forest (D.S.); Stoke Wood (J.H.W.).

*M. confluens, Dz. New Forest and Nethy Bridge (D.8.) ;

Aviemore (J.W.Y.).

*M. sigillata, Dz. Bettws-y-Coed (G.H.V.).

*M. signatoides, Dz. New Forest (D.S.); Crowborough

(F.J.); Iken, Lelant (J.W.Y.); Felden (A.P.); Llan-

gollen, Bettws- y-Coed, Rydal, Newmarket, Stoke Wood,

Hay (G. BLY: ys

378 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

*M. guttata, Dz. Lodore (G.H.V.); Tottington (J.W.Y.).

Felden (A.P.); Crowborough (F.J.); New Forest (D.8.).

M. signata, Mg. (Dz.). I have only seen two males of

this species, from Crowborough (F.J.) and Westhide

(J.H.W.). The females of the szgnata group seem to be

indistinguishable.

M. rufescens, Zett. (= ornata, Stph.). This is the

largest species of the genus here, and one of the most

distinct, the only species which at all resembles it being

M. cingulum. It is not uncommon. Stephens gave an

excellent figure, the plate on which it appears bearing the

inscription “ London, published by J. F. Stephens, 30th

April, 1832.” The name of the species, however, does not

appear on the plate, and his description did not appear

till 1846; meanwhile, Zetterstedt had published his

M. rufescens (1838). The M. lutescens of the British List

is most likely this species.

*M.rudis, Winn. New Forest, 1 ¢29(D.S8.); Sheviock,

13 (J.W.Y.). These specimens agree very nearly with

Winnertz’s description, but in none of them does the pre-

apical wing-fascia reach the costa, a remarkable cha-

racter by which, if it were constant, the species might easily

be recognised. The dark markings of the thorax occupy

the greater part of the surface of the mesonotum, leaving

only two rather large shoulder patches and three smaller

patches in front of the scutellum yellow. The black

colour extends to the front margin in the middle. The

hypopygium (figs. 81 and 82) appears small in the dried

specimens, being almost retracted, but in reality it is

quite large; Winnertz’s description does not fit well, but

descriptions of this organ are apt to be misleading. Apart

from these poimts there is no disagreement between our

specimens and the description of M. rudis. Dr. H. Dzie-

dzicki very kindly sent me a specimen which he had com-

pared with Winnertz’s type; it is identical in all respects

with ours.

*M. russata, Dz. New Forest (D.S.); Henley-on-

Thames, bred from Polystictus versicolor (H.8.); Felden

(A.P.); Wormsley, Suffolk (G.H.V.). All the specimens

(about a dozen) have a distinct blotch in the anal cell, not

mentioned by the describer, while the front tarsi of the

male are not thickened, as they were in Dziedzicki’s

single specimen. The hypopygium agrees very closely

with the figure.

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae. 379

*M. luteicauda, sp. n.

M. xanthopygae similis, differt hypopygio.

This species answers almost exactly to Winnertz’s description

of M. xanthopyga, and at first I had no hesitation in so naming it,

Dr. H. Dziedzicki, however, has very kindly sent me drawings of

the hypopygium of Winnertz’s type of M. xanthopyga, which prove

that the two insects are not the same.

In our species the median ocellus is distinct; the scutellum is

entirely black; the abdomen is all black except the hypopygium,

which is yellow; the branches of the fourth vein are indented

downwards before the middle; the base of the fork of the fifth vein

is considerably posterior to that of the fourth; the hind tibiae,

though thickened apically, are not curved. For the rest the insect

resembles M. xanthopyga. Hypopygium, figs. 77 and 78.

Described from one male from Crowborough Warren,

7. viii. 1906 (F.J.) (type—in Cambridge Museum); two

other males from Colwich Park, Staffs. (G.H.V.), and a

fourth from the New Forest (D.8.).

*OPISTHOLOBA, Mik.

*O. caudata, Staeg. Grantown-on-Spey, 17. vii. 1912,

12 (J.W.Y.); Logie, 27. viii. 1909, 12 and 29. ix. 1910, 19°

(F.J.). These specimens diverge from Mik’s figure in that

the branches of the fourth vein are scarcely curved. In

one from Logie the dorsum of the abdomen is entirely

dark, but the others are more normal in having the fifth

and sixth segments dorsally mainly yellow. The abdomen

is flattened dorsally, not laterally as in most species of

Mycetophila. The distinction between the two genera,

however, is a very slender one.

Corpyta, Mg.

*C_ mtens, Winn. The species which I have determined

as CU. nitens seems to be fairly common in the New Forest

(D.S., C.G.L., F.J., J.W.Y.) and has also been taken at

Logie and Crowborough (F.J.), and Stoke Wood (J.H.W.).

It agrees well with Winnertz’s description, except that the

antennae of the male are 14-, not 16-jointed. I have

examined a number of specimens, which agree so well in

general with Winnertz’s description that it seems possible

he may have been mistaken as to the number of antennal

380 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilidae.

joints. C. mtens may be at once separated from the three

following by its shiny black thorax.

C. fasciata, Mg. (? flaviceps, Staeg.). This species, like

C. mtens has only 14-jointed antennae in the male. It

seems to me that C. flaviceps, Staeg., is a synonym, but

Winnertz definitely states that the antennae of male

C. flaviceps are 16-jointed. The species (or the two species,

if they are distinct) differ from all the other members of

the genus found in Britain in having the palpi entirely

yellow. The length of the fork of the fifth vein is very

variable.

C. semiflava, Staeg. This species is most easily known

by the deep black basal palpal joint, the two apical joints

being yellow. As stated by Winnertz, the male antennae

are 16-jointed. This is much the rarest of the four British

species known to me.

C. crassicorns, Mg. ‘This common species may be

known by the entirely dark blackish-grey thorax and palpi.

I do not know C. brevicornis, Mg., but it is probable that

the record of its occurrence in Britain really referred to

C’. crassicornis. The species is under both names in the

Verrall collection.

List oF FIGURES.

1. Bolitophila occlusa, sp. n. Hypopygium from above. x 50.

2. An saundersi, Curt. Ha FA a

3. Ceroplatus testaceus, Dalm. a3 3 Ba

4. Ss - as Wing. <aico

5. Platyura marginala, Mg. Hypopygium from above. x 29.

6 es semirufa, Mg. 4 - Sealing

rf se macrocera, sp. N. a x 50.

8. ie “i * SS ,, below. ‘

Sasi zy - Wing. alice

9: 53 biumbrata, sp. n. Hypopygium from below. x 50.

10. sis nigricauda, Strobl. aA > above. S

le 33 o) 55 » below. a

1), aa flava, Meq. 3 » above. By

13. 29 45 op 33 » below. 5

14. i modesta, Winn. Pe » above. a

15. % 1 ob 5 » below. is

16. a dorsalis, Staeg. > » above. 3

1(, sy 55 es * » below. Ks

18. a arlriceps, sp. n. a a) ealbowe: 6

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XII,

F. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XIII.

ff. W. Edwards, dei, ; C. Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

orth Pe

- nee ys pe ey eiey ees af £9 4 o ee

it e Soak

‘Sse, a

a :

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XIV.

Ow eee

Ff. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

fF. W. Edwards, del.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XV.

C, Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

‘4 * ett st ley 2

rae = ee Stee aor ee

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XVI.

C. Hentschel.

del.

dwards,

a WW, Es

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

la one « | 25 Re teep ag Ot 6 Cotes Waves o 3, , -y oe

etd ck bb Je RR SE Sah ee eke ae ee ae cet ee ‘ §

Trans, Ent, Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XVII.

een”

A \ , (4 “Ghs

Sw Pesce My

M/s:

rt ih ff Y if es)

SR YOY)

Pg 5/),

fF. W. Edwards, Gel,

C. Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate X VIII.

fF. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel.

BRITISH MYCETOPHILIDAE.

3 5 . ‘ hs whe

é yd =

- auf r ~~ «ee

5 > =

¥ O

q s } ‘ =

r ¢ J f +

ft dc = _

= “ p

f - , ve > See

cf ab

= eg ~ ‘

= fae oe

a on p ha Ae

ci oe v

. ‘“ :

: wm Ve :

at \ ’

‘

\ i

a -

vs t

“s

‘.

‘ + i

1? - ns *

», ~ “eg L

. 4 a i

i 4

<< ’

, ; i

fe | ——

=the, aS.

= Sros

ial “ >

H . wa

7 2

Py a \" 1h ee

~ ea atl AAG

K «nl uae 2¥ig pean eee | eae ss cete APES Te

' ot RRO PA i ee ee oS oa

7 oe eis Ry ae

Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes

19. Platyura artriceps sp. n.

20. o nemoralis, Mg. 3 5 above.

21. 3 3 ; » below.

22. ms zonata, Lett. - 3» above.

23. ; per pusilla, sp. n. . - 99

24. a aestivalis, Winn. a a veh

25. = a A map » below.

26. eA pectinifera, sp. n. ae » above.

PATE a a : , below.

28. Ee nigricornis, F. a » above.

29. Fr Pe 5 >» below.

30. 3 fasciata, Mg. i , above.

31. 3 Pr a » below.

Bye a unicolor, Staeg. de » above.

ene us 3 re Pe » below.

34. Helladepichoria servula, Wik. Head.

35. 4 Ap Hypopygium from below.

36. Asindulum rostratum, Zett. Head.

37. Pr a aS Hypopygium from above.

38. 3 ~ 33 i » below.

39. A 2 nigrum, Ltr. Head.

40. B 5 3 Hypopygium from above.

41. ir - ep “ » below.

42. Sciophila hirta, Mg. 3 » above.

43. “A Ks a » below.

44, se interrupta, Winn. = ,, above.

45. i e = - ,» below.

46. a ? geniculata, Zett. ~ | St aioe:

47. “fs a ea Bs > below.

48. 55 fenestella, Curt. ‘ 5 above.

49, aA y , x » below.

50. a Py var. os » above.

ole r varia, Winn. - a oe

52. fe oY, = - , below.

53: Ae lutea, Meq. aa un) above.

54. = sharpi, sp. n. oa 3 -

55. %9 A es +5 5» below.

56. cs 2? rufa, Mg. As , above.

57. a jenkinsoni, sp. n. - #. ee

58. Empalia paradoxa, sp. n. <r 99 9

59. a < Be es , side

60. as 2 44 » below

61. Wing.

99 9° 99

62. Boletina villosa, Landr.

on British Mycetophilidae.

Hypopygium from below.

Variety of clasper.

381

x 50.

382 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ Notes on British Mycetophilrdae.

63. Boletina nigricans, Dz.) f Variety of hypopygium, x50

64. 3 brevicornis, Zett. J | from below. Fe

65. » lrispinosa, sp. n. Hypopygium from below. Pe,

66. Phthinia winnerizi, Mik Py; » above. Fs

67. Fr a Ovipositor from side. a

68. e humilis, Winn. Hypopygium from above. 5

69. s “a a M » below. -

70. _ a 5 Ovipositor from side. x 29.

71. Brachypeza spuria, sp. n. Hypopygium from above. x 50.

72 3 Be a fs ; below. 3

73. Haechia trisignata, sp. n. = > above. F

74. a GC - cs > below. as

Mes aa . » ) (Right clasper from the re

76. 95 trivittata, Staeg. J | inside. ,,

77. Mycetophila luteicauda, sp. n. Hypopygium from above. i

78. = ee — 5 :» below. ‘2

79. A ? nebulosa, Stan. 5 » above. Fi

80. x a Py % » below. x

81. = rudis, Winn. Pe 5 above. °

82. i sp “e . » below. P

ADDENDUM.

Since the proofs of this paper passed through my hands

I have received from Dr. Lundstrém a copy of his “‘ Neue

oder wenig bekannte europiiische Mycetophiliden, ITI.”

(Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., XI., 1913, pp. 305-322). In this

paper the species which I had identified with some doubt

as Mycetophila nebulosa, Stan. is described as M. edwardsi,

sp.n., while the M. lutercauda, sp.n., of my paper is

described and figured as M. forcipata, sp. n.

— =

(9388) )

XIII. On the classification of British Crabronidae

(Hymenoptera). By R. C. L. Perkins, M.A.,

DSc, EZ.8.

[Read April 2nd, 1913.]

Prats XIX.

Tue Crabronidae, owing to the number of their species,

form a most important part of the British Hymenoptera

Aculeata, and in the tabular classification that follows, I

have attempted to show the relationship of the various

groups, genera and species to one another. Some characters

that have been very little used by British hymenopterists

are largely utilised, since I have found them of great

importance in dealing with exotic species. Edward

Saunders in his admirable works recognised only two

genera: Hntomognathus with a single species and Crabro

including all the others, employing, however, a number

of subgenera of Crabro in his latest writings. I think that

Ashmead, following the example of earlier classifiers, was

correct in considering the Crabronidae to consist of many

good genera, and also in grouping these genera together

in divisions of a higher order, which he calls subfamilies,

and these I have recognised here, without discussing the

point as to whether the divisions are of subfamily value

or not, since they are, at any rate, natural. To place our

British species of Crabro in a single genus appears to me

precisely the same as if all our butterflies (excluding

Hespervidae) were assigned to Papilio and a few subgenera

of this.

Ashmead’s deep insight into the affinities of the groups

of Hymenoptera was rarely at fault, but his carelessness

in the definition of characters of genera, etc., is well known,

even when the genera themselves are perfectly valid. The

type of his genus Metacrabro is our well-known species

Crabro lituratus, the 3 of which he says has no spur on

the middle tibiae, but an unusual structure of the 2nd

antennal joint. In neither of these points is he correct.

The 3 of his genus Xestocrabo, according to specimens sent

to me from America, is also incorrectly said to be without

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1913.—PaRT Hl. (SEPT.)

384 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on

this spur. The common insect called by Saunders Solenius

vagus appears to be congeneric with Xestocrabo, Ashm., but

Ashmead’s restriction of Solenius, if correct, excludes any

British species from the latter, the American Solenius being

very different in structure. I do not think that the genus

Stenocrabro, Ash., is valid. It would probably contain our

Crossocerus varius, ete., but it was based only on male

characters. The American hymenopterist also largely

employed sculpture in his generic divisions, and, I think,

went too far in this respect, though not without some fair

reason, when one examines the North American species of

Crabronidae, where, as elsewhere, a similar style of sculpture

runs through whole series of species. According to the

same author the genus Coelocrabro, Thoms., is a synonym

of Blepharipus, Lep., Morawitz having subdivided the latter

previously. Our British species that stood under Blephari-

pus (Coelocrabro) are a very heterogeneous assemblage and

are sure to be further ce eee while one of them,

B. podagricus, cannot possibly be considered as congeneric

with the others. Crabro vagabundus, Panz., also appears to

me to have very distinct generic characters. I have not

been able to critically examine specimens of B. styrius, and

it is possibly misplaced in my table and not really closely

alhed to B. capitosus. Two species (C. elongatulus and

wesmaelv) are a discordant element in the genus Crossocerus.

The minute tubercles at the sides of the mesosternum

in the small species of the Thyreopinae require careful

examination, because the margin of the coxal cavities

behind these is sometimes a little prominent, and might

be mistaken for these tubercles. The latter are always

placed well in front of the coxal cavities, at the point

where the mesosternum slopes down to the latter, and in

fact are the homologues of the carinae of the Crabroninae.

I have referred to these structures indifferently as being

‘spinose ” or “ tuberculate,” as the tubercles are often

pointed. Owing to the interference of the dense clothing,

it needs a little practice before it becomes easy to see the

important structures of the clypeus, and to do so is greatly

facilitated by opening the mandibles. The mandibular

structure is so important and interesting in the Crabronidae,

that these organs should always be spread open in some

individuals of a species, and since only a few species are

so small as 5 or 6 mm., and many are large insects, it

requires very little skill or trouble to do this, when the

the classification of British Crabronidae. 385

specimens are freshly caught, or after relaxing in the case

of old examples.

In the Thyreopinae the erect hairs * of the antennae of

the g are in some of the smaller species not conspicuous

on casual inspection, but they are worthy of attention since

their arrangement and character show considerable variety

in different species. Under no circumstances should

specimens of Crabronidae be gummed on card, most of the

important characters being hidden or obscured under this

treatment.

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OR TRIBES.

1 (2). Antennae of 3 12-jointed, the flagellar joints beneath with

appressed microscopic hairs or tomentum; both sexes

with a carina bounding the posterior declivous portion

of the mesosternum at the sides and with the recurrent

nervure entering the cubital cell far beyond the middle

of its lower side, the transverse cubitus longer than the

distance between its lower extremity and the point of

reception of the recurrent nervure, sometimes twice as

long; basal abdominal segment not long and petiolar.

. Crabroninae.

2 (1). Antennae of 3 13-jointed; both sexes without a carina and

at most with a small spinous tubercle in place of the

carina; recurrent nervure varying in position but usually

received further from the extremity of the transverse

ecubitus than the length of the latter, and most often

much further than this, sometimes near the middle of

the lower side of the cubital cell.

3 (6), Basal abdominal segment not long and petiolar with the

apex swollen.

4 (5). Mandibles of the 3 always bidentate at apex, of the 2

(except in Hoplocrabro) with two or more teeth, Antennae

of 3 with some or many of the flagellar joints with erect

fine hairs beneath. If the mandibles of the 9 are simple

(Hoplocrabro) the occipital margin is produced into a

prominent spine or angle at its extremity beneath the

Heating ewe Oe a la” tee tat eh SO i iireaninde

* Tn the single 3 of C. styrius, that I have examined, these hairs

are not, or hardly, visible under a very strong lens, and even under

a compound microscope are extremely short and sparse, but they

are certainly present,

386

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on

5 (4). Mandibles of 3 and 9 simple at the apex, not toothed;

ocelli in a triangle with very wide base; antennae of ¢

not fringed with erect hairs beneath on the flagellar

Joints). os. yas sf) we em oy Tandennag.

6 (3). Abdomen with ‘Ne Paaal peeene entirely peseiie but

swollen atthe apex . . . . . . «+ Khopalinae.

It must be understood that the above table is somewhat

simpler than would have been the case had I included all

the many exotic species that I have examined. Thus some

of the petiolate species of other countries appear to me to

belong to the Crabroninae and not to the Rhopalinae, and

have no connection with the latter.

CRABRONINAE.

3d.

1 (2). Superorbital foveae deep and distinct; the front tarsi

2 (1).

greatly dilated; head very strongly narrowed behind the

eyes, so as toform aneck. Thyreus, Lep., 7. clypeatus, Sch.

Superorbital foveae wanting or represented only by very

faint impressions or smooth areas near the eye-margins;

head normal; front tarsi not laminately dilated.

3 (10). Mandibles without a tooth on the inner (upper) margin

4 (9),

10 (3).

near the middle of its length; antennae with the third

joint produced beneath near the middle and at the apex,

the following joints also ‘with projections at the apex

beneath, .i..u ss - « « Clytochrysus, Mor.

Ocelli in a nearly saitlaicanl triangle; 3rd antennal tooth

(or projection beneath) about as long as either of the

two basal ones.

}). First tooth with a thin tuft of fine hairs at the apex.

C. 6-cinctus, H. Schf. (= saundersi, Perk.),

. First tooth without such hairs.

. Emargination between the first and second antennal tooth

very shallow compared with the following.

C. planifrons, Thoms.

. These emarginations or arches about equally deep.

C. cavifrons, Thoms.

. Ocelli in a more obtuse-angled triangle (but less wide at

the base than in the following genera), 3rd antennal tooth

much shorter than the first two and of minute size.

C. chrysostomus, Lep.

Mandibles with a tooth on the inner margin towards the

middle; antennae with the third joint simple.

16 (15).

5 (10),

the classification of British Crabronidae, 387

Sixth joint distinctly emarginate beneath

Xestocrabro, Ashm. (= Solenius, Auct.).

Front femora becoming suddenly widened from the base,

So as to be subangulate beneath near the base; clypeus

produced in the middle at the apex; 3rd antennal joint

LATO ae ae, eR a microstictus, H. Schf. (= larvatus).

. Front femora gently rounded beneath from the base ;

clypeus broadly rounded apically in the middle; 3rd

antennal joint longer, twice ag long as wide or more.

X. vagus, L.

Sixth antennal joint not emarginate beneath, all the joints

simple,

Tooth on inner edge of mandibles rather small; clypeus

apically in the middle bluntly pointed; basal joint of

middle tarsi simple. M etacrabro, Ashm., M. lituratus,

Panz.

Tooth on inner edge of mandibles very large; clypeus

apically in the middle broadly rounded or almost truncate ;

basal joint of middle tarsi subangulately dilated,

M. (2) quadricinctus, F. (¢nterruptus, Saund.) an. gen. nov. ?

CRABRONINAR.

» Superorbital foveae sharply defined; basal abdominal

segment strongly punctured (mandibles 3-dentate at

apex and with a tooth on the inner edge),

Thyreus, Lep., T. clypeatus, Schr.

- Superorbital foveae absent or ill-defined or very feeble ;

basal abdominal Segment at most very finely and feebly

punctured.

- Mandibles 3-dentate at apex and without a distinct tooth

on the inner margin towards the middle, at most with

the margin faintly sinuate or with a trace of an angulation,

Antennae with the third joint very elongate, becoming in

Some aspects conspicuously slender behind the apical

portion, fully twice as long as the fourth; clypeus apically

in the middle strongly produced and on each side of the

produced part there is a strong emargination, forming on

each side a prominent tooth; ocelli generally in a sub-

equilateral triangle (more obtuse-angled in chrysostomus),

Clytochrysus, Mor,

Ocelli in a nearly equilateral triangle; size larger,

co @

—~ ~~

ee)

14 (13).

5 (16).

16 (15).

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on

. Distance between the lateral angles of the median produced

part of the clypeus, not less than the distance between

one of these and the nearest lateral tooth.

C.. cavifrons, Thoms.

. Distance between the lateral angles of the median produced

part of the clypeus much less than the distance between

one of them and the nearest lateral tooth.

iuFaee longer Wi. ).. . . C. planifrons, Thoms.

. Face much wider across ihe eyes. C. sexcinctus, H. Sch.

. Ocelli in a triangle much widest at base, smaller, length

about ll mm... . . C. chrysostomus, Lep.

. Antennae with the thine joint elongate but much less than

twice as long as the fourth and not conspicuously at-

tenuated behind the apical portion in some aspects;

clypeus not strongly produced in the middle and with

only a slight emargination on each side of this; so that

all the angles are obtuse or feeble; ocelli in a triangle with

very wide base. Metacrabro, Ashm., M. lituratus, Panz.

. Mandibles 3-dentate at apex, but with a very distinct

additional tooth towards the middle of the inner margin.

. Mesonotum without or almost without punctures, trans-

versely rugose in front and longitudinally behind;

superorbital foveae represented by feeble depressions along

the eye-margins, the depressions dull and finely punctured.

M. quadricinctus, F. (interruptus, Saund.) an. gen. nov. ?

Mesonotum densely punctured; superorbital foveae repre-

sented by feeble impressions, which are smooth and

SIDE. st we. is . . . Aestocrabro, Ashm.

Clypeus somewhat ees or very narrowly rounded in

the middle of its apical margin; 3rd antennal joint short ;

pygidial area much less elongated, the raised margins

divergent from near the apex, not continuing subparallel

for nearly half theirlength . X. microstictus, H. Schf.

Clypeus with the median part of its apical margin wide,

truncate or slightly emarginate; third antennal joint long ;

pygidial area very greatly elongated, the raised margins

subparallel for a long distance from the apex; a larger

species Bee OME ip ile Calli gS

THYREOPINAE.

3S.

1 (6). Ocelli arranged in an isosceles triangle much widest at the

base; recurrent nervure received far beyond the middle

co bo

a Oe

11 (14).

12 (13).

13 (12).

the classification of British Crabronidae. 389

of the lower side of the cubital cell, the distance between

its point of reception and the extremity of the transverse

cubitus being usually only about equal to the length of

the transverse cubitus itself. Antennae with the flagellum

subfusiform or at least with many of the joints wide and

flattened. Front legs very abnormal, the tibiae with

enormous lamellate expansions, which are broader than

long, tarsi distorted . . . . . Thyreopus, Latr.

. Mandibles at the base with a prominent spine or process.

. Mesonotum strigose tly, te ies oe DP ceribrariia, Kab;

. Mesonotum punctate ~ 1 ee ay Es seuteltaius, Schr.

. Mandibles at the base simple . . . TT. peltarius, Schr.

. Ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle or nearly ; recurrent

nervure generally received near the middle of the cubital

cell or at least much further distant from the end of the

transverse cubital nervure than the length of the latter,

very rarely with these distances not greatly unequal;

antennae not conspicuously dilated or flattened; front

legs with the tibiae rarely greatly dilated.

. Superorbital foveae deep, distinct, narrow and elongate

sublinear or elongate-triangular; legs simple.

Blepharipus, Lep.

. Clypeus in front with two great subprominent angles, which

are very widely separated from one another.

B. leucostomus, L.

. Clypeus quite differently formed, produced in the middle

apically . . . B. nigritus, Lep. (pubescens, Shuck.).

. Superorbital foveae rarely distinct, deep and narrow,

usually feeble or subobsolete, or represented by smooth

spaces. If well-defined or deep they are short or broad

or the front legs have some special modifications.

Anterior area of propodeum ill-defined, not bounded com-

pletely, or almost completely, or by a distinct consute or

crenate furrow.

Front legs with the tibiae and tarsi dilated.

B. (2) cetratus, Shuck,

Front legs simple, hind tibiae unusually incrassate.

13 (a) (136). Clypeus produced into a strong median blunt tooth in

the middle . .. . . . SB. (?) capitosus, Shuck.

13 (6) (13a). Clypeus with the apical margin feebly 3-dentate, the

i4 (11).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.

middle tooth not strongly prominent. 6. (?) styrius,

Kohl.

Anterior area of propodeum well defined by a usually

consute or crenate furrow, rarely not altogether complete.

PART I{, (SEPT.) CC

390

15 (40).

16 (35).

18 (21).

19 (20).

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on

Occipital margin not produced on each side beneath the

head into a prominent spine.

Small species with entirely black abdomen; the front tibiae

either simple or Jaminately dilated, the front femora

never armed with a spine beneath at about the basal

third of their length. Recurrent nervure rarely received

far beyond the middle of the lower side of the cubital

cell.

. Seventh dorsal abdominal segment with only a fine and

feeble or indefinite puncturation not greatly different from

that of the preceding.

Mesopectus simple, not tuberculate or spinose on each side.

Front legs with the tibiae and first two tarsal joints con-

spicuously dilated, the front femora suddenly widened

from the base, so as to form a distinct angle beneath;

clypeusblack gyi oi: (um: an) Ai is. BBS ()genager, Lep.

. Front legs simple, clypeus yellow . . (?) aphidum, Lep.

). Mesopectus minutely spinose or tuberculate on each side.

23). Middle tibiae normal with a calear; hind tibiae normal;

24 (17).

superorbital foveae feebly defined ; mesonotal puncturation

norinak =. 3¢4. 10 ows 2 ™B@)ecarbonanus, Dahib:

. Middle tibiae much thickened, elongate-triangular, only

with a few short apical or subapical spines,* the true

calear usually wanting; hind tibiae much swollen;

mesonotum not shining, but with extraordinarily minute

puncturation ; superorbital foveae short, generally puncti-

form. Ablepharipus gen. nov., A. podagricus, V.d. Lind.

Seventh dorsal segment with a peculiar sculpture, at least

on its apical portion (the punctures being large and close,

though generally shallow) or quite different from that

of the preceding.

. Mesopectus on each side with a distinct minute spine or

tubercle.

. Front tibiae very greatly laminately dilated.

Crossocerus, Lep., C'. palmarius, Schr.

. Front tibiae not dilated, the basal joint of front tarsi

sometimes dilated. . . . . (Stenocrabro, Ashm.).

. Front tarsi with the basal joint conspicuously dilated,

C. palmipes, L.

. Front tarsi not evidently dilated.

* T have mentioned this character, in spite of its inconstancy, on

account of the interest of its variability.

the classification of British Crabronidae. 391

30 (31). Anterior area of propodeum on each side of the median

channel rugose or striate . . . . C. varius, Lep.

31 (30). Anterior area with a smooth polished space on each side

ofthe channel . . . C. ovalis, Lep. (anxius, Wesm.).

32 (25). Mesopectus without a spine or tubercle on each side.

33 (34). Anterior area of propodeum with a smooth space on either

side of the median channel, this space being at the most

very faintly rugulose even under a very strong lens.

C’. (2?) wesmaeli, V. d. Lind.

34 (33). Anterior area closely rugose or striate.

C. (2) elongatulus, V.d. Lind.

35 (16). Large species with yellow-marked abdomen; either the

front tibiae are angulately dilated (but not laminate) or

the front femora havé a spine beneath. Recurrent

nervure always received far beyond the middle of the

lower side of the cubital cell.

36 (37). Superorbital impressions, deepish, large and very distinct,

not situated in wide lateral depressions of the head; front

femora with an angular spine beneath before the middle ;

basal abdominal segment ordinary not lengthened, the

spiracles not further apart than the distance from them

to the base of the abdomen; 7th ventral segment without

erect spines, but with a basal elevation (mandibles with

a well-developed tooth near the middle of their inner

margin; clypeus with a distinct median truncate or

slightly emarginate production of its apical margin and

with a well-marked angle on each side exteriorly to this.

Acanthocrabro gen. noy., A. vagabundus, Pz.

37 (36). Head widely depressed on each side to the ocellar region,

the superorbital foveae sometimes ill defined, sometimes

with the inner margin raised so as to form a longitudinal

division of the large lateral depressions of the head;

basal abdominal segment elongated, the spiracles not so

far apart as the distance from them to the base of the

segment; 7th ventral segment with two erect spines.

Cuphopterus, Mor.

38 (39). Hind tibiae spinous above, the hind femora unarmed, the

hind coxae with a spine or angular projection beneath

(mandibles on their flat surface impressed between the

longitudinal carinae) . . . «. C. dimidiatus, Fab.

39 (38). Hind tibiae unarmed, the hind femora with a spine or

tooth beneath towards the base inwardly.

C’. signatus, Panz.

40 (15). Occipital margin of the head produced into a prominent

392 Mr. R. C. J. Perkins on

spine on the underside of the head (clypeus with five

emarginations, which produce six nearly equidistant

teeth); all the legs simple ; superorbital foveae represented

by smooth, slight callosities; mandibles bidentate, the

inner edge edentate.

Hoplocrabro, Thoms., H. 4-maculatus, Fab.

THYREOPINAE,

2°.

1 (6). Ocelli in a triangle much widest at the base, recurrent

nervure received by the cubital cell far beyond the

middle of its lower side and at a distance from the apex

subequal to (or at most rather longer or shorter than)

the length of the transverse cubitus. Mandibles biden-

tate at apex and without a tooth on the inner margin.

Pygidial area flat, triangular, roughly punctured and

setose ¢ niGe Wey acti bb Sin te UeOp Tine laeoe.

(3). Mesonotum longitudinally rugose . . 7. eribrarius, Fab.

(2) Mesonotum punctured.

4 (5). Lateral prothoracic angles not prominent.

T. scutellatus, Schr.

5 (4). Lateralanglesofpronotum prominent. 7’. peltarius, Schr.

(1). Ocelli in a triangle that is equilateral or nearly; recurrent

nervure generally received near the middle of the lower

side of the cubital cell, very rarely at a distance from

the apex subequal to the length of the transverse cubitus.

Mandibles generally tridentate at apex (if bidentate, the

species are very small and the abdomen is black) ; pygidial

area often excavated, or shining though in some small

species closely punctured and setose.

7 (16). Anterior area of the propodeum not clearly defined by

distinct and generally complete furrows, that are usually

consute or crenate

. . Blepharipus, Lep.

8 (13). Mandibles at the apex tridentate; mesopectus spinose or

tuberculate on each side, faintly so in cefratus. Super-

orbital foveae deep or deepish, distinct and narrow.

9 (12), Head above and mesonotum clothed with long or longish

erect hair; mesosternum not polished and with a copious

fine puncturation.

10 (11). Head in front of the anterior ocellus more or less transversely

depressed or sloping from the eye-margin to the median

impressed line, the surface polished and more or less

sparsely or irregularly punctured . 8. leucostomus, L.

11 (10).

12 (9).

the classification of British Crabronidae. 393

Head in front of the anterior ocellus with the surface on

each side of the median impression not at all depressed

but slightly convex, and not polished, finely punctured.

Bb. pubescens, Shuck.

Head above and mesonotum with short and much less

conspicuous hairs; mesosternum polished, finely and

remotely punctured, very deeply excavated posteriorly ;

tubercles of the mesopectus very feebly developed.

B. (?) cetratus, Shuck.

. Mandibles at the apex with four teeth, the innermost the

smallest; mesopectus not spinose; superorbital foveae

more or less feeble and shallow.

. Hind tibiae unarmed, not spinose above; clypeus produced

in the middle into a strong, blunt, narrow, apical tooth

or process, and with a smaller and shorter tooth on each

sideofthis ... 9. -s '. 2 ‘Bi (?) capitosus, Shuck.

. Hind tibiae armed with spines; clypeus not produced into

a strong narrow median tooth, but faintly 3-dentate or

3-tuberculate . . Wh 2. SBS )atgrivs, Kohl.

7). Anterior area of erbhodleudh detined by a distinct consute,

or crenate furrow, usually complete, very rarely a little

incomplete.

2). Mandibles either bidentate or tridentate at the apex (the

teeth sometimes worn down or blunt); occipital margin

beneath the head not produced into a prominent spine

or angle at its apical extremity.

. Small species, with black (not yellow-marked) abdomen;

superorbital foveae small or feeble or marked only by

smooth spaces or faint impressions.

)). Pygidial area with the sides strongly raised so that it

appears excavated.

). Mandibles tridentate.

. Mesopectus not spinose or tuberculate on each side,

. Clypeus with a distinct prominent tooth on each side of

the middle of the apical margin; clypeus black.

B. (2) gonager, Lep.

. Clypeus somewhat broadly rounded or nearly truncate in

the middle of the apical margin; clypeus wholly or largely

yellow Bilt 3 >. « 's) B. (2) aphidum, Lep.

. Mesopectus gibéoulide or spinose on each side.

B. (?) carbonarius, Dahlb.

* I have not been able to examine the mandibles of this species.

and its position here is doubtful,

394

5 (20).

26 (19).

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on

Mandibles bidentate at apex (pygidial area dull, the surface

with microscopic sculpture and without appressed setae,

the raised sides thickened about the middle), mandibles

with a distinct tooth on the inner margin near the middle,

the mesopectus spinose or tuberculate; mesonotal punc-

turation excessively minute.

Ablepharipus gen. nov., A. podagricus, V. d. Lind.

Pygidial area triangular, not narrowly produced apically,

finely margined, not impressed or excavated, often clothed

with appressed setae, sometimes shining and punctate,

but not setose ; mesonotal puncturation fine, but ordinary.

. Pygidial area dull, punctate, with conspicuous decumbent

setae on the apical portion; mesopectus with a small

spine or tubercle on each side (mandibles bidentate at

apem).iis) ivi iit wl. 0g) vi@ressocerus, Lep.

. Clypeus more or less celle or all yellow; superorbital

foveae obsolete. . «4. «. . C. palmarius, Schr.

. Clypeus black beneath the silvery hairs; superorbital foveae

shallow but wide subovate or subpyriform.

(? subgen. Stenocrabro, Ashm).

. Anterior area of propodeum finely rugose or striate.

2). Front legs with the calear often dark; the median channel

of the anterior area of the propodeum wider and with

larger spines on the mesopectus . . C. palmipes, L.

. Front legs with the calcar usually pale; the median channel

of propodeum narrower and smaller mesopectoral spines

or tubercles . . . C. varius, Lep.

. Anterior area of the piopioieien sia smooth, polished

area on each side of the median channel. C. anxius, Wesm.

. Pygidial area polished and with large punctures ; mesopectus

not tuberculate laterally.

)). Middle tibiae black, yellow only at the base; pygidial area

blacks) si ae aetk >. MGR helongotmiis Ve a iind:

. Middle tibiae yellow above; pygidial area red apically.

C. (2?) wesmaeli, V. d. Lind.

. Large species, abdomen with yellow marks; superorbital

foveae large and distinct, well-impressed and dull, or else

placed in wide lateral depressions of the head, which

extend from the eye-margins to the ocellar region.

. Recurrent nervure received by the cubital cell far beyond

the middle, or not much more distant from the apex

than the length of the transverse cubital nervure ; pygidial

area elongate and narrow, and behind the apical part

with a median longitudinal carina; superorbital foveae

the classification of British Crabronidae. 395

large, deepish, very distinct, subtriangular, dull; mandi-

bles with a very distinct tooth on the inner edge, 3-dentate

at apex ; basal abdominal segment not unusually long,

the spiracles wider apart than the distance to the base

of the segment.

Acanthocrabro, gen. nov., A. vagabundus, Panz.

39 (38). Length of transverse cubitus very much less than the

distance between its extremity and the recurrent nervure ;

pygidial area much less narrowly prolonged apically ; sides

of the head above much and widely impressed ; the super-

orbital foveae smooth, placed in these impressions, large,

but sometimes ill-defined; mandibles 3-dentate, and with

a feeble angulation on the inner margin; basal abdominal

segment narrow and elongate, the distance between the

spiracles less than that from them to the base of the

segment rises ear . . . Cuphopterus, Mor.

40 (41). Superorbital foveae ahem ctly margined on the inner side,

so as to form a distinct longitudinal division of the lateral

depressions of the head in which they are placed.

C. signatus, Panz.

1 (40). Superorbital foveae ill-defined inwardly, not forming a

raised line . . . . CO. dimidiatus, Fab.

42 (17). Occipital margin pradnebe # its apex beneath the head

into a prominent spine or angle; mandibles simple at the

apex; pygidial area flat, triangular, the margins fine, the

surface dull, microscopically granulate, and with sparse

large punctures.

Hoplocrabro, Thoms., Hoplocrabro 4-maculatus, F.

In the Thyreopinae the relationship of Blepharipus

(Coelocrabro) gonager, B. aphidum and B. carbonarius to

the typical B. ngritus, etc., seems to me remote, while the

first named (gonager) is also remote from the two following.

C. wesmaeli and elongatulus will probably be found generi-

cally distinct from the rest of Crossocerus. A more exten-

sive coliection of the small black species of America is

necessary before these points can be decided.

RHOPALINAE.

3d.

| (2). Antennae highly modified, third joint very small, notstrongly

divided from the large and long fourth joint, which is

strongly widened from the base, the fifth elongate and

396 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on the British Crabronidae.

arched beneath. Clypeus very strongly produced in the

middle, with an angle on each side of the median produc-

tion. Front and middle metatarsi abnormal, though not

greatly dilated; apex of occipital margin beneath the head

produced into a spine as in Hoplocrabro; a median frontal

prominence between the antennae.

Rhopalum, Kirby, R. tibiale, Lep.

2 (1). Antennae nearly simple, the 6th joint with a slight emar-

gination or arch beneath; clypeus and face ordinary ;

metatarsi simple . Physoscelis, Lep., P. clavipes, Linn.

1 (2). Clypeus strongly produced in the middle and with distinct

lateral angles; face with a mediofrontal prominence;

pygidial area apically produced and excavated; hind

tibiae conspicuously spinous above.

Rhopalum, K., R. tibiale, Lep.

. Clypeus ordinary ; pygidial area dull, with dense microscopic

granulation, its margins very feeble, hardly produced

apically, not excavated; face simple; hind tibiae incon-

spicuously spinose . . Physoscelis, Lep., P. clavipes, L.*

—

~—

LINDENTINAE.

1 (4). Eyes bare; mandibles simple . . . . Lindenius, Lep.

(3). ¢ hind tibiae yellow above; 9 hind tibiae yellow only at

the base, usually for about one-fourth of their length.

L. albilabris, Fab.

3 (2). ¢ hind tibiae yellow on the basal half only or less; 9 hind

tibiae yellow except at the apex. L. panzeri, V. d. Lind.

4 (1). Eyes hairy; mandibles with a prominent angle near the

base beneath.

Entomognathus, Dahlb., HE. brevis, V. d. Lind.

* Since the above was written a second species of Rhopalwm has

been added to our list by Col. C. G. Nurse (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1913,

p. 83). It may be distinguished as follows :

a. Clypeus in the middle triangular (rounded in 3 at apex,

acute in 9), tegulae pale. il ys R. tibiale, Lep.

b. Clypeus in the middle truncate, tegulae black; abdomen

wholly black. 3 ot ee Hea hiesenwetteri, Mor,

Bree, We

10.

ite

Explanation of Plate. 397

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Right side of head (in dorsal aspect) of Acanthocrabro

vagabundus 9, showing the large and definite (strongly

depressed) superorbital foveae, between the inner margin

of the eye and the ocelli.

. The same of Blepharipus leucostomus 2, the fovea deep and

narrow.

. Stigma and cubital cell of B. lewcostomus 9, showing the

point of reception of the recurrent nervure in the lower

side of the cell.

The same in A. vagabundus °.

. The same in Crossocerus varius.

. The same in Cuphopterus dimidiatus.

. The same in Metacrabro (?) quadricinctus, (= interruptus,

Saund.). Ce. = cubital cell; T. c. transverse cubitus;

St. stigma; Rn. recurrent nervure.

. Mandible of Clytochrysus cavifrons 2 in two aspects; the

apex tridentate and no distinct tooth on the inner margin.

. The same of A. vagabundus 9, the lower figure showing the

distinct tooth on the inner margin.

Mandible of Metacrabro (?) quadricinctus 9, tridentate at

apex and with an inner marginal tooth; one of the apical

teeth lies mostly beneath the other owing to the position.

Mandible of A. podagricus 9; bidentate at apex and with

an inner tooth. More highly magnified than the other

species.

. Mandible of B. (?) capitosus 9; 4-dentate apically.

. Mandible of 7’. cribrarius 9, simply bidentate at apex.

. The same of Hoplocrabro 4-maculatus 9, the apex simple.

. Pygidial area of Xestocrabro vagus 9.

. The same of B. leucostomus ; narrowly produced and

excavated.

. The same of H. 4-maculatus ; flat, sparsely punctured and

with appressed setae apically.

. The same of X. microstictus (larvatus); the area much less

produced apically than that of vagus.

. The same of C. varius ; the area is densely punctured and

clothed with appressed setae.

. Apical margin of clypeus of H. 4-maculatus ; the upper

figure of the 3, the lower of the 9.

. Apex of clypeus of B. (?) gonager 2 (more highly magnified

than the preceding figure).

398

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

3l.

32.

33.

Explanation of Plate.

Apex of clypeus of B. (?) capitosus 9.

Arrangement of ocelli of C. chrysostomus.

The same in C. cavifrons.

The same in M. (?) quadricinctus 3 (= interruptus, Saund.),

Metatarsus of middle leg of M. (?) quadricinctus.

Tibia of front leg of C. dimidiatus 3.

Third, 4th and 5th antennal joints of C. sexcinctus 3.

The same of C. chrysostomus 3.

Third antennal joint of C. palmarius 3, showing erect hairs,

characteristic of T’hyreopinae.

Third, fourth and fifth antennal joints of C. cavifrons °

showing characteristic 3rd joint of Clytochrysus.

Third and fourth in Metacrabro lituratus °.

The same of M. (?) quadricinctus 9 (= interruptus, Saund.).

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate X1X.

R. C. L. Perkins, del. C. Hentschel.

DETAILS OF BRITISH CRABRONIDAE.

( 399 )

XIV. On the Scent Apparatus in the male of Amauris

niavius, Linn. By H. Evrrineuam, M.A., F.Z.S.

[Read March 19th, 1913.]

PuaTE XX.

In 1877 the late Dr. Fritz Miiller published a paper ‘“‘ On

the Sexual Spots of the males of Danais erippus and D.

guippus.” * He there describes the pockets in the hind-

wings of these insects as lined with special scales, and at

the same time gives figures of these structures and of the

extrusible brushes situated in the anal region. At the

end of this account he makes the remarkably ingenious

suggestion that the insects may insert the brushes vied the

pockets and so impregnate the former with the scent

material therein secreted. It remained for that acute

observer, Mr. W. A. Lamborn, actually to see a similar

process taking place in a species of an allied genus,

Amauris.t

Mr. Lamborn first observed the action in Amauris

niavius in 1911, and early in the following year noticed

the same habit in Amauwris egialea.

In this genus the scent patches are not in the form of

pockets but are merely specialised portions of the hind-

wing, and Mr. Lamborn was fortunate enough to see the

butterfly stroking the patches with its brushes.

Actual confirmation of Miilier’s suggestion having been

obtained, it occurred to me to examine minutely the

structure of the brushes and scent patches in a species of

this genus, and Amauris niavius was chosen as being the

most easily obtainable.

One of the first difficulties in an undertaking of this

kind is to obtain material in a proper state of preservation,

* Archivos do Museu-Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, II, pp. 25-29,

1877. English translation by Elliott in Longstafi’s “ Butterfly

Hunting in Many Lands,” Appendix, p. 616, 1912.

f Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. xlvi-xlvii, 1911, and p. xxxv, 1912.

t It is interesting here to recall Prof. Poulton’s exhibit recorded

in the Proceedings of this Society, p. x, 1907,.when an example of

Amauris egialea was shown having had the scent patches comuplctely

eaten out by ants.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

400 Mr. H. Eltringham on the

and after preliminary experiments with some of our native

species of butterflies, I found that good sections could be

obtained from specimens treated while fresh with a strong

solution of corrosive sublimate to which a little acetic acid

has been added.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. W. A. Lamborn and Mr.

C. A. Wiggins for a supply of material taken by them and

preserved in this manner.

I would also express my thanks to Prof. Poulton and

to Dr. Dixey for much kind assistance and also especially

to Mr. E. 8. Goodrich, to whose skill I owe the discovery

of the minute pores in the peculiar structures presently

to be described.

The scent patches on the wings.

The scent patches occur in the form of two small some-

what oval patches, one on each hind-wing, situated on the

more distal half of the submedian nervure (see fig. 2).

They differ in texture from the remainder of the wing

surface in having a smoother and somewhat greasy appear-

ance. The nervure is greatly swollen where it traverses

this patch, and the patch itself is many times thicker than

the normal wing membrane.

The scales covering the latter are exceedingly difficult

to remove, ordinary mechanical means merely breaking

without actually dislodging them.

Microscopical examination of the wing shows that over

the greater part of its area the scales are arranged as in

Pl. XX, fig. 3. Long and short scales alternate, the former

fo)

generally overlapping the latter, though there is occasion-

ally some little irregularity in this respect. The scales

which cover the scent patch are much smaller and are

represented in fig. 4. They are more rounded and are all

of the same shape and size. If a portion of the scent patch

be denuded of scales and examined under a high power,

we find an appearance which is semidiagrammatically

shown in fig. 5. The upper surface of the wing is seen to

be covered with comparatively large rounded bodies, the

length of which is slightly in excess “of the breadth. Each

appears to have a somewhat thickened edge and has in

its centre a minute opening. Between these structures

lie the scale sockets from which arise the special scales

already mentioned. In the figure the position of the

Scent Apparatus in the male of Amauris mavius. 401

scales is indicated by dotted lines, from which it will be

seen that each scale serves as a cover for one of the rounded

projections. Fig. 12 shows the appearance of a trans-

verse section of this portion of the wing. On the upper

surface the rounded bodies protrude some distance from

the wing membrane and their outer surfaces are closed

by a thin chitinous covering, each pierced by a minute

pore.* Although provided with a covering, we may for

convenience call these structures the scent cups. Between

each pair there lies a scale socket. The space between the

wing membranes is principally occupied by large cells,

which are greatly distended with globules of material

having a fatty appearance. If the specimen has been

treated for a short time with eau-de- -javelle, this substance

is dissolved and the space they occupied is represented

by large irregular vacuoles. If a section be taken to include

the nervure, it is seen that close to the nervure the secretion

is so plentiful as to cause a forcing apart of the wing mem-

branes. I have shown such a section in fig. 13, though I

am inclined to think that the membranes would not be

so widely separated in nature, and that the tissues have

been partially torn or expanded by the processes of preserva-

tion and embedding. ‘Beneath the secreting cells is a

basement layer from which arises a network of connective

tissue forming septa. As the scale sockets lie between

the scent cups, strands of this connective tissue appear

in section to proceed direct to each scale socket. It is

not clear whether these have a direct connection with the

sockets, though there does appear to be a small nuclear

body beneath each socket.

Reverting to fig. 13, the section of the nervure shows a

lining of large cells surrounding a granular area which

encloses a large lumen. The latter may well be an air

vessel, the oranular portion being vascular, and we may

suppose that the large cells are in some way intermediaries

between the circulating fluid and the secreting cells of the

wing patch.

Fig. 10 shows a section parallel to the plane of the wing.

The ‘secreting cells are seen to form small glands enclosed

in a network of connective tissue. Hach gland presents :

* [ was for some time under the impression that these structures

were in the form of open cups. I am indebted to my friend Mr.

E. 8. Goodrich, F.R.S., who happened to see some of my sections,

for pointing out their true structure,

402 Mr. H, Eltringham on the

slightly granular appearance and shows a varying number

of nuclei. Scattered globules of the secretion are also seen.

It should here be noted that Dr. F. Miiller and later,

independently, Dr. F. A. Dixey, discovered in Satyrines

and Pierines, respectively, special distributions of tracheae

in connection with the scent patches in butterflies belonging

to those genera. I have not found such structures in

Amauris niavius.

The abdominal brushes.

The position of these in the body of the insect may be

understood from fig. 1, which represents a dissection of

the genital armature viewed from above, with the brushes

am situ. In the lower part of the centre of the figure is

seen the penis, with its two great extensor muscles, passing

through the proximal dorsal membrane of the uncus. The

latter is a large arched chitinous plate with a prominent

ridge in the centre of its dorsal surface, and on either side

of this ridge lie the brushes. Each brush is contained in a

membranous bag, the proximal end of which is provided

with a muscle attached to one of the sternites. The hairs

of which the brush is composed arise mainly from the

proximal end of the bag. The membrane at the opening

of the latter is continuous with the liming membrane of

the tergite. The bag is everted, doubtless by means of

fluid pressure, and the process may be compared with the

turning inside out of a glove finger. The brush hairs then

project from the posterior end of the insect, forming, when

completely everted, a more or less spherical tuft. The

whole apparatus can be withdrawn by the contraction of

the retractor muscles shown in the figure. A microscopic

examination of the brushes and their containing mem-

branes reveals the following structure. The hairs of each

brush are in two tufts. One, the larger, is composed of

yellowish hairs, the sockets of which are placed at the

base of the bag. The second tuft consists of black hairs

arising from similar sockets placed somewhat more distally

and on one side of the bag.

Fig. 8 shows a section of the brush bag at its base. The

hairs arise from a thick layer of elongated cells having

nuclei at their bases and chitinous sockets at their ex-

tremities. Fig. 6 shows three of the hairs with cells

attached. The ae difference I can find between the

Scent Apparatus in the male of Amauwris niavius. 403

dark and pale hairs, beyond that of colour, is that the

former appear to be somewhat stiffer. Both have the

distal ends rounded and often somewhat clavate. Their

surface is longitudinally ribbed, and in section they have

the appearance shown in fig. 7. Seen by transmitted hght

the hairs have reticular markings as shown in fig. 6.

We now come to the most peculiar structures in this

complicated organ. If a brush be examined in section

the spaces between the hairs are seen to be packed with

very minute particles which have a stellate appearance

when occurring singly, but which may also appear as

elongate bodies covered with projections. If a brush be

removed from a dried specimen, teased out on a slide and

examined dry, with a very high power, the whole field is

strewn with these objects, which then present the appear-

ance shown in fig. 9. In sections mounted in balsam they

appear to be smoother and are much more difficult to see.

These particles arise from a special layer of cells forming

the middle portion of the lining of the brush bag. Part

of this layer is shown in fig. 11. The cells are very similar

to those which produce the hairs of the brush except that

they are much smaller. They terminate in chitinous sockets

from each of which protrudes a delicate thread-like growth,

the free end of which appears to be obtusely forked. In

balsam-mounted specimens it is very difficult to observe

any segmentation in these filaments, though from the

appearance of dry preparations [ am convinced that they

are segmented. It seems probable that the cells are in

fact modified hair-producing cells and that the delicate

hairs to which they give rise have a stellate section, and

further that they divide transversely into a multitude of

minute particles. The stellate appearance may also be

due in part to the splitting of the hair at the broken edge.

We may now compare the whole scent apparatus with

the corresponding structures in D. erippus and D. gilippus,

as described by Miiller in the paper already referred to.

Highly magnified sections of the brushes and wing patches

are not given, but the author figures and describes views

of the inner membrane of the wing pockets of both these

insects. The figures would seem to show that there are

cup-like projections much as in A. niavius, and scales

arising from sockets placed between them.

We may here quote Dr. Miiller’s description. “ In

D. erippus it [the patch] exhibits small circles of about

404 Mr. H. Eltringham on the

0:01 mm. diameter, a httle more transparent than the rest

of the membrane. From the centre of each rises a straight

hair, about 0°06 mm. long. The circles are placed in

regular lines, about 0°03 to 0°05 mm. apart. Alternating

with these circles are opaque grey scales, distinguished

from the ordinary ones by their smaller size and by their

shape.

In D. gilippus the circles are much closer together—

so much so that in places they almost touch; although

more transparent than the rest of the membrane, they are

less so than those of D. erippus. The hairs are wanting,

but one sees in the centre of each circle a small spot, the

last vestige which proves their former existence.

Miiller ‘regarded these “small circles” as scale sockets.

The evidence for this view is very strong, since in D,

erippus hairs still arise therefrom. In the Pierine butter-

flies, as we know from the researches of Dr. F. A. Dixey,

the special plume scales themselves act as distributors of

the scent which passes into the substance of the scale

through the footstalk. We may therefore with some

degree of confidence regard the scent cups in the wings

of A. niavius as highly ‘specialised scale sockets, the pore

in the centre of the cover being the vestige of the insertion

of the scale stalk and now functioning as an exit for the

secretion of the gland cells.

We may suppose that the insect brushes out the secretion,

the stiffer hairs probably assisting in lifting the covering

scales, which are specially adapted to withstand this

treatment. It should be noted that these hairs are on the

outer side of the brush, and would thus naturally come

first into contact with the scent patch. The completely

expanded brush then diffuses the scent. The ribbed

structure of the hairs probably serves not only to increase

their surface, but also to aid in the retention of the secretion.

It still remains to explain the purpose of the stellate

fragments which occur in such profusion in the brush bags,

and for the production of which so many special cells exist.

The most probable explanation appears to be that they

float off the brushes during flight and carry the scent, thus

diffusing it to a greater area around the insect than could

be accomplished ‘by the brushes alone.

The occurrence of hairs which split transversely into

fragments is not unknown in connection with analogous

organs in other Lepidoptera.

Scent Apparatus in the male of Amauris niavius. 405

In another paper * Dr. Miiller has described such hairs

as being present in the costal fold of the wing of certain

male Hesperidae, such costal folds being undoubtedly

scent organs. Just recently I have found in the brushes

of M. mercedonia, particles of a similar nature to those

found in Amauris.

The investigation of which the foregoing is an account

was completed before I had had an opportunity of examin-

ing Freiling’s account of the morphology of the brush hairs

in Euploea asela and Danaida septentrionis.t

Freiling is of opinion that in these species it is the brushes

themselves which produce the scent. Excellent figures are

given showing glandular cells from which the brush hairs

are developed, and also drawings of the hairs showing pores

in their walls through which he supposes the scent material,

produced by the glandular cells, to be discharged. I

have not yet succeeded in obtaining suitable material to

enable me to confirm this author’s results. The hairs of

the brush in D. septentrionis are of a quite different structure

to those in A. mavius. So much can be seen from hairs

taken from a dried specimen, but the existence of pores

is not very obvious.{ The species has a scent pocket in

the hind-wing, but Freiling seems to have been unaware

of the connection between the scent pockets and the

brushes in these Danaines. I have no desire to throw doubt

on his results, which have evidently been obtained with

great care and a mastery of technical skill. The abdominal

brushes may in some species produce the scent, but I am

not satisfied that in A. mavius, at any rate, they have

more than a mechanical function. Freiling makes no

mention of the filamentous hairs which I find in Amauris.

* “On the costal fold of Hesperidae.’ Archivos do Museu

Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, III, 1878, pp. 41-50. English trans-

lation by E. A. Elliott in Longstaff’s ‘* Butterfly Hunting in Many

Lands,” Appendix, p. 640, 1912.

{+ “ Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlinge nebst Beitriigen

zur Kentniss der Sinnesorgane auf dem Schmetterlingsfliigel und

der Duftpinsel der Minnchen von Danais und Huploea.’’—Zeit. f.

wiss. Zool., pp. 210-290, pl. 12-17, 1909: H. H. Freiling.

t From an examination of the dry brush hairs in some other

species of Amauris I am inclined to think that pores do exist in the

brush hairs of some species. I hope soon to have suitable material

to enable me to make a more exhaustive study of this and other

interesting features.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT II, (SEPT.) DD

406 Mr. H. Eltringham on Amauris niavius.

Perhaps these structures are peculiar to that genus. The

whole subject is one of great interest, and the present |

paper is merely preliminary to the further investigation

of other brush-bearing species, the material for which |

hope shortly to receive.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

(See Hxplanation facing the PLATE).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Fic. 1. Genital armature viewed from above with brushes in sttw:

x 10.

2. Diagram of hind-wing showing position of glandular patch.

x1.

3. Ordinary scales of wing. x 160.

4. Scales on patch. x 160.

5. Diagram of relative position of chitinous projections and

their covering scales. x 300.

Large hairs of brush with elongated cells attached. x 300.

7. Transverse section of large hairs. x 750.

. Longitudinal section of brush showing hairs arising from

sockets. At left is shown a small portion of retractor

muscle. x 135.

Filamentous hairs breaking into fragments. x 750.

10. Section of glandular wing patch parallel to plane of wing.

x 450.

11. Cells of central portion of brush bag producing filaments.

x 300.

12. Transverse section of wing patch at right angles to direction

of nervure. x 300.

13. Ditto in way of nervure showing accumulation of secretion.

x 50.

52)

Westwood Bequest. Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.1913. PL XX.

OxO»O

H nh ‘

' H

1 tt 4

: Me H

iH vs H

‘ me ,

* uv t

a x ‘

ys s

S. XS 7

SS ea “SN og

A ALA th

AN Vide bai

Il. :

12.

H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith.

SCHNT ORGANS OF AMAURIS NIAVIUS.

( 407 )

XV. On new or little-known forms of Acraea, By H. E:rrine-

HAM, M.A., F.Z.8.; with description of a new form of

Acraea encedon, by Pror. E. B. Poutron, F.R.S.

[Read June 4th, 1913.]

Acraea orestia {. carpenteri.

= orestia f. humilis, Eltr., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 305, 1912

(nec humilis, Sharpe).

The description of this form is the same as that given

by me (1. c. sup.).

I am indebted to my friend Mr. N. D. Riley of the

Natural History Museum for calling my attention to the

fact that true A. humilis differs in certain important

respects from the form of orestia which so closely resembles

it. The acquisition of long series of examples of both

these forms from the Mabira Forest, Uganda, has re-

established the specific identity of A. humilis, and has once

more emphasised the difficulty of correctly diagnosing

specific distinctions in the absence of ample series of

specimens.

The long series referred to above were found by Mr.

Riley to consist of individuals which varied from nearly

scaleless forms, through a series of intermediates represent-

ing the form I have described as transita (I. ¢.) up to the

usual red hind-winged orestia. Further, the nearly scale-

less examples are divisible into two groups, one having

the sixth and seventh nervures of the hind-wing arising

from a common stalk, whilst in the other these nervures

arise independently from the cell in the usual manner.

I have now examined the genitalia of the form in which

the nervures arise from a stalk, and find that their structure

differs from that in the unstalked form. It only remained

to re-examine the type of humilis, when it was found that

it exhibited the stalked condition of the nervures. Though

described as a female it is actually a male. Both sexes

occur in the above series, but there is no marked difference

in external characteristics. Acraea humilis must therefore

be restored to its position as a separate species, and a new

name given to the form of orestia which so closely resembles

it. For this I propose the name A. orestia f. carpenteri,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.)

408 Mr. H. Eltringham on

since Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter actually showed, by breeding,

the specific identity of this form with A. orestia. Whether

I noticed the stalked condition of the hind-wing nervules

when examining the type of A. humilis I do not now

recall, though if so, I probably attached little importance

to it in the absence of a series showing it to be constant,

since the feature is quite inconstant in some species of

Acraea, notably in A. burnt Butl. On the other hand, it is

constant in the very few examples of A. dzurina which

I have been able to examine, and this fact naturally

suggests some connection between hwmilis and that species.

The genitalia are, however, quite different, so that there

is no reason to suppose that they are even allied. It

seems scarcely possible at present to decide on the position

of this species (A. humilis). Most examples have a spot

in hind-wing near the base of the cell and sometimes there

is a second immediately below this in lc. Beyond these

there are no markings, the wings being for the most part

transparent with a slight dusting of brownish-black scales

about the costa of fore-wing and hind-margin, inner margin

and base of hind-wing. The genital armature has a very

short uncus somewhat like that in A. penelope, whilst the

claspers are rather like those of A. buschbeckv.

The synonymy of the species will now be as follows :-—

Acraea humilis, H. M. B. Sharpe, Ann. Nat. Hist., (6) 19,

p. 582 (1897); Auriv., Rhop. Aeth., p. 86 (1898);

Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 7, p. 23, pl. 7, f. 3 (non

f. 1 and 2) (1901).

= orestia f. humilis, Kltr., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 305 (1912)

(part).

Acraea orestia, Hew., Ent. Mo. Mag., 11, p. 131 (1874);

Exot. Butt., Acraea, pl. 7, f. 47 (1875); Snellen,

Tijdschr. v. Ent., 25, p. 217 (1882); Auriv., Ent.

Tidskr, 14, p. 273 (1893); Rhop. Aeth., p. 112 (1898) ;

Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 186 (1903); Eltr., Trans.

Ent. Soc., p. 305, pl. 15, f. 10 (as humalis) (1912).

= orestina, Plétz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 41, p. 190 (1880).

= aurina, Neave, Novit. Zool., xi, p. 346 (1904).

f. transita, Eltr., Trans. Ent. Soe., p. 306 (1912).

= humilis 3, Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot., Acraea, rf;

p. 23, ploy, £. dy 2aaSon):

New or little-known forms of Acraea. 409

f. carpenter? nom. nov.

= orestia f. humilis, Eltr., Trans. Ent. Soe., p. 305 (1912)

(part).

Mr. Riley has recently called my attention to several

examples of a form of Acraea doubledayi which shows

marked differences from the typical form of that species.

Acraea doubledayi £. riley.

g. Expanse about 52 mm. F.-w. less pointed at apex and less

concave along hind-margin than in typical doubledayi. Ground-

colour pale dusky pink dusted with brown at base, spots smaller

and markings generally paler.

H.-w. dull pink with markings as in doubledayi but fainter, and

hind-marginal border narrower.

Underside resembles that of doubledayi but the spots are smaller.

2 resembles 3.

Toma, Abyssinia. Mus. Brit.

The genitalia of this form are similar to those of typical

A. doubledayt.

I append herewith Prof. Poulton’s description of a new

form of A. encedon.

A. encedon f. commixta, Poulton, f. n.

The pattern of this form is made up of the hind-wing

of alcippina combined with the fore-wing of infuscata in

which the subapical bar is not white, but tawny or smoky-

brown. The fore-wing thus approaches that of daira,

but differs in the retention of the black apex.

Commixta occurred several times (although to a variable

extent) among Mr. Lamborn’s captures and bred families,

and its pattern is strongly hereditary. Commixta re-

sembles albinus, Lanz, itself a rather rare combination of

two forms of Danaida chrysippus, alcippus and dorippus.

In spite of the resemblance the two forms are not related

as mimic and model. It is, in fact, probable that they do

not meet. Albinus is most often met with in N.E. Africa,

while commixta has up to the present time been observed

only in collections from the West Coast, although there can

be little doubt that it exists in Uganda and probably

occasionally on the Kast Coast.

Type in Hope Department, Oxford.

In the Brit. Mus. ‘Coll. there are 2 ¢¢,299 from 8.

Leone, 3 3 5 from Nigeria, and 1 2 from Old Calabar.

410 Mr. H. Eltringham on

I append notes on certain forms of Acraea omitted from

my monograph, or described since its publication.

Acraea polychroma, Rebel, Ann. d. K. K. Naturhist,

Hofmus, Wien, p. 410, pl. 14, f. 3 (1910).

There seems nothing in the figure or description of this

form to distinguish it from A. amicitiae, Heron. The

locality is, however, different, viz. N.W. shore of L.

Tanganyika, 2,000 m.

We must, I think, regard polychroma as a synonym of

amicivae.

A. pullula, Griinberg, Deut. Zent. Af. Exp., p. 516, -

pl ads ie7 (911).

As the publication referred to is difficult to obtain,

I give herewith a translation of Griinberg’s description.

Allied to A. vinidia, Hew. Colouring as in var. tenella, Rogenh.

The yellow markings of less extent, the wings shorter and more

broadly rounded.

jg. Upperside, ground-colour blackish-brown, distal half of fore-

wing uniformly dark, without pale subapical band. Inner marginal

spot of fore-wing on middle of margin 5.5 mm. in width, of the same

width in area 1b, extending over the basal part of area 2, obscured

in the cell and barely indicated in the angle of area 3.

H.-w. very like that of vinidia var. tenella, the yellow basal part

somewhat less developed, the blackish-brown border broader, with

small, barely indicated reddish-yellow marginal spots. The black

basal spots not perceptible on the upperside. Underside more

heavily and extensively darkened than in vinidia. Both wings

with acute angled yellow marginal spots, subapical band in fore-

wing merely vestigial, hind-marginal patch much as on upperside.

The pale basal area of h.-w. very much reduced by the black mark-

ings, the black basal spots of the costa and cell fused together,

beyond the cell large and very black, the distal ones extended into

long streaks. The yellowish-red markings distinct only in area

Ic. On the costa before the precostal nervure a well-defined

yellowish-red spot.

Expanse 33 mm.

Ruanda, Mohasi Lake, vii.’07. 1 3.

The figure accompanying the description is a very poor

one, but I should be much surprised if this form is not

ultimately found to be a mere aberration of A. acerata.

New or little-known forms of Acraea. 411

The fusion of black spots into streaks is an almost certain

characteristic of aberration, added to which we have the

well-known extreme variability of A. acerata.

Acraea (acerata) vinidia, ft. ruandae, Griinberg, /.c., p. 516,

pl 1d, £.6:(1911).

This form is described as bearing the same relation to

f. diavina as does f. tenella to the type. The description is

as follows :—

Upperside very like that of tenella. Pale markings straw-yellow

with faint reddish-yellow suffusion. H.-w. with small indistinct.

yellow marginal spots. Subapical band of f.-w. as large as in

tenella, the pale mark before the end of cell separated from inner

marginal spot. Discal spot in area 1b and 2 large and well defined,

but somewhat smaller than in diavina. Underside also very like

that of tenella. Discal spot of 1b and 2 smaller than above. Black

basal and discal spots of h.-w. small, the red streaks scarcely

indicated. Length of f.-w. 19 mm.

Ruanda, Mohasi Lake, vii.’07 1 9.

A. tropicalis, Blachier, Bull. Soc. Lep. Genéve, p. 174,

pl. 15, £. 2 (1912).

Ngomo, Fr. Congo.

This is a form of A. pelopeia having somewhat less than

the normal suffusion on the nervules on the underside of

hind-wing.

A. conradti ab. flavescens, Blachier, I. c., ps L75y pl 15,

f. 3 (1912).

German KE. Africa.

The usual red ground-colour is replaced by pale ochreous.

A. horta ab. conjuncta, Blachier, l. c., p. 176, pl. 15, £., 4

(1912).

Ground-colour dull brownish-yellow. Hind-wing mark-

ings elongated and confluent. No locality.

A. eugenia f. ochreata, Griinberg, 8S. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,

p. 470 (1910).

Described as differing from typical ewgenia in being

more densely scaled. The fore-wing with a distinct black

412 ~ Mr. H. Eltringham on

discocellular spot. Hind-wing from base to middle scaled

with yellowish-brown.

Spanish Guinea, Makomo, Ntume Region. 1 ¢.

Acraea egina & f. alba, f. nov.

Griinberg has already * remarked on the 9 9 of A. egina

from Sesse I. Examples received at Oxford from Dr.

Carpenter exhibit the same peculiarities, and it seems

desirable that the form should have a name. On the

upperside there is no trace of red or ochreous. The

ground-colour is dark sepia grey to black. There is a

white subapical bar in fore-wing and the outer half of

cell, the space just beyond end of cell, base of area 2, and

central part of area 1b are dusky white. In the hind-wing

the internervular spaces and often the central part of cell

are also powdered with dusky white. On the underside

there is no red except in area 9, base of 7, base of cell,

and of areas lc, 1b and la.

There are in the Oxford collection one or two very similar

examples from near Mombasa, but these are associated

with $ ¢ of the areca form, whereas the 3 egina in Sesse I.

is of the typical or western pattern.

The close resemblance of this form to the rare western

form medea is very remarkable.

Sesse I. Type, Oxford.

Acraea terpsichore {. ventura, Hew. (note).

Griinberg has also noted (J. c.) that examples of A.

terpsichore from Sesse I. have the red patches on the

hind-wing underside exceptionally well marked. Dr.

Carpenter’s specimens also show this feature, and all belong

to the ventura form though differing in the fact that the

subapical patch of ground-colour in fore-wing is rarely

completely cut off by the discal black bar. The brilliance

of the red on the hind-wing underside is In most examples

very noticeable, and the inner edge of the marginal border

is also frequently dusted with red. The form is scarcely

sufficiently well defined to require a name.

One ¢ example differs from all the others in having

the marginal and subapical black of the fore-wing and the

marginal black of the hind-wing considerably extended,

so that the spots of ground-colour are much reduced and

* Sitzb. d. Ges. Naturf. Fr., (4) p. 148, 1910,

New or little-known forms of Acraea. 413

the fore-wing subapical patch is very small. In this

example the underside of hind-wing has the basal portion

dull red, the discal area dusted with red and the inner edge

of the hind-marginal border of the same colour. The

hind-marginal border is without the characteristic black

internervular triangular markings.

A_egina, ab. contraria, Griinberg, Soc. Ent. Steglitz, p. 145

(1910).

Described by Griinberg from three male examples from

Lake Kiwu.

The form resembles A. egina f. harrisoni, Sharpe, but

the black spots of the hind-wing are much smaller, and on

the hind-wing underside the hind-marginal black is much

reduced.

A similar example occurs in the Oxford collection and

was taken by Neave on Chirui Island, L. Bangweolo.

( 414)

XVI. Pupal coloration in Papilio polytes, Linn. By

J. C.¥, Baeyvour, M.A; ES:

[Read May 7th, 1913.]

Tue following paper gives an account of certain rough and

incomplete experiments which were made in Ceylon on

the coloration of the pupa of the butterfly Papilio polytes,

Linn.; the material dealt with was very large, but it

was devoted primarily to breeding experiments in relaticn

to the polymorphism of the imago, and in consequence

the question of pupal coloration could only be treated as a

side issue.

In Papilio polytes, as in many other species of this genus,

the pupa shows a marked dimorphism in colour; certain

specimens are green with faint yellow markings on the

dorsal surface, while the remainder are ochreous brown

more or less mottled with dark brown and grey: between

these two forms the essential difference seems to be that

in the brown pupae there is a definite development of

pigment in the subcutaneous tissues, and to a lesser extent

in the pupal skin itself, while in the green pupae pigment

is only feebly developed. As a general rule, both in nature

and in captivity, green pupae were found on green twigs

and on the underside of the leaves of the food-plant, while

the brown form occurred in almost every other situation

the Jarvae could choose, whether it was the brown trunk

of a tree, a white-washed wall, or a black fence. In several

cases a certain degree of adaptation was noted in the depth

of colour of a brown pupa, but the reverse was so often

the case that no generalisations could be made on the sub-

ject. Intermediates between these two forms were exceed-

ingly rare, but in captivity complete errors in coloration

were not infrequent, brown pupae often occupying situa-

tions where green pupae might have been expected, while

the converse, though rare, occurred in many broods. It

was at first supposed that the stimulus determining the

formation of one or other form of pupa was derived from the

colour of the support chosen and its immediate surround-

ings; subsequently, however, several features in the case.

especially the frequency with which “ errors ’”’ occurred,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART Il. (SEPT.)

Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on Pupal coloration in Papilio polytes. 415

led to the rejection of this view and the initiation of a series

of experiments to obtain more light on the subject.

EXPERIMENT I.

The first experiment, or rather experiments were per-

formed more or less inadvertently. At times when there

were insufficient breeding-cages to accommodate all the

larvae, those of little importance were relegated to various

boxes and were allowed to pupate in the dark. Practically

all these larvae formed green pupae.

EXPERIMENT II.

A square wooden breeding-cage, open in front, was

completely lined with paper of an emerald green colour;

sticks, also covered with the same paper, were placed in the

cage to provide a variety of situations for the larvae to

choose for pupation. Six full-fed larvae were then placed

inside and the front was covered with white mosquito

netting, which allowed light to penetrate freely into the

cage.

The larvae then pupated, and every pupa was of the

brown form.

EXPERIMENT Ill.

Nine full-fed larvae were placed in the green-lined cage,

but the front was covered with green leno instead of white

netting, which might have disturbed the result in Experi-

ment I, A young branch of Citrus with a green stem was

also put inside, in case any of the larvae required more food.

Hight brown pupae were formed and one green pupa, the

latter being one which had suspended itself behind a leaf

of the food-plant. One specimen had pupated behind

a stout paper-covered stick so that its ventral side was

shaded from the light, while the dorsal surface received

only hght which had been reflected from the back of the

cage. In this case the pupa as a whole was of the brown

form, but the ventral surface was green.

EXPERIMENT IV.

Three large glass cylinders were covered with translucent

coloured paper so as to obtain vessels lighted only by red,

green and blue light respectively. Six larvae, nearly full-

fed, were placed in each cylinder with a supply of food-

416 Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on

plant with both green and brown stems, and were left

until they had pupated. The results were as follows :—

In red light. Five green pupae, one brown pupa (two

(eo) )

green on green stems, three green on

brown stems, one brown on brown stem).

In green light. Five green pupae (four on green stems

5 5 fama

one on brown stem). One larva died

. before pupation.

In blue light. Five green pupae, one brown pupa (four

o Hage

green on walls of vessel, one green on

brown stem, one brown on brown stem).

EXPERIMENT V.

A single wild pupa was discovered on a black tarred post

in a very exposed situation, and it was noted as being

exceptionally dark in colour. To test this point further

a tage was prepared as in Experiment II, but the paper

used was black instead of green; no food-plant was given.

Six larvae pupated inside and all formed brown pupae,

but the colour was entirely normal and there was no sign

of darkening in response to the black surroundings.

EXPERIMENT VI.

An attempt was made to discover the exact period during

which the colour of the pupa is determined. The larva

as a rule remains on the food-plant until quite full-fed;

then during the night it wanders until it finds a suitable

spot, fixes itself there, and by morning has assumed the

usual curved semilunar attitude, supported only by the

silk thread behind the thorax and by the silken pad to

which the terminal segment of the abdomen is affixed. In

the morning it is still a clear translucent green, but towards

the evening it becomes somewhat opaque and lighter in

colour; during the night the larval skin 1s shed and by

the next morning the pupa is fairly dry and hard. Any

stimulus therefore due to daylight must be received during

the day spent in the “semilunar” position. To test this

more exactly full-fed larvae (number uncertain—between

six and twelve) were allowed to fix themselves in green

light and were left until mid-day, when they were trans-

ferred to ample white hght amidst dark surroundings,

conditions previously found favourable to the formation

Pupal coloration in Papilio polytes. 417

of brown pupae, though the dark surroundings were not

regarded as necessary.

As a result one green pupa was formed, and the remainder

were intermediate between the two forms.

Experiment VII.

Another set of larvae, ten in number, were allowed to

suspend themselves on the bamboo supports of the cage

on which brown pupae were almost always formed; they

were left in this position until 5 p.m. on the day after the

night on which they had suspended themselves, and were

then placed in green hght for the short period of daylight

which remained.

All formed brown pupae, but in each there were traces

of green, not usual in normal brown pupae.

At this point it was found that the interference with

the pupating larvae had caused an increase in the percentage

of cripples, and also had resulted in a certain amount of

confusion between two of the pedigree broods. As the

breeding experiments were of greater importance than those

on pupal coloration, the later were suspended until such

time as a number of wild larvae could be obtained—a time

which unfortunately never came. The experiments, there-

fore, were left incomplete, and were not carried out on a

scale large enough to give results which can be accepted

in detail without further confirmation. In spite of this,

however, certain conclusions can be drawn with some degree

of confidence. In the first place, it appears that the

pupal colour is not controlled by the quality of the, light

derived from the immediate surroundings; secondly,

it is highly probable that the brown pupa is the result of

an excess of light, while the green pupa is caused by its

relative absence; thirdly, the critical period during which

pigment is developed is the day after the suspension of

the larvae, and, as an artificial curtailment of this day

produces intermediates graduated in accordance with the

amount of light lost, it appears that the formation of pigment

is directly caused by light and is not a process which once

started can be continued in its absence.

Finally, if these deductions are true, it is interesting

from a protection point of view to note that brown pupae

must be formed in exposed situations, which in a state

418 Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on

of nature are usually the brown stems and trunks of the

food-plant or neighbouring trees, while green pupae can

only occur in shady positions, which are most often found in

the midst of the fohage of the food-plant, where the twigs

as well as the leaves are green. There will naturally be

more errors among pupae which for protection should

be green, as the slightest lack of shading, such as might be

caused by the falling of a leaf, will cause the development

of pigment.

Since the above observations were made it has been

possible to consult the literature * on the genus Papilio,

though no case analogous to that of P. polytes has yet been

found. Prof. Poulton in his extensive memoir + on the

subject of pupal coloration recorded a few experiments on

Papilio machaon, Linn., from which it seemed probable

that the pupae of this species, though dimorphic, did not

respond to the colour of their surroundings: in a later

paper, t however, written in conjunction with Mr. Merrifield,

he brings forward a number of fresh experiments and

observations which tend to show that pupae of machaon

can adapt their colour to that of their surroundings

to a very considerable degree. This adaptation does not

seem at all comparable with that of polytes, except in that

darkness produced green pupae; in other respects machaon

behaved more like such a species as Pieris brassicae. As

a further point of interest it may be pointed out that winter

pupae of machaon on reeds were in almost every case of

the green form, a somewhat curious fact when it 1s remem-

bered that reeds in winter, and in fact the predominant

colour of a fen, are brown.

Passing to observations on other species of Papilio,

Fritz Miiller § records the pupae of Papilio polydamus, Linn.,

as being quite unresponsive to the colour of their sur-

roundings. On the other hand, two Papilios in South

Africa appear to behave more like Papilio machaon; the

pupa of P. nireus, Linn., was shown by Mrs. Barber ||

to accommodate itself most accurately to the colour of

its surroundings, and this observation was subsequently

* My best thanks are due to Prof. Poulton, who most kindly

read this paper and advised me on the subject of literature.

y Phil. Trans. 1887, vol. 178, p. 406.

+ Proc. Ent. Soc. 1898, Oct. 5, and Trans. Ent. Soe. 1899, p. 369.

$ Phil. Trans. op. cit., quotation from Kosmos, vol. 12, p. 448.

| Trans. Ent. Soe. 1874, p. 153.

Pupal coloration in Papilio polytes. 419

confirmed by Mr. Trimen, who has also recorded * a similar

accommodation in the pupa of the widely spread P.

demoleus, Linn.; the latter species also occurs in Ceylon,

and, from the close resemblance of its larva to that

of P. polytes, was often collected by mistake and reared

to the imago stage. Unfortunately no definite experiments

were made, but general observations seemed to suggest

that in Ceylon it would behave in the same manner as

polytes,

As a whole it is obviously impossible to make any

generalisations on the subject of pupal coloration in the

Pamilios. The genus is evidently of considerable interest

from this point of view, and it is to be hoped that those

who have abundant material at hand will not neglect their

opportunities of making experiments—especially as the

apparatus required is neither large nor expensive, and the

amount of time required comparatively small.

* Phil. Trans., op. ct., p. 316.

XVII. The larval habits of the Tineid moth Melasina energa,

Meyr. By J. C. F. Fryer, M.A., F.ES.

[Read May 7th, 1913.]

PLATE ONT

THE following notes were suggested by the discovery in a

compound, at Peradeniya in Ceylon, of a number of earthy

tubes, projecting above the surface of the ground in a

manner which at once recalled the tubes of Polychaet

worms found on the sea shore at low tide. Further in-

vestigations showed that these tubes passed deeply down

into the ground and were in most cases without any living

inhabitant. Ultimately, however, out of a large number

examined, several were found containing the remains of

lepidopterous pupae, killed apparently by some fungus,

while five were inhabited by what appeared to be Tineid

larvae. Two of these died, but the remaining three

produced moths, which Mr. Meyrick has kindly identified

as females of Melasina energa, Meyr. From the same

source it is learnt that the larvae of several of the Huropean

and African members of the genus are known, and that

they construct cases closely resembling those of the

Psychidae. The peculhar habits of the larva of M. energa

therefore seem of sufficient interest to merit a detailed

description.

When the larva is full-grown, the tubes measure from

10 to 15 centimetres in length; two-thirds of the tube

descends vertically into the ground, while the remaining

one-third either lies horizontally on the surface, or winds

its way into a mass of dead leaves. The tube is cylindrical

inshape and measures from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter through-

out its median portion; towards the free end it is funnel-

shaped, widening out until at its termination it may

measure 12 mm. in diameter. The subterranean end of

the tube, when the larva is young, appears to open freely

into the earth; in the case of full-grown larvae it widens

considerably, thus forming, as will be shown subsequently,

a pupal cell.

In composition the tube is built of a strong, closely woven

silk, to the outside of which grains of earth, pieces of dead

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT II. (SEPT.)

Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on Tineid moth Melasina energa. 421

leaf and broken twigs are attached, the earth covering the

subterranean portion, while the dead leaves and twigs

encrust that above ground.

The pupal cell is formed by the terminal 2 cm. at the

bottom of the tube and differs from the remainder in its

greater width and in the increased thickness of its silken

walls. Inside the pupal cell les a thin cocoon which is

cylindrical in shape and flat at each end; it is peculiar in

that it is composed of fine silk matted together by some

dark-coloured secretion, thus resembling the cocoons

of certain Hymenoptera. This cocoon fits fairly closely

into the pupal cell, but for the greater portion of its length

is only loosely attached to it by a few strands of silk; at

the extreme lower end, however, it is firmly woven to the

lower lips of the cell so that the flat end of the cocoon

entirely blocks the subterranean entrance. This arrange-

ment seems peculiar for, while the walls of the pupal cell

are very thick, the end is guarded solely by the thin flat

silken disc which forms the bottom of the cocoon. The

similar disc, which forms the upper end of the cocoon, is

easily detached and on the emergence of the moth is pushed

up like the lid of a box. In the few cases examined the

empty pupa skin was found in the cocoon.

The food of the larvae consists of dead leaves and other

decaying vegetable matter, though in captivity they never

seemed entirely satisfied with the food of this nature which

was given them; they did not desert their original tubes,

but showed dissatisfaction by constructing branch tubes

on the surface of the earth, a proceeding never observed

under natural conditions. Feeding was accomplished only

by night, and it was practically impossible to watch the

larvae at work, as they retreated immediately on the

approach of a light; they were never found away from

their tubes and probably never leave them, since the five

captured larvae, when removed from their dwellings, were

unable to crawl on a flat surface and could not regain their

tubes without assistance.

No suggestion can be made as to the precise reasons

which have brought about this strange modification of the

tube-building habit; there are certain obvious advantages,

such as freedom from the attacks of birds and parasites,

but there are also serious disadvantages in the very small

area which is available as a feeding-ground and the extreme

hability to fungoid diseases, a serious consideration in a

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (SEPT.) EE

422 Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on Tinerd moth Melasina energa.

damp hot climate such as that of Peradeniya. From the

evolutionary point of view it appears probable that to

make some simple form of tube is ancestral in the genus,

and that this habit has developed on the one hand into

that of making a case, or portable t: be, and on the other

of building an elaborate fixed structure such as that just

described.

This account may be concluded by a short description

of the larva itself, taken from one supposed to be full

grown.

The head is ovate in shape and is so attached to the

first thoracic segment that the anterior surface is directed

upwards, bringing the mouth forward; in colour it is dark

brown with the surface finely shagreened.

The first thoracic segment is elongated and in front is

shghtly broader than the head but behind is markedly

constricted ; its surface is chitinous, brown in colour and

finely shagreened, this latter feature being less evident than

in the case of the head.

The remainder of the body is cylindrical, tapering slightly

posteriorly ; in colour it is greenish-grey, lighter ventrally ;

hairs are present but they are sparsely scattered and are

very minute.

The legs are brown in colour, rather long, and directed

forward. The prolegs are very short and are armed with

a series of broad hooks, the suckers being hardly functional.

The spiracles are brown, those on the penultimate segment

being large and conspicuous. Length 23 mm.

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XXI.

Fic. 1. Melasina energa, Meyr. Bred.

2. Diagrammatic representation of a tube of M. energa, to

show its position in the ground.

3. Section of a tube of M. energa, showing (a) general shape

of tube, (6) cylindrical cocoon lying in the widened lower

end of tube, described as “‘ pupal chamber,” (c¢) method of

blocking subterranean entrance by means of the disc

forming the lower end of the cocoon.

4. Photograph of a tube, somewhat shrivelled and torn, of

M. energa.

[Figures 1, 3, 4 are approximately natural size. |

SEPTEMBER 2 , 1913.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XXT.

| |

i} \|

i |

Pec

¥ 8d,

J. C. F. Fryer, photo, C. Hentschel

MELASINA ENERGA, Meyr.

( 423 )

XVIII. On the Urticating Properties of Porthesia similis,

Fuess. By Harry Evrrincuay, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8.

[Read October Ist, 1913.]

PuateE XXII.

In a former note * I pointed out that the urticating pro-

perties of the female of P. sumilis were due to the presence

in the anal tuft, of barbed spicules, apparently identical in

structure with those of the larva, and although it seemed

probable that the moth derived its spicules from the

cocoon, the manner in which it did so was not very obvious,

since although there are many spicules in the cocoon the

body of the moth would seem to be protected from contact,

even during emergence, by the pupal skin.

During the past summer I have had an opportunity of

studying the subject more fully, with extremely interesting

results. ‘1 am indebted to Prof. Poulton for many useful

suggestions, and to Commander Walker and Mr. A. H.

Hamm for a portion of the material for my experiments.

The larva, though well known, seems not to have been

examined very minutely, and it may be of interest to

describe the structure in relation to the spicules, as revealed

by a series of sections.

The spicules occur on every segment except the first and

second. The third and fourth segments have two extra

large masses which meet dorsally. On each remaining seg-

ment they occur on two dorsal and two dorso-lateral pro-

jections. Plate XXII, fig. 2, shows a diagrammatic section

of half a segment, the spicule tufts being marked S.

The large hairs (h) arise from chitinous sockets which

seem to occur all over the larva, though especially numerous

on the lateral projections. These hairs are branched as

shown in the figure. Amongst the dorso-lateral spicules

are found white plume-like structures, one of which is shown

at Plate XXII, fig. 2 (p). Occasionally these arise on the

dorsal tufts also, To the unaided eye their matted branches

* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. Ixxx, 1912.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT IN. (JAN.) FF

494 Mr. H. Eltringham on the

have the appearance of white spots on the larva. Fig. 1

is a diagrammatic view of a section of the larval skin

including one of these plumules. From this it is seen

that the spicules S, are borne in tufts on small chitinous

papillae, each of the latter being in direct communication

with a double layer of special cells H. The spicules them-

selves are finely pointed barbed structures, the thicker outer

end being triradiate. They are very easily detached; in

fact, it is almost impossible to touch the larva without

displacing them in considerable numbers. The plume-lke

structure * arises from a chitinous socket, differing little,

if at all, from the sockets of the larger branched hairs,

and having at its base several cells G apparently of a

glandular nature. The plume is quite as easily detached

as the spicules.

As in so many similar cases, it is much easier to determine

the morphology than the physiology of these structures.

The two layers of hypodermal cells # doubtless secrete

the spicules themselves, but whether the gland G does

more than merely secrete the plume, I am at present unable

to decide. Neither the plumes nor the spicules have any

appreciable action on litmus paper. During life the plume

may serve to hold spicules, or even by itself becoming

detached, to carry them to a distance. At least it seems

improbable that so complicated a structure should have

been evolved, merely as a factor in the rather conspicuous

pattern of the larva.

The large branched hairs which occur all over the larva

certainly serve to hold loose spicules, although this may be

only a part of their function, and they are probably also

mechanically protective.

The question whether the urticating properties of these

and similar larvae are due to chemical or mechanical action

or to both combined, still remains unsolved. Whilst I

favour the purely mechanical theory I admit the difficulty

of accounting for the marked difference of individual

susceptibility to the urticating spicules of different species

of larvae. In my own case the spicules of Cnethocampa

pityocampa applied in small doses produce less irritation

than those of P. similis, and yet the former species is

generally regarded as the most ‘“‘ venomous” of all the

* This structure is proportionately a good deal longer than

shown in the diagram.

Urticating Properties of Porthesia similis. 425

Kuropean forms. Nor is there a great difference in the

structure of the spicules, those of C. pityocampa being

merely devoid of the triradiate barb at the thicker end.

The spicules of C. pityocampa have been variously said

to contain formic acid, cantharidin, and no poison at all.

Deegener, in the “ Handbuch der Entomologie,” seems to

favour the theory of a combined chemical and mechanical

action. I have found that the irritating effect of the

spicules of this species is in no degree impaired by pro-—

longed immersion in various solvents such as ether, alcohol,

and xylol. On the sixth and seventh abdominal segments

of the larva of P. similis there are two eversible glands

which have been supposed to secrete a fluid which poisons

the spicules. Of this there is no satisfactory evidence.

The glands have probably a repugnatorial function. They

have been described by Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887,

p- 300). The drop of moisture which often appears on

these structures has no action on either red or blue litmus

paper, nor indeed have I been able to detect any peculiar

odour associated with them, though others seem to have

noticed something of the kind.

To turn now to the imago. When full fed the larva

spins a thin but tough cocoon, compounded of silk with

which its own large hairs are interwoven. The inner lining

of the cocoon is of much looser silk, and though spicules

are scattered all through it there is a particularly dense

mass of these arranged roughly in a belt round the inside

of the lining, and placed towards the anterior end, a little

beyond the middle, Fig. 3, S. The spicules adhere together

in small masses probably owing to their barbed structure.

By taking pupae out of their cocoons I was easily able to

show that the moth obtains its spicules from the cocoon,

since an imago hatched from a naked pupa never has any

of these bodies in its anal tuft. I then carefully watched

the emergence of imagines from naked pupae in order to

see if there could be observed any appropriate movements

which would result in the collection of the spicules. A

male on emerging immediately crawled to the side of the

box and assumed a position suitable for the expansion of

its wings. The behaviour of a female was, however, quite

different. Once out of the pupal skin it began a series of

curious contortions of the abdomen. The latter was

moved so that the anal tuft described a succession of

circles, whilst by longitudinal expansion and contraction

426 Mr. H. Eltringham on the

of the segments the tuft was made to open and close, the

action somewhat resembling the manner in which an

elephant picks up small objects with its trunk. Not every

female emerging from a naked pupa made these move-

ments, or at least not for any appreciable length of time,

a fact which suggested a further experiment which I shall

describe later. I now wished to see the process actually

carried on in the cocoon. Since it was not possible to

decide when a moth was about to emerge from a pupa

when the latter was enclosed, pupae were removed by

cutting off the posterior end of the cocoon. With a little

practice it is possible to determine with some accuracy by

the appearance of the pupa when a moth is ready to

emerge. As soon as it had cracked the pupal skin it was

slipped back into the cocoon the open end of which was

pinned down. From a male pupa so treated the moth

emerged very rapidly. The anterior end of the cocoon

seems to be comparatively thin, and a thrusting movement

of the head and thorax soon tore a hole through which the

moth emerged and ran to the side of the box. A female

treated in the same manner at first emerged only so far

as the anterior part of the thorax. In this position the

extremity of her abdomen was just on a level with the

band of spicules in the cocoon and she proceeded to carry

out the peculiar movements I have already described.

The anal tuft could be distinctly seen moving round and

round the cocoon and opening and shutting amongst the

spicules.

It is of great interest to note that the hairs of which

the female tuft is composed are specially adapted to hold

these spicules when collected, since towards their proximal

ends they are irregularly spinose. Fig. 4 shows the ends

of a few of these hairs with one or two spicules adhering

thereto.

I have already said that not every female emerging from

a naked pupa made the appropriate sweeping movements,

a fact which suggested that normally the stimulus of

contact with the cocoon was necessary. I therefore placed

such a female after complete emergence but before the

wings had begun to expand, in a cocoon. Almost im-

mediately she began to make her way out and having

partially emerged proceeded to sweep up the spicules in

the manner already described.

One further point remains to be elucidated. Prof.

Fia. 1.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

Porthesia similis.

Portion of larval skin shown in transverse section.

C. Chitinous cuticle.

S. Tufts of urticating spicules arising from cuticular

papillae.

E. Hypodermal cells associated with urticating spicules.

P. White plume-like body.

Sc. Socket of same.

G. Gland at base of plume.

Diagram of transverse section of larva (one half only).

k. Large branched hairs or setae.

S. Urticating spicules.

P. Plume-like body.

. Section of cocoon showing the band of urticating spicules

(S) therein.

Some of the hairs (modified scales) which form the “ gold

tail”? in the 2 moth. Their basal or proximal ends (bd)

are irregularly spinose and so hold the urticating spicules

swept by the moth from the cocoon.

(The corresponding structures in the ¢g are smooth

throughout their length.)

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.1913. Pl. XXT1.

Westwood Bequest.

H.Eltringham del.

West, Newman Jith.

PORTHE SIA SIMILIS: URTICATING SPICULES &c.

Urticating Properties of Porthesia similis. 427

Poulton made the ingenious suggestion that possibly the

arrangement of spicules in a ring or band might be peculiar

to the cocoons spun by a female larva. Unfortunately by

this time I had but few cocoons left and further supplies

were unobtainable. The few remaining examples were

cut open and the pupae carefully sexed. Of six cocoons

two contained female pupae and four male. In the former

the spicules were certainly arranged in a more definite

band than in the latter. In two of the male cocoons

they were much less numerous, and in the remaining two

were more scattered. It will be interesting to complete

this observation when further material becomes available.

Meanwhile we have evidence of a very remarkable instinct

in the female moth, which by collecting its own larval

spicules, materially adds to the protective qualities of the

tuft of hair with which it ultimately covers its eggs. The

spinose structure of its own hairs causes the majority of

the spicules to be retained in that part of the tuft, which

when eventually transferred to the eggs, les uppermost.

The moth itself is probably distasteful, and nearly every

collector must have observed the manner in which the

conspicuous gold “tail” is suddenly protruded between

the wings when the insect in its resting position has been

disturbed. This warning action may also be associated

with the presence of the urticating spicules in the tuft,

the males in such case being, as males are said to be,

mere deceivers.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

(See explanation facing the PLATE.)

fy 428.4)

XIX. Illustrations of specific differences in the Saws of

@ Dolerids. By the Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A.,

F.E.S.

[Read October Ist, 1913.]

Prates XXITI-XXYV.

Havine found much pleasure and interest in the work

of dissecting out, examining, and photographing at various

magnifications, the terebrae of such European Dolerids as

I have been able to procure (viz. in all thirty-six reputed

species), | venture to offer to the Society a series of these

photographs—the latest and so far as I can judge the least

unsuccessful of many attempts which I have made in that

direction, hoping that it may be of some service to any

colleague who cares to occupy himself with the determina-

tion and classification of that admittedly difficult group of

Sawflies.

The original photomicrograms here reproduced on a

somewhat smaller scale were all taken at the same mag-

nification (about x 240), and as far as possible under the

same conditions as to hghting, aperture of lens, time of

exposure, etc. Possibly by “stopping down” more I

could have brought out better certain details of these

rather inconveniently ‘‘ solid” (not flat) objects, but this,

for other reasons, I was anxious to avoid. With the

magnification employed I could only get a small portion

of each saw into my quarter-plates; but this suffices to

show pretty well the characters to which I propose to

call attention, and with a lower magnification this would

sometimes have hardly been the case.

The late Mr. Cameron has remarked that for separating

Dolerus spp. “the form of the ovipositor can be safely

relied upon, but it is not always easy of application.”

With this, as the result of prolonged study of the subject,

I quite agree. But it seems to me that mere outlines of

the saws, such as are given in the Plates of his well-known

Monograph, are not really of much use to students attempt-

ing to identify species by the characters of that organ. Such

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.)

Specific differences in the Saws of 2 Dolerids. 429

a method of representation gives a very inadequate idea

of the really very characteristic appearance under a good

microscope of the objects in question. It is not merely in

the margins of the saws that striking and useful characters

are to be found. Others, to my mind quite as important,

and often more immediately recognisable, occur in con-

nection with the surface (not the edge) of certain saws,

and especially with the remarkable alternating elevations

and depressions (“ridges and furrows,”) which invariably

cross these surfaces diagonally, but must generally be

ignored in an outline drawing.

For instance, if the reader will compare for a moment

the first and last of my figures (Plate XXIII, fig. 1, and

XXV, fig. 12), he will see, no doubt, that the saws shown

in them can be distinguished by their outlines only, but that

they can be much more rapidly and confidently separated

by the great unlkeness of their surfaces. The former

shows a surface crossed by corrugations, which are armed

with most conspicuous teeth or spines; while in the latter

there are also corrugations, but they are edentate and

comparatively characterless.

Compare, again, figs. 1 and 5 of Plate XXIV, and it will

be seen that though the outlines of their margins are not

identical, a much more noticeable difference between the

two saws is the presence in fig. 5 of great triangular tooth-

like projections on the surface, which are altogether

wanting in the other figure.

It appears to me that, taking them as a whole and

considering all their characters, we can divide the saws

here figured into certain more or less definite groups ; which

groups to some extent, but not altogether, correspond to

subdivisions already pointed out by various authors as

existing among these insects—subdivisions founded on

external characters only and without any consideration of

the structure of the saws.

For instance, figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Plate XXIII are all

extremely different from any of those which follow them;

and three of them at least (2,3 and 4) have a most peculiar

and very similar common “ facies” of their own—resem-

bling perhaps a little the saws of a very different Sawfly

genus, viz. Tenthredopsis, but quite unlike those of any

other Dolerids. Now these figures represent four out of

the five species (the fifth genucinctus, Zadd., is unknown

to me) which were singled out by Thomson, mainly on

430 Rev. F. D. Morice’s Illustrations of

characters of the head (elongate eyes, etc.), to form his

“Sectio I” of Dolerus, and they are now recognised by

systematists as a separate genus, viz. Loderus, Konow.

Again, figs. 5, Plate XXIII, to 3, Plate XXIV refer to

species which, because of the largely or entirely testaceous

colour of the abdomen in all the 9° and nearly all the

3S 3, were formerly considered distinct generically from the

black-bodied Dolerz, and called by Leach, Stephens, etc.,

Dosytheus. Now nearly every one of these insects has a saw

exhibiting characters either of the surface, or the margin,

or both, which—with two exceptions (Plate XXIII, figs. 4

and 5)—not one of the Dolerus spp. with black abdomen

possesses! Ido not suggest that these differences are so

essential as to support the idea that Dosytheus should again

be considered as a “good genus.”’ Still it is interesting to

find that in this group of insects a difference in the colour

of the abdomen is so frequently correlated with a difference

in the characters of the saw. And it is curious to note that

on the other hand a difference in the colour of other parts

of the body (e.g. in the thorax of the 9° and in the legs

of both sexes) seems to have no connection whatever with

the characters of the saw. Sanguinicollis and ravus

(Plate XXIV, 11 and 12), the former with, and the latter

without, red on the 9 thorax, have saws so identical in

construction, as to make it highly probable that Konow

was right in considering ravus as a var. of sanguinicollis.

Thoracicus, another species with red on the thorax (Plate

XXV, 12), is evidently most nearly allied to a group of

entirely black spp. (Plate XXV, 6-11). Yet another such

species, haematodes, has a saw much like those of the

blue-black forms anthracinus and mitens (Plate XXIV,

6-8).

Finally, of the more or less red-legged species, the best

known—gonager—has a saw hardly distinguishable from

that of the black-legged niger (Plate X XV, 6, 7); whereas

‘ puncticollis—which Konow considered, but wrongly, I feel

sure, as a var. of gonager—and another red-kneed insect

liogaster (Plate XXV, 1, 2) have saws which seem to place

them in the group of aeneus; and gessneri (Plate XXIV,

5) also with red on the legs has a saw unlike any of the

species with similar external characters and allying it, I

should say, quite unmistakably with the ‘ Dosytheus ”

dubius (Plate XXIII, 10).

Even in cases, and of such there are many, where it

specific differences in the Saws of Q Dolerids. 431

would be difficult, if not impossible, to say from the char-

acters of its saw only to what species a given insect belongs,

these characters will often suffice to show that at any rate

it does not belong to some particular species. For instance

specimens of fumosus, oblongus, etc. (Plate XXV), are often

hardly distinguishable by external characters from one

another, or from other members of the same group, or finally

from ngratus (Plate XXIV, 10). But on examining the

saw of such a specimen we shall sometimes be able to say at

once that at any rate it is NoT nigratus! Thus these saw-

characters, even where they do not absolutely bring us to

a conclusion as to the species of a particular insect, may

at least supply us with a preliminary “ orientation ” of

our ideas on the subject. And, as in the cases quoted

above of gonager and puncticollis, sanguinicollis and ravus,

they may be helpful towards forming an opinion as to the

desirability or otherwise of uniting two doubtfully con-

specific forms.

I will now review shortly the saws here figured seriatim,

pointing out such characters as I think noticeable in

particular cases, and indicating the groups into which they

appear to me most naturally to arrange themselves.

Of the Loderus spp. (Plate XXIII, 1-4) I have already

spoken. Palmatus and vestigialis are well-known and

fairly common species. Pratorum I have figured from a

specimen taken by myself at Woking. Guilvipes (= orna-

tulus, Knw.) is from a specimen given to me by Konow as

ornatulus. A fifth palaearctic form (genucinctus, Zadd.) is

very rare, and I have been unable to procure a specimen.

Passing to the species formerly distinguished as Dosytheus

(Plates XXIIT, 5 to XXIV, 3), I think it is possible to

recognise among them four or five fairly distinct groups.

Etruscus and bimaculatus (Plate XXIII, 6 and 8) are

evidently very closely allied by the quadrate form of the

so-called saw-teeth,* and of the intervals or emarginations

(almost as wide as themselves) which separate them.

Pratensis, palustris and aericeps (Plate XXIII, 5, 7, 9)

form a group which has much in common with etruscus and

bimaculatus, but the saw-teeth (if I may call them so under

* I should prefer to consider each of these so-called “ teeth” as

a separate saw, and confine the term saw-teeth to those minute

denticulations of their edges which can be clearly seen in my Figure

of bimaculatus, but are hardly to be recognised except as a very

slight sinuation in etruscus.

432 Rev. F. D. Morice’s Illustrations of

protest) are (except a few at the apex) more elongate, not

separated by such wide intervals, and much more con-

spicuously and intricately denticulated. Also the saw as

a whole widens less rapidly from the apex towards the

base. This is particularly noticeable in aericeps, in which

the inferior and superior margins of the saw might almost

be said to run parallel to each other. The corrugations

crossing the blade diagonally are armed with sharp teeth

in all these species, but the character is not so conspicuous

in these as in certain other cases.

Anticus (Plate XXIII, 11) and dubius (Plate XXIII, 10)

agree closely in the great development of tooth-like

projections on the diagonal corrugations (a pair on

each !), and also in the triangular not quadrate form

of the so-called saw-teeth, and the large bold denticu-

lation .of their cutting edges. These characters belong

also to gessnert (Plate XXIV, 5), a species whose saws

are almost exactly like those of dubius, though it would

not have been reckoned as a Dosytheus by the old

authors since its abdomen is not testaceous but black!

From both dubius and gessneri the saw of anlicus is dis-

tinguishable at a glance, by the more projecting “teeth”

and the wider intervals which separate their cutting edges,

also by the humpy undulating apex of its superior margin

—in which respects it resembles a good deal the group of

etruscus and bimaculatus. (There is an indication of the

same character in the saws of pratensis, etc., but it is much

less developed there !)

The saw of ferrugatus, Lep. = thomson, Knw. (Plate

XXIII, 12), is utterly unlike that of anticus, though in

most external characters the two species resemble each

other so closely that they are often confounded in

collections. (Nearly all British specimens which have come

to my notice under the name anticus really belong to

ferrugatus; in fact, I have only once seen a real British

anticus, which was captured by Mr. E. Atmore at King’s

Lynn.) I cannot place the saw of ferrugatus anywhere

but in a group by itself. Compared with anticus, ete., it

is curiously narrow, the denticulations of its cutting edges

are numerous and distinct but very small, and the armature

of its lateral corrugations is almost obsolete.

Triplicatus, madidus and schulthessi (Plate XXIV, 1,

2, 3) have extremely similar saws. In all three the

corrugations appear to be edentate. The cutting edges

specific differences in the Saws of 2 Dolerids. 483

show numerous denticulations, large and conspicuous in

triplicatus and madidus, less so in the other species. Tincti-

pennis (Plate XXIV, 4), though an entirely black insect,

has a saw presenting so distinctly the characteristics of a

Dosytheus, that, until I myself dissected a British specimen

and found the saw here figured, I had always a suspicion

that Cameron had made some mistake, and that the saw

mounted by him in balsam (now in the 8. Kensington

Coll.) and figured in his Monograph, did not really belong

to the insect to which he assigned it! No other black-

bodied Dolerus has a saw in the least resembling it, and

I can only group it (in spite of the insect’s external char-

acters) with those of pratensis, aericeps, etc.

We come now to a large group of species (Plates

XXIV, 6 to XXV, 4 inclusive) whose saws are easily

distinguished from any of those hitherto considered, but

as a rule not at all easily distinguished from one

another. The diagonal corrugations of the blade seem

to be always quite simple—merely a series of alternate

straight and equal ridges and furrows. The so-called

teeth are always distinctly projecting, triangular (not

quadrate) in outline and separated from each other by

rather wide but not very deep sinuations or emargina-

tions; those nearest the apex of the saw are hardly

denticulated at all, but towards its centre a few dis-

tinct denticulations begin to appear, and still nearer the

base they are often pretty numerous, but always very

small and visible only with high magnifications. (Unfor-

tunately, as already explained, I have been unable to

include this part of the saws in my figures.) The superior

margin of the saw is always simple, not lumpy at the apex ;

and it generally coincides with the long linear groove, etc.

which connects together the saw and its “support.” In

some of my figures (e.g. Plate XXIV, 6 and 7) the

presence of denticulations on the cutting edges of the

organ can be detected without much difficulty, but in

others I can only see them with the help of a magnifying

glass, and in some I have not succeeded in making them

visible at all. The general appearance of all these saws

is pretty much the same; none of them are particularly

wide or narrow or in any other way paradoxical. A few,

however, by dint of considerable experience I can recog-

nise at axglance—e. g. Plate XXIV, 11, 12 by their curved

“faleate ” shape, the superior margin distinctly sinuated

434 Rev. F. D. Morice on Saws of 2 Dolerids..

inwards! In Plate XXIV, 10, on the contrary, this

margin is sinuated distinctly though not very conspicuously

outwards. And in other cases, as a rule, it is practically

a simple straight line. Plate XXV, 4 again (the common

species aeneus, Htg. = elongatus, Thoms. Cam., etc.) I

can always recognise by the evidently concave curvature

of each of the cutting edges and their consequently

small and acute-looking actual apices. In other cases,

on the contrary (e.g. Plate XXIV, 9, XXV, 3, etc.), these

cutting edges are either practically straight or slightly

convex, and this makes their apices appear less prominent.

But on the whole, though I can generally recognise a saw

at once as either belonging or not belonging to this group,

I should have to look to other characters, puncturation,

sculpture of head and thorax, etc., before venturing to

name the insect possessing it.

Picipes = leucopterus, Zadd. (Plate XXV, 5), is a saw

which I can always identify by its curiously lumpy apex,

combined with its convex, much denticulated (though the

denticulations are very small), and very slightly projecting

“teeth.” This and the two next species (gonager and

niger) seem to me more or less transitional between the

last group (aeneus, etc.), and another which includes all

my remaining figures (Plate XXV, 8 to 12 inclusive).

This appears to me a very distinct group, characterised

by (a) the very broad and blunt apex of the saw, (b) the

very slight and inconspicuous separation of the cutting

edges, (c) the fact that these cutting edges form an almost

continuous line and are not placed as usual more or less

en échelon, (d) the very close and regular denticulation

of these cutting edges, even those quite near the apex of

the instrument, (e) the straightness of these edges—neither

concave nor convex.

Most of these peculiarities are to be found also in gonager

and niger, but those species have 4 much less broad and

more pointed apex than in gibbosus, megapterus, etc. (Plate

XXV, 8 to 12), and on that account I do not actually

include them in the gibbosus group, but prefer to treat

them rather as forming a transition towards it.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913. Plate XXIII.

André & Sleigh, Ltd.

SAWS OF DOLERIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913. Plate XXIV.

1 3

F. D. Morice, photo. André & Sleigh, Ltd.

SAWS OF DOLERIDAE.

Plate XXV.

nt. Soc. Lond., 191

Trans.

André & Sleigh. Ltd.

F. D, Morice, photo.

SAWS OF DOLERIDAE.

Explanation of Plates. 435

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXITI-XXV.

PLATE XXIII.

Fia. Fic.

1. Loderus palmatus, K1. 7. D. palustris, Kl.

2. L. vestigialis, Kl. 8. D. bimaculatus, Geoftr.

3. L. pratorum, Fall. 9. D. aericeps, Thoms.

4. L. gilvipes, KI. 10. D. dubius, K1.

5. Dolerus pratensis, L. ll. D. anticus, Kl.

6. D. etruscus, K1. 12. D. ferrugatus, Lep.

PLATE XXIV.

1. D. triplicatus, Kl. 7. D. anthracinus, Kl.

2. D. madidus, Kl. 8. D. nitens, Zadd.

3. D. schulthessi, Knw. 9. D. rugosulus, D.T.

4. D. tinctipennis, Cam. 10. D. nigratus, Mill.

5. D. gessneri, Andr. 1l. D. sanguinicollis, K1.

6. D. haematodes, Schr. 12. D. ravus, Zadd.

PLATE XXV.

1. D. punceticollis, Thoms. 7. D. niger; 1.

2. D. liogaster, Thoms. 8. D. gibbosus, Htg.

3. D. rufotorquatus, Costa. 9. D. megapterus, Cam.

4. D. aeneus, Htg. 10. D. fumosus, Zadd.

5. D. picipes, Kl. 11. D. oblongus, Cam.

6. D. gonager, F. 12. D. thoracicus, Fall.

( 436 )

XX. On the Relationship between certain West African

Insects, especially Ants, Lycaenidae and Homo-

ptera. By W. A. Lamporn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.E.S., Entomologist to the Agricultural Depart-

ment of Southern Nigeria. With an Appendix

containing Descriptions of New Species,

by G. T. BrtHune-Baxer, Pres. Ent.

W. L. Distant, Harry Errineyam,

etc.,

Soc.,

D.Sc.,

M.A., Prof. E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., J. Hartley

Durrant, and Prof. R. Newsteap, F.R.S.

[Read June 4th, 1913.]

Puatts XXVI-XXIX.

CONTENTS

Intropuctory Norr, by Prof. E. B. Poulton

INTRODUCTION

A.—LIST OF ANTS TOGETHER WITH THE IN-

PAGE

. 438

. 439

SECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM (E. B. P.) 441

B—LYCAENIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH ANTS:

. 444

. 446

. 447

. 450

. 456

. 457

. 458

. 470

. 471

. 472

. 473

INTRODUCTORY NOTE (E. B. P.)

I. LIPTENINAE

. Aslauga vininga

. Aslauga lamborni .

. Huliphyra mirifica

. Epitola ceraunia

. Eqitola carcina

. Epitola oniensis

OS OTF CO be

II. LYCAENINAE : INTRODUCTORY NOTE .

7. Megalopalpus zymna

8. Lachnocnema bibulus

9. Deudorix (Hypokopelates) obscura

10. Myrina silenus :

11. Myrina subornata .

12. Hypolycaena nigra bh

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913,—PaRT II. (JAN.)

Mr. W. A. Lamborn on certain West African Insects. 437

13. Hypolycaena (Zeltus) lebona . 473

14. Hypolycaena philippus . 474

15. Argiolaus alcibiades . 474

16. Argiolaus julus . 474

17. Spalgis lemolea . 475

18. Lycaenesthes sp. ? alberta . 476

19. Lycaenesthes liodes . 476

20. Lycaenesthes silvanus . 476

21. Lycaenesthes larydas . ATT

22. Lycaenesthes lachares . 478

23. Lycaenesthes flavomaculata . . 483

24. Neurypexina lyzanius . . 484

25. Triclema lucretilis . 485

26. Cupido (Catochrysops) Mech aiea . 488

27. Cupido (Oborona) punctata . . 489

C.—CARNIVOROUS MOTH-LARVAE AND MOTH-

LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH ANTS... 491

1. Eublemma ochrochroa (Erastrianae) . 491

2. Probably Ewproctis sp. (Lymantridae) . 492

3. Obtusipalpalis saltusalis (Schoenobiinae) . 492

4. Tinthia lambornella (Egeriidae) . . 493

5. Tortrix callopista (Tortricidae) . 493

D.—ANTS AND MEMBRACIDAE . 494

_ 1. Leptocentrus altifrons . 494

Oviposition 495

Hatching and the earliest larval stages 496

Later stages . 497

2. Neoxiphistes lagosensis . . 497

3. Anchon decoratum . 498

E.—PSYLLIDAE, ANTS, AND DIPTERA . 498

1. Rhinopsylla lamborni . 498

APPENDIX . 499

I. Notes on ee éitened by W. A. Lantern

in the Lagos district of West Africa with

descriptions of new species, by G. T. Bethune-

Baker, Pres. Ent. Soc. 499

IL. The genus Euliphyra, by Prof. E. B. Poulton,

F.R.S., with notes by G. T. Bethune- Baker

and H. Eltringham . 504

438 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

Ill. The larva of ere morifica, by Harry

Eltringham, D.Sc., M.A. 5

IV. Descriptions of two new Tineina (Lep.) “from

the Lagos district, by J. Hartley Durrant. . 513

V. Homoptera (Membracidae and Jassidae) collected

in the Lagos district by W. A. Lamborn, by

W.L. Distant . . 515

VI. Homoptera (Psyllidae and Coccidae) collected in

the Lagos district by W. A. Lamborn, by

Frorh. Newstead, FR.S. 7 . 520

Inrropuctory Note by Prof. E. B. Poulton.

Tue following memoir was written by the author at

various times between September 1912 and April 1913.

The work was done in the Hope Department, where the

specimens, which had already been mounted and labelled,

were compared with the records of original observations

made in Southern Nigeria. If Mr. Lamborn had not been

so greatly pressed he would have entirely completed the

memoir, but there was so much to be done during his last

visit home that he was not able to put the finishing touches

to the paper or to verify his account by a second com-

parison between specimens and manuscript. I have now,

however, been through the whole of it and verified all

the data. All additions or comments of my own, except

mere verbal alterations, will be found under separate

headings with my initials, or within square brackets.

Many of the latter passages are also signed by my initials.

From the dates which are freely quoted in the body of

the memoir it will be seen that Mr. Lamborn made his

observations between September 1911 and the end of

July 1912, when he sailed for England. A few earlier

observations on the same subject, already published, are

referred to under the respective species.

The author’s collecting ground—Oni Camp, 70 miles

East of Lagos—is at a low elevation, never more than

50 ft. above sea-level. The bush has been cleared in the

immediate neighbourhood, but around the camp, at the

time when Mr. Lamborn collected, were large tracts of

primitive forest, in which, unless otherwise stated, it may

be assumed that the captures were made. All precise

distances such as “‘1 mile E.,” etc., refer to localities in

the forest at various distances to the Kast of Oni Camp.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 439

In the laborious and minute work of preparing Mr.

Lamborn’s material so that this paper could be written,

I have to thank my assistants in the Hope Department,

Mr. A. H. Hamm and Mr. Joseph Collins. The setting,

printing and labelling has involved a very large amount

of labour, and the almost complete accordance between

Mr. Lamborn’s notes and the specimens is evidence that a

successful result has been obtained.

It may be assumed that the notes in Mr. Lamborn’s

manuscript are confirmed by the data he had written to

accompany the specimens, except in the few cases in which

a discrepancy is mentioned. A careful examination of the

whole of the material in the Hope Department will well

repay the naturalist who is interested in ants and the

insects associated with them. The related forms are kept

together and arranged in the order of the present memoir

to which they supply the fullest illustration. (KH. B. P.)

INTRODUCTION.

The observations herein recorded were made during the

latter part of a three years’ sojourn in Southern Nigeria

in a bush camp at Oni, situated 70 miles E. of the town

of Lagos and about 10 miles from the sea.

In the course of a study directed in the first place towards

an elucidation of the life-history of West African Lycaenid

butterflies it was found that, as has frequently been noted

in other parts of the world, a very close relationship exists

between their larvae and ants.

The relationship has in the majority of cases in West

Africa been found to be one tending to the common good

of both, the ants lavishing their blandishments on the

smooth soft-skinned larvae, and in some instances very

definitely extending hospitality and protection to them

in return for much-prized secretions from certain special

glands, evidently very similar to those described for the

first time in 1867 by Guenée as existing in certain Kuropean

Lycaenid larvae, and since found in many New World

and Oriental species. The character of the gland in

various Ethiopian larvae will be touched on when record-

ing observations made on particular specimens. For the

present it will suffice to mention that in most cases an

orifice from which a fluid secretion will exude under

appropriate stimuli has been found to exist on the dorsal

aspect of the 11th segment, and that behind it and to the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.) GG

440 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

outer side is a pair of protrusible tubercles which seem to

exert a definite attractive influence on the ants.

In other cases a triple association has been found to

exist between Lycaenid larvae, ants and Homoptera, in

which the larvae, though treated as honoured guests by

their ant hosts, repay them with the basest ingratitude by

devouring their fellow-guests the Homoptera. In such

instances as far as has been discovered the attraction

exerted on the ants by the larvae is a much weaker one

than in the preceding case, for though the accessory

tubercles have been noted, no gland has as yet been seen

nor have the ants been observed to concentrate their

interest at the site at which the secreting structure is

usually found, as in other larvae. Still further, some

Lycaenid larvae are undoubtedly present as predaceous

intruders on colonies of Homoptera fostered by ants and

are of no benefit to them whatever though they are toler-

ated from necessity, because the ants are unable to put

up a successful fight with an enemy protected by hairy

fringes, by hard rough tubercles or a tough cuticle, though,

as will be seen, they do not hesitate to avail themselves

of a chance to commence an attack when a favourable

opportunity presents itself.

Prof. Poulton suggested to me that in writing an account

of the various species I should perhaps give the most

vivid impression in my power if I transcribed the original

notes written when the living insects were actually before

me, with only such alterations as more recent knowledge

has shown to be necessary. These notes were originally

contained in letters written by me to Prof. Poulton and I

have to thank him for the care with which he has preserved

them so that they are now available for my present purpose,

for the trouble involved in identifying some of my specimens

and in getting others named by various authorities, so that

on my return I found them labelled and ready for reference ;

but above all I wish to thank him for the constant stimulus

and encouragement afforded by his interest in my work

and for his ever ready help and guidance by which alone

my results could have been obtained.

It is also my pleasant duty to thank Mr. G. T. Bethune-

Baker, Pres. Ent. Soc., Prof. Poulton, Mr. H. Eltringham,

Mr. W. L. Distant, Mr. J. Hartley Durrant, and Prof. R.

Newstead, F.R.S., who have contributed valuable sections

to the Appendix; and Prof. A. Forel, who has named the

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 441

ants. Mr. W. C. Crawley very kindly carried this latter

material safely to Switzerland and back, by hand.

The whole of the material is in the Hope Department

at Oxford, and as the numbers originally attached to the

specimens have been printed on the labels all can be

readily identified.

A—LIST OF ANTS AND INSECTS ASSOCIATED

WITH THEM (E. B. P.)

I have drawn up the following analysis of the associations

recorded in this memoir. The list of ants, with the

exception of those marked by an asterisk, is quoted

from Prof. Forel’s paper, Fourmis de Nigérie, in Revue

Zoologique Africaine, Brussels, 1913, pp. 352, 353. The

species marked by an asterisk were with one exception

determined by Prof. Forel, although they do not appear

in his paper. The exception is Oecophylla smaragdina, r.

longinoda, kindly determined by Mr. G. Meade-Waldo in

the British Museum. The sign 7} indicates that the insects

associated with the ants were also associated with each

other, although the nature of the association is far from

uniform. It is to be understood that the great majority

of the ant-associations are with the larvae or pupae of

the species named.

The ants were determined by Prof. Forel quite inde-

pendently of their associations, and when his names had

been affixed, and the ants re-grouped according to the

Lycaenid larvae, etc., they were tending, it was seen that

the species and races were remarkably constant in their

respective groups. The exceptions were the two species

of Pheidole, once mixed in the same group (pp. 467-8)

almost certainly the result of an accident in labelling after

the specimens had been received from Switzerland—and

the two races, alligatrix and winkleri, of Cremastogaster

buchneri, once mixed according to Prof. Forel’s determina-

tions (p. 484), once mixed, not in this but in another

group, according to Mr. W. C. Crawley and Mr. A. H.

Hamm (p. 484). It must be remembered, however, that

winklert and alligatriz are often very difficult to separate,

and Forel himself speaks of intermediate forms. If there

has been no mistake, the two forms are sometimes to be

found attending the same larva, and it is difficult to believe

that the races are really distinct.

442 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

Mr. W. C. Crawley has very kindly come to Oxford on

purpose to verify the ants in the various groups, and has

carefully examined the whole of the material. The data are

so numerous and complex, and mistakes, in spite of the

utmost care, so probable, that Mr. Crawley’s examination

of the collection has been a great satisfaction to me.

*]1, ODONTOMACHUS HAEMATODES, Linn. §

Associated with the Lycaenid Lycaenesthes flavomaculata

(p. 483).

2. SIMA AETHIOPS, Sm. Q.

Associated with Coccidae and probably with the larva,

and pupa of the Aegeriid moth Tinthia lambornella (p. 493).

3. CREMASTOGASTER BUCHNERI, For., r. ALLIGATRIX,

For. 9%.

Associated with the following Lycaenids: Epitola

oniensis (p. 457), Deudorix (Hypokopelates) obscura (p. 471),

Lycaenesthes flavomaculata (p. 483), Triclema lucretilis

(p. 485). With Stictococcus sjdstedti (p. 462), and other

Coccids (p. 486). Attacking the Jassid Nehela ornata

(p. 462).

4, CREMASTOGASTER BUCHNERI, For., r. CLARIVENTRIS,

Mayr. 9%.

Associated with the Lycaenid Lycaenesthes alberta?

(p. 476).

5. CREMASTOGASTER BUCHNERI, For. r., WINKLERI,

For. 8.

At first Prof. Forel was inclined to consider this form

as a variety of africana, Mayr, another race of buchneri,

but more extended study has led him to give it the position

of a separate race.

Associated with the Lycaenids Aslauga lamborni + and

the Coccid Stictococcus sjéstedti (p. 447); with Lycaenesthes

flavomaculata (p. 483), Lriclema lucretilis (p. 485).

6. CREMASTOGASTER BUCHNERI, For., r. LAURENTI,

For. 9.

Associated with the Lycaenid Aslauga vininga t and the

Coceids Dactylopius longispinus and Lecanium punctulr-

ferum, var. lamborni (p. 446).

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 443

In addition to the above races, Cremastogasler buchneri,

For.,? race, is described as associated with the following

Lycaenidae :—probably Epitola ceraunia (p. 456), EB. carcina

(p. 456), Argiolaus alcibiades (p. 474), A. gulus (p. 474).

7. PHEIDOLE ROTUNDATA, For., var. §.

This form appears in Prof. Forel’s paper under the

name Pheidole punctulata, Mayr., r. impressifrons, Wasm.

Prof. Forel, however, informs me that the ant is, in his

opinion, even closer to P. rotundata, For. r., ilgit. For.,

than it is to P. punctulata. He considers it to be inter-

mediate between punctulata and rotundala but nearer to

the latter. This is the principal “ house-ant”’ of Oni,

although it is also found in the open. Throughout the

following paper it will be described as P. rotundata, var.,

the name attached to the specimens by Prof. Forel.

Associated with the following Lycaenids after they had

been brought home, nearly always replacing ants of other

species removed at time of capture: Aslauga lamborni +

and Stictococcus sjdstedti (p. 447); with Myrina subornata

(p. 472), Hypolycaena philippus (p. 474), Lycaenesthes

lachares (p. 478), L. flavomaculata (p. 483), Triclema

lucretilis (p. 485), Catochrysops malathana (p. 488), Oboronia

punctala (p. 489).

Associated with the following Lycaenids in the forest

and clearing: Hypolycaena philippus (p. 474), Lycaenesthes

lachares (p. 478), N. lyzanius (p. 484), Oboronia punctata

(p. 489); probably with the Pyralid moth Obtusipalpalis

saltusalis (p. 492). With the Membracid Leptocentrus

altifrons (p. 495).

Attacking and uncertain treatment of the Lycaenid

Megalopalpus zymna (pp. 463-4). Carrying off eggs of

Charaxes ussheri (p. 467). Devouring sugar and dead

insects in the house (p. 491). Attacking and carrying

off larvae and imagines of the smaller “red house-ant ”’

Monomorium pharaonis, L. (p. 491).

8. PHEIDOLE AURIVILLII, Mayr., r. KASAIENSIS,

For., $

Associated with the Lycaenid Megalopalpus zymna +

the Jassid Nehela ornata and the Membracids Gargara

variegata, Anchon relatum, Beninia sp., Leptocentrus alti-

frons, etc. (pp. 458-468) ; with Hypolycaena nigra (p. 473),

444. Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

H, lebona (p. 473), probably H. philippus (p. 474), probably

Lycaenesthes silvanus (p. 476), L. larydas (p. 477), L. lachares

(p. 478), Oboronia punctata (p. 489). Probably with the

Pyralid moth Obtusipalpalis saltusalis (p. 492). With the

Coccid Stictococcus s)6stedtc (p. 460). With the Membracid

Anchon decoratum (p. 498).

*9, OECOPHYLLA SMARAGDINA, F., r. LONGINODA,

Latr., 9.

Associated with the Coccid Stictococcus sjdstedti (p. 447,

453), the Lycaenid Huliphyra mirifica (p. 450), a Hetero-

cerous larva (p. 451), Aphidae (p. 453), with the Noctuid

Eublemma ochrochroa + and Stictococcus (p. 491).

Carrying off just hatched larvae of the Saturniid moth

Bunaea alewnée (p. 467).

*10. CAMPONOTUS MACULATUS, F., subsp. ?

> Pp

Associated with the Lycaenids Myrina silenus (p. 472),

and Hypolycaena philippus (p. 474), the latter as an

exception. With the Psyllid Rhinopsylla lamborm (p. 498).

CAMPONOTUS AKWAPIMENSIS, Mayr., var. POULTONI,

For., $

The sign 9 has been inadvertently printed instead of 9

in Prof. Forel’s paper (1. ¢. p. 353).

Associated with the following Lycaenids : Lachnocnema

bibulus t and the Jassid Ossana bicolor (p. 470); with

Myrina silenus (p. 472), Hypolycaena philippus (p. 474),

Lycaenesthes silvanus (p. 476), L. larydas (p. 477), Cato-

chrysops malathana (p. 488). In shelters with Membracids

and Jassids (p. 465). With Nehela ornata (p. 465). With

the Membracids Leptocentrus altifrons (p. 495, 497), and

Neoxiphistes lagosensis (p. 497).

B—LYCAENIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH ANTS:

INTRODUCTORY NOTE (E. B. P.)

The following 27 species of Lycaenidae, with the excep-

tion of the Lycaenesthes group, are arranged in the order of

Aurivillius’ “ Rhopalocera Aethiopica”’ (1898). In Lycaen-

esthes and its allies I have followed Mr. Bethune-Baker’s

monograph (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 1).

Mr. Bethune-Baker’s description of new forms of

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 445

Lycaenidae, in the Appendix to the present memoir (p. 499),

includes a species of Aslauga upon which no bionomic

observations have been made by Mr. Lamborn. It was

thought, however, that it would be convenient for an

account of this novel and interesting form to appear

beside that of allied species whose bionomic associations

are here recorded.

Emergence of the sexes—Mr. Lamborn’s careful records

throw much light upon the question of the relative order

of the emergenée of the sexes of butterflies, and, in the

present paper, some of his facts are now made public.

It will be observed that in most Lycaenidae, of which a

sufficient number were bred from the same family, the

females emerged on the average before the males—a

result opposed to the usual experience in butterflies. In

Euliphyra mirifica, however, 3 males emerged before any

of the 5 females (p. 455-6). The other species, in which

marked results were obtained, are Hmtola ceraunia, 9

females, 6 males, and 1 male and 1 female together,

emerging in that order, Feb. 22-23, 1912 (p. 456); Hypo-

lycaena nigra, 5 females, 1 male and 1 female together,

2 females, all within 24 hours, Feb. 13-14, 1912 (p. 473);

Lycaenesthes lachares, the groups tabulated on p. 481,

where the early emergence of females is very clear;

L. flavomaculata, 1 female, 2 males, Jan. 19-20, 1912

(p. 483).

The notes also show that emergence of certain species

takes place at a particular time of the day, and indicate

furthermore the interval between emergence from the

pupa and the first flight. This period is seen to be very

short in Lycaenid butterflies, contrasting in the most

remarkable manner with the facts observed by Mr. Lamborn

in the specially protected Acraeinae.

Relationship with ants—The relationship with the ants

will be found to be extremely varied, some species, such

as Lycaenesthes flavomaculata (p. 483), being associated

with various kinds of ants, others again being confined to

a single species. The number of observations upon the

replacement of the ants found attending the larvae in the

wild state by the “‘house-ant’’ Pheidole rotundata, var.,

are of the highest interest.

It will be noted that the behaviour of certain ants

towards certain Lycaenid larvae is marked by much uncer-

tainty, e.g. in Huliphyra and Megalopalpus (pp. 453, 463-4).

446 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

A puzzling and difficult problem is presented by Huliphyra,

shown by Mr. Eltringham’s paper in the Appendix (p. 510)

and by Mr. Lamborn’s observations (pp. 452-3) to be effec-

tively protected against ants and to be attacked by them

under certain circumstances (p. 453), and yet thrusting

its head and neck into the mouth of an ant in order

to be fed (p. 452). In such cases the most helpful con-

sideration is probably that suggested in conversation

to the present writer by Prof. W. M. Wheeler, viz. that

the ant community is so successful and affords so safe a

retreat from the attacks of enemies, that ants are liable

to be overwhelmed by the numbers of forms living under

their protection. The uncertainty of their temper is

probably one means by which this danger is prevented

from becoming too great; for a species that seeks the

shelter of the ants’ nest is itself taking terrible risks.

The species of Lycaenidae observed by Mr. Lamborn

belong to both subfamilies Lupteninae and Lycaeninae.

The Lipteninae, which will be described first, are included

in the genera Aslauga, Huliphyra and Epitola.

In this and all the following sections of the present

paper, when there is no further specification, it is to be

understood that the ants referred to belong to the worker

minor caste.

J. LIpTENINAE.

1. Aslauga vininga, Hew.

A. marginata, Plétz, 1888, is evidently the female of this

species (see p. 499).

The associated ant was Cremastogaster buchneri vr.

laurente.

No. 695. The following note referring to this 2 specimen

was written March 24, 1912 :—

“The larva of this Lycaenid was carnivorous, its prey

being Coccids such as are now sent. These insects occur

in great numbers at the base of some leaves on the under-

side, filling up the depressions between the main ribs and

clustering also on the stem just below the insertion of the

petioles. They are attended by ants which frequently

construct shelters over them.”

The larva was found in the forest 14 miles E. of Oni,

Feb. 25; pupation, March 3; emergence, March 14.

The Coccids have been determined as Dactylopius

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 447

longispinus, Targ.-Tozz. (p. 523), and 12 ants were in

attendance.

No. 699. A g specimen is referred to in the following

note dated March 24, 1912 :—

“The larva of this Lycaenid was carnivorous and ate

tiny smooth hemispherical insects attached in colonies to

the stems of various plants, especially kola. These insects

are also attended by ants which cover them with shelters.”

Parts of two shelters are in the collection and the material

of which they are built is described on p. 524 by Prof. R.

Newstead. The larva was found in the forest 1} miles

E., Feb. 25; pupation, March 2; emergence, March 17.

The food-insects referred to are Coccids—a new form—

which has been named Lecanium punctuliferum, var.

lamborni, Newstead (p. 523), and the 19 ants found

ministering to them are the same as in No. 695, viz.

C. buchneri laurente.

2. Aslauga lamborni, Bethune-Baker, sp. n. (p. 499).

The associated ant was Cremastogaster buchneri rv. wink-

leri. In the house, Pheidole rotundata, var., was attracted

to the larva or to the Coccids.

No. 543. The larva from which this male specimen was

bred, Nov. 22, 1911, was obtained in the forest 1} miles E.

on Nov. 1, and it pupated Nov. 3. [The specimen is the

male type of the species. |

A note dated Nov. 27, 1911, referring to it, is as follows :—

“ The stem of the plant, Bridelia micrantha, Baill. (Euphor-

biaceae), on which the larva was found, bore a number of

Cocerdae [Stictococcus sydstedti, Cockerell] which are almost

invariably attended by ants. They often roof over a

number of the Coccids with a thin covering composed

of particles of bark and other vegetable débris so as to

form a convex chamber which fits down on all sides round

the enclosed insects. The chambers are about the size

and shape of a half hazel-nut, and they are tenanted by

ants as well as Coccids.”

“Dec. 4, 1911. I am disposed to think that in some

cases Lycaenidae find food where these bodies have been ;

for some stems frequented by the butterflies look as if

they had borne the Coccids. The Séictococct are usually

surrounded by a multitude of ants, and I was interested

to see that the ferocious ‘ tree-drivers > (Oecophylla) do not

448 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

eat them but seem, like other ants, to visit them for some

food-material.”’

The note dated Nov. 27, 1911, continues, speaking of

the larva of A. lamborni :—

“The larva, brown in colour and resting motionless on

the stem, looked so very like one of these ant-constructed

chambers that it had a narrow escape from injury, for I

actually attacked it with scissors under a mistaken impres-

sion as to what it really was, my custom being invariably

to explore these chambers. I did not actually discover

what its food was, for it pupated almost immediately.”

The Homoptera have been determined by Prof. Newstead

as a species of Coccid—Stictococcus sjdstedti, Cockerell

(p. 521), of which 4 were borne by a stem of Bridelia sent

with the specimens. The stem also showed distinct marks

where other Coccids had been fixed to it. Two C. buchnert

winklert accompanying the specimens, were probably

collected with the Lycaenid larva on Nov. 1.

No. 591. One male labelled B and a female labelled A.

The text of a note dated Jan. 13, 1912, relating to these

specimens, is as follows :—

““T discovered yesterday, in the forest 14 miles E., two

carnivorous larvae, the food of which is the little beady

insects found in considerable numbers, 1mmobile and firmly

fixed to the young shoots of certain plants.”

The Lycaenid larvae, when found Jan. 12, were resting

on plant stems, 2 of which are in the collection, and they

bear many Coccids identified by Prof. R. Newstead, F.R.S.,

as Stictococcus sjdstedti, Cockerell (p. 521). Twenty-four

ants, C. buchneri winkleri, attending the Coccid food-insects

near to the larvae, were sent, together with 77 others

visiting the Coccids or elsewhere on the plant.

The larva of B ceased feeding and became motionless

Jan. 17, and both larvae pupated Jan. 19; A emerged

Feb. 3, B Feb. 4.

My note goes on: “ The two larvae were attended by

ants [since determined as C. buchnert winkleri], and on

the same stem were five Coccids which yield a watery

secretion much in demand by ants. The leaves on the

stem were snipped off and it was then carefully transferred

to a glass tube so that none of the insects were disturbed.

On arrival home it was found that’ 3 only out of the 5

Coccids remained. The ants were taken away and the

larvae transferred, at 5 p.m. Jan. 13, to a tube containing

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 449

a stem bearing 22 Coccids. In a short time tiny black

ants (identified as Pheidole rotundata, var.), which abounded

in the house, found their way into the tube, which was

then closed with very fine gauze and put away on a shelf,

out of reach, 1t was thought, of more ants. However,

more of the same species found it during the night and

being unable to get in collected in a little knot on the

gauze.

“When the tube was inspected at 8 a.m. on the following

day, 14 of the Coccids had disappeared—most of them

entirely. The rings which had formed the basal portion

of the scale of a few Coccids were, however, left by the

caterpillars.

“Later in the day I actually watched with a lens one of

the larvae eating a Coccid, and at 1 p.m. only 3 Coccids

out of the 22 remained. The larvae passed frass abun-

dantly. The ants took no part in eating the Coccids.”

A note dated Jan. 15, 1912, is as follows :—

“ At 5 p.m., Jan. 14, 1912, the 2 larvae were placed in

separate boxes and all ants excluded for 24 hours. By

5 p.m. on the following day A had consumed 12 out of

the 15 Coccids that I had placed at its disposal, and larva

B had taken 16 out of 28, a few basal portions still remaining

attached to the stems supplied to both larvae. I found

that the larvae would eat these Coccids whatever the

plant they happened to be attached to. The secretion

of the Coccids was not sweet to the taste, but had an

aromatic flavour rather suggestive of turpentine.

“These larvae presented the same general characteristics

ar those of A. vininga, being oblong on dorsal view with

lateral surfaces sloping downwards and outwards. They

had a hard tough toad-coloured skin covered with coarse

rough tubercles, evidently protective in function, and it

extended down as a fold on all sides in carapace fashion

so as to protect the softer lateral and ventral surfaces.

The lower margin of this fold bore a fringe of very fine

hairs such as would efficiently prevent small insects from

crawling in underneath. The segmentation characteristic

of Lepidopterous larvae was shown only by the presence

of spiracles, but rather more than halfway to the anal

extremity was a deep transverse groove, the only region

at which, owing to the leathery consistence of the cuticle,

it was possible for flexion to take place. The cuticle was

indeed so hard that a larva placed on its back was unable

450 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

to bend itself sufficiently to turn over unaided. ‘Towards

the hinder end of the body and just inside the spiracular

line were two horny rounded eminences, one on each side

of the mid-dorsal line. From these eminences pointed

tubercles were from time to time thrust out, but no dorsal

gland was detected. The tubercles appear to represent

those of the Lycaeninae, in which group, however, they

are more externally placed, being just to the outer side of

and behind the spiracles of the 12th segment (see p. 488-9).

“The head was small in proportion to the size of the

larva and there was a definite neck, of sufficient length to

enable the head to be thrust forward or retracted in tortoise-

like manner under the shelter of the carapace. The anus

was protected in a similar manner. I have witnessed the

protective value of the carapace in a larva of this type

as described on p. 452.”

No. 526. Male. The pupa of this was found in the

forest 14 miles E., on a leaf of the plant Culcasia scandens

on Oct. 22, 1911, near black ants of the genus Cremasto-

gaster. Kmergence, Nov. 5.

No. 658. Female. The larva found in the forest 14

miles E., on Jan. 26, 1912, fed up, in five days’ time, on

Stictococct which were attended by the same ants as No.

591, ete., viz. C. buchnert winklerv. It is especially noted

of 24 of these ants that they were not only attending the

Coccidae, but also running over the Lycaenid larva.

Pupation, Jan. 31; emergence, Feb. 14.

No. 688. Female. The larva, found in the forest 14 miles

K., on Feb. 16, 1912, fed up on the same Coccids, and

pupated on Feb. 21, emerging March 6.

No. 819. Female. The larva was found in the forest

13 miles E., on June 5, 1912, and having fed up on the

Coccids, pupated on June 8, emerging June 24.

3. Huliphyra muirifica, Holland.

[A brief revision of the genus based on Mr. W. A.

Lamborn’s material will be found on pp. 504-8. Mr.

Kltringham’s account of the larva will be found on p. 509. ]

The associated ant was Oecophylla smaragdina r. longi-

noda.

A preliminary note as to the presence of Lycaenid larvae

and pupae in the nests of Oecophylla was communicated

to the Entomological Society on March 20, 1912, by Prof.

Poulton (Proceedings, pp. xxxii, xxxii), and, on Nov. 6, I

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 451

was able to exhibit to the Society (¢bid., p. evi) two larvae in

spirit and two bred imagines with the corresponding pupa-

cases. Seven butterflies in all were bred out. The larvae,

which approximate to the type described in Aslauga, seem to

be very near to that of Liphyra brassolis, Westw., described

by Bingham in his “ Fauna of British India,’ to which

account my attention was drawn by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of

the Hope Department. This larva is foundin the East and

in Australia in the nests of Oecophylla smaragdina. It is

apparently present as an intruder, and the suggestion has

been made that it feeds on the immature forms of ants.

Though I have paid especial attention to this point I have

not found such habits in Huliphyra. Furthermore, the

pupa is not protected by the hard chitinous larval skin

described in Laphyra, although the skin of Euliphyra is

tough and heavy-looking and still partially encloses the

posterior segments of 3 out of 8 pupae, viz. E, F and G

(see p. 455-6).

The following notes, contained in a letter dated Feb. 10,

1912, refer to the larvae of Huliphyra :—

“In accordance with your request I commenced an

investigation as to whether our form of Oecophylla does

make use of its larva to weave together the leaves composing

the nest. I opened up some nests a few weeks ago, but

the ants were so deliberate in their movements that I had

to defer the necessary watching till I could spare more

time.

“On Feb. 6 I made a window into a nest, snipping out a

square piece of leaf with scissors, and on looking in I saw

a larva which I recognised at once, as it was similar to the

one which I saw assailed by these ants, but successfully

protected itself against attack by drawing down its hard

carapace-like shield in limpet fashion, to the supporting

surface. I tore the nest open and discovered more larvae

and thereupon took ants and all in a tin box. I broke

other nests open and found larvae in four more, bringing

up the total of larvae secured to 19. They were not all of

the same age in each nest.

“Tn one nest, not containing these larvae, I found a

totally different caterpillar—rather hairy and evidently

Heterocerous. The hairs were very stout and curved back

over each segment, obviously as a protection. I did not

discover what it ate, and it soon formed a cocoon of stout

silk inside a web of finer material. Last night, however,

452 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

some creature, probably a rat, broke into the box and ate

it, together with a fine Charaxes pupa.

“ T think that the 19 larvae must be Lycaenid! I will

not attempt to describe them in detail as I am sending

some in spirit. They are protected by a hard, leathery

skin. The head is remarkable. When the larva is at rest,

and usually when it crawls, the head is completely hidden

by a fold of skin which extends all round so as to form, with

the leathery skin of the dorsum and sides, a kind of cara-

pace. The head is sometimes thrust forward under the

fore margin of this fold and one then sees quite a long

neck gradually tapering up to a point terminated by fine

jaws. [For this and other details of the larval structure see

Plate XXVIII and Mr. Eltringham’s account, pp. 509—12.]

The larva, as it crawls, frequently swings this proboscis

first to one side and then to the other as if in search of food.

It took me 48 hours to find out the source of their food-

supply; for they did not touch the leaves, and I did not

see them attack ants or ant larvae, neither did they go

near the dead insects which the ants had stored as food.

“ By this time the ants had to some extent settled down

in glass-fronted boxes and I saw large workers feeding

smaller ones, the two standing opposite to each other, the

smaller with head a little bent back. I fancy that the

larger ants must have been disgorging food into the mouths

of the smaller ones. Anyhow I actually saw a Lepido-

pterous larva thrust its little proboscis into the jaws of a

large ant and keep it there while the ant made movements

as if feeding it. Sometimes too, when a large ant was

feeding a smaller one, the latter retired in favour of a

caterpillar.

“The caterpillars were frequently near with extended

proboscis when the ants were ministering to their own

male and female larvae.

“The feeding does not seem to take place very often :

I presume that the high nutritive value of the material

provided makes it unnecessary.”

“Feb. 10, 1912. The larvae in the nests of Oecophylla

have neither dorsal gland nor tubercles. I have not dis-

covered how they can benefit the ants.”

“Feb. 18, 1912. I replaced yesterday in the nests of

Oecophylla smaragdina the rest of the larvae originally

found; for the ants were not doing well. All the winged

forms and some ant larvae had been dead for some days

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 453

and the workers seemed sickly. I think it is noteworthy

that the larvae had all been on one leaf since my last note

and that this had not been eaten at all; also that, though

the ant larvae were dead and had dropped down—the last

one four days ago—yet the Lepidopterous larvae were all

alive and had even grown a little. The ants certainly

seem to feed them.

“| find that if a worker comes across water it drinks, and

then proceeds to disgorge it for the benefit of any one of

its thirsty fellows that it may meet, and I think the same

thing happens in the case of food. Oecophylla attends

Aphidae and is also very fond of the secretion of Sticto-

coccus sjstedtv.”

“March 29, 1912. I have hitherto failed to breed the

Lycaenid larvae which live in the nests of Oecophylla.

They appear to be extremely slow-growing. I am still

watching the larvae, but observation is attended with

difficulty, because the ants desert if one interferes too much,

and it is necessary to break open the nest each time one

wishes to inspect the larvae. The head and neck of the

larvae appear to be protected against attack, but the ants

lose no opportunity of seizing other parts. I once saw a

larva crawling with an ant fastened on to one of its claspers,

the abdomen only of the ant being visible, as the rest of its

body was under the lateral fold of skin. I have also seen

a larva which protected itself by just settling down closely

on the supporting surface, and when the ants retired it

raised itself a little and crawled, but when they reappeared

settled down again.”

[F. P. Dodd—in his paper in “Entomologist,” 1902,

p. 184—describes a similar attack by Oececophylla and

defence by the larva of Liphyra brassolis. |

“May 13, 1912. I continue to watch the larvae in the

nests of Oecophylla. They have grown considerably, but

I have not been able to find pupae as yet. One has to be

careful not to disturb the ants very frequently or they desert

the nest.”

“June 10, 1912. You will have been expecting news

as to the larvae which live in the nests of Oecophylla. I

have a pupa at last. I have examined the nests about

-every fortnight, but my interference has caused the ants

to remove to a new home nearly every time, and, as the

larvae have been obliged to wander till they found the nest,

I presume that some have been lost. To this I attribute

454 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

the gradual dwindling in their numbers. I have found the

larvae a little larger each time I have inspected them, and

to-night I found a fresh pupa with the cuticle of the larva

still adherent to its base.

“ Presuming that these larvae are the same that I re-

stored to ants’ nests weeks ago—and I think they are—

they have taken far longer to attain full growth than in my

experience is usual with Lycaenid larvae.

‘““T have examined a great number of nests of Oecophylla

without finding more of these or any other larvae, and I

frequently looked into nests last year and during my first

year on the West Coast, for the purpose of watching the

ants, and I did not find larvae, so that I am not disposed to

accept the statement that Lepidopterous larvae are very

commonly found in the nests of these ants in this country.

I am inclined to think that one would find a greater variety

in the nests of the black tree-ants (Cremastogaster buchnerv),

for I have now frequently seen Lycaenids ovipositing on the

bark of trees frequented by these ants, and more than once

in the actual stream of ants going up and down the trunk.

I have also frequently found Lycaenid pupae and pupa-

cases in the immediate vicinity of their black carton

nests (pp. 456-7).

“T really must try and look through some of these nests.

The difficulty is that they are so hard that one would

require a hammer and chisel to make any impression on

them, and the ants are excessively numerous and bite

savagely.

“ By the way, the Lycaenid larvae were mostly in one

large nest of Oecophylla, and I subsequently collected a few

in little outlying dependencies of the same nest. Should

the butterfly turn out to be one of the rarer species, surely

it would be an argument against their common occurrence

in nests, for, in such a position, the mortality should not be

high.”

“June 24, 1912. I am sending the first of the Oeco-

phylla Lycaenids. Some of the other pupae do not look

very healthy, but I am sure to get a few more imagines.

I forget if | mentioned that I had found one small pale

green Lycaenid larva of the same type as these others in a

nest of Oecophylla. I have since found 3 other larvae of some

kind, so small that I am not even able to pronounce whether

they are Lepidopterous or not. They are pale green in

colour, so that I am not confusing them with the larvae of

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 455

ants, but the ants look after them with an assiduity as

great as if they were their own offspring. When I looked

into the nest the ants picked them up and carried them

away, and one ant carried one of these in addition to a

larva of its own species. I have made no further dis-

coveries as to how the Lycaenid larvae feed.”

“June 29, 1912. More Oecophylla Lycaenids are sent

and cuticles accompany some of the pupa-cases. One

cuticle in particular shows remarkably well the length of

the neck of the larva.”

“Feb. 10, 1912. The Lepidopterous larvae are not

always well treated by the ants. It so happened that I

accidentally put some into a box in a crevice of which there

was some scale naphthalene. Some died and the others

which revived were put into an ants’ nest in a half-stupefied

condition. Such as happened to fall on their backs were

immediately seized by the ants. I also found that a

healthy larva placed on its back has difficulty in turning

over, and is in this position liable to attack. In one

instance I saw a larva with an ant gripping it by the neck

on the ventral side.

“ When the larva feeds, the fore part of the body is raised

and the margins of the lateral folds of cuticle are bent

round till they meet, thus protecting the soft ventral

surface. The head comes out at the apex of the cone thus

formed.”

The dates of emergence, etc., in 1912 of the 3 males and

5 females (818 A—H) of Huliphyra mirifica are as follows.

All except one are figured on Plate XXVII.

818 A (Plate XXVII, fig. 5). Male: emerged June 20,

1912, from a pupa found earlier in the same month. The

precise pupa-case accompanies this specimen as in each

of the others.

B. Male (fig. 6) emerged June 28, from a pupa found in

an Oecophylla nest in the forest, near Oni Clearing, June 11.

Accompanying it is a dead pupa found attached to a leaf

in the same nest.

C. Male (fig. 7) : emerged June 29, from a freshly formed

pupa found under the same conditions as B, on June 10.

D. Female (fig. 8): emerged July 1. Resting larva

found in ants’ nest June 11, pupation June 12. (Pupa-

case, fig. 8A.)

K. Female (fig. 11): emerged July 2. Larva found in

ants’ nest June 11, pupation June 14.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.) HH

456 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

F. Female (fig. 10): data as in E, save that the larva,

found June 11, was in the resting state. (Pupa-case,

fig. 10 A.)

G. Female: data as in F, save that pupation occurred

June 13.

H. Female (fig. 9): emerged July 7, from a pupa found

in ants’ nest June 20. A dead pupa was also found in the

same nest.

4. Eyitola ceraunia, Hew.

The associated ant was probably a race of Cremastogaster

buchnerv.

No. 671. No less than 17 pupae were found at one spot

13 miles E., on Feb. 17, 1912. There were no ants in

attendance, but C. buchneri abounded in the vicinity and

were to be found on the shrubs bearing the pupae.

The pupae are very like those of EH. hewitsoni, Mab.,

and are fixed like the latter so that they stand on their tails.

‘* All except one rested at an angle of 45° on their tails, and

usually on the upper side of a leaf. One [N] was suspended

head down under a leaf.”

[All the pupae are labelled so as to bring them into

relationship with the respective imagines, and all are

attached to the upper surface of a leaf, except N and Q,

fixed to the under surface, and C, to a stem.]

The dates of emergence are as follows: 2.15 p.m.,

Feb. 22, 7 females A—G; 3 p.m., Feb. 22, 1 female H;

about 3 p.m., Feb. 22, 1 female I; 11 a.m., Feb. 23, 2

males J, K; about 11 a.m., Feb. 23, 4 males L—O; about

12 p.m., Feb. 23, 1 male P and 1 female Q. It is obvious

that the individuals belonged to the same company of

gregarious or semigregarious larvae. The relative order

of emergence of the two sexes is interesting and unusual.

5. Epitola carcina, Hew.

The associated ant was a race of Cremastogaster buchnert.

No. 652. This male butterfly was bred out, 8 a.m.,

Feb. 8, 1912, from a pupa, and was flying about 9.30 a.m.

My note of Feb. 10 records that the pupa was found

Feb. 7 on a leaf within a foot of a huge nest of black ants

in the forest 1} miles E. These ants were undoubtedly

a race of Cremastogaster buchneri, but I omitted to collect

specimens. An empty pupa-case of the same species was

also found on a leaf near by.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 457

6. Eytola onensis, Bethune-Baker, sp. n. (p. 501).

The associated ant was Cremastogaster buchneri r.

alligatria.

No. 635, A, B. These 2 male butterflies were bred from

pupae. Emergence of A, 9 a.m., Feb 4, as it was being

carried home; B, flying by 10 a.m., Feb. 6. My note

concerning them is as follows :—

“Feb. 5, 1912. The two pupae were found Feb. 4,

in a dead curled-up leaf of the ivy-like Culcasia scandens,

climbing up a Kola tree in the forest 1 mile E. In a

fork of the tree, and two feet above the pupae was a large

carton nest of black ants [Crem. buchneri alligatrix, of

which 35 were sent] which were running about in all

directions, some being actually on the Jeaf bearing the

pupae, a fact which strongly suggests the existence of a

special association between them and the Lycaenid.

“T noted these Lycaenid butterflies in the vicinity of

the same tree last year as well as this, and have often

looked for larvae without success. There seems to me to

be a very strong probability that the larvae have some

relationship with the ants, but I did not find it feasible

to break open the nest because it was very large and hard,

and the ants, which were extremely numerous, bite very

fiercely.”

At a later date, Feb. 12, an empty pupa-case of the same

species was found at the same place, also very close to the

nest of ants.

Although the male of this species closely resembles that

of HL. carcina, their pupae are easily distinguished by the

size and form of the dark markings on the dorsal surface.

II. LycaENINAE: INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

Before describing the observations upon the separate

species it 1s convenient to record a few general notes

made upon the ant-attracting gland and paired accessory

structures of the Lycaenine larva. The notes, dated

Jan. 13, 1912, were drawn up after an experience of about

five or six species :—

“The median dorsal opening of the gland on the 11th

segment of the Lycaenine larva, has in some species well-

defined anterior and posterior lips, and I have been able to

induce a larva to extrude a droplet of fluid by tickling it

458 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

with a wisp of wool. In some species the 11th segment

is widened anteriorly opposite the mouth of the gland,

and in some the opening is placed on a specially pigmented

area. It is, however, possible, by careful examination,

to detect the opening when there is no special pigmentation

to indicate the site. In one case a pellet of excrement

which accidentally fell wpon the back of a larva deprived

of ants, became firmly glued to the gland-opening. The

secretion of another larva, also deprived of ants, had in

24 hours dried so as to form a little white crust over the

orifice. Again, in a larva that had died, mould was

growing at the orifice in about 12 hours, although not

elsewhere.

“The ants certainly get nothing from the two accessory

tubercles, and are never even permitted to touch them

[see pp. 488-9], so that the only explanation I can think of

is that they produce scent which attracts to the neighbour-

hood of the gland. There can be no doubt about the con-

clusion that the tubercles of some Lycaenid larvae do

actually attract ants and keep them in attendance.”

We now proceed to the observations upon various species

of Lycaeninae.

7. Megalopalpus zymna, D. & H.

The associated ant was Pheidole aurivillia vr. kasmensis.

The larvae were sometimes attacked by Ph. rotundata,

var. ‘These latter, in the house, were apparently sometimes

hostile, sometimes peaceful.

The larvae, as will be seen by the following notes, are

carnivorous, and feed on a variety of Homoptera belonging

to the families Jassidae and Membracidae, which are

invariably ant-attended.

I have not found that the ants derive any benefit from

the presence of this larva, or that they are of service to

it. There is, on the contrary, some evidence to show that

their attitude to it is distinctly one of hostility, in con-

nexion with which it is noteworthy that the larva is not

of the smooth, soft onisciform type, characteristic of the

Lycaeninae, but it is protected by a hard skin studded with

tubercles which are surmounted by coarse sparse hairs.

The larva is dark-brown, a tint approximating very

closely to the colour of the débris out of which the ant-

shelters are constructed, a strong contrast again to the colour

of the Lycaenine vegetable feeders, of which the great

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 459

majority discovered were leaf-green. As with the vegetable-

eating larvae, the food of Megalopalpus seems to range

within certain limits, but though larvae have been found

eating both Jassids and Membracids, a larva accustomed

to take Jassids will refuse Membracids and. wce versa,

and there is some evidence that a larva which habitually

eats one form of Membracid will refuse a closely-allied

species.

The mother butterfly, in depositing her egg, which is

a very characteristic one, exercises the same care in ensuring

an immediate food-supply for the newly-hatched larva

as do other butterflies for their plant-eating offspring.

She places it very commonly in the immediate neighbour-

hood of an ant-shelter containing Homoptera, and an

egg-shell is sometimes found attached to a stem actually

within a shelter, having obviously been deposited before

the Homoptera attracted the attention of ants, and,

indeed, probably on the egg-mass itself, before hatching,

since the Membracid and Jassid colonies seem to remain

and feed close to the spot where the parent laid her eggs.

The eggs of Megalopalpus have been found attached to

the egg-mass of the Homoptera, and in two cases actually

on living and half-grown Membracid nymphs (p. 466).

Not only does Megalopalpus feed in the larval state on

the Homoptera, but the butterfly seems frequently to

flourish also at their expense, probing them with its

proboscis and obtaining food-material direct from their

surface, as well as from the plant on which they happen

to be resting. [It will be seen on pp. 467, 468, that this

habit is as characteristic of males as females, and cannot

therefore be interpreted as bearing relation to oviposition. |

The following material forms the subject of the succeeding

notes, dated Jan. 18-22, 1912.

No. 603 A. g. Larva in forest 14 miles E., Jan. 14, 1912;

pupation, 3-5 p.m., Jan. 20; emergence, 6.30 a.m., Feb. 1.

No. 603 B. 9. Larva in forest 14 miles E., Jan. 16, 1912;

pupation, Jan. 22; emergence, 9 a.m., Feb. 4. The 3

P. aurwillit kasaiensis sent were running over the larva of

603 B.

Seven mature Jassids, Nehela ornata, and 10 immature

forms of the same species are labelled as the food-insects

of 603. One mature Nehela, together with the nymph-

case from which it emerged about Jan. 17, is also present.

All from the forest near Oni Clearing, about Jan. 17.

460 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

“ Jan. 18,.1912. In the course of a further search for

Lycaenid larvae I have obtained two of the same species

which are carnivorous and prey on active jumping Homo-

ptera, which they lull toa false sense of security by simulat-

ing the attentions of ants. The history of my discovery is

as follows. On Jan. 14 I found, on a young leaf of the

plant Musanga smithu, R.Br. (Urticaceae), a small Lycaenid

larva brown in colour and studded all over with tubercles.

A number of the small black ants, since determined as

Pheidole aurwillia x. kasaiensis, were running about over

the leaf, on the underside and margins of which they had

built up shelters of waste vegetable matter, such as they

construct so frequently over Stictococcus sjéstedti and other

Coceids.

“On cutting off the leaf with a view to making a closer

examination, I shook it, with the result that several tiny

insects, since described as the Jassid Nehela ornata,

Dist. (see p. 519), left the shelters and jumped to a distance

in all directions. I did not at the time attach any definite

significance to the presence of these insects; but the larva

would not feed in captivity. I offered it a fresh branch

of the plant on which it had been, and when it refused

this I tried it with maimed ants, Aphidae, Stictococcr, and

the larvae of Membracidae, for I could not find any more of

the Jassids near which it had been discovered. On Jan. 16,

however, I came across another cluster of ant-tended

Jassids of the same species on the stem of a different

plant, and at rest close to them was a similar larva over

which the ants were running. I then felt that the associa-

tion must be more than accidental, so I cut the stem through

and transferred it to a glass tube. Most of the Homoptera

managed to evade capture by jumping off, but I secured

three which soon gathered together again on the stem.

By the evening the ants were ministering to them and

caressing them with their antennae, and, as I watched, the

larva crawled slowly in the direction of the insects, stopping

frequently and vibrating all three pairs of true legs. It

stopped when it had nearly reached the Jassids, and then

again moved on with, I believe, only the first pair of legs

in vibration. It then reached the insects and caused its

vibrating legs to play on the closed wings of a Jassid, in such

a way as to simulate, as I thought, the caresses of ants.

“Still advancing, it gradually raised the fore-part of

its body so as to overhang the insect and, when well above,

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 461

suddenly dropped and seized its prey with all its true

legs.

“ The larva immediately bit in behind the head, holding

the insect pressed down on the stem, and when it had taken

several mouthfuls, it raised the fore-part of its body and

continued feeding, now holding the Jassid well away from

the stem. The victim was by this time incapable of

movement, and as the larva had no difficulty in retaining

it by means of its second and third pair of legs, the first

pair was used to take up loose fragments, and guide them

to the mouth. I saw a loose leg thus taken up and eaten,

and in this way every particle of the unfortunate little

‘hopper ’ was secured.

“After the meal the legs of the first pair were drawn

one after the other between the mandibles, and then polished

on the outer side of the face, after the manner of a cat.

“T continued to watch the larva closely. It remained

without movement for about twenty minutes and then

approached another Jassid. This one was evidently not

satisfied as to the honesty of its purpose, for immedi-

ately the larva commenced to tickle it, the Jassid ran away

up the stem to a distance of about half an inch. However,

the larva followed on and overtook it, and in due course

it shared the fate of its predecessor, the series of actions

by the larva being precisely the same as described in the

former case.

“IT was up early next morning on the hunt for more

of the food-insects, and the larva first found made up for

its long fast by catching nine out of eleven between 8 a.m.

and 3 p.m.

“ The procedure was so interesting to me that I actually

witnessed the caressing, capture, and eating of most of

these, and I have seen it many times since. The cater-

pillars eat both nymphs and imagos of the Jassids, but

seem to secure more of the former, for though these are

able to jump and run with surprising activity, quite as

fast as an ordinary ant, the imagos sometimes escape by

flying. When imagos are eaten, the hard anterior wings

are usually rejected. The perfect and imperfect forms

are certainly of the same species; for I have seen, and

now send, a partially emerged imago. The Jassids of all

stages congregate on young shoots of a variety of plants,

and are frequently covered by ‘ shelters’ built by ants.

“I have considerable difficulty in obtaining a sufficient

462 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

quantity of food-insects for the larvae and find it necessary

to enclose them, stem and all, in a wide-mouthed jar con-

taining chloroform vapour, and then, when they are over-

come, I can transfer them to the tube containing the

caterpillars.

“In nature the slow-moving Lycaenid larva must

depend for its very existence on the fact that these insects

are gregarious and if disturbed frequently re-assemble at

the same spot.

“The egg-masses of these Jassids are attached to plants

in clusters, much like those of the Membracids, Leptocentrus

altufrons, Walk. (p. 496), viz. in parallel rows often super-

imposed so as to form oval masses; the Lycaenid larva

does not interfere with these.

“The ants in attendance on the Jassids frequently run

over these caterpillars and stroke them with their antennae,

but are not so attentive as they are to other Lycaenid

larvae. I do not think that the ants obtain any secretions

from the caterpillars, and I have not made out the existence

of either dorsal gland or tubercles.”

A further note from a letter dated Jan. 20, 1912, is as

follows :—

“Tf the caterpillar is on a broad surface it raises itself

anteriorly when grasping a victim, but when on a narrow

surface it drags the insect off its support by simply bending

to one or other side.”

A note dated Jan. 22, 1912, runs thus :—

“T went out collecting again to-day and filled my tubes

with so much material that, when I found the Jassids re-

quired as food for my larvae, I was obliged to drop the

6 obtained into a tube containing a stem bearing Stictococct

with their attendant ants, C. buchneri alligatrix. When

I reached home I found that these ants had attacked 2 of

the Jassids and were running about with them in their

jaws. I rescued them, but they were so badly injured

that they soon died. One of the carnivorous larvae

pupated late in the afternoon of Jan. 20, and the other is

now in the resting condition, which is a relief, for I have

had difficulty in obtaining enough of the food-insects, and,

though I found other Jassids very closely allied, the larva

refused them.” The collection contains 6 of the above-

mentioned allagatrix with confirmatory data.

More of the same species are referred to in the following

notes written on Jan. 29, 1912.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 463

“ No. 621 A—D. I have now 3 more pupae and | larva

which are, I feel almost sure, Megalopalpus, and the

interesting point about them is that they would not take

the Jassid Nehela ornata which was eaten by my 2 previous

larvae.

‘* Larva 621 A. was found in the forest near Oni, on

Jan. 22, 1912, in an ant-shelter on Triumfetta cordifolia,

Guill. and Perr. There were no Jassids at all in this

shelter, but it covered a large number of little green hopping

creatures which look to me hke immature Membracids.

[Seven Membracid larvae of various sizes with 45 & min.

and 2 $ maj. Pheidole aurwilli kasaiensis. |

[From this point as far as p. 468 many observations on

the relationship between ants and Membracidae are re-

corded. These pages should be read in connexion with

Section D, pp. 494-8. ]

‘““T placed the larva in a tube with some of the Jassids

[4 Nehela ornata], but it had eaten none by the following

morning, Jan. 23. [thereupon introduced the top of a Triwm-

fetta, bearing shelters containing ants [Pheidole rotundata,

var., 11 6 min., 1 § maj.], and little Membracid larvae. The

ants swarmed out and seized the Jassids and they ran all

over the larva, one seizing it by an anal clasper exposed as

it stretched across between two leaves. The larva did not

feed but suspended itself for pupation and on Jan. 24

house-ants of the same species, P. rotundata, var. [26 %

min., 1 § maj.] came in but did not seem to want to molest

it though they ran all over it.’ The larva subsequently

died.

“The second larva, 621 B, was found in the forest near

Oni, on Jan. 23 in a shelter on Triumfetta containing the

ants, Pheidole aurivillia kasaiensis [21 9] and Membracid

larvae [13 of various stages]. I saw this Lycaenid larva

feeding on a large larva of the Membracid type though I

did not actually witness the attack. The caterpillar ate

the body and then part of the head, but was unable to

finish its meal, for a tiny ant, which had been dragging

persistently at the remaining morsel, managed to get it

away.

“On Jan. 24 I admitted the small black house-ants,

P. rotundata, and I am under the impression that their

attitude to the caterpillar was distinctly hostile.

“The larva duly pupated and on pulling away the leaves

of the Triumfetta so as to break down the ant-shelter I

464 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

found on the stem a tiny white Lepidopterous egg-shell,

which I have since learnt to be that of Megalopalpus.”

The pupa died.

Membracid larvae similar to those mentioned under

621 B have been bred out and the species has been deter-

mined by Mr. W. L. Distant as Gargara variegata, Sign.

Four examples bred from the earler stages are in the

collection sent, one of them accompanied by the nymph-

case from which it emerged.

The account continues :—

“621 C.9. The larva of the butterfly C was also found

in a similar ant-shelter. I have mislaid my precise notes

about it, but I know that one of these larvae—this par-

ticular one I believe—was attacked by house-ants, P.

rotundata [5 9 min., 1 8 maj.], one of which fastened on to

one of its legs, so that I had to remove it.” The 6 Pheidole

are accompanied by the note “621 C. House-ants found

in box with larva, 24. i. 1912.”

The labels on 621 C give the following information :—

Larva, forest 1 mile E., Jan. 23; pupation, Jan. 27;

emergence about 9 a.m., Feb. 2.

* Another larva, 621 D, was also found on Jan. 25, on

breaking into a shelter constructed like the others, on

Triumfetta, by P. aurivillii kaswensis. [Twenty-nine ants

of this species from the shelter are in the collection, together

with 23 immature Membracids of various stages and 2

imagines of very different species. One resembles Anchon

relatum, but is in very poor condition, while the other is a

very small species perhaps of the genus Gargara.] These

shelters so efficiently conceal their contents that on break-

ing this one open four days later I found a second half-

grown Megalopalpus larva inside, the presence of which I

had not suspected.

“IT put a new shelter containing Phezdole rotundata, var.

[17 3 dated Jan. 29] and Membracid larvae into the tube.

An ant immediately seized the Megalopalpus larva ventrally

just behind the mandibles. This larva was not successfully

reared.

“T should have mentioned that a fully developed Mem-

bracid, attended by ants, was feeding near the shelter in

which 621 D was found, and another similarly near the

shelter of 621 A and 621 B.” [These specimens were not

sent, and probably escaped. |

This note concludes the observations recorded Jan. 29.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 465

An ant-shelter on T'riwmfetta often contains, in addition

to immature forms of Gargara, young Membracidae of

several other species. The precise determination of these

has not been possible, for they have not yet been bred out,

but, judging by their general characteristics, they probably

belong to the genera Anchon and Beninia. One frequently

finds Membracid imagines of the genera Anchon, Beninia

or Gargara feeding in the open on a stem close to an ant-

shelter and tended by ants from it, and though these

shelters are usually constructed by a species of Phevdole,

yet it is not uncommon to find them also built by the ants,

Camponotus akwapimensis, var. poultoni, and containing

the same Membracids. This latter ant was the only one

taken in the following shelters, etc., found, unless otherwise

described, on Triwmfetta in the forest near Oni Clearing,

Jan. 27, 1912::—

Shelter H. Highteen larval Membracids of various stages

and at least 2 species, fragments of the shelter, 4 ants.

Shelter F. Twenty-five larval Membracids of various

stages and at least 2 species, 7 ants.

Shelter G. Twenty-eight larval Membracids as above,

4 ants.

Shelter H. Twenty-two larval stages almost certainly

of the Jassid Nehela ornata, 3 ants.

From another shelter near Oni Clearing, also examined

Jan. 27, but not noted as on Triumfetta, 1 mature

Membracid, probably Beninia lamborni (p. 517).

On Jan. 26, in the forest } mile E., on Triwmfetta, but

not noted as from a shelter, 1 mature Membracid, evidently

Benimia, sp., and probably B. lamborni, but in poor

condition, with 1 ant.

On Feb. 26, on a stem in the forest } mile E., 21 mature

Nehela ornata, 2 larvae probably of the same species,

8 ants & min., varying much in size.

A note dated Feb. 10, 1912, is as follows :—

“T have another pupa of Megalopalpus from a larva

which ate a species of Membracid closely allied to Gargara

variegata, although it refused this species.”

The chrysalis referred to cannot be that of No. 673,

which did not pupate till Feb. 13.

“No. 673, Feb. 26, 1912. This Megalopalpus took a

rather different Membracid from other Lycaenids I have

reared. I have bred one of its food-insects from larva

to imago, and am now sending it labelled ‘ of especial

466 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

importance,’ for I do not know where to get any more

for identification.”

The specimens sent under 673 are Megalopalpus zymna

Q; larva in the forest, 4 mile E., Feb. 7; pupation, Feb.

13; emergence, Feb. 25: Leptocentrus altifrons and the

nymph-case from which it emerged; larva in the forest,

Feb. 17; emergence, Feb. 23. The Leptocentrus is labelled

“ food-insect of 673.”

A note of Mar. 7, 1912, runs :—

“Megalopalpus usually deposits its egg in the immediate

neighbourhood of a colony of the food-insects, but I have

sometimes found an egg on the egg-mass of the insect. In

one case it was on the eggs of the Membracid, Leptocentrus

altofrons, Walk., but I could not find this again so as to

watch the progress of the larva, and, though I am familiar

with the immature forms of Leptocentrus, I have never seen

the larva eat them. [The history of No. 673 shows that

this last statement is mistaken: see above. KE. B. P.]

“The egg of Megalopalpus is very characteristic, being a

circular disc with a broad flattened white margin and a

raised bluish semitransparent centre.

“On March 5 I found two nymphs in the same colony

of the Membracids Gargara variegata unsheltered by ants

and each bearing an egg of Megalopalpus : in one case on

the right side of the dorsal surface of the abdomen just

behind the wing, and in the other on the base of the left

wing. [‘‘ Forest 14 miles E.” on labels of the two specimens. |

“The larvae were on opposite sides of the stem and I

did not examine them very closely at the time of capture

for fear of losing them, but when I got home I found one

eggshell empty though I did not see any larva.”

Further notes on ants and the ova of Lycaenidae, etc.,

are as follows :—

“ April 29, 1912. The eggs of some Lycaenids seem to

be specially protected. I have seen a Liptena lybissa,

Hew., deposit an egg on a dead stick, and a few days later

I saw a Lycaenid unknown to me deposit two eggs right

in the path of a procession of black ants running between

the ground and their nest which was placed 20 feet up on a

tree-trunk. The ants were all round her as she oviposited.

‘““T have several times watched Megalopalpus zymna

deposit a single egg among ants which have subsequently

investigated it with their antennae but have not interfered

with it. The eggs of various species of other families,

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 467

however, are sometimes greedily taken by ants. A Charazes

ussheri, Butler, in my possession laid, on Mar. 17, 1912,

8 eggs, 6 of which were eaten in the night by the small black

ants, P. rotundata, var.”

“June 3, 1912. I am sending a white Larinopoda

which I saw deposit an egg on a dead stick. There were

no ants on it, but they were abundant on leaves of other

plants in the neighbourhood.

“May 13, 1912. I saw to-day a number of the Oeco-

phylla ants carrying off the larvae of the Saturnian moth

Bunaea alcinée, Stoll, as they hatched from the egg.”

The following notes refer to the relationship between

Megalopalpus butterflies, Homoptera and ants :—

“ Dec. 29, 1911. I took an M. zymna 2 on the same

stem with a Membracid, L. altifrons, and 4 attendant ants,

P. aurwillit kasmensis [3 are in the collection], all being

so sluggish that I readily secured them between the bottle

and cork of a killing bottle. The butterfly was probing

with its proboscis under and around the Membracid, and

I am quite sure that the proboscis occasionally touched

the insect’s body.” [‘‘ Forest $ mile E.” on specimens. |

“Jan. 10, 1912. I took two Megalopalpus $9, which

were probing with their tongues under and around a

Membracid, Anchon relatum, Dist. [the type of the species,

p. 516], near to which were 2 immature and 1 mature Nehela

ornata. Seven ants, P. aurivillii kasaiensis, were in

attendance.” [‘‘ Forest 1 mile EH.” is on specimen, together

with a note which apparently implies that the butterflies

were probing the Jassids as well as the Membracid.

Eeage 2]

“Jan. 15,1912: Forest } mile KE. I obtained 2 Megalo-

palpus [1 g only in collection] sucking food from the fore-

wing of one or other of 2 Membracids, Leptocentrus altifrons,

which were on a green stem, side by side and attended by

19 P. aurwillia kasmensis.”

“Jan. 21, 1912: Forest $ mile E. I took a § Megalo-

palpus sucking food off the fore-wings of 3 Jassids, Nehela

ornata [labelled as the food-insects of No. 603 A, B, p. 459].

Nine P. aurwillii kasaiensis were in attendance.”

“Feb. 7, 1912: Forest 4 mile E. I took, on a green

stem, a 2 Megalopalpus probing with its tongue and

evidently sucking up food material from 3 Jassids, Nehela

ornata [the type and paratypes of the species, p. 519],

which were attended by 5 ants.” [Of the 5 ants which now

468 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

accompany the specimens, 3 are P. aurivillia kasaiensis

while 2 appear to be P. rotundata, var., although they bear

the name of the former species as the determination. It

is probable that there has been an error in the labelling

since the specimens were received from Switzerland, and

that the 5 ants sent by Mr. Lamborn and named by Prof.

Forel were all kasmensis. |

“Mar. 9, 1912: Forest 4 mile E. I captured a g

Megalopalpus probing with its proboscis a larva of a Mem-

bracid, probably Gargara variegata, eaten by its own larva.

Seventeen ants, P. aurivillit kasaiensis, were in attendance.”

The sluggishness of Megalopalpus zymna when feeding

is well shown by the behaviour recorded in Proc. Ent.

Soc. 1913, p. xxii. The following note gives additional

details :—

“ June 3, 1912. On May 28, I saw a worn Megalopalpus

feeding, $ mile E., on a fresh leafless shoot covered with

sticky secretion which ants were also enjoying. On May

29 I saw the same specimen in the same position, so, with

a view to identifying it subsequently, I trimmed its right

hind-wing off square with a pair of scissors. When re-

leased, it flew into a shrub near by, but it had returned

on the following morning and was again feeding. I saw

it again on the twig on May 30 [and on May 31 as recorded

on the label], and I took it in my fingers and put it in the

killing-bottle in the early evening of June 1.”

[The following observations upon Oriental Lycaenidae

alhed to the Ethiopian Megalopalpus have a very direct

bearing upon the facts recorded in the present paper by

Mr. Lamborn. HE. B. P.]

Mr. J. C. W. Kershaw, F.L.S., in an account of the life-

history of Gerydus chinensis, Felder (Trans. Ent. Soc.

1905, pp. 1-4, Pl. I.), states that the butterfly lays its eggs

towards evening, alighting “in the midst of the Aphides

and ants, which she thrusts aside with a brushing move-

ment of her tail, immediately laying a single egg. She

then generally moves slightly and remains for some time

sucking up the exuding juice of the plant; . . . The ants

do not appear to meddle either with the butterflies or the

eggs, though ants are very destructive to eggs of most

butterflies, . . . Nor do they seem to interfere with the

larvae.” Mr. Kershaw describes the larvae feeding “on

the Aphides, sometimes pressing them against the plant

with head and fore-legs, sometimes holding them in the

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 469

fore-legs quite away from the plant. A few bites disposes

of an Aphis and the larva then licks and cleans its legs,

just as a Mantis does.” Mr. Kershaw found that the

larvae, after having eaten one kind of Aphis, were quite

ready to take others of a different kind, in this respect

differmg from Mr. Lamborn’s Megalopalpus. Further-

more, Mr. Kershaw has not observed Gerydus in the perfect

state feeding upon the secretions of the Aphis or exploring

them with its proboscis. With these slight exceptions the

procedure of Gerydus, as described by Mr. Kershaw, and

Megalopalpus seems to be nearly the same and points to a

close affinity between these Oriental and Ethiopian forms.

The late Col. C. T. Bingham in the “ Fauna of British

India—Butterflies,” vol. 11, 1907, pp. 287-288, describes

and figures an observation by Col. H. J. W. Barrow, who

states that Allotinus horsfieldi, Moore, “settles over a

mass of Aphides and then tickles them with its proboscis,

just as ants do with their antennae, and seems to feed on

their exudations.” The figure represents the butterfly

clasping an Aphid between its two anterior legs. Barrow

states that the butterfly was not attacked by ants. Allo-

tonus belongs to the Gerydinae and is the genus next to

Gerydus, the Oriental representative of the Ethiopian

Megalopalpus. The observation was made at Maymyo,

near Mandalay. Col. Barrow’s account has been con-

firmed, except as regards the position of the anterior legs,

by Mr. J. C. Moulton, Curator of the Sarawak Museum,

Kuching, who showed the figure in Col. Bingham’s book to

his Dyak collectors and has thus been able to record

similar observations (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1910, pp. xxxviii-—

xli) upon Allotinus nivalis, H. H. Druce, and an allied

species. Moulton’s Dyak collector also observed A.

horsfieldi attending ‘“ Heteropterous larvae?” but the

group to which the latter have been assigned requires

confirmation.

A letter recently received from Mr. J. C. Moulton states

that the same relationship between Lycaenids and Aphides

was observed by the late Mr. R. Shelford in Borneo and

also twice by the writer himself. Finally, in the same

letter, Mr. Moulton records a recent observation still nearer

to those of Mr. Lamborn in that the Homoptera were

Membracidae :—

“T watched some few months ago a group of ants,

a Lycaenid belonging to the sub-fam. Gerydinae, and

470 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

Homoptera (identified by Distant as the Membracid, Hbhul

varius, Walker, previously only known from the unique

Burmese type). The Membracids were quite passive while

ants vigorously massaged them and imbibed the exuding

liquid. The Gerydus rested within a foot of an ant, slowly

stroking an Homopteron with his proboscis and I suppose

at the same time drawing up liquid.”

Mr. Moulton’s letter was hurriedly written and is un-

dated, but it is evident that the observation was made in

the neighbourhood of Kuching in the course of the present

year, 1913;. EH. BaP:

8. Lachnocnema bibulus, F.

The associated ant was Camponotus akwapimensis v.

poultont.

In this case, as in Megalopalpus, I have not discovered

that the larva is of any direct benefit to the ants; for no

glandular apparatus was found on it; but although it is

protected by coarse hairs the ants certainly treat it with

more consideration than they show to Megalopalpus, and

in one case I gained the impression that they were en-

deavouring to feed it in spite of its habit of preying on

their Homopterous protégés. The notes are as follows :—

“No. 692 A: Feb. 26, 1912. Forest near Oni. I

found yesterday a new Lepidopterous larva, much like

that of Megalopalpus, on a tree, on which were a number

of tiny Homopterous larvae attended by ants. [The

Homoptera have since been described as Jassids, Ossana

bicolor, Dist. (p. 519), and the ants as C. akwapimensis, var.

poultoni. |

“T have not yet seen this larva eat any of the insects,

but I have observed it passing its mouth to and fro over

them as if it might be obtaining food, and I have frequently

seen the ants feed it with material obtained from the insect

larvae. An ant and a larva stand in front of each other

mouth to mouth. Some jerky movements take place, the

ant stroking the larva with its antennae after the manner

of an Oecophylla ant which, having stored itself with water,

proceeds to dispense it to its fellows.” ;

“No. 692 A, §: Mar. 7, 1912. This butterfly was bred

from the larva which I thought was fed by ants. I

have since speculated as to whether I might not have

been mistaken in thinking that the ants feed the larvae.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 471

Perhaps the position is reversed, and it is the larva that

provides the ants with food, possibly buccal secretion or

regurgitated material, since it has no dorsal gland. When

I first had the larva it did not feed, as far as I could see,

for 24 hours unless the ants gave it food, but it then ate

a number of the Jassids. I imagine that these carnivorous

larvae when they find a colony of food-insects have to

make as big a meal as they can so as to be prepared against

a possibly long wait before they find others.

No. 692 B, 9. The larva was found in the forest

4 mile E., on Mar. 3, and pupated on Mar. 7, 1912. “It

ate the same food-insect as larva A, and they were attended

by the same ants.”

No. 692 C, 9. The larva was found in the forest

3 mile E., on Mar. 7, and pupated on Mar. 11. “It ate

the same Jassids as larva A, and the same ants were in

attendance on them.”

Pupation of A, Mar.1; B, Mar.7; C, Mar. 11; emergence

of A. Taan., War. 10-? B,’ Mar. 16°C: “Mar.’20.

The Jassids, O. bicolor, were in each case found on similar

food-plants, as yet undetermined. Nine mature and 17

immature Jassids in various stages were sent, together with

11 § minor and 2 § major C. akwapimensis v. poultoni—

both Jassids and ants collected in the forest near Oni

Clearing, Mar. 7, 1912. One % major is the type of the

variety. Five of the larval Jassids are different from the

others and may perhaps be Nehela ornata.

9. Deudorix (Hypokopelates) obscura, Bethune-Baker,

sp. n. (p. 501).

The associated ant was Cremastogaster buchneri r.

alligatrix.

No. 796. The larvae of the 2 male butterflies under this

number were soft-bodied vegetable feeders. The note,

May 26, 1912, runs: ‘“‘ The larvae of these 2 Lycaenids

were found in the forest 14 miles E., on May 4, 1912. They

were attended by a large number of ants, but I did not

discover the source of attraction to them, for, as far as I

could see, neither gland nor tubercles were present.

“The butterflies were new to me but may have been

confused with others.” Fourteen ants were in attendance.

Pupation, May 9; emergence, May 16.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART IM. (JAN.) II

472 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

10. Myrina silenus, F.

The associated ants are probably Camponotus maculatus

and C. akwapimensis v. poultont.

A note bearing on the relationship between the larvae

and ants was communicated on my behalf by Prof. Poulton

in 1911 (Proc. Ent. Soc., pp. xcix-c). The ants in attend-

ance seem to have been mostly the larger species, e. g.

Camponotus maculatus, F., ? subsp., and C. akwapimensis

v. poultoni, but little work has been done on these larvae

since that time.

No. 696, 9, the only specimen bred since 1911, was

attended in the larval state by ants, but these have

been lost. They were, however, I feel sure, C. akwapimensis

v. poultone.

The larva was found in Oni Clearing Mar. 1, 1912,

pupated Mar. 4, and the butterfly emerged Mar. 14.

11. Myrina subornata, Lathy.

The associated ant, only in the house, was Pherdole

rotundata, var.

No. 694. The note referring to this 2 specimen is ex-

tracted from a letter dated Mar. 24, 1912 :—

“The larva of this Lycaenid resembled very closely

that of Myrina silenus. It was found Mar. 1, 14 miles E.

of Oni camp, on a small tree in the centre of a native

village—a position unfavourable to the presence of ants,

and there were none in attendance. The larva, however,

had both dorsal gland and tubercles, and the small black

house-ants (Pheidole rotundata, var.) found their way to

it very soon after I brought it home. The tubercles were

exserted on tactile stimulation. The pupa also was like

that of Myrina silenus, and the small black ants covered

it completely with débris, though it was suspended in

a vertical position. The larva did not feed while in

my possession.” It was found on the food-plant of the

Bombycid moth Norasuma kolga, Druce, and on the under-

surtace of the leaves were numerous colonies of the Coccids,

Dactylopius longispinus, Targ.-Tozz., which, as already

reported in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. xviii, are eaten

by the larva of the Lycaenid, Spalgis lemolea, H. H. Druce.

The larva of this Myrina bore a close resemblance to

that of M. silenus and was, moreover, found on a species

of fig-tree to which family the food-plant of M. silenus is

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 473

to be referred, so that I have no doubt that it also is a

plant-eater. Pupation occurred Mar. 5 and emergence

Mar. 14.

12. Hypolycaena mgra, Bethune-Baker, sp. n. (p. 502).

The associated ant was Pheidole aurivillii vr. kasaiensis.

No. 653, A—I. The ¢ type of the species is G, the 9

type D. The note referring to these 9 butterflies (8 Q,

1 3) is as follows :—

“Feb. 26, 1912. The larvae were all found in the

forest, 14 miles E., on two adjacent leaves, on Feb. 4.

I am sure they are all of one company.” ‘The larvae were

soft, green, and onisciform in shape. Of the numerous

attendant ants, P. aurivillic kasaiensis, 16 were sent.

All the larvae pupated Feb. 5; A—E emerged 8 a.m.

and flew about 9.30 a.m., Feb. 13; F and G (the only

male), about 8.30 a.m. and flew 10 a.m., Feb. 13; H, 7 a.m.,

and I, before 7 a.m., Feb. 14.

13. Hypolycaena (Zeltus) lebona, Hew.

The associated ant was Pheidole aurwillu rv. kasaiensis.

No. 595. A note of Jan. 18, 1912, refers to a female

specimen :—

‘“T am sending a Lycaenid butterfly, with the 8 precise

ants which were in attendance on its larva. I was able to

see the dorsal gland in this, but was not sure as to the

presence of the tubercles. The larva eats the cortex of

the young shoots, and rarely the upper or lower surface of

the leaves of the wild ‘ bush-yam’ called ‘Ewo’ in the

Yoruba tongue.”

The 8 ants in attendance were P. aurivilli kasamensis.

The larva was found in the forest 1 mile K., Jan. 4;

pupation, Jan. 7; emergence, 7 a.m., Jan. 16.

No. 627. My note referring to a male specimen is as

follows :—

“Jan. 29, 1912. The larva of this Lycaenid was deep

green in colour. The orifice of the dorsal gland was con-

spicuous, having reddish lips: at the usual site of the

tubercles were white spots, but I did not see the structures

protruded.”

Four P. aurivillii vr. kasaiensis, in attendance, were sent

with the imago. ‘The larva was found Jan. 12, in the

forest, 14 miles E.; pupation, Jan. 16; emergence, about

10 a.m.; flight, 11.45 a.m., Jan. 27.

474 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

14. Hypolycaena philippus, F.

The associated ants were Pheidole auriwillit kasaensis

(probably), Ph. rotundata, var. (in the house as well as in

the open), Camponotus akwapimensis v. poultom, and

C. maculatus, the latter as an exception.

A note bearing on the relationship between these larvae

and ants was communicated on my behalf to this Society

by Prof. Poulton on Dec. 6, 1911 (Proceedings, pp. c-—ci).

The ants therein mentioned as being in attendance on the

larvae when found are now recognised, after a study of

Prof. Forel’s recent determinations, as a species of Phevdole,

very probably aurwilli r. kasaiensis, whereas the “ house

ants’ which came and attended the larvae in captivity

were certainly Pheidole rotundata, var. The following

butterflies were bred during 1912 :—

No. 643, a female specimen, was reared from a larva

found on Jan. 31, 1912, in forest 4 mile E., and 3 C. akwa-

pimensis v. poultont were in attendance on it. The larva

was then transferred to another plant in Oni Clearing near

my house, and, on Feb. 4, six P. rotundata, var., were

removed from it.

Pupation, Feb. 5; emergence, about 9 a.m., Feb. 12.

No. 675, a male specimen, was bred from a larva found

in Oni Clearing on Feb. 14,1912: 3 P. rotundata, var., were

in attendance.

Pupation, Feb. 16; emergence, Feb. 25.

A third larva, which died Jan. 16, was found Jan. 12

in Oni Clearing with a single Camponotus maculatus, F.,

subsp. ?, in attendance. This ant 1s in my experience an

unusual attendant of H. philippus.

15. Argiolaus alcibsades, Kirby.

The associated ant was a race of Cremastogaster buchnerv.

No. 805. A letter dated June 10, 1912, states that

the pupa of this 2 Lycaenid was found June 2, in the

forest 14 miles E., on a leaf of Culcasia scandens, Beauv.

(Aroideae), a plant of ivy-like habit, climbing up a Kola

tree on which was a huge nest of black ants which were

scattered everywhere on the plants. The ants were

undoubtedly a race of Cremastogaster buchnert.

Emergence, June 6.

16. Argiolaus julus, Hew.

The associated ant was a race of Cremastogaster buchnert.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 475

No. 765 A—C. Two males and 1 female. The note in

my letter, dated May 13, 1912, is as follows :—

“The larvae of these Lycaenidae were ant-attended

and had each a dorsal gland, though I could not see any

tubercles. The three were found together in the forest

14 miles E., on a climbing parasitic plant. They were

wonderfully coloured, ruby and green being predominant.”

Unfortunately the precise ants in attendance were not

collected, but they were undoubtedly a race of C. buchnerv.

The larvae were plant-eaters.

All pupated Apr. 23 and emerged May 3.

17. Spalgis lemolea, H. H. Druce (S-signata, Holl.).

The Coccid food of the larva has been recorded in the

Proceedings of this Society (1911, pp. civ-cv; 1912,

p. xviii). Additional notes on these larvae and their food-

insects are reproduced below :—

“Jan. 7, 1912. I had repeatedly examined the Coccids

without detecting the larvae, and it was only my attempt

to find a particularly large Coccid for examination that led

me to turn one over and discover it to be Lepidopterous.”’

“Feb. 18, 1912. The larvae of Spalgis lemolea do not

strike me as being much larger than the Coccids on which

they feed, for they are rather flattened and usually nestle

up closely to the masses of Coccids under what appears to

be a common covering of shed cuticles, etc. It is sometimes

really quite difficult to distinguish them. The Coccids are

so closely packed and so well covered that one can rarely

see the form ofa single individual.”

“June 15, 1912. I have watched several Spalgis

ovipositing on the Coccid masses, and am now sending

some larvae in spirit. It is quite common to see tiny

Coccids wandering in the material on the back of the

larvae.”

Some of the Coccids, as eaten by the larvae of Spalqis,

from the plant “ Pride of Barbados” in Oni Clearing,

May 25, 1912, were sent in spirit, and these, when examined

by Prof. Newstead, F.R.S., were found to be Dactylopius

virgatus, var. madagascariensis, Newst. (p. 523). The

food-insects previously sent were determined by the same

authority as D. longispinus, Targ.-Tozz. (Proceedings,

1912, p. xvii); hence the larvae of Spalgis lemolea are

not confined to a single species of Coccid. Although the

condition of the specimens was such that Prof. Newstead

476 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

cannot be certain about either determination, he is never-

theless quite sure that the species are different.

18. Lycaenesthes sp.? alberta, Bethune-Baker.

The associated ant was Cremastogaster buchneri xv. clari-

ventris.

The specimens are stunted so that their determination

was difficult. Mr. Bethune-Baker, however, after com-

paring them with the type of alberta, considers that they

probably belong to the same species.

The following note refers to three bred specimens, | ¢

2 2 :—

No. 705.. Mar. 24, 1912. “The larvae of these

Lycaenidae were all obtained at Idakun on one plant on

March 13. A dorsal gland and tubercles were present in

the usual situation and a great number of ants, rather

different from any others I have sent, were in attendance.”

The ants, which numbered 31, have been determined as

C. buchnert, Forel, r. clarwentris, Mayr.

All three pupated Mar. 15 and emerged Mar. 23.

19. Lycaenesthes liodes, Hew.

This species has a green, onisciform, leaf-eating larva.

Notes as to a bred specimen are as follows :—

No. 719, male, April 1, 1912. “This larva had both

dorsal gland and tubercles in the usual region. Three ants

were in attendance on it when found.” These were

despatched home but were lost, probably in the post. The

imago and its pupa-case arrived safely.

Larva in forest, 14 miles E., Mar. 20; pupation, Mar. 23; —

emergence, Mar. 30.

20. Lycaenesthes silvanus, Drury.

The associated ants were Pheidole aurivilli vr. kasaiensis

(probably) and Camponotus akwapimensis v. poultoni.

A preliminary note as to the relationship between the

larvae of this species and ants was communicated to this

Society by Prof. Poulton in 1911 (Proceedings, p. civ).

The larvae are green and onisciform, and are leaf-eaters.

No. 553, A, B. Twomales. Dec. 4,1911. ‘ The larva

was found on a leaf with ants in attendance.”

Ten P. aurwill kasamensis are probably the specimens

referred to, but decisive data are wanting.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 477

The above note refers to a single specimen, but the

letterig probably indicates that the 2 larvae were found

together.

A, Larva in forest, 1 mile E., Nov. 23, 1911; pupation,

Nov. 26; emergence, about 3 p.m. Dec. 3. B, Larva in

forest, 1 mile E.; emergence, about 3 p.m. Dec. 6. No

other data.

No. 616, male. Jan. 18, 1912. ‘‘ The larva was found

in the forest, 14 miles E., on Jan. 11, with two ants in

attendance. It had both dorsal gland and tubercles, the

former hard to see owing to the absence of any special

pigmentation.”

The two ants were C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

Pupation, Jan. 15; emergence, Jan. 22.

21. Lycaenesthes larydas, Cram.

The associated ants were Camponotus akwapimensis

v. poultons and Pherdole aurivillii r. kasaiensis.

A note on the relationship between these larvae and ants

was communicated on my behalf by Prof. Poulton to this

Society in 1911 (Proceedings, p. civ).

The larvae of this species were green and onisciform in

shape and ate leaves. The notes referring to a long series

are as follows :—

No. 611. L. larydas 3. “Jan. 18, 1912. The larva of

this Lycaenid, found in the forest near Oni Clearing on

Jan. 10, possessed both gland and tubercles, which were

sometimes protruded when I tickled it.” It ate the food-

plant of the Pierine Terias senegalensis, Boisd., and 3 ants

in attendance on it were C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

Pupation, Jan. 13; emergence, about 2 p.m., Jan. 21.

No. 613. JL. larydas, 9, tending to kersteni, Gerst.

“The larva was found 4 mile east of our camp on Jan. 8,

1912, and two ants were in attendance.’’ These also were

C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

Pupation, Jan. 13; emergence, Jan. 21.

No. 614. L. larydas, 9, tending to kersteni. “ Jan. 18,

1912. The larva possessed a dorsal gland, but the orifice

was hard to see, not being marked out by pigment. Two

white tubercles were present and were protruded on

tickling with a wisp of cotton wool.” Larva in the forest

near Oni Camp; imago emerged Jan. 22. No other data.

No. 617. L. larydas, 3. “The larva was found on

Jan. 8, 1912, in forest } mile E. of Camp. There was only

478 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

one ant in attendance on it, a large 9 min. of C. akwa-

pimensis v. poultonr.”

Pupation, Jan. 13; emergence, Jan. 22.

No. 623. LL. larydas, 8. Jan. 29,1912. “I found the

orifice of the dorsal gland in the larva of this specimen and

detected the sites of the tubercles, but I could not cause

them to be protruded.”

One C. akwapimensis v. poultont was in attendance on

the larva, Jan. 14.

Larva in forest near Oni Clearing, Jan. 14; pupation,

Jan. 19; emergence, Jan. 26.

No. 628. L. larydas, 2, deformed.

“The larva was found } mile east of camp on Jan. 15,

1912.” One C. akwapimensis v. poultoni was in attendance.

Pupation, Jan. 17; emergence, Jan. 28.

No. 639. L. larydas, 3, tending to kersteni.

The larva was found in the forest $ mile E., on Jan. 26,

1912, and 9 ants, P. aurivillia kasaiensis were in attendance

onit. A note dated Feb. 5, 1912, records that both dorsal

gland and tubercles existed in the larva.

Pupation, Jan. 29; emergence, before 9 a.m., Feb. 5.

No. 641. L. larydas, 3, tending slightly to kersten:.

The larva was found in the forest, 14 miles E., on Jan. 26,

1912, and 4 ants, P. aurivillit kasaiensis, were in attendance

on it. A note dated Feb. 5 is as follows: “I saw the

dorsal gland in the case of this larva, and tubercles were

put out when I tickled it.”

Pupation, Jan. 29; emergence, before 10 a.m., Feb. 5.

No. 669. L. larydas, 9, tending to kerstena.

The larva of the specimen was found in the forest, $ mile

K., on Feb. 13, 1912. One ant only, a C. akwapimensis v.

poultonr, was in attendance.

Emergence, Feb. 22.

22. Lycaenesthes lachares, Hew.

The associated ants were Pheidole aurivillu 1. kasaiensis

and Ph. rotundata, var., the latter in the house as well as

in the open.

[The females of lachares from the neighbourhood of Oni

differ from the ordinary form of this sex in the absence or

shght development of the yellow patch in the centre of

the upper surface of each wing. Hewitson’s type in the

British Museum, from the Cameroons, has the patch

strongly developed in each fore-wing, weakly in each hind.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 479

Mr. W. A. Lamborn has sent 10 females captured on the

following dates: 1910, March 26—two, April 5—one,

May 24—one; 1911, Jan. 1—six. These last 6 were taken

in one spot, and had evidently only just emerged from the

pupa. The only specimen with the yellow patches con-

spicuous is that taken April 5, 1910. In all the others

they are wanting, or very slightly developed. All these

specimens are shown on Plate X XVI, figs. 1-10.

The relative development of the yellow marks in the

females of the following series of bred specimens has been

described as carefully as possible in order that comparison

may be made with the above-mentioned captured females,

and it will be found that this feature is, upon the whole,

far more prominent in the former. The comparison

suggests that artificial conditions, acting as a shock, have

tended to cause reversion to the normal pattern of the

species. The extent to which these yellow marks appeared,

differed greatly in the females of the different groups, each

of which was bred from larvae found together and therefore

developed from the eggs of a single female. This difference

is probably to be accounted for by differing hereditary

tendencies towards reversion, so that, although the shock

has probably been of the same general kind, the effects

produced are far from uniform.

The whole of the bred females except No. 612, arranged

in their httle families, are represented on Plate XXVI,

figs. 11-30.

Modification of the under surface, probably in conse-

quence of artificial conditions, is also represented on

figs. 31-39 of the same Plate. Figs. 31-36 represent the

males and 37-38 the females of a single family (No. 615,

p. 481), while fig. 39 represents the underside of a cap-

tured female for comparison with the two latter. It will be

noted that the pattern of fig. 36 is extraordinarily different

from that of the other males, although fig. 35 is slightly

transitional towards it. Furthermore, the two females,

especially that shown in fig. 38, have undergone somewhat

similar modifications. It will be noticed that by far the

greatest change, as shown in figs. 36 and 38, has been under-

gone by the smallest individuals, namely, by those which

have presumably been most strongly affected by the

artificial conditions.

The upper surface of the male shown in fig. 36 is also

remarkable in the possession of a distinct pale submarginal

480 Mr.. W. A. Lamborn on the

line, increasing in brightness and breadth towards the anal

angle of both wings, but stronger in the hind-wing. The

very peculiar pattern of the under surface is also visible

through the shghtly transparent wings and gives to the

insect a peculiar and characteristic appearance. The

upper surface of the male represented in fig. 35 is transi-

tional towards that above described. KE. B. P.]

The larvae were of the usual green onisciform type. The

following note, referring to specimens numbered 605, 607,

609, 615, was written on Jan. 18, 1912 :—

““T am sending a long series of these Lycaenids grouped

for the sake of precision under several numbers. The

larvae of all, except those labelled 604, came off one shrub

near Oni Clearing, on and about Jan. 10, 1912. The two,

labelled 604, were taken, Jan. 11,4 mile EK. of camp. These

larvae were always found under leaves and in groups which

I have kept distinct, and all were ant-attended. They

showed a tendency to conceal themselves by drawing

leaves together, especially when about to pupate. The

eight larvae the imagos of which are numbered 615 were

found together and six of them pupated under a leaf lightly

attached to the wall of the box. House-ants replaced in

most cases the usual attendant ants. I have mislaid a note

on the position of the dorsal gland but it is present in the

usual situation, and the paired tubercles were extruded on

weak tactile stimulation.

“The larvae were all leaf-green, but became reddish,

and exhibited oblique stripes of a lighter shade about 36

hours before pupation. All the imagos emerged about

8 to 9 a.m.—never earlier—and all flew about 10-10.30

a.m.” [605 C, D and 607 J appear to have been excep-

tions. |

The history of these 4 separate groups is as follows :—

No. 605. Six larvae found together under one leaf were

attended by 18 ants, P. aurivillai kasaiensis, and 1 male

and 5 female butterflies were bred from them.

No. 607. Five larvae, under one leaf, attended by 18

P. aurwillui kasmiensis, gave 2 male and 3 female butterflies.

No. 609. Two larvae under one leaf, which were attended

by 7 P. aurwillii kasaiensis, gave 1 male and 1 female

butterfly.

No. 615. Hight larvae under one leaf were attended by

no less than 41 P. aurwilli kasaiensis. Six male and 2

female butterflies were bred from these.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 481

The dates of pupation and emergence, etc., of the above-

mentioned groups 605 to 615, found on a single shrub on or

about Jan. 10, 1912, are shown below in tabular form :—

So :

Ae we Sex, Reference Development of

avse ac Babe and pour pe Letter, and Fig.) yellow marks on

Sa st ‘ 8 - on Plate X XVI, wings of female.

oO 3 o

| Jan.12 | Jan. 20: about 10.0a.m. | C ? Fig. 26 |

cs) { te

g ee Pape se scr ELOLO sae rit. DEO Laer

5 le orice

bs Ss =a 4l8 4 Vile ORR Oey 13} “GH We OES Yellow marks distinct

ae ae ES. in at four wings,

al 7 and strong in all

32 opus 5 PA = 8.0 a.m. Hole 29 | except te

is elle 3) 2 Sy 80 ame Gos -aris0

o - ee =

a5 LE pp RRB iy (Eee H ¢ |

i —————— as

Jan. 13 Jan, 21: 8.30 a.m. | I @ Fig. 16

S ie ,, 21: flew 9.0 aan, aegitin «Verity

s == === Ss re ra Distinet but not

Ss Poi | ioe ele SSO asl s 1S Pe epee ats) strong in I and K,

—| Bs i ts ———| yery feeble in J.

= FS » 21: flew 10.0a.m. Lé

| ap 38. 5 2 BOia.mn |M ¢

SE RC Se Se A ET TE TT I

2 Ss Jan, 12 Jan. 21: about 8.0 a.m. N 9 Fig. 24

oe = — ——| -- Strongly developed.

“us bas »» 22 », 8.0-9.0a.m.| O ¢

re cr rr ET LE

| | Figs. 11

€ | € = Q

| Jan,12 | Jan, 21: 8.0 a.m. pme and 37. |

i= Ss ees eee. | — ase}

vet ke », 22: about 8.0-9.0a.m.| Q ¢ Fig. 31

o = = = =

r » 13 » 22: 4, 8.0-9.0a.m.) RS ,, 32 | Only faintest trace of

= a aa 5 |= ea ae || | harks-onsalluwings

= anl3 in URE 5, REMC Ce | Ase SSE of Pand U. The ¢

= ——| - —_——— W an extraordinary

= pf ee LS ey ley) Bee SOS. Orasmn TN res var., especially on

a | le sy under surface (p.

: Figs. 12 | 479).

= op i 7 we » 8.0-9.0a.m.| U 2 “ong 38

ae aoe

Unrecorded| ,, 23: ,, 8.0a.m. V ¢ Fig. 35

4 eeeooraee cee S'O.acii: Ws ,, 36

Other bred specimens are :—

No. 604. Two L. lachares, both females (Plate X XVI,

Although number 604 is earlier than those

of the groups already described, the larvae were captured

figs. 19, 20).

later and are therefore treated in this position.

The two

larvae were found under one leaf, in the forest 4 mile E.,

Jan. 11, 1912: pupation, Jan. 13; emergence of 2 A,

9 a.m., Jan. 20, of 9 B, 8 a.m., Jan. 21.

482 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

Three P. aurwillia kasaiensis were in attendance on the

larvae.

The yellow marks are well developed on the wings of

both females, but not quite so strongly as on those of

605.

No. 612. L. lachares,?. “‘ Jan. 18,1912. This larva had

a dorsal gland rather more conspicuous than in most,

because the anterior and posterior lips were pink in the

mid-line and white on each side. Tubercles of the usual

kind were present.” Larva, near Clearing, Jan. 10;

pupation, Jan. 12; emergence 8 a.m., Jan. 21.

Yellow marks well developed—as in 605 C.

No. 631. One L. lachares, 2 (Plate XXVI, fig. 14). The

larva was found on Jan. 20th, in forest 1 mile E. Six

P. rotundata are accompanied by the note “631. Ants in

attendance on larva when found.” Pupation, Jan. 22;

emergence, about 10 a.m., Jan. 31. Distinct trace of

yellow marks on fore-wings, extremely faint on hind.

No. 632. Two Z. lachares, 1 male and 1 female (Plate

XXVI, fig. 13). The larvae of these were found together

on Jan. 20, in the forest, } mile E. No ants were sent home

with the specimens, so that it is doubtful as to whether the

larvae were ant-attended when discovered, but as soon as

they were placed in a box the house-ants, P. rotundata,

to the number of nine, 8 % min. and 1 9 maj., came and

attended them.

Both pupated Jan. 24 and emerged Feb. 2.

Faintest trace of yellow on all wings of female—even less

than on 615 P and U.

No. 637. One L. lachares, male. The larva was found

in forest, 4 mile E., Jan. 24, 1912, with three P. aurwillu

kasaensis in attendance on it. A note dated Feb. 5 runs

as follows: “‘ The larva of this Lycaenid was green. The

orifice of the dorsal gland was indicated by two bright

pink spots, one in the middle of each lip. I did not succeed

in getting the larva to put out its tubercles, but there

were dark patches in the region where these are usually

found.”

Pupation, Jan. 30; emergence, before 9 a.m., Feb. 5.

Nos. 665, 666 and 667, all ZL. lachares, were bred from

larvae found on one plant 1 mile E. on Feb. 9, 1912.

No. 665. A female (Plate XXVI, fig. 25) was bred from a

larva found on a leaf by itself with 2 P. aurivillu kasmensis

in attendance.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 483

Pupation, Feb. 12; emergence, about 8 a.m., Feb. 20.

The yellow patches are strongly marked.

No. 666. Two males and 3 females (Plate XXVI, figs.

21-23) were bred from larvae on one leaf attended by

P. rotundata, var., which were removed. House-ants of the

same species subsequently covered the pupae with débris,

traces of which may be seen on 2 out of the 3 pupae in the

collection. Eleven P. rotundata, var., are accompanied by

the note ‘‘ ants in attendance on 5 larvae, Feb. 9, 1912.”

It is worthy of note that the other ants taken from the

same bush were P. aurwilliv kasaensis.

All pupated Feb. 12 and emerged Feb. 20,—1 male at

8 a.m., the remaining butterflies at about this hour. The

females were strongly yellow-marked on fore-wing, rather

less so on hind-wing.

No. 667. A female (Plate XXVI, fig. 15) was bred from

a larva with 6 P. auriwillic kasaiensis in attendance.

Pupation, Feb. 12; emergence, about 8 a.m., Feb. 20.

The wings, especially the fore-wings, are slightly but

distinctly yellow-marked.

23. Lycaenesthes flavomaculata, Smith and Kirby.

The associated ants were Odontomachus haematodes and

Cremastogaster buchneri, races winkleri and alligatrix.

Also, in the house, Pheidole rotundata, var.

No. 602, A—C, 2 males and 1 female were bred from 3

larvae found side by side under a leaf in the forest, 4 mile

K., on Jan. 9, 1912. A note dated Jan. 18, thus refers to

them: “ The precise ants, 18 C. buchneri winkleri, in attend-

ance on the larvae are sent. I was able to see with the

unaided eye the orifice of the dorsal gland in the usual

situation. In the case of one larva a droplet of watery

fluid exuded from it. I could not detect any special

taste to it, but I subsequently watched the house-ants,

P. rotundata, var., which adopted the larvae, drinking it. I

could see no tubercles, though a light spot on each side

in the usual situation suggested that they might be present.

The larvae dropped to the ground when I started ant-

catching.”

All pupated Jan. 11. 9 A emerged 10 a.m., § B about

10.30 a.m., Jan. 19; ¢C9a.m., and flew 10 a.m., Jan. 20.

No. 638. A male butterfly was bred from a larva found

in the forest near Oni Clearing, Jan. 24, 1912.

“Feb. 5, 1912. The larva had a dorsal gland, but the

484 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

orifice was not indicated by special pigmentation. No

tubercles were extruded when I tickled the larva, but on

one occasion only a drop of fluid—tasteless to me—exuded

from the orifice of the gland.” One ant, Odontomachus

haematodes, L., was in attendance on the larva. I have

not before noted the association of any ant of this genus

with Lycaenids.

Emergence before 10 a.m., Feb. 5.

No. 640. A male butterfly was bred from a larva found

in the forest near Oni Clearing, on Jan. 28, 1912. Ten ants

were in attendance [identified by Prof. Forel as C. buchneri

alligatrix. Mr. W. C. Crawley and Mr. A. H. Hamm, after

a careful examination, are convinced that one out of the

ten is a typical example of the race winkleri]. On the

evening of Jan. 28, three P. rotundata, var., were taken off

the larva in the house. The following note, dated Feb. 5,

refers to this larva :—

‘The dorsal gland was seen, but no tubercles. I watched

house-ants on the larva with a hand-lens, and actually

saw one drink up fluid from the gland.”

Emergence, Feb. 5.

No. 651. A female specimen was bred from a larva found

in the forest $ mile E., on Jan. 27,1912. Seven ants were

in attendance. [Of these 3 bear Prof. Forel’s determina-

tion C. buchneri alligatriv and 4 his determination C.

buchnert winkleri. All bear the number “651.” Mr.

W. C. Crawley and Mr. A. H. Hamm, after examining

these specimens and comparing them with Prof. Forel’s

descriptions, conclude that the 4 labelled winkleri are,

although intermediate, nearer to alligatriz. |

Pupation, Jan. 31; emergence, Feb. 8.

24. Neurypexina lyzanius, Hew.

The associated ant was Pheidole rotundata, var.

No. 579, A—F. Two male and 4 female butterflies. The

note dated Jan. 8, 1912, refers to these as follows :—

“The larvae of these 6 Lycaenids were found in the

forest 4 mile E., Dec. 28, 1911. They were all close

together on the new shoots of a broken stem, but they were

non-gregarious. They were attended by P. rotundata,

var., but I was obliged to collect all the attendant ants

in one box, so that it will not be possible to arrange par-

ticular groups with their original Lycaenids.” ‘Twenty-one

P. rotundata were labelled ‘‘ in attendance,” 18 “‘ on other

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 485

parts of the same plant,” while 12 others cannot be placed

with certainty in either category.

Pupation, ¢ B, Dec. 31; 1g 49, Jan. 1. Emergence,

QA, Jan. 8; 2939, Jan.9. g Band QC emerged about

9 a.m.

No. 600. A male butterfly was bred from a larva found

in the forest } mile E., on Jan. 5, 1912. No less than

37 P. rotundata, var., were on the same leaf, many concen-

trating their attention on the larva.

Pupation, Jan. 10; emergence about 2 p.m., Jan. 18.

A note records that the larva was the same as 579 A—F.

25. Triclema lucretilis, Hew.

The female of this species is described by Mr. Bethune-

Baker on p. 503. The associated ants were Cremasto-

gaster buchneri, races alligatrix and winkleri. Also, in the

house, P. rotundata, var.

No. 555. A single male specimen. A note dated Nov. 27,

1911, runs :—

“ T recently found 4 remarkable Lycaenid larvae, though

3 have since died and the remaining | is sickly. I first saw

a little dark green larva in a pit which it had gnawed in the

dark green cortex of a soft plant. It was small, and I

removed it carefully for the purpose of an examination with

a lens. There were numerous ants on it (C. buchnert

alligatrix *). Having examined it, I replaced it on the

stem and it soon crawled down and vanished into a hole

out of which ants had been coming. I found 2 other small

larvae on the stem, and a fourth could be seen just inside

another hole.

“T opened up a stem, and in so doing, cut into a larva

inside it. The ants, which bite and so produce a little

temporary skin irritation, came rushing out in numbers.”

Larva in forest 14 miles E., Nov. 22; pupation, Nov. 27;

emergence, 8 a.m., Dec. 7. This male butterfly is some-

what dwarfed, and the blue markings on the upper surface

are much reduced. The pale markings on the under

surface are yellow.

A further note referring to the same ants on Jan. 10, 1912,

runs thus: “ These particular ants bite savagely, and when

* The 7 ants sent as examples of those attending 555 were

collected at a later date, viz. Jan. 10, 1912.

486 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

alarmed run about with abdomen uplifted and turned

forwards over the thorax.”

The note of Nov. 27 continues: “I found that the

pith in the centre of the stem had largely been eaten away

and that on the inner side were a number of little pits. In

some of the older tunnels thus produced were white scale

insects. Normal stems have no central cavity.”

I feel confident that the larvae of Triclema eat only

the young cortex of this particular plant, and that the

presence of Coccids is accidental as far as they are con-

cerned, although there probably is relationship between

the Coccids and the ants.

No. 657. Five male and 3 female butterflies. One of

these latter is the specimen described by Mr. Bethune-

Baker (p. 503). A note in my letter of Feb. 26, 1912,

records that no less than 12 pupae were found in the forest

4 mile K., on about Feb. 13, in the central cavity of a stem

similar to that already mentioned. Three of the pupae

were injured in opening it up and one other pupa died.

Ants, undoubtedly one of the races of C. buchnert, were

running in and out of holes in the stem as in the preceding

case. The stem was suspended in a box in my bungalow,

and, on Feb. 14, twenty-three ‘“‘ house-ants,” P. rotundata,

var., were collected off the pupae.

One male emerged about 7.30 a.m., Feb. 14, the remaining

butterflies about 8 a.m., and probably on the same date.

Four ants bear the note “ ants in cavity of stem with the

12 pupae. Feb. 13, 1912.” [Owing to some error these

examples were not sent to Prof. Forel, but Mr. W. C.

Crawley and Mr. A. H. Hamm are confident that they are

C. buchnert winklerc. |

No. 660. Two female butterflies. Three pupae were

found in the forest near Oni, in a similar hollowed stem

about Feb. 13, but one died. The precise ants in attend-

ance on them have been mislaid, but they were undoubtedly

a race of C. buchnert.

One butterfly emerged about 9 a.m. Feb. 15, the other

about 8 a.m. Feb. 16.

[Both specimens, as well as No. 663 (p. 487), are somewhat

dwarfed, and their upper surface is of a uniform fuscous

tint with barely a trace of the markings of the normal

females as described by Mr. Bethune-Baker (p. 503). The

under-surface markings are much yellower than in any of

Mr. Lamborn’s 5 normal females, in this respect resembling

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 487

males 555 and 662. In order to confirm the sex, Mr.

Eltringham kindly mounted and examined a fore-foot of

the specimen which emerged Feb. 16. E. B. P.]

No. 662. This male specimen was bred from a larva

found in the forest 14 miles E. on Feb. 4, 1912, which

pupated Feb. 6, and emerged Feb. 16. The ants running

in and out of the cavity were C. buchneri r. winkleri, of

which 11 were sent.* The following note, dated Feb. 26,

refers to the specimen :—

“This Lycaenid was walled up in the stem when in the

pupal state by débris brought by house-ants, P. rotundata,

var. These butterflies when freshly emerged seem to me

to possess an excessive amount of downy material about

the coxae and ventral surface of the body which frequently

gets rubbed off and deposited on the edges of the opening

by which they leave the stem.”

[F. P. Dodd, in “ Entomologist,”’ 1902, p. 184, speaks of

the thick covering of loose scales by which the freshly

emerged Liphyra brassolis, Westw., is protected from the

attacks of Oecophylla ants. |

The hollow stem which contained the pupa still retains

plenty of the débris brought by the house-ants.

No. 663. A female specimen was bred from a larva found

in the forest 14 miles E., Feb. 2, 1912, on a similar stem.

It was attended by a race of C. buchneri.

Pupation, Feb. 7; emergence, Feb. 16. This specimen

is dwarfed, dark, and yellow-marked beneath like females

660 (p. 486).

No. 670. Two female butterflies were bred from larvae

found on a similar stem in the same locality, Feb. 14, 1912.

They entered the central cavity on Feb. 15, and conse-

quently I lost sight of them. Ants were as usual in

attendance, but though none were sent home they were

without doubt a race of C. buchneri.

One butterfly emerged Feb. 22, the other was flying

8 a.m.; the date unrecorded, but probably Feb. 22.

The association of the particular ants C. buchneri with

the larvae in nature is perhaps to be explained by the

fact that these ants favour the particular tree, which

provides food for the larvae, as a site for their carton

nests.

* Four ants only were determined by Prof. Forel, but Mr. Crawley

and Mr. Hamm have no doubt that the whole series belongs to the

race winkleri.

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1913.— PART III. (JAN.) KK

488 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

26. Cupido (Catochrysops) malathana, Boisd.

The associated ant was Camponotus akwapimensis v.

poultont. Also, in the house, Pheidole rotundata, var.

No. 581. ¢. The following note refers to the larva of

the specimen :—

*‘ Jan. 7-8, 1912. On Jan. 5 I discovered a small

Lycaenid larva which had eaten an oval hole in the side of

a seed-pod and was half inside and half out of it. The

seed-pod belonged to a Leguminous climbing plant with a

flower very like that of our French bean.

“ Five § min. and 1 § maj. C. akwapimensis poultoni were

running to and fro on the pod, the centre of interest being

the larva. On the dorsal aspect of the visible half of its

body was a small dull-red area over which an ant was

standing head down and holding his ground all the time

against the attempts of others to come there. I secured

all these ants and they are now sent. On arriving home I

discovered a drop of fluid rather larger than a pin’s head

on this patch. I shut the larva up closely and left it for

the night. On the same day I had found two Oboronia

pupae in a head of the plant Costus afer, and had left them

on my verandah table. I found next morning that the

small black ‘ house-ants,’ P. rotundata, var., had made an

attempt to cover them with bits of wool, excreta of cater-

pillars and tiny fragments of wood, so I took away the

pupae, and the ants scattered over the table. I then

opened the box containing the Catochrysops larva which

had left the seed-pod, and the ants very soon swarmed

over it. I removed all the ants save three so that I was

then able to watch the proceedings without difficulty.

“ The ants undoubtedly obtained food-material from the

red patch, but behind and to its outer side I observed, on

either side, a little white tubercle which was protruded and

drawn in again repeatedly, and with such great rapidity

that one could hardly count its movements. I then took

away two more ants. The remaining one fed at the red

patch, and now that the other ants were no longer running

over the larva the two tubercles remained protruded.

Presently the ant made a rush at one of the tubercles which

was promptly withdrawn. It then ran over to the second

tubercle. This was withdrawn in turn, but the first

tubercle was thrust out again and incited the ant to rush

back a fraction of a second too late to secure anything, for

Relationship between certaan West African Insects. 489

the tubercle had been already retracted. This happened

repeatedly, and I then took away the ant and examined

the structures more closely.

‘The larva, green in colour and onisciform in shape, is

about 7 mm. in length. The red patch, which is about

2 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, is situated in the mid-dorsal

line of segments 10 and 11. It is diamond-shaped and

the anterior angle is produced forwards and constitutes

the area on segment 10. I feel sure that with a lens I can

see a crescentic opening, with the concavity directed back-

wards, in the portion of the patch on segment 11.

“ Both tubercles are on segment 12, 3 mm. behind and to

the outer side of the patch, and 4 mm. from the mid-dorsal

line, and their length when fully extended is, according to

my estimate, 1 mm. The tubercle is white, and, with a

lens, one can see a ring of tiny bristles forming a fringe

encircling its blunt and rounded apex. When the ants

are removed, the tubercles are only to be seen for about

half a minute, and when they are retracted one cannot

detect the exact spot at which they were extruded, but a

weak tactile stimulus will cause one or other to reappear.

“The larva subsequently entered the little seed-pod

again and ate out the whole of the interior, voiding a large

quantity of pale green excreta. It spent the whole of

yesterday crawling about without taking food, and to-day

(Jan. 8) it has become motionless and is almost concealed

under débris piled up by the ants (P. rotundata). If this

happens under natural conditions the covering must

effectually conceal the pupae.”

The following data accompany No. 581. Larva in forest

1} miles EK. Jan, 5, 1912; pupation, Jan. 9; emergence,

10.45 a.m., Jan. 16; flew about 11.45 a.m. Of the 6

C. akwapimensis poultoni attending larva Jan. 5, one

is a § major, and 3 of the minors are much larger than

the other 2. Eight of the P. rotundata, var., attending

the larva from Jan. 6 were also sent, together with the

material heaped by them over the resting larva on Jan. 8;

also the seed-pod and the pupa-case.

27. Cupido (Oboronia) punctata, Dew.

The associated ants were Pheidole aurwillii kasaiensis

and P. rotundata, var., the latter in the open as well as

.n the house.

490 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

Various notes on the habits of the larva were com-

municated for me by Prof. Poulton to this Society in 1911

(Proceedings, pp. ci-civ). The ants which construct a nest

over the head of the plant Costus afer, Ker.-Gawl.

(Scitamineae), in the calyces of which the larva lives, have

since been determined as belonging to the genus Pheidole,

and two species are probably concerned, viz. P. auwriwilli

kasmensis and P. rotundata, the former being more usually

found.

No. 442. The 15 butterflies of this series were all bred

from larvae and pupae found in the calyces of Costus afer

between Sept. 11 and Oct. 7, 1911. All were covered in by

nests built up by Phezdole. The larvae and pupae were

found in Oni Clearing and in the forest at various points

up to 14 miles E., the majority coming from this latter

distance. Specimens D, EH, F, G, J, O and P (all males)

bear notes stating that they emerged at 9 a.m., and an

eighth unlettered g specimen “about 9 a.m.” Only 2

specimens, B, 9, and G were captured as larvae, on Sept. 10

and 13 respectively: they pupated Sept. 11 and 15 and

emerged Sept. 21 and 26. Of the remainder A, C, and K

are g, I, L, and N 9. Nearly all the pupa-cases are con-

tained in the calyces of the food-plant—never more than

one in each. The remainder are attached to the scale-like

leaves of the flower-head.

No. 474. The female parent, referred to in Proceedings,

1911, p. cil, was captured in a swamp in Oni Clearing,

Sept. 18, 1911. She died and was partially eaten by ants

Sept. 21. The 3 probable offspring, all J, emerged Oct. 2,

6, and 7 respectively. The larvae and pupae were tended

by house-ants, P. rotundata. The conditions of the breed-

ing experiment, as described in the Proceedings, leave little

doubt that these 3 butterflies are the offspring of 474 and

therefore that the cycle from egg to imago is run through

very rapidly.

No. 580, A 9 and B g. Two pupae were found in Oni

Clearing on Jan. 4, 1912, in the usual situation on Costus

afer, and 50 P. aurivillii kasaiensis were collected from the

ants’ nest. On Jan. 6 the pupae were covered in the house

with material brought by Pheidole rotundata, 20 of which,

19 $ min. and 1 § maj., were collected.

Emergence of A, Jan. 6; of B, 9 a.m. Jan. 9.

No. 582, 9. One pupa was found Jan. 3, 1912, in Oni

Clearing in a calyx of Costus afer covered by a nest of

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 491

P. aurivillii kasaiensis; the imago emerged Jan. 7:

31 3 min. and 1 § maj. were collected from the nest.

“ Jan. 15, 1912. The small black house-ants, P. rotundata,

var., covered up the pupa as it lay on my table with

particles of wood, wool and other rubbish, including the

egg-shells of a Saturnian moth and the shed caudal horn

of a Sphinx larva.”

“ Jan. 15, 1912. With a view to attracting more ants

I left a lump of sugar on the table and an attempt to cover

this also was made. These ants liked the sugar very much,

but they are also carnivorous and had devoured a small

green Mantis which I had left on the table dead.

“T found a small box containing tiny red house-ants and

their larvae which I placed on a table where the small black

house-ants (P. rotundata, var.) come. The latter soon

vanquished the former and carried them off with their

larvae.”

No. 596, 9. The larva was found on Jan. 2, 1912, in Oni

Clearing in a head of Costus afer. The butterfly emerged

on Jan. 15, about 7 a.m.; 7 $ min. and 2 $ maj. of Pheidole

rotundata were collected Jan. 2, from the nest covering the

head of the plant.

No. 597, 3. The pupa was found in Oni Clearing in a

head of Costus afer on Jan. 14, 1912, and the imago emerged

on Jan. 15 about 7 a.m.; 13 P. aurivillii kasaiensis were

collected Jan. 14 from the nest covering the head of plant.

C.—CARNIVOROUS MOTH-LARVAE AND MOTH-

LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH ANTS.

1. Eublemma ochrochroa, Hampson (Erastrianae).

These little Noctuid moths were compared in the British

Museum with the type of the species, from Sierra Leone.

No. 776. The larva of this moth was found near Oni

Clearing on Mar. 29, 1912, and a note dated May 13 thus

refers to it :—

“The larva was very remarkable. I discovered a stem

of Triumfetta cordifolia bearing Coccids, Stictococcus

sjdstedti, on the secretions of which Oecophylla ants were

feeding. Among the Coccids was a small brown oval

structure, apparently of silk, fixed to the bark. I took it

to be a cocoon and so brought it home, but by and by the

structure moved with considerable rapidity, and I then

492 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

saw that it consisted of a case concealing a purple cater-

pillar. This covering was not an intrinsic part of the larva,

for I believe that the latter was able to turn round almost

completely beneath it. I certainly saw its head very near

where the anal extremity had been and from time to time

at the side. The larva ate one Coczid and then became

quiescent, having sealed down its covering to the stem on

all sides. The cocoon-like structure sent is really the

covering of the active larva. Though I was able to see very

little of it I felt certain that this larva was Lycaenid; for

I have found other larvae which I am sure were Lycaenidae

under coverings of débris. Accordingly when a little moth

emerged I did not connect it with the cocoon until two days

later, when I noticed for the first time the valve-like aperture

by which it had made its exit.”

Pupation about Mar. 31, emergence Apr. 10. A Sticto-

coccus is still attached to the stick bearing the cocoon.

No. 826. The larva of this moth was found near Oni

Clearing on May 22, 1912, and is referred to in the following

note :—

“ July 1. The larva of this moth was carnivorous and

was found moving among Oecophylla ants and feeding

on Coccids, Stictococcus sjtistedti, the food of the larva of

Aslauga lamborni. The ants were feeding on the secretions

of the Coccids. The larva was protected by a rounded

covering of silk in which were the remains of Stictococci, and

this covering served to form the cocoon.”

Pupation about May 26, emergence June 24. <A Stecto-

coccus is also attached to the stick bearing the cocoon, and

remains of Strctococci are clearly visible in the walls of the

latter.

2. Probably Euproctis sp. (Lymantridae).

No. 844. The larva of this little Lymantrid moth was

found near ants, June 24, 1912, in the forest 14 E. It

spun June 26, and the perfect insect emerged July 8.

The moth itself bears a remarkable superficial resemblance

to a Lithosid of the genus Muiltochrista.

3. Obtusipalpalis saltusalis, Schaus (Schoenobiinae).

The larvae and pupae of this Pyralid moth live in the

flower-heads of Costus afer among the Pheidole ants which

tend the larvae and pupae of the Lycaenid, Oboronia punc-

tata (see pp. 489-91, also Proceedings, 1911, pp. cil, civ).

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 493

No. 484 Aand B. The pupa of A was found Oct. 7, 1911,

in an ants’ nest in a head of Costus afer in Oni Clearing.

The moth emerged Oct. 10. The larva of B was found,

Sept. 27, 1911, in a similar situation in the forest 14 E.

The moth appeared Oct. 10.

4. Tinthia lambornella, Durrant, sp. n. (p. 513) (Hgeriidae).

No. 674. The following note refers to the single bred

specimen.

“Feb. 26, 1912. The larva of this Aegeriid moth was

maggot-like, and lived inside a stem which I cut open in my

search for Lycaenidae. ‘These particular stems are often

hollowed out by a large ant (Sima aethiops, Smith 2) which

lives inside in company with some scale insects, samples of

which are sent in spirit. The ants often form communities

of 6 or 7 [probably workers with a 9] in an internode and

have larvae with them.”

The moth larva was found by itself in an internode, but

ants were found in those on either side of it. The moth is

accompanied by its pupa-case in a hollow stem, together

with 9 2 Sima, bearing the date Feb. 29, and 2 stems similar

to those which they inhabit. A note states that the ants

were found each in a separate internode, at Alo, 4 miles E.

of Oni. [The date of the above note (Feb. 26) shows

that the moth larva was not taken with these particular

ants. |

5. Tortrix callopista, Durrant, sp. n. (p. 513).

No. 625. The larva of this moth was found in the forest

13 miles E., on Jan. 14. My note concerning it is as

follows :—

“Jan. 15, 1912. On going yesterday to obtain more

Coccids as food for Lycaenid larvae, I discovered, on the

stem of the same plant, some inanimate objects which

looked very like Lycaenid larvae. In the walls of each were

imbedded a number of Stictococci. On attempting to

remove one with scissors I found that it was hollow and

contained a maggot-like Lepidopterous larva, and that the

wall covering the larva was composed of silk with brown

material containing the Coccids on its outer side.”

“ Jan. 29, 1912. This tiny moth was bred, Jan. 27, from

a larva, similar to one sent in spirit, which I found in a

tunnel constructed under Stictococci which are eaten by the

494 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

larva of Aslauga lamborni. I have since found that the

little moth larvae eat out the inside of the Coccids, attacking

them from underneath, and when one is eaten they con-

struct a tunnel so as lead to and get beneath another.”

It is probable that the minute Lepidopterous larva

which Prof. R. Newstead describes as preying upon S.

sjéstedti is allied to T. callopista (see p. 522, also Journ.

Kcon. Biol., vol. v, 1910, p. 22).

D.—ANTS AND MEMBRACIDAE.

The following section deals with the relationship between

ants and Membracidae and incidentally includes observa-

tions on the life-history of one species,—L. altifrons. This

section should be read in connexion with that upon Megalo-

palpus zymna (p. 458) and especially pp. 463-468, where

many other observations on Membracidae and their attend-

ant ants are recorded.

1. Leptocentrus altifrons, Walker (see also p. 516).

No. 38. “ These insects are fairly plentiful on the growing

stem of the food-plant of Acraea bonasia, F.— Triumfetta

cordifolia, Guill. and Perr., var. holland, Sprague (Tiliaceae),

and I see them occasionally on that of A. parrhasia, F.

—Urera obovata, Benth. (Urticaceae). They are invariably

attended by ants. Sometimes they are found singly and

sometimes there are several together. They are easily

examined in situ, but hard to catch, as they jump off to

an astonishing distance and take to flight with great

suddenness.”

The 14 specimens bearing. No. 38 were found Oct. 14,

1911, in the forest 14 miles E. Accompanying them is an

ege-mass on Urera obovata, with the same data.

Companies of mature forms are frequently found, but

never as far as I remember on green stems, and I am dis-

posed to think that these massed individuals are invariably

such as have only just emerged from the nymph condition

and that they scatter when hardened up. (See also Proc.

Ent. Soc. 1913, pp. xxxvi—xxxvii, and xxxvii footnote.)

One frequently finds mature forms feeding on green stems

but rarely more than two together, and they are invariably

ant-attended. Thus among the specimens sent is a single

large L. altifrons, found Jan. 14, 1912, on a green stem in

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 495

the forest } mile E., together with the 2 attendant ants,

C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

The solicitude of ants for the larvae has a very definite

object, for they are extremely partial to the fluid excreted

at the anal extremity, and I remember seeing a C. akwa-

pimensis Vv. poulton with the caudal whip of a Membracid

larva actually in its mouth. [The same attraction is also

described by J. C. Kershaw in Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol.

EVE 1988 pel 90.4

The attraction exercised on ants by mature forms is not

so clear, but in some cases it has seemed to me that the

ants have obtained edible material off the wings. The ants

usually in attendance on this species are C. akwapimensis v.

poulton., but two mature specimens found near Oni

Clearing about Jan. 6, 1912, were attended by Pheidole

rotundata, var. These Membracids, No. 54, were found

near a shelter containing larvae, probably of the same

species, of which 7 were sent, accompanied by the 18

P. rotundata, var., which attended both larvae and imagines.

Oviposition. A note referring to a female specimen runs

as follows :—

No. 43. “This insect was found ovipositing Oct. 25,

1911, on a stem of the plant, Triumfetta cordifolia, Guill. and

Perr., var. hollandii, Sprague, 14 miles E. of Onicamp. She

sat so closely over the egg-mass that I was able to cut off

the twig and place it, without disturbing her, in my killing-

bottle. Two ants were in attendance, and one seemed to

obtain food-material from her wings.” The specimen is

much larger than Walker’s type of L. altifrons, but this

may be accounted for by the sex. The twig with the egg-

mass (figured on p. 496) is in the collection but the ants

were not sent.

Since writing the above, I have found a number of

ovipositing females which always exhibited the same

astonishing degree of reluctance to quit the egg-mass—

so much so indeed that it is always possible to make a

close examination with a lens, and, if one wishes to capture

such a specimen, it is easily taken between thumb and

forefinger, a method of capture which is impossible under

ordinary conditions. Oviposition is a lengthy proceeding

and lasts from 36 to 48 hours.

I believe, though I have to trust entirely to memory on

this point, that the eggs are placed only on the old brown

cortex and never on the green stem of any plant. The

496 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on the

length of time the female is engaged in oviposition and

her apparent insensibility to any danger which may be

threatening her must certainly necessitate the careful

selection of a site on which she is least likely to be subject

to attack, and though on a green stem Leptocentrus is a

conspicuous object, on a brown stem her dark colour and

her shape are, I am sure, of cryptic value, so that she is

likely to be detected only by the practised eye. The egg-

mass forms an oval structure about 10 mm. long and 8 mm.

broad, and the eggs are arranged in parallel rows often

superimposed. See the accompanying figure [which shows

a condition very different from that described in two

Membracids by J. C. Kershaw, I. c. pp. 191, 192].

Egg-mass of Leptocentrus altifrons: x about 43.

Hatching and the earliest larval stages—The following

note describes the hatching of larvae which I am now

confident are those of L. altifrons :—

No. 53. “ On Jan. 2, 1912, I watched some Membracid

larvae hatching. When first seen, the tiny larvae were

just starting to come out of the 2 egg-masses side by side

on a twig of Triumfetta. Two or 3 had left the eggs and

were huddled together } inch higher up the stem. No

ants were present. When seen again on Jan. 4, hatching

was still in progress and a mass of larvae had collected

about an inch above the eggs. The uppermost larvae,

viz. those first hatched, were at least double the size of

the lowest, and, on the twig below the mass, tiny scattered

larvae were crawling up to join the rest of the community.

Relationship between certain West African Insects. 497

Large black ants were in attendance. By taking my time

I was able to snip off the leaves and secure both larvae

and ants on the stem in a test-tube. The soft green bark

bore numerous puncture marks at the spot where the larvae

had been feeding. When disturbed, the larvae started

to run in various directions quite actively. More have

hatched out to-day (Jan. 6) and with a lens I can see that

when alarmed, even these exude a tiny drop of fluid at the

anal extremity, and then run away, frequently backwards.”

The following material illustrates the above notes :—

Sixty-eight minute larvae, hatched Jan. 2-4, together

with the double egg-mass on Triumfetta, another stem

showing punctures and 10 attendant C. akwapimensis v.

poultoni—all collected near Oni Clearing, Jan. 4-6, 1912.

Later stages.—The following note refers to a series of

10 larvae, or more probably nymphs, which I now know

to be those of L. altifrons. They were taken in the forest,

13 miles E., on Sept. 1, 1911, and are accompanied by

4 of the attendant ants—C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

No. 19. “ These insects—attended by a great number

of ants—were all congregated at the end of a green stem.

Perfect insects were present with them, but took the alarm

and flew away directly I touched the stem. The larvae

or nymphs now sent retreated slowly down the stem,

crawling backwards and protruding a pink caudal whip at

the end of which a drop of fluid, the size of a pin’s head,

appeared. If one attempted to catch them, they ran

away with great speed or else jumped off suddenly in

various directions. On examination of the stem on which

they had been, one always found numerous puncture

marks for the purpose of feeding.”

2. Neoxiphistes lagosensis, Dist., gen. et sp. n. (see p. 515).

No. 50. A company of 9 mature forms of these Mem-

bracids were found all huddled together on old cortex on

Dec. 8, 1911, attended by 9 C. akwapimensis v. poultoni.

These have the same habit of springing away suddenly

when disturbed, but my note records that in the early

morning they are more sluggish than later in the day.

I have never seen companies of this species on a green

stem. These specimens, which belong to a new genus

and species described by Mr. W. L. Distant on p. 515, were

taken in the forest, about 1 mile E. of Oni Camp.

498 Mr. W. A. Lamborn on West African Insects.

3. Anchon decoratum, Dist., sp. n. (p. 516).

No. 48. Two mature examples, the type at Oxford and

the paratype in the British Museum, were found together

in the forest, 1 mile E., Dec. 3, 1911. Two larvae of different

sizes and probably of 2 different species were captured

with them, as well as 34 attendant P. aurivillat kasaiensis.

[The number of the ants suggests that more Membracid

larvae or imagines were present, but escaped. EH. B. P.]

E.—PSYLLIDAE, ANTS, AND DIPTERA.

1. Rhinopsylla lamborni, Newstead, sp. n. (see p. 520).

No. 61. “ These insects, Rhinopsylla lamborm, are very

numerous now. The larvae are found, on plants in the

clearing, in large colonies hidden in a white woolly down

which is rather sticky. When hunting through this for

Lycaenid larvae, on Feb. 18, 1912, I came across some

Dipterous larvae and 2 Dipterous pupae, the imagines

from which emerged Feb. 24.”

These 2 Diptera with their puparia have been submitted

to Mr. KE. E. Austen who informs me that the species is

Baccha claripennis, Lw. (Syrphidae).

“On Feb. 25 I found numerous mature forms of the

Rhinopsylla, and, in the ‘ wool,’ other Dipterous pupae.

The ant Camponotus maculatus, F., is occasionally found

obtaining food in the ‘ wool.’ ”

Seven Diptera bred, Mar. 2-5, from the above-men-

tioned pupae, have been determined by Mr. Austen as

Baccha picta, Wied., or a species very near to it. A single

example of the Trypetid fly Ceratitis punctata, Wied., also

bred Mar. 2-5, Mr. Austen thinks can only have been

accidentally present as larva or pupa in the “ wool.”

The carnivorous larvae of the 2 Syrphidae, on the other

hand, were just where we might have expected to find

them.

The collection also contains a “‘ wool ”’-covered mass of

nymphs and large numbers of imagines of R. lamborni

collected Feb. 25-26. Two pairs were taken in covtu.

‘

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Lycaenesthes lachares, Hew., both captured and bred in the Lagos

district.

All the figures are slightly below the natural size.

Fies. 1-10. Females taken (1910-11) in the neighbourhood of Oni;

all except the specimen represented in fig. 3, differ

from the normal form of this sex in the absence or

very slight development of the yellow patch in the

centre of each wing (see pp. 478-9).

1 & 2. Mar. 26, 1910. Flitting together in a dry swamp } mile

N. of Oni.

3. Apr. 5, 1910. In the forest within 3 miles of Oni. The

yellow patches strongly developed especially in the

fore-wings.

4. May 24, 1910. On a path, Oni Clearing.

5-10. Jan. 1, 1911. All taken at the same spot in the forest

1} miles E. of Oni: evidently freshly emerged from the

pupa.

11-30. Females bred from larvae taken in the neighbourhood of

Oni. The figures are arranged to show an increasing

development of the yellow patches from left to right.

The majority of the bred specimens are shown to con-

trast strongly with all of the captured ones except fig. 3,

and are as a matter of fact the normal form of the

species. It is probable that something in the arti-

ficial conditions has acted as a shock and caused

reversion to the normal type. It will be noted that

the development of yellow patches runs with re-

markable constancy in each of the little families bred

from larvae found together.

“No. 615,” and each of the following numbers

denotes a separate family.

11, 12. Nos. 615 P & U (p. 481).

13. No. 632 A (p. 482).

14. No. 631 (p. 482).

Fic. 15.

16-18.

19-20.

21-23.

24.

25.

26-30.

31-39.

31-36.

37-38.

39.

Explanation of Plate XXVI.

No. 667 (p. 483).

Nos. 607 I, J, K (p. 481).

Nos. 604 A, B (pp. 481-2).

Nos. 666 D, E, F (p. 483).

No. 609 N (p. 481).

No. 665 (pp. 482-3).

Nos. 605 C, D, E, F, G (p. 481).

The under sides of the whole of the individuals of No. 615

together with that of a captured female for comparison.

The figures show that the dwarfing of one male (fig. 36)

has been attended by an extraordinary modification

of the pattern which more closely approaches that of

the two bred females (figs. 37-38) than it does that

of any of the other males of the same family (figs.

31-35), or of the wild female (fig. 39).

The males of No. 615, namely Q, R, 8, T, V, W (pp.

479-81).

The females of No. 615, namely P and U (pp. 479-81).

The upper surfaces of these two specimens are repre-

sented respectively in the above figs. 11 and 12.

The under side of the captured female represented in

the above fig. 7.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XX VI.

(Cnyg

, Ore

) &

Photo., A. Robinson. C. Hentschel.

(Slightly below natural size.)

Lycaenesthes lachares. Upper surfaces of captured (1-10) and bred females (11-30),

the latter showing, perhaps by reversion, a greater prevalence of the yellow patch.

Undersides of males (31-36) and females (37-38) of a single bred family compared with

a wild female (39). Lagos district: W. A. Lamborn (1910-12).

(e499 - )

APPENDIX

I. Notes on Lycaenidae collected by W. A. Lamborn in the

Lagos district of West Africa with descriptions of new

species. By G. T. BeTHuNnE-Baxer, Pres. Ent. Soc.

Aslauga vininga, Hew.

The Lagos form of the Q of this species is darker than

that from Sierra Leone, the central radial portion of the

primaries and a small central patch in the secondaries

being dull ochreous, whereas the greater portion of the

primaries and a large part of the secondaries in those from

Sierra Leone is ochreous. There is no doubt that marginata,

Plétz, is a Q synonym of this insect : specimens thought

to be males are females, and I have been quite unable to

trace the existence of a yellow male.

For observations on the life-history see pp. 446-7.

Aslauga lamborni, sp. n.

g. Both wings deep steel blue, bluer than in vininga. Primaries

with costa to the cell black, apex and termen broadly black the latter

tapering rapidly to a fine edge at the inner margin. Secondaries

with costa black-margined by the cell and vein 7, but extending

slightly over vein 7 at the apex.

Underside. Both wings lavender grey sparingly irrorated more

or less all over with blackish scales, a slightly paler dash marks the

disco-cellulars in each wing. Secondaries with the termen broadly

pale lavender grey to vein 6 above which there is a small patch

of dark scales.

9. Both wings uniformly dark brown. Primaries somewhat less

dark in the radial area, but this may be due to the specimen not

being absolutely fresh. Under surface: both wings pinkish brown

with subterminal broadish indefinite dark bands, in the secondaries

these are more strongly emphasised below vein 7.

Expanse ¢ 40, 2 37 mm.

Types in the Oxford Museum from Oni, near Lagos,

also in my collection from Sierra Leone. For the ¢ type

see p. 447. The 2 type was taken 11 a.m., Aug. 27, 1911,

resting on the top of a green leaf, in the forest 200 yards

from the edge of Oni Clearing.

500 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on Lycaenidae

In this species neither wing is angulated in the middle

of the termen as in vininga, this difference being specially

marked in the secondaries.

See also p. 447.

* “ Coccidae of Ceylon,” p. 205, pl. Ixx, figs. 5-13 (1904).

+ “Ants: Their Structure and Development,” p. 341, fig. 205 (1910),

EXPLANATION OF PLatTes XXVI-XXIX.

(See Explanation facing the PLATES.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

Fic. 1. Rhinopsylla lamborni, Newstead; a, pygidium of 9, ventral;

b, circumgenital glands; c, wing; d, pectinated extremity

of hind tibia of 9; e, pectinated extremity of middle tibia

Olea:

2. Rhinopsylla lamborni, Newstead; male genital armature;

a, superior claspers; 6, vesica; c, penis; d, inferior

claspers; e, median process.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XXIX.

R. Newstead, del. C. Hentschel.

RHINOPSYLLA LAMBORNI, Newstead.

XXI. Descriptions of new species of Staphylinidae from

India. By Maucoum Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S.

[Read October Ist, 1913.]

PROTEININI.

1. Megarthrus rufomarginatus, n. sp.

Broad, convex, pitchy brown or pitchy black, sides of thorax

reddish testaceous, obtusely angled at the middle. Antennae with

first five or six joints reddish testaceous, the following infuscate, the

last pale testaceous. Legs and palpi reddish testaceous. Length

2:3 mm.

Of the size and short ovate convex build of M. bimaculatus, Fvl.,

but differs entirely in the colour and the shape of the thorax.

Head subtriangular, with a narrow oblique impression on either

side posteriorly, finely but roughly sculptured. Antennae with

first two joints stout, 2nd shorter than Ist, 3rd to 8th long and

slender, 3rd to 5th of equal length, 6th to 8th gradually decreasing

in length, 9th and 10th transverse, 11th suborbicular; the last three

joints forming a club. Thorax twice as broad as long, the sides

narrowly explanate, increasing in width from the anterior angles to

the middle, obtusely angled, slightly narrowed and slightly emargin-

ate before the posterior angles; disc with median impressed line

from base to apex; sculpture rugose and rather coarse. Llytra

convex, ample, rather more shining than the fore-parts, dilated

behind, widest at the posterior third, coarsely and somewhat

asperately punctured. Abdomen strongly narrowed behind, closely,

finely and asperately punctured.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. EH. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

OMALIINI.

2. Phloeonomus (s. str.) discalis, n. sp.

Black, a little shining, elytra dirty testaceous, all the margins

infuscate. Antennae black, the first two joints pitchy. Legs

testaceous. Length 1°8 mm.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.)

526 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

Of the size and build of P. obscurus, Kr., distinct by the more

shining appearance, yellowish and much more finely and sparingly

punctured elytra.

Head subtriangular, narrowly impressed on either side of the

vertex before the ocelli; finely but distinctly coriaceous, impunctate.

Antennae with Ist and 2nd joints stout, 3rd and 4th globose, 5th

slightly, 6th to 10th more strongly transverse, gradually increasing

in breadth, 11th short, oval. Thorax strongly transverse, widest

at the middle, regularly rounded from the anterior angles to the

base, scarcely perceptibly sinuate before the posterior angles which

are obtuse and slightly explanate; disc longitudinally impressed

on either side of the middle line posteriorly, finely but distinctly

coriaceous, superficially and sparingly punctured. lytra broader

than, and twice as long as the thorax, coriaceous, very finely and

sparingly punctured. Abdomen coriaceous, finely and sparingly

punctured.

Hab. 8S. Inpta, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. EH. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

OXYTELINI.

3. Oxytelus (Anotylus) myrmecophilus, n. sp.

Black, opaque, the front of the head and the abdomen a little

shining; thorax feebly tri-sulcate, impressed laterally, the sides

narrowed posteriorly in a straight line. Antennae entirely black,

legs testaceous. Anterior tibiae not emarginate. Length 2 mm.

Very similar to O. tetracarinatus, Block, but the antennae stouter,

the sculpture of the head and thorax longitudinally strigose, the

sculpture of the elytra stronger and the abdomen much less distinctly

punctured.

Head large, transverse, sub-quadrate, scarcely as wide as the

thorax in either sex, temples as long as the diameter of the eyes;

impressed with a narrow transverse line towards the front between

the antennal tubercles, which, with the part anterior to the line

are smooth and shining, the rest densely and finely strigose, im-

punctate. Vertex sometimes foveolate. Antennae with the 3rd

joint shorter than 2nd, 4th small, transverse, 5th square, 6th to

10th transverse, gradually increasing in width, 11th pointed.

Thorax transverse (less in 9), broadest just behind the anterior

angles, gradually narrowed posteriorly in a straight line to the

blunted posterior angles. The sulci feeble, the external curved,

the sides impressed, strigose, impunctate. Elytra transverse, longer

new species of Staphylindae from India. 527

than the thorax, strigose and obsoletely punctured. Abdomen

shining, finely and moderately closely punctured.

3: 6th ventral segment broadly emarginate.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Found in numbers in a decayed Ficus in

nest of Phidologiton diversus, Jerd., by Mr. H. L. Andrewes,

November 1906.

4. Platystethus dilutipennis, n. sp.

Black, shining; thorax with a row of three or four punctures

on either side of the middle line and two or three near the sides,

_ otherwise impunctate. Elytra testaceous, infuscate about the

scutellum and the postero-external angles. Antennae with first

four joints reddish testaceous, the rest black. Mandilles, palpi and

legs testaceous. Length 3:5 to 4 mm.

Head (in 3) very large, transversely suborbicular, densely cori-

aceous, scarcely perceptibly punctured, broader than the thorax;

in 2 scarcely as broad as the thorax, more shining, much less cori-

aceous, very finely and sparingly punctured. In both sexes the

front is produced into two rather short triangular spines. Antennae

with 2nd and 3rd joints of equal length, 4th globose, 5th slightly,

the following gradually more strongly transverse, 11th elongate,

oval. Thorax almost semicircular, posterior angles obliterated,

the anterior rectangular; disc with three or four large punctures

on either side of the middle line and two or three nearer the sides,

no perceptible ground sculpture. Zlytra transverse, emarginate

posteriorly; measured along the suture a little shorter than the

thorax, very sparingly and obsoletely punctured. Abdomen almost

impunctate.

6: 6th ventral segment with an emargination closed by a white

membrane which projects backwards beyond the margin of the

segment with a free rounded edge. 7th ventral segment impressed

and slightly emarginate posteriorly.

Hab. 8. Invra, Nilgiri Hills, 3500 feet above the sea-level

(Mr. H. E. Andrewes’ Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L.

Andrewes.

OsoRIINI.

5. Osorius monticola, n. sp.

Black or pitchy, shining, thorax transverse, closely and rather

coarsely punctured; elytra distinctly but less closely punctured.

Antennae and legs reddish testaceous. Length 5°5 mm.

528 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

Of the size and superficial appearance of O. nilgiriensis, Fvl.,

the head is, however, broader, the thorax shorter and broader with

much closer puncturation and the elytra are more closely punctured.

Head nearly as broad as the thorax, emarginate anteriorly,

strigose, except the vertex which is smooth and shining and the

sides of the front which are sparingly punctured; pubescence scanty,

yellowish. Antennae with elongate Ist joint, 2nd much shorter,

3rd shorter than 2nd, 4th to 10th moniliform. Thorax transverse,

as broad as the elytra, widest at the anterior angles, narrowed in

a slightly curved line to the base, without perceptible sinuation

before the posterior angles which are pretty distinctly impressed ;

closely punctured, disc with smooth central line, sparingly pubescent.

Elytra a little longer than broad, rather closely but superficially

punctured. Abdomen coriaceous, sparingly punctured at the sides,

pubescence yellow, long, scanty.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

6. Osorius indicus, n. sp.

Black, head and thorax not very shining (with greasy lustre only),

the former impunctate, striate, the latter with rather large, not

very deep, moderately close puncturation. Elytra reddish brown

with rather large, superficial, scattered punctures. Antennae and

legs red. Length 5-5 mm.

Size and stature of O. nilgiriensis, Fvl., from which it is dis-

tinguished by the less shining, much more finely strigose head, less

shining more coarsely punctured thorax and the more distinctly

punctured elytra. From O. monticola, Cam., by the more finely -

strigose, less shining head, the differently shaped, much more

coarsely and much less closely punctured thorax and the shorter,

coarser and more sparingly punctured elytra.

Head large, nearly as broad as the thorax, finely strigose except

in front which is finely wrinkled. Antennae with 3rd joint shorter

than 2nd, 4th and 5th shortly oval, 6th to 10th moniliform. Thorax

transverse, gradually narrowed in a straight line for the anterior

two-thirds, then abruptly constricted to the base, anterior angles

rectangular, posterior obtuse, distinctly impressed; puncturation

rather large, superficial and moderately close, median line of disc

impunctate; pubescence sparing, yellow. Hlytra as long as broad,

superficially and not closely punctured as in O. pilosus, Fvl.

pubescence yellow. Abdomen coriaceous, sparingly punctured at

the sides, with rather long yellow pubescence.

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 529

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

OXYPORINI.

7. Oxyporus apicalis, n. sp.

Black, shining, elytra red anteriorly; abdomen with first three

visible segments, the extreme sides of the fourth and the apex

of the last red. Antennae, palpi femora (except the extreme base)

and tarsi, testaceous, the tibiae and extreme base of the femora,

black. Length 7 to 10 mm.

Head larger than the thorax, scarcely dilated behind the eyes,

black, shining, impressed on the front and with a single puncture

near posterior margin of each eye, otherwise impunctate; clypeus

testaceous, mandibles black. Antennae with 2nd to 6th joints a

little longer than broad, the subsequent gradually strongly trans-

verse. Thorax scarcely broader than long, broadest just before

the middle, narrowed posteriorly in a straight line; disc with a

longitudinal impression on either side of the middle line posteriorly

and a transverse impression across the middle from side to side.

Prosternum black, rest of pectus red. Scutellum impunctate,

reddish. Hlytra scarcely broader than long, more than the posterior

third black and the suture narrowly black almost to the scutellum,

the colours are not sharply defined from each other. Puncturation

coarse and scattered. Abdomen with the first three visible segments

red, fourth black with the lateral margins and a small triangular

adjacent area at the base, red; fifth entirely black, 6th black with

apex testaceous.

Hab. Burman, Ruby Mines (British Museum Collection).

MEGALOPINI.

8. Megalops sexdentatus, n. sp.

Black, shining, elytra partly yellow. Thorax viewed from above,

with three distinct teeth on either side. Antennae ferruginous

with black club, palpi testaceous, femora pale testaceous (except

the apex and extreme base which are brown), tibiae ferruginous,

tarsi testaceous. Length 3-2 mm.

Head large, distinctly broader than the thorax, rather coarsely

and closely punctured, with an irregular smooth space in front

between the eyes. Clypeal spines yellow, divergent. Antennae

short, Ist joint rather short and stout, 2nd stouter, and much

shorter than 3rd which is elongate, 4th quadrate, 5th to 7th scarcely

530 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

longer than broad, 8th as long as broad, 9th strongly transverse,

10th much larger and broader than 9th, 11th large, oval. Thorax

as long as broad, broadest in front, viewed from above with three

teeth on either side, one at the anterior angles, one before the

middle and one near the posterior angles; deeply impressed with

four more or less transverse coarsely punctured grooves, the ridges

between these smooth and shining; the first groove follows the

anterior margin and is not interrupted on the middle line of the

disc, the 2nd and 3rd are both interrupted by a narrow longitudinal

keel, the 4th follows the posterior margin and is not interrupted.

The 3rd ridge has a large puncture on either side. Hlytra transverse,

shorter than the thorax, shoulders prominent, dilated and rounded

at the sides; disc irregular, the surface of each with three elevations

or calli, one longitudinal near the suture, one passing back from

the humeral angle, the third, rounded and situated at the middle

of the lateral border; the depressions between the calli present

some large irregular punctures, the rest of the surface smooth and

shining, black with an irregular yellow band passing from near the

base of the suture outwards and slightly backwards to the middle

of the lateral border, but not quite reaching it, and an elongated

yellow patch reaching from the inner end of the first to the posterior

margin along the suture, nowhere, however, does the yellow colora-

tion involve the margins, which are entirely black. Abdomen

smooth and shining, the first five visible segments with an oblique

stria on either side of the base.

3: Unknown.

Hab. Cryton, Galle; Assam, Patkai Mountains (British

Museum Collection).

STENINI.

9. Stenus diffidens, n. sp.

Black, shining, abdomen bordered, with a median keel at the

base of the first four visible segments. Elytra ample, as broad as

long. Antennae, legs and palpi testaceous, the club of the former

scarcely infuscate. Fourth joint of the tarsi simple. Length

2°38 mm.

In the build of the fore-parts somewhat similar to S. bispinus,

Mots, but much less shining and quite distinct by smaller size and

the structure of the tarsi and abdomen.

Head broad, about one-third broader than the thorax, narrower

than the elytra, depressed on either side of the front which is

elevated and more finely punctured than at the sides where

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 531

the puncturation is much stronger and closer. Antennae moder-

ately long, all the joints longer than broad, the last three

forming a club. Thorax about a third longer than broad, broadest

at the middle, sides slightly rounded and equally narrowed

in front and behind, rather coarsely and closely punctured :

pubescence whitish, moderate. Hlytra ample as long as the thorax

and as broad as long, similarly punctured to the thorax. Abdomen

gradually narrowed posteriorly, margined, first four visible segments

with a median keel, puncturation fine and close on the basal parts

of the segments, much finer and more sparing on the apical parts :

pubescence whitish, rather distinct.

3g: Unknown.

Hab. Assam, Sudiya (British Museum Collection).

10. Stenus (Hypostenus) nitidulus, n. sp.

Black, shining, elongate; head carinate; thorax almost cylin-

drical, much narrower than the head ; elytra ample, as long as broad ;

fore-parts moderately, coarsely, and closely punctured. Abdomen

cylindrical, not margined, less coarsely and closely punctured than

the fore-parts. Antennae, palpi and legs testaceous, the club of

the former scarcely infuscate. Fourth joint of the tarsi bilobed.

Length 4 mm.

At first sight this species is not unlike S. bispinus, Mots, but

the head is broader and the thorax narrower, the puncturation

of the fore-parts is, however, very similar, but that of the abdomen

is very much coarser.

Head much broader than the thorax, as broad as the elytra, with

a smooth elevated central space, depressed on either side, rather

coarsely and closely punctured. Antennae long and slender, Ist

and 2nd joints of equal length, 3rd to 8th very long and slender,

gradually decreasing in length, 9th to 11th forming a slender club.

Thorax narrow, almost cylindrical when viewed from above, very

slightly and equally narrowed in front and behind, one-third longer

than broad, rather coarsely and closely punctured, sometimes with

a smooth space in the middle of the disc. Hlytra as long as the

thorax, as broad as long, sometimes slightly impressed behind the

shoulders, punctured similarly to the thorax. Abdomen cylindrical,

the segments constricted at the bases, puncturation finer and less

close than on the fore-parts, especially behind. Pubescence scanty,

greyish. Anal spines wanting.

¢ : Last ventral segment with deep excision, the apex of which is

rounded.

Hab. Manipur (British Museum Collection).

532 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

11. Stenus (Hypostenus) nilgiriensis, n. sp.

Black, shining; elytra much shorter than the thorax, fore-parts

very coarsely and closely punctured; abdomen feebly margined

at the sides, moderately strongly and closely punctured anteriorly.

Antennae, legs and palpi yellow, the club of the former slightly

infuscate. Fourth joint of tarsi bilobed. Length 4 mm.

In size and build almost exactly similar to S. brachypterus, Kr.,

from which it is at once distinguished by the much stronger punctura-

tion and the longer thorax.

Head large, nearly as broad as the elytra posteriorly, depressed

between the eyes without central raised space, closely and deeply

punctured. Antennae slender, 3rd joint much longer than 2nd,

4th to 8th gradually decreasing in length, 9th, 10th and 11th oval,

stouter than the preceding, forming a club. Thorax much narrower

than the head, a little longer than the greatest breadth which is just

before the middle, narrowed gradually in front, more strongly

behind, strongly and closely punctured like the head. LHlytra

(measured along the suture) half the length of the thorax, narrower

at the shoulders, widened behind and strongly emarginate, more

strongly and deeply punctured than the thorax. Abdomen cylin-

drical, narrowly margined, pretty coarsely and closely punctured,

(but less so than the fore-parts) the last two segments more finely

and sparingly punctured; the last segment with two short, rather

stout spines.

3: Last ventral segment with a shallow emargination.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills, Ouchterlony Valley, 5000

feet above sea-level, by sweeping (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

12. Stenus (Nestus) carinatus, n. sp.

Black, shining, puncturation of the fore-parts coarse, more or

less transversely confluent on the thorax. Abdomen pointed,

margined, the first three visible segments each with three distinct

keels at the bases, fourth with a smaller median keel only: the

segments rather closely punctured in the basal depressions, much

less closely towards the apical borders. Palpi and legs testaceous,

the extreme apices of the femora brownish. Antennae with first

seven joints brownish testaceous, the rest blackish. Fourth joints

of tarsi simple. Length 3°3 mm.

In size and build almost exactly similar to S. tricarinatus, Kr.,

but easily distinguished by the carinate, margined, abdomen and

the simple fourth tarsal joints.

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 533

Head a little broader than the thorax, not so broad as the elytra,

impressed on either side of the front, elevated in the centre, coarsely

punctured all over without any smooth space. Antennae rather

short, Ist and 2nd joints of equal length, 3rd to 7th longer than

broad, gradually decreasing in length, 8th but little longer than

broad, 9th to 11th forming a club. Thorax convex, a little longer

than broad, widest at the middle, sides rounded and equally nar-

rowed in front and behind; puncturation, coarse, close and rugose,

more or less transversely confluent on the disc, without depressions.

Elytra ample, very slightly broader than long and about as long

as the thorax, puncturation as coarse as on the latter, but not

confluent. Abdomen distinctly pointed, the first three visible

segments each with three distinct keels, one median and one on

either side, the fourth with a single median keel; bases of the

segments closely, but much more finely punctured than the fore-

parts, the apices yet more finely and sparingly punctured ; pubescence

grey, scanty.

6: Unknown.

Hab. Cryion, Kandy (British Museum Collection).

13. Dianous versicolor, n. sp.

Bronze-black, shining, with distinct greenish-violet iridescence,

especially on the head and abdomen. Legs, palpi and antennae

(except last three joints which are dirty testaceous), black. Length

6 mm.

Head with the eyes broader than the thorax, not so broad as

the elytra; bronze-green with a sheen like satin especially on the

vertex, more opaque and blacker anteriorly, densely and finely punc-

tured. Antennae black, the last three joints dirty testaceous, 2nd

joint shorter than the Ist and 3rd, the latter very long, the following

gradually decreasing in length. Thorax shining bronze with distinct

green reflex, shining (but without the satiny gloss seen on the head),

a little longer than broad, the sides dilated and rounded before the

middle, narrowed and parallel behind, strongly impressed on either

side at the widest part and before the base in such a manner as

to form on either side a distinct reniform callus with the concavity

inwards; exceedingly sparingly, scarcely perceptibly punctured,

but with a fine coriaceous ground sculpture; glabrous. Zlytra

much longer than the thorax, uneven, strongly impressed behind

the shoulders, on either side of the suture and less distinctly before

the postero-external angles; bronze-green like the head, densely

and finely punctured, finely pubescent. Abdomen iridescent,

534 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

finely and much less densely punctured than the elytra, finely

pubescent. Anal styles long and slender.

d: Penultimate ventral segment impressed in the middle before

the posterior margin which is rather broadly emarginate, the im-

pression is densely clothed with stiff yellowish hairs; the last ventral

segment is slightly emarginate.

Hab. Inpia, Lebong, 5000 feet above the sea-level

(Mr. H. E. Andrewes’ Collection). Collected by Mr.

H. Maxwell Lefroy.

14. Dianous andrewesi, n. sp.

Black, shining, with more or less metallic green or violet reflex

throughout. Palpi, legs and antennae (except the last three joints)

black. Length 6 mm.

Very distinct from the preceding by the strong, rugose and

confluent puncturation of the thorax and elytra.

Head with eyes broader than the thorax, nearly as broad as

the elytra, longitudinally impressed on either side, slightly elevated

in the middle line, closely and moderately strongly punctured.

Antennae black, the last two or three joints fuscous, of similar

structure to the preceding. Thorax slightly longer than broad,

moderately dilated and rounded before the middle, narrowed and

parallel posteriorly, strongly impressed on either side of the disc;

puncturation much coarser than on the head, rugose and confluent.

Elytra almost twice as long as the thorax, uneven, puncturation

coarse, rugose and more confluent than on the thorax. Abdomen

iridescent, rather closely and finely punctured, with fine whitish

pubescence.

Observe. Some specimens are much less metallic than others,

indeed almost entirely black.

6: Penultimate ventral segment with a small emargination at

posterior border, the vicinity of which is clothed with stiff yellowish

pubescence.

Hab. Invta, Lebong, 5000 feet above the sea-level

(Mr. H. E. Andrewes’ Collection). Collected by Mr.

H. Maxwell Lefroy.

PINOPHILINI.

15. Pinophilus mixtus, n. sp.

Black, rather dull, head with an almost smooth, curved, transverse

space between the eyes, and the front with an almost smooth space

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 535

continuous posteriorly with it; puncturation of rest of surface

rather coarse and close, with a much finer scanty puncturation on

the interspaces and the smooth areas. Thorax scarcely longer than

the greatest breadth. Antennae, palpi and legs reddish testaceous,

base of the tibiae narrowly infuscate. Length 18 mm.

Somewhat similar to P. aegyptius, Er., but broader, the thorax

longer and with a quite different puncturation.

Head transverse, a little narrower than the thorax, with rather

large, close, but not deep punctures, these at the bottoms and the

interspaces more finely punctured: a curved shining transverse

space between the eyes and a shining space continuous with it

behind occupies the middle of the front, these spaces are finely

punctured ; the sides of the front are strongly punctured ; pubescence

yellow, scanty. Antennae slender, the 3rd to 5th joints of equal

length, 6th to 11th gradually decreasing in length, but all longer

than broad. TJhorax slightly longer than broad, narrowed in a

straight line from the anterior to the completely rounded posterior

angles, the puncturation is much coarser than in P. aegyptius, Er.,

and the bottoms of the punctures are finely punctured, but not the

interspaces; disc posteriorly with a very obsolete trace of a median

impressed line. Hlytra about a third longer than the thorax,

much longer than broad, rather more strongly punctured than

in P. aegyptius, Er., but of. the same rugose character. Abdomen

very similarly punctured to P. aepypie, not iridescent, pubescence

moderate, greyish.

¢: Last ventral segment rather deeply emarginate on each side,

the intervening portion bordered and very slightly emarginate.

Hab. N. Inpta, Dacca (British Museum Collection).

16. Pinophilus speculrfrons, n. sp.

Black, head shining coarsely punctured, with smooth spaces

between the eyes and on the front. Thorax and elytra much less

shining, the latter reddish brown. Antennae, palpi and legs reddish

testaceous. Length 10°5 mm.

Head transverse, subtriangular, with coarse umbilicate punctures,

except for a narrow smooth curved transverse space extending

between the eyes and a triangular smooth space at the front margin ;

pubescence scanty, yellow. Antennae slender, all the joints longer

than broad, gradually decreasing in length after the third. Thorax

a little broader than the head, slightly broader than long, the sides

parallel for the anterior half, thence gradually rounded and narrowed

to the completely rounded posterior angles; anterior angles bluntly

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.) NN

536 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

rectangular: puncturation much less coarse than on the head,

umbilicate, disc with narrow smooth central line; pubescence scanty,

yellow. Scutellum punctured. ZHlytra narrower, but a little longer

than, the thorax, a little longer than broad, puncturation’ strong,

deep and close; pubescence yellow, scanty. Abdomen moderately,

closely, and strongly punctured, pubescence yellow, rather long.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills, Ouchterlony Valley, 3000

feet, in mud workings of Termites in tree (Mr. H. E.

Andrewes’ Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

17. Pinophilus ngripes, n. sp.

Black, shining. Head with coarse umbilicate puncturation all

over, without smooth spaces. Thorax as long as broad, the sides

rounded and narrowed from the anterior to the posterior angles.

Abdomen with the bases of the segments strongly and closely

punctured, the rest finely and sparingly punctured. Antennae red,

palpi brown, legs pitchy black. Length 12 mm.

Head transverse, sculpture coarse, close, umbilicate and without

any impunctate space; temples minute. Antennae long and

slender, 2nd joint shorter than Ist and 8rd, from 4th to 11th gradu-

ally decreasing in length, narrowed at the bases and all longer than

broad. Thoraa as long as broad, widest about the middle, gradually

narrowed in a curved line anteriorly and more strongly, posteriorly ;

posterior angles obtuse; puncturation strong, close, umbilicate ;

disc posteriorly with trace of smooth shining median line. Elytra

as long as the thorax, as long as broad, sides a little rounded,

puncturation strong and close. Abdomen with the bases of the

segments strongly and closely punctured and coriaceous, the posterior

parts of the segments much more finely and sparingly punctured,

with the ground sculpture much less distinct; pubescence close and

silvery.

d: Last ventral segment triangularly excised, the apex of the

excision rounded.

Hab. NortuEern Inpra (British Museum Collection).

18. Oedichirus niger, n. sp.

Apterous, entirely black or pitchy, rather shining. Antennae

palpi and legs pale testaceous, the knees slightly infuscate; pubes-

cence long, yellow. Length 9-5 mm.

From the description this must be very near O. birmanus, Fvl.,

but differs in the entirely dark colour and the pale testaceous

antennae and legs.

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 537

Head transversely suborbicular, sparingly and coarsely punctured,

vertex more or less impunctate, pubescence long, yellow and sparing ;

posterior angles with a minute tooth. Antennae slender, 2nd joint

shorter than Ist and 3rd and following much longer than broad,

4th to 7th of equal length, 8th to 11th gradually shorter. Thorax

of the width of the head, longer than broad, rounded in front,

narrowed in a straight line to the base; more or less impressed on

either side of the middle line, very coarsely, closely and irregularly

punctured. JLlytra a little shorter than the thorax, narrowed at

the base and widened behind, disc depressed, coarsely and rather

closely punctured. Abdomen with the first four visible segments

coarsely, rather closely, and irregularly punctured, the two last

almost smooth.

3: Last ventral segment with a broad and deep triangular excision

of the posterior margin, the penultimate furnished with two long,

stout backwardly directed processes.

Note. Immature specimens are reddish brown.

Hab. 8. Inpia, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. E. Andrewes

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

19. Oedichirus minor, n. sp.

Black, shining; thorax with three rows of punctures on each side.

Elytra half the length of the thorax. Abdominal segments (except

the last) each with three transverse rows of large punctures. An-

tennae, palpi, and legs testaceous. Length 5°5 mm.

Head transverse, a little narrower than the thorax, temples

denticulate, vertex impunctate, the front with a few large seliferous

punctures. Antennae moderate, all the joints longer than broad,

2nd shorter than Ist, about as long as 3rd, 4th to 10th gradually

decreasing in length, narrowed at the bases, 11th truncate. Thorax

scarcely longer than broad, rounded and widened in front, strongly

contracted to the base, furnished with three rows of large seliferous

punctures on either side of the middle line, the median of six or

seven, the intermediate of two very large ones, the external of three

much smaller placed at the side margin two anteriorly, and one

posteriorly. lytra at the base of the width of the base of the

thorax and (measured along the suture) half its length, strongly

dilated and rounded at the sides, the greatest width just behind the

middle, strongly emarginate posteriorly, with large, scanty, setiferous

punctures. Abdomen with first five visible segments each with

three transverse rows of large setiferous punctures, the last almost

impunctate. Anal styles testaceous.

3: Unknown.

538 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

Hab. CEYLON, Bogawantalawa, 5000 feet above the sea-

level (British Museum Collection).

PAEDERINI.

20. Paederus setifer, n. sp.

Apterous, red, elytra blue, last two abdominal segments black.

Antennae, palpi and legs entirely testaceous. Length 10 mm.

Very near P. andrewesi, Fvl., but differs by the longer, metallic

blue elytra, the entirely testaceous legs and antennae, and the

more numerous erect setae.

Head red, slightly transverse with rounded posterior angles,

very sparingly punctured, finely setose. Antennae with all the

joints elongate, gradually decreasing in length from the third.

Thorax red, longer than broad, rounded in front, narrowed pos-

teriorly, not margined at the sides, very sparingly punctured, finely

setose. Hlytra scarcely as long as the thorax, narrowed at the

shoulders and widened behind, rather coarsely and somewhat

asperately punctured, with well marked erect setae. Abdomen

finely and rather sparingly punctured, pubescence rather long,

partly erect.

3g: 7th ventral segment with moderately broad, deep excision,

the sides of which are parallel.

Hab. CrEyton, Madulsima (British Museum Collection).

21. Paederus aliiceps, n. sp.

Apterous, red, elytra very short, blue; abdomen black or reddish

brown. Antennae, palpi and legs testaceous, the apex of the first

infuscate. Length 8 mm.

Allied to P. capillaris, Fvl., but differs from it by the red head

and the absence of long black setae.

Head large, suborbicular, transverse, red, glabrous, very sparingly

punctured. Antennae moderate, 2nd joint shorter than the Ist

and 3rd, all the joints longer than broad gradually decreasing in

length. Thorax red, scarcely as broad as the head, oval-oblong,

a little narrower behind than in front, finely and very sparingly

punctured. lytra about half the length of the thorax, bright blue,

narrowed at the shoulders and widened posteriorly, puncturation

coarse, sparing and somewhat asperate, sparingly furnished with

black setae. Abdomen black, or reddish brown, finely and very

sparingly punctured, sparingly setose.

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 539

3: 7th ventral segment deeply and narrowly incised, 4th slightly,

5th and 6th deeply impressed in the middle line.

Hab. Mantrvur (British Museum Collection).

22. Paederus sharpi, n. sp.

Head and last two abdominal segments black, thorax and first

four visible abdominal segments red, elytra blue. Legs black,

except the bases of the femora and coxae which are testaceous.

Antennae brown, the first two and the last three joints testaceous.

First joint of the maxillary palpi testaceous, the rest brown. Length

9 mm.

In size and superficially somewhat similar to P. sondaicus, Fvl.,

but broader and differs in the colour of the mandibles and palpi,

the less testaceous femora, distinctly shorter and much more strongly

punctured thorax, shorter elytra with shorter and less erect pubes-

cence and the scarcely erect pubescence of the abdomen.

Head transversely rounded, sparingly punctured, with distinct

brownish pubescence; mandibles brown; antennae with all the

joints longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length from the

third. Thorax rather short and broad, a little longer than broad,

widest in front, the sides gradually rounded from base to apex,

distinctly and not very sparingly punctured, sparingly pubescent.

Elytra about a third longer than the thorax, longer than broad,

parallel, moderately coarsely and moderately closely punctured

with moderately close grey. pubescence. Abdomen rather closely

and finely punctured, with grey moderately close pubescence, not

interspersed with erect setae.

6: Unknown.

Hab. N. Inp1a, Dacca (British Museum Collection).

23. Paederus pubescens, n. sp.

Head blue, thorax and first four visible segments of the abdomen

red, elytra blue-black, last two abdominal segments and legs black.

Anterior coxae, last joint of palpi, antennae (except the first two

joints which are brownish testaceous) brown. Length 8 mm.

In stature, coloration of the body and general appearance very

similar to P. variicornis, Fvl., but differs from it by the broader head

and thorax, entirely black legs and the very distinct silvery pubes-

cence especially noticeable on the abdomen.

Head suborbicular, a little broader than the thorax, very sparingly

and very finely punctured, with distinct silvery pubescence. An-

tennae slender, all the joints longer than broad. Mandibles black.

540 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

Thorax oviform, not bordered at the sides, very sparingly and finely

punctured, with silvery pubescence. Scutellum red. LHlytra

parallel, a little broader and one third longer than the thorax,

puncturation rather fine, squamous as in variicornis, rather densely

clothed with silvery pubescence. Abdomen finely and rather closely

punctured, densely covered with silvery depressed pubescence,

without any erect black setae.

6: Unknown.

Hab. Assam (British Museum Collection).

24. Paederus argentatus, n. sp.

Head and elytra cyaneous, thorax and first four visible segments

of the abdomen, red, the last two black. Anterior coxae internally,

tibiae and base of the femora, obscure brownish testaceous, the rest

black. Antennae black, scarcely lighter at the base. Distinctly

pubescent. Length 7 mm.

In build, size and coloration of the body very similar to P. amoenus,

Er. ; distinct by the colour of the anterior coxae, less closely punc-

tured elytra and especially by the very distinct silvery pubescence

particularly of the abdomen. From the preceding species it is

distinguished by its smaller and narrower build, narrower and much

more thickly punctured head, and narrower and more distinctly

punctured thorax.

Head suborbicular, broader than the thorax, distinctly punctured

at the sides in front, pubescence distinct, silvery. Mandibles black.

Thorax long, oviform, distinctly but not closely punctured, the sides

not bordered. Llytra half as long again as the thorax, parallel,

more finely and less closely punctured than in P. amoenus, Er., and

with distinct silvery pubescence. Abdomen finely but not very

closely punctured, clothed with long silvery pubescence, not inter-

spersed with any black setae.

Hab. N. W. Inpia, Karachi (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. T. R. D. Bell.

25. Astenus H-signatus, n. sp.

Black, elytra reddish testaceous, with the sides (except the

postero-external angles) broadly, and a narrow median transverse

band, black, forming a distinct black H-pattern. Antennae, palpi

and legs testaceous. Length 5 mm.

Head subquadrate, broader than the thorax, sides behind the eyes

slightly convergent to the rounded posterior angles, sculpture close,

umbilicate. Antennae moderate, all the joints longer than broad,

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 541

gradually decreasing in length from the third to the tenth. Thorax

narrower than the elytra, longer than broad, the anterior angles

rounded, the sides gradually narrowed from before backwards,

sculpture as on the head. Elytra a little longer than the thorax,

reddish testaceous, with the sides except the postero-external angles,

a median transverse band crossing the suture and joining the lateral

bands, black; this arrangement of colour gives a very definite figure

of the capital letter H. The suture is very narrowly infuscate;

puncturation moderately close and fine; pubescence yellow. Abdo-

men black, the posterior margins of the segments narrowly ferru-

ginous, puncturation fine and moderately close, pubescence yellow.

Anal styles rather long, slender.

3: Last ventral segment with semicircular emargination.

Hab. Assam, Patkai Mountains (British Museum Collec-

tion).

26. Sclerochiton (?) andrewesi, n. sp.

~ Black (head slightly pitchy), opaque, postero-external angles and

apical margin of elytra, narrowly testaceous. Antennae and legs

testaceous. Length 2°5 mm.

This insect will probably form the type of a new genus, as it differs

from Sclerochiton by not having the labrum bilobed, it may possibly

further differ in the structure of the mouth parts, but as the specimen

is unique, I am unable to dissect them. From Echiaster it is dis-

tinguished by the absence of teeth on the labrum.

Head large, transverse, suborbicular, broader than the elytra,

eyes very large occupying the whole sides of the head, temples

wanting; puncturation moderately coarse, close, umbilicate.

Antennae short, the first two joints of equal length, shorter than the

following, 4th shorter than 3rd, 5th to 7th orbicular, 8th to 10th

transverse, 11th oval, pointed. J'horax much narrower than the

head, longer than broad, strongly narrowed in front of the obtuse

anterior angles, much less strongly narrowed behind to the rounded

posterior angles; disc without impressions; puncturation similar

to that of the head. lytra a little longer and wider than the thorax,

longer than broad, puncturation rather coarse, close and somewhat

rugose, scantily pubescent. Abdomen slightly narrowed behind,

more shining than the fore parts, rather coarsely and closely punc-

tured on the first four segments, more finely and sparingly behind ;

pubescence rather long and moderately close.

Hab. 8. Inpta, Nilgiri Hills (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

542 Dr. Malcolm Cameron’s descriptions of

27. Stilicus indicus, n. sp.

Black, dull, elytra copper-bronze, slightly shining, with apical

margins and postero-external angles testaceous. Antennae, palpi

and legs reddish testaceous. Length 4:3 mm.

In size and build similar to S. ceylanensis, Kr., but differs by the

less shining, much more closely punctured elytra, which have also

irregular large punctures on the disc.

Head large, transverse as broad as the elytra, temples gradually

converging behind, posterior angles rounded, densely punctured.

Antennae with 4th joint longer than broad, 5th to 7th moniliform,

8th to 10th transverse. Thorax longer than broad, anterior angles

distinct, obtuse, sides rather strongly narrowed backwards, punctu-

ration coarser than that of the head, disc without smooth central

line. lytra a little longer than the thorax, as long as broad, finely

and rather closely punctured, with some very irregular, larger

punctures on the disc; finely pubescent. Abdomen rather closely

and finely punctured and pubescent.

6: Unknown.

Hab. Assam, Patkai Mountains (British Museum Collec-

tion).

28. Hypomedon (Chloécharis) nigriventris, n. sp.

Narrow, parallel, reddish testaceous, elytra infuscate on the disc,

abdomen black posterior margins of the segments narrowly and

whole of the last, reddish testaceous. Antennae, palpi and legs

testaceous. Length scarcely 3 mm.

Narrower than H. debilicornis, Woll., and easily distinguished by

the much longer and not transverse head, which is also much more

closely and deeply punctured, the longer antennae and the black

abdomen. In build very similar to H. melanocephalus, F.

Head square, as broad as the elytra, temples long, parallel,

posterior angles rounded, eyes small; puncturation rather coarse,

close and umbilicate, very much similar to the genus Astenus.

Antennae with 2nd and 8rd joints of equal length, 4th a little longer

than broad, 5th to 7th moniliform, 8th to 10th transverse, 11th

short, oval. Thoraa a little narrower than the head, about as long

as broad, a little wider at the anterior angles which are obtuse, very

slightly narrowed backwards to the rounded posterior angles;

puncturation much less coarse, close and deep than on the head, not

umbilicate : disc with a narrow, smooth, central line. Elytra about

a third longer than the thorax, longer than broad, rather coarsely,

closely somewhat rugosely punctured, obsolescent posteriorly; disc

new species of Staphylinidae from India. 543

infuscate leaving the base and apex clear. Abdomen rather closely

and not very finely punctured anteriorly, more sparingly and finely

behind; pubescence moderate, yellow.

6: Unknown.

Hab. Cryton, Dikoya, 4000 feet above sea-level (British

Museum Collection).

29. Cryptobium nilgiriensis, n. sp.

Entirely black, head and thorax rather shining, elytra and

abdomen subopaque. Antennae red, palpi, tibiae and tarsi reddish

' testaceous, femora pale testaceous. Length 10 mm.

Size of C. elephas, Fvl., differs from this species by the head not

at all enlarged behind the eyes, the thorax less contracted behind,

the more shining, more coarsely punctured head, and the less coarsely

punctured thorax and elytra.

Head broader than the thorax, oval oblong, temples gradually

rounded and narrowed to the base with the posterior angles rounded

and with close, rather coarse umbilicate puncturation, the extreme

front finely wrinkled; the antennae shorter than in C. elephas, Fv.

Ist joint as long as the three following together, 2nd about half as

long as the 3rd, 4th to 6th longer than broad, 7th to 10th scarcely

longer than broad, 11th short, oval. T'horax narrower than the head,

about a third longer than broad, a little narrowed backwards from

the middle (when viewed from above); puncturation as on the head,

disc with smooth median line; pubescence fuscous, sparing. lytra

slightly longer and a little broader than the thorax, longer than

broad, not quite as coarsely punctured as the thorax; distinctly

pubescent. Abdomen moderately, closely, and finely punctured and

pubescent.

3: Last ventral plate with deep triangular excision, the sides of

which are bordered and the apex rounded; the penultimate segment

scarcely perceptibly emarginate at the middle of the posterior

border.

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills, Ouchterlony Valley, 3500

feet above sea-level in January (Mr. H. E. Andrewes’

Collection). Collected by Mr. H. L. Andrewes.

30. Cryptobium brunnipes, n. sp.

Entirely black, head elytra and abdomen rather dull, thorax

shining. Palpi, lst joint of antennae and femora reddish testaceous,

rest of antennae, tibiae and tarsi infuscate. Length 10 mm.

544 Dr. M. Cameron’s descriptions of Staphylinidae.

From the description this species would appear to be closely allied

to C. sharpi, Fvl.

Head a little longer than broad, a little broader than the thorax,

not so broad as the elytra; temples long, slightly convergent

posteriorly to the rounded posterior angles; puncturation rather

coarse, close and umbilicate, except on the front which is finely

wrinkled. Antennae long, the Ist joint equal in length to the four

following together, 2nd shorter than 3rd, 4th as long as 2nd, 5th to

10th all longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, 11th oval,

pointed, as long as 10th. Thorax nearly cylindrical viewed from

above, a little longer than broad, slightly narrowed posteriorly,

anterior angles rectangular, posterior rounded; disc with smooth

longitudinal median line throughout the whole length; puncturation

coarse and umbilicate, less dense than on the head. Scutellum

smooth, shining. Hlytra a third longer than the thorax with much

finer puncturation, close and subrugose in character; pubescence

fuscous, moderately dense. Abdomen finely and closely punctured

throughout, rather densely covered with a fuscous pubescence.

¢: Last ventral segment with a triangular excession, the apex

of which is rounded.

Hab. N. Inp1a, Dacca (British Museum Collection).

—

“—

XXII. Additions and corrections to my Catalogue of the

Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad (1904).

By W. J. Kays, F.ES.

[Read October 1st, 1913. ]

PLaTE XXX.

Ten years have nearly elapsed since I published in the

Transactions of this Society for 1904 (pp. 159-231), “A

catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad.” In

that interval a very large number of additional records

have been made, over one hundred and forty fresh species

being now added to the list, bringing the total up to

four hundred and thirty species. Large as this number

is, there will doubtless be some additions yet to be made

especially from the southern end of the Island, which has

been very little explored entomologically. Many interest-

ing forms remain probably to be discovered in this southern

district with its totally. different climate to the northern

side of the Island. Many of the species found there are

not to be taken in the north, such as Heliconius wallacei,

Heliconius antiochus alba, Papilio sesostris, Papilio belus

varus, Helicopis cupido and several others, all of which

belong to the Guiana region. It is possible that some

intermediate forms, especially in the genus Heliconius,

will be discovered which will lnk up some Venezuelan

forms with those of Guiana. Heliconius antiochus salvinii

might be expected to occur with the yellow band in the

hind-wing in a transitional stage, for the subspecies is an

inhabitant of the lower Orinoco. In the dense shore forest

of the south coast one might certainly meet with true

Heliconius melpomene and perhaps some of its very many

named forms.

The bulk of the additions to the list are to be found in

the EHrycinidae and Hesperidae. Many interesting records

have been made, however, of some of the larger and more

conspicuous species, such as Hunica orphise, E. malvina,

the very rare Dynastor macrosiris, which was taken by

Sir Gilbert Carter at Government House; the two new

subspecies of Adelpha, A. phylaca trinita, A. velia trinina,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART II. (JAN.)

546 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

in addition to A. eubaea and A. melona, bringing the number

of indigenous species of this genus up to seven. Chlorippe

laure was only discovered this year by Mr. K. St. A. Rogers

to the north of Quenam Bay.

Many corrections have been made in nomenclature, as

well as to sundry misstatements that somehow crept into

the original paper.

To Mr. P. L. Guppy I owe practically all the additional

facts of life-histories, as well as various notes and records

of many imagines. Very many collections, both small

and large, made by various people have been examined

in the past ten years, and almost without exception some

fresh species have been detected in each; often even from

the neighbourhood of Port of Spain fresh species turn up

that have not been detected before. In the case of the

larger and more conspicuous species this certainly points

to fresh accessions from Venezuela. One of the latest

additions is that of Pyramevs cardui, which, with Hypolimnas

misippus already recorded, one can claim to be the most

roving butterflies in the world and strange company for

the Neotropical fauna.

Species in brackets are recorded in the original

catalogue.

Family DANAIDAE.

Subfamily I7HOMIIN AE.

[6. MELINAEA TACHYPETIS. |

Although decidedly scarce this species is doubtless a

resident in the Island, and has been taken several times

in the past few years. Mr. F. Birch secured one at Taba-

quite in August 1904, and this specimen is now in my

collection. There are two specimens in the late Mr. H. J.

Adams’ collection at Enfield that were taken in St. Ann’s

Valley by Mr. G. E. Tryhane.

[11. PrERONYMIA NISE. |

This species which is the ¢ of selene, Cramer, rightly

belongs to the genus Calloleria. The only further captures

of the species I have heard of are: 1 g Caparo Valley,

July 16, 1904 (F. Birch); one or two in 1906 (Caracciolo).

The species is doubtless gregarious and local, and its exact

habitat probably remains to be discovered.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 547

[12. HyMENITIS OCALEA. |

This species rightly belongs to the genus Hypoleria.

It is widely distributed and common on the northern

hills.

PTERONYMIA ALETTA.

Ithomia aletta, Hew., Ex. Butt., 1, t. 6, p. 31 (1854).

Specimens in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection which were

taken in St. Ann’s Valley by G. E. Tryhane. Caracciolo

took the species also in 1906.

Range. VENEZUELA.

DIRCENNA MELANIDA.

Papilio melanida, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 231, F. 9.

Papilio lenea, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 231, D. 3.

A $ secured by Sir Gilbert Carter at the Pitch Lake in

1907. It is quite likely that many species new to the

list may still be detected from this remarkable region.

Range. Briv. GUIANA.

Family MORPHIDAE.

Subfamily BRASSOLIN AE.

BRASSOLIS SOPHORAE.

Papilio sophorae, Linn., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 471, No. 83

(1758).

Brassolis sophorae sophorae, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fasc.

20; ps 7.

Brassolis sophorae, Guppy, Board of Agric. Circular, 5,

pp. 19-21, pl. 1. Life history.

The “ coconut butterfly.”

Taken by Mr. Caracciolo in 1906. Mayaro (F. W. Urich)

and in many localities in the larva stage quite recently.

Range. Guiana to SoutH Brazit.

[14. OPSIPHANES FABRICII. |

The name fabrici can no longer stand for this species,

cassina antedating it. The synonymy stands thus :—

Caligo fabricii, Bdv., Lep. Guat:, p. 54 (1870).

Papilio cassiae, Fab. (nec Linn.), Syst. Ent., p. 483,

No. 178 (1775).

548 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

Opsiphanes cassina, C. and R. Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon.,

vol. 6, p. 122, No. 141 (1862).

Opsiphanes cassina merianae, oe Berl. Ent. Zeit.,

vol. 46, p. 518 (1901).

Opsiphanes fabricen, Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 165

(1904) (Trinidad, loc. err.).

Opsiphanes cassina fabricii, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fase. 20,

p. 21 (Trinidad, loc. err.).

The subspecies of O. cassing that occurs in the Island is

therefore merianae.

[16. CaLIGO EURYLOCHUS. |

The var. minor of this species described on pp. 165 and

166 was not a var. of eurylochus, but of C. teucer. The

subspecies was, however, earlier described in the same

year by Stichel—in the Insekten-Bérse. The synonymy,

therefore, stands thus :—

Caligo teucer insulanus, Stichel, Ins. Bérse, vol. 21,

p. 21, No. 25 (1904).

Caligo teucer insulanus, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fase. 20, p. 35

(1904).

Caligo eurylochus var. minor, Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 165, No. 16 (1904).

Caligo teucer insulanus, Fruhs., in Seitz, Macro-Lep.,

Divi UL, valyweepeol 7:

CALIGO EURILOCHUS PHRYASUS.

Caligo eurilochus phryasus, Fruhs., in Seitz, Macro-Lep.,

Div. II, vol. v, p. 322 (1912).

This species is the rarest of the genus in Trinidad. The

small insular form was only recently described by Fruh-

storfer from a specimen taken at Maracas Fall by A. H.

Fassl. The insect has also been taken round Port of

Spain by both Caracciolo and G. E. Tryhane. The range

of eurilochus in its many subspecies ranges from North to

South and from East to West over nearly the whole of

Tropical America at low elevations. Larva on Banana

(Fruhstorfer).

The C. eurylochus var. minor recorded in 1904 was not

C. eurtlochus but a form of C. teucer. See under C. teucer.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 549

[CALIGO SALTUS. |]

In the Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 20, p. 15, Stichel

treats this insect as a subspecies of Caligo ilioneus under

the name polyxenus, a form described by him a year

previously in the Insecten Bérse, vol. 20, p. 389,

No. 5, 1903. If his type specimen came from Trinidad

my name would become a synonym of polyxenus. But

Fruhstorfer in “Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World,”

vol. v, Div. II, p. 319, 1912, treats polyxenus and saltus as

distinct subspecies. For the present I follow Fruhstorfer,

and adopting the trinomial system of nomenclature the

insect would be known as Caligo ilioneus saltus.

DYNASTOR MACROSIRIS.

Dynastor macrosiris, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. lix,

fig. 3: ,

Dynastor macrosvris macrosiris, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fase. 20,

p- 10.

Taken at Government House, Port of Spain, by Sir

Gilbert Carter in 1907, and by Mr. P. L. Guppy, jun., at

the same locality. Always a very rare species.

Range. Guiana; Mexico; Honpuras; CoLompia;

Bouivia.

Family NYMPHALIDAE.

Subfamily ACRAELIN AE.

[20. ACTINOTE ANTEAS. |

[21. ACTINOTE ALALIA.]

These two Actinote species recorded in the catalogue as

two distinct species are most probably the same. Actinote

alalia was wrongly identified. Felder’s type at Tring is

quite another species. Dr. Jordan has recently described

in Seitz the Trinidad insect hitherto recorded as A. alalia

as irimitatis, treating it as a subspecies of Actinote pellenia.

Typical A. pellenia, Hiib., occur with the subspecies, and

Dr. G. B. Longstaff secured an intermediate form on April

2, 1907, about four miles from Port of Spain. The

species seems to be locally quite common. Mr. H. Carac-

ciolo has secured a long series. Mr. H. A. Trechman, and

more recently Mr. K. St. A. Rogers, caught a few in January

1913.

550 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

Subfamily HELICONINAE.

HELICONIUS NUMATA NUMATA.

Heliconius numatus numatus, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fasc.

37, p. 10.

Heliconius numata, Cram., Pap. Ex., vol. 4, p. 17,

fC. 180? p.20l (1782),

Range. GUIANA.

Sir Gilbert Carter took a specimen of this species at the

Pitch Lake. It agrees with the form named guwiensis by

Riffarth.

HELICONIUS ETHILLA METALILIS.

Heliconius metalilis, Butl., Cist. Ent., 1, p. 167 (1873).

Heliconius ethilla metalilis, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 37,

p-,43.

Heliconius eucoma metalilis, Riff., Berl. Int. Zeit., vol. 46,

p. 43; Gatt. Helie., vol. 2, p. 19.

Heliconius metabilis, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl.,

p. 722 (1877).

In September 1906 Mr. P. L. Guppy, jun., caught at

Blanchisseuse on the northern shore of the Island, a

specimen of this subspecies that has its home in the main-

land in Venezuela and Colombia. Metalilis, however, can,

in Trinidad, only be regarded as an aberration of ethalla,

such a dark form being of very rare occurrence, although

intermediate specimens are less rarely taken.

Range. VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA.

[25. HELICONIUS MELPOMENE. |

Since the publication of the Trinidad Catalogue in 1904,

it has become less and less certain about the occurrence of

true melpomene, until it seems necessary to remove the

species from the list. The specimens originally thought

to be this species have proved to be large specimens of

Heliconius amaryllis euryades. It is very probable, how-

ever, that amaryllis and melpomene will one day be proved

to be one variable species. H. amaryllis ewryades runs

exceedingly close to H. melpomene melpomene, and the

genitalia are scarcely separable.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 551

HELICONIUS WALLACEI WALLACEI.

Heliconius wallacei, Reak., Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., p. 242

(1866).

Heliconius wallacer wallacer, Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fase. 37,

p. 36 (1906).

Range. Gutana; LowER AMAZONS.

Not rare near the Pitch Lake (Sir G. Carter). Arima

2-500 ft., Jan. 15, 1913 (K. St. A. Rogers).

HELICONIUS SARA THAMAR.

Heliconius caerulea thamar, Hiibn., Ex. Schmett, vol. i,

Index (1806-19).

Heliconius rhea, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, p. 85, 154, t. 54, f.

C. D. (1775-6).

Heliconius sara thamar, Stichel u. Riff., Tierr., vol. 22,

p- 185 (1905); Stichel, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 37, p. 40

(1906).

Mr. F. W. Urich secured a specimen about the year

1905, and this is the only record. It is quite probable

that in the south end of the Island the species may be not

uncommon. It is worthy of note that neither the forms

Heliconius sara sara nor Heliconius sara theudela, both of

which occur in Venezuela, have been detected in Trinidad.

The present subspecies nearest home being British Guiana.

Range. GuIANA; PERU; Cotompra; Ecuapor.

[28. HELICONIUS ERATO. |

The true Heliconius erato (= Papilio vesta, Cram. teste

Stichel in Gen. Ins., Fasc. 47, p. 42) does not inhabit Trini-

dad. The species that “erato” stood for is Heliconius

doris, Linn. With the typical form occur the forms

eratonius, Stgr., and metharmina, Steger.

[26. HELICONIUS VICULATA.]

Heliconius phyllis, var. viculata, Riff., Berl. Ent. Zeit.,

vol. 45, p. 188, 212; Gatt. Helic., vol. i, p. 6, 30

(1900).

Heliconius callycopis, forma viculata, Stichel, Berl. Ent.

Zeit., vol. 47, p. 149 (1901).

I very much doubt if this is a good subspecies and

whether it is not a form only of Hel. hydara. In Trinidad

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.) OO

552 «Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

viculata cannot be a distinct subspecies, and it should be

treated as an aberration of Hel. hydara. Locally elsewhere

the form becomes tolerably constant.

[27. HELICONIUS RICINI.]

As pointed out by Riffarth in Gatt. Helic., vol. 1, p. 13,

1907, this species should be placed in the genus Euevdes.

It is locally common and according to Chenu the larva

feeds on the castor oil plant.

[30. EUEIDES ISABELLA. |

This species (zsabella recte) occurs in the typical form as

described and figured by Cramer, and also as an aberration

as the form huebneri, Ménét. = dynastes, Feld. Many

specimens of zsabella can be taken to only an odd one or

two huebnert. It is practically certain that all are the

game species as intergrades occur.

Subfamily NY MPHALINAE.

[82. COLAENIS PHAERUSA. |

This species has been taken by Mr. P. L. Guppy, jun.,

thus confirming the record.

METAMORPHA DIDO.

Papilio dido, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, p. 782 (1758).

Colaenis dido, Bates, Journ. Ent., u, p. 186.

Metamorpha dido, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett-, p. 43.

Metamorpha dido, Godm. and Salv., Biol. Cent. Am., 1,

p. 166; u, p. 670.

Range. Nicaracua to 8. Brazit (Rio Janeiro).

Recorded by Mr. Lechmere Guppy in Trin. Field Nat.

Club. G. E. Tryhane secured one or two examples in

1906. The species is evidently rare in the Island.

EUPTOIETA HEGESIA.

Papilio hegesia, Cram., Pap. Ex., t. 209, f. E. F. (1782).

Euptoieta hegesia, Staud. and Schatz, Ex. Schmett, 1,

pl. 36; u, p. 118.

Euptoieta hegesia, Godm. and Salv., Biol. Cent. Am., 1,

polos nu, py Gr.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 553

Range. CENTRAL AMERICA to CoLomBIA and Lower

Amazons; West INDIES.

A specimen in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection from Tuna-

puna.

CYNTHIA CARDUI.

Papilio cardw, Linn., Faun. Suec., p. 276, n. 1054

(1761).

Range. Almost the whole world.

Three specimens were secured in 1912 by Mr. P. L.

Guppy on the Queen’s Park, Savannah, and one at St.

Joseph.

PHYCIODES IANTHE.

Papilio wanthe, Fab., Spec. Ins., u, p. 80, n. 354. (1781).

Eresia myia, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, t. 3, f. 16, 17 (1864).

Range. VENEZUELA; CotomBia; Ecuapor; Honpuras.

The only specimen I have seen was one taken by Mr.

P. L. Guppy, jun., at Tunapuna. It is a very large indi-

vidual with an exceptionally wide expanse of wing.

[39. CHLOSYNE SAUNDERSII. |

Synchloe saunders, Doubl. and Hew., Gen., D. L., t. 24,

p. 2 (1847).

Synchloe mediatriz, Feld., Reise Nov., Lep.,®iii, p. 395,

n. 583 (1867).

Araschnia lacima, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Sch., p. 899, 900

(1837).

Synchloe tellias, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag., i, p. 84, n. 42

(1864).

Chlosyne lacinia saundersit, Kaye.

Range. Mexico to Paraguay.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff took one specimen of the species at

St. Juan on April 2, 1907.

This species divides up with difficulty into geographical

races, but as some Paraguay and Southern Brazilian

specimens are in no way different from Trinidad examples

I treat the species as a unit.

EUNICA ORPHISE.

Papilio orphise, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 42, E. F. (1776).

554 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

Range. CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA; GUIANA; AMAZONS.

1 g Feb. 1901 (A. Hall) near Port of Spain.

EUNICA MALVINA.

Eunica malvina, Bates, Journ. Ent., u, p. 195, n. 21,

t. 9, £. 2, 2a (1864).

Range. Brazit, Amazons.

Mr. P. L. Guppy, jun., has secured two ¢ gf at Tuna-

puna, one of which he has kindly presented for my own

collection. Sir Gilbert Carter has taken the species at

the Pitch Lake.

DYNAMINE SETABIS.

Dynamine setabis, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L. t. 30,

f. 2 (1849).

Range. VENEZUELA; CoLomBiA; E. Prrv.

Ariapita Road, Dec. 1911, Miss M. E. Fountaine, two ¢ g.

DYNAMINE ARENE.

Dynamine arene, Hiibn., Samml. Ex. Schmett (1816-1824).

Nymph. johanna, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 420, n. 221

(1823).

Range. Brazit, Lower Amazon, Pernambuco; Ecuapor.

Emperor Valley, Jan. 28, 1913 (K. St. A. Rogers). This

is the only record, but the species is scarce.

[51. CATAGRAMMA CODOMANNUS. |

C. codomannus, Fab. (1781), falls a synonym of

Catagramma astarte, Cram. 1779 (nec 1782, wide

H.M.M., vol. xiv, p. 279).

Cramer’s figure of C. astarte is rather smaller than the

type specimen of C. codomannus in the Banksian Cabinet,

but there can be no doubt the two are the same species,

but with possibly subspecific rank. C. miles, Bates, from

the Upper Amazon, and C. stratiotes, Feld., from Ecuador,

are both subspecies of C. astarte.

The Trinidad insect, which also occurs on Sta. Lucia and

possibly elsewhere, is rather different from any of the

foregoing, and I propose calling it Catagramma astarte,

subsp. antallena.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 555

CATAGRAMMA ASTARTE ANTILLENA (Pl. XXX, fig. 15).

Catagramma astarte, subsp. antillena, subsp. nov.

¢. Smaller than astarte, with the red band of the fore-wing

narrower and more pointed at costa. The red area of hind-wing

less than in astarte and sharply pointed marginally. Underside of

fore-wing with the red areas much reduced. Underside of hind-wing

like astarte.

Exp. 9 51 mm.,2 53mm. (C. astarte 3 60 mm.)

CATAGRAMMA MAIMUNA.

Catagramma maimuna, Hew., Ex. Butt., ii, Catag., t. 8,

f. 62, 63 (1858).

Range. Upper Amazons.

A 2 in the collection of Mr. A. Hall, which was BE

from a local collector.

PERIDROMIA IPHTHIME.

Ageronia iphthime, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag., i, p. 115,

n. 49 (1864).

Ageronia feronia, var.. iphthime, Kirby, Cat. Diur. Lep.,

p. 215.

Range. CENTRAL AMERICA.

Mr. A. E. Hall took this species in the Island.

MEGALURA CORESIA.

Nymphalis coresia, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 359, n. 31

(1823).

Range. CENTRAL AND TRopicaL SoutH AMERICA.

Occurs at the Pitch Lake (Sir G. Carter).

ADELPHA VELIA TRININA (Pl. XXX, fig. 2).

Adelpha velia trinina, n. s.sp.

Fore-wing very dark brown with a broad ochreous yellow band

squarely indented at vein 3 internally; externally at vein 5; it is

sharply cut off, and at costa there are two ochreous dots. Hind-wing

very dark brown with a rather narrow, even white band. A small

dark ochreous mark at anal angle. Fore-wing beneath with a con-

spicuous rounded black mark at tornus giving off a dark brown

streak within the yellow band. Hind-wing below with the white

556 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

band bordered with brown externally followed by a wavy red line.

No white marks beyond white band.

Exp. 52 mm.

The subspecies is separable from veloa by the orange

band extending to inner margin : Butler’s ywrwana may be

very close or even identical with trinina, but the condition

is bad and it is impossible to say what it looked like when

fresh.

The type specimen is from Diego Martin (Caracciolo).

ADELPHA PHYLACA TRINITA (PI. XXX, fig. 1).

Adelpha phylaca trinita, n. s.sp.

Allied to A. phylaca, Bates, of which it may be a subspecies only.

It is to be separated by the greatly reduced yellow area beyond the

cell and by the yellow being more broken up with the veins showing

very clearly within it. The yellow just beyond the cell is suffused

with whitish.

Fore-wing very dark blackish brown with 5 darker blackish lines

across the cell. A broad transverse white band from vein 3 to inner

margin, above this a rough V-shaped area of orange, the outer arm

greatly curved to costa. Hind-wing dark blackish brown with a

broad white transverse band meeting the band of the fore-wing.

An orange patch at tornus containing a large and a small black

dot.

Exp. 59 mm.

Port of Spain (Caracciolo ; W. J. Kaye).

ADELPHA MELONA.

Heterochroa melona, Hew., Ann. N. Hist., xx, p. 258,

t. 20, f. 2 (1847).

Range. TROPICAL Sourn AMERICA.

St. Ann’s Valley (W. J. Kaye).

ADELPHA EUBAEA.

Heterchroa eubaea, Feld., Reise Nov., Lep., iii, p. 422,

n. 662 (1867).

Range. Guiana; Cotompia ; AMAZONS.

Kirby in his “ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” p. 234,

treats this species as a var. of A. plesawre, but it cannot be

looked upon as a geographical race of that species, for

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 557

A. plesaure also occurs, and it is very improbably an

aberration. Frequently in 8. America five and six species

of Adelpha occur together, each one of which is thoroughly

distinct.

Port of Spain (H. Caracciolo).

CHLORIPPE LAURE.

Papilio laure, Dru., Ill. Ex. Ent., ui, t. 18, f. 5, 6 (1773).

Range. VENEZUELA; BRAZIL.

North of Quenam Bay, several 3, two 9 (K. St. A. Rogers),

Jan. 1913. It is remarkable that until the recent discovery

of this fine species by Mr. Rogers its presence had been

undetected.

PREPONA MEANDER.

Papilio meander, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 12, f. A. B., p. 17

(1775).

Prepona meander, Fruhs., Ivis, xvu, p. 278, 279.

Range. PrErvu; Cotompia; Boxrivia; Brazi.

A single example was taken by Mr. G. EH. Tryhane

at St. Ann’s Valley, Aug.-Sep. 1905, and is now in the

collection of the late Mr. H. J. Adams.

ANAEA ERIBOTES HALLI, (Pl. XXX, fig. 11).

Anaea eribotes halla, n. s. sp.

Fore-wing much darker ground-colour than in typical eribotes.

The basal blue area reaching up to the upper discocellular. Outer

margin with dark marginal band reaching to tornus. Hind-wing

also with complete dark marginal band. Basal blue area extending

well beyond cell. Fore-wing on underside with the basal half from

apex to inner margin blackish.

Exp. 56 mm.

One 3 in coll. A. Hall, after whom the subspecies is

named. The insect was taken at Tabaquite, and is the

only specimen I have seen.

Typical eribotes occurs in Guiana and the Lower Ama-

zonian region.

EUPTYCHIA TERRESTRIS.

Euptychia terrestris, Butl., P.Z.S., p. 462, n. 7, t. 39,

p. 1 (1866).

Range. Guiana; AMazonsto E. Peru and §.E. Ecuapor ;

NICARAGUA,

558 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

I have only seen one specimen of this species, viz. that

one in the National Collection at S. Kensington. It was

taken by 8. J. Tryhane probably near Port of Spain. The

species is quite possibly overlooked, but it is quite distinct

from E£. myncaea, with which it could easily be confounded.

EUPTYCHIA THEMIS.

Euptychia themis, Butl., P.Z.S., 1867, p. 104, n. 1, t. 12,

fo,

Range. Mexico to VENEZUELA.

One specimen in National Collection.

[78. EUPTYCHIA MYNCAEA. |

Trinidad specimens of this species have a distinct look

to those from Guiana. They are smaller and darker, and

the ocellated spots on the underside are usually smaller.

It is possible that fresh specimens from Guiana would be

as dark as the comparatively fresh Trinidad specimens,

but in size there is a distinct reduction in all the specimens

I have seen. I propose calling the Island form Huptychia

myncaea, subsp. solata.

EUPTYCHIA PALLADIA.

Euptychia palladia, Butl., P.Z.S., 1866, p. 461, n. 6,

bs 39; f. 21,

Range. BRAZIL.

A specimen in the National Collection.

Family ERYCINIDAE.

Subfamily LUSELASIIN AL.

[94. HELICOPIS ELEGANS. |

This species is probably a local form only of Helicopis

selene, Feld. The underside agrees exactly. It would be

exceedingly interesting to have a g¢ from Trinidad to see

if that also differed from typical ¢ selene. H. selene

frequently shows some orange scaling about the black band

of the hind-wing in both 3 and 9, but more in the 2 than

in the g. The Trinidad insect has the yellow scales

developed and the black scaling suppressed. It should

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 559

be considered a subspecies of H. selene and called Helicopis

selene, subsp. elegans.

HELICOPIS CUPIDO.

Papilio cupido, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 482, No. 145 (1758).

Helicopis cupido, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 56.

In the South end of the Island at Cedros (Ff. Birch,

Feb. 6, 1905).

Range. Guiana; LowER AMAZONS.

MESOSEMIA MAERA.

Mesosemia maera, Hew., Ex. Butt., v, t. 12, p. 114,

115 (1873).

Mesosemia maera, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 51 (1905).

Range. Brit. GUIANA.

The species was described from a Trinidad specimen.

Mr. G. E. Tryhane has found it not rarely in St. Ann’s

Valley.

MESOSEMIA IBYCUS.

Mesosemia ibycus, Hew., Ex. Butt., u, t. 7, f. 68, 69

(1860).

Mesosenia ibycus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 48 (1905).

Range. Guiana; UPPER and Lower AMAZON.

Rather rare, but possibly very local, as are so many of

the genus.

SYRMATIA DORILAS.

Papilho dorilas, Cram., Pap. Exot., 1, t. 47, C. (1779).

Syrmatia dorilas, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 65.

St. Ann’s Valley (F. W. Urich).

Range. Braziu as far south as Sta Catharina.

NOTHEME EUMEUS.

Papilio eumeus, Fab., Spec. Ins., ii, 63, No. 280 (1781).

Notheme eumeus, Staud. and Schatz, Ex. Schmett, ui,

242, pl. 41 (1892).

Notheme eumeus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 67 (1905).

Range. GUATEMALA to the AMAZONS.

One specimen from St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane).

560 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

XENANDRA HELIODES.

Xenandra heliodes, Hopp., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 444 (1869).

Xenandra heliodes, Mengel., Cat. Eryc., p ae (recte

76).

Range. DEMERARA; Brazit; I. oF MaARGueERITa;

VENEZUELA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. EH. Tryhane). 1 g Coll. Kaye;

1 3 Coll. Adams.

The species is always rare.

Stichel in “Gen. Ins. Riodinidae,” p. 221, makes this

species synonymous with X. helius, but the two insects

are distinct

XENANDRA HELIUS.

Papilio helius, Cram., Pap. Ex., iii, t. 198, B. (1780).

Xenandra heliodes, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. “67” = 76.

Xenandra helius, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. “67” = 76.

Range. VENEZUELA; I. oF MARGUERITA; GUIANA;

AMAZON.

Mr. G. E. Tryhane has secured several specimens of this

species in St. Ann’s Valley. Ariapita Road, Dec. 1911,

Miss M. KE. Fountaine.

SYMMACHIA PROGNE.

Symmachia progne, Godm., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 537,

pl. xxapet 10-1903}:

A male of this species was taken in St. Ann’s Valley, and

is now in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection. The female has the

transverse bands on the underside more heavily spotted.

SYMMACHIA saGiTTa, (Pl. XXX, fig. 13).

Symmachia sagitta, n. sp.

Allied to S. menetas, from which it differs in the white apical

markings, the outermost of which is usually shaped like a blunt

arrow head.

Fore-wing black at base followed by a very oblique red streak,

beyond which is a large black area containing usually three, some-

times four, conspicuous white streaks and dashes. Hind-wing black

at base and with the apex black. The whole of the central area

bright crimson. Cilia black and a very slender black submarginal

line. The extreme margin of the wing red. Abdomen with a white

belt at base followed by a broad black belt, the remainder red,

Exp. 26 mm, ;

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 561

[108. CricosoMA COCCINEATA. |

This species falls as a synonym to Pachythone lateritia,

Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., ix, 390 (1868). There are

five specimens of this insect in the Godman collection from

Aunai, Essequibo, and the upper Amazon. All five are

much more heavily spotted than the two Trinidad examples,

but the spots are in exactly the same positions and the

undersides are extremely alike. The synonymy, therefore,

reads :—

Pachythone lateritia, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.,

ix, 390.

Pachythone lateritia, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 90.

Lemonias coccineata, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 118 (1905).

Cricosoma coccineata, Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 185

(1904).

MESENE MONOSTIGMA.

Emesis monostigma, Erichs., Schomb. Reise, i, 601

(1848). ;

Mesene monostigma, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 87 (1905).

Mesene hya, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 70, f. 9, 2

(1851). .

Range. Guiana; AMAZON.

Mr. F. Birch took two specimens, both g, near Port of

Spain on Oct. 16, 1904.

The 2, with much more red on the fore-wing, was de-

scribed and figured by Doubleday and Hewitson as a

distinct species under the name M. hya.

MESENE simpLa (Pl. XXX, figs. 9, 10).

Mesene simpla, n. sp.

Allied to triangularis, Thieme.

g. Fore-wing dark brown, with a median band of light orange

from the middle of costa to tornus, where it slightly turns inwards

to inner margin. Hind-wing unicolorous dark brown. Underside

of fore-wing as above but paler. Underside of hind-wing unicolorous

brown, but paler than fore-wing. The @ differs in having the yellow

transverse band narrower and not reaching beyond vein 3; on its

inner edge it is slightly curved. Both fore- and hind-wing are more

rounded. On the underside it is more greyish-brown than in the ¢.

Exp. 24 mm.

562 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

Habitat. TRINtDAD, Maraval River, Jan. 29, 1913 (K. St.

A. Rogers). 2 in Coll. Oxford Museum; 3 in Mus. Tring.

PARNES NYCTEIS. —

Parnes nycteis, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., 464, t. 73,

f. 3 (1851).

Parnes nycteis, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 90.

Range. AMAZONS; GUIANA; PANAMA.

Mr. P. L. Guppy has taken this species rarely. The

extremely small size of this Erycinid doubtless makes it

very difficult to detect.

ANTEROS RENALDUS.

Papilio renaldus, Stoll, Suppl. to Cram., t. 13, f. 1, la

(1790).

Anteros renaldus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 91.

Range. TroricaL SoutH AMERICA.

Mr. P. L. Guppy has taken a few specimens near Port

of Spain.

SAROTA CHRYSUS.

Papilio chrysus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 380, D. HE. (1782).

Sarota chrysus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 95.

Helicopsis dematria, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 71,

f. 10 (1851).

Anteros dematria, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 91.

Range. CENTRAL and SoutH TRopicaAL AMERICA.

Mr. G. E. Tryhane has taken several specimens of this

insect in St. Ann’s Valley.

CHARIS CHAONITES.

Charis chaonites, Hew., Ex. Butt., ii, t. 1, f. 7, 8 (1866).

Charis chaonites, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 100 (1905).

Range. Brazit, Amazon; Bo.ivia, Yungas.

One specimen (G. EH. Tryhane) Port of Spain. A scarce

species everywhere.

CHARIS CLEONUS.

Papilio cleonus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 380, H. I. (1782).

Charis cleonus, Staud. and Schatz., Ex. Schm., un, 248,

pl. 44 (1892).

Charis cleonus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 100.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 563

Range. Brazit, Amazons.

Not rare near Port of Spain, but less common than

C. argyrodines (= gynsea) or C. avius.

CHARIS CHELONIS.

Charis chelonis, Hew., Ex. Butt., 11, t. 1, f. 9 (1866).

Charis chelonis, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 100.

One specimen in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection taken in

St. Ann’s Valley.

Range. Braziu.

CHARIS HOLOSTICTA.

Charis holosticta, Godm. and Salv., Biol. Cent. Am., ii,

703 (1901).

Charis holosticta, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 104.

Two specimens taken by Mr. F. Birch at Lavenville near

Port of Spain, Nov. 15, 1904. This bright yellow species

is apparently always rare.

Range. NicaraGua to VENEZUELA.

CARIA DOMITIANUS.

Hesperia domitianus, Fab., Ent. Syst., ui, 1, 315, No. 193

(1793).

Caria domitianus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 105.

Range. VENEZUELA to NICARAGUA.

La Brea in cacao plantation, Jan. 24, 1913 (K. St. A.

Rogers).

BAEOTIS ZONATA.

Baeotis zonata, Feld., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 469, No. 15

(1869).

Baeotis zonata, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 106.

Range. CENTRAL AMERICA; VENEZUELA.

On flowers of black sage, Sept. 30, 1904, at Port of Spain

(Ff. Birch).

On this occasion Mr. Birch took four specimens, but this

is the only record.

LASAIA OILEUS.

Lasaia oileus, Godm., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 541, pl. 22,

f. 10, 11 (1903).

Lasaia oileus, Mengel, Cat. Erye., p. 109.

564 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

Range. Tropical SoutH AMERICA. .

St. Ann’s Valley (G. £. Tryhane).

ANATOLE NEPOS.

Hesperia nepos, Fab., Ent. Syst., in, 1, 340, No. 292

(1793).

Cremna orpheus, Doubl. and Hew., Gen. D. L., t. 71, f. 8

(1851).

Anatole nepos, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 111 (1905).

Range. Ecuapor to SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

St. Ann’s (G. H. Tryhane). Rare.

LEMONIAS PIONE.

Lemonias pione, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., ix, 398 (1868).

Lemonias pione, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 113.

Range. GuiaANA; AMAZONS.

A single 2 at Macqueripe Bay, N. Trinidad, on Jan. 1

1905 (F. Burch).

The specimen is paler yellow than the mainland form.

LEMONIAS EMYLIUS.

Papilio emylius, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 66, G. H. (1779).

Lemonias emylius, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 114.

Range. GUIANA.

Two males, Sept. 25, 1904 (#. Burch).

LEMONIAS RHODOPE.

Lemonias rhodope, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, Lem., t. 1, £. 6, 7

(1853).

Lemonias rhodope, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 114.

Range. AMAZON.

1 g, St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane).

LEMONIAS PARTHAON.

Papilio parthaon, Dalm., Anal. Ent., p. 46 (1823).

Lemonias parthaon, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 114.

Range. BRaziu.

At Tunapuna, one specimen (P. L. Guppy).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 565

NYMPHIDIUM LILINA.

Nymphidium lilina, Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag., vi, 252, t,

1, £. 3'(1870).

Nymphidium lilina, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 127.

Range. Mexico.

A single specimen in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection taken

at Tunapuna sometime in 1905.

This beautiful species is rare everywhere and specimens

are scarce in collections.

ARICORIS LAGUS.

Papilio lagus, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 117, F. G. (1779).

Aricoris lagus, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 130 (1905).

Range. CoLoMBIA; GUIANA; AMAZONS.

A single male has been taken by Mr. P. L. Guppy, jun.,

at Camuto.

THEOPE SYNGENES.

Theope syngenes, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., ix, p. 409

(1868). .

Theope sysgenes (!), Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 135.

Range. Brazit, Lower Amazon.

Two specimens in St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

THEOPE APHELES.

Theope apheles, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., ix, 405

(1868).

Theope apheles, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 133.

Range. AMAzon.

THEOPE PIERIDOIDES.

Theope yeridoides, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., ii, 292, No.

381, t. 37, £. 19, 20 (1865).

Theope pieridoides, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 133.

Range. Braziu, Bahia.

One specimen at Tunapuna (P. L. Guppy).

This is a rare species in collections.

566 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

THEOPE LYCAENINA.

Theope lycaenna, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., ix, 406

(1868).

Theope lycaenina, Mengel, Cat. Eryc., p. 134.

Range. LowER AMAZONS. ;

Maraval in cacao plantation, Jan. 20, 1913 (K. St.

A. Rogers).

Family LYCAENIDAE.

MITHRAS MAVORS.

Thecla mavors, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett, ff. 189, 190

(1818).

Range. Guiana; Brazit, Amazons.

1 9, St. Ann’s Valley (G. EH. Tryhane); 1 3 (Caracciolo),

1906.

BITHYS PHOENISSA.

Thecla phoenssa, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 100, n. 117, t.

40, f. 139, 140 (1867).

Range. Braziu, Para.

One Gin St. Ann’s Valley (G@. #. Tryhane).

CHALYBS HERODOTUS.

Hesperia herodotus, Fab., Ent. Syst., mi, 1, p. 286, n.

100 (17983).

Range. GUIANA; BRaAziL.

13919, St. Ann’s Valley (G. £. Tryhane).

CALLIPSYCHE BUBASTUS.

Papilio bubastus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 332, G. H.

(1782).

Tmolus eurytulus, Hiibn., Samm. Ex. Schmett, ui,

t. 90 (1816-1841).

Range. Mexico to the Amazon VALLEY.

Rather a scarce species in the Island.

CALLIPSYCHE CYDIA.

Thecla cydia, Hew., D. L., p. 160, n. 285, t. 63, fi. 433,

434 (1874).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 567

Range. Brazit, Rio; VENEZUELA.

One specimen in St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

Easily confounded with Callipsyche thius.

[141. TMoLuUS ECHION. |

Papilio echion, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, p. 788 (1767).

Tmolus basalides, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett, f. 977,

978.

Thecla ziba, Hew., Desc. Lyc., p. 26, n. 56.

Several specimens have been taken in St. Ann’s Valley,

and the species is without doubt an inhabitant of the

Island.

TMOLUS SIMAETHIS.

Papilio simaethis, Dru., Ill. Ex. Ent., 1, t. 1, f. 3 (1773).

Range. Mexico to 8. Braziu.

A single specimen in the “ Adams’

Ann’s Valley.

collection from St.

TMOLUS BITIAS.

Papilio bitias, Cram., Pap. Ex., 11, t. 104, E. (1779).

Papilio syncellus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 334, A. B.

(1782).

Range. GuIANA; AMAZONS; CENTRAL AMERICA.

Found close to Port of Spain in 1904 (G@. £. Tryhane).

Aniapita Road, Apr. 1907 (@. B. Longstaff).

[TMOLUS UNILINEA. ]

This species which I described in my Catalogue is the

same as Hewitson’s Thecla philinna.

The synonomy stands therefore :—

Thecla philinna, Hew., Desc. Lyc., p. 19, n. 43 (1868).

Tmolus unilinea, Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 192 (1904).

Tmo.us tases, H. H. Druce, P.Z.S., p. 602,. pl. xxxvi,

f. 6. (1907).

This I consider to be a small 7. crolus 3. Mr. Druce

compares his insect with 7. echion, Linn., but as pointed

out by me in the “ Entomologist,” 1908, p. 11, 7’. echion,

Linn., is not synonymous with 7. crolus, Cram., as he

treats 1t.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTIII. (JAN.) PP

568 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

TMOLUS CLEON.

Papilio cleon, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 522, n. 335 (1775).

Thecla cleon, H. H. Druce, P.Z.S., p. 621 (1907).

Range. Brazit, Para, Pernambuco.

Mr. Druce gives Trinidad as a locality.

TMOLUS AZUBA.

Thecla azuba, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 154, n. 269, t. 71, f.

408, 409 (1874).

Thecla seragio, Godm. and Salv., Biol. Cent. Am., Lep.

Rhop., vol. 1, p. 93, pl. 58, ff. 8, 9 (1887).

Range. Brazit to PANAMA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane); Tunapuna (P. L.

Guppy).

TMOLUS BADACA.

Thecla badaca, Hew., Desc. Lyc., p. 12 (1868) 3, Ill. D. L.,

p. 184, pl. 73, ff. 569, 570 (1877).

Thecla collucia, Hew., |. c., p. 186, pl. 74, fi. 577, 578

(1877) &.

Thecla badaca, H. H. Druce, P.Z.S., p. 624 (1907).

Range. CotomBia; Brazit, Amazons.

Emperor Valley, Jan. 30, 1913, 100-500 ft. (K. St. A.

Rogers).

[TMOLUS PERDISTINCTA. |

This species described and figured by me in the former

list is synonymous with Calycopis hesperitis (No. 156 in

the Catalogue, 1904). The Thecla cabiria, Hew., 1s

also synonymous. The synonymy reads :—

Calycopis hesperitis, Butl. and Druce, Cist. Ent., 1,

p. 107 (1872).

Tmolus perdistincta, Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 194,

pl. xvii, f. 8 (1904).

Thecla cabiria, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 195, n. 388, t. 77,

ff. 623, 624 (1877).

TMOLUS COLLUSTRA.

Thecla collustra, H. H. Druce, P.Z.8., p. 600, pl. xxxv,

f. 15 (1907)

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 569

Range. Unknown.

Caparo, W. Central Trinidad (/. Birch).

TMOLUS VESULUS.

Papilio vesulus, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 340, J. K. (1782).

Range. GUIANA.

Not uncommon near Port of Spain. Feb. 3, 1913 (K.

St. A. Rogers).

Maraval (G@. E. Tryhane).

TMOLUS POLITUS.

Thecla politus, H. H. Druce, P.Z.S., p. 625, pl. xxxvi,

ff, 22, 23 (1907).

Range. GUATEMALA to BRAZIL.

I consider this to be a form of 7’. beon.

TMOLUS AZIA.

Thecla azia, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 144, n. 245 (1873).

Range. Mexico to the AMazon VALLEY.

A series in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection from St. Ann’s

Valley.

TMOLUS PHRUTUS.

Bithys phrutus, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Sch., ff. 703, 704 (1832).

Range. GUIANA.

One specimen from St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

Kasily overlooked from its diminutive size.

Tmo.us Iop1nus (Pl. XXX, fig. 12).

Tmolus iodinus, n. sp.

Fore-wing dark iron blue with the costa and outer margin rather

narrowly blackish. Hind-wing similar; anal angle with a very

dark red irregular spot bordered with black. A small tail-like

projection at the termination of vein 3, and a much longer one at

vein 2. Each of these is tipped with white. Celia black except

at anal angle, where it is whitish. Underside of fore-wing brown,

very dark in the basal third and palest in central area. A straight

red line runs from costa two-thirds from base to vein 2. A sub-

terminal blackish line. Underside of hind-wing coloured as in fore-

wing. A red line from costa two-thirds from base to vein 2; it is

then continued as a wavy white line forming a letter W. Red

Veg ee,

570 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

spots with black centres at anal angle and between veins 2 and 3,

close to outer margins.

Exp. 33 mm.

1 g in British Museum taken by 8. J. Tryhane probably

near Port of Spain.

CALYCOPIS ATRIUS.

Thecla atrius, H.-8., Samm. Schmett, p. 55, ff. 53, 54

(1853).

Range. GUATEMALA to the AMAzONS VALLEY.

Taken by Mr. F. Birch at Macqueripe Bay, Jan. 1905.

CALYCOPIS CINNIANA.

Thecla cinniana, Hew., Ill. D. L., p. 189, n. 369, t. 75,

ff. 593, 594 (1877).

Range. AMAZONS.

Ariapita Road, cacao plantation, Jan. 9, 1913 (K. St. A.

Rogers).

REKOA DOLYLAS.

Papilio dolylas, Cram., Pap. Ex., ii, t. m, B. C. ee

Pseudolycaena spurius, Feld., Reise Nov. Lep., li, p.

250, n. 294, t. 31, p. 23, 24 (1865).

Range. GuiaNA; AMAZONS.

Ariapita Road, April 1907 (G. B. Longstaff).

Family PAPILIONIDAE.

Subfamily PIERINAE

ENANTIA LICINIA ACUTIPENNIS.

Papilio licinia, Cram., Pap. Ex., ti, t. 153, E. F. (1779).

Leptalis licinia, Bates, Journ. Ent., i, p. 234, n. 138

(1861).

Dismorphia acutipennis, Butl., A. M. N. H., p. 26 (1899).

Range. AMAZONS; GUIANA.

This species is a local race of E. licinia in which the wings

are markedly narrower.

Waterworks, Maraval, Dec. 19, 1906 (G. B. Longstaff) ;

St. Ann’s Valley (G. £. Tryhane) ; Sta Cruz Valley, Nov. 7,

1904 (fF. Burch).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 571

[182. SPHAENOGONA GRATIOSA. |

Add as synonym :—

Sphaenogona semiflava, Butl., A. M. N. H. (4), xv,

p. 396, n. 1 (1875).

[185. DapToNoURA POLYHYMNIA. |

The insect found in Trinidad agrees better with the true

lycimnia, Cramer. D. polyhymnia is only a geographical

form of the same species.

ITABALLIA DEMOPHILE.

Papilio demophile, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 761, n. 82

(1767).

Perrhybris demophile, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Diurn., p. 478.

Itaballia demophile, Riber in Seitz Macro-Lep., Div. II,

vol. v, p. 63 (1909).

Range. Tropical SoutH AMERICA.

1 g, St. Joseph River in June (F. Birch).

PERRHYBRIS MALENKA. |

Pieris malenka, Hew., Ex. Butt., i, t. 1, f. 5, 6 (1852).

Range. VENEZUELA.

Two $4 from Erin on the south coast, Feb. 3, 1905,

(F. Birch); 1 3 1 9, St. Joseph River, June 23, 1907 (P. L.

Guppy, jun.).

All the females seen are more yellow than specimens

from the mainland, indicating either a direct influence of

climate, or possibly the influence of the distasteful and

abundant Tithorea megara.

Subfamily PAPILIONINAE.

PAPILIO SESOSTRIS SESOSTRIS.

Papilio Eques Trojanus sesostris, Cram., Pap. Ex., iil.

Petty 2th t, BG. (1779).

Papilio sesostris sesostris, Roths. and Jord., Nov. Zool.,

vol. xii, p. 461 (1906).

Range. Orinoco to Botivia.

Near the Pitch Lake (Sir G. Carter). In the dense shore

forest between Irois and Cap de Ville, Feb. 7, 1905 (F. Birch)

572 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

[194. PapiILio ZEUXIS.

195. PAPILIO CYMOCHLES. |

These two insects in the Catalogue, p. 206, are the same

species, viz. cymochles. Rothschild and Jordan in their

revision of the American Papilios (Nov. Zool., xii, No. 3),

treat cymochles, Doubl., as a subspecies of anchises, Linn.

The Trinidad insect should therefore stand as Papilio

anchises cymochles.

[196. PAPILIO GARGASUS. |

In Rothschild and Jordan’s revision of the 8. American

Papilios (Nov. Zool., xii, p. 502) the synonymy of this

species is discussed at some length, and the name adopted

for the species is neophilus, of which the Trinidad race is

made a subspecies under the name parianus. The insect

should, therefore, be known as Papilio neophilus parianus.

PAPILIO BELUS VARUS.

Papilio varus, Koll., Denk. K. Ak. Wiss. Math.-Nat.,

Cl. 1, p. 354, n. 8, t. 42, f. 3, 4, 9 (1850).

Papilio belus varus, Roths. and Jord., Nov. Zool., xii,

p. 529 (1906).

Range. GUATEMALA to VENEZUELA.

Near the Pitch Lake (I. A. Potter).

PAPILIO PROTESILAUS ARCHESILAUS.

Papilio archesilaus, Feld., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.,

xiv, p. 301, n. 180, p. 345, n. 89 (1864).

Papilio protesilaus archesilaus, Roths. and Jord., Nov.

Zool. xan, p. 117 (1906).

Range. CotomBia; N. Venezvueta; W. Ecuapor.

Presumably this species has only been seen high up on

Mt. Tucuche by Sir G. Carter and others, and as far as I

know it has not been captured. It is possible that the

species seen may have been a form of P. agesilaus with the

red band on the underside of the hind-wing on the “ inside ”’

of the black band.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 573

[199. PAPILIO THOAS. |

Papilio thoas nealces, Roths. and Jord., Nov. Zool.,

xili, p. 558.

Range of the subspecies. Nicaracua to W. Ecuapor;

eastwards to TRINIDAD and Lower OrrNoco (Roths. and

Jord.).

Family HESPERIDAE.

Subfamily PYRRHOPYGINAE.

MysoRIA VENEZUELAE.

Venezuelae, Scudder, Rep. Peab. Acad., vi, p. 67

(1872).

Range. VENEZUELA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane). Behind Botanical

Gardens, April 11, 1907 (G. B. Longstaff).

Subfamily HESPHRIINAE.

EPARGYREUS TALUS.

Papilio talus, Cram., Pap. Ex., u, t. 176, D. (1779).

Range. Peru; DemERaRA; Hartt.

MELANION HEMES.

Papilio hemes, Cram., Pap. Ex., 11, t. 103, F. (1779).

Range. Peru to GUIANA.

Two specimens from Trinidad in Mr. H. J. Adams’

collection.

TELEGONUS PARMENIDES.

Papilio parmenides, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 364, E. F.

(1782).

Range. Guiana; Brazit, Amazon.

A rare species, and but a single record for the Island.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

PHOCIDES DISTANS.

Erycides distans, H.-8., Prod. Syst. Lep., iii, p. 60, n. 4

(1869).

Range. Costa Rica to ParaGcuay.

St. Ann’s Valley (@. E. Tryhane).

574 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

NASCUS CAEPIO.

Telemiades caepio, H.-S., Prod. Syst. Lep., ui, p. 68, n. 2

(1869).

Range. VENEZUELA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. H. Tryhane).

BUNGALOTIS SEBRUS.

Eudamus sebrus, Feld., Reise Nov., Lep., ii, p. 509,

n, 885, 6. (1, fol sen):

Eudamus peliguus, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 16, n. 28 (1867).

Eudamus gonatas, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 15, n. 27 (1867).

Range. TRopicaL SouTH AMERICA.

This very variable species has only occurred once, and

as it is a large and conspicuous insect and not easily over-

looked it is probably scarce. Its near relative, B. midas,

has only been taken singly, but on several occasions.

CECROPTERUS AUNUS.

Papilio aunus, Fab., Spec. Ins., 1, p. 134, n. 618 (1781).

Papilio brontes, Fab., Mant. Ins., 1, p. 87, n. 791 (1787).

Range. BRaAziu.

Taken by Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

CELAENORRHINUS ELIGIUS. .

Papilio eligius, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 354, H. (1782).

Range. TropicaL SoutH AMERICA.

St. Ann’s Valley (@. H. Tryhane).

EANTIS THRASO.

Urbanus vetus thraso, Hiibn., Samm]. Ex. Schmett (1806-

1816).

Range. GUIANA.

Taken by Mr. Caracciolo, 1906.

Subfamily PAMPHILINAE.

VEHILIUS VENOSUS.

Apaustus venosus, Plétz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 160 (1884).

Vehilius venosus, Godm., Biol. Cent. Am., 1, p. 591,

pl. C, ff. 47-49.

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 575

Range. GUATEMALA to GUIANA.

Maraval, April 1907 (G@. B. Longstaff).

PAMPHILA MISERA.

Pamphila misera, Schaus, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv,

p. 456 (1902).

Range. Braziu, Petropolis.

One ¢ from St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane).

CATIA PUSTULA.

Thymelicus pustula, Hiibn., Zutr. Ex. Schmett, ff. 625,

626 (1832).

Range. SouTHERN Untrep States; CENTRAL AMERICA.

One 3 in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection from St. Ann’s

Valley.

EuROTO COMPTA.

Pamphila compta, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 152 (1877).

Range. Cotompta; Guiana; Brazit, Amazon; PANAMA.

St. Ann’s Valley (W. J. Kaye, G. E. Tryhane).

EuROTO HYPERYTHRUS.

Euroto hyperythrus, n. sp.

Fore-wing dark reddish brown. Two hyaline post discal dots

and two larger dots between veins 2, 3 and 3, 4, just below cell.

On the underside the costa broadly reddish. The outer marginal

area pale brown, the base and the cell darker brown. Hind-wing

above dark reddish brown without marks. On the underside with

the whole of the central area reddish.

Exp. 28 mm.

Near Port of Spain, June 1898 (W. J. Kaye).

KuRorTo sIMpLissima (Pl. XXX, fig. 8).

Euroto simplissima, n. sp.

Palpi, head and thorax brownish ochreous. Fore-wing

brownish ochreous. Between veins 2, 3 close to the cell is a small

white elongated spot. Between veins 3, 4 is a rounder white spot.

Three minute white dots in line one below another from costa

before apex. The lowest just above vein 6, Hind-wing with

576 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

ground-colour as fore-wing but with costa much darker. Fore-wing

below with the costa and apical area brownish ochreous, the inner

portion of the wing blackish with tornus paler. The spots on

upperside all show through on underside except the central dot near

costa. Underside of hind-wing unicolorous brownish ochreous.

Exp. 32 mm.

Habitat. TRrntpAD, Emperor Valley, Feb. 3, 1913

(K. St. A. Rogers).

Huroro cocoa (Pl. XXX, fig. 5).

Euroto cocoa, ni. sp.

Fore-wing dark brownish black with the base and midway along

costa dark golden scaled. Between veins 2, 3; 3,4; and 4, 5, are

respectively three yellowish hyaline spots the first or lower of which

is the largest; as a continuation of this line of spots are two points

just below the costa. Hind-wing as fore-wing but considerably

more scaled with greenish golden scales. Underside of fore-wing

with the broad inner marginal area blackish; the costa brownish.

Cilia near tornus conspicuously paler than rest of outer margin.

Underside of hind-wing brownish, and slightly iridescent. A post-

median row of very ill-defined paler spots. Abdomen beneath

with double longitudinal white stripes.

Exp. 34 mm.

Habitat. Trintpap, Port of Spain, Maraval River,

Jan. 29, 1913 (K. St. A. Rogers).

PHANIS SYLVIA, n. sp. (PI. XXX, fig. 14).

Phanis sylvia, n. sp.

Antennae black, the joints indicated with small golden marks.

Frons with some golden scaling. Second joint of palpi orange and

black. Fore-wing very dark brownish black. A white semi-

transparent rectangular spot between veins 2, 3 not far from end

of cell; a similar but more square-shaped spot between veins 3, 4,

placed further from the cell. Three minute points one below

another from costa inwards. Hind-wing above unicolorous

brownish black; below the veins showing clearly pale brownish

on a pale purplish brown ground; a series of elongated grey spots

between the veins midway between cell and outer margin. Under-

side of abdomen whitish.

Exp. 30 mm.

Habitat. TRrntDap, St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 517

CoBALopsis MUSA (Pl. XXX, fig, 6).

Cobalopsis musa, n. sp.

Collar golden green. Palpi yellowish beneath. Frons and

thorax dark bronze green. Abdomen dark brown. Fore-wing

brownish black. Two small dots, the lower one wedge-shaped,

and placed immediately below the upper one, well within the cell.

A large rectangular white spot between veins 2, 3, and a smaller

spot between veins 3, 4. A small indistinct spot placed on vein

1 a little beyond the middle. A spot below vein 6 and a minute

point just above. Hind-wing unicolorous brownish black.

Underside of fore-wing as above except for a large shaded white

area near tornus. Hind-wing below with a white spot within the

cell and a row of six white spots beyond the middle following the

curve of the outer margin.

Exp. 35 mm.

Habitat. TRintDAD, Emperor Valley, Jan. 29, 1913

(K. St. A. Rogers); in coll. Kaye from St. Ann’s Valley

(G. EL. Tryhane).

EKUTYCHIDE OCHUS.

Eutychide ochus, Godm., Biol. C. Am., Rhop., ii, p. 546,

pl. xci, ff. 14-16 (1900).

Range. Guiana; LowrEr Amazon.

St. Ann’s (G. #. Tryhane).

HUTYCHIDE CINGULICORNIS.

Cobalus cingulicornis, H.-S., Prod. Syst. Lep., iu,

n. 52 (1869).

Range. GUATEMALA to the AMAZONS.

St. Ann’s (G. #. Tryhane).

MNASALCAS UNIFORMIS.

Pamphila uniforms, Butl. and Druce, Cist. Ent., i,

p- 113 (1872).

Range. Costa Rica.

METISCUS ATHEAS.

Metiscus atheas, Godm., Biol. C. Am., Rhop., ii, p. 363,

pl. c, ff. 20, 21 (1900).

Range. Costa Rica to VENEZUELA.

In coll. H. J. Adams from St. Ann’s Valley (G. E.

Tryhane).

578 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

PAPIAS MICROSEMA.

Papias microsema, Godm., Biol. C. Am., Rhop., ii, p. 560

pl. c, fi. 14, 15 (1900).

Range. BRAZIL.

St. Ann’s Valley (G@. H. Tryhane).

CYMAENES MALITIOSA.

Goniurus malitiosa, H.-S., Corresp. Blatt. Regens.,

xix, p. 54, n. 11 (1865).

Range. CuBa.

Recorded by Crowfoot.

CYMAENES PERICLES.

Pamphila pericles, Mésch., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien,

xlviui, p. 218 (1878).

Range. VENEZUELA; COLOMBIA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

CABARIS POTRILLO.

Thanaos potrillo, Lucas, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 641

(1856).

Range. CotomBtia; VENEZUELA; Jamaica; C. AMERICA.

St. Ann’s (G. EH. Tryhane).

S. American specimens have the spots reduced in size

and often in number.

MEGISTIAS LABDACUS.

Megistias labdacus, Godm., Biol. C. Am., Rhop., ui,

p. 572, pl. C, ff. 6, 7 (1900).

Range. CENTRAL AMERICA and VENEZUELA.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. #. Tryhane).

MNASITHEUS SIMPLICISSIMA.

Pamphila simplicissima, H.-8., Corresp. Blatt. Regens.,

p. 159 (1870).

Cobalus nigritulus, Mab., Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

XXvii, p. Lxn.

Range. Mexico to VENEZUELA.

Botanical Gardens, June 1901 (W. J. Kaye).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 579

PHLEBODES TIBERIUS.

Apaustus tiberius, Mésch., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,

p. 329 (1882).

Range. PANAMA; GUATEMALA; COLOMBIA ; Mexico.

In coll. H. J. Adams from St. Ann’s Valley (G. £.

Tryhane).

PERIMELES REMUS.

Hesperia remus, Fab., Ent. Syst., Supp., p. 434 (1798).

Range. Guiana; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA to MExtco.

Ariapita Road, 800 ft., April 1907 (@. B. Longstaff).

PRENES NYCTELIUS.

Hesperia nyctelius, Latr., Ene. Méth., ix, p. 746,

n. 47 (1823).

Range. BRAZIL.

Maraval (G. B. Longstaff), Dec. 19, 1906. Not rare

(W. J. Kaye).

ONOPHAS COLUMBARIA.

Pamphila columbaria, H.-S., Corresp. Blatt. Regens.,

p. 159 (1870).

Range. BRAZIL.

In coll. H. J. Adams.

NYCTUS TRIANGULARIS (Pl. XXX, fig. 7).

Nyctus triangularis, n. sp.

Collar golden. Fore-wing dull brown, the costa paler brown.

Inner margin basal two-thirds yellowish brown. A yellowish

subhyaline trapezoidal spot within the cell. Larger spots between

veins 1, 2; 2, 3; 3,4; a small spot between veins 4, 5. Two

small adjacent spots between 6, 7 and 7, 8. Hind-wing with three

small spots placed transversely.

Exp. 42 mm.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. EZ. Tryhane).

FLACILLA AECAS.

Papilio aecas, Cram., Pap. Ex., iv, t. 343, A. B. (1782).

Range. Brazit, Amazons; GUIANA.

580 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s corrections and additions to

CALLIMORMUS FILATA.

Apaustus filata, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 158 (1884).

Range. Guiana; VENEZUELA; AMAZONS.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

CALLIMORMUS CORADES.

Ancyloxypha corades, Feld., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., xu,

p. 477, n. 66 (1862).

Range. Mexico to 8. Braziu.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. HE Tryhane).

ATRYTONE NOCTIS (Pl. XXX, fig. 16).

Atrytone noctis, n. sp.

Head and collar dark golden brown. Fore-wing dark golden

brown with some dark golden scaling especially on basal half of

costa. Inner margin narrowly golden on basal half. A little

golden scaling beyond cell. Hind-wing coloured as fore-wing with

dark golden hairs. Cilia pale yellowish becoming golden at anal

angle. Underside of fore-wing black with costa and very broad

apex pale yellowish green. A pale yellow portion of a band below

the pale apex. Underside of hind-wing uniformly pale yellowish

green with faint indication of a yellowish band.

Exp. 28 mm.

St. Ann’s Valley (G. H. Tryhane).

CoBALOPSIS ROGERSI (Pl. XXX, fig. 3).

Cobalopsis rogers, 1. sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen shot dark bronze green. Fore-wing

dark blackish brown. Three white dots arranged in a curve

beyond end of cell near apex. A large angular white spot between

veins 2, 3, lying close to cell. A smaller square white spot between

veins 3, 4, lying further from the cell. Underside of fore-wing

with the base very dark blackish, the outer margin and the area

just beyond end of cell brownish. Underside of hind-wing with the

central area of wing the darkest, the margin paler. Underside of

abdomen with two narrow white stripes.

Exp. 40 mm.

Habitat. TRINIDAD, Emperor Valley, Jan. 28, 1913

(K. St. A. Rogers).

ss”

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 581

PADRAONA TRYHANA (Pl. XXX, fig. 3).

Padraona tryhana, un. sp.

Antennae with the shaft ringed black and orange, the tip black

above and orange beneath. Palpi beneath pale yellow with a few

black hairs; above the second joint is velvety black. Head,

thorax and abdomen, clothed with dark golden scales. Fore-wing

deep golden; the broad outer margin blackish and an irregular

mark joining the band near apex and running to base of wing also

blackish. Along vein 2 the marking is extended outwards; lying

within the cell in the centre of the dark irregular patch is a small

orange spot. Hind-wing dark golden with the costal half blackish

extending inwards to inner margin and outwards and downwards

to form an outer margin but terminating abruptly in an irregular

patch. Anal angle wholly orange.

Exp. 34 mm.

Habitat. Trrntpap, St. Ann’s Valley (G. E. Tryhane).

VETTIUS LAUREA.

Hesperia laurea, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 28, n. 13 (1868).

Range. BRAZIL.

CARYSTUS MARCUS.

Papilio marcus, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii, p. 87 (1787).

Range. Panama to FRENCH GUIANA.

Not rare in the Island.

PERICHARES SALIUS.

Papilio salius, Cram., Pap. Ex., 1, t. 68, H. (1779).

Range. GUIANA.

St. Ann’s Valley, not rare (W. J. Kaye).

PARAIDES ANCHORA.

Hesperia anchora, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 487,

n. 3 (1866).

Range. Brazit, Amazon.

A very rare species in collections, but one which is at

once recognisable by the central silver spot on the underside

of the hind-wing.

Near Port of Spain (H. Caracciolo).

582 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

ADDENDA TO THE FAMILY HESPERIDAE.

* MYSCELUS ROGERSI, n. sp.

Intermediate between oethrus, Hew., and phoronis, Hew., but

nearer phoronis, from which it differs chiefly in having whitish

transparent spots instead of yellow; in having the veins of the

fore-wing heavily scaled with black and in the great reduction of

the yellow scaling below.

Fore-wing very dark reddish brown with the costa blackish.

A submedian band of three whitish transparent spots, the two

uppermost of which have a straight edge on their inner margins.

Between veins 3, 4; 4, 5 are two similar spots the upper one very

attenuated exteriorly. Between veins 5, 6 is a smaller triangular

spot. Between veins 6, 7; 7, 8 is a pair of similar spots lying close

to one another with a third spot between veins 8, 9 lying apart

from the other two and having its exterior edge just touching the

interior edge of the paired spots. Outer margin broadly blackish.

Hind-wing with ground colour as fore-wing, with a large transparent

spot within the cell followed by a rather broken blackish band

which is markedly dented at veins 3,4. A narrower but much

more sinuous band between this and outer margin. Hind-wing

beneath with the inner half of wing lemon yellow edged with a

broad black band. Outer half wholly brown except for the sinuous

black band.

Exp. 57 mm.

Habitat. TRINIDAD, Siparia, N. of Quenam Bay, Jan.

22, 1913 (K. St. A. Rogers).

EPARGYREUS ASANDER, Hew. Emperor Valley, Jan. 8, 1913.

EANTIS BUSIRIS, Cram. Siparia, Jan. 13, 1913.

PYTHONIDES LUCULLA, Hew. Emperor Valley, Jan. 1913.

PYTHONIDES PELOPEA, G. & 8S. Emperor Valley, Jan. 17, 1913.

ACHLYODES CALIGINEA, Mab. Emperor Valley, Jan. 1913.

CHIOMARA MITHRAX, Moesch. Emperor Valley, Jan. 1913.

EPEUS VELEDA, Godm. Emperor Valley, Jan. 1913.

Morys cerpDo, Bdyv. St. Clair, Dec. 31, 1912.

PARPHORUS STORAX, Mab. Botanical Gardens, Jan. 3, 1913.

All the above ten species have been taken by Mr. K. St. A. Rogers.

PRENES oconta, Edw. ‘ Trinidad” in coll. Godman.

XENIADES PTERAS, Godm. Chaguanas, Nov. 5,1913 (J. L. Guppy).

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera.

INDEX OF GENERA AND

Achlyodes, 582

Actinote, 549

acutipennis, 570

Adelpha, 555, 556

aecas, 579

alalia, 549

aletta, 547

Anatole, 564

anchora, 581

anteas, 549

Anteros, 562

antillena, 555

Apaustus, 580

apheles, 565 ’

archesilaus, 572

arene, 554

Aricoris, 565

asander, 582

astarte, 555

atheas, 577

atrius, 570

Atrytone, 580

aunus, 574

azia, 569

azuba, 568

badaca, 568

Baeotis, 563

belus, 572

Bithys, 566

bitias, 567

Brassolis, 547

brontes, 574

bubastus, 566

Bungalotis, 574

busiris, 582

Cabaris, 578

cabiria, 568

caepio, 574

caliginia, 582

Caligo, 548, 549

Callimormus, 580

Callipsyche, 566

Calloleria, 546

Calycopis, 570

cardui, 553

Caria, 563

Carystus, 581

cassina, 548

Catia, 575

Cecropterus, 574

Celaenorrhinus, 574

cerdo, 582

Chalybs, 566

chaonites, 562

Charis, 562, 563

chelonis, 563

Chiomara, 582

Chlosyne, 553

chrysus, 562

cingulicornis, 577

cinniana, 570

cleon, 568

cleonus, 562

cobalopsis, 577, 580

coccineata, 561

cocoa, 576

codomannus, 554

Colaenis, 552

collustra, 568

columbaria, 579

compta, 575

corades, 580

coresia, 555

Cremna, 564

Cricosoma, 561

cupido, 559

cydia, 566

Cymaenes, 578

cymochles, 572

Cynthia, 553

Daptonoura, 571

dematria, 562

demophile, 571

dido, 552

Dircenna, 547

distans, 573

dolylas, 570

domitianus, 563

dorilas, 559

doris, 551

Dynamine, 554

Dynastor, 549

Eantis, 574, 582

echion, 567

elegans, 558

eligius, 574

Catagramma, 554, 555 emylius, 564

583

SPECIES.

Enantia, 570

Epargyreus, 573, 582

Epeus, 582

erato, 551

eratonius, 551

eribotes, 557

ethilla, 550

eubaea, 556

Eueides, 552

eumeus, 559

Eunica, 553, 554

Euptoieta, 552

Euptychia, 557, 558

eurtlochus, 548

eurylochus, 548

Euroto, 575, 576

eurytulus, 566

Eutychide, 577

fabricii, 547

Flacilla, 579

filata, 580

gargasus, 572

gonatus, 574

gratiosa, 571

halli, 557

hegesia, 552

Heliconius, 550

Helicopis, 558, 559

heliodes, 560

helius, 560

hemes, 573

heroditus, 566

holosticta, 563

Hymenitis, 547

hyperythrus, 575

tanthe, 553

ibycus, 559

insulanus, 548

todinus, 569

iphthime, 555

isabella, 552

isolata, 558

Itaballia, 571

johanna, 554

juruana, 556

584 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s additions and corrections to

labdacus, 578

labes, 567

lagus, 565

Lasaia, 563

lateritia, 561

laure, 557

laurea, 581

Lemonias, 564.

lenea, 547

licinia, 570

lilina, 565

luculla, 582

lycaenina, 566

lycimnia, 571

macrosiris, 549

maera, 559

maimuna, 555

malenka, 571

malitiosa, 578

malvina, 554

marcus, 581

mavors, 566

meander, 557

megalura, 555

Megistias, 578

melanida, 547

Melanion, 573

Melinaea, 546

melona, 556

melpomene, 550

merianae, 548

Mesene, 561

Mesosemia, 559

metalilis, 550

Metamorpha, 552

metharmina, 551

Metiscus, 577

microsema, 578

misera, 575

Mithras, 566

mithrax, 582

mnasalcas, 577

Mnasitheus, 578

monostigma, 561

Morys, 582

musa, 577

myncaea, 558

Myscelus, 582

Mysoria, 573

Nascus, 574

nealces, 573

nepos, 564

nise, 546

noctis, 580

Notheme, 559

numata, 550

nycteis, 562

nyctelius, 579

Nyctus, 579

Nymphidium, 565

ocalea, 547

ochus, 577

ocola 582

oileus, 563

Onophas, 579

Opsiphanes, 547

orpheus, 564

orphise, 553

Pachythone, 561

Padraona, 581

palladia, 558

Pamphila, 575

Papias, 578

Papilio, 571, 572

Paraides, 581

parianus, 572

parmenides, 573

Parnes, 562

Parphorus, 582

parthaon, 564

peliguus, 574

pelopea, 582

perdistincta, 568

Perichares, 581

pericles, 578

Peridromia, 555

Perimeles, 579

Perrhybris, 571

phaerusa, 552

Phanis, 576

philinna, 567

Phlebodes, 579

Phocides, 573

phoenissa, 566

phrutus, 569

phryasus, 548

Phyciodes, 553

phylaca, 556

preridoides, 565

pione, 564

politus, 569

polyhymnia, 571

potrillo, 578

Prenes, 579, 582

Prepona, 557

progne, 560

protesilaus, 572

pteras, 582

Pteronymia,546, 547

pustula, 575

Pythonides, 582

Rekoa, 570

remus, 579

renaldus, 562

rhea, 551

rhodope, 564

ricini, 552

rogersi, 580, 582

sagitta, 560

saltus, 549

salius, 581

sara, 551

Sarota, 562

saundersi, 553

sebrus, 574.

selene, 546

semiflava, 571

serapio, 568

sesostris, 571

setabis, 554

simaethis, 567

simpla, 561

simplicissima, 578

simplissima, 575

sophorae, 547

Sphaenogona, 571

spurius, 570

storax, 582

sylvia, 576

Symmachia, 560

syncellus, 567

syngenes, 565

Syrmatia, 559

sysgenes, 565

tachypetis, 546

talus, 573

Telegonus, 573

terrestris, 557

teucer, 548

thamar, 551

themis, 558

Theope, 565, 566

thoas, 573

thraso, 574

tiberius, 579

c> ~ ee wey

Wee OA tLe) Lg tee ee ave

oR we

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

. Adelpha phylaca trinita, n. sub-sp., p. 556

. Adelpha velia trinina, n. sub-sp., p. 555

. Cobalopsis rogersi, n. sp., p. 580

Padraona tryhana, n. sp., p. 581

. Euroto cocoa, n. sp., p. 576

. Cobalopsis musa, n. sp., p. 577

. Nyctus triangularis, n. sp., p. 579

. Luroto simplissima, n. sp., p. 575

. Mesene simpla, 2 n. sp., p. 561

10.

Wil

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

5 on. sp. p. 561

Anaea eribotes halli, n. sub-sp., p. 557

Tmolus iodinus, n. sp., p. 569

Mesene sagitia, n. sp., p. 560

Phanis sylvia, n. sp., p. 576

Catagramma astarte antillena, n. sub-sp., p. 555

Atrytone noctis, n. sp., p. 580

Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond. OLDE. XOONO

Horace Knight del.

West, Newman chr

NEW SPECIES.AND FORMS OF TRINIDAD BUTTERFLIE:

catalogue of Trinidad Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 5

Tmolus, 567, 569 varus, 572 wallacei, 551

triangularis, 579 Vehilius, 572

trinina, 555 veleda, 584

trinita, 556 velia, 555 Xenandra, 560

trinitatis, 549 venezuelae, 573 Xeniades, 582

tryhana, 58)

uniformis, 577

unilinea, 567

venosus, 574

vesulus, 569

Vettius, 581 zeuxis, 572

viculata, 551 zonata, 563

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

(See Explanation facing the PLATE.)

JANUARY 21, 1914.

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7587)

XXIII. New or little known Heterocera from Madagascar.

By Sir Georce H. Kenrick, F.E.S.

[Read November 5th, 1913.]

Pirates XXXI, XXXII.

In the autumn of 1910 I found that Mr. Felix B. Pratt,

who had been collecting for me with his brother in Dutch

New Guinea, was willing to take another trip.

After consultation with Sir Geo. Hampson as to the

most likely country for undescribed insects, I decided to

ask Mr. Pratt to make a brief expedition to Madagascar

on my account.

He arrived early in January 1911 at Tamatave, and

acting on my instructions, made search for a locality in the

forest at an elevation of about 3,000 ft. This I have found

to be the best altitude for general collecting in the tropics,

and he was working in about latitude 18° South.

He was directed to a station, Nunamang, some distance

along the line from Tamatave to Anantanarivo, but found

when he arrived that it did not at all fulfil the conditions

he wanted, and he therefore fell back upon Perinet, and

from thence worked to a place rejoicing in the name of

Nalamagaotna, which is some 2,500 ft. above the sea and

has plenty of deep wooded valleys.

Almost all the insects taken were found here, both

butterflies and moths, and the latter were for the most

part taken at light, with the aid of a magnesium lamp

placed in a verandah surrounded with white sheets.

Unfortunately, fever contracted in New Guinea attacked

him here, and he was obliged to seek medical advice at

Anantanarivo and rest there for some time; but before

returning home he went again to his old locality, and

succeeded in nearly doubling the number of insects taken,

finally returning with about 3,000 moths and 600 butter-

flies. Considering that he was in the country barely

three months, and that part of the time was spent in finding

a good locality, he evidently did well. On the other

hand, any one going at a different time of year would

certainly take other species, and possibly both the higher

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTIV. (MAR. 1914.) QQ

588 Sir George H. Kenrick on

and lower localities would yield a number of different

forms.

Madagascar seems to be free from many of the ordinary

tropical diseases, but malaria is undoubtedly present.

As with the butterflies, the moths have a very decided

African appearance, but apart from some universally

distributed species, there are quite a number common to

Ceylon and even to New Guinea. It would hardly be

an exaggeration to say that most of the moths taken in

Madagascar can be distinguished from those on the main-

land, but the distinction in many cases is not marked,

and is sometimes one of size only.

On the other hand, there are many entitled to specific

rank, and. I now submit descriptions and figures of some

of these.

I think it quite likely that some of these have been

already described, but without seeing the types, I have

found it very difficult to identify them from some of the

descriptions, and the types themselves are not easily

found. In any case I hope the figures will be useful, and

the names can easily be altered if necessary.

I have great pleasure inacknowledgingthe kind assistance

received from Sir Geo. Hampson and his co-workers at

the Natural History Museum, South Kensington.

Fam. COSSIDAE.

Cossus parvulus, n. sp.

Head, palpi, tarsi, and collar dark brown; antennae paler,

whitish above: thorax pale brown above, patagia white: under-

side white, abdomen white above; at sides yellowish-brown.

F.w. whitish, especially at base and costa, covered with the usual

Cossid reticulations : including a fairly marked median line passing

through a dark spot at end of cell. There are five black dots on

the costa. From the inner margin an ill-defined darker triangular

patch extends towards the costa. Underside dark but paler on

costa. H.w. uniformly dark grey, fringes paler spotted with

darker.

Exp. 40 to 62 mm.

Cossus crucis, n. sp.

Head, palpi, legs, and collar pinkish brown; antennae cinnamon,

the upper side of shaft white. Thorax white above, pale grey

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 589

below. Abdomen pale grey with whitish tuft. F.w. dull white,

the veins showing dark. Between veins 4 and 5 are two fine

angulated lines crossing at right angles: there is also a transverse

dark line beyond end of cell and numerous dark reticulations.

H.w. uniformly dull grey, fringes pale spotted with darker, in

some specimens there is a pinkish hue on the f.w.

Exp. 70 mm.

Duomiatus occultordes, n. sp.

Head, legs, and thorax chocolate, dusted with white, the patagia

entirely white; antennae pale orange, abdomen pinkish grey,

white at base. F.w. dark grey; a conspicuous white patch along

the cell and separated from the inner margin by a greyish band.

In the patch are numerous dark reticulations and beyond is an

oblique dark band followed by two irregular white patches. Costa

paler, but dark at the tip. H.w. dark grey with spotted fringes.

Exp. ¢ 80 mm., 2 90 mm.

Duomitus castaneus, n. sp.

Head, legs, and thorax, white; antennae chestnut; abdomen

silky yellowish-white. F.w. white with numerous chestnut reticula-

tions. There is a faint post-median oblique line or shade, and

another nearer the base. H.w. similar but much duller.

Exp. ¢ 70 mm., no & taken.

Duomitus combustus, n. sp.

Head, legs, thorax, antennae, and abdomen ochreous-brown;

at the base of the thorax beyond the ends of the patagia are two

round patches of black scales. F.w. rather heavily scaled dull

umber: an oblique band of darker tint from base to costa and after

a paler interval, a second darker band from inner margin towards

the tip of wing which is, however, not reached. There are numerous

dark reticulations. H.w. uniform dull umber, fringes same colour.

Exp. ¢ 70 mm., no 9.

Resembles D. flavitincta from 8S. Africa.

Chrysotypes cupreus.

Head, legs, palpi, and antennae bronze with a pink tinge, collar

rather darker; abdomen similar. F.w. shining copper with pink

reflections especially on costa and apex; the whole delicately

reticulated with fine brown lines. Two antemedian and two post-

median lines, the latter angulated and divergent towards costa,

590 Sir George H. Kenrick on

enclosing a darker shade. From the angle a curved thin line

reaches the costa, and beyond this is a narrow curved band cutting

off the apex. H.w. similar, but more tinged with yellow.

Exp. 60 mm.

Seeing that the specimens of C. dives sent home were all

males and these were all females, I thought at first they

might be the two sexes of one species; but in addition to

the colour being different, the disposition of the lines is

very dissimilar. The antennae are more strongly pecti-

nated than in C. dives.

PSEUDOCOSSUS, gen. nov.

F.w. cell with 2 internal veins: 2 3 4 5 from angle, 6 7 8 from

upper angle, 9 from just before end of cell 10 from half way along

cell, a strong vein between costa and cell. la forked at end.

H.w. la forked, 1b plain, 2 before end of cell: 3 4 5 from end of cell,

6 7 from upper angle: a strong vein between costa and cell 1,

internal vein, palpi distinct, porrect, terminal joint minute: an-

tennae annulated, fine, legs with tibia densely bordered with hair :

tarsi bare, frenulum well developed.

Pseudocossus uliginosus, n. sp.

Head, palpi, legs, antennae, thorax, and abdomen purplish-brown.

F.w. dull purplish-brown : following the cell a dark blotch bordered

with paler. H.w. uniformly dull brown, fringes paler.

Exp. 3 50, 2 66 mm.

Six specimens, all bad.

Fam. PSYCHIDAE (section Acanthopsyche).

HRIOPTERYX, gen. nov.

F.w.—Vein 1b anastomosing with lc: 6 from end of cell: 7 and

8 stalked: 9 from end of cell: 10 from near end of cell: cell two-

thirds of wing. H.w.—1b and lc free: 4 and 5 from end of cell:

7 absent: 9 and 10 anastomosing: body longer than wings, wings

well clothed with scales, especially within the cell on underside.

Eriopteryx funebris, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 20.)

Abdomen, antennae, and wings smoky brown, thorax slightly

paler, fringes rather darker.

Exp. g 40 mm.

Five specimens, all somewhat worn.

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 591

Fam. LASIOCAMPIDAE.

Gonometa ferox, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 12.)

Head, antennae, palpi, and front of thorax, fiery orange: legs

and thorax black, abdomen black ringed with pale orange, tuft

orange. Wings dull black semihyaline without markings.

Exp. 70mm. 1 3.

A striking insect.

Gonometa attenuata, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 13.)

Head, palpi, and underside of thorax, dull orange; antennae,

legs, thorax above, and abdomen, dark chestnut. F.w. dark

chestnut with a white lenticular mark at end of cell. H.w. smoky

brown with paler hairs at base.

Exp. 46mm. 1 ¢.

Lerodes vulpicolor, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 18.)

Head, palpi, legs, antennae, thorax, and abdomen foxy red.

F.w. foxy red, a black spot with white centre at end of cell; a dark,

postmedian, very oblique line, followed by a line of black crescents,

the convex side being outwards. H.w. uniformly red-brown.

Underside red-brown, with a very faint central line in both wings.

Exp. 32 mm.

Lerodes albolunatus, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 19.)

Head, legs, palpi, antennae, and thorax, below pale ochreous.

Thorax above, and abdomen reddish fuscous. F.w. smoky chestnut

fading into ochreous towards outer margin; a sharply defined

oblique white patch at end of cell, touching the outside of this

is an oblique dark straight line, and this is followed by a curved

series of dark dots becoming faint near the apex. H.w. smoky

fuscous. Underside uniformly fuscous.

Exp. 30 mm.

Lerodes albosparsatus, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 17.)

Head, legs, antennae, palpi, and thorax dark brown; abdomen

dark brown with a coppery tinge. F.w. dark brown fading into

pale ochreous at outer margin; along the inner margin are some

patches of white scales. A curved basal, median, and postmedian

dark line. H.w. ochreous, shaded with darker; a transverse faint

darker line.

Exp. 30 mm.

592 Sir George H. Kenrick on

Chrysopsyche pratti, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 14.)

Head, legs, palpi, thorax greenish-golden; shaft of antennae

pale; pectinations black; abdomen golden. F.w. greenish-golden

varying a good deal; faintly indicated darker median and post-

median lines in some specimens hardly visible; beyond this is

an irregular band of silvery scales not reaching the costa. H.w.

similar in colour with a broader, and less well-defined band of

silvery scales: the base and inner margin clothed with golden hairs.

Exp. 54 mm.

Gastropacha malgassica, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 8.)

Head, legs, and palpi pinkish-brown; shaft of antennae black,

pectinations orange. Thorax pinkish-buff, collar rather greyer,

abdomen chestnut. F.w. bright chestnut, a whitish basal patch

followed by an angulated antemedian line dark edged internally

with paler. At the end of the cell is a distinct white figure of 8.

There is a fine oblique dark line running from apex to middle of

inner margin slightly angulated at the end, beyond this line the

wing is broadly iridescent with a purplish gloss, and beyond this

again, is a line of 5 faint dots, while at the margin the colour is

again chestnut. H.w. pale chestnut with darker hairs at base and

inner margin. Fringes edged with white.

Exp. 66 mm.

Taragama olivacea, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 15.)

Head, legs, and palpi smoky olive; shaft of antennae black,

pectinations orange; thorax olive-grey. F.w. olive-grey dusted

with paler shining scales; a faint oblique angulate antemedian line

darker. An irregular white dot at end of cell; a fine dark oblique

line extending from costa before apex to middle of inner margin.

H.w. dark grey with a faintly defined darker transverse line.

Fringes of h.w. edged with white. Underside uniformly smoky

with transverse shade. Some specimens are of a browner tint.

Exp. 46 mm.

Taragama deceptrix, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 16.)

Head, legs, palpi, thorax and abdomen dark chestnut; shaft

of antennae black, pectinations reddish. F.w. ground colour,

pinkish-chestnut, paler along the costa and on the inner margin,

where a patch of paler hairs continues the outline of the h.w. so

as to give the impression that these extend over the f.w.; above

this patch the wings are of a rich chestnut; at the end of the cell

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 593

is a minute crescent-shaped yellow mark edged with darker. There

is a trace of a darker antemedian line, and of an angulated post-

median line reaching to angle of wing. H.w. chestnut, with a

transverse darker shade.

Exp. 46 mm.

Fam. LYMANTRIIDAE.

Dasychira castanea, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 30.)

Head, legs, thorax, and abdomen dull orange; antennae black,

tegulae and patagia chestnut. '.w. pale ochreous with all the mark-

ings chestnut; these consist of a series of transverse angulated

bars, of which the 2nd, 4th, and 6th are wider than the others.

H.w. dull orange with a faint black stria, most marked near the angle.

Underside dull*orange, the h.w. with three irregular black striae;

fringes paler.

Exp. 46 mm.

Dasychira rufotincta, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 33.)

Head pale, palpi and legs pale, with black markings; antennae

pale above with pectinations darker; thorax pale, with dark collar

and a dark mark on the patagia; on the top almost hidden are a few

crimson hairs in the male. Abdomen dark grey. F.w. ground colour

pinkish broadly suffused with white on the costa; an interrupted

basal black line, an oblique angulated antemedian line, two post-

median angulated lines, including a dark grey space; an irregular

subterminal line. H.w. dark grey slightly rufous at base: fringes

pale spotted with black. Underside, f.w., costa with a pink edge

upon which are three black dots. H.w. with lunule and three

ill-defined striae.

Exp. 3 48, 2 70 mm.

Dasychira didymata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 24.)

Head, thorax, palpi, legs, and abdomen pale ochreous; antennae

pale ochreous, with a dark spot on upper side near the middle.

F.w. pale ochreous, with dark transverse angulated lines of the

usual pattern, but in addition are dark brown markings as follows;

a short interrupted basal line, a short streak on inner margin, a

streak reaching from mid-costa to cell, and then turning outwards,

a spot beyond this on costa, and darker markings on subterminal

line, especially at lower angle; a marginal row of black dot.. H.w.

pale pink, fringes pale ochreous. 2 with markings similar but

594 Sir George H. Kenrick on

paler, and ground colour grey. A female specimen which may be

this species has the hind-wings pale ochreous, but it is evidently

worn.

Exp. ¢ 34, 2? 50 mm.

Dasychira brunneata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 25.)

Near to didymata, but of stouter build. Head, antennae, legs,

palpi, thorax and abdomen pale brown, the latter rather paler.

F.w. ochreous suffused with reddish-brown: an oblique basal dark

brown streak, an angulated antemedian broad line, a short dark

streak in cell; a postmedian dark line from costa interrupted at

cell, a subterminal band of 8 whitish spots angulated on the

exterior, a terminal line of dark spots. H.w. ochreous, passing into

pink at the base, fringes paler.

Exp. 40mm. 1 3.

Dasychira aurantiaca, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 34.)

Head, palpi, thorax whitish-grey; legs grey with black spots;

antennae grey above, pectinations orange; abdomen dull orange,

tuft grey. F.w. dull orange suffused with white with numerous

transverse black lines: one at base followed by a darker shade,

a partly double antemedian line : a grey spot at end of cell margined

with paler, followed by two parallel oblique angulated lines; a

subterminal row of black dots; fringes pale, spotted with black.

H.w. dark orange with black lunule and an ill-defined transverse

dark shade. Underside of both wings with dark lunule and angu-

lated transverse striae.

Exp. 42mm. 14.

Dasychira viridipicta, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 26.)

Head, legs, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen buff, crests

green. F.w. buff with dull green markings; a basal green patch

stretching nearly half-way along the costa, bounded externally

by a curved and angulated line, but leaving a small buff patch on

inner margin. At two-thirds of costa is another triangular green

patch, the inner margin of which is black. At the lower angle is

a third quadrate patch; fringes buff spotted with green. H.w. pale

ochreous; fringes concolorous.

Exp. 38 mm. 1 d.

Dasychira ocellata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 27.)

Head, palpi, legs, antennae, thorax, and abdomen brown.

F.w. brown suffused with green at base; a dark brown spot in the

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 595

middle of the wing and a narrow brown streak on inner margin;

beyond this is a transverse bar of green bounded outwardly by an

angulated dark line. Towards the costa the brown colour becomes

deeper, and together with two darker lines, forms a paler ocellus

beyond which is a faintly-defined white patch with a dark brown

mark above and then a paler band turning green at lower angle.

There is a fine black marginal line, fringes brown. H.w. pale

ochreous with a lunule and darker broken stria, fringes pale.

Exp. 34mm. 1 3.

Near to maligna, Butl.

Dasychira dubia, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 23.)

Head, and thorax white, antennae white with a smoky patch

near the tip, pectinations brown, palpi and legs white with black

points, abdomen white with darker crest, tuft white. F.w. white

with transverse angulated black and grey lines: a short black

streak near base of hind margin, an interrupted basal line, followed

by an obscure and broken line, then an angulated antemedian line,

a dot in the cell and a curved black mark at the end. The post-

median line is double and widely separated at the costa, beyond

is a subterminal scalloped line, and there are 9 conspicuous black

dots on the margin, fringes white. H.w. grey, slightly paler at

base, some obscure marginal dots.

Exp. 40mm. 1 2.

Near to concolor, but with white thorax and much paler.

Dasychira miselioides, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 28.)

Head, legs, antennae, palpi pale brown; thorax and abdomen

the same, with a few paler hairs, the crests of the abdomen darker.

F.w. dark brown shaded with green, purple, and pale buff; the green

colour is found at the base, along the costa and inner margin, and

between the median lines; also in the subterminal line. There is

a small white lunule near angle of wing from which the subterminal

angulated line stretches to the costa; fringes dark spotted with

paler. H.w. uniformly ochreous, a darker subterminal line; fringes

same colour as wing. Underside of both wings with traces of central

lunule and a faint stria beyond.

Exp. 40 mm. _ ’s only.

Some specimens have a dark mark at base of wing, and

others a dark line below and parallel to cell.

596 Sir George H. Kenrick on

Dasychira abbreviata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 36.)

Head, palpi, and antennae brown; legs pale, the femora greenish,

tarsi darker; thorax greenish; abdomen pale below darker

above especially near the thorax. F.w. whitish-green; a darker

green patch at base bordered with pink and terminated by a darker

antemedian line; before this on the inner margin is a dark blotch,

there is a dark mark at end of cell and beyond this an angulated

postmedian faint line, dark at the costa; this is followed by traces

of a subterminal line and the wing is suffused with brownish-pink.

H.w. nearly white with a faint mark at angle. Underside of both

wings showing lunule and striae.

Exp. 38mm. 14 only.

Dasychira luteolata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 31).

Head, thorax, palpi, and legs whitish; antennae white above

pectinations brown; abdomen ochreous, the first 3 segments with

dark line in centre. F.w. whitish-ochreous dusted with brown

scales; a darker patch on the costa before the antemedian line

and another after the postmedian; the antemedian is only indicated,

but the postmedian is very plain, and consists of an oblique sharply

angulated dark line; beyond this is an obscure subterminal line

and a marginal row of black dots; a faint crescent mark at end of

cell. H.w. ochreous with indications of a central lunule and a

darker border. Beneath both wings are ochreous, and have darker

lunules.

Exp. 50 mm. 1 9.

Dasychira aureotincta, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 32.)

Head, thorax, legs, and palpi, white; antennae reddish; abdomen

white at base, then orange, with last segment and tuft whitish.

F.w. white, the usual lines indicated by scattered black scales,

making the wing look grey: a faint double crescent at end of cell,

and a fairly distinct angulated postmedian line. H.w. dark grey;

fringes of both wings pale; underside uniformly grey.

Exp. 56mm. 1 9.

Dasychira nigrosparsata, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 22.)

Head, palpi and pectinations of antennae buff; legs black barred

with white; shaft of antennae black, thorax and crests of abdomen

reddish, remainder of abdomen buff, with scattered grey scales

near extremity in the female. F.w. 3 ground colour dark brown,

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 597

a basal-median and postmedian angulated transverse black line;

the basal line with white on both sides, the other two lines with

white at costa only, the whole wing covered with minute black

dots. H.w. orange, with ill-defined fuscous margin; underside

orange, with dark central lunule in both wings. In the 2 the dark

lines are ill-defined, but there is no indication of a central lunule.

Exp. ¢ 42, 2 70 mm.

Orgyia malgassica, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 21.)

Head, thorax, and legs greenish-grey, palpi and antennae brown,

abdomen smoky, paler beneath. F.w. greenish-grey with white

marks on the costa at the origin of the transverse lines; basal

line black paler on the outer side antemedian line nearly straight,

postmedian line angulated at costa and then straight, both black;

near the end of the cell is a dark patch followed by an irregular

paler blotch, subterminal line angulated and pale. H.w. uniformly

dark smoky, fringes paler.

Exp. ¢ 32 mm.

The fact that only males were taken is perhaps an

indication that the females have only partially developed

wings, and the species should be regarded as an Orgyva.

In some specimens both hind-wings and underside are

much paler.

Lymantria nigrostriata, n. sp.

Head, thorax, and terminal joint of palpi buff, legs black with

white hairs on the tibiae, antennae dark brown, abdomen buff, but

darker on back. F.w. white with scattered black scales, rather

more numerous at base of wing, along the costa, and at end of cell.

H.w. white, without black scales, and rather yellower on inner

margin.

Exp. 38mm. 1 3.

Lymantria parvula, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 29.)

Head, legs, antennae, and thorax grey; palpi darker; abdomen

tinged with ochreous. F.w. whitish at base then dark grey ex-

tending to nearly the postmedian line before which is an irregular

white band; the postmedian line itself is angulated and at the angle

appears in the form of two dark dashes, beyond this the wing is

pale grey becoming a little darker at the apex, a terminal row of

598 Sir George H. Kenrick on

dark spots, fringes paler. H.w. brownish-grey with two faint striae

and a fine dark marginal line.

Exp. 37 mm. 1 9.

From the serrated antennae I judge this to be a Lymantria,

but it is very small.

Euproctis variegata, n. sp.

Head, legs, antennae, and forelegs black; top of thorax black

with a few crimson hairs at collar, patagia cream-colour. Abdomen

Indian-yellow, slightly darker at extremity. F.w. dark brown with

irregular markings of cream-colour. <A blotch at the base followed

by an irregular interrupted antemedian band; this is followed by

a large blotch upon the costa extending just below the cell and

containing a lunule at end of cell, the postmedian line is followed

by a broad band in some parts extending to both sides of the line,

the wing is terminated by a series of 5 irregular blotches and 2

round spots. H.w. uniformly pale orange. Underside pale orange,

the dark marks showing through h.w. with 2 darker striae.

Exp. 50mm. 1 ¢.

Euproctis aureoplaga, n. sp.

Near to ochrea, Butl., but with indistinct orange lines basal-,

ante- and postmedian, and subterminal; a large reddish spot near

end of cell, and anal tuft black instead of brown.

Exp. 46mm. 1 ¢.

Euproctis miniata, n. sp.

Head, palpi, antennae, legs, and thorax orange; abdomen

whitish-ochreous. F.w. dull orange with bands of pink blotches,

the first of a triangular shape at base, the next formed of 3 irregular

blotches, then a series representing the postmedian line, then others

forming a very irregular subterminal band. H.w. very pale

ochreous.

Exp. 40mm. 1 9.

Euproctis canariensis, n. sp.

Head, legs, palpi, and thorax, bright canary-yellow; end of

antennae and tarsi dark, abdomen grey with numerous yellow hairs.

F.w. bright canary-yellow, slightly darker at apex: basal line very

faint, antemedian fine angulated and brown, preceded by two

dots, postmedian line do. do., followed by two dots near apex:

between the two lines is a straight brown band slightly divided near

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar. 599

costa. H.w. much paler, with faint lunule. Underside with a

few brown spots.

Exp. 50mm. 19.

Euproctis castaneo-striata, n. sp.

Head and thorax white, antennae dark, palpi and legs buff with

darker tarsi; abdomen white. F.w. white with basal line chestnut;

the antemedian and postmedian lines, which are broad, make a

V-shaped mark extending from inner margin to costa; the end of

the cell shows as a lunule in the postmedian line.

Exp. 38 mm. 1 3.

Euproctis griseo-striata, n. sp.

Head, antennae, palpi, legs, and thorax grey, abdomen pale buff.

F.w. white, basal line very faint and antemedian and postmedian

lines fine but well marked, dark grey, between them but not entirely

filling the space is a V-shaped grey mark as with the last species:

beyond this is a faint subterminal line and a row of marginal dots.

H.w. uniformly white.

Exp. 42mm. 19.

Imaus malgassica, n. sp. (Plate XXXII, fig. 35.)

Head, palpi, antennae, and legs, brownish-grey: thorax grey

with a few concealed crimson hairs: abdomen yellowish. F.w.

pale brownish-grey with the usual transverse angulated lines all of

a deeper tint. H.w. slightly angulated, whitish and semihyaline,

fringes paler.

Exp. 38mm. 1 ¢.

Redoa sericea, n. sp.

Head yellowish, palpi black, antennae, legs, thorax and abdomen

white. Fw. silky white, slightly tinged with smoky colour on costa.

H.w. silky white, fringes long, white, and on the h.w. near the body

consisting of long hairs.

Exp. 3 36 mm., 2 54 mm.

Caviria roseicora, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 11.)

Palpi brown above, white below, antennae shaft white, pectina-

tions brown, head, thorax, and abdomen pure white, legs white,

the back of the coxae pink. F'.w. thickly covered with dense white

silvery scales. H.w., as f.w., but without the silvery appearance.

Exp. 52 mm.

600 Sir George H. Kenrick on

Fam. ARCTIADAE.

Pericallia pratti, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 9.)

Palpi, antennae, and legs black. Head orange, thorax orange

with central blue-black spot, and with similar spots both on tegulae

and patagia. Abdomen orange above with paired black spots at

sides and black underside. F.w. dull orange with 5 transverse

blue-black bands edged with buff: the first is interrupted before

reaching the inner margin, where it is represented by a dot, the

second angulated outward from costa and then nearly straight, the

third more angulated and irregular on the outer side, the fourth

has a large lunule in the upper part, the fifth extends to vein 5 and

is then interrupted appearing as a round spot between 2 and 3;

the hind margin has a dot at the apex then 3 rounded dashes, then

a very small dot followed by a large round spot with an angular

dot at the angle. H.w. pale orange, a linear blue-black mark at

end of cell and 6 marginal blue-black spots the one at the angle

very small, 3 larger spots form an interrupted submarginal band.

Exp. 68mm. 1 ¢.

I have placed this insect in the genus Pericallia, but

I find that at South Kensington several somewhat similar

insects have been placed together and at present are

waiting for a generic name.

Phryganopteryx rectangulata, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 1.)

Although this insect agrees in most respects with P. strigilata—the

type—it differs in both sexes in the peculiar shape of the hind-wings,

which are quite rectangular with rounded corners, while the upper

edge of the wing is covered with rough scales. Head grey, antennae

grey-black at base, palpi grey with black points, legs ochreous :

thorax pale grey with 4 black spots and a trace of red hair in

centre, patagia greyish with darker centres, tegulae with two

crimson spots, abdomen yellowish-ochreous below with yellowish

hairs extending over the first 3 segments, above scarlet, with a row

of black marks down the centre and paired black spots at sides,

tuft ochreous.

Exp. 50 mm.

Diacrisia nigrocincta, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 10.)

Head, thorax, and abdomen orange, antennae, palpi, and legs

black, paired black spots on underside of the abdomen, the four

new or little known Heterocera from Madagascar 601

middle segments on the upper side black in both sexes. Wings

pale orange without marking.

Exp. 3 50 mm., 2 60 mm.

Fam. LITHOSITDAE.

Ilema cramboides, n. sp. (Plate XX XI, fig. 2.)

Near to sordida and aspersa, both of which were taken,

but I am inclined to regard it as distinct. The insect is

lighter than sordida.

The ground colour of the f.w. is much yellower than in these

species, and the irrorations are brown: on the costa opposite end

of cell they are numerous enough to form a spot and a line proceeds

outwards from this near to the apex and then curves back to a

point on the inner margin opposite to the mark on the costa.

H.w. ochreous, fringes spotted.

Exp. 38-46 mm.

Ilema cribroides, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 3.)

Palpi black, antennae ochreous, head and legs white, tegulae

and patagia without spots; a black spot at the back of the head,

another on the front of the thorax and a third at the back; abdomen

smoky above, whitish below. F.w. white, all the usual spots are

more or less elongated and black, one on the costa at base, three

along the middle of the disk, the remainder forming a curve starting

in the middle of the costa and ending in the middle of the inner

margin. H.w. uniformly dark grey, fringes white, but the 9 has

the h.w. white.

Exp. 36-48 mm.

Ilema inornata, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 4.)

This insect, as far as I can see, only differs from marginata in

the absence of the crimson band on the costa, head, and thorax.

It is however not a sexual difference as I have five specimens,

including both sexes, and all are precisely alike.

Exp. 34 mm.

Ilema funeralis, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 5.)

Legs, antennae, and palpi, black. Head and thorax crimson;

abdomen crimson below and smoky above, tuft pink. F.w., central

area crimson, shading outwardly into orange, the remainder which

602 Sir George H. Kenrick on Heterocera.

is fully half the wing, blue-black; a small black spot at base of wing.

H.w., central portion pinkish-orange with a broad smoky border.

Underside similar.

Exp. 32mm. 1 ¢.

Ilema humilis, n. sp. (Plate XX XI, fig. 7.)

Antennae, head, legs, and palpi, uniform mouse-colour; abdomen

rather paler. F.w. rather pointed mouse-colour with 3 faint marks,

one in the middle of costa, one in the middle of hind margin, and

one beyond cell. H.w. straw-colour, fringes paler.

Exp. 30 mm.

Ilema inconspicualis, n. sp. (Plate XXXI, fig. 6.)

This species is near to notifera, Saalmiiller, but may be distin-

guished by the fore-wings not being so pointed and the costa

straighter; the irrorations are much denser, and the spots on the

costa and inner margin are wanting.

Exp. 40 mm. 1 ¢.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXI, XXXII.

[See Explanation facing the PLATEs. |

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XXXII.

André & Sleigh Ltd.

New HETEROCERA FROM MADAGASCAR.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.

Fia. 1. Phryganopteryx rectangulata, p. 600.

. Ilema cramboides, p. 601.

I. cribroides, p. 601.

. I. inornata, p. 601.

I. funeralis, p. 601.

I. inconspicualis, p. 602.

. I. humilis, p. 602.

. Gastropacha malgassica, p. 592.

. Pericallia pratti, p. 600.

. Diacrisia nigrocincta, p. 600.

. Caviria roseicoxa, p. 599.

. Gonometa ferox, p. 591.

. G. attenuata, p. 591.

. Chrysopsyche pratti, p. 592.

—

SOMIADMAR WH

—

H Co bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.

Fic. 15. Taragama olivacea, p. 592.

16. 7. deceptrix, p. 592.

17. Lerodes albosparsatus, p. 591.

18. L. vulpicolor, p. 591.

19. L. albolunatus, p. 591.

20. Eriopteryx funebris, p. 590.

21. Orgyia malgassica, p. 597.

22. Dasychira ngrosparsata, p. 596.

23. D. dubia, p. 595.

24. D. didymata, p. 593.

25. D. brunneata, p. 594.

26. D. viridipicta, p. 594.

27. D. ocellata, p. 594.

28. D. miselioides, p. 595.

29. Lymantria parvula, p. 597.

30. Dasychira castanea, p. 593.

31. D. luteolata, p. 596.

32. D. aureotincta, p. 596.

33. D. rufotincta, p. 593.

34. D. aurantiaca, p. 594.

35. Imaus malgassica, p. 599.

36. Dasychira abbreviata, p. 596.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XXXII.

André & Sleigh, Ltd.

NEW HETEROCERA FROM MADAGASCAR.

(1608 3)

XXIV. On the Hymenopterous genera Trichogramma,

Westw., and Pentarthron, Riley. By R. C. L.

Perkins, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S.

{Read February 5th, 1913.]

Pirate XXXIII.

Ir has for a long time been an uncertain question amongst

students of the Chalcid group of Hymenoptera, as to whether

the genera T'richogramma and Pentarthron are distinct, or

the latter a mere synonym of the former. In the latter

part of last year (1912) Prof. E. B. Poulton of the Hope

Department of Zoology at Oxford was so kind as to offer

me the opportunity of examining at leisure the unique

type of Westwood’s Trichogramma evanescens. The speci-

men is very old and bears the label “‘ Trichogramma evan-

escens, Westw., Phil. Mag., minute sp. Chalcidiae, at

Chelsea, June llth, 1828.”

A preliminary examination with a strong lens and

compound miscroscope showed one fore-wing to be in good

preservation, though with a good deal of dust and dirt

obscuring the details of the hairy clothing. The other fore-

wing was torn and the one lower wing was crumpled. A

projection from the head proved to be the long scape of

one antenna, but the critical joints were missing, and

there were no parts of the antennae gummed on the card.

After making drawings of the entire front wing, as well

as could be managed without cleaning, the specimen was

relaxed and much of the dirt removed. The gum with

which the insect had been stuck down swelled up greatly

(being probably tragacanth) and was with much difficulty

separated from the insect, even the upper surface of the

wing not being free from it. Subsequently the specimen

was mounted in Canada balsam and fresh drawings of the

wing made.

The front wing, as can be seen from figure 1, agrees in

all essential characters with that of Pentarthron. Com-

pared with a species of the latter from Hawaii (fig. 2) the

one really notable difference is that whereas in 7’. evan-

escens there are only two hairs placed transversely on the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART IV. (MAR. 1914) RR

604 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on the

wing beneath the lower extremity of the stigmal vein,

in the Hawaiian species there is a long row of these hairs,

meeting at right angles (or nearly so) with the inner ex-

tremity of the second hair-line from the dorsal margin of

the wing. The hair-lines, marked a and 6b, which con-

verge basally to enclose a triangular space, include

irregularly disposed hairs, which are rather different

from those of fig, 2, and altogether less numerous than

those in the same area of P. flavum of Hawau, shown in

fig. 3. Whether the differences in the clothing of this

area are even of specific value is very questionable. It is

worth remarking that in all Hawanan forms of Pentarthron,

however they may differ in colour of body or wings, the

transverse hair-line from the lower end of the stigmal vein

always remains conspicuous and consists of many hairs.

The neuration of T'richogramma and Pentarthron appears

identical, for the apparent form of the veins appears a

little different in different examples of a species, owing

to slight differences in mounting, the pressure on the

wing, etc. In fig. 6 the neuration of P. flavum is shown,

in fig. 7 that of 7. evanescens. The position of the macro-

chaetae, indicated by black ‘dots, is practically the same

and their number (8) is also the same ineach. The marginal

cilia of the fore-wing are slightly longer in T. evanescens

than in Hawaiian Pentarthron.

It is much to be regretted that the antennae of the type

of Trichogramma are wanting, as these organs alone could

absolutely settle the question of the identity of the two

genera or their distinctness. Fig. 4 is the antenna of

T. evanescens after Westwood,* and it is extremely different

from that of Pentarthron (antenna of P. flavum, fig. 5),

nor is it like the antenna of any Trichogrammid with

which I am acquainted. The antennae of all the forms

of Pentarthron 9 I have examined are very similar, con-

sisting of a long scape, an elongate pedicel, followed by

an extremely short transverse ring-joint, two short funicle

joints and a great solid club, or 6 joints in all. Westwood

* Since this was written I have seen the figure of 7’. evanescens

(presumably copied from Westwood’s paper) in Wytsman’s

Gen. Insectorum. This figure represents the antennae quite

differently from that in Westwood’s “Classification,” and the

whole insect bears no resemblance to the type specimen. In fact

it is so unlike, that it cannot even be considered as a caricature of

the species.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XX XIII

he Oy i

R Ga. Perkins. del. C. Hentschel.

TRICHOGRAMMA, Westw. and PENTARTHRON, Riley.

Hymenopterous genera Trichogramma and Pentarthron. 605

figures no ring-joint, but its position is occupied by a

great elongate funicle joint, longer than the two following

together.

In spite of this I believe that Trichogramma and Pentar-

thron will prove to be the same, for the antennae of Tricho-

grammids usually distort and shrivel (often beyond recog-

nition) on drying, and even in balsam preparations, unless

they are carefully prepared, are often far from satisfactory.

Westwood’s figure is drawn with the antenna forming a

straight line, but I suspect that it was made from a speci-

men in which the pedicel was partly hidden beneath the

scape. In a specimen that I possess, this gives an appear-

ance of a division of the large pedicel joint, rather similar

to the 2nd antennal joint, that he figures. The regular

fringe of hairs that he gives to the two short funicle joints,

is probably due to clothing, similar to that found in Pentar-

thron, viewed in a particular way. In some aspects it’ may

be seen also on the club of the latter.

No doubt Lepidopterists, who have collected eggs of

moths, especially those of Pyralidina and Tortricina, in

the field, must have often bred British examples of T'richo-

gramma, and I should be very glad to receive examples

of these for comparison with the type. Being amongst

the smallest of all known insects many specimens may

emerge from a single moth’s egg.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Fia. 1. Front wing of Trichogramma evanescens, Westw. The

marginal cilia are only partly shown, so as to indicate

their length at different parts of the wing-margin.

2. Front wing of Pentarthron sp. from the Hawaiian Islands.

3. Portion of front wing of P. flavum, Perkins, from the same

locality.

4. Antenna of T'richogramma evanescens, Westw. (from the

figure in his “‘ Introduction to Modern Classification of

insects,” vol. ii, p. 155, fig. 9). The hairs on the funicle

are omitted.

5. Antenna of Pentarthron flavum. Four conspicuous setae

on the pedicel and funicle joints are shown.

6. Neuration of P. flavum.

7. Neuration of 7’. evanescens.

( 606 )

XXYV. Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, ats forms and

its models on Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with

other members of the same combination. By G, D.

Harte CarpentER, D.M., Oxon., Member of the

Royal Society’s Sleeping-sickness Commission.

[Read November 5th, 1913.]

PLATES XXXIV-XXXVI.

THE following is a complete account of all the forms of

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, their Planema models, and

other mimics in the same group, which I caught on Bugalla

Island in 1912 and January-February, 1913. I wish,

firstly, to express my indebtedness to Prof. Poulton for

the great help he has given me in the preparation of this

paper, especially in the preparation of the plates, the

arrangement of which is entirely due to him. It seemed

best to publish the results in tabular form, in spite of the

greater bulk of such a paper, because by such means a

graphic representation of the numerical differences between

models and mimics is brought home to the reader as he

sees the long array of blank spaces under the headings of

the models.

I have taken the opportunity of figuring, on Plate

XXXIV, some of the most interesting transitional forms

of Ps. eurytus hobley: from Bugalla Island, and of showing

the close relationship of a single female (fig. 11) to a typical

West African female of ewrytus, L., from the Lagos dis-

trict, represented in fig. 12, with its model Planema epaea,

Cram., in fig. 13.

On Plate XXXV I have figured three of the most

interesting of the families of Ps. ewrytus hobleyi bred from

known female parents captured on Bugalla Island. An

account of two of the families, B and E (figs. 1-8), together

with other synepigonic groups from the same locality, has

already been published in these Transactions (1912, pp.

706-16). The third family, J (figs. 9-16), is recorded in

Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913, pp. ix—xi. These breeding experi-

ments conclusively prove that all the forms of eurytus

hobleyi tabulated in the present paper form a single

interbreeding community.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTIV. (MAR. 1914)

Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 607

Plate XXXVI represents, in figs. 14-17, some of

the intermediate forms of ewrytus hobleyi captured by me

in Damba Island (1911)—a part of the series of which

nearly the whole was described by Prof. Poulton in our

Proceedings (1911, pp. xci-v; 1912, pp. xix—xxii).. Figs.

1-7 represent typical Planema models, and figs. 8-13,

typical Pseudacraea mimics captured by Mr. C. A. Wiggins,

D.P.M.O. of the Uganda Protectorate—fair examples of

his great collection of these forms of which a part is pub-

lished in “ I. Congr. Internat. d’Ent.,”’ 1910, vol. 1, p. 483.

Fig. 10 represents the male-like female, poggeoides, of

Ps. eurytus hobleyi, rare on Bugalla and Damba, even

rarer near Entebbe, but common to the E. of the Nile,

where Pl. poggei is found, but Pl. macarista absent (Pro-

ceedings, 1912, pp. Ixx—Ixxi). Plate XXXVI illustrates

the intermediate forms of Pseuwdacraea that are relatively

common on Damba as compared with the mainland—

those intermediates that will be here shown by a much

larger mass of evidence to be also characteristic of Bugalla.

In correspondence with this resemblance between the

Pseudacraea mimics of the two islands, Prof. Poulton has

shown (l.c.) that the Planema models are relatively rare

on Damba, and they are shown in the following tabular

statement to be relatively rare on Bugalla. It must

furthermore be borne in mind that the 127 Bugalla Planemas

include 75 epaea paragea, and that special reasons for this

large proportion are given later (p. 611). Mr. C. A.

Wiggins’ collection, between May 23 and Aug. 31, 1909,

is analysed in our Proceedings, 1912, p. xciii, where it is

shown that 244 Planemas and 82 forms of ewrytus hobleyr

were taken. What a contrast to the respective figures—

127 and 356—for Bugalla !

In the tabular statement on p. 608 the numerical relations

between the various Planema models and their mimics on

Bugalla can be seen at a glance.

There were also taken during this period 17 Mimacraea

poultoni, Neave, of which one specimen might be considered

to be an outlying member of Combination Is, as it had

the orange of the hind-wings replaced by white. There

was considerable variation amongst these Mimacraeas :

one being of a paler yellow was a beautiful mimic of Acraea

viviana, Staud. In the locality where the mimetic Ly-

caenids. were taken, the model for the normal form of

poultont appeared to be Acraea alicia, HE. M. Sharpe.

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

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Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 609

COMBINATION IA.

The model, Planema pogger nelsoni (Plate XXXVI,

figs. 3, 4), was the scarcest of all the Planemas on Bugalla

Island : I only succeeded in taking 2 males and no females

during the 14 months I was there. ,

Its chief mimic, Pseudacraea kuenowi hypoxantha,

was not so uncommon, 3 males and 6 females having

been taken. This fine Pseudacraea seemed to vary

very little indeed: a marked contrast to the protean

Ps. eurytus hobleyi. I found it quite easy to distinguish

the living kuenowi from the ¢ hobleyi: its flight is very

much bolder, it seems even more alert, with brisker move-

ments; and when seen on the flowers of bushes which it

frequents, it appears to carry the wings in a slightly

different manner. I have never been deceived by its

likeness to the model as in the case of hobleyi.

Two females of ewrytus hobley fall into this combination.

They belong to the form poggeoides (Plate XX XVI, fig. 10),

with a yellow band across the fore-wing. This is not quite

of the same tint as the orange band of the male, and

corresponds with the band of poggei rather than of the 3

macarista.

A single specimen of the planemoides female of Pap.

dardanus was obtained. It is worth noting that, although

I had been collecting for two years before I came across

this interesting butterfly, I was completely deceived by it.

It was flying slowly in front of me in an open space in the

forest belt, and my first thought was ‘‘ What an enormous

Planema!”’, so much did its general appearance and flight

resemble its model. When captured, it lay perfectly still

in the net, as does its model, instead of fluttering wildly

like so many Papilios. This specimen is of particular

interest, for from ova obtained from it I was able to rear

the family exhibited at a meeting of the society (Proceed-

ings, 1913, p. lui) and figured on Plate XXXIX of the

present volume. It is worth mentioning that I only col-

lected one other dardanus female on Bugalla—of the form

hippocoon, F.

CoMBINATION Is.

Of the model, the male Pl. macarista (Plate XXXVI,

fig. 2), 10 were taken.

Acraeine mimics are represented by the female of

Acraea alciope—synaposematic with the male macarista :

610 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

though many of these females have such a broad brownish

border to the white band on the hind-wing that they are

to some extent intermediate between the typical eastern

Uganda @ form aurivilliz, and the typical western female.

Of the 17 alciope which were taken 5 were males, 11 were

of the eastern form of female (awrivillii), and one transi-

tional towards the typical western form, which closely

resembles the male Pl. alcinoe mentioned below. The

single transitional 9 resembled this model so closely that

I was quite deceived by it even after I had seen the speci-

mens in the cabinet. The male Acraea alciope stands by

itself, and does not mimic anything in either KE. or W.

Africa. The scarcity of this species on Bugalla Island is

remarkable—and probably due to scarcity of its food-plant,

which I never saw there. On another island, where I was

previously (Damba), the food-plant was abundant, and

alciope was extremely common.

The Pseudacraea mimic is the male of the mimetic form

hobleyr, of Ps. eurytus hobleyi (Plate XXXV, fig. 12;

XXXVI, fig. 9). This mimic is abundant on Bugalla, 28

having been captured. The resemblance is so close that

I was often deceived until I had learnt to distinguish them.

Another Nymphaline member of this combination is

Precis rauana, whose male is non-mimetic, but the female

mimics well the male macarista : 24 males and 23 females

were taken. This species is not often seen actually within

the forest, but is to be found along the border-line between

the forest and the open grass-land, or at the edge of the

forest on the shore. In both these localities may be found

beds of a thick-leaved aromatic Labiate herb, which may

be the food-plant of the larva of this species. It is to be

found also on the flowers of the “ Gamboge ” tree, Haronga

madagascariensis, Chois. (Hypericineae), which particularly

favours such localities, and attracts numbers of all the

butterflies mentioned in this paper.

Precis rauana has the typical, very dashing and rapid

flight of the genus to which it belongs, and is unlike that

of its model. But the general impression gained from its

appearance leaves no room for doubt that the female zs a

mimic of the male Pl. macarista. The male, having no

white on the hind-wings, is not mimetic of this Planema,

but on the other hand a fresh specimen often has such

a rich crimson suffusion over the light-coloured band on

the wings that I think it presents a decidedly Acraeine

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 611

appearance when one gets a glint of crimson as it flashes

past. Another interesting point is that this butterfly

seems, at first, to rely for its protection upon the appear-

ance of its upper surface. It is not always an easy species

to catch; and if one strikes at it and fails, it will settle

again and open and close its wings, displaying the colouring

of the upper sides. If, however, one follows up and strikes

again so that it is really alarmed, it will fly off and make use

of the markedly procryptic, dead-leaf like appearance of

the underside, sitting motionless with the wings brought

together over its back. I endeavoured to obtain ova from

captive females, putting them with branches of the

aromatic herb before mentioned, but was unsuccessful.

The early stages are, I believe, not known.

ComBINATION II.

Seven examples of the principal model, the female of

Pl. macarista (Plate XXXVI, fig. 1), were taken. A

second model is provided by the female of Pl. alcinoe

camerunica, of which 2 were captured, together with 8

males. The resemblance between these two female

Planemas is extraordinarily close, so that it was a very

long time before I was able to differentiate them. The

male alcinoe is totally different and is of a type common

in W. Africa, but comparatively rare in Uganda.

The black-and-white female of Acraea jodutta—the

jodutta form of female—is beautifully synaposematic with

the two Planema models. Of this mimic 3 were taken.

The models are closely mimicked by the abundant

female of the form tirzkensis (Plate XXXV, figs. 5, 6, 9;

XXXVI, fig. 8) of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, of which

40 were taken.

ComBINATION III.

The model is the eastern form, paragea (Plate XXXVI,

fig. 7), of the western species Planema epaea. Of this

41 males and 34 females were taken, so that it seems not

uncommon. But these figures give a quite dispropor-

tionate idea of its relative abundance in the forests. I

happened to hit upon a locality at the edge of the forest

where the species seemed to collect in numbers owing to

the attractiveness of certain flowers, and I naturally made

a point of visiting this locality every evening, since I

wanted as many specimens as I could obtain. Had I

612 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

merely caught what I saw in the forests, it is doubtful if

a dozen specimens would have been obtained. The

Bugalla specimens are interesting as they are all very

light-coloured, like the lightest forms obtaimed by Mr.

Wiggins at Entebbe and presented by him to the Hope

Department. They contrast very markedly with the 4

specimens which were all that I obtained in the forests of

Damba Island, and were very dark indeed (Proc. Ent. Soc.,

1912, pp. xxii, lxxxvi).

The form of ewrytus hobleyi mimetic of paragea, namely

obscura (Plate XXXV, figs. 1, 10, 11, 13-16; XXXVI,

fig. 13), was the least abundant of all the mimics into

which this Pseudacraea subdivides, only 7 fully mimetic

males and 19 such females being obtained.

The only other known mimic of paragea, namely the

form peculiaris of Papilio cynorta, I did not obtain, much

to my disappointment. The species does occur on the

island, however, for I caught a single male, which is totally

different in appearance from the female. It would be

extremely interesting to ascertain whether the island female

is also much paler than usual, following the model.

CoMBINATION IV.

The model is Pl. tellus eumelis (platyxantha), of which the

male and female are alike (see Plate XXXVI, figs. 5, 6):

24 males and 9 females were captured. This species

exhibits in a marked degree the nonchalance of a typical

model. I spent a long time one evening trying to get a

photograph of this butterfly on a clump of mauve Com-

posite flowers, Hrlangea tomentosa, 8. Moore, which were

extraordinarily attractive to all these butterflies; and

although it frequently took alarm and flew away, it as

frequently returned after a very short time. Indeed, I

could almost have caught it in my hand.

There is one synaposematic Acraea in this Combination,

namely A. jodutta, of which 3 males and 6 females of the

dorotheae form were taken. The resemblance of this latter

female form to Pl. tellus is extremely close, and until I

had learnt the generic differences between Acraea and

Planema I was always confusing the two. The specimens

showed some variation : in one or two cases the black bar

between the subapical and inner marginal tawny areas

on the fore-wing is broken through, forming a variety

comparable to those of Ps. terra, described on p. 613,

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 613

The form of Ps. eurytus hobley:, mimetic of Pl. tellus,

namely terra (Plate XXXV, figs. 2,4; XXXVI, figs. 11, 12),

was the most abundant of all the forms, 104 being taken

altogether. Of these, 39 males and 26 females corre-

sponded with the type, while 6 males and 20 females differed

only by having the tawny subapical area on the fore-wing

suffused with white scales to a greater or less extent. In

11 males and 1 female the black bar between the subapical

and the inner marginal area was thinned or broken through,

so that, in the most completely developed variety (No. 33

in list: Plate XXXIV, fig. 7) there is one large tawny

area on the fore-wing of irregular shape, and bordered

with black. An even more extreme form from Damba

Island is represented on Plate XXXVI, fig. 16. To this

variety Griinberg has given the name impleta.

TRANSITION IN BUGALLA ISLAND BETWEEN THE MIMETIC

FORMS OF Ps. eurytus hobleyt.

I now come to the most interesting points, which this

paper is intended to demonstrate. It will be seen in the

tabular statement (pp. 618 et seqq.) that there are very

many forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi not belonging

to any of the types, but described as transitional.

(1) Between ¢g hobleyi with 2 tirikensis and obscura

there are 45 of these intermediates, (2) between obscura

and terra 37, and (3) between terra and ¢ hobleyi with 2

turtkensis 74.

Classes (1) and (3) are principally shown to be inter-

mediate by the development in various degrees of the

umber basal patch on the under surface of the hind-wing,

a feature that is characteristic of the ¢ hobleyi and its 9,

twrikensis, but is absent from the typical terra and very

faintly represented, and of a yellowish tint in the typical

obscura. In (3), the umber triangle may be bordered, on

the site of the white band of hobleyi and tirikensis, with

whitish yellow, much paler than the rest of hind-wing

under surface of terra. Furthermore the transition towards

the 2 pattern tirikensis in (1) and (3) is shown upon the

upper surface by the whitish or whitish grey tint of the

pale areas, especially the subapical bar, and, although to

a less extent, the inner marginal patch of the fore-wing

(Plate XXXIV, fig. 10; XXXV, figs. 3, 7, 8; XXXVI, figs.

14, 15). A slight tendency towards transition between

terra and hobleyi is also sometimes seen in an orange

614 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

suffusion at the costal end of the white bar crossing the

hind-wing, a tendency which is feebly developed in the

specimen figured on Plate XXXV, fig. 12, and is only

strongly marked in a single specimen from Bugalla

(Plate XXXIV, fig. 9, No. 57 on the list). This interest-

ing example is a male with fore-wings like the typical

hobleyi, but hind-wings above of the terra form. Below,

the hind-wings show the umber triangle of hobley: well

developed. There is little doubt that this specimen is a

blend of terra and hobleyi, but, as regards the former

examples, with slight orange suffusion, it must be remem-

bered that the ¢ Pl. macarista itself often exhibits the

same coloration. Indeed, in W. Uganda, Mr. Neave

collected 2 examples of Pl. pseudeuryta, Hew:, with the

pattern of macarista, but the hind-wing bar on the upper

surface entirely orange; and one of these was accompanied

by a ¢ hobley: with the same colouring. It is therefore

probable that the forms here referred to are a mimetic

modification of the ¢ hobleyt.

Class (2), the intermediates between obscura and terra,

form a far more perfect transitional series. Commencing

with a terra which shows merely a slight dusky suffusion

at the margins of the orange areas, and a little dark colour

along the nervures, one can trace the gradual increase of

the obscura dark colour until one reaches a point midway

between the two forms (e.g. Plate XXXVI, fig. 17);

beyond this the terra colour is more and more swamped

until one gets to specimens of obscura showing only a

sprinkling with orange scales on the inner margin of the

fore-wing. S. A. Neave’s type of obscura, in the Hope

Department, is really one of these intermediate forms.

What may be considered the real obscura has no orange

colouring on the upper surface, and it is a much better

mimic of its model, Planema epaea paragea.

The commonest form, of all those on the island, is terra,

the least common, obscura. The latter appears to be the

least stable: it is, in fact, quite difficult to find one which

shows no transition towards terra, hobleyz or tirikensis, and

even those not transitional exhibit considerable variation.

On the other hand, the forms hobleyi and turikensis appear

to be the most stable: they are very true to type and show

extraordinarily little variation. It has already been shown

that they very strongly impress their most characteristic

feature, the umber basal triangle, on the hind-wings of

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyr. 615

both terra and obscura, but it is almost impossible to find

a specimen which one could describe as hobleyi or tirikensis

influenced by terra or obscura. The specimen mentioned

on p. 614 (Plate XXXIV, fig. 9), with fore-wings of

hobleyt pattern and hind-wings of terra pattern, is the only

exception to this which I have caught on Bugalla, out of

the 356 Pseudacraeas. It has been pointed out on p. 614

that the ¢ hobleyi with an orange suffusion on the hind-

wing are probably mimetic rather than transitional. I would

suggest that, in Uganda at any rate, hobleyi and turikensis

are the most stable forms, and from them the others have

been developed, namely ¢erra and obscura.

The extraordinary number of transitional forms on

Bugalla Island contrasts markedly with their scarcity on

the mainland. In the very large collection presented by

Mr. C. A. Wiggins to the Hope Department, which has been

made in the neighbourhood of Entebbe on the mainland

shore of the lake, only 25 miles or so to the N.E. of Bugalla

Isle, there are relatively very few transitional specimens,

and three out of the four mimetic patterns, viz. hobleyv,

tirikensis, and terra, seem to keep very true to type. An

account of the transitional forms observed in an examina-

tion of the 1909 material from Entebbe is published in

“IT. Congr. Internat. d’Ent.,”’ 1910, vol. u, p. 497. Among

them was a form somewhat similar to that represented on

Plate XXXIV, fig. 9, but much nearer to terra than this

Bugalla specimen. Obscura appears to be an exception

and to be variable on the mainland, but this form seems to

be rare in the neighbourhood of Entebbe, and Mr. Wiggins’

collection contains only a few specimens. Mr. Neave’s

much longer series from many localities in Uganda show

great variety.

The explanation of this relative variability of the forms

of P. eurytus hobley: on Bugalla, and on Damba too, seems

to be as follows :—

The various Planema models which abound on the main-

land, are relatively extremely scarce on these islands. The

figures for Bugalla and for a part of the Wiggins collection

have been given on p. 607, and it was also pointed out

on p. 611 that the number of Planema epaea paragea was

not a correct measure of their true relative abundance.

I believe this scarcity on the island is due to scarcity of

food-plant. I know the food-plants of both macarista and

poggei—creepers which I never saw at all on Bugalla Island.

616 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

Now on the island it is quite conceivable that an enemy

of the Pseudacraeas might never see a Planema at all: at

any rate the latter are so extremely scarce that they can

have little protective value, and the Pseudacraeas would

gain little by resembling models that are much less common

than themselves. Consequently any form of Pseudacraea

that is produced will have as much chance of surviving as

the most perfect mimic, and the transitional forms appear

almost as abundantly as the types. On the mainland,

however, conditions are very different. Owing to the

abundance of Planemas, their presence is of definite pro-

tective value to the Pseudacraeas, and varieties that are

produced which do not conform rigidly to the types of the

models are put at a disadvantage in the struggle for exist-

ence, and are destroyed by enemies in preference to the

types. On the mainland the mimics are kept rigidly up

to the mark, and transitional varieties between hobleyz,

turikensis and terra are by comparison rarely to be found.

It may perhaps be argued that there is some condition

productive of greater variability on the island, but not on

the mainland. But though intermediate varieties are

scarce on the mainland, yet they do occur, and it 1s difficult

not to believe that they are rarely caught by collectors

because they are so much more destroyed by enemies than

are those which more closely resemble the models. If, as

I believe, this explanation be the correct one, it supplies

the strongest possible proof of the reality of mimicry and

of the power of natural selection to preserve it—indeed it

is a crucial test.

LOCALITIES REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES.

Bugalla is a large island made up of broad northern and

southern portions connected by an intermediate and com-

paratively narrow section. A narrow arm runs eastward

from the northern part, Buninga, and meets at a night

angle a less narrow northward extension from the southern

part. At the angle of Kerinya, as this isthmus is called,

and near its N.E. shore, my camp was situated on a forest-

ringed grassy hill about 150 ft. above lake level. The

place is known as Lutoboka or Fort Stanley. Kerinya

itself 1s bordered right down to the shore with forest,

behind which grassy downs rise to a height of about 350 ft.

The forest belt is in some places very narrow, not more

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 617

than 20 yards through. The localities indicated by letters

in the tables are as follows :—

A. A narrow hippopotamus track through the forest belt

which is here about 300 yards wide. There were no open

spaces in its course. The butterflies were chiefly captured

at the two ends.

B. Another path to the N.W. of A. The forest is here

so narrow that the path is only about 20 yards long.

C. The sandy beach at the edge of the forest to the E. of

my camp.

“On shore.”’ A similar locality to the N. of camp.

D. At the landward edge where the forest is replaced by

grass near the end of track A.

“At edge of forest.’ These words are used for the

continuation of the forest edge N.W. from D to the end of

track B.

EK. The continuation of the forest edge 8.E. from the

landward end of track A. While all the other localities

hitherto mentioned are only a few feet above lake level, the

forest edge at E rises south-eastwards up to about 150 ft.

618

DATE.

1912.

Jan. 15-

Jan. 23

Jan, 28

Feb. 14

Feb. 18

Feb. 15-

Feb. 24

Feb. 25

Feb. 26

Locatity.

At edge of forest

In forest (B)

In forest (A)

Grassland near

forest

In forest (A)

In forest (B)

In forest (A)

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

A B

AS} }

poggei |=

nelsoni :

Pid

| +o macarista

alcinoe

camer-

unica

3 not

mimicked

AORAEINE (Planema) MODELS. |

Til IV

epaea | tellus

paragea eumelis

Sl oll Ss

alee tig

i aa

AORAEINE MIMICs.

Acraea jodutta

err *

co = Bld

33) 83| 3

Sai\S2|

Se Sag

A] SA]

Acraea

alciope

aurivillii 2

mimics IB

Non-

mimetic ¢

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt.

NYMPHALINE MIMICs.

Pseud-

acraea

kuenowt

hypo-

azantha

Gj.

mimics

| Serial number

313

HHO

Oo OB B&B

roe

Q tirikensis.

9 terra.

Q terra. ;

9 obscura with trace of terra colour.

2 obscura.

¢ terra, subapical area white, faintly suf-

obscura, transitional to tirikensis 9.

Q tirikensis.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi

“* poggeoides " mimicking IA

“ hobleyi ”” ah IB

“ tirikensis ” ‘5 II

“* obscura ”’

oe terra ”

40,

+0+0+0 =+0

terra, f.-w. black, subapical bar thin.

transitional, midway between terra and

obscura.

terra

terra.

hobleyi.

cat oul subapical area slightly suffused

white.

obscura, f.-w. inner margin slightly suf-

fused terra orange.

like 2.

transitional, ground colour of obscura ;

trace of yellow suffusion f.-w. inner

margin; h.-w. whitish at base espe-

cially at site of band of hobleyi, basal

triangle strong below.

hobleyi.

terra, transitional to obscura ; inner mar-

ginal f.-w. area very slightly suffused at

edge with dark colour of obscura.

terra, like 19, but subapical area small.

terra, like 20.

terra, transitional to hobleyi; subapical

area white, inner marginal area rather

dusky; h.-w. at base suffused with

white, and basal triangle below well

marked.

fused yellow; distinct basal umber

suffusion h.-w. below.

F.-w. inner marginal and subapical

areas and base of h.-w. whitish; dis-

tinct basal umber suffusion h.-w. below.

terra,

terra, very slight umber suffusion base

h.-w. below.

619

|PAPILIONID MIMICs.

Preeis | Papilio | Papilio

rauand| dardanus| eynorta

° iz

eae 3 3

m o io g

3 i | $2 -—

a/El Se] &

Blass! a

o| Sica] é

Alles

*0 || o+ *o

by it 12 males, 3 planemoides females and 7 hippocoon females were reared.

On Dec. it. 1912, a planemoides female was taken, locality B in forest. From ova deposited

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART IV.

(mAR. 1914)

A single male was taken in forest, locality A, Apr. 22, 1912. | é non-mimetic

mimics III

2 f. peculiaris

No females were captured.

620

DATE.

1912.

Feb. 26

Feb. 27

Feb. 28

Feb. 29

Mar. 10

Mar. 12

Mar. 14

Mar. 19

Mar, 27

Mar, 31

LOCALITY.

In forest (A)—con.

In forest (A)

In forest (C)

In forest (C) whee

In forest (C) 5

In forest (A)

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

AORAEINE (Planema) MODELS,

ACRAEINE MIMICS.

I IL Til IV Acraea jodutta ae

alcinoe| epaea

A |Bl | camer-| para- Preserd oe he

|g wica | gea oH} oF | 2 |g] co

pogget \-2 |<. S3|2/82| 43

ont! §| 8) lla $2 = #| 32) 83

fe elf@2isielslellZe|Sa| 2] b4| "5

be S638 a|sa) &

ae ig ie| | 8 ss

: |

| |

rece

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 621

NYMPHALINE MIMICS.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi.

Pseud- ois

acraea m Precis

kuenowi | 5 ? ip ah yk ae Se A

hypo- = \ poggeoides mimicking IA ———-

xantha. | 3 6“ hobleyi’’ ” IB al

a 2 is Q “ tirikensis ” s Il [encom eyes

mimics | -= 3 & “obscura” cpu | gl LL ‘a |So

Ta S 3 @ “terra” ” UN g S |

n o's

a =|

29 9 transitional from terra to tirikensis; f.-w. subapical bar

white, and inner marginal area very pale; h.-w. basal

triangle very strongly developed.

30 |3 = hobleyt.

31 |5 hobleyi, very dwarfed.

82 |g obscura, h.-w. basal triangle fairly marked below.

33 |g terra, variety somewhat resembling form ‘“‘/fulvaria”’; it

looked very different from typical terra on wing. F.-w.

subapical and inner marginal areas enlarged, and black

bar between them broken through, only represented at

its outer part by tooth projecting from hind margin

to about middle of wing.

34 /¢ transitional terra, slightly suffused with obscura; dark

colour on nervures and at margins of orange.

35 |g terra, variety approaching 33, but subapical area slightly

whiter than rest, and black tooth from hind margin

just touches with its tip the costal black.

36 16 terra. 1

37/3 terra.

38 |g terra. ;

39 |g ‘terra, h.-w. basal suffusion marked below.

40 \¢ hobleyi.

41 Q tirikensis.

42 Q terra, f.-w. subapical bar white.

43 2 obscura, transitional, large pale areas.

44 | terra, h.-w. basal triangle well marked below.

45 |g transitional, like 2.

46 g terra, ragged and deformed.

} 47 | hobleyi.

48 2 tirikensis.

49 @ terra, slight umber basal suffusion h.-w. below.

50 Q terra, h.-w. as above: f.-w. subapical area suffused white.

| 51 ? obscura, slight basal suffusion h.-w. below.

52 |¢6 obscura, fairly marked basal suffusion h.-w. below.

53 |$ transitional between obscura and terra. F.-w. subapical area

very small and richly coloured, inner marginal orange

represented by two patches orange suffusion: slight

basal suffusion h.-w. below.

54 2 poggeoides. ’

| 55 Q terra, transitional to tirikensis; f.-w. subapical area

Pia eed suffused white; distinct basal triangle h.-w.

elow.

56 @ terra, transitional to tirikensis ; f.-w. subapical area white,

inner marginal area suffused white.

H.-w. below bar has marked basal triangle.

57 |6 remarkable specimen. F.-w. of ¢ hobleyi pattern, h.-w. of 1

terra, with basal triangle so well marked that it is also

visible above. |

58 2 tirikensis.

59 ° tirikensis.

60 2 obscura, like 51.

61 9 transitional, midway between obscura and terra.

622 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

AORAEINE (Planema) MODELS. | ACRAEINE MIMI0s.

I iW it | Iv | Acraea jodutta eres

A aleinoe, epaea | tellus |

camer- para- | eume- || +o

DATE. LOOALITY. || unica | gea lis \reeey Ors | 2 | Om ea

Ci | = oe »~ "2

pogget |- | 21/S8a/e2

nelsoni “oe 33 RES & as ss

Balslelelell Sal se] #| ea /75

eae oH RB/Se/a|)88] 3

$| 2 q| a

1912.

April 1 | In forest (C)

April2 |Inforest(A) . . 1

April4 |In forest(C) . .

April 7 | In forest (A)

April 8 | Edge of forest in 1

evening a ae

April 13}In forest (C) . .| |

April14|Inforest(A) . .

April 17| In forest (C) aes |

April 22) In forest (A)

April 24) In forest (C) . . 1 |

(subapical

orange

area slightly

suffused white)

April 26] In forest (C) sae |

April 28) In forest (A) |

May 5 | In forest (A) a ay tin

| 80/3

ies)

O405

obscura, h.-w. rather pale above; distinct umber basal

suffusion below.

terra, like 55.

obscura, like 62.

terra, like 50.

hobleyi.

tirikensis,

tirikensis.

terra, white subapical area, f.-w.; very slight basal umber

suffusion h.-w. below.

terra, like 56.

terra, black bar on f.-w. thinned.

terra, transitional to obscura; slight dusky suffusion on

margin of f.-w. inner marginal area,

2 terra, like 49.

terra, variety. Black subapical bar broken through at |

its middle, the black costal area suffused with orange

at its posterior border, with one well-defined round mark

at end of cell.

2 obscura: transitional to tirtkensis ; h.-w. marked basal

+0+0

umber below.

obseura.

terra.

hobleyi.

transitional, like 61.

terra.

obscura, like 51.

terra, like 27.

terra.

terra, f.-w. subapical area very slightly suffused white;

; h.-w. basal area very slightly suffused umber.

erra.

terra, like 50.

terra, like 1.

hobleyi.

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 623

NYMPHALINE Mimics.

| Forms of Pseudaeraea eurytus hobleyi Precis

Pseud- fella

acraca_ =

kueno o —

pray = 9 “ poggeoides ” mimicking i eh iss

aantha. g 3 ‘‘hobleyi"’ +3 ° g

Eee oye a @ “ tirikensis”* 3 r ag] 3

mimics | 3 g & * obscura” ” ae a] a

Ta 3 3 ¢ “terra ” oF 3

624

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

DATE.

LOW:

May 5

May 8

May 19

May 20

LooaLity.

In forest (A)—con.

In forest (C)

In forest (A) .

In forest (C)

June 1 | In forest (C)

June 2|In forest (A) .

June 16) In forest (A)

June 26] In forest (A)

June 30) In forest (A)

July 5 | Edge of forest near (A)

July 7 | Edge of forest .

July 11| In forest (C)

July 15/At edge of forest (D) .|

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS.

ACRAEINE MIMICS.

alcinoe epaea

camer- | parda-

3 not

micke

|. macarista &

| +0 macarista

—

Acraea jodutta etned

bao}

[s) Or Tt

oH |CR |S |e | we

g2|83| 8 |B) 22

a8 |3a| 8 )eei"s

S2/58/ 8/88] &

= Z

\ fase a a ie dep S|

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 625

NYMPHALINE MImiIcs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. Precis

Pseud- rauana

acraed | 1 iy as 7

gi 2 9 ‘‘ poggeoides”? mimicking IA le

pe 3 8 ‘“hobleyi’’ i Ib iSalliecs

3 Q =| Q “‘ tirikensis”’ A II q ‘3

mimics. | ‘3 g@ i Lele f ue 7 ‘g FS

TA 3 fof g erra ” Or =

96|3 ‘transitional, from obscura to hobleyi. ¥.-w. white subapical

area; faintly indicated inner marginal area of hobleyi @ ;

h.-w. pale at base, well marked basal triangle below.

97/6 terra.

98) 5 terra, like 39.

99) 3 transitional, between terra and obscura. F.-w. subapical

area small and whitish : inner marginal area contracted,

of terra colour; h.-w. rather pale yellow at base.

100 Q terra.

101 Q terra, like 50.

102 Q terra, f.-w. areas large and whitish, with black bar between

much thinned.

103) 3 terra, like 19.

104 9 terra, subapical f.-w. area large and white.

105 @ transitional between obscura and tirikensis. F.-w. sub-

apical area cream coloured, inner marginal area duskily

suffused. H.-w. pale cream at base, tending to white in

position of tirikensis band; basal triangle below distinct.

106) 3 hobleyi, white h.-w. bar suffused yellow at periphery.

107 @ tirikensis.

108} 3 terra.

109) 3 transitional, like 2.

110) 3 transitionalfrom obscura to hobleyi, obscura ground colour ;

f.-w. subapical area small, cream coloured; inner

marginal area suffused with yellow; h.-w. pale creamy

white at base; basal triangle below distinct.

111 @ terra, f.-w. subapical area very large.

112 2 obscura, transitional to tirikensis; h.-w. rather pale at

base, with well marked basal triangle below.

113 2 terra, like 50.

114 2 terra, like 50.

115 2 terra, f-w. subapical area suffused white anterior and

posterior ends; inner marginal area very slightly

paler than h.-w.; basal triangle distinct.

116| g terra, like 27.

117 9 terra, f.-w. subapical area white, and anterior border of

inner marginal area suffused white.

118 @ terra, like 117. ,

119 2 terra, f.-w. subapical area suffused white anterior and

posterior ends.

120 2 obscura, like 51 (parent of series B).

121|g terra.

122/53 terra, transitional to hobleyi; f.-w. subapical area white,

h.-w. at basal triangle distinct below.

123 2 obscura, like 51 (parent of series D).

124 2 obscura, {.-w. subapical area white, inner marginal area

and most of h.-w. creamy.

626 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS. ACRAEINE MIMICS.

wade : II Tt IV Acraea jodutta ihe

a le alcinoe| epaea | tellus |

camer-| para- | eume- +0 |

LOOALITY. gis| unica | gea lis OE | On | O* ea to

~~ > 2 = om ‘2

pogget "2 2 83/82/3/8 ee

nelsoni : S| |e 33 S2 i Ba Bs

g2 Sa|/e8| 8) 8s &

3 | 2|3/e 5 A

1912.

July 16 |At edge of forest (D)

July 17|/At edge of forest (D)

J uly 19|At edge of forest (D)

July 21 |At edge of forest (D)

July 21;Inforest(A) . . .

July 22) In forest (C). . .

July 23 |At edge of forest (D)

July 24 |At edge of forest (D) 1

July 26 |At edge of forest (D)

July 28 |At edge of forest (D)

July 29 |At edge of forest (D) 1

July 30 |At edge of forest (E)

July 31 |At edge of forest (E)

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 627

NYMPHALINE MIMIcs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi Precis

Pseud- |" EE

acraea_ | , z

een 2 Q “ poggeoides ? mimicking IA ale

zantha g 3 ** hobleyt ”’ “6 IB aS) g

g fe) a Q “ tirikensis ”’ a5 ine q ‘d

mimics | 3 3 2 “obscura” » a Tete es

Is 3 69 “terra ” Pa =

£o)

125 2 terra.

126 © terra, like 119.

by) 9 obscura, transitional to tirikensis, like 24. : 1

128 |3 terra, f.-w. black subapical bar of very irregular outline

and almost cut through at anterior and posterior ends.

This specimen looked distinctly different from type

on wing: there is also a narrow streak of light fulvous

at the black apex of the cell.

129 |g _ terra, like 7.

130 @ tirikensis.

131 |g terra, f.-w. subapical area has faint trace white suffusion

at posterior end.

132 |3 terra, like 27.

133 | 3 obscura.

134 |3 transitional, midway between obscura and terra; h.-w.

shows marked basal triangle below.

135 @ terra, like 119.

136 © terra, like 119.

137 @ terra, like 115.

138 @ terra, like 115.

aan ) 9 terra | recorded as captured, but since mislaid.

141 |¢ terra. | |

142 |g terra.

143 | obscura, transitional to hobleyi; f.-w. inner margin shows

slight suffusion yellow; h.-w. basal triangle below distinct.

144 2 terra.

145 2 terra.

146 |g hobleyi, like 105.

147 2 tirikensis.

148 |¢ terra. 2

149 |¢ hobleyi

150 | terra, f.-w. inner marginal area small; h.-w. basal triangle

well marked below.

151 |¢ terra, like 150.

152 © tirikensis (parent of series E).

ne eee | Meee | ak cee oS ee cee ee a eee

153 |g obscura,

154 2 obscura.

1 | 155 terra, like 91. 1

156 © terra, like 50.

157 9 transitional between obscura and tirikensis. All pale | 1 1

markings of obscura white, and basal triangle on h.-w.

very marked.

158 Q terra, f.-w. subapical area suffused white at each end;

h.-w. shows distinct basal triangle below.

159 13 obscura, like 32.

160 9 terra, transitional to tirikensis. Ground-colour very dark;

f.-w. subapical area white; h.-w. basal triangle marked.

EEE

P deurul |

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

| QQ mpsiumonu +o

pueq ‘M-"T oyTtAt

JO Iapiog 1090 919)

| eon

7 (‘purq

| $8 SONGS #1 | | meu agra ;

2) ss 04 + Jep104q

= x3 ee ee | —UMOIQ Pvoiq) | | |

5 ET. SF 2 nar fe ees ai

a| 8 P OIQOUITUI-O NT | | | | on | | (‘UMOIG Yip [eUIOU 94 |

4/8 I9AO UOISNYNS UMOIG pol qYIM

is ees AT sorurran | porepi0g “M-"Y UO styj jo uls

Pe ‘> % avayjoLop -reUl 199no oyy §9yTYM YSTMOT[aA

be g Hae _ aed vole “M-"Y pue vole [vUIs {is

= TT sorter | -IBW IOUUT IN ‘ay Voie [eoTde

x & myynpot | | | -qns “M-"\T “DyNpol 04 JyUoYSUDL})

Sa Bai Rea |

as | 2 | ie | & |

4 |

Ble | S83 eee | ea | = | | | e |

ale] sss Sq SSeS 2

= vk *o | nN | a ~ | | a

eS ae poxyoTuTU

| | S88 | sous | |_|

S =

SE Seales on | ike ft

= msanonut +o | | [4

‘a (‘es0RI0 YIM

q 4 pasnyns Ajsu014s =

628

| ‘—'S

See SE | ks |

(4 $8

Re | ol 7 | | |

— _— —_|=>> P= (ey —— sa GS _ ~~

i i] A\|a Alf |B i) A

~~ ~ ~—\i nm —~i =” |i ~ ~

3 B [8/2 B\# |2 B z

ia g = eB] Se a= 2 “3

> £ 2 |e)\2 ele |< & g

<< — eS nl el at et et oo mal

OD fo} ° Oo; 0 ee ee jo) °

°o o o o}] o ey | be eb) o ©

on op on | op to} OO | ist) op

al uo) so fre} |f tro} eke Hues Wis] uo] uo}

rm) © o] o o|/o |o o o

» » yl Yl|r |H+ » ~

= < =< |< sl= |= = _|l4

: “in feet otal (SR REES : =

2 0 op a | oO sy itt)

x o ey eh | eI ) is} ll is) 3 =)

qa rey | < |= a/=a |4 < 4

ee oe

suffused white; trace basal triangle h.-w. below.

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 629

NYMPHALINE MIMICs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. Precis

Posi == rauana

oe 2 ane S

pene r=) ? “ poggeoides’”’? mimicking IA H | o

conti | & 3 ‘‘hobleyi” fe IB a| §

i) NOE Ws : 3 ie tirikensis ” . a a\4

imi = * obscura ”’ * =| :

mimicg 3 39 “terra” : Tv =| s

a O+

mn *0

161 (3 __ terra, like 39.

162 2 obscura.

| 163 3 terra.

164 ¢ terra, f.-w. subapical and inner marginal area whitish;

| h.-w. basal triangle distinct below.

1 | 165 | @ terra (parent of series F).

166 |g obscura, like 32.

167 |g ‘terra, faint dusky suffusion f.-w. inner margin; subapical

| area white.

168 2 tirikensis. 2

| 169 | obscura, all pale areas rather whitish.

170 @ terra, like 49.

1 1

| 171 |3 obscura, transitional to hobleyi: trace yellow suffusion

f.-w. inner margin; h.-w. whitish at base, basal

triangle marked below.

172 |g ~=—hobleyi.

173 |g _ transitional, like 2.

174 Q tirikensis (parent of series G).

175 2 obscura, like 24.

176 ? terra, f.-w. subapical area white, inner marginal area

630 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

AORAEINE (Planema) MODELS. AORAEINE MIMIOS.

I II III IV . Acraea

Acraea jodutta alciope

I B alcinoe | epaea | tellus == SS

camer-| para- | eume- to

LOOALITY. ~ unica | gea lis lites © | +m *o

pogaei. |= : mae OF | ees | eee

-Q |. Sn a]

nelsoni|$|)3| |. S2/53/8 | BS | 8s

og S2/328|8/#8|48

See a/2 Sel 4

+08 SA Saige s

5| 2 & A

At edge of forest (E) 1 3

On shore 7 pale es i Ye eal

At edge of forest (D) 2 2

sagEE

paESy

mga oFS

oF eve

a2asad

At edge of forest (E)) rainy pie ate) 1

Bick

o Ops

SEEE

| Sada

Aug. 9 lat edge of forest (D), [™ Fr saieegdes

Aug. 9 |At edge of forest (E) Zale

Aug. 10'Near camp, at edge |

Of forests, 10h. 1

Aug. 10At edge of forest (D) il i

ae Pg

a co a

eta | Bees

aga | gee

Aug. 10\At edge of forest (E) | 2 ia

Aug. 10) In forest (B) Be 1 pare

Aug. 11)Inforest(A) . . |

Aug. 11/At edge of forest (E) 1

Aug. 11)At edge of forest (D) a ae aa

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 631

NYMPHALINE MIMICS.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi Precis

Pseud- rauana

acraea ri =

2 ine ides” king ue 4 ce

hypo- poggeoides ’? mimicki

conch | 3 “‘hobleyi”’ ie ale

ae De Q “ tirikensis ” sf ae 24

mimics | 3 3 2 “obscura” sot LN =| 4

IA A 3 9 “terra” et aby ey)

n Ges

177 2 tirikensis, like 54.

178 ? terra, like 176.

179 Q tirikensis.

180 |g __‘ transitional, like 2.

181 |¢$ transitional, midway between obscura and terra, with

trace of basal umber suffusion on h.-w. below.

182 2 obscura, like 124.

183 |3 obscura. 1

184 |3 obscura.

185 2 obscura.

186 |35 _ terra.

187 Q tirikensis.

188 © terra, like 78.

189 ? terra, like 119.

190 |g terra.

191 |3 _ terra, like 19.

192 Q tirikensis.

193

194

i) Sb denihedad Both h.-ws. symmetrically shorn off near

ase.

@ terra, f.-w. inner marginal area slightly suffused white.

632 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS. AOCRAEINE MIMICS.

I il Ii IV < Acraea

ee ee || nortan ees | || Aeraea jodutta alciope

iN B alcinoe| epaea | tellus

camer-| para- | eume- +o

DATE. LOCALITY. 8 iS unica gea lis od On, © O a | #9

pogger 2 oS ae 7 8 S)}o |i 12

nelsoni Ss 3 i $2 8 2 | & BS 83

__| € [le 28lslols]ol See] & | $8)74

| of Se Ea) e|28) @

2 rod ? S| i)

1912.

Aug. 12)At edge of forest (D) 1 1

Aug. 12/At edge of forest (E)| 1 i | |

Aug. 13/At edge of forest (E) Bo lWselieal ‘|

Aug. 14 At edge of forest (E) il 1 5 te

Ess

o 8

Sue

SBE

s 2c 2

Aug. 15/At edge of forest (E) i DB atest

Aug. 16/At edge of forest (E) 1 1

Ere

ses

7 5

QREE

ie 8

BE uy,

»32o

iBae

a °

Aug. 16|At edge of forest (D)

Aug. 17\In forest (B) me 1

Aug. 17|At edge of forest (E) 1 1 1 1

\(like the

last)

Aug. 18 In forest (A) Be Ss

Aug. 18/At edge of forest (E) ib |) a 1

Aug. 19 At edge of forest (E) Pa ipa

Aug. 19 At edge of forest (D) il

Aug. 20 At edge of forest (D) 2 1

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 633

NYMPHALINE MIMICS.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi Precis

Pseud- - if rauana

Pct He e

® soon ©

pgs = ? ‘ poggeoides”’ mimicking IA ee

axantha g 3 _ “hobleyi” IB mH |g

oS | Q “ tirikensis”’ a I 8 ‘d

mimics | & 3 2 “obscura” ne 21 TRS

Ta m 6 2 “terra” ae LV a] 8

a SN

Or | *o

| 195 |g obscura. 1 1

196 | terra, like 1.

197 @ terra, f.-w. subapical area whitish.

198 Q obscura, transitional to terra; f.-w. inner margin has very

slight yellow suffusion.

199 |g hobleyi.

200 |¢ terra, like 7.

201 |¢ transitional, like 2.

202 Q tirikensis.

203 |¢6 terra, like 27.

204 @ terra, f.-w. subapical and inner marginal areas slightly

suffused white.

205 @ transitional from obscura to tirikensis. F.-w. subapical

area large and cream coloured; inner marginal area

slightly suffused yellow; h.-w; cream coloured, with

paler band at base; basal triangle marked below.

206 13 terra, like 122.

207 |6 terra, like 91.

208 2 terra, like 50.

209 |3 obscura,

210 |3 terra.

211 Q terra.

212 @ terra, f.-w. subapical area white, with yellow along ner-

vures ; h.-w. below shows distinct basal umber suffusion.

213 @ terra, like 212.

214 | 9 terra, like 176. |

215 @ obscura, f.-w. subapical area large and whitish. Margin of

one h.-w. very ragged and torn as if by lizard. 1

DATE.

Aug. 21

Aug. 28

1912.

Aug. 20

Looatirty.

At edge of forest (E)

Aug. 22/At edge of forest (E)

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS.

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE MIMICs.

Aug. 24/At edge of forest (E)

Aug. 26/At edge of forest (D)

Aug. 28 At edge of forest (E)

At edge of forest (D)

I II III IV

AB alcinoe| epaea | tellus

camer-\ para- | eume-

8.8 unica | gea lis

pogget 3 \-3 :

nelsoni s §| |2s

B/E e/=S] sfels|e

‘of

|| 2 ai g

A eal yh cab

Tit eis eR

1 bee

er en oa

ESE

ges

Bae

sey

BAS

a 3 |!

Pes |

ssh

Tl cleat et eae Tas fg ial ae

Acraea jodutta

jodutta 2

mimics II

dorotheae ?

mimics IV

| Non-mimetic ¢

aurivillii @

mimics IB

——_

(black f.-w. bar

broken at

hind margin,

so that sub-

apical and in-

ner marginal

areas are

continuous;

they are suf-

fused with

white near

costa)

(f.-w. orange

areas suffused

with white)

: a eee

Acraea

alciope

Non-

mimetic 3

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi.

635

NYMPHALINE MIMICs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt

Pseuda-

craea

kuenowt

hypo-

axantha

G9 &

mimics

Serial number

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT Iv. (MAR. 1914)

2 “ poggeoides”’ mimicking IA

3} ““hobleyi ”’ 33 IB

2 “ tirikensis ” 3 Il

6 2 ‘‘obscura”’ Bs II

6 2 “terra” = IV

6 terra, like 39.

6 terra, like 122.

@ terra, like 78.

3 terra, f.-w. subapical area suffused white at both ends.

3} terra, variety; f.-w. subapical area large and connected

with inner marginal area by isthmus, the black bar

bere broken at costal end and the cell suffused with

yellow.

é olteys. F.-w. band slightly suffused white at posterior

end.

2 tirikensis.

Q tirikensis.

3 terra.

3 hobleyt.

tirikensis.

terra.

obscura.

terra, like 176.

4+0+0+0+0

terra.

terra, like 27.

obscura, transitional to hobleyi. F.-w. subapical area

white; h.-w. basal umber suffusion marked below.

tirikensis.

terra, like 78.

terra, like 42.

terra, transitional to tirikensis. F.-w. subapical area

small and white: inner marginal area small, suffused

white; h.-w. below shows distinct basal triangle.

WWO40,0,050,

+0+0+0+0

2 mimics I

| 6 non-mimetic

636 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS. ACRAEINE MIMICS.

I II Til IV Acraea

A Acraea jodutia 5, _aleiope é

nN B alcinoe| epaea | tellus

camer-| para- | eume- +o

LOCALITY. sls| unica | gea lis Orn, | S | Om +o

S/S 4 =

poggei |'2 "= 7 CFS [rt |r eat he

nelsoni! 8/8] | ..'8 88) 88|8|88)| 83

= = 9 Qs Sao ea uine SE| BE 5 2s Ag

ro 28/38) 8/88) 8

6|2/d/2 | a

Atredge of forest (E) -

Im forest (B) ~. -. | | | eee a a

At edge of forest (D) ea Ss

At edge of forest (E) | 1 | mie

At edge of forest (E) 1 | re |

Sept. 2 |At edge of forest (E) | 1 1 |

‘Sept. 3 |At edge of forest (E)) | | ili) |

Sept. 5 At edge of forest (E) | | |

Sept. 7 At edge of forest (D)) |

‘Sept. 9 In camp, near forest | | | 1

Sept. 9 At edge of forest (E)) | 4

| eee

o8f

<5 &

233

ca a

308

ath

‘Sept. 10 At edge of forest (D) he leone | 1

BSe

oom

FREE

SSFa

ee)

‘Sept. 11'At edge of forest (D) | | | |

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 637

NYMPHALINE MIMICs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi Precis

Pseud- | 5 == —— | rauana

acraed | 5 3

huetont 3 2 “ poggeoides ” mimicking IA 4 | 3

pec 3 | “hobleyi” a a |

Be OS a ‘ : S ee 24 is a oils

imi im “ obscura ”’ oe = :

milcitigs 5 8° “terra” a, UY d| 4

a) Sea

242 \5 _ terra.

243 ° terra, f.-w. black bar thinned.

244 @ terra, like 243.

245 Q obscura.

246 obscura, like 51.

247 |6 terra, like 27.

248 |6 _ transitional, like 34.

249 Q terra.

250 |3o _~—sterra.

251 \d terra, like 7.

252 2 obscura, h.-w. shows well-marked umber basal suffusion

below.

253 16 transitional, like 2.

254 2 terra, like 49.

255 |6 transitional, like 2.

256 |o terra, like 27.

257 16 obscura, like 143.

258 16 obscura, like 143.

259 13 obscura, like 143.

260 Q terra.

261 2 obscura, like 24.

| | i]

ill | = j——

262 |5 ‘terra. 1 1

263 |6 obscura, transitional to hobleyi. ¥'.-w. subapical and inner

marginal areas pale cream; also h.-w. Basal umber

suffusion on h.-w. below marked.

264 |g obscura, like 143.

265 Q tirikensis.

266 obscura, like 51,

Acraea

alciope

_Non-

mimetic ¢

mimics IB

aurivillit 2

® f. alicia, but is

to some extent

nearly approaches

transitional)

(this specimen

638 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS. ACRAEINE MIMICS.

I Ir iit IV Acraea jodutta

A |B alcinoe | epaea | tellus S|

camer- | para- | eume- £0

DATE. LOCALITY. sls) wnica | gea lis ay toe ©

3 |S — Or > orm

poggei \-3 \-s = RP ish

nelsoni|$|$| | 8 s2/ Sa] 4

os sq] “3 ‘d

__18/8/¢/#3] 3] ¢ 9] Sai 28] §

0.8 | S& s | 8

$|2|3|9 & | A

1912,

Sept. 11|At edge of forest (D) |

—continued |

Sept. 12|At edge of forest (D)| | | 1

LE ee a re eee [IR [eR (CN (ee Ce (eer) tee el ee reek (ee || AR | et e | e|

Sept. 14/At edge of forest (D) 1

Sept. 16

‘Sept. 16

Sept. 17

Sept. 19

——+__—

|Sept. 19

\Sept. 21

Sept. 26

Oct. 2

Oct. 4

Oct. 9

Oct. 10

Oct. 13

Oct. 17

Sept. 15) At edge of forest (E)

At edge of forest (D)|

At edge of forest (E)|

At edge of forest (D)|

At edge of forest (E)|

At edge of forest (D)

At edge of forest ( Ton

At edge of forest (B)|

At edge of forest (E)

In forest (C)

At edge of forest .

At edge of forest (E)

In forest (A)

At edge of forest (E)

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi.

NYMPHALINE MIMICS.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi.

639

Precis

rauana

Sig

£| 8

A| 8

Ot =|

“|

2 |

1 ;

heel |

= “‘ poggeoides’? mimicking IA

=| 3 ‘‘hobleyi”’ 3 IB

q 2 “ tirikensis ”’ AS II

3 6 2 “obscura’”’ 53°

5 6-2 “terra” aL IV

267 @ ‘obscura, like 51.

268 2 obscura, like 43.

269 2 tirikensis.

270 2 obscura, like 51 (parent of series H).

271 @ terra, like 56. Both h.-ws. have large part of periphery

missing, the damage on right side also extending to

hind margin of f.-w. ? attack by bird.

272 13 obscura, like 8.

273 @ terra, like 104.

274 Q terra, like 104.

275 Q tirikensis, f.-w. white subapical area suffused yellow on

outer margin.

276 |d obscura, like 143. :

277 \65 terra. F.-w. shows slight suffusion with yellow on costa

just internal to subapical area. This was enough to

give the specimen an appearance different from the

typical form on the wing.

278 |g obseura, like 263.

279 2 tirikensis.

280 ° terra.

281 Q terra.

282 |g _ obscura, like 32.

283 ® transitional, like 29: ground-colour very dark.

284 |¢ ~~ obscura, like 143. |

285 2 twrikensis.

286 2 obscura, like 51.

| 287 |S terra, like 27.

288 2 terra. E.-w. subapical area white: inner marginal area

duskily suffused.

289 |3 terra, like 19.

290 |g _ transitional, like 2.

291 Q terra.

292 |3 ~—hobleyi.

293 |6 _ terra.

294 ° terra.

295 |g _ terra, like 122.

296 ? tirikensis (parent of series J).

297 |3 ~~ hobleyi.

640 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRAEINE (Planema) MODELS. |, ACRAEINE MIMICS.

I II mitt | eayaee Acraea

| Acraea jodutta fs

eee NE | | alciope

ae ee eee ae

DATE. LOcaLiry. | unica pe F i eles

|S\= = oo 1 2 | om to

pogger Galles ro 32 S acs) 2S 12

nelsoni) §)8 |." So) e2| 8 | S82)

__ [$8 e/8E]slels|o | S8| 24] # | 28] 28

"ok SE) SA] a | S88] &

|| Qe | | | y,

1912.

Oct. 17 |At edge of forest (E)

—continued

Oct. 19] In forest (C) wal Bie | SAL eral ae A

Oct. 19/At edge of forest (E) fae i is 5

Oct. 22/At edge of forest (E) pit

Oct. 23) In forest (C) Eee fe es ee eae

Oct. 28|At edge of forest (E) 1 ae

Nov. 1 |At edge of forest (E), Gor i saa

Nov. 1 |At edge of forest (D); Phe | ae 1

ao%

= a

Peaa

aoe

mOoRO

aes

| | SsEE

| Ss

Nov. 2 |At edge of forest (E)|

Nov. 3 | In forest (A) re ae er a ae

Nov. 5 |At edge of forest (E) Eas ie mie

Nov. 7 |At edge of forest (#)

Nov. 13/At edge of forest (E)

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt.

641

NYMPHALINE MIMICS.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi

low

Serial number

[_—¥- —_—_ —__—__

325

— —. ——__—_

326

| 327

9 “‘poggeoides’’ mimicking IA

é “*hobleyi”” 7 IB

@ ‘ tirikensis’’ a II

38 2 “obscura’’ sis Til

é @ “‘terra”’ a IV

terra.

Q terra.

2 obscura, like 43.

ro) terra.

3 = hobleyi.

obscura, like 62.

3} terra, like 39.

6 terra, like 122.

fof terra, like 122.

$ hobleyt.

Q terra, like 42 (parent of series K).

terra.

terra

tirikensis.

terra, pale ground-colour; f.-w. subapical area large

and cream coloured; inner marginal a‘ea duskily

suffused.

O45

4+0+0+0

Q tirikensis.

6 terra, like 27.

é transitional like 2.

2 obscura, like 51.

} terra.

3é hobleyi, white h.-w. band small, suffused yellow anteriorly.

é obscura, transitional to hobleyi: h.-w. rather whitish

at base, and basal triangle well marked below.

? remarkably interesting specimen coming very near to the

typical W. eurytus. Ground-colour of tirikensis ¢.

¥.-w. subapical area, in size and position that of terra,

is white: inner marginal area contracted, also white.

H.-w. has white base, and close to origin is slightly

suffused with yellow. Black border to white is

broader than in typical tirikensis. Basal umber

suffusion below h.-w. poorly developed.

obscura, like 43.

3 _ terra, like 91.

¢ terra, like 50.

2 mimics I

| é non-mimetic

642 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRABINE (Planema) MODELS. ACRAEINE MIMICS.

i II Ii IV . Acraea

| Acraea jodutta aleiope

alcinoe| epaea tellus eae

DATE. LOCALITY.

| +o macarista

pogger,

nelsoni

| macarista &

jodutta 2

mimics II

dorotheae @

mimics IV

| Non-mimetic 3 |

aurivillii 2

mimics IB

Non-

mimetic ¢

$ not

| mimicked |

los

1912.

Nov. 13) At edge of forest (E)

—continued

Nov. 18|In forest (C) . . | |

Nov. 23/At edge of forest ( E) /

Nov. 24(0n shore .. . |

Dec. 1 |At edge of forest(E)} | | 1

Dec. 6 |At edge of forest (E) raps

Dec. 6 |At edge of forest (D)

Dec. 8 |Inforest (A) .

Dec. 9 |At edge of forest (E)

Dec. 13/At edge of forest (E)

Dec. 16|At edge offorest(D)} | |2/ | | | | | |

Dec. 19) At edge of forest (E)

Dec. 20/At edge of forest (E)

Dec. 21)At edge of forest (E) |

— |= | | |

Dec. 27|At edge of forest (E)

Dec.30 |At edge of forest (E) |

Jan. 5! In forest (A)

Jan.8|Inforest(B) . . |

Jan. 12|Inforest(A) . . 1

Jan. 25|At edge of forest (E) 1

Jan. 26|In forest (A) |

Feb. 13/At edge of forest (E)

tee a - ~: ae == - —

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 643

NYMPHALINE MIMICcs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi | Precis

Pseud- ee ———<— ———___—__—— | TAUANGA

acraea | & ince icine

| greet FI 2 ‘‘poggeoides”? mimicking IA

xantha | & S$ “hobleyi” _ IB

=| ce nT ihe CP TI

oo thee A g pau? is i

aie Pa WO = 69 “terra” i IV

2 mimics I

| S non-mimetic

2 tirikensis. |

@ terra, f.-w. subapical area very large; black bar thinned.

2 obseura.

2 obscura. |

1 |

2 terra, like 204.

tirikensis. i! 1

terra.

336 15 hobleyi. :

337 2 terra, like 42.

338 |6 hobleyi.

339 | @ tirikensis.

340 |46 _ terra, like 39.

341 | @ terra, f.-w. subapical area large and suffused white; black

bar very much thinned; distinct basal umber h.-w.

below.

342 @ terra, like 158.

343 © terra, transitional to obscura: f.-w. subapical area small

and whitish; inner marginal area duskily suffused.

344 |6 terra, f.-w. subapical and inner marginal areas contracted ;

h.-w. below shows distinct basal umber suffusion.

345 © terra, like 111.

1| 346 3 — hobleyi.

347 ls terra.

348 | & tirikensis.

| 1 |

349 |S terra, like 39.

350 2 obscura.

351 2 terra.

352 | @ terra, like 50.

| 353 |g terra, like 344.

| 354 6 hobleyi.

| 855 | @ obscura.

644 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on

ACRABINE (Planema) MODELS. ACRABINE MIMICS.

: a II TH IV _ || Acraea jodutta ae

A B alcinoe| epaea | tellus =

camer-| para- | eume- +o

DATE. LOooauiry. 8 | unica | gea ia. )) 2. Soe | sen area

pee Vell al A) eh 1S let] oe

nelsoni) S |8| |a¥ 823/33) 8 |88/ 33

2 |gle/Fgis)eis]¢ $4 | 38/8) 28 | =z

tom 24 34 = | a |

| $| 2 ) 3 = Zi |

1913. |

Feb. 15 |At edge of forest (E) 1 1b 74

23% |

“Zs

see

om kA

= 22%

EEE

BS a

Feb. 17 |At edge of forest (E) | 2 | ee)

Feb. 25 |At edge of forest (E) |

Mar. 6 In forest (B) | | liven

Gia i lie nena ene we Se Se SS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

The figures are about 3 of the natural size.

Transitional forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, from

Bugalla Island, one female (fig. 11) resembling a typical western

female of ewrytus, L., from the Lagos district, represented in fig. 12

with its model, Planema epaea, from the same locality, in fig. 13.

Figs. 1-8 a series of the form terra, showing a very gradual tran-

sition from an almost typical example (1) to three specimens (6-8)

in which the subapical bar is distinctly continuous with the great

triangular patch of the fore-wing. Fig. 8 represents a not quite

typical form of the var. impleta, Griinb.

res de

At edge of forest (Locality D), Sept. 7, 1912. Form terra, 9.

No. 260 in list. The black bar between subapical and

inner marginal yellow areas is thinned.

. In forest (A), April 7, 1912. Form éerra, 9. No. 77 in list.

The thinning of the black bar is marked.

. At edge of forest (E), Sept. 15, 1912. Form terra, 3. No.

277 in list. The slight yellow suffusion of black costal

border gave the specimen a different appearance on the

wing. ‘This specimen has been noted in Proc. Ent. Soc.,

Dec. 4, 1912, p. cxxxviii.

. At edge of forest (E), Nov. 13, 1912. Form terra, 9. No.

329 in list. Black bar nearly broken through.

. At edge of forest (D), July 17, 1912. Form terra, 3. No.

128 in list. Like 4. There is a streak of bright fulvous

colour on the black apex of the cell. This specimen

looked different from the type on the wing.

. At edge of forest (E), Aug. 21, 1912. Form terra, 3,

variety. No. 220 on list. The black bar is broken

through at the inner end.

. In forest (A), Feb. 27, 1912. Form terra, 3, variety. No.

33 on list. Like 6 but process has been carried farther.

- In forest (C), April 13, 1912. Form terra, 3, variety. No. 80

on list. Black bar broken through in its middle, and a

well-marked fulvous spot in the black area of the cell.

Explanation of Plate XXXIV.

Fic. 9. In forest (C), March 19, 1912. ¢ transitional specimen.

No. 57 in list. Fore-wings of pattern of ¢ hobleyi form;

hind-wings of pattern of terra form, with the basal triangle

of hobleyi superposed.

10. In forest (A), Feb. 26, 1912. © transitional specimen.

No. 29 in list. Pattern of terra, but fore-wing subapical

area white like Q f. tirikensis: inner marginal area very

pale, and basal triangle of hobleyi strongly marked below.

11. In forest (A), Nov. 3, 1912. 9. A form of tirikensis closely

approaching a typical western 9 of ewrytus. No. 324 on

list. The only specimen of this W. African type taken in

Uganda.

12. In forest, 1 mile E. of Oni, near Lagos, W. Africa, Dec. 11,

1910. W. A. Lamborn. One of the typical western

females of ewrytus; mimics 13. Represented for com-

parison with 11.

13. In clearing of Oni camp, near Lagos, Oct. 16, 1910. W. A.

Lamborn. Planema epaea. 2. Model for No. 12: it

does not occur on Bugalla Island, and has never been

taken in Uganda, where it is represented by the dingier

epaea paragea. A single typical ¢ has however been

taken on the far Western border of Uganda (Semliki

Valley) by Sheffield Neave.

XXXIV.

Plate

Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913.

‘aoquadavy *H CD } ZT6T ‘VZUVAN VITOPIA “AVN ‘purysy Ypesng ‘(y

WIO.1} (€T) pur (ZT) *(ET) Vande vmsauvig & Jo oyautw

SISUBYIAT] OF VALI} (6) 189]QO4 P OF VAAAZ WOT ‘(Q—])

(ZT) SMq

DJI}{UtL OY VALI] WOAF UOTPISUBAT.

‘PUT YSIS 4 Qapup “AZ1S) [VDAN]ON

Nina & U19}s9

fo = jnogr

I—T) “Utoquivy "vy "MW: OT6T

M [eordaAy v Sulquiasasr ([T) sesuayaey

(Ol)

‘IQ ‘IN9]QOY SNJAANA vavAIDPNISg

OJOUY UMOSHIQON Patsy

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.

The figures are about + of the natural size.

Three families of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, with their

female parents. An account of Series B (1-4), and E (5-8), is

published in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. 706-716; of Series J (9-16

in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1913, pp. ix—xi.

Fie. 1.

12.

13.

Q parent of 2, 3, 4 (Series B). In forest (A), Bugalla Island,

L. Victoria, June 30, 1912. (No. 120 in list, g. v.) Form

obscura, 2.

. Offspring of 1. Emerged Sept. 3. Form terra, 9.

. Offspring of 1. Emerged Sept. 6. Form obscura, 2. Fore-

wing subapical bar whitish, a trace of golden suffusion on

inner margin, hind-wings pale, with umber suffusion at

base on underside. This is a transitional specimen. (See

Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. cxxxvi.)

. Offspring of 1. Emerged Sept. 8. Form terra, 9. A little

white suffusion to subapical bar of fore-wing.

. 2 parent of 6, 7, 8 (Series E). At edge of forest (D), Bugalla

Island, July 24, 1912. (No. 152 in list, g.v.) 9 form

tirikensis, the 2 of the ¢ form hobleyi.

. Offspring of 5. Emerged Sept. 28, 1912. Form tirikensis,

. Offspring of 5. Emerged Oct. 4, 1912. A transitional

form, @ obscura, with well marked basal umber suffusion.

. Offspring of 5. Emerged Oct.6. 3. A transitional form,

with golden suffusion of terra on obscura basis, hind-wings

below show umber suffusion indicative of hobleyi.

. 2 parent of 10-16 (Series J). Same locality as 1, Oct. 13,

1912. (No. 296 in list, g.v.) Q form tirikensis.

. Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 7. ¢ form obscura, suffused

with a little of the yellow of terra.

. Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 8. 4 form obscura, suffused

with a little of the yellow of terra.

Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 9. 3 form hobleyi. The

white hind-wing bar is tinted with yellow at its costal end.

Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 10. @ obscura.

Explanation of Plate XXXV.

Fia. 14. Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 10. ¢ obscura, with a trace

of terra like 10.

15. Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 9. ¢ obscura, with a trace

of terra like 10.

16. Offspring of 9. Emerged Dec. 13. 9 obscura.

In every specimen there is a marked umber suffusion at base of

hind-wing under surface, derived from the parent form, hobleyi. An

eighth member of this family, a typical 3 hobleyi, failed to emerge.

Plaie XXXV.

Trans Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

The figures are rather under half natural size.

Figs. 1-7 represent the chief Planema models from the forests in

the neighbourhood of Entebbe, where all were collected by Mr. C. A.

Wiggins, together with their mimics, shown in figs. 8-13 (‘‘ I. Congr.

Internat. d’Ent.,”’ 1910, vol. ii, p. 483).

Fie. 1. 2 Planema macarista. Captured Aug. 14, 1909, by C. A.

Wiggins, in the forest on the E. slope of Kitabi Hill

(about 4000 ft.), about two miles N.E. of Entebbe.

The chief model of 8 and of Combination II (p. 611).

The 2 Pl. alcinoe is a subordinate model of Combination

IT in Uganda.

2. 3 Planema macarista. Captured Aug. 22, 1909, as fig. 1.

The model of 9, and of Combination Is (p. 609).

3. g Planema poggei. Captured July 11, 1909, as fig. 1. The

model of 10, and of Combination [A (p. 609).

4. Q Planema poggeit. Captured July 11, 1909, as fig. 1. The

model of 10, and of Combination I (p. 609).

5. 3 Planema tellus euwmelis. Captured Aug. 22, 1909, as fig. 1.

The model of 11, 12, and of Combination III (p. 611).

6. 2 Planema tellus eumelis. Captured Aug. 14, 1909, as fig. 1.

The model of 11, 12, and of Combination III (p. 611).

2 Planema epaea paragea. Captured July 23, 1910, by native

collector in the forest S.W. of Kitala Hill, about four

miles N.E. of Entebbe. The model (with sexes alike) of

13 (with sexes alike), and of Combination IV (p. 612).

. Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, 2 form tirtkensis, mimetic

of 1, and captured at the same time and place.

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, 3 form hobleyi, mimetic of 2,

and captured at the same time and place.

. Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, 9 form poggeoides, mimetic of

3 and 4. This 9 form, with the pattern of 8 and nearly

the colouring of 9, is relatively very rare in the Entebbe

district, but rather less so in Damba and Bugalla. It

becomes common to the E. of the Nile, where 1, the model

of 8, is unknown, but where 3 and 4 persist. The figured

specimen was captured by C. A. Wiggins in the same

Explanation of Plate XXXVI.

locality as its models 3, 4, on July 18, 1909 (I. Congr.

Internat. d’Ent.,” 1910, vol. ii, p. 486-7, n. 3).

Fie. 11. g Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, 3 9 form terra. Captured at

the same time and place as 5, the male of its model.

12. 9 Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, 3 2 form terra. Captured at

the same time and place as 6, the female of its model.

13. Q° Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, g 2 form obscura.

Captured by a native collector, July 30, 1910, in the

forest on lake shore, E. of Kitala Hill about two miles

N.E. of Entebbe (about 3800 ft.). Mimics 7. This

mimetic form is not nearly so common in the Entebbe

district as it is in the neighbouring islands in Lake

Victoria.

Figs. 14-17, all forms of Ps. eurytus hobleyi, intermediates between

the forms 8-13. The examples figured were captured on the E. side

of Damba Island, 1911 (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1911, pp. xci-v; 1912,

pp. Xix-xxill). Transitional forms occur, but are relatively rare

in the neighbourhood of Entebbe, where the models, 1-7, are much

commoner than the mimics. They are relatively abundant on

Damba and Bugalla, where mimics, resembling 8-13, are much

commoner than the models.

Fic. 14. 2 transitional between lerra and tirikensis, the 2 hobleyt.

Captured July 1-15, 1911, on the shore.

15. Q transitional between terra and tirikensis. Captured

Aug. 16-31, in deserted banana plantations, overgrown

by jungle.

16. 2 of the var. impleta, Griinb., transitional between terra

and 3 hobleyi or 9 poggeoides. Captured, Dec. 3, along a

game track in forest.

17. 2 transitional between obscura and terra. Captured

Sept. 17-80, in jungle similar to 13.

Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913. PL XXIV:

FORESTS NEAR ENTEBBE

Acraeine Models

4 species of

Planema

Nymphaline mimics

1 species of

Pseudacraea

2 form tirikensis

DAMBA ISL.

Intermediates

between mimics

hobleyi

2 f. poggeoides

tellus enmelis

NS 7

Andre & Sleigh. Ltd

Rather under 4 Natural Size.

Mimetic forms of the Nymphaline Butterfly Psewdacraea eurytus hobleyi

and their Acraeine models from forests in the neighbourhood of Entebbe

the mimics from Damba

yanza, where the models are relatively scarce.

(G.. D. H. Carpenter, 1911).

(C. A. Wiggins, 1909). Intermediates between

Island, N.W. Victoria N

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 645

NYMPHALINE MIMICcs.

Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi | Precis |

Pseud- — rauana |

acraea 8 - <i >|

ela | 2 ‘* poggeoides” mimicking IA 4 | =

zantha | 3 $s hobleyi” | + IB a|¢

6. . 2 Q “tirikensis - I = le

mimics | 3 3 2 “obscura” ce Mat Bailpe

Th “ B fe) “terra” IV g 8

a ais

LE ced ©

ici lie oat

1 oT

356 | 9 tirikensis. |

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXIV—XXXVI,

[See Explanations facing the PLaTEs. |

( 646 )

XXVI. Pseudacraea boisduvali, Doubl., and its models, with

especial reference to Bugalla Island. By G. D.

Hate Carpenter, D.M., Oxon.

[Read November 5th, 1913.]

Pirates XXXVII anp XXXVIII.

THIS paper owes very much to the kind help and advice of

Prof. Poulton, who is, indeed, the author of its being, for

it would never have been undertaken except for his sugges-

tion, nor carried through without his aid and advice.

The arrangement of the plates is entirely due to him.

On Bugalla Island, in the Sesse Archipelago, Lake

Victoria, during 1912 and January to February 1913,

I was able to catch a good series of Pseudacraea boisduvalt,

Doubl., viz. 8 § g and 12 99. It frequents the forest,

but is most easily caught when it comes to the edge to

feed from the flowers of the bush Haronga madagascariensis,

Chois. (Hypericineae), which particularly flourishes where

the belt of forest suddenly comes to an end and is replaced

by open grass-land. The single large bushes when in

flower are extraordinarily attractive to many kinds of

insects, and I have seen Planemas, and the forms of Pseuda-

craea eurytus, L., mimicking them, together with Pseuda-

craea boisduvali and various synaposematic red and black

Acraeas (A. egina, Cram., A. zetes, L., and A. perenna,

D. and H.), all together at the same time, with numerous

other insects of the Lycoid synaposeme.

There is considerable difference of opinion as to the

appearance of this fine Pseudacraea on the wing. Mr.

G. A. K. Marshall wrote in 1897 (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902,

p. 504) as follows—“‘ I feel quite satisfied that Pseudacraea

trimenit [boisduvala trimeni] is a mimetic and not a pro-

tected species. In spite of its larger size it looks wonder-

fully like Acraea acara on the wing, and the first few ex-

amples I caught completely took me in. Their flight is

like that of all Pseudacraeas and Euralias—slow and sailing

—so long as they are not disturbed; but if struck at and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaART IV. (MAR. 1914)

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali. 647

missed they are off like a shot and do not often give one

a second chance.” The Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,

however, who has had experience of this species at Rabai,

near Mombasa, is of a somewhat different opinion. In his

“Bionomic Notes on British East African Butterflies ”

(Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 526) he says, speaking of the

difference in flight between the model and the mimic: “ Its

flight is more lofty and sustained, and when alarmed it goes

off at a great rate.” This is exactly my own experience,

and is the usual case with a mimic of the Nymphaline

group: they seem to feel that their appearance will not

bear close examination, and if pursued with intent will

trust rather to their flight than to their appearance.

(Cf. the note on Precis rawana in my paper on the Psewla-

craea eurytus hobley: group, pp. 610, 611). I have never

been deceived by boisduvali, as I have by eurytus hobleyt.

The Pseudacraea has a very much stouter appearance

than its Acraeine model, which is a thin-bodied insect of

comparatively feeble flight. When at rest on a flower-

head the Pseudacraea is always on the alert and 1s difficult

to catch, as it takes alarm before one gets within striking

distance. The Acraea, however, if struck at, and missed,

in most cases will return to the same spot.

~ Rogers (I. c., p. 526) noticed that the integuments of

the Pseudacraea are very tough, and I have noticed the

same thing myself. Although the butterfly is not so

resistant to a pinch on the thorax as is its model, yet it is

certainly more resistant than Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyr,

with which I have had a large experience.

If one compares the series of 8 males and 12 females

from Bugalla Island (Plate XX XVIII, figs. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

with specimens from other parts of Africa (Plate XX XVII,

figs. 2, 4, 11, 13), the island forms appear to be intermediate

between the Eastern and South-eastern forms on the one

hand and the West Coast forms on the other hand, and

in this they agree with specimens caught by 8S. A. Neave

on the mainland of Uganda—a male and a female from

the N. shore of the lake near Kampala, and a male and

two females from the W. shore in Buddu. Let us consider

the males first.

The mimetic resemblance of the male Pseudacraea bois-

duvali both East and West.—In the Hope Collection at

Oxford is a long series of the Eastern form, as follows,

following an order from N. to 8. :—

648 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali.

30 caught by the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers at Rabai,

near Mombasa, Br. E. Africa.

1 caught by the Rev. H. Rowley, from “ the Zambesi.”

2 caught by C. F. M. Swynnerton in 8.E. Rhodesia

(Chirinda forest).

6 caught by G. A. K. Marshall in Natal.

1 caught by G. H. Burn in Natal.

22 bred by the late A. D. Millar at Durban, Natal.

These 62 males show that more than half of the Eastern

examples have a well-developed orange-yellow subapical

bar on the fore-wing (Plate XX XVII, fig. 11). This same

peculiarity is well marked also in the model of the Eastern

boisduvali (or boisduvali trimeni, Butl.), namely the acara,

Hew., race of Acraea zetes, L. (fig. 10). In some males of

trvment, on the other hand, this bar has almost or quite

disappeared (as in 5 from Mombasa, 4 from Durban, and

1 from 8.E. Rhodesia), or else is very faintly represented

by that part of it near the hind-margin of the wing (as in

9 from Mombasa and 6 from Durban). Subtracting these,

we get 62 — 25 = 37, out of 62, with well-developed

orange bar, so that this form is slightly predominant in

the Hast and South-east ; and specimens with a less but

still fairly well-developed orange area are very common.

In the specimens from West Africa, of which, however,

there are only 2 males and 1 female in the Hope Depart-

ment, this orange area hardly appears; the Sierra Leone

specimen shows no trace of it (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2),

and an Angola specimen only that end of it close to the

hind-margin of the wing.

Now in the Uganda males (Plate XX XVIII, figs. 2, 6, 7),

in no case is the orange bar so well developed as in the

37 Eastern males, and in only half of them is it in the same

condition as in the Angola specimen. Hence, as regards

the non-development of the orange bar, the Uganda

males approach most nearly to the Western form. The

Western form, as was first pointed out by Haase (see

pp. 651, 652), mimics Acraea egina and not Acraea zetes,

and the Uganda males also mimic A. egina, although zetes

abounds on Bugalla Island.

There is another point of interest in the mimicry of the

male Acraea zetes acara by Pseudacraea boisduvali triment

(formerly Ps. trimeni, when the East African form was

regarded asa distinct species). Many specimens of ¢ zetes

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali. 649

from Natal, Rhodesia, etc., show a white irradiation of

the centre of the hind-wing, and this is also present in

a certain number of the Pseudacraeas from the same

localities. This white irradiation has been beautifully

shown in Eltringham’s magnificently illustrated ‘‘ African

Mimetic Butterflies,’ Oxford, 1910 (Plate 6).

At Mombasa, in British East Africa, however, where the

zetes are still of the Eastern form with a well-marked

orange bar on the fore-wings, none of the Oxford specimens

show the white irradiation, and neither do the boisduvali,

save for the minutest trace along a few nervules, which is

only visible on very close inspection, as in fig. 11, Plate

XXXVII. In the photograph the white is more con-

spicuous than in the actual specimen.

Now let us turn to another point. The Western form

of the male (which we may now call boisduvali boisduvali

in contradistinction to the Eastern boisduvali trimenc), as

illustrated by the two specimens in the Hope Department,

shows, at the base of the fore-wings, a very marked suffusion

with black, which replaces the red colour over approxi-

mately the basal half of the wing. This is particularly

well shown in the specimen from Sierra Leone (Plate

XXXVII, fig. 2), but the other, from Angola (Hewitson,

1873), which is in poor condition, does not show this so

clearly. It may be remarked here that as we reach the

more southern latitudes of the tropical West Coast an

Eastern affinity begins to appear not only in Ps. boisduvali

but in other species as well. The darkening of the fore-

wing basal area is exactly the change most needed to

produce a likeness to Acraea egina, which differs from

A. zetes acara, amongst other less conspicuous points, in

having the red colour on the fore-wing replaced by black

over this very part of the surface. (Compare figs. 1 and

10 on Plate XX XVII.) Now, out of the whole number of

specimens of the East African male boisduvali trimeni in

the Hope Department, only one, taken by the Rev. K. St.

Aubyn Rogers near Mombasa, Dec. 29, 1906, shows this

black suffusion over the base of the fore-wing at all well

marked. This was described as an interesting link between

trument and boisduvali proper by Trimen in an appendix

to Rogers’ paper on the ‘‘ Bionomics of East African

Butterflies ’’ in these Transactions, 1908, p. 552. But, on

comparing the males from Uganda (8 from Bugalla Island

and 2 from the mainland) one finds this basal black very

650 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali.

well marked indeed in 6 of the 8 island specimens (Plate

XXXVIII, figs. 2, 6, 7), and one of the two mainland

specimens (from Kampala). In another island specimen,

and the second mainland male (from Buddu) the basal

suffusion is less marked, though it is nevertheless more

pronounced than in the Eastern triment form. In the

remaining island male the basal black is only just notice-

able (as it is in one specimen bred by the late A. D. Millar

in Natal and the one caught by Rogers near Mombasa).

If we then consider these two points, namely, the degree

of development of the orange subapical area, and the basal

black suffusion, the conclusion is irresistible that the

& Ps. boisduvali in Uganda (Plate XX XVIII, figs. 2, 6, 7)

is intermediate between the trvmeni form of the East with

well-developed orange bar and no basal black (Plate

XXXVII, fig. 11), and the true boisduvali form of the

West, with no orange and well-developed basal black

(Plate XX XVII, fig. 2), but that on the whole it is nearer

to the latter and more closely resembles Acraea egina, the

Western model, than Acraea zetes, the Eastern model,

although, as I have said, zetes is plentiful enough on the

island.

In testing this conclusion by comparing the figures

on Plates XXXVII and XXXVIII, it is necessary to

make allowance for the difficulty of representing black, red

and orange in their full values by means of a plate pre-

pared from a photograph, however good. By screening,

long exposure, and sensitive plates, Mr. Alfred Robinson

has produced very fine results, but the added advantage

of colour is indispensable for the adequate representation

of such butterflies as the forms of Pseudacraea boisduvalr

and their models.

As regards the red spots along the black margin of the

hind-wing, the Bugalla Pseudacraeas come nearer to zefes,

but this is a comparatively inconspicuous feature. It is

an extraordinarily interesting thing that bovsduvali should,

on the West Coast, forsake its Hastern model for another

Species (a representative of which is present as eguna

areca, Mab., on the East Coast), although its Eastern

model has a common Western form, zefes zetes. Large

collections made without prejudice might explain this by

showing that egina is predominant in the West as zefes

acara certainly appears to be in the East, but this is yet

to be done.

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali. 651

A further complication is introduced into this intricate

question by the interrelation between the two species of

Acraea themselves and their place in a large combination

of dark fore-winged Acraeas in West Africa. In this

combination egina is probably the predominant form, and

has played the principal part in the Western modification

of zetes. Thus, in the Western ¢ zetes (Plate XXXVII,

fig. 5) the red area of the fore-wing is much contracted,

resembling the smaller area of egina (fig. 1). Specimens

of this kind occurred on Bugalla Island (fig. 7), some show-

ing it even more markedly than the one figured. Others,

however, were still of comparatively Eastern form (fig. 8),

so that, on Bugalla Island, there was a true mixture of the

two geographical races, as is so often found in Uganda

where Hast and West do meet around the shore of the

great Lake Victoria.

It may be noted that on Bugalla itself egina and perhaps

perenna, D. and H., are the only Acraeas which are likely

to have taken any part in the transformation of zetes.

It will be of interest here to note the gradual develop-

ment of our knowledge of the relationship between Pseud-

acraea borsduvali and its Acraeine models. Trimen says,

in an appendix to Rogers’ paper mentioned above, 1908,

p. 552: ‘in 1869 (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi, p. 517),”

and later in 1887 and 1889 (“S. Afr. Butterflies,” 1, p. 298;

il, p. 405), “I showed how closely in both sexes trimenii,

the South-Eastern form, copied Acraea acara, Hewits., of

the same region, just as boisdwvalii mimicked the West

African Acraea zetes, Linn.” Later on he continues

(p. 553): “Iam now able, . . . to record the occurrence

in a British East African series... of a 3g trimenii

from ‘Rabai, near Mombasa (K. St. A. Rogers) .. .,’

in which the sub-apical bar of fore-wing is very much

reduced and narrowed (while the red spots in the hind-

marginal border of hind-wing are unusually large),—having

the fore-wing fuscous suffusion largely developed, so that

the usual red ground colour is obliterated except for a

large sub-quadrate space at posterior angle as in P. boisdu-

valu, and a slight sub-basal trace. This example is a

most distinctly intermediate link between the Western and

Hastern forms . . .”

In a footnote he adds: “ Haase (Untersuch. iiber die

Mimicry, etc., 1893, p. 43, taf. 4, ff. 26-28) showed that

boisduvalia mimicked A. egina, Cram., more closely than

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT Iv. (MAR. 1914) UU

652 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvalt.

A. zetes, at any rate as far as the ¢ is concerned, that sex

having a red patch along outer portion of inner margin

of fore-wing, just as in egina 3, and larger than is exhibited

by zetes 3, while in hind-wing larger black spots characterise

both egina and boisduvaliz. On the other hand, as regards

the presence of red spots in the hind-marginal border of

hind-wing, boisduvaliz resembles zetes and not egina.”

Prof. Poulton alludes to this curious changing of re-

semblance to another model on the West Coast, in a note

to Rogers’ account of Ps. trimeni, as follows (I. ¢., p. 528) :—

“There can be no doubt that the eastern sub-species

trimenii, with its conspicuous subapical yellow-ochreous

fore-wing bar, mimics Acraea acara (in which the apical

portion of the fore-wing is warm reddish-ochre), and bears

no very close resemblance to areca or to any of the other

large red black-marked, eastern Acraeas. The western

boisduvalii, on the other hand, is a much closer mimic of

Acraea egina, the western representative of areca, than it

is of zetes, the representative of the eastern model of

tromenw. This is all the more remarkable because zetes

is replaced by acara in the Cameroons, as I was astonished

to find in the collection of the Brussels Museum.

“This mimetic relationship is unusual, and is all the

more remarkable because the eastern mimic is transitional

into the western, the eastern model into the western zetes,

the western model into the eastern egina.”

The mimetic resemblance of the female Pseudacraea bois-

duvaliIt is the mimicry by the Bugalla Isle female

which finally clinches the evidence that the Western

Pseudacraea boisduvali mimics Acraea egina; for there

exists on the island a peculiar variety of female egina,

which is evidently drawing the local female Pseudacraea

towards itself.

This island female of A. egina, named alba by Eltringham

(Trans. Ent. Soc., 1913, p. 412), approaches very closely

to the subspecies medea of Cramer, which is also an island

form and at present only known from Prince’s Island in

the Gulf of Guinea. The female medea, Cram., is dull

white with all the spots very large and prominent (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 5)

The Bugalla females of egina (figs. 3 and 4) only differ

from medea in that the hind-wings are not so white but

exhibit a very slight brownish tint, so that they are to

some extent intermediate between the typical egina and

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali. 653

the Prince’s Island form. On the lower surface, the wings

show a little more yellowish tint than in the true medea,

in this also being intermediate between the type and this

subspecies.

Unfortunately I only caught four specimens, not realising

at the time the interest attaching to them, so that I cannot

show from my own experience that they are the only form

of female egina on Bugalla Island. That they are the only

form is also indicated by Griinberg (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1913, p. 412), and I hope to put the matter beyond doubt

on my return to Bugalla; for egina is an abundant species

there. I was struck with the general likeness of this pale

form to Planema consanguinea albicolor, Karsch (arenaria,

EK. M. Sharpe), when seen at a little distance on a flower

head.

Now the Bugalla females of Pseudacraea boisduvali are

also peculiar in the large development of a white suffusion

on the fore-wings. This varies much in degree in the

twelve specimens, but in that which shows it best (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 10) there is a white subapical area, and much

of the basal half of the fore-wing is whitish, a pinkish tint

being confined to the base. The hind-wings are of a dull

brownish, like those of a typical 2 egina, but there is a

whiter patch on the anterior margin. The likeness of

this specimen to its model (Plate XX XVIII, figs. 3 and 4)

is further accentuated by the row of heavy black spots

just internal to the subapical white patch on the fore-wing.

These spots are only just indicated in the other specimens

(figs. 8, 9), but they form a characteristic marking of the

model.

In none of the 12 Bugalla females is there the large

yellow subapical patch which is a conspicuous feature of the

Kastern Q boisduvali, which resembles Acraea zetes acara,

though in 9 of them the white patch which takes its place

has a trace of yellow suffusion at the hind-marginal end.

In these points they agree with Neave’s 3 specimens

from the mainland of Uganda. None of Neave’s, how-

ever, show the white suffusion over the base of the fore-

wing, so characteristic of the Bugalla specimens, and not

shown in any of the 39 Southern and Eastern forms.

The Western female of boisduvali is represented in the

Hope Department by two specimens, one of which comes

from Sierra Leone, and was purchased in 1901 from

Watkins and Doncaster. In this (Plate XX XVII, fig. 4),

654 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali.

which mimics the typical female egina (fig. 3), the fore-wings

are grey-brown with neither white nor yellow subapical

area, and only a faint trace of pinkish brown suffusion

at the anal angle. The hind-wings are red brown, re-

sembling those of the egina female. The second Western

9, taken by Neave in the S8.E. of the Congo State, about

150-200 miles W. of Kambove, in 1907, has the typical

appearance of an Hastern female. This is in accordance

with the affinities displayed by other species from the

same area.

The conclusion is that the female, as well as the male,

Pseudacraea boisduvali, of Bugalla Island, L. Victoria,

follows the typical Western form in mimicking Acraea

egina instead of Acraea zetes; the evidence being peculiarly

convincing because the 2 egina, but not the @ zetes, appears

as a striking local form which is mimicked by the 2 Pseud-

acraea. In the male the resemblance to the model is not

quite so perfectly developed as in the Western form, it

being intermediate between that and the Eastern form,

although much nearer to the former, as in certain other

Uganda species which range from East to West.

Addendum.

Since writing the above I have had, through the kind-

ness of Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., an opportunity of

examining the Ps. boisduvalc in his private collection,

containing a fine series of specimens bred in 1910 by the

late A. D. Millar, at Durban.

In this series there are 12 males and 13 females.

Of the 12 males, 6 were of the typical, highly-coloured

Eastern form with very conspicuous large orange-yellow

subapical area on the fore-wing. In 4 males the orange

area was smaller, and from two only was it absent. One of

the specimens with much orange had well-defined black

suffusion over the base of the fore-wing, but none of the

others exhibited any signs of this.

Of the 13 bred females, 10 were of the typical Eastern

form, with well-marked orange areas on the fore-wing;

the other 3 had the yellow much reduced, or whitish in

colour.

Mr. Trimen also has 2 females, caught, one in Zululand

and one at Malvern in Natal. These are typically Kastern,

and one has a very slight suffusion with white on the hind-

wing about the centre.

Plate XX XVII.

Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913.

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EXPLANATION OF Prate XXXVII.

The figures are slightly under 2 of the natural size.

The Western and Eastern races of the Nymphaline butterfly

Pseudacraea boisduvali: its Acraeine models, Acraea egina, Western,

and A. zetfes acara, Eastern. Resemblance between egina and zetes

in the West. Western and intermediate affinities of the Uganda

(Bugalla Isle) zetes.

All the examples figured here and on Plate XX XVIII are in the

Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.

Figs 1.

10.

dia.

12.

13.

Acraea egina 3. W. A. Lamborn. Oni camp, nr. Lagos,

between Dec. 1, 1908, and Dec. 3, 1909. The model for 2.

Ps. boisduvali boisduvali 3. Sierra Leone (Watkins and

Doncaster). Mimics 1.

. Acraea egina 9. W. A. Lamborn. Oni camp, nr. Lagos.

Bred June 29, 1910. Model for 4.

. Ps. boisduvali boisduvali 9. As male fig. 2. Mimics 3.

. Acraea zetes g. W.A. Lamborn. Larva in forest nr. Oni

camp, nr. Lagos. Bred June 23,1910. Pupated June 14.

This shows the Western form of zetes, approaching egina

(cfz 2).

. Acraea zetes 2. As 5 for data.

. Acraea zetes §. G. D. H. Carpenter. Open grass-land on

Bugalla Island, L. Victoria, nearly 4000 ft. above sea-

level. First half Sept. 1912. Shows the Western type

of zetes, approaching 5, but not so completely as some

other specimens from the island.

. Acraea zetes 3. Same locality and captor as 7. This

approaches more closely the Eastern type zeles acara,

but has only a trace of the ochreous subapical tint.

. Acraea zetes 9. Same locality and captor. Taken in

coitéd with a male like 7.

Acraea zetes, subspecies acara, 3. Rev. K. St. Aubyn

Rogers, Rabai, 14 miles N.W. of Mombasa, 700 ft. above

sea-level. May 22, 1909. Thoroughly Eastern type.

Model for 11.

Ps. boisduvali trimeni 3. Same locality and captor as 10.

July 15, 1911. Mimics 10.

Acraea zetes 2, subspecies acara. Same locality and captor.

April 24, 1906. Model for 13.

Ps. boisduvali trimeni 9. Rev. K. St. A. Rogers. Ndzo-

vuni, 25 miles North of Rabai. Dense forest, 300-600 ft.

June 10, 1911. Mimics 12.

EXPLANATION;OF PLratE XXXVIII.

The figures are slightly under ? of the natural size.

The Nymphaline butterfly Pseudacraea boisduvali and its Acraeine

model Acraea egina on Bugalla Isle, Lake Victoria, nearly 4000 ft.

above sea-level.

The males of both model and mimic are of the Western type of

pattern. The female model is a remarkable pale form peculiar

to the island, but recalling the female of Prince’s Island in the Gulf

of Guinea. The Bugalla females of the mimic exhibit various

degrees of approach to the pale egina females.

All the examples here represented, except that shown in fig. 5,

were captured by G. D. H. Carpenter.

Fie. 1. Acraea egina 3. Open grass-land, June 7-14, 1912. The

model for 2,6, 7. Pattern resembles that of Western

male (Plate XX XVII, fig. 1).

2. Ps. boisduvali 3. Forest edge, lake shore, March 12, 1912.

Mimic of 1: the pattern is more Western in character

than 6 and 7 in the almost complete absence of the

subapical bar of the fore-wing.

3. Acraea egina 9 form alba, Eltringham. Forest edge,

Aug. 9, 1912.

4. Acraea egina, 2 form alba. Forest edge, Aug. 16. 1912.

Figs. 3 and 4 are the models for 9 and 10. These are

two of the four alba forms alluded to in the text

which so very closely approach 5, and differ from the

Western mainland female (Plate XX XVII, fig. 3.)

5. Acraea egina, subspecies medea, Cram., 9. Prince’s Island,

W. Africa, March 30, 1901.

6. Ps. boisduvali 3. Forest edge, Dec. 24, 1912. Mimic of 1.

Intermediate between 2 and 7.

7. Ps. boisduvali . Forest edge, Sept. 5, 1912. An interest-

ing transitional male: it has the yellow subapical area,

which is much more developed in the Eastern trimeni

form, but possesses also the basal black suffusion of the

Western form, the true boisdwvali. It thus combines

Eastern and Western characters. Cf. 2 and 6.

8. Ps. boisduvali 2. Forest path, Jan. 5, 1913. The specimen

which-comes nearest to the typical Western form, having

no white suffusion and very little pink suffusion over

the brown.

9. Ps. boisduvali 9. Forest path, March 10, 1912. This

specimen, intermediate between 8 and 10, shows a

moderate amount of white suffusion, mimicking 3 and 4.

10. Ps. boisduvali 9. Forest edge, lake shore, Sept. 27, 1912.

This one, of all the females, best shows the white suffusion

which produces likeness to 3 and 4.

Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913.

Plate XXXVIII,

A lfred Robinson, photo.

André & Sleigh, Ltd.

Slightly under 2 of Natural Size.

6 Pseudacraea boisduvali (2, 6, 7) with Western pattern, only slightly

transitional towards Eastern race,

with Western pattern.

and mimicking

Bugalla

6 Acraea egina (1)

2 boisduvali (8, 9, 10), mimicking remarkable white

2? egina alba (3, 4)—a form recalling the 2 egina medea (5),

Prince’s I., Gulf of Guinea. All except (5) Bugalla Island, N.W. Victoria

Nyanza: 1912. G. D. H. Carpenter.

A rc on

' *y , - eo erie

vec LN

co wan

yy IN My

BY 5 ¢ Ress )

vik : ~ é

y “ i

7 y ny Fi

4 f ‘+e

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Pseudacraea boisduvali. 655 |

Of the captured males, there are 5 typically Eastern

(all from Malvern in Natal), two having some white on

the hind-wing. In 2 others from Malvern the yellow on

the fore-wings 1s reduced, and in 2 more there is no yellow,

one of them having very slight black suffusion over the

base of the fore-wing. In both, the marginal red spots

on the hind-wing are rather large. These are transitional

forms between typical EH. and W. specimens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXVII anp XXXVIII.

[See Explanations facing the PLATES. ]

<656 1)

XXVII. The inheritance of small variations in the pattern

of Papilio dardanus, Brown. By G. D. Hate

CaRPENTER, D.M., Oxon.

[Read November 5th, 1913.]

Pirates XXXIX anp XL.

Tue work of which this paper is an account was under-

taken, at the suggestion of Prof. Poulton, in regard to my

family of P. dardanus bred from ova laid by a parent of

the form planemoides, Trim., and exhibited at the meeting

of this society on June 4, 1913 (Proceedings, pp. lii—Ivi).

The resulting female offspring—3 planemoides and 7

hippocoon, F. (Plate XX XIX), suggested very strongly

that the influence of the pattern of the parent is communi-

cated to the pattern of the offspring of a different type.

In order to prove this, careful measurements were made

of the large divided white spot in the cell of the fore-wing

of the 7 hippocodén forms, which was in most cases sharply

marked and easy to measure. This spot is represented in

the planemordes form by an orange area in the corresponding

position, which at its outer end is not sharply marked, but

continuous with the broad orange area forming the band

across the fore-wing (Plate XX XIX, figs. 1, 4,6). In fig. 8

it is seen that part of the orange area in the cell has become

separated off, as in hippocodn. The spot was measured

from the middle of its base at the costa to the extreme tip

(often placed on a detached portion), along its longitudinal

axis which, if prolonged, leads to the base of a nervure.

[The origin of vein 5 (radial 2) is nearest to the point

where the prolonged axis of the spot cuts the end of the

cell, and there is little doubt that this is the vein to which

the author measured. The marking is often more highly

developed on the under surface, and it is there seen that

the prolonged spot abuts against the lower or inner

marginal half of the middle disco-cellular.—E. B. P.]

Inasmuch as the actual size of the spot will vary, absolutely,

because of the different size of the individual butterflies, it

is necessary to have a common standard by which a small

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRT Iv. (MAR. 1914)

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Papilio dardanus. 657

butterfly can be compared witha larger one. This standard

was obtained by expressing the length of the spot as a

fraction of the distance from the base of the spot to the

base of the nervure [vein 5] along the same axis. The

resulting figures are given in percentages; and the different

values express the relation between one specimen and

another. In one case (Plate XX XIX, fig. 9), the percentage

was 102, the spot being so large that its apex extended

beyond the cell. The measurements of the spots on both

fore-wings were taken, and the average used for the calcula-

tion, as it was found that there were often slight differences

between the two sides. By the use of needle-pointed

adjustable ‘‘ dividers”’ it was found quite practicable to

get as near as 0°25 of a millimetre.

It at once became obvious on comparing measurements

of the hippocoén offspring (Plate XX XIX) derived from

planemoides with 6 other broods (AF) of hippocoén bred by

Mr, W. A. Lamborn near Lagos, W. Africa, from hippocoon

parents (see A, D, and E on Plate XL), that in the former

brood the spot is uniformly large, and that in the latter

the specimens are grouped together round a certain average

size, which is never so large as the average in the 7 offspring

of planemoides, and varies for each family. (See Chart on

p- 663.)

This grouping is very well shown indeed in Brood A, in

which the parent and fourteen offspring (Plate XL, figs.

1-15) all fall between the figures 50 and 59°5. In other

families, although the majority of specimens fall well

together there are a few outlying members, but the highest

member of any family only comes up to the lower members

of the family from the planemordes parent (Plate XX XIX).

It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that the large size

of the spot in the hippocodn offspring of planemordes is due

to the influence upon them of the large size of the corre-

sponding area in the parent, whose pattern, however, is of

quite a different type.

If the photographs of the three planemoides offspring

(Plate XX XIX, figs. 4, 6, 8) be compared with hippocodn

(figs. 2, 3, 5, 7, etc.), an interesting point becomes apparent.

Fig. 8, and to a less extent figs. 4 and 6, show in the apical

half of the fore-wing a pattern very close to that of hippocoén.

Fig. 8 in particular exhibits features like those of fig. 9,

in which the outer part of the intracellular spot runs out

to join the large subapical patch. This latter area in the

658 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on the inheritance of

photograph of fig. 8 is quite clearly differentiated from the

rest of the orange band in the fore-wing, but if one looks at

the specimen this difference is not so marked. ‘There is

therefore some difference in the two parts of the orange

band more clearly perceived by the photographic plate

than by the human eye. Fig. 8 enables one to realise more

clearly how the pattern of the more typical planemovdes

form such as 4 and 6 can influence the hippocodn form,

and cause the intracellular spot to be of larger size than

usual. The pattern of hippocodn may be similarly recog-

nised on the under surface of the 3 planemoides offspring,

where, indeed, the demarcation between the paler orange

of the subapical bar of the former pattern is rather more

distinctly marked off from the darker orange of the latter

than on the upper surface, the junction between the two

tints, as it obliquely crosses area 4 (between veins 4 and

5), being faintly emphasised by a slightly deeper shade of

the same colour.

Prof. Punnett, F.R.S., in the July number of ‘‘ Bedrock,”

1913, protests “‘ against Prof. Poulton’s assumption that

any small variation may be inherited,” and says “in no

clear case has it been shown to exist.”

The specimens just mentioned seem to constitute a

pretty clear case in which quite a small and relatively un-

important part of the whole pattern of one type derives

its unusually large size by heredity from the corresponding

area, much larger and less well-defined in shape, of a parent

whose pattern is quite different.

Not only is the average size of the spot in the seven

specimens under consideration larger than the average of

any other brood, but individuals have a larger spot than

any of the specimens in the Hope Department from all

parts of Africa.

It may be said that it is not fair to compare the

planemoides family with Mr. Lamborn’s families, because

W. African specimens have all the white areas of the wing

contracted in size, thus following their model Amauris

niavius, L., whose Western form has smaller white areas

than the Eastern form dominicanus.

An answer to this is provided by the dardanus families

reared at Durban in Natal by Mr. G. F. Leigh, as well as

by the other examples from 8.E. Africa; for it will be

shown on p. 662 that the average length of the spot

in all these hippocodn is actually less than that of the

small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanus. 659

W. African hippocodn, although the rest of the pattern

is larger. In other words, the spot varies independently

of the rest of the pattern.

The Natal families reared by Mr. G. F. Leigh were dis-

cussed in great detail by Prof. Poulton in a paper on

“ Heredity in six families of P. dardanus, Brown, subsp.

cenea, Stoll’’ (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 427), in which

the same spot now under discussion was considered, not

from the point of view of its size, but as to whether it was

divided in two or not. It was shown (loc. cit., p. 444) in

one family (No. 5) bred from a cenea parent in which this

spot was divided, that 9 out of 14 cenea offspring also had

the spot divided, as also in the only hippocodn offspring.

Compare this with Family 4 in the same table, and it 1s

seen that the parent hippocodn had the spot undivided,

and this was also the case in 5 out of 8 cenea offspring,

2 out of 3 hippocoén offspring, and all of the 3 trophonius

offspring.

And yet Prof. Punnett says that in no clear case has the

inheritance of small variations been shown to exist !

In view of this statement attention may be redirected

to sundry papers of Prof. Poulton on this very point as

exhibited in the species under discussion. I have shown

how the influence of the pattern of a planemoides parent

is felt by the offspring of the hippocoén form as regards

size of acertain spot. In the Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. 283,

313, Prof. Poulton shows that the influence of the colour of

the parent form trophonius is felt by offspring of cenea

form; and again in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 1911, p. xxxvii,

he says with regard to another family: ‘‘ Several of the

cenea ofispring exhibit the influence of the trophonius

parent in the richer, deeper tinge of the basal patch of the

hind-wing.”’

Again, in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 436, he shows how

the influence of a parent form hippocodn is exhibited in

the colour of the cenea offspring.

[Since Dr. Carpenter’s return to Africa I have observed

the following examples of the inheritance of small features

that can be made out by a careful comparison between

the patterns of the three families represented on Plate

XL.—E. B. P.]

(1) Parent D (fig. 16) differs from E (31) in having a

larger white area on the hind-wing. This area in its

offspring as shown in 17-21 and 30, is larger than in E’s

660 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on the inheritance of

ofispring, as shown in 32, 33 and 28. (See also Proc. Ent.

Soc., 1912, p. cxxxil.)

(2) The same area is also of a different shape in the two

parents, being rounded in KH, squarish in D, differences

that are clearly recognisable in their respective offspring

as shown on Plate XL.

(3) The triangular white patch on the inner margin

of the fore-wing is larger, has a more flattened apex, and

a longer base in D and its 14 offspring, than in A (fig. 1)

and its 14 offspring.

(4) Of the two small spots at the costal end of the sub-

apical white bar crossing the fore-wing, the basal one is

minute and the outer large in A and most of its offspring,

while in none of them is the basal spot as large as the outer.

In E on the other hand the basal spot is relatively large

and the outer absent: in 6 out of its 7 offspring the

basal spot is relatively large as compared with nearly all

the offspring of A; while in one (fig. 33) this feature

is nearly as in the parent, although the outer spot is repre-

sented by a small dot. In the planemoides parent (Plate

XXXIX, fig. 1) and most of its offspring these two spots

are about equal in size, and in only one (fig. 11) is there

a wide difference between them.

(5) Other features peculiar to the families, but unrecog-

nisable in the parents, because of their poor condition, are

also almost certainly hereditary. To this category belong

figs. 10, 12, 13, and 14, in which the white area on the hind-

wing is increased by a circumferential greyish extension,

giving to the outline a peculiar and characteristic appear-

ance (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. xvi, xvil).

Measurement of all the specimens of hippocodn in the

Hope Department (242) produced interesting results.

The West African type is represented by one from Cape Coast

Castle, one from “Tropical W. Africa’? (Doncaster),

3 from “‘ W. Africa” (Saunders), and 77 (38 shown on

Plate XL) caught or bred by Mr. W. A. Lamborn in the

vicinity of Lagos. The average ratio of the spot to the

cell in these 82 specimens is 64 °4—individuals going as

low as 44 °% and as high as 86 °%, with every intermediate

grade.

Passing eastward we come to the Western Uganda

specimens with which I have included those from a few

localities much further east, but always westward of

Entebbe :—The “ N. W. shore of L. Victoria ’’—3 specimens ;

small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanus. 661

“Buddu, W. shore of the Lake ”—7 specimens; Toro—

5 specimens; Unyoro—1 specimen; “neighbourhood of

L. Wamala ’”—1 specimen; the Semliki valley—1 specimen.

These 18 specimens, all collected by Mr. 8S. A. Neave,

seem rather a heterogeneous lot, but the average size of the

spot is practically the same as in the West Coast forms, viz.

65°2 %. Individuals range.between 39°7 % and 86°9 %.

From the northern shore of the lake in the neighbourhood

of Entebbe, from the islands, and from the neighbourhood

of Kisumu on the Eastern shore come altogether 85 speci-

mens. From Entebbe Mr. C. A. Wiggins sent 55 specimens,

and Mr. Sheffield Neave contributed 8, and 5 more from

Kampala. There is a single specimen from the Mabira

forest (Wiggins) and 8,—seven of them represented on

Plate XX XIX—from Bugalla Island (G. D. H. Carpenter).

From the neighbourhood of Kisumu on the E. shore of

the lake come 7 specimens contributed by C. A. Wiggins

and one by A. Vincent. These specimens are included

with those from Entebbe rather than with the other speci-

mens from EH. Africa which are of the subspecies tebullus,

Kirby, and come from localities far removed from the

E. shore of the lake.

The average for these 85 specimens is not far from the

West Coast average: but there is a greater range of

variation, viz. from 38 % to 102 % (Plate XX XIX, fig. 9).

Passing eastwards we come now to the locality of the sub-

species tibullus, Kirby, and polytrophus, Jordan. These

are represented by 11 hippocodn caught by K. St. A. Rogers

near Mombasa, 2 by the same collector on the slopes of

Kilimanjaro, 1 from Taveta by C. A. Wiggins, 4 from

Kikuyu Escarpment by W. Doherty (these latter belong

to the subspecies polytrophus), and a single specimen (Don-

caster) from German East Africa. I have also included

in this group, perhaps unjustifiably, a single specimen

collected by S. A. Neave in Eastern Usoga, in the far E.

of Uganda, whose spot-cell ratio was 78°2 °%. The average

figure for these 20 specimens is 78 %, and they are a fairly

uniform lot, all coming between 71:4 % and 90°5 %, with

the exception of one at 62°5 %.

There is another fine series of the subspecies tebullus

collected by C. F. M. Swynnerton at Chirinda, Gazaland,

S.E. Rhodesia. These 21 specimens have an average

spot-cell ratio of 80 %, and are also a very compact group,

ranging from 70°4 % to 91:2 %.

662 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on the inheritance of

Finally the hippocodn form of the Southern race of

dardanus is represented in the Hope. Department by 12

specimens from the neighbourhood of Durban caught or

bred by G. F. Leigh; one from Malvern, Natal, by G. A. K.

Marshall; one from Cape Colony near King Williamstown,

by J. P. M. Weale.

It must be remembered that the hippocodn of the S.E.

coast has the main white areas on fore- and hind-wings

larger than in the West Coast forms, corresponding to the

dominicanus, Trim., form of its model Amauris niavius in

EK. Africa. Unfortunately, owing to the mixed character

of the offspring from a parent in Durban, the number of

hippocoodn females in any family is small. The figures are

as follows: From a hippocodn parent, whose spot-cell

ratio was 68°3 %, there were three hippocodn forms, the

figures for which were 60%, 56°7%, 472%. From a

trophonius, Westw., parent there were only two hippocodn

offspring, whose figures were 52°9°% and 545%. From

a cenea, Stoll, parent two hippocoon offspring, 58°6 % and

64:5 %.

Since writing the above I have had an opportunity,

through the kindness of Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., of

measuring the spot in five specimens in his private collection

—3 from Natal and 2 from Cape Colony. These 19 Southern

specimens range from 47:2 % to 775%, with an average

ratio of spot to cell of 61°2%. It will be seen that the

comparison of the average size of the West African spot

with that of the Southern and Eastern form suggests a

point of considerable importance to the argument developed

in this paper. The heppocodn of Natal, which mimics

Amauris mavius dominicanus, has the important white

areas of the wings larger than in the hippocodn of the West

Coast, mimicking Amauris niavius in which the white areas

are also smaller than in the Eastern model. But the intra-

cellular white spot, which is not of so much importance

for the mimetic likeness, is, on the average, actually smaller

in the Natal and Cape Colony forms than in the West

Coast forms.

The above-described relationship disposes of an argument

which might be stated against the conclusion here drawn

(that the large size of the spot in hippocodn derived from

planemoides is due to the hereditary influence of this small

feature), namely the objection that the size of the spot

in the hippocoén offspring is not due to a separate factor,

small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanus. 663

but simply part of the general scheme of enlarged white

areas in the Southern and Eastern form as compared with

the Western.

But the spot is, on the average, actually smaller in the

Natal forms than in the Western forms, whereas the reverse

in the case with the large white areas which are of most

importance for the mimetic resemblance. Furthermore

the 7 hippocodn offspring of the female planemoides,

like the other examples of hippocoén from Uganda, belong

to the Western and not to the Eastern type; and yet the

spots of these 7 specimens are the largest of all.

SPOT-CELL-RATIO IN HIPPOCOUN OFFSPRING FROM A

PLANEMOIDES PARENT (BUGALLA ISLAND) AND FROM SIX

HIPPOCOON PARENTS (LAGOS DISTRICT).

Seeseeseeen a L

SyOry OS Sas wey

664 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on the inheritance of

‘VZNVAN VIMOLOIA

JO GYOHS *\A\ GNV ‘VONVOQ “M ‘ESVOD ISH, WOU NOODOddIH NI OILVA-TIAO-LOd§

small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanus. 665

SPOT-CELL-RATIO IN HIPPOCOON FROM ENTEBBE, KAMPALA, ISLANDS IN

N.W. Victorta Nyanza, AND KIsuMuU.

102 gease H+ N CAA PT FAL

4 @Bausaaveuea

oo Ht

syabsfetetslotalelatela|

TON 2) T+

666 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Papilio dardanus.

SPOT-CELL-RATIO IN HIPPOcOON FROM Kast Arrica, 8. E.

RHODESIA, AND 8S. AFRICA.

SLL oy

ESE USaer.

DESSI- 8

aie ten iss oe oa ee ea

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XX XIX anp XL.

[See Explanations facing the PLATEs. |

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

All figures are about half of the natural size.

Females,—3 planemoides and 7 hippocoén—and one of the 12

males bred by G. D. H. Carpenter from a planemoides female, also

represented in the Plate, captured on Bugalla, Sesse Archipelago,

N.W. of Lake Victoria, Dec. 1, 1912.

The specimens represented here and on Plate XL are in the Hope

Department, Oxford University Museum.

The hippocoén offspring are seen to resemble their planemoides

parent in the great length of the marking in the cell of the fore-

wing, and to contrast in this respect with the hippocoén figured

on Plate XL.

The order of the figures 2-12 does not correspond with the order

of emergence from the pupae, which was as follows :—First 2 and 4;

then 6and 12; then3; then 5,7,8,and10; then 9; lastly 11.

Fic. 1. Parent planemoides, captured in forest Dec. 1, 1912.

2. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 23, before dawn; pupated Jan. 8,

1913.

. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 24, about 9 a.m.; pupated Jan. 8.

4. Planemoides, emerged Jan. 23, before dawn; pupated

Jan. 8.

5. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 25, before dawn; pupated Jan. 9.

The subapical spot is minute and only present on the

right side. ;

6. Planemoides, emerged Jan. 24, before dawn; pupated

Jan. 9.

7. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 25, before dawn; pupated Jan. 9.

8. Planemoides, emerged Jan. 25, before dawn; pupated

Jan. 9.

9. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 25, 3 p.m.; pupated Jan. 9.

10. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 25, before dawn; pupated Jan. 9.

11. Hippocoén, emerged Jan. 28, before dawn; pupated Jan. 12.

12. Male, emerged Jan. 24, before dawn; pupated Jan. 8.

XXXIX,

Plate

nt. Soc., Lond., 191

—~

Trans.

‘osvjadiyo1y assag “] elesng

- c

PIT ‘YSIS 2 21pup

‘“lojuadirg “OG ‘4) AQ ‘eZUPAN, VIIOJOIA “M'N

‘

(T)

OT 6 ‘Z *¢ ‘¢€ *Z) woor0dd1y—sutads yo

juaied

& Saplomauvi¢d v UO} (€1[-ZT6T) P9IG—(§ *9 *p) saplomauvy) ¢ pur (T]

& [[¥ pue (ZT) 9 9UuQ ‘suTIOF afeutay OM] pur AVUL “UMOIG siuppivp o1jidvd

‘221§ JVANJVN ay} {JV

‘oJOug ‘UOSUIQOY pasAsl er

~ Sapleiauvjg wsoy &

TAT“ WW tT

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

All figures are just over } of the natural size.

Females of three families of Papilio dardanus, Brown, bred by

W. A. Lamborn from female parents, also represented in the Plate,

captured in the Lagos district of W. Africa, 1911 and 1912. Parents

and offspring are all of the hippocoén, F., form.

The white mark in the cell of the fore-wing is clearly seen to

be much shorter than the corresponding feature in the hippocodn

offspring of a planemoides parent shown on Plate XX XIX.

Slight family differences between the white patterns are also

represented in the Plate. Figs. 10, 12, 13, and 14 are examples of

Family A in which the white area of the hind-wing is increased by a

circumferential greyish extension, barely visible in figs. 9, 11, and 15.

In Family D the same white area, as shown in figs. 17-21, and 30,

is larger and more angular in shape than in Family E, as represented

in figs. 32, 33, and 38—differences which appear in the respective

parents—figs. 16 and 31, and are clearly hereditary. Family

differences between the fore-wings are similarly evident when

careful comparison is made (p. 659).

Figs. 1-15. Brood A ( = Family I, W. A. L., described in Proc.

Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. xii—xvii).

Fia. 1. Parent caught 14 m. E. of Oni, nr. Lagos, Oct. 19, 1911.

2. Offspring of 1. Emerged Nov. 30, 1911.

3. x _ 5 Dee. 1, 1911.

4. 9 3 3 Dec. 2, 1911.

5. + BA Dec. 2, 1911.

6. + Ms F Dec. 2, 1911.

T. es He ie Dec. 3, 1911.

8. » * PA Dec. 3, 1911.

9. 0 + . Dec. 3, 1911.

10. * : ~ Dec. 6, 1911.

ne $5 Fe A Nov. 30, Shows faintest trace

of “tail”? on margin of hind-

wing.

12: 2p i a Dec. 1, 1911. Shows faintest

trace of “tail”? on margin of

hind-wing.

Explanation of Plate XL.

Fia. 13. Offspring of 1. Emerged Dec. 1, 1911. Shows more distinct

trace of “tail”? on margin of

hind-wing.

14. = - “a Dec. 2, 1911. Shows still more

distinct trace of “tail’’ on

margin of hind-wing.

15: pA an = Dec. 2, 1911. Shows faint trace

of “tail”? on margin of hind-

wing.

The degree of development of vestigial tail may be estimated

by comparing figs. 11-15 with 9, 10, 30, and 38.

16-30. Brood D (= Family IV, W. A. L., described in Proc.

Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. cxxxi-cxxxiv).

16. Parent, from same locality as 1, May 1, 1912.

The pupe of this brood were exposed to temperature much

reduced by ice, with a view to ascertaining if shock

would cause more of the female imagines to revert to

the ancestral tailed condition, than is the case with

Family 1 (see specimens 11-15). Traces of tails can

be seen in specimens 17-21, but no better marked

than in 11-15 which were not treated with ice. It

must, however, be remembered that four other families

reared in a normal temperature by Mr. Lamborn

(loc. cit. pp. Xii—xvil, Cxxxi-cxxxiv), showed no trace of

“tails” ; also that 17-20 exhibit a squarish outline rather

more markedly than 11-15, an appearance due to the

reduction of all undulations along the margin of the

hind-wing except the one that represents the “‘ tail.”

17. Offspring of 16. Emerged June 6, 1912. Shows trace of

“tail”? at the angle of the

squarish outline of hind-wing.

18. aa ‘5 a June 7, 1912. Shows trace of

“tail” at the angle of the

squarish outline of hind-wing.

19. Ai is Ps June 7, 1912. Shows trace of

“tail” at the angle of the

squarish outline of hind-wing.

20. 54 a ee June 7, 1912. Shows trace of

“tail” at the angle of the

squarish outline of hind-wing:

Pile st Es a June 7, 1912. Shows faint

trace of “ tail.”

22. Fe o ras June 5, 1912.

Explanation of Plate XL.

Fic. 23. Offspring of 16. Emerged June 6, 1912.

24. ns x a June 6, 1912.

20 a : 25 June 6, 1912.

26. ne : June 7, 1912.

27. PF ‘ ; June 7, 1912.

28. 2 A Fe June 7, 1912.

29. 5 “6 as June 9, 1912.

30. SS “ June 7, 1912.

31-38. Brood E (= Family V, W. A. L., described in Proc.

Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. cxxxi-cxxxiv).

31. Parent, in forest, Oni, nr. Lagos, June 18, 1912.

32. Offspring of 31. Emerged July 30, 1912.

30. rf Pa FA Aug 1, 1912.

34, - rf a Aug. 1, 1912.

35. x ‘ 5 Aug. 1, 1912.

36. eA i: ae Aug. 2, 1912.

37. - 2 a Aug. 2, 1912.

38. be Be 5 Aug. 2, 1912.

ee a.

Leek, ah

why M, Wo

Plate XL,

nee Soc., Lona 191

Trans.

“SOTMULE IY} USIAJOq pastusosa.1 aq AvUI UtoyVd aTYA 94} SpAVsd1 sv soouaIaHIp YSYS “ssurm pury o}7 ,, syivy,, [ersysaa

MA9YSs (pafood AT[eIO4HAe 919M C “Wey jo aednd) [Z-Z] pur CT-TT ‘SON “UIOquIV] ‘y ‘Ay Aq ‘sosvyT jo “| ‘UW OZ ‘UC 3 ‘T¢)

@ puv *(9T) d (1) WV swoivg & WOlF 'ZTHT-TT6T petq Suridsyo § 9y} [Ty ‘A ‘wvoov0dgiy waoy & ‘UMOIG ‘snUPpavp o11dvg

PIT YSIS 9 94 PpUur ‘az1g JVANJVN fo ; 4920 Jsne oJOUg ‘MOSUIgOY patfyr

a LNAUVd 6 ad LNAHYVd 4 V ING Vd 6

(GhGK, .)

XXVIII. Notes on various Central American Coleoptera :

supplement. By GrorGE CHARLES CHAMPION,

F.Z.S.

{Read December 3rd, 1913.]

SincE the publication of my Notes on Central American

beetles (antea, pp. 58-169), three interesting new species

of the Ptinid genus Trichodesma, all from one locality,

Acapulco, on the western coast of Mexico, have been

detected in the British Museum, and one new Dascillid,

a Scirtes, from Guatemala, has been received from

Mr. O. HK. Janson. The present contribution includes a

description of these insects, and is a supplement to my

previous paper on the same subject.

Fam. PTINIDAE.

Trichodesma sublineata, n. sp.

Elongate, convex; piceous, the antennae and tarsi obscure ferru-

ginous; variegated with a dense clothing of whitish and brown

pubescence intermixed with long, erect, pallid hairs, the brown

pubescence on the elytra condensed into interrupted lines which

terminate abruptly in front of the anteriorly sinuate, sharply

defined whitish apical patch, those near the suture becoming trans-

versely coalescent posteriorly, the dorsal hump of the prothorax

with two fulvous spots in front and two others behind, the spots

separated by a whitish median line, the elytra with various matted

tufts of erect blackish-brown hairs—one on the dise of each below

the base (between which is a common, V-shaped, blackish-brown

mark) and six in a common transverse row at about one-third from

the apex, the humeri also with a small tuft of dark brown hairs.

Head densely punctulate and subgranulate; antennae moderately

long, joints 4-8 small, subequal, the dilated joints 9-11 elongate,

9 as long as 5-8 united. Prothorax transverse, the sides arcuate

before the middle and sinuously, obliquely converging behind,

the hind angles obliterated; finely granulate, the dorsal hump

large, angular and compressed. Elytra a little wider than the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—pPaRT Iv. (MAR. 1914) xx

668 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on

prothorax, long, subparallel; coarsely, confusedly punctate on the

disc, the punctures becoming seriately arranged towards the sides.

Length 61, breadth 3 mm. (2?)

Hab. W. Mexico, Acapulco (Hége).

One specimen. Larger and broader than the N.-American

T. gibbosa, Say; the prothorax relatively wider, dis-

tinctly sinuate at the sides posteriorly, and without tufts

of matted hairs on the dorsal hump; the elytra interruptedly

lineate with brown, and each with a conspicuous tuft

of blackish-brown hairs on the disc below the base in a

line with the common, V-shaped, sutural mark, and a

common transverse series of six smaller tufts preceding

the large, sharply-defined, whitish apical patch. It is

just possible that this insect may prove to be referable to

the unidentified Mexican 7’. imperator, Cast., but the

latter has the base of the elytra differently marked, to

judge from the brief description.

Trichodesma discigera, n. sp.

Elongate, convex; piceous, the antennae, mouth-parts, and tarsi

obscure ferruginous; densely clothed with pale brown and whitish

pubescence abundantly intermixed with very long, erect, pallid

hairs; the elytra with a sharply-defined, large, common, rounded

(somewhat saddle-shaped), sparsely fusco-pubescent space before

the middle, followed by a broad, common, arcuate, irregular brown

fascia (extending to the outer margin and enclosing a short oblique

whitish streak on each elytron near the suture and several blackish

spots), and also bearing several dense tufts of erect blackish hairs—

one very large, oblong, placed at about one-third from the base,

and just within the outer limit of the discoidal patch, and three

in a transverse series at about the apical third, the inner one

rather large, the others small—the humeri also with a dark spot.

Head densely punctulate and subgranulate; antennae moderately

long, joints 4-8 small, subequal, the dilated joints 9-11 elongate,

9 about as long as 5-8 united. Prothorax transverse, the sides

strongly arcuate before the middle and sinuously, obliquely con-

verging behind, the hind angles just traceable; finely, conspicuously

granulate; the dorsal hump large, angular, and compressed, without

definite matted tufts of hair, apparently lineate, due to the parting

of the pubescence. Elytra much wider than the prothorax, long,

subparallel; with irregular rows of very coarse, deep punctures,

the larger tufts of hair arising from the third interstice.

Length 53, breadth 2? mm. (2?)

various Central American Coleoptera. 669

Hab. W. Mexico, Acapulco (Hége).

Onespecimen. This peculiar form must be nearly related

to T. sellata, Horn, from Lower California [redescribed by

Fall, in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxxi, p. 175 (1905)], which

has more numerous tufts of blackish hairs on the elytra

(the one enclosed within the discoidal patch being probably

more developed in the present species), and a tuft of short

stiff brown hairs on the dorsal hump of the prothorax,

this latter being absent in 7’. discigera.

Trichodesma convexa, 0. sp.

Elongate, broad, robust; piceous, the antennae and the tips of

the tarsi obscure ferruginous; variegated with brown, fulvous, and

white pubescence, the white pubescence condensed into a transverse

streak on each side of the depressed basal portion of the prothorax,

and a narrow, interrupted, angulate, median fascia and a few small

scattered spots on the elytra, the alternate interstices of the latter

here and there set with dense oblong patches of slightly longer,

semierect, dark brown hairs, the legs and antennae with long pro-

jecting hairs. Head densely punctulate and subgranulate, broadly

hollowed down the middle; antennae moderately long, joints 4-8

small, subequal in length, 5 and 7 a little wider than 6 and 8, the

dilated joints 9-11 long, 9 as long as 4-8 united. Prothorax broad,

as wide as the elytra, the sides arcuate before the middle and

obliquely, sinuously converging behind, the hind angles obliterated ;

finely granulate, the dorsal hump moderately developed, arcuate

as seen in profile, and arising from near the base. Elytra long,

convex, subparallel, the apices broadly produced and abruptly

truncate, the humeri somewhat obtuse; rather coarsely punctate-

striate, the interstices moderately convex, densely punctulate, and

sparsely, finely granulate.

Length 63, breadth 3 mm. (9)

Hab. W. Mexico, Acapulco (Hége).

One specimen. The very broad prothorax, with rounded

dorsal hump, the broadly produced, abruptly truncate

apices of the elytra, and the absence of the usual long

erect villosity from the upper surface of the body, give

this insect a very different facies from most of the de-

scribed species of T'richodesma. The Guatemalan 7. trun-

cata, Ch. (antea, p. 138), is, however, intermediate in this

respect, and, like T. convexa, has a rather large, pentagonal,

sharply margined mesosternal process, which is received in

670 Mr. G. C. Champion on Central American Coleoptera.

repose between the somewhat widely separated anterior

coxae.

Fam. DASCILLIDAE.

Scirtes planicornis, n. sp.

Rotundate-elliptic, somewhat depressed, shining; pitchy-black,

the apices of the femora, the tibiae, and tarsi testaceous, the antennae

testaceous, becoming gradually infuscate towards the apex; finely

pubescent. Head, prothorax, and scutellum closely, very minutely,

punctate; head broad, the eyes large; antennae about as long as

the body, joints 2 and 3 short, subtransverse, equal, 4-10 very

elongate, flattened, considerably widened, becoming narrower to-

wards the apex, 4 shorter than 5; prothorax short, convex, narrowing

from the base, sharply margined; elytra thickly, finely punctate,

the punctures much coarser than those on the prothorax, narrowly

margined at the sides, the subhumeral callosities prominent.

Length 23, breadth 14 mm. (3?)

Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerdnimo in Baja Vera Paz

(Champion : Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, sent to the late M. Jacoby as a Halticid,

and thus overlooked, till detected by Mr. O. E. Janson

when the collection of that author passed into his hands.

Amongst the 21 species of Scirtes enumerated by me from

Central America in 1897 (Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt., in,

1, pp. 606-617), S. planicornis can only be compared with

S. longicornis, from Panama, which has a minute third

antennal joint, etc.*

* The recently described S. championi, Picado, from Costa Rica,

again, is a very different form.

ESF 105)

XXIX. New South American Butterflies. By W. ¥F. H.

RosEnBERG, F.Z.S., F.E.S., and G. Ta.sort,

F.E.S.

[Read December 3rd, 1913.]

THE types of the species here described are in the collection

of W. F. H. Rosenberg.

PIERIDAE.

Dismorphia orise denigrata, subsp. nov.

Much lighter in colour than the typical form from Cayenne. The

margin and black bands are narrower and the vitreous areas larger.

This form is more common in collections than typical orise, and

inhabits the Upper Amazons, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.

ITHOMIIDAE.

Aprotopos ceto cetoides, subsp. nov.

Similar to ceto, Feld., but without the reddish-brown ground-

colour of that species, the vitreous areas being tinged with yellowish-

brown.

3 upperside, fore-wing. Differs from cefo in the more broadly

black apex and smaller apical spots. The distal edge of the spot

in 6 is not level with that of the other spots as in ceto. The proximal

edge of this band of spots is sharply defined and not invaded by

black at vein 4, as in ceto. The space between the median and

fifth apical spot is broader than it is in ceto. The distal edge of the

cell-spot is straight and not rounded. The median spot is narrower

distally owing to abbreviation of the lower part separated by vein 2.

The streak bordering the median below the cell is faint or absent.

On the hind-wing the spot outside the cell is smaller and more

rounded proximally. The band separating this spot from the

basal area is narrower, being narrowest at vein 3.

Underside similar to the upper.

A 9 in the British Museum from Colombia agrees with the above

male in colour and in the absence of the streak below the median

of the fore-wing. Agrees with ceto female in having less black

except that the black distal band on the hind-wing is much wider.

Type, a § from Pozuzo, E. Peru, 800 m. Length of

fore-wing 40mm. 3 ¢ 4 from Pozuzo, E. Peru, 800 m.

TRANS. ENT. SOC: LOND. 1913.—PaRTiv. (MAR. 1914)

672 Messrs. W. F. H. Rosenberg and G. Talbot on

Melinaea orestes clara, forma nov.

This form of orestes, Salv., is easily distinguished by the absence

of any marking on the hind-wing except a spot at the inner margin

near the base. Differs also from orestes in that the black inner

margin of the fore-wing reaches the distal margin, so that the

prong of the yellow fork at the outer angle is equal to or narrower

than the prong above it. Typical orestes was described from Pozuzo.

On the underside of the fore-wing, the grey streak on the inner

margin is extended to the first submedian and reaches the distal

margin in a curve.

On the underside of the hind-wing a black subcostal band extends

from the base to near the apex, bordered by the costal vein and

filling the upper part of the cell. Length of fore-wing 58 mm.

Type, a § from Yahuarmayo, 8.H. Peru, 1200 feet, April

and May 1912. A series of males from this locality

(October and November 1910), where it is found in company

with typical orestes.

Melinaea orestes is synonymous with chincha, and has

nothing to do with flavosignata as described in Seitz,

‘“‘ Macrolepidoptera of the World,” vol. 1, p. 122.*

Napeogenes semingra, sp. nov.

Nearest to rowena, Hew., but the yellow band is absent and also

the two spots at the end of the cell. The black band on the hind-

wing is also characteristic.

6 upperside. Fore-wing brown, outer half black extending to

vein 2 and filling the cell at the apex. A black wedge-shaped spot

in the cell and a small similar spot in the angle at the base of 2.

Costa black, wider near the base. A broad black stripe at the

inner margin. Hind-wing brown, costal and outer margin black

and proximally dentate. A central black band extending far

beyond 5 to the inner margin.

Underside similar to the upper. Fore-wing with a marginal

row of 6 white dots. Hind-wing with 2 white dots at the apex;

a yellow streak at the base.

2 similar to the g. Inner marginal streak of the fore-wing

narrower, as also the black band of the hind-wing.

Head and thorax black, collar and patagia brown. Abdomen

* Although this is here treated as a form, it is not unlikely that

examination of the genitalia may show it to be a separate species.

We have received about equal numbers of clara and typical orestes

from the same locality, and have not seen yet any intermediates.

New South American Butterflies. 673

dark brown above, yellow below. Antennae yellow, black at the

base.

Type, a g from Yahuarmayo, 8.E. Peru, 1200 feet,

October and November 1910. A series from the same

locality. Length of fore-wing 25 mm.

Collection Adams in British Museum 1 9, 2 2 9, Chaqui-

mayo, S. Peru, 2500-3000 feet, August to October 1910.

Leucothyris polymacula, sp. nov.

Nearest to orestilla, Hew. May be at once distinguished from

orestilla by having the discal band of spots on the fore-wing separated

into seven spots, and a narrower band on the hind-wing, and thus

somewhat resembling the smaller species attalia, Hew.

upperside. Fore-wing dark brown with vitreous spots

as follows—

One filling lower half of cell, one at its apex shaped somewhat

like the letter B, two beyond the cell close together, a smaller one

near the costa, three at the apex, one proximally of the lower apical

spot, two in cellule 3, one near the margin and one near the cell,

two below in 2, the one near the cell almost touching that above it.

Hing-wing dark brown with a discal band of 6 spots separated only

by the brown veins, the two upper being a little farther apart.

This band is 7 mm. wide at the inner margin, and 6 mm. at the

apex where it ends at vein 6; there is a faint spot in 6.

Underside as the upper, reddish-brown, margins dark brown.

Fore-wing with four white spots at the apex. Hind-wing with a

row of six double marginal white spots. Base and costal area

black; lower part of cell, costal and submarginal band and veins

reddish-brown.

Type, Q from Huancabamba, N.E. Peru. Length of

fore-wing 40 mm. The ¢ does not differ from the 9. A

6 and 2 in the British Museum from Huancabamba.

3 3 § Collection Adams in British Museum from Uruhuasi,

S. Peru, April to May 1910.

NYMPHALIDAE.

Bolorva tessellata, sp. nov.

This very distinct species is nearest modesta, Blanch. Readily

distinguished by the reddish-brown ground-colour of the hind-wing

underside and orange-brown of the upperside.

674 Messrs. W. F. H. Rosenberg and G. Talbot on

3 upperside. Ground-colour orange-brown powdered with

black at base. Fore-wing : a black spot in the cell near the base,

another beyond it extending across the cell, one across the end of

the cell. Beyond the cell a short streak at the costa, a spot below

it in 6 directed basally, two spots below in 5 and 4 parallel to the

cell end; all these spots are joined. A spot in 3 near the cell,

joined by a thin streak to the spot in 4; a curved spot in 2 near the

cell and similarly joined to that in 3; a spot in lc midway between

cell and margin; a spot in le near the base. A quadrate subapical

spot larger than all the others and joined to the costa. A sub-

marginal row of 7 black spots, in 1c—7, the first at the apex and joined

to the costa, the second smaller and joined to the first, the third

larger, the fourth small, the fifth and sixth larger and of equal size,

the seventh smaller in Ic. A marginal row of six black spots.

Fringes black, chequered with white between the veins.

Hind-wing : a spot in the cell near the base of vein 2, a streak

at the cell end. A waved line beyond the cell from the costa to

inner margin interrupted between veins 4 and 6, and thickening

posteriorly. A curved row of six rounded black spots midway

between cell and margin in lc-6; a marginal row of seven smaller

black spots in lc-7._ Margin black, divided between the veins by

the ground-colour. Fringes black chequered with white between

the veins.

Underside of fore-wing orange-brown; apex and a narrow marginal

border as far as vein 2, reddish-brown. Black spots as above but

more faintly marked. Two yellowish spots placed transversely in

the red-brown apex and joined to the costa, and a quadrate yellow-

ish spot below the outer one and joined proximally to the black

spot of the sub-marginal series; below this the proximal edge of

the margin is whitish. Fringes chequered with yellowish.

Hind-wing ground-colour deep reddish-brown; basal two-thirds

of costa narrowly edged with yellow. A yellowish streak at the

base lying partly in the cell. At end of cell a waved yellowish

line from the costa to inner margin, and edged with black proximally.

‘A similar discal line edged with black distally and interrupted

between 4 and 6, the anterior portion joined at vein 6 to a yellowish

streak at the costa. A submarginal curved band of confluent

yellowish spots in cellules 2-6, with a faint spot in lc. The proximal

edge with a row of black spots as on the upperside, distal edged

with reddish-brown divided by the black veins, and beyond this a

narrow margin of bluish-grey from the costa to the anal angle

where it is curved inward to join the black distal bordering of the

discal band. A pale yellow streak along vein 4 between the yellow

spot in 4 and the discal line. A distal marginal border of ground-

New South American Butterflies. 675

colour 1 mm. in width. Fringes chequered with yellowish. An-

tennae black above greyish below; club orange-yellow below.

Palpi deep orange-yellow above, greyish below. Head, thorax and

abdomen black above and covered with deep orange-yellow hair.

Underside of thorax and abdomen greyish, legs yellowish. Length

of fore-wing 19 mm.

Type from Quenche, 8. Peru, 14,000 feet, January 1910.

A series of both sexes. In Collection Adams, British

Museum. 109 4,3 29, with same locality and date.

Pyrameis huntera altissima, subsp. nov.

This is a mountain form allied to the forms rubra, Stgr., and

braziliensis, Moore. The two apical dots are white as in typical

huntera. Agrees with rubia and braziliensis in the greater amount

of black and the markings being more red than yellowish. On

the underside the markings are white and not tinged with yellow;

the marginal line on the hind-wing underside is continuous as in

typical huntera.

A series from Agualani, 8.E. Peru, 9000 feet, July and

August 1905. Limbani, 8.E. Peru, 9500 feet, April and

May 1904. One specimen from Bafios, Rio Pastaza,

E. Ecuador, 6100 feet, January 1911.

Eresia neptoides, sp. nov.

Allied to letitia, Hew. Readily distinguished by the dark powder-

ing of the spots and especially by the straight marginal line on the

hind-wing. Ground-colour brownish-black.

3. Upperside of fore-wing with white markings powdered with

brown as follows: A streak in the cell from the base to the apex

and nearly filling it. A triangular spot beyond the cell formed of

three streaks, the larger behind vein 8 and the smaller behind 5.

Beyond this an oval apical spot, its distal two-thirds obscured by

the ground-colour, its lower edge white. An apical marginal row

of 5 spots in 2-6, the upper three small, the fourth obsolete, the

fifth larger, white and well defined. A median quadrate patch in

cellule 2, not filling the base of the cellule, the upper part touching

the cell and extending into 3, and as a slight dusting below 2. A

rounded spot in 2 distally of the large one and nearer to it than to

the margin, its lower and outer edge partly invaded by the ground-

colour. A spot below it in lc and touching the large spot at vein 2.

Base faintly red-brown. Hind-wing with a white discal band

676 Messrs. W. F. H. Rosenberg and G. Talbot on

traversed by the dark veins, its proximal edge well defined and

passing through the centre of the cell, its distal edge powdered with

the ground-colour. This band extends from vein 7 to the inner

margin near the base, a faint streak beyond 7. A marginal yellowish

straight line at 1 mm. from the margin. A white spot at the apex.

Fringes smoky-brown.

Underside similar to the upper. Fore-wing with the spots larger

and silvery white. The costa, apex and distal margin reddish-

brown. Spot at the apex white, the fourth absent, the fifth white

and joined to the lower part of the oval spot. The triangular spot

extends to the costa.

Hind-wing with the disc silvery white posteriorly darker, edged

distally with a reddish-brown band 1 mm. wide, bordering the costa

at the apex and narrowing at the inner margin near the base; the

band is edged proximally and distally with black, and is widened

at the base to fill the lower part of the cell. Remainder of the costa

silvery-white, cellule 7 brownish-black. A silvery-white distal

marginal border traversed by a thin brownish-black line which is

obsolete at the apex. Margin narrowly edged with brownish-

black. Fringes smoky-brown.

Antennae brownish-black, club bearing a white spot. Upper

surface of head, thorax and abdomen brownish-black ; palpi brownish-

black fringed with white hair. Lower surface of thorax and abdo-

men white, the latter with a mesial brownish-black line.

Length of fore-wing 25 mm.

Type, a 3 from El Porvenir, KE. Peru, 900 m., April

1908. 7 $4 from this locality.

Eresia letitia nigra, subsp. nov.

Allied to neptoides but distinguished by the marginal line on

the hind-wing being crenulate as in letitia.

Upperside of fore-wing: the spots composing the triangular

patch beyond the cell are shorter than in neptoides; the three

apical spots are obscured by the ground-colour, and there is a spot

in 3 near the margin which is absent in neptoides. The median

quadrate patch is shorter, the two spots composing it being reduced

distally. The spot in lc below vein 2 is only marked by a faint

powdering. Base red-brown.

Hind-wing with the band narrower and more obscured by the

ground-colour on its distal edge than in neptoides. ‘The submarginal

line is bluish-white, thicker than in neptoides, and crenulate as in

letitia.

New South American Butterflies. 677

Underside. The red-brown markings are paler than in neptoides.

On the fore-wing the apical patch is larger, and the distal spot in

cellule 2 is smaller. On the hind-wing the silvery discal area is

more obscured distally by violet and a patch of dark brown at vein

5. The silvery-white costal border is extended to fill the basal

half of cellule 7. The red-brown at the base is edged distally by

dark brown, and the red-brown marginal band is crenulate and not

edged with black proximally. The silvery-white at the apex is

of greater extent. Length of fore-wing 26 mm.

Antennae without the white spot on the club as described in

neptordes.

Type, a § from Huancabamba, N.E. Peru. 9 ¢ 4 from

this locality.

In Collection Adams, British Museum, 2 ¢ ¢: Chancha-

mayo, Peru; 1 g La Merced, Peru, 2000-3000 feet, January

to February 1903; 1 g San Remon, Peru, 3000 feet, 1904;

1 3 Rio Colorado, Peru, 2500 feet, 1904; 1 g Oxypampa,

N. Peru, 7200 feet. The specimen from San Remon has

the band on the hind-wing yellowish.

SATYRIDAE.

Callitaera mimica, sp. nov.

Allied to polita, Hew., from which it differs in the broad distal

band of the hind-wing. This character causes it to present a

remarkable resemblance to Haetera hypaesia, Hew.

6 upperside. Fore-wing diaphanous with a smoky tinge.

Costal and distal margins narrowly dark brown. A narrow stripe

of dark brown runs from near the origin of vein 9 to the inner

margin near the outer angle, and thickens posteriorly. A similar

but narrower stripe crosses the cell, almost touching the costal

border and terminating at the inner margin just before vein la.

Hind-wing diaphanous with a smoky tinge. A broad dark

submarginal band unites with a narrower marginal band forming a

distal band 5-10 mm. in breadth being widest at vein 3. A hyaline

spot is placed in each cellule within the band forming six spots;

2 at the apex are close together, and the fifth is concave on its

distal edge. A black eye-spot with a white pupil is placed distally

of the second spot and a similar ocellus at the fifth spot. A faint

curved line of dark brown stands distally in the cell and another

faintly distinguishable curved line runs from just below the origin

of vein 2 to the inner margin between the two submedians.

Underside of fore-wing similar to the upper except that the

678 Messrs. W. F. H. Rosenberg and G. Talbot on

base of the costa is ferrugineous. Hind-wing similar to the upper

except that the eye-spots are ringed with ferrugineous. ¢ 9 Length

of fore-wing 36 mm.

2 resembles the g but wings more rounded.

Abdomen black, ventral surface grey with a mesial streak of

black.

Type, § and 9, La Selva, San Juan, Choco, Slopes of

Colombia, 4600 feet. 1 3, 19 Pueblo Rico, W. Colombia,

5200 feet. 1 Siato, W. Colombia, 5200 feet, 1 2 Colombia.

In British Museum 1 2 Colombia.

Prerella albofasciata, sp. nov.

Allied to hortona, Hew., but differs conspicuously in the white

band of the fore-wing, and the white patch of the hind-wing.

g upperside. Fore-wing deep purplish brown. A white band, -

narrowly margined with blue, 3 mm. in breadth and 10 mm. in

length, crosses the end of the cell, commencing at vein 10 and

terminating on 3, and entering the cell at the lower discocellular.

Hind-wing deep purplish brown and bearing a patch of white

5 mm. square which stands between 4 and 6 close to the cell, not

touching 4 and extending a little beyond 6. This is bordered by

pale blue which is of greater extent distally.

Underside. Fore-wing coffee-brown in the apical and distal

part, the cell being dusted with the same colour at the base and

apex. The remainder is yellowish-grey. A white band as on the

upperside, being continued by two brown lines diverging to the

inner margin, the space between them much paler than the basal

area, being of the same colour as the hind-wing. The cell is crossed

by a curved brown line proximally of which are two black dots.

A similar line crosses the submedian space near the base.

Hind-wing yellowish-grey traversed by three almost parallel

brown lines running from the costal to the inner margin. The

first near the base is slightly waved, the second lies just outside

the cell, and the third about 4 mm. beyond. Three black dots

at the base, two in the cell and one below the median. A sub-

marginal row of five black dots placed on the intraneural folds in

cellules 2-6. The margin from the apex to vein 5 is narrowly

brown.

° larger, but upperside similar to g. Underside, the line across

the cell is straight. The distal part of the hind-wing separated

by the third transverse line is brown like the outer part of the

fore-wing but lighter. The submarginal spots are ringed with

lilac.

New South American Butterflies. 679

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark purplish brown above, pale

ochre-yellow below. Palpi and legs pale ochre yellow. Length

of fore-wing 32 mm.

Type, a g from Yahuarmayo, S.E. Peru, 1200 feet,

April to May 1912.

3 6g from Yahuarmayo, 8.E. Peru, April to May 1912.

1 g from Yahuarmayo, 8.E. Peru, October to November

1910. 1 specimen in the British Museum with no locality,

from the Hewitson Collection.

Antirrhaea watkinsi, sp. nov.

Nearest to ornata, Butl. Differs in the darker ground-colour,

whiter spots, and smaller patches and spots on the hind-wing. A

kidney-shaped spot of androconia in the first median space of the

fore-wing as in hela, Feld.; this is absent in ornata. 3 upperside,

ground-colour dark brown lighter towards the base. On the

fore-wing a band of deep purplish-brown formed of confluent spots

extending from vein 7 to the lower submedian, its distal edge

parallel to the margin and about 5 mm. fromit. Distal and proximal

edges outlined with paler brown than the ground-colour. The

lower three spots of the band are the larger. The first, second,

fourth, fifth and sixth bear each a bluish-white spot in the centre,

the one in the first being a dot. Hind-wing with a discal band a

little paler than the ground-colour and enclosing spots of deep

purplish-brown and bluish central dots. The first in cellule 6, a

larger in 5, a smaller in 4, these three being confluent; one of oval

shape in 3, a similar in 2, and a minute spot in lc. These spots

are placed distally in the band.

Underside yellowish-brown, much speckled and irrorated with

darker brown. A waved brown line at 9 mm. from the apex on

the fore-wing running nearly parallel to the margin and continued

on the hind-wing to the inner angle. A heavy deep brown zigzag

line from the apex of the fore-wing to the outer margin being farthest

from the margin at vein 4. A similar line on the hind-wing widely

margined with brown proximally and almost parallel to the discal

line. The white pupils of the spots on the upperside appear obscurely

below. Antennae reddish-brown; upperside of head, palpi, thorax

and abdomen dark brown, lower surface yellowish. Length of

fore-wing 37 mm.

Q larger and marked as in the ¢.

In the specimens in the Collection Adams there is no spot in

Ic on the hind-wing. The band on the fore-wing is margined with

yellowish-brown. On the hind-wing the two apical spots are

680 Messrs. W. F. H. Rosenberg and G. Talbot on

confluent and ringed with yellowish-brown. The spots in 2 and 3

are similarly ringed.

A single g from Yahuarmayo, S. Peru, 1200 feet,

April to May 1912. In Collection Adams, British Museum,

1 2 La Merced, Peru, 2500 feet, May to June 1903; 1 3

ee Ramon, Peru, 3000 feet, October 1903; 1 ¢ Perené,

eru.

Lymanopoda umbratilis, sp. nov.

This species exists in two distinct forms and an intermediate

form, and is of great interest as exhibiting the tendency to the

production of white forms at high elevations.

The pattern on the upperside recalls nivea, Stgr.

3 upperside. Fore-wing: apical half beyond cell to vein 4 and

distal margin to vein 2 deep brown. A subapical patch, nearer

to the cell than to the apex, cellules 2 and 3, except their bases and

distal thirds, the whole of cellule 1, and the cell are paler coffee-

brown. Three white dots in the apex, the upper being the larger.

A dark eye-spot with a white pupil in cellule 3, within the pale

area, and a smaller one below it in 2.

Hind-wing of the same coffee-brown colour as the pale areas of

the fore-wing and somewhat darker at the base. A deep brown

spot in 5 near the margin, one in 4 near the cell, one in 2 at three-

fifths from the cell, and a barely distinguishable dot below it in le.

Underside of fore-wing similar to the upper but lighter. The

pale areas are reddish-brown, the apex ferruginous, the inner

margin greyish. The two ocelli stand out distinctly as well as

the three apical dots.

Hind-wing ferruginous with darker markings. A white streak

slightly irrorated with ground-colour, in the lower part of the cell

between vein 2 and the base of vein 5; an oblong patch of dark

reddish-brown above it. A discal band of dark reddish-brown,

narrowing to the inner margin, and sending out a streak from cellule

3 to the anal angle; three white dots in the band in 3-5, and two

in the streak in le and 2. A narrow submarginal zigzag band of

dark reddish-brown which is thickest and further from the margin

between veins 2 and 4.

Antennae, head, abdomen and upperside of thorax and palpi

deep brown. Underside of palpi and thorax grey. Length of

fore-wing 21 mm.

Type, a 3 from Uruhuasi, 8. Peru, 7000 feet, March and

April 1910. A series from the same locality. In Collection

New South American Butterflies. 681

Adams, British Museum, 8 ¢ ¢ with same locality and

date. One of these is very dark and the upperside pattern

faintly visible.

Lymanopoda umbratilis, form intermedia, forma nov.

In this form the pale markings on the upperside are much lighter

in colour than in typical wmbratilis, and mark a transition to the

next form. We have seen no gradations between the three forms.

In Collection Adams, British Museum, 4 ¢¢ from

Uruhuasi, 7000 feet, March to April 1910.

Lymanopoda umbratilis, form leucotecta, forma nov.

In this, the extreme form, the light areas are white, leaving

the costa, apex and distal margin and a patch beyond end of cell

deep brown. The base is powdered with brown. The ocelli stand

out distinctly on the white ground and there is a third near the

margin in the first submedian. The hind-wing is white with some

brown powdering at the apex and the anal angle. The four dark

spots are distinct.

Underside of fore-wing similar to the upper. The dark areas

are reddish-brown, paler at the base. A white patch at end of cell

divided longitudinally by a brown streak. Hind-wing as in wmbra-

tilis but much lighter in colour. Abdomen greyish below.

In a specimen in Collection Adams, the dark area at end of cell

is joined to the marginal brown and cuts off a subapical patch. In

three other specimens a well-defined streak borders the cell between

veins 4 and 2.

Type, a 3 from Uruhuasi, 8. Peru, 7000 feet, March to

April 1910. In Collection Adams, British Museum, 6 3 3

bearing same date and locality.

Lymanopoda caudalis, sp. nov.

This peculiar species differs in shape from all others in the genus

and has apparently no near ally.

Fore-wing with apex pointed and outer margin convex. Hind-

wing with outer margin undulate and produced at vein 4 to a

short blunt tail 3 mm. in length.

3d upperside, deep ferruginous brown, paler towards the base.

Underside paler. Fore-wing with a curved submarginal row of

white dots standing in a faint band of lighter ground-colour. One

spot in cellule le near the angle, the second and third in 2 and 3

682 New South American Butterflies.

placed more proximal and one above the other, the fourth and

fifth in 4 and 5 and above the first, the sixth in 6 and above the

second and third. Spots 1, 2 and 3 have dark rings. The hind-

wing has the inner margin silvery-white and is dusted with this

colour up to the base. A curved submarginal row of seven white

spots lying in a narrow and faint band of lilac powdering from the

apex to the inner angle in cellules lc—7._ Length of fore-wing 29 mm.

Type from Pozuzo, EK. Peru, 800mm. A gin the British

Museum from the same locality.

( 683 )

XXX. The Culicidae of Australia—I. By Frank H.

Taytor, F.E.S., Entomologist to the Australian

Institute of Tropical Medicine.

[Read December 3rd, 1913. ]

Piates XLI-XLIV.

THE present paper contains descriptions of three new genera

and seventeen new species besides new records for several

previously described forms.

The new species are distributed in the following genera :

Calomyia (one), Grabhamia (one), Culicada (six),

Leucomyia (two), Culicelsa (two), Caenocephalus (one),

Chrysoconops (one), Dixomyia (one) and Uranotaenia (two).

The female of Anisocheleomyia nivipes, Theob., is also

recorded for the first time.

The type specimens have been deposited in the Institute

collection.

LIST OF SPECIES DEALT WITH.

Nyssorhynchus*annulipes, Walker.

Calomyra priestleyi, gen. et sp. nov.

Stegomyia tasmamensis, Strickland.

Scutomyia notoscripta, Skuse.

Grabhamia flindersi, n. sp.

Culicada demansis, Strickland.

ss vandema, Strickland.

3 tasmanensis, Strickland.

oe nigra, 1. sp.

“ annulata, n. sp.

* clelandt, n. sp.

ki squamosa, N. sp.

9 cumpstoni, n. sp.

- _annulipes, n. sp.

Leucomyia annulata, n. sp.

- annulirosiris, n. sp.

Culicelsa simplex, n. sp.

lis USEUS,, 0, BD.

Culex occidentalis, Skuse.

Caenocephalus concolor, gen. et sp. nov.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—pPaRTIv. (MAR. 1914) yy

684 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Chrysoconops littleri, n. sp.

Dizomyia elegans, gen. et sp. nov.

Uranotaenia propria, n. sp.

ss albescens, n. sp.

Anisocheleomyia nivipes, Theobald.

Nyssorhynchus annulipes, Walker.

Theobald, Mon. Culicid., I, p. 164 (1901); III, p. 104,

(1903).

Additional Locality. TAsmanta, Launceston (fF. M. Littler).

CALOMYIA, n. g.

Head clothed with narrow-curved and upright forked scales with

spindle-shaped ones in the centre and bordering the eyes, and flat

ones on the sides; palpi slightly less than one-third the length of

the proboscis, four jointed, the third joint very long, apical joint

minute and nipple-shaped ; proboscis long.

Thorax with narrow-curved, broad flat and spindle-shaped scales ;

scutellum with broad flat scales. Wings with linear lateral scales

and broad median flat ones; fork-cells long.

The above genus is very distinct ; systematically it would

come between Quasistegomyia and Kingia.

Male unknown.

Calomyia priestleyi, n. sp.

Head clothed with narrow-curved, upright forked, spindle-shaped

and flat lateral scales. Palpi four jointed, black scaled. Thorax

clothed with bronzy narrow-curved and pale spindle-shaped scales,

and two prominent patches of broad flat scales; scutellum flat

scaled. Abdomen with basal banding and median basal spots with

lateral spots. Legs basally banded.

©. Head black, clothed with white narrow-curved and dense

black upright forked scales with a median line of white spindle-

shaped ones, and a narrow border of flat white spindle-shaped ones

round the eyes, a small patch on either side of the flat pale ones,

border bristles round the eyes long and black with three overhanging

the eyes from the centre; palpi about one-third the length of the

proboscis, black clothed with black iridescent scales, four jointed,

the second about half the length of the third which is very long,

the fourth nipple-shaped and minute; proboscis black scaled, long,

comparatively slender, nearly as long as the abdomen; antennae

14 jointed, dark brown, clothed with white pubescence, verticillate

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 685

hairs black, the base of the second segment yellow, basal lobes

black clothed with blackish hairs on their inner surfaces; clypeus

black; eyes purplish black.

Thorax black, clothed with bronzy narrow-curved scales with

two very prominent patches of pure white broad flat scales on the

sides at the base of the middle third, and pale spindle-shaped ones

in the middle ; posterior third with two lateral rows of cream-coloured

spindle-shaped scales and numerous broad white flat ones with a

small prealar patch of white flat ones, a lateral row of black bristles

on each side extending the whole length of the thorax, border bristles

black, prothoracic lobes prominent clothed with white flat scales

and black bristles; scutellum black, densely clothed with broad

white flat scales, border bristles black, eight to the mid lobe; pleurae

black, clothed with broad white flat scales and mixed yellow and

black hairs.

Abdomen black, clothed with black iridescent scales, first segment

clothed with white scales and pale creamy yellow hairs, second

segment with white basal banding which expands into broad

lateral patches, segments three to seven with basal white spots

those on segments six and seven forming comparatively large tri-

angles, apical segment unspotted, segments three to six with basal

lateral patches, seventh with broad lateral stripe the full length of

the segment; posterior border bristles black, lateral border bristles

black and fairly dense on the fifth to seventh segments ; venter black,

clothed with pale scales, segments six and seven with white scales

and numerous black hairs.

Legs clothed with black iridescent scales; the basal half of the

hind femora pale creamy beneath and with a creamy white apical

patch above; first tarsals of fore and mid legs with very broad creamy

white bands, not quite basal, second tarsals of fore legs with an

almost basal creamy white spot, of mid legs with creamy white

banding, almost basal, remaining tarsi unbanded; hind legs with

the first three tarsals with creamy white banding, not quite basal

on the first and basal on the second and third, fourth and fifth

unbanded; ungues of fore and mid legs equal, uniserrate, of hind

legs equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black scaled ; the base of sub-costal and first

longitudinal veins clothed with black iridescent flat scales; veins

clothed with brown lateral linear and median fairly broad scales;

fringe dark brown; first fork-cell longer and considerably narrower

than the second, the base of the latter nearer the base of the wing;

stem of the first fork-cell two-thirds the length of the cell, stem of the

second about two-thirds the length of its cell, anterior basal cross-

vein slightly longer than and a little more than twice its own length

686 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

from the anterior cross-vein; the sub-costal vein terminates a short

distance in front of the supernumerary cross-vein. Halteres creamy

yellow.

Length 9 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley).

Date of Capture. 27/3/1913.

Observations. Described from a single specimen. It

is a very handsome mosquito, the iridescent scales being

very conspicuous. It is isolated from other Australian

species by its head and thoracic ornamentation; the leg

banding is also distinctive. We have much pleasure in

dedicating this handsome species to its discoverer.

Stegomyia tasmamensis, Strickland.

(PI. XLI, figs. 1 and 2.)

Entomologist, xliv, No. 578, p. 249 (1911).

Additional Localities. Tasmanta, Launceston, Mount

Arthur (fF. M. Littler).

Scutomyia notoscripta, Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., III, 2nd series, p. 1738 (1888).

Additional Localities. Tasmania, Underwood, Launceston

(fF. M. Littler).

Grabhamia flindersi, n. sp.

Thorax clothed with deep bronzy narrow-curved scales. Abdomen

clothed with brown scales. Legs black, unbanded.

9. Head black, clothed with dark brown narrow-curved scales

with numerous white and black upright forked ones, the sides with

a small patch of mixed whitish and brown flat ones; eyes black and

silvery bordered with long blackish bristles; palpi black scaled with

a few scattered black bristles; proboscis black mottled with black

and white scales; antennae dark brown, second and third segments

paler, basal lobe blackish brown, verticillate hairs dark brown, short,

pile grey ; clypeus black.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with deep bronzy narrow-curved

scales, prealar bristles dense, blackish brown; scutellum dark brown,

clothed with short white narrow-curved scales, mid lobe with six

black border bristles, lateral lobes with five; metanotum reddish

brown, prothoracic lobes with mixed brown and white narrow-curved

scales ; pleurae brown, densely clothed with white flat scales.

Abdomen brown, clothed with brown scales with narrow apical

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 687

white banding and conspicuous white apical lateral spots; venter

white scaled with scattered brown ones.

Wings with the veins clothed with mixed white and brown scales,

costa black; fork-cells short, the first slightly longer but narrower

than the second, the base of the latter nearer the base of the wing

than that of the former; stem of the first fork-cell half the length

of the cell, stem of the second about two-thirds the length of its

cell; anterior basal cross-vein slightly longer than the anterior cross-

vein and about one-third its length distant from it; fringe brown.

Halteres with the stalk and knob creamy white.

Legs with the femora densely mottled white and brown scales,

with an apical white spot, the apical third of the fore femora with

numerous and moderately long brown spines; tibiae and _ tarsi

covered with blackish brown scales, the former and the first two

tarsals mottled with white scales; ungues equal each with a small

tooth.

Length 8 mm.

Habitat. Bass Srrairs, Flinders Island (Dr. J. B.

Cleland).

Date of Capture. 20/11/1912.

Observations. Described from two specimens taken by

Dr. Cleland. It would seem in some respects, to be closely

related to G. australis, Strickland.

Culicada demansis, Strickland.

Entomologist, xliv, No. 577, p. 202 (1911).

Strickland states in his description that he was unable

to state the character of the ungues from his single specimen.

They are all equal and uniserrate.

Additional Locality. Tasmanta, Mount Arthur (Ff. MM.

Tuttler).

Culicada vandema, Strickland.

Entomologist, xliv, No. 577, p. 202 (1911).

Additional Localities. N.S. Wares, Bulli (Dr. J. B.

Cleland) ; TasmantaA, Mount Arthur (F. M. Littler).

Culicada tasmaniensis, Strickland.

(Pl. XLI, figs. 3 and 4.)

Entomologist, xliv, No. 576, p. 181 (1911).

Additional Locality. Tasmania, Low Head (Ff. WM.

Inttler).

688 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Culicada nigra, n. sp.

Head clothed with pale scales, thorax dark brown. Abdomen

with white basal banding. Legs black, tarsi with white basal

banding.

3. Head black, clothed with creamy narrow-curved and light

brown upright forked scales with white flat lateral ones, border

bristles black with creamy yellow ones overhanging the eyes from the

centre; eyes purplish black; clypeus black; proboscis black; palpi

black with white basal banding on all the segments, apex of the first,

the second and apical segments clothed beneath with dark brown

hairs, those on the last two segments pale at the base; antennae

dark brown, basal lobes black, plumes brown, penultimate and

apical segments long and brown, verticillate hairs at the base of the

apical segments long and black.

Thorax blackish brown, light chestnut brown in front of the

scutellum, clothed with creamy white narrow-curved scales re-

mainder with creamy ones, lateral border bristles black; scutellum

brown, posterior half paler, clothed with creamy white narrow-curved

scales, border bristles light brown; metanotum chestnut brown,

prothoracic lobes prominent, dark brown, clothed with white flat

scales and brown bristles ; pleurae brown, densely clothed with white

flat scales and a few pale yellowish bristles.

Abdomen clothed with black scales with white basal banding,

first segment clothed with white scales and dense pale hairs, eighth

segment mottled with white scales; genitalia mottled with white

scales; posterior border bristles pale yellow, lateral ones long, pale

yellow; venter white scaled.

Legs black; femora, tibiae and first tarsals pale beneath; knee

spot pale; tarsals one to four of fore and mid legs with white basal

banding, all tarsi of hind legs with white basal banding; ungues of

fore and mid legs unequal, the larger with two teeth, the smaller

with one, hind equal uniserrate.

Wings with the costa clothed with black scales, remaining veins

clothed with dark brown scales; anterior basal cross-vein as long as

the anterior cross-vein and half its own length distant from it; first

fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, their bases level,

stem of the first fork-cell about three-quarters the length of the cell,

stem of the second as long as the cell; fringe brown. Halteres with

pale stems and dusky knobs.

Length 7—7°5 mm.

Habitat. Tasmanta, Launceston (fF. M. Inttler).

Observations. Described from two specimens. It comes

nearest to C. demansis, Strickland, from which it can be

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 689

separated by the different clothing of the posterior portion

of the thorax and scutellum and the much less prominent

leg banding.

Culicada annulata, n. sp.

(Pl. XLI, fig. 5.)

Head black. Thorax clothed with brown narrow-curved scales.

Legs black, banded.

6: Head black, clothed with pale whitish narrow-curved and black

upright forked scales, with white flat lateral ones; eyes deep black ;

antennae pale, nodes black, basal lobes black, penultimate and

apical segments dark brown, plumes brown; proboscis black with a

narrow creamy white band towards the apex of the middle third

with a few ventral brown hairs before the base of the band; palpi

black scaled, longer than the proboscis, first segment with a creamy

band on its basal third, second and third segments with basal creamy

banding, the latter creamy at the apex, the apical third of the first

segment and remaining segments with black ventral hairs.

Thorax black, clothed with brown narrow-curved scales, with

pale reflections, with a few white narrow-curved ones in front of the

scutellum ; prothoracic lobes prominent, clothed with brown narrow-

curved scales, border bristles dark brown; metanotum black;

pleurae dark brown paler towards the coxae, and clothed with white

flat scales.

Abdomen clothed with black scales with broad white basal band-

ing, first segment dark brown clothed with pale hairs, seventh and

eighth segments with a small white apical patch of scales; posterior

border bristles golden yellow, lateral ones brown, long; genitals

black clothed with black hairs; venter white scaled, most of the

segments with dark apical bands.

Legs black; femora white scaled beneath; tibiae with narrow

faint apical and basal banding; hind legs with a pale knee spot;

tarsals one to three with narrow pale basal banding; ungues of fore

and mid legs very unequal, the larger with a single tooth, hind

ungues equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black, veins clothed with brown scales,

fringe brown; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second,

base of the latter nearer the base of the wing than that of the former ;

stem of the first fork-cell about four-fifths the length of the cell,

stem of the second about five-sevenths the length of its cell; anterior

basal cross-vein longer than the anterior cross-vein and about one

and a half times its own length distant from it. Halteres pale.

Length 5°5 mm.

690 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Q. Head similar to g; palpi black scaled, white scaled at the

apex ; antennae black, verticillate hairs black. Legs with the ungue

equal and simple. Wings with the anterior basal cross-vein longer

than the anterior cross-vein and twice its own length distant from it.

Length 6 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (14/4/13 and 6/5/13)

(Ff. H. Taylor).

Observations. Described from a single g and two 2

specimens. It is close to C. squamosa but is easily separated

from it.

Culicada clelandi, n. sp.

(Pl. Xl sive, 65811, fig...)

Head black, clothed with creamy and brown scales. Thorax

clothed with golden narrow-curved scales. Abdomen clothed with

violet black scales and with basal banding. Legs unbanded.

9. Head black, clothed with creamy yellow narrow-curved and

brown upright forked scales with lateral patches of creamy flat ones ;

antennae black, basal lobes pale brown, clothed with brown scales,

second segment pale, verticillate hairs black, pubescence pale;

palpi pale, black scaled; proboscis black scaled; clypeus dark

brown; eyes black and silvery.

Thorax bright chestnut brown, with three black lines terminating

opposite the wing roots, clothed with golden narrow-curved scales,

lateral border bristles black; scutellum pale brown, clothed with

narrow-curved golden scales, posterior border bristles brown; pro-

thoracic lobes brown, clothed with brown and creamy yellow narrow-

curved scales and brown bristles; metanotum brown; pleurae

dark chestnut brown, clothed with patches of creamy yellow flat

and narrow-curved scales and scattered yellow bristles.

Abdomen clothed with violet black scales, first segment with pale

scales and yellowish bristles, segments two to six with creamy white

basal banding, seventh mostly with creamy white scales, second to

seventh segments with creamy white lateral patches, posterior

border bristles pale; venter white scaled.

Legs black scaled, femora white scaled beneath on basal two-

thirds, femoro-tibial joint pale scaled, tarsi unbanded; ungues of

fore and mid legs equal, uniserrate, hind equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black scaled, veins clothed with dark brown

scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, their

bases almost level; stem of the first fork-cell less than half the

length of its cell, stem of the second about two-thirds the length

of the cell, anterior basal cross-vein slightly more than its own

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 691

length distant from the anterior cross-vein; fringe dusky. Halteres

pale.

Length 6-6°5 mm.

Habitat. Bass Srraits, Flinders Island.

Date of Capture. 21/11/1912.

Observations. Described from four Q specimens. A

species easily distinguished by the narrow-curved scales

on the pleurae, thoracic markings and ungues from C.

tasmaniensis, Strickland. We have much pleasure in

dedicating this species to its discoverer.

Culicada squamosa, n. sp.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 8.)

Head black; thorax dark brown with mixed brown and pale

narrow-curved scales with two small patches of wpright forked

scales. Abdomen with basal banding. Legs with apical and basal

banding to the tarsi.

9. Head black, clothed with creamy narrow-curved scales and

creamy upright forked ones in the centre and dark brown ones on

the sides, flat scales on the sides creamy, border bristles pale; eyes

purple black; antennae black, basal lobes black, second segment

with the basal half creamy, verticillate hairs black; palpi four

jointed, third very long, fourth minute and nipple-shaped, black

scaled, with the apex white, clothed with numerous black hairs;

proboscis black scaled with a broad median creamy white band.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with mixed brown and pale creamy

narrow-curved scales, with two small spots, one on either side of the

wing roots, of elongate outstanding flat scales; scutellum yellowish

brown clothed with pale narrow-curved scales posterior border

bristles black; pleurae brown with white flat scales and a few

brown bristles; metanotum brown.

Abdomen clothed with black scales and creamy white lateral

spots, first segment clothed with black scales and numerous yellowish

hairs, segments two to five with pale creamy white basal banding,

segments six to eight with basal and apical pale creamy white

banding; venter with the first three segments white scaled, fourth

and fifth black scaled with basal white banding and a small median

patch of white scales, remainder black scaled with basal white

banding.

Legs black, femora and tibiae mottled with white scales, knee

spot creamy yellow, fore, mid, and hind legs with the first three

tarsals with basal and apical creamy yellow banding, the fourth

692 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

basally banded in the fore and mid legs, in the hind legs the fourth

and fifth with basal banding. Ungues equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black scaled, remaining veins clothed with

dark brown scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the

second, their bases about level; stem of the first fork-cell about

half the length of its cell, stem of the second not quite the length

of its cell; anterior basal cross-vein twice its length distant from

the anterior cross-vein; the anterior and supernumerary cross-

veins parallel; fringe dusky. Halteres with pale stems and dusky

knobs.

Length 7°5 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville.

Date of Capture. 12/4/1913 (F. H. T.).

Observations. Described from two specimens; easily dis-

tinguished from other species by the elongate outstanding

flat scales on the thorax.

Culicada cumpstoni, n. sp.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 9.)

Head clothed with pale narrow-curved and upright forked scales

and pale flat lateral ones. Thorax chestnut brown. Abdomen

black with white lateral spots. Legs black with broad white basal

bands.

9. Head black, clothed with pale creamy narrow-curved scales

and creamy and black upright forked ones with pale creamy white

flat lateral ones with a border of small creamy narrow-curved scales

bordering the eyes, the latter purplish black and silvery with a tuft

of yellow hairs overhanging them from the centre; clypeus black;

proboscis black; palpi black scaled, white scaled at the base, second

segment with an apical band, apex white scaled; antennae black,

verticillate hairs black, pubescence pale, basal lobes black on their

inner edges and clothed with small creamy white flat scales, second

segment with the basal two-thirds densely clothed with creamy

white flat scales.

Thorax chestnut brown, clothed with creamy narrow-curved

scales mixed with a few narrow-curved black ones, prealar bristles

creamy; prothoracic lobes brown, prominent, clothed with creamy

spindle-shaped and flat scales with brown hairs; scutellum brown,

clothed with creamy narrow-curved scales, posterior border bristles

brown with a few yellowish ones on the mid lobe behind the brown

ones; metanotum pale brown; pleurae brown clothed with patches

of creamy white small and large flat scales.

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 693

Abdomen clothed with flat scales, first segment clothed with

white scales and black ones in the centre and yellowish hairs, second

segment basally banded white, third with a distinct white basal

banding, fourth and fifth segments unbanded, sixth to eighth

segments mottled with pale scales, posterior and lateral border

bristles pale, second to fifth segments with small white lateral

spots; venter mottled with dark brown and pale scales.

Legs black, femora mottled with white scales above, beneath

with the basal half white scaled, apical half mottled with white

scales, knee spot ochraceous, first three tarsals of fore and mid legs

with white basal banding, fourth and fifth black, first to fourth

tarsi of hind legs with broad white basal banding, fifth black;

ungues all equal and uniserrate.

Wings clothed with dark brown scales; fringe brown; first

fork-cell longer and narrower than the second; base of the former

nearer the base of the wing than that of the latter; stem of the first

fork-cell about one-third the length of its cell, stem’ of the second

scarcely half the length of the cell; anterior basal cross-vein about

the same length as the anterior cross-vein and nearly twice its own

length distant from it. Halteres with pale stems and dark knobs.

Length 7 mm.

Habitat. Vicrorta, Melbourne; Tasmanta, Underwood.

Date of Capture. 23/10/1912.

Observations. Described from a single specimen taken

by Dr. Cumpston. We have also received it from Mr.

F. M. Littler from Tasmania. It is somewhat closely

related to C. demansis, Strickland.

Culicada annulipes, n. sp.

(Pl. XLII, figs. 10 and 11.)

Head black. Thorax clothed with golden yellow narrow-curved

scales. Legs black with creamy white basal banding. Abdomen

with basal banding.

Q. Head black, clothed with creamy yellow narrow-curved

scales and mixed creamy and black upright forked ones, with a

small patch on either side of flat black ones surrounded above and

below and at the back with creamy white flat scales, eyes purple

black and silvery; clypeus black; palpi clothed with mixed black

and creamy white scales; antennae black, basal lobes pale, clothed

with small white flat scales, second segment with the basal two-

thirds creamy, clothed with black flat scales, verticillate hairs black,

694 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

pubescence pale; proboscis creamy yellow with base and apex

black.

Thorax brown with two sub-median light reddish brown broad

stripes on the anterior half, clothed with golden brown narrow-

curved scales, mixed with a few white ones, there is a large patch

of white narrow-curved scales in front of the scutellum; the latter

brown, clothed with white narrow-curved scales, posterior border

bristles black on the lateral lobes and yellowish brown on the mid

lobe; prothoracic lobes brown, prominent, clothed with creamy

narrow-curved scales above and creamy flat ones on the sides with

a few dark hairs; pleurae brown, densely clothed with white flat

scales and scattered pale hairs; metanotum reddish brown.

Abdomen black scaled with incomplete white, triangular, basal

banding and lateral white patches, first segment clothed with grey

white scales and pale hairs, the patches on segments five to seven

extending the length of the segment, sixth segment with an in-

complete apical band also, seventh clothed with mixed black and

creamy white scales; posterior border bristles pale; venter densely

clothed with white scales.

Legs purplish black with the femora mottled above with white

and purplish black scales, beneath with basal half white scaled,

apical half mottled with black and white scales; tibiae blue black

mottled with white above and below, knee spot ochraceous, promi-

nent; first tarsals mottled with white scales on their basal two-

thirds, not so prominent on the hind legs, fore and mid legs with

the first to fourth tarsals with basal creamy white banding, fifth

with a basal spot, in the hind legs all the tarsi are basally banded with

creamy white; ungues equal, uniserrate.

Wings with the costa violet black scaled, rest of the veins clothed

with dusky brown scales; fringe dusky; first fork-cell longer and

narrower than the second; stem of the first fork-cell scarcely half

the length of its cell, stem of the second fork-cell two-thirds the

length of the cell, base of the former nearer the base of the wing

than that of the latter; anterior basal cross-vein slightly longer

than the anterior cross-vein and about half its own length distant

from it; sub-costal vein with a dense clothing of black scales at

its base.

Length 5-5-6 mm.

Habitat. Bass Srrarrs, Flinders Island (Dr. J. B.

Cleland) ; Tasmanta, Launceston (F'. M. Inttler); Victoria,

Melbourne (Dr. J. H. L. Cumpston).

Date of Capture. Melbourne, 23/10/1912 : Flinders Island,

21/11/1912.

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 695

Leucomyia annulata, n. sp.

(Pl. XLII, figs. 12 and 13.)

Head clothed with creamy and black scales. Thorax clothed with

white and brown narrow-curved scales. Legs black, tarsi basally

banded. Abdomen with basal white banding.

9. Head black, clothed with creamy white narrow-curved and

numerous creamy upright forked scales with a patch of black

upright forked ones above the creamy flat lateral ones; clypeus

black; palpi black scaled with a small spot of white scales on the

base of the fourth segment and with the apex white scaled; pro-

boscis black scaled with a fairly broad white band; antennae dark

brown, basal lobes creamy on their outer surface and black on their

inner, the latter clothed with white flat scales, verticillate hairs

black, pubescence pale; eyes purple black and silvery, border

bristles black except in the centre where they are yellow.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with creamy narrow-curved scales

with a brownish tinge in some lights on the anterior two-thirds,

posterior third clothed with pale narrow-curved scales, the tuft

of elongate flat scales white; scutellum pale brown with a basal

median dark brown patch, clothed with white narrow-curved

scales, posterior border bristles dark brown; metanotum dark

brown; pleurae brown clothed with patches of pale creamy scales

with scattered pale and black bristles.

Abdomen pale, clothed with black scales and basal white banding

on segments two to eight, segments seven and eight with white

apical banding also and white lateral basal spots, first segment

clothed with white scales and numerous pale hairs, posterior border

bristles pale, lateral ones brown, numerous; venter dark brown

scaled with basal and apical white banding.

Legs black scaled; femora, tibiae and first tarsals mottled with

white scales, the former with the basal two-thirds white beneath,

fore femora with a subapical spot of white scales above, knees white,

hind tibiae with white apical banding, first tarsals with white basal

and apical banding, indistinct in the fore and mid legs, second to

fourth tarsals with white basal banding, all tarsi of hind legs with

white basal banding; ungues equal and simple.

Wings brown scaled; costa dark brown scaled; fringe dusky;

first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, their bases

about level, stem of the former slightly less than half the length

of the cell, stem of the latter about two-thirds the length of its cell ;

anterior basal cross-vein shorter than the anterior cross-vein and

about two and a half times its own length distant from the

696 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

mid. Halteres creamy yellow with apical half of stem and knobs

brown.

Length 5 mm.

6. Similar to 9. Palpi with first segment dark brown with a

narrow creamy apical band, second segment black with basal and

apical creamy banding, apical segment black with narrow basal

creamy banding; with the apical half creamy clothed with creamy

hairs, with black hairs on the apex of the first, the second and basal

half of the third segments; proboscis black with a white band

towards the apex of the middle third, with some fairly long black

hairs beneath at the apex of the middle third; antennae pale,

nodes dark, penultimate and apical segments brown. «

Thorax with the anterior third with white narrow-curved scales

and white elongate flat scales at the roots of the wings, posterior

portion with dark brown narrow-curved scales; scutellum with

brown narrow-curved scales. Abdomen with the lateral border

bristles brown and dense; genitalia brown, clothed with brown

hairs. Ungues of fore and mid legs unequal, uniserrate; hind

equal and simple.

Length 5:°5 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley).

Date of Capture. 28/3/1913 2, 30/4/1913 g.

Observations. Described from a perfect ¢ and 2. The

colour of the scales on the anterior portion of the thorax

in the 2 is somewhat different to that of the 4, but there

are no other distinctions to separate the two specimens.

The tuft of hair on the under surface of the 3 proboscis in

this and the following species can only be looked upon as

sexual as it is not present in the 9. It is distinguished

from L. australiensis, Theob., by its banded proboscis,

the absence of ochraceous scales on the wings, and the

simple ungues of the 9.

Leucomyia annulirostris, n. sp.

Head black, clothed with pale creamy white scales. Thorax

brown mostly with white scales. Legs brown with basal and apical

banding. Abdomen with basal and apical creamy white banding.

§. Head black, clothed with pale creamy white narrow-curved

scales and mixed creamy white brown upright forked scales with

lateral patches of creamy white flat ones; eyes purple black and

silvery; proboscis black scaled with a creamy white band towards

the base of the apical third; hairy beneath at the base of the band;

clypeus black; antennae pale, last two segments brown, basal

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 697

lobes black, nodes black, plumes brown; palpi black scaled, first

segment with a narrow pale band on its apical third and a narrow

apical one, second segment with a creamy basal band, apical

segment with broad creamy yellow apical and narrow basal banding

and clothed with greyish hairs, the apex of the first and the whole

of the second segments clothed with black hairs.

Thorax brown with anterior two-thirds white scaled, posterior

third with mixed brown and white scales with a few elongated

outstanding pale flat scales in front of the wing roots; scutellum

paler than thorax, sparsely clothed with white narrow-curved

scales, and with brown ones to the mid lobe, posterior border

bristles brown, twelve to the mid lobe, five to the lateral lobes;

prothoracic lobes prominent, brown, clothed with pale narrow-

curved scales and pale hairs; metanotum brown; pleurae dusky

brown, clothed with patches of white flat scales and pale hairs.

Abdomen black scaled with white basal banding; first segment

clothed with black scales and yellowish hairs, segments two to six

with white basal banding, seventh with basal and apical creamy

banding, in one specimen the eighth segment has the basal band

forming a broad triangular patch which is connected to the apical

band by a narrow stripe of creamy scales, and with a broad lateral

creamy patch, eighth segment clothed with creamy scales; genitalia

with the basal lobes brown, clothed with pale hairs posterior and

lateral border bristles pale yellow; venter clothed with white and

black scales with numerous pale yellow hairs.

Legs black scaled; femora, tibiae and first tarsals mottled with

white scales, knees pale, femora pale beneath, tibiae pale at the

apex; first and second tarsals with creamy basal and apical band-

ing, third and fourth with basal banding, fifth pale scaled, first

three tarsals of hind legs with creamy basal and apical banding,

fourth and fifth tarsals with creamy basal banding; ungues of

fore and mid legs very unequal, uniserrate, hind equal and simple.

Wings with the veins clothed with brown scales; fringe brown;

first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, their bases

level; stem of the first fork-cell less than half the length of its cell,

stem of the second two-thirds the length of the cell; anterior basal

cross-vein longer than the anterior cross-vein and twice its own

length distant from it. Halteres with pale stems and dark knobs.

Length 6 mm.

Q. Similar to g. Antennae brown, basal lobes dusky, clothed

with white scales, second segment with the basal half creamy,

verticillate hairs black, pubescence pale; nodes pale; palpi black

scaled with a few black bristles, apex creamy yellow; clypeus

black.

698 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Thorax with the anterior two-thirds fawn coloured, creamy in

some lights, elongate outstanding flat scales mixed pale and black,

lateral border ‘bristles black. Ungues equal and simple.

Length 7 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley and

F. H. Taylor); Ching Do (Ff. H. Taylor).

Date of Capture. 26/1/1913 (Ching Do), March and

April (Townsville).

Observations. Described from one @ and several §

specimens. It is distinguished from L. sinensis, Theob.,

by the absence of lateral abdominal spots, larger size, etc.

Culicelsa simplex, n. sp.

(Pl. XLIII, figs. 14 and 15.)

Head clothed with light brown narrow-curved scales and white

lateral ones. Thorax dark brown with brown narrow-curved

scales. Abdomen black with basal banding and lateral basal

spots. Legs brown with pale basal banding.

9. Head dark brown, clothed with light brown narrow-curved

and dark and pale upright forked scales with white lateral ones;

border bristles dark brown, pale ones overhanging the eyes from

the centre; eyes purplish black; antennae dark brown, basal lobes

blackish, base of second segment pale; palpi black scaled, apex

with a few snow white scales; proboscis black with a very broad

median creamy band.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with pale golden brown narrow-

curved scales; scutellum dark brown clothed with pale narrow-

curved scales, border bristles dark brown; metanotum dark brown;

pleurae dark brown clothed with flat white scales.

Abdomen black scaled with narrow white basal banding and

lateral white basal spots; first segment clothed with numerous

pale bristies, seventh with an incomplete apical white band; venter

white scaled with dark brown apical bands.

Legs brown; femora with the basal half densely mottled with

white scales beneath, those of the fore and mid legs with a pale

apical ring, hind femora forming a pale knee joint with the tibiae;

hind tibiae pale at the apex; tarsals one to three with creamy white

basal banding, remainder unbanded ; ungues equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black, veins densely clothed with dark

brown scales; fringe brown; first fork-cell longer and narrower

than the second, the base of the latter nearer the base of the wing ;

stem of the first fork-cell slightly more than half the length of the

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 699

cell; stem of the second as long as its cell; anterior basal cross-vein

about two and a half times its length from the anterior cross-vein.

Halteres with pale stems and dark knobs.

Length 4—5 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley and

F. H. Taylor).

Observations. Described from specimens collected in

houses during May. It is distinguished from C. annuliros-

tris, Skuse, by the much wider band on the proboscis,

its brown legs and the lateral basal spots on the abdomen.

It is also readily distinguished from C. parvus, Taylor.

Culicelsa fuscus, n. sp.

Head clothed with pale scales. Thorax clothed with golden

narrow-curved scales. Abdomen with white basal banding. Legs

unbanded.

3. Head black, clothed with creamy white narrow-curved scales

with numerous creamy white and a few brown upright forked ones,

a small patch of white flat ones on each side; antennae pale, about

two-thirds as long as proboscis, nodes black, penultimate and apical

segments brown, basal lobes brown, plumes dense, brown; palpi

longer than proboscis, second joint very long, brown scaled, apex

with a few hairs on ventral surface, third and four segments dark

brown scaled with numerous dark brown hairs; proboscis with the

basal two-thirds pale, apical third brown; eyes purplish black.

Thorax brown, pale in front of the scutellum, clothed with

golden narrow-curved scales; scutellum yellowish, clothed with

pale yellowish narrow-curved scales; metanotum light brown,

pleurae brown; prothoracic lobes brown.

Abdomen brown scaled with basal white banding, the first

segment brown scaled with pale hairs, penultimate and apical

segments clothed with creamy white scales; posterior border

bristles yellow, lateral border bristles pale brown; venter white

scaled.

Legs black with bronzy reflections ; femora pale beneath; ungues

of fore and mid legs equal, uniserrate, hind ungues small, equal

and simple.

Wings with the costa dark brown scaled; veins clothed with

brown scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second,

base of the latter scarcely nearer the base of the wing than that of

the former; stem of the first fork-cell half the length of its cell,

stem of the second two-thirds the length of the cell; anterior basal

cross-vein longer than and about twice its own length distant from

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTIV. (MAR. 1914) zz

700 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

the anterior cross-vein; fringe light brown. Halteres, stems pale

with dusky knobs.

Length 3 mm.

Halitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville.

Date of Capture. 31/3/1913 (fF. H. Taylor).

Observations. Described from two 3g specimens which

were taken in water-butts on house properties. It is

easily separated from its congeners by its unbanded legs,

fore and mid ungues and small size.

Culex occidentalis, Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, III, 2nd series, p. 1729

(1888) ; Theobald, Mon. Culicid., I, p. 419 (1901); III, p. 179

(1903).

Additional Locality. Tasmania, Launceston (Ff. M.

Lattler).

CAENOCEPHALUS, N. g.

Head clothed with narrow-curved and upright forked scales

and flat lateral ones; palpi of 3 three-jointed, shorter than the

proboscis, apical segment broadly spatulate, of 2 apparently three-

jointed, second joint longest and flattened, third minute and nipple-

shaped.

Thorax clothed with small narrow-curved scales; prothoracic

lobes clothed with small flat and narrow-curved scales; scutellum

covered with narrow-curved scales.

Wings longer than the abdomen; veins clothed with small flat

median and lateral linear scales; fork-cells short.

Caenocephalus concolor, n. sp.

(Pl. XLIII, figs. 16 and 17.)

Head clothed with pale narrow-curved scales and long thin

brown and creamy upright forked ones with white flat ones on the

sides. Thorax pale. Legs unbanded. Abdomen brown scaled

with broad white basal banding and lateral basal spotting.

3g. Head dark, clothed with creamy narrow-curved and creamy

and brown upright forked scales and flat lateral ones; eyes purplish

black, bristles bordering them brown; antennae pale, fifteen

jointed, densely plumose, the latter brown, basal lobes brown,

penultimate and apical segments brown; palpi pale, first segment

black scaled, swollen at the apex, second and apical segments

brown scaled, the latter broadly spatulate with outstanding scales,

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae cf Australia. 701

apex of the first segment, second and base of apical segment clothed

with fairly long brown bristles; proboscis black, clypeus brown.

Thorax pale with a broad chestnut brown stripe extending to

the wing roots, clothed with small black and creamy narrow-curved

scales; prothoracic lobes brown, clothed with pale narrow-curved

and flat scales and brown chaetae; scutellum basally pale, remainder

brown, clothed with white narrow-curved scales, posterior border

bristles dark brown, prealar bristles dark brown; metanotum light

brown; pleurae pale, clothed with mixed creamy and brown flat

scales and brown hairs.

Abdomen pale, clothed with brown scales with broad white basal

banding to the segments; first segment brown, clothed with white

scales and brown hairs, lateral border spots white; genitals with

the basal lobes brown, densely hairy, inner margins pale, claspers

pale, long, with the basal half swollen, posterior border bristles

pale, lateral ones brown and dense; venter brown scaled with basal

white banding.

Legs black, femora white scaled beneath, knee spots white, tibiae

pale at the apex; ungues of fore and mid legs unequal the larger

with two teeth, the smaller with one, hind equal and uniserrate.

Wings with the veins brown scaled; costa dark brown; fringe

brown; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, base

of the latter nearer the base of the wing than that of the former;

stem of the first fork-cell slightly more than half the length of its

cell, stem of the second scarcely as long as the cell; anterior basal

cross-vein longer than the anterior cross-vein and twice its own

length distant from it.

Length 5 mm.

Q. Similar to g. Head with the brown upright forked scales

more numerous than in 3; antennae dark brown, verticillate hairs

short, dark brown, pubescence pale, dense, basal lobes and second

segment paler; palpi clothed with dark brown scales, second segment

flattened, apex pale scaled. Abdomen with the second and third

segments with the white basal banding broader than in the g.

Legs with the ungues all equal and simple.

Length 5 mm.

Habitat. N.S. Waks, Cronulla.

Time of Capture. Bred from larvae found in salt-water

pools in rocks 13/11/1911 (Mrs. J. B. Cleland).

Observations. Described from specimens presented to

the Institute by Dr. J. B. Cleland. It is a very distinct

species, easily distinguished by the palpi and ungues of

both sexes.

702 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Chrysoconops littleri, n. sp.

Head clothed with pale scales. Abdomen and legs black, un-

banded. Wings with brown scales.

. Head black, clothed with creamy yellow narrow-curved and

thin yellowish brown upright forked scales with white flat lateral

ones, border bristles brown with a fairly thick tuft of pale golden

ones overhanging the eyes from the centre; eyes black, clypeus

black; palpi black scaled with numerous black hairs; proboscis

black; antennae black, verticillate hairs black, basal lobes pale

yellow.

Thorax chestnut brown, clothed with pale golden narrow-curved

scales, chaetae black, lateral ones densest above the roots of the

wings; prothoracic lobes prominent, brown, clothed with brown

narrow-curved scales and bristles; metanotum brown; scutellum

brown, clothed with pale golden narrow-curved scales, mid lobe

with eight black border bristles, lateral lobes with four; pleurae

pale brown, clothed with scattered pale flat scales and mixed black

and pale bristles.

Abdomen black, clothed with black scales with violet reflections,

posterior border bristles pale golden, long, first segment densely

clothed with long pale bristles; last segment densely clothed with

pale golden bristles, venter apparently black scaled.

Legs black scaled, unbanded; femora pale scaled beneath;

apical tarsi with pale reflections; ungues small, equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black, sub-costal and first longitudinal veins

with dark brown scales, remaining vein scales light brown; first

fork-cell considerably longer and narrower than the second, base of

the former nearer the base of the wing than that of the latter; stem

of the first fork-cell about one-fourth the length of the cell, stem

of the second one-third the length of its cell; anterior and anterior

basal cross-veins about the same length, the latter three times its

own length distant from the former; fringe brown. Halteres pale.

Length 4°5 mm.

Habitat. Tasmania, Mt. Arthur, near Launceston

(F. M. Lnitler).

Observations. A species easily distinguished from other

Australian Chrysoconops, its nearest ally being C. nagra,

Theob., from Angola. We have much pleasure in dedicat-

ing it to its discoverer.

DIxomMyYIA, n. g.

Head clothed with flat scales with a broad stripe of narrow-curved

and hair-like scales with broad upright fan-shaped ones with

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 703

serrated apices; palpi very short, three jointed, antennae fourteen

jointed, second segment one-third longer than the third, pubescence

very dense; proboscis with apex swollen.

Thorax clothed with narrow-curved scales; scutellum clothed

with flat scales; prothoracic lobes clothed with flat scales.

Wings with small median flat scales and with broad asymmetrical

flat ones on each side of the veins only; fork-cells small, the first

narrower and much longer than the second.

6. Unknown.

This is a very distinct genus on account of the fan-

shaped scales on the head and the squamose character of

the wings. Its build and palpi suggest the Aedinae.

Dixomyia elegans, n. sp.

(Pl. XLITI, fig. 19; XLIV, fig. 18.)

Head clothed with narrow-curved and flat scales with broad

fan-shaped ones behind. Thorax clothed with narrow-curved

scales; scutellum flat scaled. Abdomen unbanded with lateral

spots. Wings with small median flat and broad asymmetrical

scales on the veins. Legs with ochraceous apical and basal banding.

9. Head black, clothed with patches of black and creamy yellow

flat scales with a broad median stripe of pale narrow-curved and

hair-like scales with numerous black and a few white broad fan-

shaped ones with serrated apices; clypeus black; antennae black,

basal lobe with small white flat scales and minute hairs, second

segment one-third longer than the third, segments two to seven

with pale apical rings, verticillate hairs brown, pubescence pale,

dense; palpi pale, black scaled, apex pale; proboscis creamy

mottled with black scales, base with a broad black band, apex

swollen, black, tip creamy yellow; eyes black and silvery.

Thorax black, clothed with black narrow-curved scales with

broad stripe, gradually widening towards its apex, of golden yellow

ones on the anterior two-thirds, bristles dark brown to black;

prothoracie lobes clothed with small white flat scales and scanty

dark bristles; scutellum clothed with black flat scales with a median

patch of creamy yellow ones on the mid lobe, posterior border

bristles dark brown, pleurae pale creamy with patches of black,

clothed with white and black flat scales, the latter towards the

prothoracic lobes; metanotum black.

Abdomen clothed with black scales with coppery reflections,

posterior border bristles yellowish, with white lateral spots on

segments four to six; venter apparently dark scaled.

704 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australa.

Legs black, femora white scaled beneath with a few pale scales

above, knee spot pale; tibiae mottled, fore tibiae with a large

creamy yellow scaled spot on the apical half; first three tarsi of the

fore and mid legs with basal and apical yellowish banding, fourth

with yellowish basal banding; first four tarsals of hind legs with

yellowish basal and apical banding, fifth with basal banding; ungues

small, equal and simple.

Wings with the costa black scaled, spinose; veins clothed with

broad dark brown and pale asymmetrical lateral scales and small

dark brown and pale median flat ones; first fork-cell narrower

and much longer than the second, base of the former considerably

nearer the base of the wing than that of the latter; stem of the

first fork-cell one-fifth the length of its cell, stem of the second

fork-cell about half the length of the cell; anterior basal cross-vein

the same length as the anterior cross-vein and slightly more than

twice its own length distant from it; fringe grey. Halteres with

white stems and black knobs.

Length 4 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley).

Date of Capture. 30/4/1913.

Observations. Described from a single specimen. It is

a very distinct and easily recognisable species.

Uranoltaenia propria, n. sp.

(Pl. XLIV, fig. 20.)

Head black with blue black and pale bluish white scales. Thorax

clothed with dark brown scales. Abdomen black scaled. Legs

black.

3g. Head black, clothed with deep blue black scales with pale

bluish white ones bordering the eyes, the latter purplish black;

proboscis black; palpi pale; antennae brown, basal lobes black,

base of second segment pale; clypeus black.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with brown narrow-curved scales

with a short prealar bluish white line of scales; prothoracic lobes

prominent, clothed with white flat scales—bluish in some lights;

scutellum brown, clothed with brown scales; pleurae brown with

bluish white flat scales; metanotum dark brown.

Abdomen pale brown, clothed with black scales; venter pale.

Legs black, unbanded, first tarsals of fore legs very short—

not quite half the length of the second, slightly curved, with a

large dorsal, basal, protuberance which is clothed with long semi-

recumbent scales which are spoon-shaped at their apices, apex of

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 705

joint also with a protuberance and clothed with fairly long scales ;

ungues sickle-shaped equal and simple.

Wings with costa black scaled and spinose, veins clothed with

dark brown median scales and pale lateral ones; first fork-cell

considerably shorter and narrower than the second; stem of the

first fork-cell nearly three times the length of its cell, stem of the

second a little more than twice the length of the cell; anterior

basal cross-vein longer than the anterior cross-vein and twice its

own length distant from it. Halteres with pale stems and black

knobs.

Length 2°5 mm.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dr. H. Priestley).

Observations. Described from a single specimen taken in

a house at night-time. It can be easily separated from

other Australian species by the bluish head and thoracic

scales and the peculiar tarsal joint of the fore legs.

Uranotaenia albescens, n. sp.

(Pl. XLIV, figs. 21 and 22.)

Head clothed with brown scales with a narrow border of pure

white ones round the eyes. Thorax black, clothed with brown

scales. Abdomen with the first three segments densely clothed

with pure white scales. Legs blackish brown, tarsi pale.

3. Head clothed with pale bronzy black broad flat and black

upright forked scales and a narrow border of white flat ones to the

eyes forming a patch on the sides of the head; eyes black; antennae

with basal lobes and internodes pale, nodes black, penultimate

and apical segments brown, plumes brown, very dense; palpi

clothed with black scales and a few dark hairs; proboscis pale with

the apex clothed with dark brown scales.

Thorax black with the anterior lateral areas brown, clothed with

dull bronzy narrow-curved scales with black lateral border bristles,

dense above the wings; a line of pure white flat scales on the sides

in front of the wings; prothoracic lobes black, clothed with densely

applied snow white flat scales and a few black bristles; pleurae

brown with two patches of snow white flat scales; scutellum

yellowish with the posterior half of the mid lobe dark brown,

clothed with dark brown scales, posterior border bristles black,

four to the mid lobe and three to the lateral lobes; metanotum

brown.

Abdomen black, segments one to five clothed with dense white

flat scales, the first with numerous pale yellow hairs also, segments

706 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

two to four with their lateral margins covered with coppery brown

scales, fifth with coppery brown basal banding, sixth and seventh

segments clothed with coppery brown scales, apical segment with

a few pale scales, posterior border bristles pale yellow; venter

clothed with white and creamy scales.

Legs with the femora and tibiae blackish brown above, yellowish

brown beneath, first two tarsals of the fore and mid legs brown

scaled, pale beneath, third, fourth and fifth creamy, tarsi one to

three of hind legs brown scaled, pale beneath with the apex of the

third creamy, fourth and fifth creamy; ungues of fore and mid legs

unequal, hind equal, sickle-shaped.

Wings with the costa, subcostal and first longitudinal veins

clothed with dark brown flat scales, rest of the veins clothed with

grey scales; first fork-cell much shorter and narrower than the

second, stem of the former nearly twice the length of the cell, stem

of the latter about two-thirds the length of its cell; anterior basal

cross-vein slightly longer than the anterior cross-vein and once and

two-thirds its own length from it. Halteres with creamy stem and

black knob.

Length 2 mm.

Q. Similar to 3; antennae brown, basal half of the second segment

creamy, verticillate hairs brown; palpi brown, clothed with black

scales and a few dark hairs; proboscis brown; wings similar to ¢

with the median scales on the second and fifth veins brown in

addition to the costa, subcostal and first longitudinal veins, the

apical two-thirds of the costa is spiny in both sexes; fringe pale

brown; the marginal cell is very narrow and the middle third of

the second sub-marginal cell is very broad in both sexes.

Length 2°5 mm. (viz).

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville.

Date of Capture. Bred from larvae 21/7/1912; adults

taken 31/3/1913 (Ff. H. Taylor).

Observations. A very conspicuous species on account

of its abdominal markings, and easily separated from

U. pygmaea, Theob., by its abdominal markings and

squamose character of the wings and legs. Adults were

found in kerosene tins and water-butts during a mosquito

survey of a portion of Townsville, it also breeds in clear,

shallow, grassy pools of water.

Larval characters.

Length 3°5 mm. to apex of eighth segment, length of its siphon

-5 mm., tapering very slightly towards its apex.

Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia. 707

General colour of living mature larva pale yellowish brown,

siphon pale yellow.

Head black, antennae black, apical spines fairly stout, dark

brown, five in number, the one on inner margin stoutest; six spines

on frontal angles of thorax; chaetae in two groups each group

composed of six chaetae; first two abdominal segments with lateral

brown chaetae—four in each group—remaining segments with

lateral hexad tufts of setae; comb on eighth segment composed of

eight triangular comb-scales, siphon tuft of thirteen setae; pecten

scales ten in number their individual character could not be made

out; at the apex of dorsal surface of ninth segment is a tuft of

nine long brown setae, at its base also is a tuft of seven minute

fine brown hairs; the apex of the ventral surface also bears numerous

brown setae.

Full-grown specimens (in confinement) seem to feed

almost exclusively at the surface and are predaceous on

other larvae, although well supplied with food.

Their position when at rest is almost horizontal to the

surface, in that respect resembling Anopheline larvae.

Pupa: Length 3mm. Thoracic region yellowish brown.

Abdominal segments light brown. Pinurae moderately long,

tapering to a fine point, the middle third with very short spines

on its outer edge. .

The duration of the pupal stage varies from three to

seven days, the average being four days.

Larvae collected 9/7/1912, pupae formed 17/7/1912,

adults emerged 21—28/7/1912.

Anisocheleomyia nivipes, Theobald.

Entomologist, xxxvili, p. 52 (1905); Mon. Culicid., IV,

p. 571 (1907).

Q. Similar to 3; antennae pilose, fairly dense; the creamy white

border of thoracic scales terminates about half way to the roots

of the wings; scutellum with four dark brown border bristles to

the mid lobe and three to each of the lateral lobes; below the dense

creamy white scaled area on the pleurae is a similar area of black

flat ones extending to the base of the coxae; metanotum dark

brownish black. Coxae and trochanters clothed with white flat

scales; last three tarsals of fore leg grey scaled, last two and apex

of ante-penultimate of mid and hind legs creamy white; ungues

equal and simple, those of the hind legs being shorter and straighter:

Length 2 mm. (viz).

708 Mr. F. H. Taylor on the Culicidae of Australia.

Habitat. QUEENSLAND, Townsville.

Date of Capture. Bred from a pupa 26/7/1912.

Observations. This is the first record of the 9 of this

species. A single specimen was bred from a mixed lot of

larvae consisting of Uranotaenia albescens, n. sp., Nysso-

rhynchus annulipes (Walker) and Culicelsa vigilax (Skuse).

EXPLANATION OF PILATES.

PLATE XLI.

Fic. 1. Stegomyia tasmaniensis, Strickland. Q Head.

2. 43 3 ab 2 Wing.

3. Culicada tasmamiensis, Strickland. 92 Head.

4, # £5 5 2 Wing.

5 : annulata, n. sp. ,, 2 Wing.

PLATE XLII.

7. Culicada clelandi, n. sp. 2 Wing.

9. cumpstoni, n. sp. 2 Wing.

10. _ annulipes, n. sp. 2 Head.

iil - sh i 2 Wing.

12. Leucomyia annulirostris, n. sp. 36 Head.

13. a 55 3 Wing.

PLATE XLIII.

14. Culicelsa simplex, n. sp. 9 Head.

15. - a 5 2 Wing.

16. Caenocephalus concolor, n. sp. 3 Head.

17. 5 ie et 2 Wing.

19. Dixomyva elegans, n. sp. Q Wing.

PLATE XLIV.

18. Dixomyia elegans, n. sp. 2 Head.

20. Uranotaenia propria, n. sp. 3 Fore tarsal.

2 ee albescens, n. sp. 3 Head.

Marca 31, 1914.

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XL.

* 4

5 6

Photo, F. H. Taylor. C. Hentschel.

AUSTRALIAN CULICIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, Plate XLII.

Photo, F. H. Taylor. C. Hentschel.

AUSTRALIAN CULICIDAE.

ie >

Sed

ih Pe

4 ‘ @ "oh ee

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, Plate XLII.

Photo, F. H. Taylor. : C. Hentschel.

AUSTRALIAN CULICIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Tol}, Plate XLIV.

Photo, F. H. Taylor. C. Hentschel.

AUSTRALIAN CULICIDAE.

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THE

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

Form’ THE YEAR 1913.

Wednesday, February 5th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Beruune-Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Nomination of Vice-Presidents.

The PrestIDENT announced that he had nominated as

Vice-Presidents for the ensuing session the Rev. F. D. Morice,

M.A., and Messrs. J. E. CoLirn and J. H. Durrant.

He also spoke a few words of thanks for his election to the

Presidency and made suggestions as to the more effective

circulation of exhibits.

Exhibitions.

Motus From British Honpuras.—Mr. A. HE. Gipss ex-

hibited a number of insects, principally Syntomid moths,

from British Honduras, and read the following notes :—

A short time ago I received from Dr. F. L. Davis, F.E.S.,

of Belize, British Honduras, a most interesting box of insects.

They are mostly Syntomid moths, and exhibit some remarkable

instances of mimicry. They were collected by Dr. Davis in

June, 1912, at Castile on the Belize or Old River, about fifty

miles in the interior of the colony. He spent two weeks in

this spot, which did not prove such a good ern, -ground

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1913.

Cyan)

as he expected; but he suggests that he went too soon after a

very long hot dry season and would have done better if he

had delayed his visit for a couple of months. Castile is a

large open savannah with primaeval forest on one side, and

it was on the edge of this forest that he made nearly all his

captures. In the tracks through the dense forest he found

hardly any Lepidoptera. The most interesting insects he took

were Syntomid moths of wasp-like and fly-like appearance,

which were present in abundance. At the edge of the forest

were patches of a small shrub with white flowers, and it was

on these flowers that he took nearly all his specimens. Dr.

Davis says that he found the early morning hours, from

sunrise to about 10.30 a.m., the best time. After that the

sun appeared to be too hot for them, and, with the exception

of one or two of the more brilliant species, they all disappeared.

The species which simulate Aculeates and Diptera were found

in abundance on the flowers before mentioned, and were

easily captured. One of the most interesting moths sent is

Amycles anthracina, Walk., which is a very close mimic of a

wasp, a specimen of which Dr. Davis has sent, and I have

placed the model and the mimic side by side for comparison.

Both wasp and moth were very common, crawling together

over the flowers, and, experienced as Dr. Davis is, he tells

me that he made a mistake once and got a slight sting.

Another insect of which Dr. Davis sent two specimens, is

Chrysostola augusta, which was described by Druce in “ Biologia

Centrali Americana,” from a specimen sent home without a

body by Champion from Guatemala. This type specimen is

now at South Kensington, and was the only one in the national

collection until I presented one of those collected by Dr.

Davis. Druce’s description should be completed as under :—

Abdomen yellow, terminal segments black with purple

reflections; a black dorsal spot on the first and second

segments.

The collection also contains an undescribed species of

Loxophlebia, for which I propose the name davisi. Of the

two specimens sent I hope to present one to South Kensington.

The following is the description :—

{ tm )/)

LOXOPHLEBIA DAVISI.

Head black, palpi in front, margins of frons, ring round

neck and antennae in front near tip white; thorax orange ;

white stripes on fore tarsi; abdomen brown-black, with

white spot on first segment, and a blue shading at ventral

extremity; wings hyaline, with orange patches at base,

veins and margins black. Fore-wings with apex broadly

black and margin widened at tornus, a black line on

upper discocellular. Hind-wings with terminal band

and basal two-thirds of inner margin widened.

Expanse 31 mm.

Habitat. British Honpuras, Castile, Belize River,

June, 1912, Dr. Davis. Type in British Museum, co-type

in coll. Gibbs.

There are three species of Macrocneme, dark-coloured

insects with brushes of long hairs on the tibiae and tarsi, one

of which is either a small specimen of M. jalapensis, so far

only known from Mexico, or possibly it may be a new species.

Of the other two, M. auripes is recorded from both British

Honduras and the neighbouring republic of Guatemala, while

M. nigritarsia has been found in the latter country. Two

insects having a superficial resemblance but belonging to

different genera are Dinia aeagrus and Mesolasia haemor-

rhoidalis, both handsome insects, the latter especially so.

Dr. Davis has noticed that these insects remain on the wing

in the sunshine through the hot hours of the day.

There are half-a-dozen specimens of that attractive moth,

Belemia jovis, one of the Arctiadae, and they exhibit some

amount of variation in the dimensions of the scarlet band on

the fore-wing, which in one of them is almost obliterated.

Another moth belonging to the same Family is the beautiful

Agyrta dux, Walk., which has the appearance of an Ithomiid

that flies with it in the early morning hours before the sun

is very hot. Dr. Davis says that on the wing it is almost

impossible to distinguish one insect from the other.

Among the insects of other Orders sent by Dr. Davis,

especially interesting is an Hemipteron, a species of Umbonia,

igs)

probably U. orozimbo, Fairm., which he found some years

ago in the western district. They have a thorn-like process

on the pronotum, and were in numbers on the stem of a small

shrub, which Dr. Davis thinks was unprovided with spines,

but these insects, ranged down the stem, gave the appearance

of a very prickly plant, and one dangerous to handle. They

remained perfectly motionless, thus adding to the deception.

There are two beetles which Mr. Champion has kindly

identified for me. One of them, a Longicorn, Crioprosopus

thoracicus, White, a very handsome insect, recorded in the

“ Biologia’ from Honduras only, comes with the moths

from Castile, and is the only specimen Dr. Davis has met

with. The other, a Buprestid, EHuchroma goliath, Lap. and

Gory, appears to be a commoner beetle of wider range.

Appended is a list of the Syntomidae and Arctiadae collected

by Dr. Davis at Castile, British Honduras, in June, 1912 :—

SYNTOMIDAE.—Pheva albisigna, Walk., Loxophlebia masa,

Druce, L. invtata, Druce, L. davisi, n. sp., Rhynchopyga

flavicollis, Druce, Chrysostola (Dycladia) augusta, Druce,

Macrocneme auripes, Walk., M. mgritarsia, Hampson, M.

% jalapensis, Sch., Dinia aeagrus, Cram., Mesolasia haemor-

rhoidalis, Stoll, Trichura druryt, Hb., Argyroeides minuta,

Druce, Epanycles imperialis, Walk., Napata leucotelus, Butl.,

Aclytia punctata, Butl., and ab. 1, Hampson, Heliura rhodo-

phila, Walk., Amycles anthracina, Walk., Eryphioides tracti-

pennis, Butl.

ARCTIADAE.—Belemia jovis, Butl., Agyrta dux, Walk.

(Isostola superba, Druce).

THe ForMs PICEA AND GAGATES OF Formica Fusca.—Mr.

DonisTHoRPE exhibited ¢¢ and S38 of Formica fusca, var.

picea, Nyl., from the New Forest, and a ? from Belgium, and

pointed out that it was standing in the British lists as gagates,

Latr. He gave a history of var. picea as British, and ex-

hibited 8% and a ? of the true F. fusca, sub-sp. gagates, Latr.,

from Vienna, and illustrated the structural differences between

the two forms on the blackboard. He pointed out that

gagates has not occurred in Britain.

OEY?

COLEOPTERA, CHIEFLY FROM HinpHEAD.—Mr. Arthur J.

RICHARDS, who was present as a visitor, exhibited several

scarce Coleoptera, giving the following data :—

One specimen of Dytiscus dimidiatus, taken in a ditch near

Birchington, Kent, May Ist, 1908.

One specimen of Hmus hirtus, found dead under rotten

fungi, Sept. 15th, 1910, at Hindhead.

One specimen of Onthophagus taurus, taken in cow-dung, at

Hindhead, May 15th, 1910.

One specimen of Odontaeus mobilicornis, taken by Mr. H.

Watkins at Hindhead, June 10th, 1910, at light.

One specimen of T'richius abdominalis, taken at Thursley,

June, 1909.

One specimen of Oxythyrea stictica, taken in a flower of the

Blue Delphinium, July 22nd, 1910, at Hindhead.

Three specimens of Acanthocinus aedilis, taken at Hindhead :

one g, May 15th, 1909, and one ¢ found dead in a rotten pine

stump, on which was a live ? with one antenna missing, in

June, 1910.

One specimen of Monohammus sutor, taken at Hindhead,

Aug. 11th, 1910.

He added that on June 26th, 1910, some alder bushes in

the Devil’s Punchbowl, Hindhead, swarmed with Agelastica

alni; not knowing at the time what the species was, and

concluding that it was something very common, he had only

taken a few specimens, and had never seen another since.

Commander WALKER commented on the exhibit, and

observed that the collection was a remarkable one, nearly

all the species being of great rarity in Britain.

Cocoons oF MOTHS FROM THE Lagos pisTrict.—Mr. W. A.

LAMBORN exhibited cocoons of Deilemera antinorii, Oberth.,

together with the moths that emerged from them. He ex-

plained that the examples were particularly favourable because

the larvae had not been unduly crowded, and were provided

with large leaves on which they constructed their cocoons.

The result was that the cocoons themselves and the arrange-

ment of the spheres upon them presented a very natural

appearance, and showed the resemblance to the cocoons of a

(( We)

Braconid parasite far more clearly than the more crowded

examples that he had sent before and had been exhibited to

the Society by Prof. Poulton.

He also exhibited two cocoons of the Lymantriid moth

Euproctis lanaria, Holl. He had observed that, in the con-

struction of the cocoon, the pupa itself was hidden in the

lower part, close to the leaf upon which the structure was

built, and that the larva spun above this foundation a spherical,

thin-walled fabric which remained perfectly empty. The

chrysalis itself was of a pale greenish colour and very well

hidden within the yellow silk with which the larval hairs were

interwoven. The upper portion of the cocoon was, on the

other hand, free from hairs and transparent, so that an enemy

could easily see into it.

Prof. Poulton, after studying these Lymantriid cocoons with

him in the Hope Department, had inquired of Dr. Jordan and

Mr. E. Meyrick, F.R.S., but neither of these naturalists knew

of any example at all similar to the ones now exhibited. Prof.

Poulton had also written to Dr. Chapman who (Dec. 26, 1912)

called his attention to the cocoon spun by the larva of P.

auriflua, L., which, when going into hibernation, spins a very

fair cocoon and then sheds its skin and spins another cocoon,

leaving the cast skin in the outer one. Dr. Chapman also

mentioned the cocoon of Orgyia aurolimbata, Gn., described by

him in the “ Entomologist’s Record ”’ (xv, No. 5, 1903). In this

species ‘‘ the interior of the female cocoon is furnished by the

larva when constructing it with a longitudinal partition, separ-

ating it into two chambers. One of these is occupied by the

pupa, and when the moth emerges she leaves this chamber

containing the empty pupa case and enters the other, and so

is separated by the diaphragm or partition from the empty

pupa case... .” Dr. Chapman also mentioned Hastula

hyerana, Mill., which “ hibernates in its cocoon as a larva.

After making the cocoon the larva rests for a time, then casts

its skin and completes its cocoon in which the cast larval skin

is embedded. Some months later the larva pupates. In

spinning their cocoons, most larvae make an outer hammock

in which the real cocoon is slung. This is a necessity to make

a place in which the true cocoon can be laid down properly,

( wii)

but in some cases this outer hammock, usually flimsy and

indeterminate, is really cocoon-like, and has outer lashings.

I think C. neustria, L., does something like this. This outer

hammock obviously affords a basis from which to evolve a

double cocoon. We might go so far as to say that the pad and

girdle of Papilionids are the cocoon, and that the carpet first.

spun is the outer hammock. In any case, the outer frame-

work and the inner true cocoon are a foundation for various

details to be evolved.”

SexES OF GONOMETA SUBFASCIA, WALKER.—Mr. J. A. DE

Gaye, F.L.S., who was present as a visitor, exhibited 5 ¢¢s

and 8 99s of Gonometa subfascia, Walker, which came from

the Rev. Lake S. Noble’s collection made in Lagos, 8. Nigeria,

in 1910. Mr. de Gaye explained how the males were captured

while they were trying to get into the breeding cage in which

were two newly-hatched females. Mr. de Gaye further stated

that he conducted breeding experiments of that interesting

species in the hope of getting more males, but the larvae died

shortly after the third ecdysis. In support of the statement

that the male moths exhibited were those of Gonometa sub-

fascia, Walker, Mr. de Gaye quoted a description of male

specimens obtained by Sir Gilbert Carter from bred larvae.

This description is contained at full length in Mr. W. F.

Kirby’s ‘‘ Butterflies and Moths,” volume iv, which Mr. de

Gaye produced. The male Gonometa subfascia is figured on

page 130.

Prof. Poutron observed that Dr. Lamborn’s previous experi-

ences had made it almost certain that, in spite of the great

difference in size and appearance, these insects were the ¢ and

2 of the same species, but that this evidence had not been

considered sufficient at S. Kensington; Mr. de Gaye’s experi-

ence, however, had now placed the matter beyond doubt.

PAPILIO DARDANUS, BROWN, FEMALE FORM LEIGHI.—Prof.

Poutton exhibited the leighi female together with one

trophonius—two members of a family bred by Mr. G. F. Leigh

from a female parent of the latter form (Proceedings, 1912, pp.

exxXiv-cxxxvi). The two female offspring belonged to Mr. D.

Longsdon, F.E.S., who had kindly lent them in order that

they might be shown to the Meeting. Prof. Poulton also

Co sa?)

exhibited the female parent (trophonius) which had been

presented to the Hope Department by Mr. Leigh.

Comparing Mr. Longsdon’s example of leighi with the two

Oxford specimens, Nos. 36 and 48 (the type of the female

form), described on pp. xxxv—xliii of these Proceedings (1911),

it was evident that the resemblance was stronger to 36 than

to 48. The specimen was, in fact, rather nearer to plane-

moides than either of the described examples. The hind-

wing patch was pale, like that of 36, and even whiter on the

costal side of the cell than in this specimen. The two most

costally placed of the sub-marginal hind-wing spots were

white, the others fulvous. In the fore-wing, the apical spot

(absent from the under surface) was much smaller and the

sub-apical bar larger than in either 36 or 48. The three

fulvous sub-marginal spots below the bar were asin 36. The

most costally placed spot of the bar was white, as in the two

Oxford specimens, but larger even than in 48, and there was

an additional small white spot on its inner side. The fulvous

markings below the fore-wing cell were nearer to those of 36,

but were more strongly developed than in this specimen.

The spot within the cell resembled that of 36, but its inner end

was even paler. The resemblance to 36 rather than to 48

was stronger on the under surface, where, however, the

increase in extent and in whiteness of the pale markings was

even more pronounced than in either of the Oxford specimens.

This was especially the case with the strongly developed

“costal gap,” and the markings below the fore-wing cell

which were much larger than on the upper side and nearly

white.

Mr. Longsdon’s trophonius resembled the parent in the

absence of the apical fore-wing spot, but differed in that the

spot within the cell was much smaller. The sub-apical bar

was faintly tinged with fulvous especially over its costal half.

The worn condition of the parent rendered it impossible to

decide whether it formerly resembled the offspring in this

respect.

FURTHER SYNEPIGONIC PSEUDACRAEAS OF THE EURYTUS,

L., GROUP, BRED BY Dr. G. D. H. Carpenrer on BuGata,

IN THE SEssE ARCHIPELAGO.—Prof. Poutron exhibited two

poe)

sets of parent and offspring, J and K, recently received from

Bugalla. He also communicated the following notes written

by Dr. Carpenter :—

“ Dec. 23, 1912.

“ There is a synepigonic family of Ps. eurytus (J)—the largest

I have sent—but only 7! There were over 20 eggs, but some

failed to hatch : some of the young larvae died out of spite,

and when they were full grown I lost one or two owing to the

fact that I had not enough boxes with close-fitting lids, and

when they began to wander sooner than I had expected,

looking for eligible sites for pupation, they escaped. Finally,

several would try to hang themselves on the side of the box

and the pupae fell down and were hopelessly crippled, and

died :—Altogether rather a sad story! These, however, that

I do send seem to bear out what I said before, that one

can’t breed a pure terra from a pure hobleyi, and that obscura

is apparently more nearly related to hobley: than terra is,

seeing that it can be bred from hobleyt.

Pupated.

1 Nov. 22. Lame (e obscura with a trace of terra.

2.| Nov. 23. See obscura with a trace of terra.

3.| Nov. 24. 5 hobleyi. Nearly typical but with the

hind-wing bar faintly tinged with

fulvous, especially on its outer edge

and costal end. The umber tint of

the triangle appeared on the upper

surface to a rather unusual extent.

4.+\ Nov. 25. sO: obscura.

5. Do. LO: obscura with a trace of terra.

6 Do. Pratt obscura with a trace of terra.

7 Do. typical hobley?, but did not clear itself

from pupal skin, and died.

8. | Nov. 29. . | 2 obscura.

( x )

“J. The female parent, of the form hobleyi was captured

in the forest, just above lake level, on Oct. 13, 1912. The

parent was a nearly typical form, with the umber colour of

the triangle at the base of the hind-wing under surface ap-

pearing on the upper to a rather unusual extent. The white

bar crossing the hind-wing was prolonged on to the fore so far

that a narrow neck connected it with the sub-apical white

bar of this wing.

““ There were so many young larvae that I could not follow

the careers of each individual, and therefore only give dates

of pupation. The ova hatched between Oct. 22 and Oct. 26.”

Prof. Poulton pointed out that the uniformity of the 4 ¢ ¢

and 29 of obscura was very striking. In this respect the

family resembled H. (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. 714). The

trace of terra was slightly the strongest in ¢ No. 6, then in

34 Nos. 1, 2, and 5, diminishing in that order; but the differ-

ences were very small, even between the extremes. The two

females resembled each other, except that the sub-apical

fore-wing bar was much fainter in 8. The traces of the umber

triangle on the hind-wing under surface were distinct in all

six obscura forms. In spite of these and other indications of

transition, there could be no doubt that the offspring of this

family and of E had segregated nearly completely into obscura

and hobleyi, although the proportions of J were not what we

should expect from a hobleyi parent, whether regarded as

dominant or recessive. It would be very interesting if much

larger families could be reared.

K. The female parent, of the form terra, with fore-wing

sub-apical bar nearly white and with a faint trace of the

umber triangle, was captured in the forest, just above lake

level, on Oct. 23, 1912. In reading the above description

allowance must be made for the fact that the specimen was

much worn.

The single offspring pupated Dec. 5, and the imago ap-

peared Dec. 18. It was a nearly typical male terra, with the

sub-apical bar of a rather pale fulvous, and a faint trace of the

umber triangle.

Prof. Poulton also stated that he had received a consign-

ment of Bugalla plants from Dr. Carpenter, and that they had

(ma)

been kindly named by the authorities at Kew. The food-

plant of the forms of Pseudacraea hobleyi, Neave—a large

tree with very hard wood—was now determined (cf. Proc.,

1912, p. exxxvii) as Chrysophyllum sp. near C. kayet, S. Moore—

(Sapotaceae). The Pseudacraea butterflies and also especially

Planema arenaria were much attracted by the mauve flowers

of the Composite plant Hrlangea tomentosa, 8. Moore. Prof.

Poulton also mentioned, in reference to the exhibit of the

larvae and pupae of the Hypsid moth “ Callioratis”’ pacto-

licus, Butl. (Proc., 1912, pp. lxxxii, Ixxxiii), that the food-

plant was the Leguminous plant Crotalaria striata, DC.

Cornish Puryxus Livornica.—Mr. B. Haroitp SMITH

exhibited 35 specimens of Phryxus livornica taken at light, in

South Cornwall, during the last half of May, 1912.

A PROBABLE GYNANDROMORPH OF ACIDALIA VIRGULARIA.—

Mr. A. Bacor exhibited a specimen of A. virgularia having

the right wings melanic, the left wings of normal grey colora-

tion. The edges of the grey and melanic areas showed a sharp

median longitudinal line. As the right wings were noticeably

smaller than the left, the specimen would probably prove on

examination to be gynandromorphic.

Mr. L. B. Prout said that the specimen was no doubt a

gynandromorph; he observed that a similar specimen had

been described by Habich, of Vienna.

RHOPALOCERA FROM THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND

Turkestan.—Mr. N. D. Rivey exhibited on behalf of M.

André Avinoff a collection of Rhopalocera made on a journey

in the Western Himalayas. M. Avinoff, who was present as

a visitor, gave the following account of his expedition, speaking

in admirable English :—

The Rhopalocera now exhibited were collected during a

journey of seven months’ duration made by him from Srinagar

in Kashmir to Russian Turkestan, travelling by way of

Sonamarg, Zoji-la Pass, Leh—whence an excursion into

Rupshu near the Tibetan frontier was very interesting—from

Leh by caravan through the Kardong Pass, Nubra, Saser Pass,

Karakorum (18,500 ft.), Kilian Pass, Karkalyk, Kashgar, Alai

valley to Och, and so to Russian Turkestan.

From Srinagar the fauna above 5,500 ft. was purely

( xi )

palaearctic ; Kashmir below that having a fauna characterised

by some Chinese elements, which run into India only by the

southern slopes of the Himalayas (as Papilio, Apatura, Neptis,

Ypthima). From Srinagar to the top of the Himalayas the

fauna has some similarity with that of Chitral, the Mts. of

Bokhara and the eastern Alai Mts. (Vanessa rizana and V.

cashmirensis, Erebia kalinda, Thecla sassanides; the endemic

Argynnis jerdani and the Sphingid, Macroglossa rubra are

closely allied to the Turkestan forms A. hegemone, as found in

the Alai Mts., and M. ducalis). The Ladakh from Zoji-la has

some zoogeographical affinity with the Russian Pamir (P.

machaon ladakensis, the short-tailed form, is only found

on the Pamir plateau, Pieris deota, Colias eogene, Hrebia

manni, the Satyrus huebneri group, Lycaena arvana, L. amphissa,

Chrysophanus aditya—which has closely related forms in

Pamir). Rupshu has very little connection with other parts of

Ladakh and Kashmir, purely Tibetan forms being found there,

e. g. Parnassius acco, P. aedestis, f. nov., P. n. sp. allied to P.

cephalus, Gr. Gr., Preris deota, Colias stoliczkana, Paroeneis

pumilus, Melitaea balbita, etc. It is interesting to note that

P. acco, P. aedestis and C. stoliczkana are only found, apart

from this locality, in Amdo, Koko Nor and Sikkim. Colas

ladakensis seems also to be very near to C. nina from S.

Thibet. All these facts seem to show that the fauna of

Rupshu is closely allied to that of Thibet as we know it from

collections made in Amdo and Sikkim. The Karakorum is also

a part of the same zoogeographical region (Parnassus acco,

P. simo and the P. sp. nov. referred to above). Kilian is,

however, part of another mountain system allied to the

Chinese Turkestan, Tian-Chien, etc. (P. epaphus huwei, P. simo

subdiaphana, Colias cocandica, Satyrus heidenreichi—the big

Turkestan form, etc.).

During the same period another collection was made in

Aksu (Tian-Chien), amongst which was found the celebrated

Parnassius loxias of which previously only three specimens

were known.

Paper.

The following paper was read by Commander WALKER.

“ Trichogramma, Westw., probably synonymous with Pentar-

(| xiii )

thron, Riley (Hymenoptera).”” By R. C. L. Perkins, M.A.,

D.Sc., F.Z.S8.

Wednesday, March 5th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Beruune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Miss

BiancHe A. Coney, The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Glos. ;

Messrs. LACHLAN GiBB, 38 Blackheath Park, Blackheath, 8.E. ;

Greratp F. Hitz, Govt. Entomologist, Northern Territory,

South Australia, Port Darwin, N.T.S.A.; Lowrexti Mason,

22 and 23 Club Arcade, Durban, Natal.

Nomenclature Committees.

At the request of the President, the Rev. G. Wheeler, one

of the Secretaries, announced that the Council had nominated

Messrs. J. H. Durrant, L. B. Prout and C. O. WATERHOUSE

to act as the Representatives of the Society on the National

Committee on Nomenclature. The Council also recommended

the appointment of a permanent Nomenclature Committee

for the Society itself and suggested that it should consist of

five ex officio and two elected members, with power to add to

their number when necessary, the former being the three

representatives of the Society on the National Committtee,

the British Representative on the International Committee

and the Secretary of the Society; the Council also proposed

the names of Mr. G. T. Beruune-Baxker and Dr. K. JorDAN

as the elected members. No alternative was suggested and

the recommendations of the Council were unanimously

adopted. The present Committee of the Society therefore

consists of the following Fellows :—Messrs. G. T. BETHUNE-

Baker, J. H. Durrant, C. J. Ganan, Dr. K. Jorpan, Messrs.

L. B. Prout, C. O. WATERHOUSE and the Rev. G. WHEELER.

Delegates to the International Congress of Zoology.

The Secretary also announced that the Council had nomi-

nated Lord WausineHaM, the Hon. Waiter RorHscHILD

( xiv )

and Dr. Karu Jorpan as the Delegates of the Society to the

9th International Congress of Zoology.

He also read a letter from Lord Walsingham stating that

he had given notice of a proposition to be made at the Congress

that the present International Committee on Entomological

Nomenclature shall be constituted a Commission with equal

powers to those of the Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature, and asking whether he might say that he was confident

that he was expressing the wishes of the Entomological

Society of London in making this proposal.

The Hon. W. RoruscuiLp pointed out that this would

somewhat clash with the instructions given by the Congress

of Entomology to the International Committee to take steps

that Entomology should be adequately represented on the

existing Zoological Commission, these instructions having

been originally suggested by the Entomological Society. He

added that Entomologists far exceeded in number any other

branch of Zoologists and that the forms of animal life they

dealt with far outnumbered all others, so that to be adequately

represented their voice must preponderate.

Dr. JorDAN observed that there was no possibility of Lord

Walsingham’s proposal being carried, but that it might be

useful in helping forward the claims of Entomologists. He

explained that by the present rules of the Zoological Congress

only three members of the Committee retired, so that three

was the largest number of Entomologists that could be put

on to the Committee this year, the Congress having no power

to alter its rules, but only to recommend alterations to the

next Congress.

After some discussion Mr. L. B. Prout proposed and the

Hon. W. Roruscuitp seconded a Resolution “that the

Entomological Society does not see its way to officially

endorsing Lord Walsingham’s proposal.”

Mr. J. E. Cotirn proposed to add as a rider “ but hopes

that as many Entomologists as possible will be placed on the

existing Commission.”

Mr. J. H. Durrant proposed as an amendment “ that the

Entomological Society prefers that Lord Walsingham should

bring forward his proposal as his own personal motion.”’

(tev 9

This was seconded by Mr. DontstHorps, but being accepted

by the proposer and seconder of the original resolution was

put as a substantive motion and carried.

Nature Reserves.

The Hon. N. CHartes Roruscuixp, being called upon by

the President, brought before the notice of the Entomological

Society of London, a recently formed society, the Society for

the Promotion of Nature Reserves, and briefly outlined its

objects.

Mr. Charles Rothschild stated that it was the wish of the

Society to secure and hand over to the National Trust for

permanent preservation, certain areas in the British Islands

which were of general, zoological and botanical interest.

The speaker pointed out that Fellows of the Society could

assist the movement by joining the Society (there being no

entrance fee or subscription), and by making suggestions for

desirable areas that should be acquired. The Fellows were

urged to apply to the secretaries, W. R. Ogilvie Grant, and the

Hon. Francis R. Henley, at the British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, 8.W.

A COLEOPTERON RESEMBLING A DipTrERon.—Mr. J. E.

Coun, on behalf of Lt.-Col. C. G. Nursr, exhibited three

specimens of a peculiar insect which Mr. G. C. Champion had

identified as a species of Myiodites, a heteromerous Coleopteron,

captured by Col. Nurse, at Quetta (India) in 1902. They were

taken flying along a mud wall all at the same place though on

different days. The exhibitor remarked upon their super-

ficial resemblance to Diptera of the family Cyrtidae which had

led Col. Nurse to submit them to him for identification, though

at the time they were caught the manner of flying had sug-

gested their being Coleoptera.

A REMARKABLE CoLEOPTERON.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited

specimens of a curious form of staphylinid beetle from South

Brazil, apparently the Ecitomorpha arachnoides, Wassm.

(Deutsche Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 185). He considered it much

more nearly resembled the larval form of certain hemipterous

insects than a spider. It was said to be associated with

the ant Heiton hetschkoi, Mayr.

(xg)

A COLLECTION OF LARENTIA CITRATA, L. (IMMANATA, Haw.),

FROM IcELAND.—Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited a series of L. cvtrata,

L., from Iceland, and read the following explanatory notes :—

The comparative fewness of Lepidoptera and their generally

extreme variability in regions where they are subjected to

rigorous and unstable climatic conditions is a matter of pretty

general observation, but is perhaps nowhere better exhibited

than in the fauna of Iceland. The remarkable range of

variation in that country of the Geometrid moth Larentia

citrata, L.,* attracted the attention of Staudinger on the

occasion of his historic voyage, and he published ¢ an analysis

of the forms met with, recognising eleven as worthy of

diagnosis. Thirty-three years later the Rev. F. A. Walker {

discussed his own experiences, although—not being a special-

isthe made some questionable and even misleading

comparisons of his material with certain British forms.

In 1908 § I gave a very full account of the variation of

this species and its nearest allies. Just recently, through

the courtesy of Prof. Poulton, I have had the opportunity of

examining an exceedingly variable Iceland series of L. citrata,

which furnish the subject of my exhibit this evening, and of

the present note.

One of the most interesting facts about them is that they

were all taken at the same time and place, so that there can

be no question of local or seasonal variation such as enters

into the study of the British forms of this species and L. trun-

cata. They were collected by Mrs. Agnes W. Thomson on

August 16, 1911, at Hvalfjord, Hals. (S.W. Iceland), 0-50 feet

elevation, flying in hay. There are 32 examples—21 J, 11 9?—

varying in condition from perfect to quite worn.

One ¢ may be regarded as typical, the median area being

white, rather lightly dusted over with fuscous scales—recalling

English truncata more than the sharply white-banded citrata

forms of Britain and Central Kurope. In one other ¢ there |

may be said to be a pale central area, but this belongs to the

group I have named ab. imsolida—only a central band of the

* Vide Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc., xviii, 39, 40, for the synonymy.

+ Stett. Ent. Zeit., xviii, 252. { Ent. xxiii, 66.

§ Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc., xviii, 33-60.

( xvi )

median area being white, proximally and distally bounded by

dark bands. It has, however, a slight ochreous-ferruginous

hue, which is rather prevalent in Iceland forms. Possibly

two other worn ¢s were also similar. All the rest are definitely

dark-banded. My series of 18 from the F. A. Walker collection

shows the same preponderance.

But amongst these dark-marked forms there is an exceed-

ingly wide range of variation. 2 3,39 have the entire fore-

wing (excepting the almost invariable subapical pale markings)

ferruginous, the basal and median areas only slightly darker

than the rest (ab. ferruginea, Prout); another ¢ still more

uniform and one a little more variegated can also be mentioned

here. 9, 2? belong approximately to Staudinger’s “ var. k ”’

(al. ant. fuscescentibus, margine antico extus albido-maculato),

the “ fuscescent”’ shade resulting from a strong admixture of

black with the ferruginous of the preceding form. In four

other 9s the blackish has wholly supplanted the ferruginous

in the broad median area, producing a form more general in

Britain and Continental Europe; to one ¢ the same remarks

apply, but that there is an admixture of white in the median

area, giving rather a mottled appearance. Finally we have

five examples with black basal and median bands but with an

increase of white in the intermediate and distal areas, the

extreme being a pair (g, 9?) of the beautiful ab. thingvallata,

Stgr. The intermediate form, which F. A. Walker named

ab. cjornensis, scarcely needs a separate name, on account of

the intergrading; one of the three before me (a 2) agrees with

his type, one ¢ has more dark markings in the distal area while

the other (also 3) has so much dark marking there as almost

to lose the characteristic aspect.

It may be added that a g of “ab. k” was taken in cop. with

a fine ? of ab. ferruginea, but I have not learned of any result

of the pairing.

AN ALMOND-FEEDING CHaALcip.—Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited

a species of Chalcid together with its live chrysalis, which he

had received for identification from the Director of Agricul-

ture on Cyprus, where the species does extensive damage in

the almond plantations. He read the following notes on the

subject :—

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1913. B

(( xvi @)

The insect has been determined as a species of Hurytoma by

Messrs. Morice, Morley and Schmiedeknecht, to whom the

exhibitor submitted specimens. According to live examples

sent the larvae feed on the kernel of the almond and pupate

early in the spring in the cavity made in the kernel. The

fly appears to emerge in the spring, and presumably lays the

eggs in the soft almonds. There was one larva in each almond

sent, and neither the shell nor the kernel had any outward

sign of frass. Whether the fruit thus infested falls off, is not

stated.

Many species of Eurytoma are parasitic in other insects, for

instance the larvae of weevils. This one is undoubtedly

phytophagous. It appears to me to be closely allied to, if not

identical with, a species which is very injurious to plums and

prunes in South Russia, Hurytoma schreineri, Schreiner (Zeits.

Wiss. Ins.-Biol. iv, p. 26 (1908)).

The exhibit touches upon some questions of Nomenclature.

Eurytoma is one of those genera of which Entomologists fight

shy on account of the slipshod work of Walker. The advance

of our knowledge of the genus has decidedly been retarded by

Walker’s descriptions. Under such circumstances would it

not now be advisable to put the stumbling-block out of the

way? It could be done by a careful re-examination of

Walker’s types, or, if that is not possible for some reason or

other, by treating the names as invalid. Science should not

suffer for the sake of mere names.

Another point of Nomenclature is raised by the name Herr

Schreiner, of St. Petersburg, has given to this or a closely

allied insect. He says in describing the species that the

Insect perhaps deserves to bear the name of schreinevi, which

name he spells with av. Must we call the species Hurytoma

schreinevi, Schreiner, or schreinert, Schreiner (1908) 2

The Rev. F. D. Morice inquired whether the Chalcid was

possibly parasitic on something that fed on the almonds, but

Dr. Jordan said that those he had certainly fed on the almond

itself.

TINEA PALLESCENTELLA BRED FROM HARE’S HAIR.—Mr. R.

Apxin exhibited specimens of 7. pallescentella that he had

reared in January last from larvae found feeding in a bale of

(sax 4)

hare’s hair received from Brandon, Suffolk, in the previous

November.

He said the hair in question was without doubt of English

origin, and in the ordinary course of preparation the skins from

which it was taken would go through a number of processes

including washing with a solution of mercury and nitric acid,

after which the hair would be cut from the skins, packed in

bales and put into store. The bales in which the larvae were

found had probably been in store at Brandon for a couple of

years, were thence sent direct to London, and the larvae were

found in them upon their being unpacked immediately on

arrival. There can therefore be little doubt that the bales

became infected during the time that they were stored at

Brandon.

The portion of hair that he received out of one of the bales

was put into a glass jar and it was thus possible to observe the

behaviour of the larvae. During the time that they were

feeding he could detect no larval tube or case, but on becoming

full-fed they spun very tough cocoons, to which a quantity of

the hair was attached and in these changed to pupae, and on the

emergence of the imagines the pupa skins were left protruding

about half their length from the cocoons.

Bales of rabbit hair received at the same time, also from

Brandon, were found to be similarly infected with the larvae.

It is also on record that the species has been reared from larvae

found on a dead cat (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. viii, p. 209), all

animal products, facts which appear to throw doubt upon the

correctness of the granivorous habits originally assigned to the

larvae.

Mr. Sic referred to Rebel’s specimens obtained from a

stuffed capercailzie, and Mr. ADKIN pointed out that the source

of those specimens was, on Rebel’s own showing, problematical.

Mr. Durrant said that species of Tinea were very common

in the Brandon district, the refuse of rabbit skins being used

as manure. He had beaten two T. pallescentella out of ivy,

near a fowl-house at Merton.

DISABLING AND OTHER INJURIES FOUND IN LEPIDOPTERA

AND THEIR INTERPRETATION.—Prof. PouLton exhibited the

male specimen of Acraea peneleos, Ward (pelasgius, Grose-

( xx )

Smith), referred to by Mr. Neave in the Proceedings for 1912,

p. lv. The left hind-wing was missing from the specimen,

having been lost in the attack by a wagtail, which, as described

by Mr. Neave, took place on Jan. 12, 1912, about seven miles

North-west of Entebbe. Prof. Poulton stated that imjuries

of this kind might be called “ disabling injuries,’ and they

were characteristic of distasteful groups. An insect which

had received such an injury was an easy prey to the enemy,

and when it was nevertheless rejected the inference is that

it was unpalatable. Although characteristic of distasteful

groups, such injuries were sometimes seen in insects with

cryptic colouring. These were probably accidental, the

enemy having lost its prey after dropping it accidentally, or

in consequence of having been itself attacked or frightened.

The interest of Mr. Neave’s observation was that it actually

showed how the disabling injury was inflicted. Another

example of the same kind was observed by Mr. G. A. K.

Marshall at Mt. Chirinda, Gazaland, 8.E. Rhodesia, on Dec. 7,

1901, when a young Drongo seized and rejected the Hypsid

moth “ Callioratis ” bellatrix, Dalm. (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902,

pp. 358-9). Mr. Marshall picked up the moth which was

found to have lost most of its head. The specimen was now

in the Hope Department. Prof. Poulton showed the following

six examples of specimens belonging to various distasteful

groups, exhibiting injuries similar to those of the above-

mentioned A. peneleos and C. bellatrix.

Acraea natalica, Boisd., male: Taveta, British East Africa :

Jan. 16, 1906: Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. Left hind-wing

wanting. It is possible that this abnormality may be due

to malformation or to injury in emerging from the pupa.

Acraea encedon, L., form lycia, F., male: Oni Clearing,

70 miles HE. of Lagos: Jan. 28, 1911: W. A. Lamborn. Found

on the food-plant, Commelina, by the lagoon. The injury was

noted before capture. Both left wings were torn off.

Pitthea famula, Drury, male : in the forest 4 miles E. of Oni:

9 a.m., Apr. 2, 1911: W. A. Lamborn. This Geometrid moth

was found on the ground, and as in the last example, both

left wings were torn off.

Pitthea famula, female: forest } mile E. of Oni: 4 p.m.,

(ash )

Apr. 19, 1912: W. A. Lamborn. The moth was found,

headless and dead, upon a forest path.

Neaveia lamborni, H. H. Druce, male: forest, 14 miles E. of

Oni: 5 p.m., Feb. 12, 1912: W. A. Lamborn. The butterfly

was found, headless, but still alive, on the top of a leaf 1 ft.

from the ground. This and the type, also from Oni (Lamborn),

are the only specimens at present known of the species

(Lipteninae).

Aletis helcita, Clerck, male: Oni Clearing: Jan. 7, 1912:

W. A. Lamborn. Found headless in verandah. This Geo-

metrid moth was left intact and alive in the verandah overnight,

and had doubtless been attacked by a Gecko, the only enemy

known to exist in the verandah. Mr. Lamborn notes that

this species fans its wings just like a butterfly when walking.

Prof. Poulton also exhibited the two following Noctuid

moths belonging to the Catocalinae and exhibiting similar

injuries, probably the result of accident. The colours of

both species were evidently procryptic.

Homoptera mendax, Walker, female: forest, } mile E. of Oni:

4p.m., Apr. 21,1912: W. A. Lamborn. The moth was found

on a forest path, headless, with most of the thorax gone and

also one wing detached.

Anua producta, Holland, female: forest, } mile E. of Oni:

4 p.m., May 29, 1912: W. A. Lamborn. Nearly the whole

of the left hind-wing was gone, together with the apical part

of both fore-wings. The moth was lying thus injured upon

the upper surface of a leaf.

He also showed the following examples of butterflies

exhibiting a very different form of injury, namely a snip out

of one or both wings inflicted in the attempt to capture—an

attempt which had obviously failed. These injuries were

by no means disabling and would probably have little effect

on the flight of the species.

Hypolimnas misippus, L., male: Petauke, East Loangwa

district (2400 ft.), North-east Rhodesia: Jan. 25, 1905:

S. A. Neave. The apical portion of the left fore-wing was

shorn off as with scissors: the injury also includes a small

notch out of the hind-wing.

Salamis anacardia nebulosa, Trim., male: Stella Bush, nr.

CS)

Durban, Natal: May 12, 1902: F. Muir. “ This salamis

was settled on the underside of a leaf when a bird made

a dart at it and took the piece out of the wings.” The anal

portion of both hind-wings was symmetrically shorn off, only

just missing the posterior extremity of the body.

Charazes ethalion, Boisd., male: Durban: March 28, 1907:

G. F. Leigh. Captured at light. Injury just like that last

described.

Papilio demodocus, Esp., male: Beaconsfield Road, East

London, Cape Colony: Aug. 12, 1905: F. A. Dixey. Injury

as in last two examples.

THE SLUGGISHNESS OF THE AFRICAN LYCAENID BUTTERFLY

MEGALOPALPUS zZYMNA, D. anp H.—Prof. PouLton ex-

hibited a female example of Megalopalpus zymna, observed by

Mr. W. A. Lamborn on a stem in the forest, half a mile East

of Oni, May 28, 1912. The butterfly was in the same position

on May 29, when the right hind-wing was clipped as a means

of certainly identifying the specimen. It was seen in the

same place on May 30, 31, and on June 1, when it was captured,

Mr. P. A. Buxton asked whether, apart from Acraea,

there was evidence of the distastefulness of the other genera,

and Prof. Poulton replied that there was experimental evi-

dence of the distastefulness of Aletis, and that Pitthea was so

conspicuous and so evidently mimicked by other moths that

its distastefulness was highly probable. With regard to

Neaveia lamborni only two specimens were known. Mr.

Hamitton Druce observed that a second species of this

genus had lately come to hand.

Wednesday, March 19th, 1913.

Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., Vice-President, and afterwards

Mr. J. H. Durrant, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. THomas AtrrepD Cowarpb, F.Z.S., Brentwood,

Bowdon, Cheshire; Wm. H. Epwarps, Natural History Dept.,

Birmingham Museum; Lewis Gouacu, Ph.D., Entomologist

( aan)

to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo; JoHNn

Hewir1T, B.A., Director of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown,

South Africa; Cartos E. Porter, C.M.Z.S., Professor of

Zoology, Agricultural Institute, Santiago, Chile; and GILBERT

StoreY, Entomological Research Commission, Natural History

Museum, South Kensington, 8.W., were elected Fellows of

the Society.

Exhibitions.

ConiopTeRYX LArvaE.—Mr. C. B. Witurams exhibited

two larvae of Coniopteryx tinerformis, eight of which were

beaten from pines at Oxshott on the 16th inst. So far as he

was aware this larva had not been recorded since Curtis’s

** British Entomology,” and there were only two continental

records of larvae of this family.

Mr. C. O. WareRHOUSE remarked that he had exhibited to

the Society, some few years ago, a coloured drawing of this

larva, made from a specimen beaten by himself out of pine,

but did not know whether it had been recorded.*

THE GENUS EciTon and MyrmecopHites.—Mr. Donis-

THORPE exhibited various species of ants of the genus Eciton,

the “ Wander Ants,” and gave some account of their interest-

ing habits. He remarked that a number of Myrmecophiles

run with them on their wanderings, including some 30 species

of Staphylinidae, a few bugs, etc.

Mr. G. E. Bryant observed that he had taken four or five

species of Coleoptera with these ants in Brazil.

ANTS FROM THE UNITED STATES AND FROM SWITZERLAND.—

Mr. W. C. Crawtey exhibited a few ants collected during

September 1909, in Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio, in-

cluding Polyergus lucidus and Formica rubicunda, two of the

slave-makers, with their slaves; and some species collected

with Dr. Forel in Switzerland, August 1912. Among the latter

were six species and sub-species of Leptothorax, Myrmica

rubida, M. rugulosa, and M. schencki, ¢ ¢ of Formicoxenus

nitidulus, Polyergus rufescens taken during a_ slave-raid,

Plagiolepis pygmaea, Lasius myops, Colobopsis truncata, LL, 2

* The drawing was exhibited March 18th, 1908, and is recorded on

p. xxii of the Proceedings for that year. Only the generic name,

however, is given.—[ED. |

C smi

and 3, Hypoclinea 4-punctata, Camponotus lateralis and C.

aethiops. The last two species are of especial interest, as they

belong to the xerothermic fauna, relics of a post-glacial period.

They are southern species, and are only found in one or two

sheltered spots as far north as Switzerland.

Lantern Exhibition.

The Rev. F. D. Morice, having asked Mr. DurRaANT to take

the Chair in his place, made the following exhibits by means

of the Epidiascope :—

1. Lantern-slides showing the pectinated antennae of the ¢

in the Sawflies Lophyrus pint, L., and Monoctenus juniperi,

L., the latter new to Britain and not yet recorded. It was

taken pretty freely on juniper at Nethy Bridge in June 1907,

by Messrs. H. Scott and C. G. Lamb.

2. Lantern-slides showing paradoxical (secondary sexual)

characters in the legs of numerous ¢ Aculeates (Bees, Wasps,

and Fossors).

3. Microphotos (on printing-out paper) of the apex of the

9 “terebra’’ in Cimbex lutea, L., and Cimbex femorata,

L. (magnified 90 diameters). .

4. Entomological Congress groups at Oxford and Tring.

(Lantern-slides.)

During the course of this exhibit, Dr. Cuapman, at Mr.

Morice’s request, explained the manner in which he had seen

the wings of the 9 Odynerus spinipes imprisoned between the

tridentate middle femora and excavated middle tibiae of the ¢.

Whilst the instrument was in use a most interesting demon-

stration of its powers was given by Mr. F. Bethell, a box of

butterflies, several of the insects exhibited during the meeting,

a photograph of one of the early Presidents, Mr. G. R. Water-

house (which his son, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, had brought for

the Collection of portraits), illustrations of Lepidoptera and

their larvae from Hiibner, Freyer, etc., being thrown on the

screen in turn, the colours coming out with great accuracy,

and details of structure being readily appreciable.

Paper.

A paper by Mr. H. Exrrineuam, M.A., F.L.S., “ On the

Scent-apparatus of Amauris miavius, L.,” was read by the

esl

( prey’)

Author, the black-and-white drawings by which it was illus-

trated being thrown on the screen.

Dr. CHAPMAN, having been asked by the Chairman whether

he would comment on the paper, said :—

“The Chairman having called on me, I can only say that

I have no remarks to make on the paper except to express my

admiration of the careful work that has produced such beautiful

results. I have lately been examining the scent-apparatus of

male Lycaenids, and having worked with ordinary dry material

and by somewhat crude methods, I have met with no elaborate

structures such as have rewarded Mr. Eltringham’s researches.

I may mention that in Curetis I have met with a scent-

apparatus previously unnoticed, that is possibly new in

Rhopalocera, I think certainly amongst European and Asiatic

Lycaenids, but it is easier to examine one’s specimens than to

discover all the literature about them. In Curetis the arrange-

ment is very similar to that in many Sphinges and Noctuae,

a brush arising from the 2nd abdominal segment, and accom-

modated in a pocket in the following segments. It arises,

however, from the dorsal plate instead of the ventral. The

hair (or scale) bases in the pocket are modified (as scent-

glands ?). I may give a fuller account of this later, if no one

else will in the meantime elucidate it more satisfactorily in the

field and in properly fresh material.”

Wednesday, April 2nd, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Beroune-Baxker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the

Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. ANDRE Avinorr, Liteyny, 12, St. Petersburg; W.

Bowater, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham; J. 8S. Carrer,

Warren Hill Cottage, Eastbourne; James Davipson, M.Sc.,

Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington

S.W.; ArtrHur H. Foster, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Eng.),

M.B.O.U., Sussex House, Hitchin; J. A. DE Gaye, King’s

College, Lagos, South Nigeria; OLiver Hawxsuaw, 3, Hill

Street, Mayfair, W., and Millard, Liphook; and Ernesr

( cxevir 2

Epwarp Puatt, 403, Essenwood Road, Durban, Natal, were

elected Fellows of the Society.

A Correction.

The Rev. G. WHEELER explained that he had been mistaken

in some of his observations on Argynnis auresiana, which he

exhibited on Oct. 16th (see “ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1912,

p- ci), as he had lately heard from Mr. Powell. The name

auresiana was given by Fruhstorfer not by Oberthiir, and a

few specimens were already known before Mr. Powell dis-

covered it in numbers at Lambessa as previously stated. It

had also been figured by Turati.

Exhibitions.

TRANSFERS OF Butrerriies.—Mr. E. ERNEsT GREEN

exhibited cards showing the transferred wing-scales of butter-

flies and read the following notes :—

The larger cards show transfers executed by Mr. C. C. Gilbert,

of Ceylon. The smaller cards bear transfers by the exhibitor

and are designed to show how a useful representative collection

may be preserved in an astonishingly small space. Mounted

in this manner, a complete collection of the butterflies of

Great Britain could be contained in a case measuring only 43

inches by 33 inches, by 14 inches deep. The transfers are

firmly set, and will bear handling or transport by post without

damage. They also lend themselves to close examination

with a lens. The process is equally applicable to both butter-

flies and moths. It should be mentioned that the transfers

consist of the scale pattern only. The membrane of the wing

has been entirely removed. To produce the transfers, the

dissected wings of the butterflies are placed between two pieces

of freshly gummed paper and subjected to strong pressure until

dry. If the outline of the wing is then neatly cut out witha

pair of scissors, the two layers of paper can be readily separated.

One of these pieces carries away the scales of one surface of

the wing; the other piece bears the scales of the other surface,

together with the wing membrane. The membrane is subse-

quently peeled off, when the scales—in their natural pattern—

remain adherent to the gummed paper. These imprints are

(sav)

then mounted on cards in the manner now shown. The card

affords space for particulars of locality and other data. By

this method, a single specimen will produce two complete

transfers, one half of each transfer representing the upper and

the other half the under surface of the wings of one side of the

insect. It will be realised that the scales are shown only in

reverse. This does not affect the pattern in any way, and—

in most cases—effects little or no alteration in the colour,

except in the case of iridescent butterflies, in which the colour

is due to surface sculpturing of the scales. In some other

butterflies the blue and green markings are apt to disappear

during the process. This is found to be due to the fact that

the blue (or green) colouring of such butterflies is contained in

the wing-membrane itself, the coloured parts being covered by

transparent colourless scales. The black and blue Danainae

afford good examples of this phenomenon. A transfer of Danais

septentrionis, for instance, results in a pattern consisting of a

black ground with pure white spots; while the descaled wing

shows a membrane with a colourless ground and blue spots

corresponding with the white parts of the transferred pattern.

The Rev. F. D. Morice observed that in other orders than

Lepidoptera scaleless wings were sometimes highly coloured.

Dr. CHapMAN (and other Fellows) pointed out that this

method of scale transference had been frequently employed,

and mentioned in particular an American book entirely

illustrated in this way, and also the specimens prepared by

Mr. R. M. Prideaux, with the bodies, legs and antennae so

painted in as almost to defy detection.

A NortHern Locariry FoR TETRAMORIUM CAESPITUM.—

Mr. DonistHorPE exhibited a specimen of Tetramorium

caespitum, L., 8, from a colony found by Mr. Evans on the

Bass Rock in Scotland, March 21, 1913. He pointed out that

the most northern records known in Britain were Denbigh in

Wales, and Cambridgeshire and Suffolk in England, and showed

a map of the distribution in the British Isles.

Ants From Ecyprt.—Mr. W. C. Craw.ey exhibited the

following species, sub-species, etc., which were taken at

Helonan during Dec. and Jan. last :—Messor barbarus, L.,

race aegyptiacus, Em., 3, 2, $; M. barbarus, race striaticeps,

( xxv °)

And., %; Tetramorium caespitum, L., race punicum, Sm., 3;

Tetramorium sp. 3; Monomorium salomonis, L., (sens. str.), %;

M. salomonis, var. sommieri, Em., 9, 3; M. salomonis, var.

subopacum, Em., %; M. destructor, Jerd., race gracillimum, Sm.,

4, %; Cardiocondyla batesi, For., var. nigra, For., %., Cardio-

condyla sp., %; Pheidole pallidula, Nyl., 4, 9; P. pallidula,

race tristis, For., 4, 3; P. teneriffana, 3; Plagiolepis pygmaea,

Ltr., 8; Lasius nigro-emarginatus, For., 3; Myrmecocystus

(Cataglyphis) viatica, F., race bicolor, F., %; Camponotus

maculatus, F., (sens. str.), 3; C. maculatus, race atramentarvus,

For., 8; C. maculatus, race fellah, Em., 3. A Lepismid was

found with most species, and a small myrmecophilous cricket

(? Myrmecophila sp.) with M. salomonis, var. sommiert. Notes

were made of the habits, food, etc., of these ants.

Ninth International Congress of Zoology.

Dr. K. Jorpawn gave a brief account of the Ninth Interna-

tional Zoological Congress which was held at Monaco from

March 25th to 29th under the presidency of His Serene

Highness the Prince of Monaco, and which he attended as

one of the delegates of the Entomological Society of London.

The list of members and associates was well over 700, about

two-thirds of which seemed to be present. Entomology was

represented by a number of authors of wide repute, such as

Kolbe, Horvath, Ch. Oberthiir, Simon, Lord Walsingham, etc.

A few Entomological papers were read, but the section suffered

from scanty attendance, a fate which it shared with many

other sectional meetings.

The subject which stood in the foreground at the Congress

and aroused an immense interest was undoubtedly Nomen-

clature. The International Zoological Congress of Berlin, in

1901, had adopted the Law of strict Priority, 2. e: priority

without exception, much against the advice of the President

and Secretary of the Commission on Nomenclature. Many

protests against the hardships of this Law had been raised

since, and there was a proposal before the Ninth Congress,

brought forward by the German Zoological Society, mainly

to the effect that exceptions be admissible. The proposal

encountered a very strongly supported opposition. For some

2 il

( mix”) )

time it appeared as if a split was inevitable. But after con-

tinued deliberations and long debates moderation prevailed,

with the result that the Congress has given the Commission

on Nomenclature power to suspend (under proper safeguards)

the rules of the Code so that each individual case for which

exception is claimed can be considered on its own merits.

In order to meet the wishes of Entomologists as expressed

by the first and second International Congress of Entomology,

as well as by the Entomological Society of London, the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has

been enlarged from fifteen members to eighteen, four of whom

are Entomologists (G. Horvath, H. J. Kolbe, H. Skinner and

K. Jordan). Moreover, it has been arranged that all nomen-

clatorial matters relating to Entomology are submitted to the

International Committee on Entomological Nomenclature

(elected by the Entomological Congresses), which will consider

them in co-operation with the Entomological National

Committees appointed by the Entomological Societies of each

country. By this means every Entomologist will be enabled

to have his opinion recorded on points which affect the

nomenclature of his own special branch of study.

There was a further proposal before the Commission on

Nomenclature, brought forward by the First International

Entomological Congress, referring to the labelling of “ types.”

The Ninth Zoological Congress adopted the proposal in a

slightly altered form, recommending that in publishing a

description of a new species or sub-species only one specimen

be designated and labelled as type, the other specimens

examined by the author at the same time being paratypes.

The social arrangements during the Congress were on a

lavish scale, and the members of the Congress had a most

enjoyable time in spite of the rather inclement weather.

The Tenth International Congress of Zoology will be held at

Budapest in 1916, with Dr. G. Horvath as president.

Vote of Thanks.

At the suggestion of the President thanks were voted to

the Society’s Delegates for their work at the Congress, and to

( xxm@ }

Dr. Jordan in particular for his interesting and satisfactory

account of it.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On the classification of British Crabronidae (Hymenoptera),’

by R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S.

‘* Descriptions of new species of the Syrphid genus Callicera

(Diptera),” by the late G. H. Verraty, F.E.S. Edited by

je oConmn, H.S.

‘““Neue Pyrgotinen aus dem British Museum in London,”

Von FrieDRICH HENDEL, Wien.

Wednesday, May 7th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Beraune-Baxer, F.LS., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. CHartes C. Best-GarpNeR, of Rookwood, Neath,

Glamorgan, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Obituary.

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. HERBERT

Druce, F.L.S., who was elected a Fellow of the Society in

1867, and was well known for his work on the Lepidoptera of

Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s “ Biologia Centrali-Americana ”

and other important contributions to our knowledge of Exotic

Lepidoptera.

Inbrary.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted

to the Donors.

Letters.

The Secrerary read a letter from Lord Walsingham, one

of the delegates of the Society to the Ninth International

Congress of Zoology at Monaco.

A letter was also read from the President of the Entomo-

logical Society of Ontario, extending a very cordial invitation

(+ eer)

to the Society to send a representative to take part in the

Fiftieth Annual Meeting at Guelph, Ontario, August 27-29.

It was announced that the Council had decided to ask Prof.

J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, U.S.A., to act as their

delegate on this occasion.

Exhibitions.

A Rare WeeEvit.—Commander J. J. WaLkerR exhibited a

series of Acalyptus carpini, Fr., var. rufipennis, Gyll., a rare

weevil which had not been met with in Britain for many years

previously. These specimens were taken on and about a

sallow-bush at Weston-on-the-Green, Oxon, in April 1913.

AN ALBINO EXAMPLE OF TAENIOCAMPA GRACILIS.—Mr. N.

CHARLES ROTHSCHILD exhibited an example of Taeniocampa

gracilis captured in April this year at Wood Walton Fen,

Hunts. The specimen in question is white all over, without

any markings whatever. The exhibitor remarked that Mr. W.

Holland, who had secured the example, had also captured

several more of both sexes of this remarkable form, as well

as some others approaching to it but not identical with it.

A New Bririsn Ant.—Mr. DonistHorPE exhibited a form

of Lasius affinis, Schenck, an ant new to Britain, of which

he had found a colony at Tenby in South Wales, on the

sand hills, on April 24 this year. He also exhibited specimens

of L. flavus, L. umbratus and L. mixtus for comparison, and

showed by drawings on the blackboard the difference in the

scales of all these yellow ants.

ScaLES OF CNETHOCAMPA PITYOCAMPA.—Mr. H. ELrrinc-

HAM exhibited a number of the scales composing the anal tuft

of the ° of Cnethocampa pityocampa, Schiff., remarkable as

being the largest scales known in any Lepidopterous insect.

He also remarked on the absence of urticating spicules (such

as are found in Porthesia similis, Fuess.) in the anal tuft of this

moth. Mr. A. Bacor and Prof. Poutron took part in the

discussion which ensued.

THE FEMALE FORMS OF PAPILIO POLYTES, L., IN THE Honc-

KONG bDisTRicT.—Prof. Poutron exhibited four males and six

females of Papilio polytes, L., captured March 10-October 10,

1912, by Capt. R. A. Craig on Stonecutters’ Island in Hongkong

(=e }

Harbour about one mile from the mainland. All the females

were of the male-like form cyrus, Hiibn. (= pammon, L.).

The collection contained many other species of Papilio, but

the model of the chief mimetic female of polytes, namely

P. aristolochiae, F., was absent. On the island of Hongkong

Commander Walker had described the mimetic and the male-

hke form of the female polytes as about equal in numbers

(Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 470). With regard to the model

P. aristolochiae, the same author stated (p. 468) that individuals

existed in local collections, but that he had not himself taken

the species. Mr. J. C. Kershaw, F.Z.S., in his “ Butterflies

of Hongkong” (Hongkong and London: 1907) stated, as

regards the Macao district, that P. polytes “is, perhaps, the

commonest Papilio here, exceedingly numerous all through

the wet season, and occurring every month, though scarce in

January. The form of 2 resembling the ¢ is the common

one here, the other form of 2 being rather scarce by com-

parison” (p. 110.) Of P. aristolochiae the author wrote

(p. 107), “I have never seen this insect in the neighbourhood

of Macao, and it is very scarce at Hongkong. . . . It seems to

have become rarer of late years at Hongkong.”

Finally, Prof. Poulton had received a letter dated May 4,

1913, from Dr. Adalbert Seitz of Darmstadt giving his experi-

ence of P. polytes in the Hongkong district. Dr. Seitz had

collected in 1890 and from June 1891 to February 1892, in

Kau-lung, a part of the mainland opposite Victoria on the

island of Hongkong and about a mile distant. Dr. Seitz never

saw P. aristolochiae nor any female of polytes except the male-

like form cyrus (= pammon). He examined all the females

captured throughout the whole year and they were all alike.*

At Singapore, on the other hand, Dr. Seitz collected (chiefly

in 1892) many of the mimetic females of polytes and none of

the male-like form. In Kandy (Jan.—March, 1902), according

* Dr. Seitz had written further, on May 9, 1913 :—

“‘T saw daily, when the weather was fine, a number of P. pammon

[polytes], which is, after P. bianor, the commonest Papilio of Kau-lung

and Hongkong. I remember having seen in one day over 20 specimens,

and altogether I must have seen hundreds. I have collected butterflies

for nearly 50 years and my eyesight is very strong, so that I can

distinguish gs and @s by their flight, and of course the pammon

[cyrus] 9s from the polytes 9s, for the two have no similarity at all.”

( xxx )

to his experience, the male-like female was rare—he only took

it once—while the mimetic romulus, F., and polytes females

were common. Furthermore in the Nilgiri Hills (1903), where

he found P. hector, L., although not commonly, there was a

form of the romulus female differing from the Ceylon romulus

in the same manner that the Nilgiri model hector differs from

that in Ceylon. Prof. Poulton had been informed by Dr.

Jordan that the Ceylon aristolochiae is so variable that very

large numbers of specimens would be required to establish

the existence of any average difference between the species

in this island and in 8. India.

A Famity oF PAPILio DARDANUS, BROWN, BRED FROM EGGS

LAID BY A PLANEMOIDES, TRIMEN, FEMALE.—Prof. PouLTON

read extracts from letters received from Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter,

telling of his success in obtaining, for the first time, fertile ova

from a planemoides female of P. dardanus.

** Dec. 2, 1912. Bugalla, Sesse Archipelago.

“* T hasten to tell you of a stroke of extraordinary luck which

has fallen to me. Yesterday I was out caterpillaring (there

being very few butterflies; but I took my net as I felt sure,

if not, I should regret it).

“On my way home, where the track goes through the gap

in the forest belt which I have labelled locality B, I saw

fluttering slowly just in front of me what I at first thought was

a remarkably large Planema; it flew just like a Planema that

has not been alarmed. Almost at once I realised what it

was—a Pap. dardanus @ f. planemoides—and, to my great

excitement and joy, caught it easily. It was really doing its

very best to pretend it was a Planema; for instead of wildly

fluttering in the net as Papilios do, it lay perfectly still for a

minute or so like a Planema, and remained quiet, so that I

carried it in the net straight to my breeding-box in the forest,

without a single flutter, although it was in the net nearly

half an hour. It was a nice fresh specimen.

“You will hardly believe that it is the first 2 dardanus

I have caught myself! Save for the one hippocoon my boy

caught (which you have received) it is also the only one I have

seen on this island, and the ¢ I have only seen once or twice,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1913. Cc

( =v .)

so you see it was a stroke of extraordinary good fortune, and

the gods of butterfly hunters are particularly in favour at

present ! I provided it (or her) with nice green young sprays

of lime (which I gather Lamborn uses as food-plant), and

following his tip, put in a box of earth saturated with sugar

solution. Now tHEN—To-day I visited the box in the

evening and found she had already laid six ova! So you may

imagine how pleased I was—almost as excited as when I saw

the first egg of Pseudacraea obscura. She will probably lay

more, I expect. I know you will be awfully pleased, for

(I believe) not only has P. dardanus never been bred from in

Uganda, but no one has ever bred from the form planemoides.

I feel I could not have had a nicer end up to my sojourn

among the Sesse caterpillars, for by the time the imagines

appear I shall almost have done here.

“« Tuesday, Dec. 3.

““T visited the breeding-box this evening; there are now

about 20 ova. Madam Planemoides seemed in the best of

health—pulse and temperature normal and tongue clean—so

there seems every reason to hope her progeny will be even

more numerous !

=o Deca auie

‘““ The young larvae are thriving well; they all got through

the first ecdysis without a fatality and are now undergoing

the second. I am excited about them. I have always longed

to breed this classical butterfly, but never hoped I should

do it from a form not hitherto bred from. It is a splendid

wind up to my breeding series.

“* Dec. 20.

‘‘ By the way, now that the larvae have accomplished their

second moult, I have been much struck by their appearance, and

this does not seem to have impressed other folk in the same

way—at least I have seen no reference to it in such literature

as I possess. What struck me was the likeness to a freshly

extruded bird-dropping, which, not having been dropped from

a height, has kept a cylindrical shape; the anterior and posterior

ends of the larva are chalky white, the middle of a curious

greenish chocolate (and glistening as a fresh dropping does) ;

C exy }

about the middle of the body this dark colour is suffused with

white, which is continued downwards and forwards over the

sides, thus breaking up the dark into two parts, of which the

anterior section is swollen and larger than the posterior,

resembling a bird-dropping of unequal diameter. Moreover,

the larva sometimes adopts a position slightly bent to one

side, the angle being at the white intersection of the brown

areas. The filamentous processes at the anterior and posterior

ends are not at all conspicuous, and I should not fancy the

suggested mimetic resemblance to an Amauris larva is a

reality : I am very struck with the bird-dropping likeness.”

Prof. Poutton said that 3 planemoides and 7 hippocoon

females had been bred from the eggs laid by the Bugalla

parent, and that he hoped Dr. Carpenter would exhibit the

whole family at the June meeting. He also said that Mr.

W. A. Lamborn, when he had read Dr. Carpenter’s description

of the larvae, expressed his entire agreement with the sugges-

tion that there is, at a certain stage, a procryptic resemblance

to a bird-dropping.

PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE AND MImicry IN THE MEMBRA-

cipaE.—Prof. Poutton drew attention to some criticisms

recently urged by Dr. Arnold Jacobi in “‘ Mimikry und

Verwandte Erscheinungen”’ (Braunschweig: F. Vieweg &

Sohn, 1913). In this work the author had objected to the

procryptic interpretation of the bark-like or thorn-like, etc.,

appearance of the Membracidae, on the ground that these

insects have remarkable powers of protecting themselves by

jumping. The following passage as well as that quoted

somewhat later had been kindly translated for him by Mr.

HK. A. Elliott, F.E.S., F.Z.8. —

“Not only is there an entire absence of all observations

as to the protective value of these resemblances, often cer-

tainly very distinct from the human point of view, but the

mode of life of these creatures is against it. In order to deceive

effectually, protective resemblance demands that the bearer

shall remain quiescent among surroundings which harmonise

with its appearance, but the Membracidae are, for their size,

mighty jumpers, and when approached, or at least when their

support is shaken, they disappear after the manner of the

( eva )

flea. Hence, these attempts and those of Melichar (1904)

must be classed under the heading of ‘Museum Mimicry’ ”

(p. 15).

Prof. PouLtTon contended that this was a very extraordinary

criticism, and urged that it was common for more than one

method of defence to be combined in the same individual.

It was indeed a well-known characteristic of cryptically

coloured species to be exceedingly alert when once disturbed :

the cryptic Acridiidae were obvious examples. In order to

obtain direct evidence from a keen and accurate observer in

the field, he had written to Mr. W. A. Lamborn, who had

carefully studied in the Lagos district the West African species

of the group. Mr. Lamborn’s reply, dated April 15, 1913, was

as follows :—

“In answer to your letter referring to Membracidae I

certainly think that the shapes and colours of the insects are of

cryptic value, more especially when oviposition and the moult

from nymph to imago are proceeding.

“I believe I am right in saying that in most cases, if not

in all, the eggs are deposited on old dark cortex with which

the female harmonises well. Oviposition must take hours :

I remember having seen a 9 Leptocentrus altifrons, Walk., on

two consecutive days still adding to the same egg-mass, and

the ovipositing 9 sits tight over her eggs in an astonishing way.

I have cut through stems carefully and have thus been able to

examine one more conveniently without causing her to fly up,

and I have found by experience that I can always pick off

such females in my fingers, which it is almost impossible to

do under ordinary circumstances.

‘The larvae of all that I know, except L. altifrons, are light

green and always run up from the brown stem to the softer

green part directly they are hatched. The larvae of L. altifrons

are brown, and I have never seen them on green stems. Though

one frequently finds Membracidae in communities I am dis-

posed to think that these are composed of one family and

have all only just emerged from the nymph-case, and that when

hardened up they tend to scatter. I believe that these com-

munities are to be found in situations where concealment

tends to be ensured. The grouped individuals of one species,

(, si)

soon to be described by Mr. W. L. Distant, were certainly all

fresh when taken, and all were on a rough brown stem. One

frequently finds isolated specimens feeding on green stems, and

these are so wary that if one advances a finger they soon take

the alarm and spring to a tremendous distance. In the early

morning they are certainly more sluggish, but I doubt if one

could catch them even then with the fingers.” *

Dr. Jacobi had also contended—and for similar reasons—

that the resemblance of certain South American Membracidae

to ants was without significance from the point of view of

mimicry :—

“Poulton has attributed to several genera of these truly

wonderful insects a mimetic significance as myrmecoids. In

the genera Heteronotus and Hemiconotus the bladder-like,

inflated pronotum, extending backwards almost to the apex

of the wings, lends to some species a startling similarity to the

body of an ant, and, seen from above, obliterates the rest of

the body. Even the tubercles on the petiole of the Myrmicidae

are reproduced. Yet this is only a case of ‘ Pseudomimicry.’

Ohaus, who observed these creatures in Brazil, informs me

that their behaviour bears no comparison to that of the restless

activity of ants: like all Cicadas they usually sit motionless

on one spot, and if disturbed, they reach safety by means of

their splendid jumping powers ” (p. 106).

Here too it was quite obvious that the resemblance to an

ant might be, and almost certainly was, extremely valuable

even to a motionless insect which, when approached too closely,

could defend itself in a manner very different from that

* I have received the following note on the Uganda Membracidae

from Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter.—E. B. P.

**T am afraid I have hitherto paid very little attention in the field

to the}Membracidae. It has seemed to me, however, that they can

jump vigorously, yet they take rather a long time to make up their

mind about it. A Membracid will walk about over a finger for quite

a long time, and will even allow itself to be poked before it will

finally; leap. Perhaps, however, it requires a suitable ‘ take-off’ place

from which to jump.

“‘A species common in Uganda has a large hook curving backwards

from the shield. I have found this one in the gut of a green frog; and

when dissecting the frog found it difficult to believe that it had not

swallowed a thorn. It seemed almost as if the sharp hook must

perforate the gut.”

Oxford, May 25, 1913.

( =evil-

adopted by an ant. Dr. Jacobi admitted the extraordinarily

detailed resemblance to an ant wrought in the pronotal shield

of the Membracids, but preferred to think that the suggestion

of adaptation was entirely invalidated because under certain

circumstances another and un-ant-like method of defence was

resorted to. It would be interesting to know whether the

author regards this extraordinary and detailed likeness to be

a mere coincidence.

Tue Cocoons or THE TineEID Motu EpicEPHALA CHALY-

BACMA, Mryrick.—Prof. PouLTon read a letter dated Feb. 13,

1913, which he had received from Mr. T. Bainbrigge

Fletcher, explaining that his second assistant at Coimbatore

had arrived, in June 1910, at the same conclusions concerning

the production of the spheres upon the cocoons of this species

as those reached by Mr. E. EH. Green and published in Proc.

Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. evi-cix.

““ Many thanks for your letters of 20th and 22nd February

with the copy of Green’s account of the Cocoon of Epicephala

chalybacma. It is peculiar that he should have found the

larvae descending such a height from a Rain-tree (P2thecolo-

bium saman). This tree is commonly grown here but I have

never seen the larvae near it, whereas the cocoons are common

enough on Caesalpinia (Poinciana) pulcherrima.

“On coming down here last April I was interested to find,

amongst the notes accumulated in the Entomological Labora-

tory, an account of this little moth from observations made

in June 1910 by the Second Assistant, Y. Ramachandra Rao.

I transcribe his note :—

««« Hggs on buds; very small, with striae or grooves.

««« Larva bores into buds and feeds chiefly on pollen sacs and

the ovary rarely. When full grown it bores its way out through

a hole at the base of the bud. Full-grown larvae are beautiful

light green with red cross-bands. Full-grown larvae pupate

on leaflets (upper surface mostly—sometimes on lower).

‘“«* The cocoons are remarkable, as they have on their distal

[“ upper’ was written first, but crossed out and “ distal”

substituted—E. B. P.] surface a number of froth-like bubbles

of a whitish colour. The bubbles are prepared at the hind

end of the alimentary canal and excreted. The larva attaches

( {xxix })

threads to them, makes a slit in the roof of the cocoon, pushes

them out, and then covers up the slit. The bubbles are thus

pushed out as they are excreted from the hind end of the body.

Each bubble is made up of several chambers.’

“T had noted the difference in the two accounts made

independently at Pusa and Coimbatore, but had not made

any further observations to see which was nght. It is always

a drawback to have a common species to work with, as one

is then inclined to put things off. Now I am glad to find that

Green has made a third and again independent set of observa-

tions. But the habits vary slightly in Ceylon by the attach-

ment of the cocoon to posts, ete. Both in Bihar and in Madras

I have almost invariably found that the larva makes its cocoon

on the leaves of its food-plant.

“J had seen your previous note about the parasitic-cocoon-

like structures on the pupa of Deilemera, and it at once struck

me that the cocoon of HL. chalybacma was perhaps a parallel

case, though I rather doubt whether the pupa is parasitised

to any extent. Possibly the anal excretion is simply composed

of waste products of metabolism thrust outside the cocoon

to get rid of them. The larva itself is parasitised fairly

freely.”

Concerning Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher’s last suggestion Prof.

Povutton said that it was to him impossible to explain the

elaborate procedure of the larva as merely due to the necessity

for the extrusion of waste products. The whole process was

an instinct of the most complex and nicely-adjusted kind, wholly

unnecessary for the mere purpose of extrusion. He thought

that the hypothesis of Mr. Edward Meyrick, F.R.S., was a

very probable one, namely that “the cocoon suggests the

appearance of a batch of empty eggshells’ (“‘ Exotic Micro-

lepidoptera,” vol. i, 1912, p. 22). It was to be noted, however,

that the suggestion of parasites might be a protection even to

species that were not habitually killed in this manner, because

such a method of destruction was so exceedingly common in

nature. Mr. J. H. Durrant had informed him that so far the

life-history of Hpicephala chalybacma is unknown—the larvae

have only been found hanging on threads—and he had suggested

that they mine under the bark of twigs or the young branches

( yale)

like the larvae of Marmara. Prof. Poutton thought that

Mr. Durrant would be interested to know that the habits of

larvae are very closely in accordance with his suggestions.

A HESPERID DRINKING INK AFTER FIRST MOISTENING IT.—

Prof. Poutton said that the following observation—entirely

new to him—had been made by his son, Dr. E. P. Poulton of

Guy’s Hospital, when staying at Grundl See, Salzkammergut,

Austria :—

‘‘ When at Géssl, we were writing in the open air by a lake:

a skipper flew up, and tried drinking up the dried ink with

his proboscis, and to make matters easier, he extruded a drop

of liquid from the end of his abdomen, and produced a small

smudge by moving about his proboscis. He then sucked up

the ink” (Aug. 19, 1912).

Dr. E. P. Poulton believed that the species was Hesperia

linea, L.

Wincs or DANAINE AND EUPLOEINE BUTTERFLIES KILLED

BY BIRDS IN CEyLoN.—Mr. J. C. F. Fryer exhibited a large

series of the wings of Danaine and Euploeine butterflies from

Ceylon, remains of these insects which had been observed

by him to be eaten by birds, mainly by the so-called “ Wood-

Swallow,” Artamus fuscus; also a few specimens of the same

butterflies which had been killed by Asilidae, these being

distinguished by the fact that the bodies were nearly or quite

intact. Prof. Poutron, Mr. G. A. K. MarsHALL, and Commander

J. J. WatkeEr, took part in the discussion which ensued.

Prof. Poutron said he was very much interested in Mr.

Fryer’s results, and that he was particularly glad to see such

a fine body of evidence in the shape of the abandoned wings

of butterflies that had been eaten. At the same time the

evidence did not appear to him to be as subversive of existing

hypotheses as many opponents of the theory of mimicry

seemed to think. He was referring not so much to Mr. Fryer’s

remarks on this occasion as to the reports in the press of his

paper recently read before the Zoological Society of London.

Prof. Poulton had always combated the opinion of the late

Erich Haase that protected species with warning colours enjoy

“absolute ’ immunity from attacks. He was confident that

no species in the world enjoyed absolute immunity, and those

( xh )

forms with special protection and warning colours we should

expect to find and did find attacked by certain special enemies

able to disregard the means of defence and so gain for them-

selves a supply of food which was abundant, easily seen, and

easily caught. We should expect to witness such attacks

more readily than any others, because the prey were them-

selves slow flying, and locally abundant. Such facts were well

known among the insects specially defended by stings, no less

than in those protected by an unpleasant taste or smell.

Thus bees were well known to be attacked by special birds, and

a similar relationship to enemies would no doubt be found

in all insects, however well defended. The same argument

held with regard to procryptic colouring. It was erroneous

to suppose that concealment was always efficacious; on the

contrary, large numbers of insect-eating vertebrates preyed

habitually on insects with procryptic colouring. Concealment

was none the less an essential aid by which a species was able

to keep up its average numbers because a vast number of

individuals above the average were destroyed by enemies

of one kind or another. The same facts held for the specially

protected species with warning colours, only here we must

look to the frequent attacks of a few specialised enemies as

well as to a relatively enormous slaughter by parasitic insects,

rather than to less frequent attacks by a very much larger

number of enemies and a smaller amount of destruction by

parasites, as in the procryptic species. One observation of

Mr. Fryer’s seemed to him particularly significant—the

Papilio agamemnon, L., which he had seen to be attacked and

mutilated by the drongo. This observation fell into line with

many other records of injuries seen to be similarly caused; and

the whole body of such evidence might be fairly brought forward

as proof that injuries of the same kind were inflicted in the

sameway. Ifthis be admitted we were at once confronted by

an immense body of circumstantial evidence indirectly proving

the continual persecution of butterflies by birds. Collectors

had only to look out for such evidence in the specimens they

would generally be inclined to reject, in order to place beyond

the reach of doubt the conclusion that butterflies are constantly

attacked in this manner.

(( xi)

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On the British Mycetophilidae,” by F. W. Edwards, F.ES.

‘“ Culicidae from Papua,” by Frank H. Taylor, F.E.S.,

Government Entomologist to the Australian Institute of

Tropical Medicine.

‘“ Pupal Coloration in Papilio polytes,’ and “ The larval

habits of the Tineid moth Melasina energa, Meyr.,” by

J.C. F. Fryer, M.A., F.E.S.

Wednesday, June 4th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Betoune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the

chair.

Royal Patronage.

The PResIpENT announced that His Masesty THE KING

had been graciously pleased to become Patron of the Society.

As this fact does not imply the addition of “‘ Royal ” to the

title of the Society, a discussion arose as to whether permission

to make this alteration should be sought, and eventually, on

the motion of Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, seconded by Mr.

C. O. WATERHOUSE, it was resolved that the question should

be discussed in October.

Obituary.

The death of Lord Avesury, the oldest Fellow of the

Society, was announced, and also that of Mr. Purure DE LA

GARDE.

Election of a Fellow.

Capt. F. Srrwett, Wooler, Northumberland, was elected a

Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions.

A ScarcE ABERRATION OF RHYNCHITES AENEOVIRENS.—

Mr. C. O. WaTEeRHOUSE exhibited a blue variety of the female

of Rhynchites aeneovirens recently taken at Burnham Beeches.

Males of this blue colour are not so uncommon, but the female

is extremely rare.

TATOCHILA IMMACULATA, ROB.—Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited

a male and female specimen of Tatochila immaculata, Rober,

¢ zi )

with a pair of 7. stagmadice, Stdgr., for comparison. He said:

“The first-named specimens were presented to the Hope

Collection by Mr. C. M. Dammers, having been captured by

him in Tucuman, N.W. Argentina, in March 1912. They

show points of resemblance to 7’. stigmadice, Stdgr., and T.

xanthodice, Luc., but are clearly distinct from either. I at

first thought that they represented a new species, but on

further examination it appeared that they might be referred

to a form described by Rober in Seitz’s ‘ Macrolepidoptera of

the World’ as T.-immaculata, though in one small respect the

male does not exactly tally with Rober’s description. He

says that the dusky stripe in the cell on the under-side of the

hind-wing is indistinctly forked at the distal end. In the

present male specimen it is not forked at all.

“The genus Tatochila to which these species belong, is

entirely confined to South America. It is undoubtedly a

natural assemblage, though its generic rank may possibly be

open to question. Its nearest affinities appear to be with

the Metaporias of Central Asia, and it has also points of

contact with Synchloe. The scent-scales of those members of

the genus which possess them are unusually large and quite

distinctive. It is interesting to note that I find no scent-

scales in J. tmmaculata, nor T. demodice, Blanch., though

T. stigmadice, which seems to be much nearer to zmmaculata

than demodice is, possesses them in good numbers.

“ The present, though not a new species, appears not to be

well known. We may confidently hope that Mr. Dammers

will do much to increase our knowledge of the fauna of the

interesting district of the Neotropical Region to which he is

devoting his attention.”

ANTS AND THEIR GuEsTs.—Mr. DonisTHorPE exhibited a fine

series of Claviger longicornis, Mull (including live specimens),

with its proper host Lasius umbratus mixtus, with which he

had taken it at Box Hill on May 16 and 23. He also exhibited

the common Claviger testaceus (to show how very distinct

C. longicornis is) with its principal host L. flavus ; and specimens

of the Acari Trachyuropoda bostocki, Sphaerolaelaps holothoroides

and Antennophorus uhlmani taken at the same time.

He gave an account of the history of C. longicorms both

( xhv >)

on the Continent and as a British insect. He pointed out

that here as elsewhere in the world the normal host was

Lasius umbratus (and mixtus). He mentioned that he had

visited the locality in Oxfordshire both with Commander

Walker and Mr. Collins where these Coleopterists had taken

the beetle very sparingly with Lasius niger. On these occa-

sions the beetle was not found, but he had discovered a small

colony of LZ. mixtus there, showing that the normal host did

occur in that locality.

BritisH ANERGATES ATRATULUS, ScoH.—Mr. W. C. CRAWLEY

exhibited 3, virgin 9, fully developed fecund queen, and a

partly-developed queen of Anergates atratulus, Sch., taken

for the first time in Britain, July 1912, in the New Forest. The

original queen of the colony lived in captivity for nine months,

and died owing to rough handling while moving the ants to

afresh nest. The queen, unable to walk owing to the enormous

dilatation of the gaster, is pulled from place to place in the

nest by means of the claws on the fore-legs of the Tetramortum

caespitum 83. The partly developed queen was fertilised

in the nest, and accepted by a large colony of T. caespitum,

and she was assiduously tended by the %% for nine months,

when she died owing to an accident when changing the nest.

Immediately after her adoption, the Tetramorium 3% killed

their own 99 and gd, thus showing how the Anergates is

accepted and the host queens eliminated. Previous experi-

ments by myrmecologists on the Continent had only shown

that the Anergates may be received into the nests of Tetra-

morvum, but none had ever lived more than a few days or had

been treated by the Tetramorium %% as their queen. The

solution of this problem may possibly throw some light on

the question of the elimination of the host queen in the case

of other parasitic ants.

A SINGLE BATCH OF CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS EMERGING IN

AUTUMN AND SPRING.—The PrestDENT showed thirty-three

specimens of Celastrina argiolus bred from one batch of eggs,

sixteen of which emerged last autumn and seventeen in May

of this year. They had all been bred by the Rev. C. R. N.

Burrows on Portugal laurel. The autumn emergence (which

had been shown to the Society previously) were unusually

t aly )

bright in colour and large in size, the black borders of the

females being very broad. Those that emerged the following

spring were of the ordinary spring form, decidedly smaller

in size, whilst the borders of the females were quite normal

and the colour nothing unusual. He pointed out the fact

that the two emergences came from one set of larvae reared

to the pupa stage by Mr. Burrows; those that stayed over

through the winter had no doubt used up to some extent their

own tissue in their survival, hence the fact of their smaller

size and quite spring-like form. From the biological point

of view the exhibit was of much interest, not only in that the

same set of larvae produced the two forms, but also in the

matter of sexes, the autumn emergence resulting in ten females

to six males, whilst the spring emergence produced ten males

and seven females.

INSECTS AND ASCLEPIADACEAE.—Dr. K. Jorpan showed

a Swallow-tail (Papilio thoas thoantiades), a Hawk-moth

(Protoparce diffissa diffissa) and a Honey-bee (Apis mellifica),

which were found dead at Buenos Ayres on Arawjia albens,

being caught by their proboscis in the flowers of that plant.

This sweet-smelling climber, a native of Southern Brazil and

the Argentine, but also cultivated as an ornamental shrub

in other countries, is well known as an insect-catcher, moths

being particularly often found entrapped. The exhibitor

explained the peculiar mechanism characteristic of the flowers

of all Asclepiadaceae, and which ensures cross-fertilisation

be means of insects.

SrriputaTinc Pupa.—Dr. K. Jorpan also exhibited,

on behalf of Prof. Szrrz, the cocoon and chrysalis of a Noctuid

from China. The pupa bears dorsally at the base of the last

segment a patch of sharp longitudinal ridges, and there are

corresponding ridges on the inside of the cocoon. This stridu-

lating apparatus enables the pupa to produce a loud chirping

continued sound, which Dr. Seitz at first mistook for that

of an Orthopteron. Leaning on his arm against a tree, Dr.

Seitz felt vibration under his hand, and found that the sound

proceeded from a cocoon on which he had accidentally placed

his hand. He collected several such cocoons and bred from

them the Noctuid Gadhirta inexacta, Walk.

(< xia)

A USEFUL APPARATUS.—Dr. G. B. Lonestarr exhibited

a simple apparatus which he had designed, with the assistance

of Mr. H. Eltringham, to turn over several butterflies at once,

so as to display alternately the upper- and under-sides. It

was manufactured by W. Watson & Son, 313 High Holborn.

BEE AND ParasttE.—Dr. LonestarFrF also exhibited a small

bee (Andrena, sp.) with a coleopterous larva, apparently a

Meloid, partly on, partly in its abdomen. Captured near

Seville, Spain, April 15, 1913.

A PALE TAENIOCAMPA GRACILIS.—Mr. J. C. F. Fryer

exhibited a light specimen of Taeniocampa gracilis for com-

parison with that exhibited at the last meeting by the Hon.

N. C. Rothschild.

THALPOCHARES OSTRINA FROM PaiGnron.—Comm. J. J.

WALKER exhibited, on behalf of Dr. R. C. L. PErxrns, a

specimen of Thalpochares ostrina, Hiibn., var. carthami, H.S.,

apparently freshly emerged from pupa. This was taken by

Dr. Perkins at Paignton on June 1, 1913.

THE RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE UNDER SURFACE OF MANY

SPECIES OF MELITAEA AND THAT OF CERTAIN PALAEARCTIC

HESPERIDAE.—Prof. PouLTon said that he had called atten-

tion to the striking resemblance between the parts of the

under-side exposed during rest of many species of Melitaea

and certain Hesperidae—especially the large species H. antonia,

Spey., H. sidae, Esp., and to a less extent H. carthami, Hiibn.

(Proc. Zool. Soc., 1911, pp. 866-7). This resemblance had

very much struck him in looking through a collection of

butterflies made about 1906 in the Tian-Chan Mountains in

Central Asia, and belonging to the late Mr. Henley Grose-

Smith. Prof. Poulton had no means of ascertaining whether

the captures were effected in Russian or Chinese Turkestan.

The details of the resemblance are described in the paper

referred to. In order to test the hypothesis of a mimetic

association, he had in 1909, with the help of Commander

Walker, sent many living specimens of the English Melitaea

aurinia, Rott., to Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. His experiments in

the Zoological Gardens, as recorded in P.Z.S., 1911, pp. 825-7,

left little doubt, when they were looked at as a whole, that

Melitaea does actually possess qualities that would render it

( xlva }

an advantageous model. Since that date he had lost no

opportunity of inquiring of those who know the Melitaeas

and these Hesperidae during life to give him an account of

their experiences, and he now brought forward the following

evidence. A very interesting account had been given to him

by M. Avinoff, whose beautiful exhibit of Central Asiatic

butterflies, earlier in the present year, would be remembered

by the Fellows. The following letter from M. Avinoff was

written in April 1913 :—

“ Pyrgus antonia maxima I have caught myself in the

Eastern Transalai Mountains, Bordoba, under the Kisil Art

Pass, 11,000 ft. It was not very numerous there and was

flying with Melitaea minerva and M. didyma, which were much

more abundant. Both the Melitaea and the Pyrgus have the

habit of resting for the night on tall plants, such as Artemisia

or Carduus. I saw them myself sitting side by side, and can

affirm that the pattern of the wings is very much alike.

““ Exactly the same relationship is repeated in Tian-Chan.

At any rate I have received, from Sary Djas, Central Tian

Chan, P. sidae intermixed with M. asteroidea, although my

collector in the locality sent me no special observations on

the biology of the case.

“In the South of Russia P. sidae is often found with M.

didyma, but there the resemblance is not so well marked as

in Tian-Chan.”

In illustration of his observations M. Avinoff had sent

the following specimens which were exhibited to the Society :

From the Transalai Mountains in Russian Central Asia Melitaea

manerva, Staud., M. didyma, Ochs., and H. antonia; from the

Tian Chan Mountains (from the Russian slopes close to the

frontier between Russian and Chinese Turkestan), M. manerva,

M. asteroidea, Staud., and H. sidae. Together with these

Prof. Poulton exhibited a series of specimens which had been

partly purchased from Mr. Grose-Smith and in part kindly

given to him by Mr. J. J. Joicey, F.E.S. These included

six examples of M. minerva, three of M. didyma, two being

of the var. ala, Staud., one M. arduinna, Esp., one M. astero-

adea, {. solona, Alph., six H. antonia. Accompanying these

was a single example of Brenthis hegemone, Staud., showing

( xhvin )

an under-side appearance probably mimetic of the Melitaeas.

This last exhibit, taken in conjunction with M. Avinoff’s, proves

that both of these mimetic Hesperidae occur with the numerous

Melitaeas in the Tian-Chan Mountains. It appeared, so far

as it was possible to infer any conclusion from so small a

collection, that M. minerva was the dominant species of the

group, and that the next in importance was M. didyma.

Nearly the whole of the, exhibited specimens were pinned so

as to show the under-side pattern on which alone the mimetic

resemblance is to be seen.

Prof. Poutton had written to Mr. Harold Powell, F.E.S.,

a naturalist who had gained much experience of these species

in the field.

Mr. Powell had kindly replied, Oct. 22, 1912, from Lambessa,

Constantine, Algeria :—

“The under-side of H. sidae is certainly suggestive of

Melitaea. I noticed the resemblance a long time ago, but

I did not pay any special attention to it.

“When the sun is out szdae rests with its wings open, and

in that position it does not look much like a Melitaea, at any

rate when seen from above as we usually see it when at rest.

Seen from below it is quite possible it might be mistaken for

a Melitaea by some enemy.

‘““T do not remember having seen sidae resting at night or

in cloudy weather. It no doubt has its wings closed then,

with the fore-wings dropped between the hind-wings and the

antennae nearly at right angles to the body and slightly

drooped, as in the case of the different Hesperia species I

have seen resting at night. They generally settle in a promi-

nent position such as the top of a stalk, blade of grass or end

of a branch, for night rest. The following Melitaea species

occur in the locality where sidae is found, in the Plan du

Pont Valley at Hyéres :—M. cinaia, M. didyma, M. phoebe,

M. athalia. A large form of M. cinzia is fairly common in

April. It is going over by the time H. sidae appears, but is still

on the wing. M. didyma flies at the same time as H. sidae, but

is not abundant. M. phoebe is scarce. M. athalia is some-

times very common, but it flies late in May when H. sidae is

nearly over. It is particularly abundant on a hill-side about

C\ xi? )

a kilometre away from sidae’s special locality, but it is also

common enough where szdae flies.”

THE HABITS OF Two ALGERIAN DipTERA—AN ASILID AND

AN Oncopip.—Prof. Poutton exhibited a female of the

Asilid fly Heligmoneura brunnipes, F. (Asilus castanipes,

Meigen), together with the Oncodid (Cyrtid) fly Physegaster

maculatus, Macq., both from Batna, Algeria—the Asilid dated

July 2, 1909. Neither of these was present in the British

Museum collection, but Mr. EK. KE. Austen had kindly named

them from H. Lucas’ “ Expl. Sci. de l’Alger.,” 1849. The

Oncodid Mr. Austen considered to be the same species as that

represented in fig. 6, plate iii of vol. 11 (p. 445), the Asilid that

represented in fig. 8, plate 11 of the same volume (p. 440).

The two specimens had been sent by Dr. Adalbert Seitz with

the following interesting notes upon their habits :—

“‘ There is to be found upon the wing from the end of May

until August a horrible fly, a great danger to all day-flying

insects. I found the largest butterflies killed by it, for in-

stance: Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Argynnis pandora,

Colias edusa and P. daplidice. Anthocharis eupheno I found

only once, for this species is over before the Asilid is common.

I observed a common Noctuid moth, Thalpochares albida,

which rests on the thistles, but never flies by day, and this is

exceptional, for all T’halpochares are day-fliers. Once I dis-

turbed two 7. albida on the ground, so that they had to fly,

and immediately they were caught by the Asilids. I also

found plenty of Anisoplia, Cicadidae, etc., etc., caught by the

Asilid, and sometimes I found the females devouring their

own males.* But I did not observe the capture of a single

Zygaenid moth, although they fly in numbers amongst the

voracious Asilids. Nor did I observe the capture of a Myla-

brid beetle. Together with the Asilid I send another fly, an

Oncodid, upon which it preys. This fact astonished me;

for the Oncodid hovers like a Syrphid in the holes made in

the ground by spiders. The short wings enable it to hover

even in narrow holes, and it hums so loudly as to attract

* Dr. Seitz once found a female in copula with one male and

devouring another, all three insects being of the same species, viz.

H. brunnipes.” A pen-and-ink sketch of the three accompanied the

exhibit.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1913. D

Co)

attention. The sound is very curious, and I have rarely

detected the fly by any other means. When one attempts

to catch it the fly retreats more deeply into the hole, so I find

it difficult to understand how the Asilid can seize it.

““ Seeing your collection of Aszlzdae and their prey I formed

the intention of obtaining a set of insects captured by this

Asilid, and I hope on my return to Algeria in June to be able

to send you a good series of them.”

Prof. Poutron said that the latter observation doubtless

bore upon the fact that the larvae of Oncodidae are parasitic

upon spiders. It was interesting to learn that this Algerian

Asilid drew the line at the Zygaenidae and a Mylabrid; for

certain other species are known to attack the most specially

protected insects. It was clear that each species must be

studied separately and that a very large body of evidence

was required.

A LocustiIp AND A REDUVIID MIMIC oF A Fossor1aL Acu-

LEATE IN THE 8. PAULO DISTRICT OF BRaziL.—Prof. PouLToN

exhibited on behalf of Dr. ApatBert Serrz, F.E.S., the Fos-

sorial model Pepsis sapphirus, Pal. de Beauv., and two of

its mimics—the Reduvid bug Spiniger ater, Lep. and Serv.,

and the Locustid (Phasgoneurid) Scaphura mgra, Thunb., var.

vigorsii, Kirb. All three had been captured, together with a

third mimic, a Syntomid moth of the genus Macrocneme,

by Dr. Seitz, along not more than 200 paces of a sunny road

through the high forest between Santos and the little village

of Sad Vicente, about the year 1888, although Dr. Seitz believed

that he had seen all three insects upon the wing in every

month in the year. He had written, May 4, 1913, with

additional details in a later letter: ‘‘ At this spot the Fossor,

a species of Pepsis, is very common. It appears on the wing

about 10 a.m., and flies slowly up and down the road. At

this time of day large spiders may often be seen crossing the

road, and, in a moment, they will be captured by the Fossorial

wasps. The Fossor is a very powerful insect, stinging very

badly, and it is the model of several different insects. Among

the mimics are Syntomid moths of the genus Macrocneme.

The Fossor, when on the wing, carries its legs hanging down

like our Psammophila; and I observed that the Macrocneme

ie)

does the same, in mimicry, I believe, of the Aculeate

model.

“The Pepsis is also mimicked by a Reduviid bug and a

Locustid of which I send specimens. The likeness is not at

all striking when the insects are at rest, but both of them have

the very curious habit of flying and running alternately and of

running short distances with expanded wings.* The Scaphura

when active directs its antennae forward, but these organs

sweep backward in the resting position, in which the insect ap-

pears to be non-mimetic. I was somewhat surprised to see that

the Pepsis does not attack its mimics. Many of the American

Fossorial wasps hunt the Orthoptera, but not this kind.”

Prof. Poutron said that in view of Dr. Seitz’s last sentence,

it was interesting to find that H. W. Bates, in his epoch-

making memoir (Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii, 1862, p. 509) had

spoken of these very Locustidae as the prey of their models :—

““ Amongst the living objects mimicked by insects are the

predaceous species from which it is the interest of the mimickers

to be concealed. Thus, the species of Scaphura (a genus of

Crickets) in South America resemble in a wonderful manner

different Sand Wasps of large size, which are constantly on

the search for Crickets to provision their nests with. Another

pretty Cricket, which I observed, was a good imitation of a

Tiger Beetle, and was always found on trees frequented by

the Beetles (Odontocheilae). There are endless instances of

predaceous insects being disguised by having similar shapes

and colours to those of their prey; many Spiders are thus

endowed: but some hunting Spiders mimic flower-buds, and

station themselves motionless in the axils of leaves and other

parts of plants to wait for their victims.”

Prof. Poutron questioned the interpretation of mimetic

resemblance given by Bates in the paragraph quoted above,

although he did not doubt the anticryptic significance of

the flower-haunting spiders. He had argued, in Trans. Ent.

Soc., 1904, pp. 661-5, that the mimicry of their Hymenopterous

prey by certain Asilid flies, and of Bombus by the Volucellas

which lay eggs in their nests, is not to be explained in the

* This description was illustrated by a sketch of the two mimics,

made from memory by Dr. Seitz, and fixed beside the specimens.

(¢ i >}

manner suggested by Bates or still earlier by Kirby and Spence,

and followed in 1890 by the speaker himself (“ Colours of

Animals,”’ p. 267). All such examples were better interpreted

as a protection from enemies that feared the stinging Hymeno-

ptera. The particular models were peculiarly advantageous

because of the special association between them and their

mimics. If the Scaphuras mimicked their Fossorial foes

the resemblance was probably to be explained in the same

way, and not as a means of escaping the attacks of their

models. In the meantime Dr. Seitz’s observations showed

that these Locustidae may mimic Fossors which attack other

prey.

The resemblance of the thickened basal segments of the

Locustid’s antennae to the entire organ of the model was

found throughout the genus Scaphura, which was probably

mimetic in all its species. The sudden thinning away to the

diameter of the usual hair-like Locustid antenna as well as the

appearance of a yellow “tip” at the end of the thick basal

section—about one-third of the whole organ in length—was very

striking. There was also a peculiar quality about the annula-

tion of the basal part which strongly suggested the antennae

of the Fossor. The example afforded a most instructive com-

parison with the mimetic likeness of certain Longicorn beetles

to weevils and Phytophaga, as described by Mr. C. J. Gahan.

In these cases, which he had quoted in Linn. Soc. Journ.

Zool., xxvi, 1898, p. 596, the terminal part of the too-long

antennae of the mimic’ was concealed by a hair-like fineness,

while a false “ tip” was indicated by a special dilatation (in

Doliops) or by hairs (in Estigmenida).

The antennae of the Pepsis sent by Dr. Seitz were entirely

yellow and not black with yellow tips like those suggested by

both Reduviid and Locustid mimics. The fine series of Pepsis

sapphirus in the British Museum, kindly shown to him by

Mr. G. Meade-Waldo, included specimens from localities

widely distributed over the whole Neotropical Region, and in

these the antennae were very variable in colour, being more

often black than yellow. Concerning the varieties in the

Santos district Dr. Seitz had written: ‘‘ This Fossor, so far

as I remember, always has yellow tips to its antennae at

( Im )

Santos. We have, however, in this locality different species

of these Aculeates : I remember seeing a Pepsis with the apex

of fore-wing white, and so on.”

The specimens of the Reduviid and of the Locustid in the

British Museum were labelled Brazil. As Dr. Seitz had been

unable to send a specimen of the moth, Prof. Poulton had

included Macrocneme lades leucostigma from Castro, Parana

(2,900 ft.), March 16, 1910, kindly given to him for the purpose

by Mr. W. J. Kaye.

Prof. Poutton also drew attention to the blue-black irides-

cence still distinct on the abdomen of the Locustid, and

probably far more brilliant in the living insect.

SYNEPIGONIC SERIES OF PAPILIO DARDANUS, FROM PARENT

FORM PLANEMOIDES.—Dr. G. D. H. CARPENTER gave the

following account of a brood of Papilio dardanus raised by

him from eggs laid by a ? of the planemoides form :—

“ The parent planemoides was taken on a track through the

forest belt (a comparatively open space) on Bugalla Island,

Sesse, L. Victoria, on Dec. 1, 1912, and at once put into a

breeding-box in the forest, with sprigs of lime. She laid 26 ova

on the Ist or 2nd, and though left till Dec. 8, yielded no more.

The ova all hatched Dec. 8-9. The dates for the successive

ecdyses are those of the first larvae in each case.

“J, Dec. 13; IJ, Dec. 17; III, Dec. 22; IV, Dec. 28.

“When I counted them after the beginning of the third

ecdysis twenty-five larvae were all I could see—one had appar-

ently escaped or got lost in changing food-plants. When the

majority of the larvae were nearly full grown, for some reason

three individuals lagged behind—and of these two died—the

other grew very very slowly and finally died on Feb.9. There

are therefore twenty-two imagines: 7 hippocoon, 3 planemordes,

the rest males.

“ As regards the act of pupation. I watched this through

in several instances, for I had been much puzzled by the

account given by Trimen. He mentions that the antennae,

as well as the cephalic tubercles, are both used to * push the

loose skin between the suspensory threads.’ It seemed to me

very extraordinary that the newly-formed organs (which

in all instances I had previously seen were mere flaccid tubes

( be)

full of fluid) should be endowed with power of movement,

so I watched for this very carefully. I saw no signs of it in

any case. The skin is withdrawn from the head and thorax

in the invariable manner, and the appendages are simply

drawn into their symmetrical position by the passage of the

larval skin towards the abdomen—being as helpless and

flaccid as usual.

“ As regards the cephalic tubercles, in all my pupae they

were far too short to extend to the level of the silken thread

(which before pupation girdles the body between the 2nd and

3rd abd. segments, but as soon as the larval skin has been

withdrawn beyond it is shifted forwards by adroit movements

so as to lie between thorax and abdomen of the pupa); the only

movement which they underwent was rotation through half a

circle being at first flexed on the ventral aspect of the head, and

later on assuming a position in a line with the long axis of the

body. As was the case with the much longer processes of

the pupae of Pseudacraea eurytus, previously described, the

straightening out of these processes seems to be caused by

the pumping into them of fluid.

‘* The pupae begin to show colour 24 hours before emergence

of theimago. In the case of the male, a peripheral black rim

surrounds the wing, and the pale apical dot soon becomes

marked out.

‘In the case of the planemordes ? the first part to become

dark is the future orange band on the fore-wing; this at

first shows black, then becomes gradually orange, while the

rest of the wing area becomes black.

‘‘ The darkening in the case of hippocoon ? is very interesting.

At the very commencement, when the dark areas are only

just beginning to define themselves, the condition is very

similar to that of the male. There isa dark peripheral border

to the costal and hind margins, but along the course of

the latter is a single large indentation. This marks the site

of the future large subapical white patch. By degrees the

black seems to invade the rest of the white area, cutting off

the apical from the basal white areas, as indicated by the

dotted lines in the diagram. I wonder if this ontogeny re-

capitulates, as it were, the phylogeny, showing how hippocoon

Cte)

came to be differentiated from the male? It is a very easy

process to understand.

“T apologise for the poor condition of the males, they will

flutter about and break their tails even before their wings are

dry, and IJ had great difficulty in killing them without letting

them escape. Indeed several I put into a large box as soon

as they came out of the pupa, kept them in the dark until

night, and then executed them. It was a good thing there

was no one about to hear how I abused them as they broke

their tails in the killing bottle !

“As regards the larvae, the subjoined are rather rough

notes on their appearance. Before the first moult they are

blackish, a little white showing posteriorly. After first moult

they are chocolate with the greater part of the anterior and

posterior two segments white; after second moult some white

appears in the middle of the body as a dorsal suffusion over

the chocolate, running downwards and forwards dividing the

chocolate area into two, the anterior part of which is somewhat

more swollen than the posterior. The lowest part of the body

at level of bases of legs is white all along. During this stage

I was very much struck with the likeness to a large bird drop-

ping—one which has been extruded while the bird sat on a

twig, and has not fallen from a height so as to obliterate its

cylindrical shape. The curious glistening line of the chocolate

areas which sometimes makes them look greyish, the more

swollen anterior part of body, the attitude of the larva (it

often rests with this anterior part slightly deviated to one or

- other side), and the great sluggishness of the larva, all con-

tribute very materially to the resemblance, which struck me

very forcibly.

“ After the third ecdysis the larva becomes too big to gain

by resemblance to a bird dropping, and the white at the

anterior extremity becomes invaded dorsally by the chocolate,

which becomes gradually lighter in hue, eventually turning

greenish. After the fourth ecdysis the head changes from black

to green; the filaments from segments 1 and 11 become

very short and stunted—the dorsal white on the anterior two

segments is wholly replaced by green, and the chocolate hue

elsewhere has now become leaf green, with two or four (it

(lee

varies in different larvae) dorsal blue dots on each segment.

The suffusion of white in the middle of the body in some cases

disappears altogether, so that some larvae are pure leaf green,

with dorsal blue dots.

‘T give below the dates of pupation, and emergence of the

imago.

Number on

paper of Pupation. Date of emergence.

Imago.

1 Jan. 7 ¢ Jan. 23 before sunrise

2 ae é Jan. 23 .

3 Jan. 8 g Jan. 24 as

4 ‘ 6 Jan. 24 ek

5 Ma 2 (hipp.) Jan. 23,

6 fy 2 (hipp.) Jan. 24, 9 a.m.

7 . ¢ Jan. 24 at dawn

8 “ 2 (plan.) Jan. 23 before dawn

9 * dg Jan. 25 f

10 Jan. 9 2 (hipp.) Jan. 25 fs

At i ¢ Jan. 25 7

12 fy @ van, 25 ae

18 5 3g Jan. 24 at dawn

14 4 ? (plan.) Jan. 24 before dawn

15 4 2 (hipp.) Jan. 25 “

16 Ae 6 Jan. 25 4,

17 ‘¢ 2 (plan.) Jan. 25 Fe

18 “3 2 (hipp.) Jan. 25, 3 p.m.

19 - 2 (hipp.) Jan. 25 before dawn

20 Jan. 10 é Jan. 27 at dawn

21 : 6 Jan. 27 ne

22 Jan. 12 2 (hipp.) Jan. 28 before dawn.

‘« Pupation usually occurred between 6-10 a.m., and the

imago emerged in great majority of cases before or at day-

break.”

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On the relationship between certain West African Insects,

especially Ants, Lepidoptera and Homoptera,’ by W. A.

LamsBorn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.ES., Entomologist to the

( lvu )

Agricultural Department of Southern Nigeria. With an

Appendix containing descriptions of New Species by G. T.

BETHUNE-BAKER, Pres. Ent. Soc.; W. L. Distant, J.

HartLtey Durrant, and Prof. R. Newstreap, F.R.S.

“Supplementary notes on new or little-known forms of

Acraea,” by H. Exrrineuam, M.A., F.Z.S8. With descrip-

tion of a new form of Acraea encedon by Prof. E. B. Poutton,

D.Se.; F.B-S.

Prof. Pouxron, in giving an account of Mr. W. A. Lamborn’s

paper, stated that it contained careful observations on the

association between three species of Liptenine Lycaenidae

and particular species of ants, and recorded facts from which

such an association could be inferred in three other species.

The same association was described, often in great detail,

between seventeen species of Lycaeninae and their respective

ants. Hight species of Lycaenesthes (s. 1.) were included among

these. The paper also contained an account of the habits

of several carnivorous Lepidopterous larvae, including some

of the Lycaenidae which fed upon ant-tended Homoptera.

Careful observations upon the life-history of the Membracidae

and their association with ants were also put on record. An

important appendix, in which the new species and genera are

described, was contributed by Mr. G. T. BerHunr-Baker, Pres.

Ent. Soc., Mr. W. L. Distant, Mr. J. Harttey Durrant,

and Prof. R. Newsteap, F.R.S.

Wednesday, October Ist, 1913.

Mr. G. T. BerHUNE-BakeEr, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the

Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Herr WILHELM JUNK, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15,

was elected a Fellow of the Society.

(\ Iya.)

Exhibitions.

HapLorHorax BurcHELLII.—Mr. H. F. Bartuett exhibited

a specimen of the Carabid beetle Haplothorax burchelli

found under a stone on the lower part of Flagstaff Hill,

St. Helena, on March 25, 1913. <A party of three were looking

for this insect on Deadwood Plain and Flagstaff Hill, given

by Wollaston as its habitat, but though a large number of

remains were found, the ¢ exhibited was the only one seen

alive in a hunt of about an hour.

Prof. Poutton observed that the type specimen in the

Hope Department was also in good condition—though W. J.

Burchell’s St. Helena collection from which it had come had

perished—since Mr. Hope had (fortunately) forgotten to send

it back.

LaRvAL AND ImaGInaAL EMBIIDAE FROM TUNISIA AND

Atgrria.—Mr. P. A. Buxton exhibited specimens (sp. as yet

undetermined) from various localities in Tunis and Algeria and

from the coast to south of the Atlas Mountains. They were

never common, and always found as larvae in small com-

munities (rarely singly, and once a score together) under stones

and fallen leaves of prickly pear—never under bark; all the

individuals of a community faced in the same direction and

retreated or advanced down their tubes with equal ease

backwards or forwards. The exhibited larvae (two) came

from Hammam Meskoutine, Constantine, E. Algeria (30

March, 1913). Their food was doubtful. The insects (origin-

ally six) had lived in the same tube from March to September.

No cast skins were found nor dead individuals, which must

therefore have been eaten. They refused to touch a fly, alive

or dead, also a blade of grass. They made a large chamber in

a piece of cork in their tube, with three small entrances to it,

but the nutritive value of cork cannot be high. The insects

spun silken tubes in all directions in their home, commencing

by a straight tube three inches long, which was spun by six

Embiids in ten hours. In nature the tubes branch dichoto-

mously, and are flattened in cross section. The chamber in

the cork was not silk lined. The insects were very shy and

skototropic, and very sensitive to vibration. They were

( lx )

taken to Norway, and probably fed unsuitably, and developed

slowly in a perfectly dry tube.

The adult male exhibited was bred by Mr. C. B. Williams

from a larva brought by the exhibitor from El Kantara (just

S. of the Atlas range). This was kept reeking wet between

two pieces of bark ina beaker, and had developed much more

quickly. The food was again doubtful; it had had Psocids and

mildew as well as bark in its beaker. It had been kept warm

in a greenhouse.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA STILL PRESERVING CHARACTER-

ISTIC SMELL AFTER A LAPSE OF EIGHTY-FIVE YEARS.—Mr.

Buxton also brought a drawer of mixed Heteroptera (Penta-

tomids, etc.) given to a relation of his who died in 1830. The

drawer still smelt strongly of bugs, quite differently from any

other drawer in the same collection.

REMARKABLE COLEOPTEROUS Patpi—Mr. E. EH. GREEN

exhibited a Drilid (?%) beetle, from Ambalangoda, Ceylon,

with remarkable elongate spatulate mandibular and maxillary

palpi.

Braconip sitk.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited, on behalf

of Mr. G. T. Lyle, some silk wound from a Braconid cocoon,

together with specimens of the cocoons themselves. Mr. Lyle

had written as follows :—

“Many species of Braconidae, or rather their larvae, are

known to form silken cocoons in which a period of from eight

days to eleven months is passed, according to the species and

season. One of the largest of these to be found in Britain is

Meteorus albiditarsis, Curtis, which is parasitic upon the

larvae of various species of Noctuids, and whose cocoon is

generally, if not always, formed underground, within that of

its host.

“A certain resemblance which this cocoon possesses in

shape, texture and colour to that of the silkworm of commerce,

Bombyx mori, led me to believe that its silk might be wound

off in a similar manner. This I found to be quite easy, and

by employing the same methods as I did when a small boy

with the silkworm cocoons, I obtained the skein of silk which

is exhibited to-night. The silk would appear to be somewhat

finer than that of the silkworm, but even if superior in quality,

(i)

the smallness of the yield and difficulties in breeding the

maker render it more than unlikely that it will ever become of

commercial importance.”

CoNIOPTERYGID cocoons.—Mr. C. B. Wixuiams exhibited

specimens of the cocoons of the three British Coniopterygidae :

Coniopteryx tineiformis on a pine needle, Semidalis aleurodi-

formis in a small depression in a hawthorn twig, and Conwentza

psociformis on the under-side of holly leaves. The cocoon of the

latter species is a double structure having an outer layer some

distance above the small inside case which contains the pupa.

In answer to a question by Mr. E. KE. Green, Mr. Williams

replied that the larvae had eaten ova, particularly those of

spiders, and also mites, and small scale insects.

MIMICRY IN RELATION TO GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

—Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited several boxes of Lepidoptera in

illustration of the geographical relations of Mimicry, and

remarked on them as follows :—

The theory of Mimicry, like many other theories, is by no

means so simple as it looks at first sight. I propose to restrict

my remarks on this occasion to one aspect only of the question,

viz. its relation to the facts of geographical distribution.

It is well known to all entomologists that along with the

striking resemblances between insects of different affinities

which are considered to come under the head of Mimicry, there

exists to a large extent a community of habitat.

Take, for instance, the group of red, black and white Neo-

tropical butterflies, allied to our English Swallowtail, of which

Papilio nephalion, Godt., is a good example. This particular

colour-scheme has representatives in each of the three sections

into which the genus naturally falls; and the same scheme is

adopted by a number of butterflies, such as Huterpe rosacea,

Butl., which have nothing to do with the Swallowtails, but

are nearly allied to our common garden whites. This par-

ticular combination of colours is unknown except in Central

and South America.

So also the peculiar facies of the genus Mylothris, with the

parallel series of forms presented by the very distinct genus

Phrissura, belongs exclusively to the African Islands and

Continent south of the Sahara.

C: bs +)

In both of these cases, and in many others that might be

adduced, the dependence of resemblance on locality extends

further than to the general aspect of an assemblage of species

common to the whole region. It is found that where modifica-

tions of the pattern occur in different parts of the same ex-

tended region, the whole number of insects associated by

participation in the common pattern undergoes the same

kind of change; they all become similarly modified together.

One of the most striking instances of this phenomenon is

afforded by a well-known assemblage of butterflies from

Central and South America which has been fully dealt with by

Prof. Poulton. These butterflies are characterised by a

peculiar arrangement of the colours red, yellow and black;

and the assemblage contains representatives of many different

subfamilies, including Ithomiines, Heliconiines, Danaines,

Nymphalines and Pierines, to say nothing of certain moths.

The general facies, while retaining its common elements, shows

certain modifications according to the special locality; one

such modification being peculiar to Central America, another

to Venezuela, and others to Trinidad, Guiana, East Brazil,

the Upper Amazon and Ecuador. These modifications, be it

understood, are not confined to one or two of the constituent

members of the combination, but are shared in by all or

most of the associated species. A somewhat similar phe-

nomenon may be observed in the parallel African genera

Mylothris and Phrissura which were mentioned just now.

Both of these are Pierine genera, though the affinity between

them is not very close.

In considering such cases as these, the number of which

might be almost indefinitely extended, we are naturally

inclined to ask whether the geographical conditions may

not have something to do with the resemblances noted. No

doubt they have; but the question remains whether such

influence is a direct or an indirect one. That the influence of

a climatic condition may sometimes be direct is suggested by

the temperature experiments of many investigators, including

Merrifield, Standfuss and Fischer. But there are great, and,

as it would seem, insurmountable difficulties in the way of

adopting the hypothesis of a direct climatic or geographical

( Imi )

cause for such cases as those that have been mentioned.

This has been shown so convincingly by Prof. Poulton, that

I need not enlarge on the point further than to remark that a

general lightening or darkening of pigment, as in some experi-

mental cases, is an entirely different matter from the produc-

tion of an elaborate colour-pattern like that, for example, of

the female of Perrhybris pyrrha and its Ithomiine and Heli-

conline counterparts.

But, it may be asked, if the theory of a direct action of the

environment be given up, what explanation remains? Well,

the hypothesis of mimicry remains. This rationalises the

geographical facts, without raising the difficulties involved in

the theory of direct action. I will not attempt to recapitulate

the arguments in favour of the mimetic explanation, but _

for my present purpose will assume that it is, at all events

provisionally, accepted.

This being so, it will not escape the notice of those who

inquire into the facts, that there are some anomalies that

require further explanation. It is, for example, sometimes

found to be the case that a supposed mimic is observed in

regions where its model is not known to occur. This may in

certain instances be due to the ascertained fact that many

insects, including butterflies, do occasionally extend their

range, occupying districts where they were previously un-

known. In the case of a Batesian mimic, such a proceeding

would presumably be hazardous in the extreme, and the

species could hardly be expected to establish itself in its new

home unless it succeeded in developing some fresh means of

defence. In the case of a Miillerian mimic, the difficulty would

be lessened.

But in seeking an explanation of such cases there is another

factor to be taken into account; viz. the distribution of

enemies. It is quite conceivable that a migratory bird, for

instance, which had learned its lesson in one locality, might

carry its experience into another region; and in this way the

mimic might still retain some measure of the protection

originally gained in the presence of its model. An interesting

example, possibly explicable on these lines, has been adduced

by Prof. Poulton. An hypothesis of this kind naturally

¢ ba, }

needs to be verified before it can take rank as a true

explanation.

Some would explain all supposed cases of mimicry as being

merely the result of coincidence. In the midst of so wide a

range of facts it is to be expected that coincidences should be

found; and as a matter of fact they do occur under circum-

stances which put explanation by the principle of mimicry out

of the question. There is a numerous assemblage in South

America characterised by a white diagonal band crossing the

fore-wing, the general surface of both wings being of a dark

colour. To this assemblage belong many species of diverse

families of both butterflies and moths. The following are here

exhibited :—

DARK GROUND-COLOUR WITH WHITE DIAGONAL

BAND.

AMERICA. ERYCINIDAE.

NYMPHALINAE. Mesosemia mevania, Hew.

Catonephele capenas, Mesosemia asa, Hew. 9.

Hew. 9.

$ HESPERIIDAE.

Ectima rectifascia, Butl. B we eae

Ectima livia, Fab. pestle - oely Fa sco

Eunica eurota, Cram. 9. GSC PECLEAS TAM

Eunica sophonisba, Cram. Sua at

9 Thymele enotrus, Cram.

Orses cynisca, Swains.

Adelpha epione, Godt.

ee epg xO Spathilepia clannius,

Phyciodes, sp.

Cram.

Cecropterus neis, Hibn.

SATYRIN AE. 3

Lasioplila prosymna, Cecropterus neis, Hiibn.

Hew. 9

Pedalhodes speucestas, Cecropterus annus, Fabr.

Hew. Cecropterus itylus, Hiibn.

Pp y

ACRAEINAE. SYNTOMIDAE.

Actinote hylonome, Doubl. Ctenucha circe, Stoll.

Q. Ctenucha braganza, Schs.

( Isiv j

Euagra latera, Druce.

Agyrta porphyria, Stoll.

Heterusia, sp.

and others.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Leucopsumis, sp. HYPSIDAE.

Sangala, sp. Eucyane pylotis, Dru.

Those who admit the theory of Mimicry at all will probably

allow that between some of these forms at all events, the

relation is a mimetic one. But when we turn to the Old

World, we find several species, also of diverse affinities, ex-

hibiting very much the same type of pattern, which at once

suggests a warning signal, or, to use Prof. Poulton’s con-

venient term, an aposeme. Examples are here shown from

Asia, Australasia and Africa.

ASIA. HESPERIIDAE.

ERYCINIDAE. Casyapa — dassimalis,

Dodona owida, Hew. 9. Swinh.

Abisara neophron, Hew. Plesioneura feisthamelii,

HESPERIIDAE. Boisd.

Charmion ficulnea, Hew.

: GEOMETRIDAE.

LYMANTRIADAE. Heleona remota, Wlk.

Numenes silheti, Wik. 9. Craspedosis — norbeata,

GEOMETRIDAE. Swinh.

Odezia aterrima, Butl.

NocTuUIDAE.

CHALCOSIINAE.

Pidorus glaucopis, Dru.

Leucanitis schraderi,Feld.

AFRICA.

ZYGAENIDAE.

= Pitthea perspicua, Linn.

AUSTRALASIA.

ERYCINIDAE. PYRALIDAE.

Abisara segesica, Hew.

A specimen unidentified.

Here again it will probably be allowed by believers in the

theory of Mimicry that there is a mimetic relation between

some at least of these Old-World forms.

But that the Hastern

( Ixv )

aposeme should so closely resemble the Western must be put

down to coincidence; and we shall perhaps not be far wrong

if we suppose that a simple, but no doubt effectual, aposeme

like this may originate quite independently in regions far

remote from each other, and may become the common property

of many diverse species.

What has been said of the white band aposeme will also

apply to a second case, in which the white of the band is re-

placed by brown or orange, as is shown by the examples here

exhibited. These are as follows :—

DARK GROUND-COLOUR

WITH BROWN OR

ORANGE DIAGONAL BAND.

AMERICA.

BRASSOLINAE.

Brassolis sophorae, Linn.

Opsiphanes cramert, Feld.

HELICONIIN AE.

1. Opisogymni.

Heliconius melpomene

melpomenides, Riff.

2. Opisorhypare.

Heliconius hydarus

hydarus, Hew.

NYMPHALINAE.

Chlorippe vacuna, Godt.

Adelpha sophax, Godm.

and Salv.

Adelpha melanippe,

Godm. and Salv.

Epiphile orea, Hiibn.

Cyclogramma pandama,

Doubl. and Hew.

Catagramma denina,

Hew.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1913.

Catagramma pacifica,

Bates.

Catagramma brome,

Boisd.

Catagramma atacama,

Hew.

Catagramma aerias,

Godm. and Salv.

Callithea sapphira,

Hiibn.

SATYRINAE.

Daedalma dinias, Hew.

ERYCINIDAE.

Erycina inca, Saund. 3.

Erycina inca, Saund. 9.

Emesis cypria, Feld. 9.

Panara phereclus, Linn.

Aricoris jansom, Butl.

Aricoris, sp.

Isapis agyrtus, Cram.

(> tian: 5)

GEOMETRIDAE. Clers sakuni, Horsf.

Nelo uxisama, Druce.

Nelo pandia, Druce.

Nelo, sp.

Darma colorata, Wik.

AUSTRALASIA.

ERYCINIDAE.

Abisara statira, Hew.

HESPERIIDAE. ARCTIADAE.

Mahotis nurscia, Swains. Buzara chrysomela, Wk.

Lychnuchus celsus, Fabr. 9.

Lychnuchoides ozias, Hew,

ASIA.

HESPERIIDAE.

Koruthaialos, sp.

Koruthaialos rubecula,

Plotz.

Koruthaialos xanites,

Butl.

Kerana cameront, Dist.

Kerana armatus, Druce.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Milionia pulchrinervis,

Feld.

CALLIDULIDAE.

Callidula attenuata,

Moore.

AGARISTIDAE,

Immetalia saturata,

WIk. 3.

Scrobigera sempert, Feld.

LYMANTRIADAE.

Orgyra josiata, Wik. 3.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Milionia glauca, Cram.

Milionia cyanerfera, W1k.

CALLIDULIDAE.

Cleis sobah, Pagenst.

AFRICA.

HESPERIIDAE.

Pardaleodes fan, Holl.

In another series of forms the aposeme consists of a dark

ground-colour crossed by a band of varying shades of yellow.

This also is found in both hemispheres, Kast and West, and to

it the same considerations are no doubt applicable.

DARK GROUND-COLOUR WITH YELLOW OR

YELLOWISH WHITE DIAGONAL BAND.

AMERICA.

PAPILIONINAE.

Papilio androgeus laodo-

cus, Fabr. 9.

NYMPHALINAE.

Catonephele esite, Feld. 9.

Hypna clytemnestra,

Cram.

¢ ilegi 4)

Gynaecia dirce, Linn. HYPSIDAE.

A species undetermined.

ACRAEIN AE.

CASTNITDAR.

Actinote nox, Bates 9.

Castnia pelasgus, Feld.

HESPERIIDAE. ASIA.

Cecropterus zonilis, Mab. ERYcINIDAE.

Cecropterus vectilucis, Abisara fylla, Westw. 3.

Butl. Abisara fylla, Westw. 9.

Rhabdoides cellus, Boisd. OaLLwuripar.

Sabin eis Callidula — erycinoides,

Wik.

Phasis mardava, Druce.

CHALCOSIIN AE.

Phasis noctilux, Wk.

Othria columbina, Westw.

Othria amazonica, Westw. AUSTRALASIA.

Pidorus gemina, Wk.

: AGARISTIDAE.

SYNTOMIDAE. 3 .

Phalaenoides glycinae,

Episcepsis melanitis, Lewin

Hibn. a Eutrichopidia latima,

Histiaea tina, Boisd. Don.

Callopepla emarginata,

ak - NocTvurmDAr.

Idalina affinis, Boisd.

GEOMETRIDAE. HYpsiIpAr.

Sagaris, sp. Hypsa versicolor, Fabr.

Sagaris horeae, Druce.

eaees AFRICA.

Ephialtes basalis, Hiibn. A

Ephialtes tryma, Schaus. pap STi E An:

Ephialtes dilatata, Wik. Rothia simyra, Westw.

Ephialtes erinnys, Geyer. HYPSIDAR.

Gelta clite, Wk. Caryatis syntomina, Butl.

Some one will say: “If you attribute so much to mere

coincidence, are you not furnishing to this extent an argument

against the theory of Mimicry?” I reply, ‘No: these are

simply the exceptions that prove the rule.” It is quite true

that some of these Old-World forms, if they occurred along-

side of the Western forms which they resemble, would probably

(_ Ixviii_ )

be claimed as mimics of the Western models, or vice versa ;

and it is equally true that the facts of geographical distribution

make such a claim impossible. But what we have to notice

is that in all these cases the aposeme is of an extremely simple

character, such as might well arise quite independently in

different geographical regions. When we come to patterns

of a more complicated kind, such for instance as that of the

red, white and black Papilios, or the red, black and yellow

Ithomiines and Heliconiines, the case is entirely altered. I

cannot exhibit New and Old-World series of these, corre-

sponding to those you have just seen of the simple white or

coloured band, for the reason that such series do not exist.

The conclusion is obvious: if mere coincidence can account

for the coexistence of so many forms showing the same pattern

in a given locality, why cannot it produce the same or a similar

pattern elsewhere? This we have seen it can only do if the

pattern is relatively simple. A complicated system of colour-

ing is beyond the power of mere coincidence to reproduce.

We are therefore driven back to the position that geographical

conditions are at the bottom of the matter; and if, as seems

indisputable, the direct influence of the geographical environ-

ment must be disallowed as a cause, we can only conclude that

the influence is indirect. And of possible indirect causes the

only one yet suggested which appears to be at all adequate is

mimicry.

If it be true that there is no rule without an exception, I

ought perhaps to be challenged to show some exceptions to

the rule I laid down just now about a complicated mimetic

pattern being confined to one definite region of the earth’s

surface. Here are a few such :—

Cybdelis mnasylus, Doubl. and Hew., a South American

Nymphaline, resembles Hypolimnas bolina, Lin., 3, a Nympha-

line from Asia. Megalura marcella, Feld. 3, another Neo-

tropical Nymphaline, is like a magnified Marmessus bois-

duvalii, Moore, an Indian Lycaenid. A South American

Hypsid, EHucyane egaensis, is strikingly resembled by Milionia

fulgida, Voll., a Geometrid from Java. It is quite likely

that if these Old-World forms occurred in company with

the New-World species put beside them, they would be

¢ le” )

accounted as belonging to the same mimetic association.

But although I can bring forward a few instances of this

nature, they remain few, isolated and insignificant. They

may, in my judgment, be confidently reckoned as some of the

exceptions which prove, or test, the rule.

Prof. Poutton and Dr. Jorpawn both concurred as to the

meaning to be assigned to the instances cited by Dr. Dixry.

PAPILIO DARDANUS, BROWN, BRED IN S.E. RHODESIA BY

Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerron.—Prof. Pouuron read the following

extract from a letter written from Chirinda, 8.E. Rhodesia,

Aug. 28, 1913, by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton :—

“You will have received my postcards of the past few

mails and been interested in the consistent way in which

your expectations have been fulfilled.

‘““ Emergences have taken place since last mail from a 2nd

brood of cenea parentage and one of trophonius parentage.

There are relatively few pupae left, and it may be interesting

to sum up the results as they now stand :—

‘* Hippocoon 2 parent: many families: @ offspring always

hippocoon.

“ Cenea 2 parent: two families: 2 offspring hippocoon,

intermediate and cenea.

‘“ Trophonius 2? parent: one family: Q offspring only 3, viz.

2 hippocoon and 1 trophonius.

“« Niobe ? parent: one family: 9 offspring hippocoon, niobe

and intermediate between nzobe and cenea.

‘The families are small, the result not only of early losses

but of the damage to pupae, through the muslin, by my ground

hornbills. I did not realise the extent of these latter losses

till I finally moved the pupae from the sleeves to boxes. The

damage has resulted sometimes in non-emergence, sometimes

in deformity. It is especially a pity in the families of nzobe

and cenea, as these were producing interesting intermediate

forms. However, the main point to be tested has come out

pretty clearly, and in accordance with your expectations.”

Prof. Poutton said that Mr. Swynnerton’s breeding experi-

ments showed that the Aippocoon form at Chirinda in §8.E.

Rhodesia is, genetically, just as predominant as the cenea

( ix )

form is in the Durban district. His results furthermore

showed, as the speaker had anticipated, that the proportion of

the 2 forms to be observed in any locality was a safe criterion

of the proportion that will be obtained by breeding. It was

particularly interesting to find so marked a contrast between

localities not more distant than §.E. Rhodesia is from Natal.

Mr. Swynnerton would be sailing for England in October, and

it was therefore to be hoped that the whole of this material

would be shown by him to the Society later in the present

year or early in 1914.

AN IMPORTED JAPANESE Locustip.—Mr. W. J. Lucas

exhibited, on behalf of Dr. Burr, a specimen of Diestrammena

marmorata, Haan, a Stenopelmatid Locustid from Japan, which

occurs alive in Relf’s Nursery at St. Leonards; (v. Ent. Rec.

for Sept. 1913, p. 228). The insect is carnivorous.

ARASCHNIA LEVANA IN THE Forest or Dran.—Mr. H.

RowianD-Brown brought for exhibition an example of

Araschnia levana, sent him by Mr. T. Butt Ekins of Penarth,

who said that he had captured it at the end of May this year

on the outskirts of the Forest of Dean, close to the banks of

the Wye, where there is an abundance of undergrowth, in-

cluding nettle. The example was a female in good condition;

this was the first reported authentic capture of the species in

a wild state in the United Kingdom.

AN ABERRATION OF CoLias Epusa.—Comm. J. J. WALKER

exhibited a 2 Colias edusa, F., taken by himself in the Isle of

Sheppey, August 21, 1913, in which the margin of the hind-

wings was almost entirely clear golden yellow, the usual black

border being reduced to three or four spots; the yellow

markings in the border of the fore-wings were also much

extended.

AN IMPORTED AMERICAN SYNTOMID.—Comm. WALKER also

exhibited a specimen of a Syntomid moth, a Ceramidia near

C. chloroplegia, Druce, taken by a lady in a fruiterer’s shop

in North Oxford, evidently just emerged from the pupa, and

brought alive to the exhibitor September 18, 1913. It had no

doubt been imported with fruit, probably bananas.

ScARCE AND ABERRANT COLEOPTERA.—Comm. WALKER also

exhibited the following Coleoptera :—

( Je, *}

(1) A short series of the very rare Halticid beetle Psylliodes

cyanoptera, Ill., taken in June 1913, at Wood Walton Fen,

Hunts, on Sisymbrium sophia, by Mr. W. Holland.

(2) A specimen of Coccinella 10-punctata, L., var. confluens,

Haw., taken in the Isle of Sheppey, June 1912, and another

very curious aberration of the same beetle with golden yellow

spots from Wytham Park, Berks, July 30th, 1913.

(3) The very rare 3 of Malthodes atomus, Thoms., also from

Wytham Park, June 14th, 1913.

(4) A monstrosity of Haliplus confinis, Steph., with three

perfectly developed tarsi on the right-hind leg, received from

Mr. W. Holland, and taken by him at Wood Walton Fen, near

Ramsey, Hunts.

Mr. P. A. Buxton observed that Sisymbrium sophia was

supposed not to grow now in Wood Walton Fen, and the

Hon. N. C. Roruscuixp said that this was the case in the fen

itself, but that he had found it just outside.

A COoLLEcTION oF CarocaLips.—Mr. Dapp exhibited an

interesting collection of Catocalids, comprising most of the

Continental species.

Mr. Durrant exhibited on behalf of Mrs. W. C. Boyd a

series of specimens of British Lepidoptera of great historical

interest which she is presenting to the British Museum (Nat.

Hist.). Mrs. Boyd desired that these specimens should be

exhibited to the Society before being incorporated in the

national collection.

Chariclea delphinii, L.

Chelsea, 1799, captured in his garden in the summer of

1799 by W. Jones. British record—teste Donovan, N.H. Br.

Ins. X., 18 (1801); Haworth, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. I., 35 (1807) ;

Barrett, Lp. Br. Is. VI., 145-6 (1900). From W. Jones Coll.

it passed to Druitt Coll.; Druitt presented it to J. N. Winter,

from whom it passed to Coll. W. C. Boyd—vide W. C. Boyd,

Ent. Mo. Mag. XXXIX., 281 (1903).

Torula quadrifaria, Sulz. *

(Psodos alpinata, 8.—D., Stph. Ill. Br. Ent. Haust. TII., 144

(1831); Wd. Ind. Ent. 450; equestrata, F., Crt. Br. Ent.

IX., 424 (1832).

( lxxi )

A reputed British specimen, ex Coll. W. Jones, Chelsea,

whence it passed to Druitt Coll.; Druitt presented it to J. N.

Winter, from whom it passed to Coll. W. C. Boyd.

Diasemia ramburialis, Gn.

Probus, Cornwall, 16. VI. 1858 (7. Boyd). British record—

T. Boyd, Ent. Wk. Int. IV., 151 (1858); Stainton, Ent. Ann.

1859, 149 Pf. 3.

Ebulea catalaunalis, Dp.

Cheshunt, Herts, 18. IX. 1867, in the garden (W.C. Boyd).

British record—still unique, W. C. Boyd, Ent. Mo. Mag.

IV., 152-3 (1867); Knaggs, Ent. Ann. 1868, 108-9 PF. 4.

Platyptilia zetterstedti, Z.

Lynmouth, N. Devon, VII. 1855 (7. Boyd). British record

—Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1856, 44.

Gelechia ocellatella, Boyd.

Lizard, Cornwall, taken, and bred from Beta maritima, V.

1858 (7. Boyd). New species—T. Boyd, Ent. Wk. Int., IV.,

143 (1858); Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1859, 151 (1858); Durrant,

Ent. Mo. Mag. XXXI., 82—4 (1895).

Gelechia arundinetella, Boyd.

River Lea, near Hackney, larva Carex riparia, IV—VI. ex.

22, VI. 1857 (7. Boyd). New species—T. Boyd, Ent. Wk.

Int. IT., 139-40 (1857); Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1858, 91: N.H.

Tin. X., 226.

Gelechia leucomelanella, Z.

Lizard, Cornwall, larva Silene maritima, 18, V. 1858 (T.

Boyd). British record—T. Boyd, Ent. Wk. Int. IV., 148

(1858); Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1859, 150-1.

Glyphipteryx fischeriella, Z. (= schoenicolella, Boyd).

Lizard, Cornwall, taken, and bred from Schoenus nigricans,

V. 1858 (7. Boyd). British record—(Type series of schoeni-

colella)—T. Boyd, Ent. Wk. Int. IV., 144 (1858); Stainton,

Ent. Ann. 1859, 153.

Coleophora limosipennella, Hb.

Sutton, bred from Elm leaves, 1854 (7. Boyd). British

( bee )

record—Stainton, Ent. Comp. 133: Ent. Ann. 1855, 45 (2nd

ed. 67).

Nepticula prunetorum, Stn.

Loudwater, Bucks, bred from Prunus, 1854 (7. Boyd).

New species—Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1855, 50 (2nd ed. 72).

Nepticula atricollis, Stn.

Bred from wild Apple, and Hawthorn, 1856 (7. Boyd).

New species—Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1857, 112.

Nepticula luteella, Stn.

Bred from Birch, 1856 (7. Boyd). New species—Stainton,

Ent. Ann. 1857, 110.

Nepticula minusculella, HS.

Cheshunt, Herts, bred from Pear leaves, 22. II. 1869 (W. C.

Boyd). British record—W. C. Boyd, Ent. Mo. Mag. V., 280

(1869).

ABERRATIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE GUILDFORD

District.—Mr. H. O. Hotrorp exhibited a specimen: of

Coenonympha pamphilus of abnormally large size, taken at

Newlands Corner, and a 9° of Ematurga atomaria, almost

without markings, from Milford.

BUTTERFLIES FROM THE Tyrout.—Mr. D. PEarson showed a

drawer of butterflies taken this summer in the Tyrol, including

specimens of the large Tyrolean form of Polyommatus amandus,

and a series of Hrebia euryale var. ocellaris.

A short discussion arose as to the specific identity or other-

wise of FL. ligea and E. euryale in which Dr. CHAPMAN and

Messrs. WHEELER, Dapp, and RowLanp-Brown took part,

but no definite conclusion was reached.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“ Tllustrations of Specific Differences in the Saws of Female

Dolerids,” by Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S.

‘ Additions and Corrections to my List of the Rhopalocera

of Trinidad (1904),” by W. J. Kays, F.E.S.

“On the Urticating Properties of Porthesia similis,” by

H. Ex.rrineuay, M.A., F.E.S.

( bexag 7)

Wednesday, October 15th, 1913.

Rey. F. D. Morice, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :

—Messrs. Epwarp O. Armirace, Geelong, Victoria, Australia ;

F. W. Crace, M.D., Capt. I.M.S., King Institute of Preven-

tive Medicine, Saidapet, Madras; Watrer JAmres Dow, The

Cottage, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom; Lester JoHN WILLIAM

NewmaN, Dept. of Agriculture, Perth, W. Australia.

Title of the Society.

As there had been no meeting of the Council since the last

reply had been received from the Privy Council Office as to the

title of the Society, it was unanimously resolved to postpone

any discussion which might have taken place at the present

meeting to the next.

Exhibitions.

THE EvotutTion AND DISTRIBUTION OF ASYMMETRICAL

Inpo-AUSTRALIAN PassaLipAE.—Mr. F. H. Gravety, who

was present as a visitor, exhibited lantern slides illustrating

the evolution of asymmetrical from symmetrical forms of

Indo-Australian Passalidae. He pointed out that the anterior

margin of the head, the mandibles, and the labrum, all showed

a tendency towards asymmetry in the groups dealt with,

but not in certain other groups living under apparently the

’ same conditions in the same place. Further, the degree of

asymmetry found in the mandibles was always correlated

with the degree of asymmetry found in the anterior margin

of the head. The manner of evolution of this asymmetry

could be traced right from the start in forms still living, and

was different in different sub-groups, proving that asymmetry

had originated independently in each of them, and that the

degree of asymmetry found in any species of Passalidae might

be regarded as an index of the degree of specialisation to which

that species had attained.

It was therefore interesting to find that the most primitive

( Ixxv )

(symmetrical) genera of what might be termed the Australian

(in a broad sense) asymmetrical group, were confined, with the

exception of a single species, to Australia (in a restricted sense),

and that no asymmetrical species was known from there;

while the most primitive (symmetrical) genus of what might

be called the Oriental asymmetrical group, was confined to

Ceylon; these primitive genera being much more alike than

were their more highly specialised representatives in inter-

mediate localities.

It appeared, therefore, that we had here an example of

discontinuous distribution, due to the pushing outwards of

primitive forms by their more highly specialised descendants.

This was especially well shown in the Oriental asymmetrical

group, a group confined to the Oriental Region, and including

all asymmetrical forms found there except those belonging

to the genera Gonatas, Kaup, Graphalocnemis, Heller, and two

small genera closely allied to the latter. The symmetrical

genus Hpisphenus, Kaup, was confined to Ceylon, the dominant

species in which island belonged to the slightly asymmetrical

genus Chilomazus, Lang. In the Indian Peninsula the group

was represented only by two species of the more highly asym-

metrical genus Basilianus, Kaup. The degree of asymmetry

exhibited by these two species was at least equalled by that

of every asymmetrical species of the group found in the

remainder of the Oriental Region, where the dominant species

was Aceraius grandis, Burmeister, the most highly asymmetrical

form known. A small symmetrical genus, allied to Episphenus

but off the main line of evolution, had, however, succeeded in

establishing itself in the hills of Assam and in the Eastern

Himalayas.

A considerable discussion took place on this exhibit with

regard to the occurrence and possible use of asymmetry, in

which Prof. Poutron, Mr. Cuampion, Rev. F. D. Morice

and other Fellows took part; Dr. Dixry instancing the cases

of the Narwhal and of certain Crustaceans, Mr. E. E. GREEN

some species of Termites, and Mr. Kaye the male genitalia

in many Sphingids; Mr. Gawan pointed out the undoubted

utility of asymmetry in the mandibles of many insects, the

teeth of the one side fitting into the grooves of the other,

( Ixxvi )

while Mr. Buarr observed that it was not necessarily an indica-

tion of high specialisation, since it was found in some very

primitive insects. In answer to a question from Mr. CuaMPION,

who said that in his experience of Tenebrionid beetles asym-

metry of the mandibles was confined to the 3 3, Mr. GRAVELY

replied that in the Passalids of which he had been speaking

it was equally present in both sexes.

A NEw Genus or Mymaripar.—Mr. F. Enock exhibited

photographs of the ¢ and 2 of a new Mymarid, and read the

following note :—

During a short holiday at Hastings, I had the good fortune

in sweeping to obtain an entirely new Mymarid, at Hollington

Wood, near Hastings. After a long examination under the

microscope, I failed to identify it with any of the known

genera. On submitting the specimens, of which I obtained

a male and female, to Mr. Chas. O. Waterhouse, he confirmed

my opinion that I had captured something quite new, which

we determined to name Neurotes iridescens. It is closely

allied to Haliday’s genus Limacis, and we have placed it at

the head of the British Mymaridae.

Mr. C. O. WarEerRHOUSE corroborated Mr. Enock’s remarks

and observed that the new genus was nearer to the Chalcids

than any of the previously known Mymarids.

Rare MyrMecopuitous Diprera.—Mr. DonisTHORPE ex-

hibited specimens of the rare myrmecophilous Diptera :—

1. Platyphora lubbocki, Verrall, two specimens bred out

of his observation nest of Formica sanguinea on July 11

and 26 last. Only two specimens have been captured (one

by Dr. Wood in Herefordshire and the other by Mr. King

in the New Forest) since Lord Avebury bred a specimen in an

ant’s nest. He expressed his opinion that his two specimens

had hatched from pupae of F. fusca given to the sanguinea

colony as slaves.

2. Aenigmatias blattoides, Meinert. A specimen of this

curious little apterous Dipteron was taken in a nest of F. fusca

at Nethy Bridge, July 21. It was originally taken by Meinert

in a nest of F. fusca in Denmark. Subsequently Wasmann

had bred a few specimens from F. fusca pupae in his nests,

in Luxemburg.

( \lmevi. )

3. Peyerimhofia brachyptera, Kieft., taken in a nest of

Lasius alienus on Lundy Island, June 9. He added that

only two specimens had been taken heretofore, by Mons.

Peyerimhoff under a stone, in Algeria.

Scotch Zygarntps.—The Hon. N. CuarLes RoruHscHILp

exhibited specimens of Zygaena filipendulae from the Isle of

Lismore, Scotland, and an example resembling them from

Folkestone.

Mr. L. W. Newman observed that he had exhibited to the

Society some years ago a Zygaenid from Oban similar to those

exhibited by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, and that he believed

it to be a separate species.

CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR, VAR. RUTILUS.—Mr. ROTHSCHILD

also exhibited specimens of Chrysophanus dispar, var. rutilus

from Hungary and other localities, and made remarks on the

different races. The exhibitor said that in his opinion speci-

mens of the first brood from this Hungarian locality equalled

in size all but the abnormally large examples of the British

insects. He stated that if the insect is bred in England from

ova deposited by a female sent to this country in the late

summer, the butterflies emerge far later than they do in

Hungary.

CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR, VAR. RUTILUS, AND FORMS OF

AGRIADES Coripon.—Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown brought for

exhibition examples of Chrysophanus dispar, var. rutilus cap-

tured by him in the marshes of the Gironde below Bordeaux

on August Ist and 2nd, 1911, to compare with the much larger

form taken in Hungary by Mr. N. C. Rothschild. He said

that examples of the first generation, taken on the same

ground in May, 1912, by Mr. F. Gilliat, were no larger than

those of the second emergence, nor did they present any

marked superficial differences.

He also exhibited a specimen of Agriades coridon, var. ti-

thonus, Meig. (= syngrapha, Kef.), taken in the Chiltern Hills

on August 9th, 1913, being the first ever recorded therefrom ;

with several examples of this variety taken by him at Dom-

pierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure, on August 4th and 5th,

1911; and an example of the form semisyngrapha, Tutt, taken

by Dr. J. N. Keynes at Royston, Herts; and for comparison

( Deevan )

the form of the 2 commonly taken in the Chilterns, having the

basal area of the hind-wings rayed with blue; also, a fine ?

of the form of coridon which occurred with rutilus in the

Gironde, on the marshes themselves, and entirely away from

chalk, or limestone formation.

GYNANDROMORPHOUS GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA.—Capt. H.

B. Pureroy exhibited a short series of G. cleopatra which

included two gynandromorphous specimens. The parents

came from abroad in 1908, and the brood had been kept up

in Kent ever since. He said that the 2 ? paired before hiberna-

tion, and that this was the most important factor making for

success.

Dr. LonestaFF inquired whether Capt. Purefoy had noticed

the scent of the ¢ and @ of G. cleopatra, and observed what

an exceptional opportunity he had of doing so. He had been

unable to distinguish some 2Q of G. cleopatra from those

of G. rhamni, but the scent might possibly differ. If the scent

of the $ were connected with the orange suffusion, those speci-

mens in which there was but very little orange should have

very little scent.

The Rev. G. WHEELER pointed out that the 9? of these

two species might be distinguished by the underside of the

fore-wings, those of G. cleopatra having a slight orange suffusion

along the median nervure.

Mr. F. Enocx said that he had sent several pupae of G.

rhamni to a young collector, from one of which a 3 had emerged

with unusually large orange spots. These specimens had been

attacked on the setting board by ants, which had eaten out

the orange spots only.

Prof. Poutton said that ants were known previously to

eat out only the scent-patches on certain African butterflies.

SMERINTHUS POPULI.—Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited four

gynandromorphous specimens of Smerinthus populi, three

with the left side 9 and right side 3, and one vice versa. In

three of the specimens there was no trace of variation in the

wings either in size or markings, the antennae only denoting

gynandromorphism. The fourth specimen showed well the

two sexes, the left side being smaller and quite differently

marked from the right. He also showed two extreme light,

¢ bes )

two extreme dark, two light pink and two dark pink Smerinthus

popult, bred from selected parents.

AGRIADES corIpoN.—Mr. Newman also exhibited four

curious 2 specimens of A. coridon, three having the right pair

of wings much smaller than the left and heavily dusted with

blue scales, the left side being normal; also one specimen

similar but vice versa. All were taken wild in Herts in 1913,

where several other similar specimens were noticed.

Aw IRisH PTEROSTICHUS ATERRIMUS.—Dr. G. W. NIcHOLSON

showed a specimen of Pterostichus aterrimus, Pk., from Clover-

hill, Co. Cavan. The only other Irish record is from the

Co. Cork, where a few were taken in the early thirties of the

last century. This species used to be common in the Fens

before they were drained, but has since disappeared from there.

A specimen, however, was taken in Norfolk by Prof. Beare in

1911.

ABERRATION OF TELCHINIA VIOLAE.—Mr. HK. E. GREEN

exhibited a transfer of a remarkable aberration of Telchinia

violae, Fab., taken by Mr. G. Halkett, in the district of Kuru-

negala, Ceylon. He also showed transfers of the normal form

of the same butterfly which is usually regarded as a very

constant species. The aberration consists of a black suffusion

completely occupying the cell of the fore-wing; a considerable

extension of the discal black spots; a suppression of the pale

spots on the black border of the hind-wing, together with an

inward extension of the black border along the course of the

veins.

PARASITISED JASSIDAE.—Mr. GREEN also exhibited Jassidae

from Ceylon, parasitised by an undetermined species of

Gonatopus.

ACANTHOCINUS AEDILIS FROM Bow.—The Rev. G. WHEELER

exhibited on behalf of Miss Macbride a number of living

specimens of the Longicorn beetle Acanthocinus aedilis, L.,

taken in a timber-yard at Bow. This species is almost con-

fined in the British Isles to Scotland, being far from uncommon

in the neighbourhood of Rannoch, but has been several times

brought south in timber, and has been taken in the British

Museum itself. Only the g has antennae of the immense

length of the specimens exhibited,

( Ixxx )

BUTTERFLIES FROM THE SupAN.—Dr. Lonastarr exhibited

on behalf of Mrs. Waterfield a box of Sudanese Pierine Butter-

flies taken by her, and communicated her observations thereon,

VIZ. —

The following notes give a short account of some of the

butterflies that I have taken during the last three winters in

the neighbourhood of Port Sudan. This newly-opened port of

the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is situated, roughly speaking, half-

way down the African coast of the Red Sea, and about 35

miles north of the older and better-known Port of Suakin.

Port Sudan is situated on a creek in the fringing coral reef

which forms a beautiful natural harbour. Its surroundings

are almost entirely devoid of vegetation except for a few

thorny acacia trees and such desert plants as can subsist on

the thin layer of salt earth which covers the old coral reef.

Where, however, a stream finds its way to the sea, there the

conditions are improved, and a variety of plants will grow on

the soil brought down from the hills about 16 miles distant. It

is in these watercourses—locally termed “‘ khors *’—which are

dry except for a few days in the year, and in the public gardens,

a plot of land enclosed in the middle of the town, that my

entomological studies have been made.

During the winter months rain falls every few weeks, some-

times to the extent of 2” or more, and it is after rain that the

butterflies emerge in numbers. I have not spent a longer

time in the Sudan than from November to May, so have had

no opportunity of studying insect life during the summer.

1. Belenois mesentina, Cr. At times this insect is very

common, and I have bred it in numbers from larvae taken on

a bright green-leaved shrub of which the green exactly matches

the green along the caterpillar’s back. The black and white

chrysalis is also frequently to be met with, and I think the

caterpillar must feed on various shrubs. The females seem

to be particularly sluggish, and can often be caught in the

fingers as they sit with folded wings on flower or leaf.

2. Synchloé glauconome, Klug. This butterfly I overlooked

until Dr. Longstaff pointed it out to me. In 1912 it was

common in the public gardens. In 1913 I saw it plentifully

once only, when riding in the desert, but a few days later

(, bose )

a visit to the spot with a net yielded but a solitary

specimen. It seems to frequent the driest and most barren

places.

3. Herpaenia lacteipennis, Butl. This insect I have only

once taken, and then the brood was obviously almost over.

The four tattered specimens I took were flying in a broad

and, for the time, grassy “‘ khor,” where there was a variety

of vegetation.

4. Calopieris eulimene, Klug. I was surprised to find this

considered a rare insect, as it is to me one of the most widely

distributed species that I take. In fact, wherever the wild

caper- bush grows there will this most beautiful little insect

almost certainly occur. In a freshly caught specimen the

red veins on the underside of the lower wings are heavily

outlined in green, but in a worn specimen hardly a trace of

green will be left. The female has no pink sheen to the yellow

tips of the fore-wings.

5. Teracolus phisadia, Godart, I have only taken once,

at Sinkat, the hill station about 72 miles from Port Sudan,

where it was almost the only insect to be found; it was flying

round plants of what I took to be a sort of creeping cactus

(possibly Vites quadrangularis, Wallich).

6. Teracolus chrysonome, Klug. This is common enough

in some “ khors ” near Port Sudan, though I have never taken

it in the public gardens. It seems to go on continuously,

never Swarming, but always to be found throughout the

winter months.

7. Teracolus protomedia, Klug. In 1912 this was a common

insect, and in spite of being very difficult to catch, I brought

home a fair series. This year I never saw it, though why I

never knew.

8. Teracolus halimede, Klug. This insect seems to be

moderately common throughout the winter. When chased

it has a habit of flying straight through the nearest thorn

bush, so that the ragged creature which emerges on the other

side has earned its own freedom. The female seems rarer than

the male.

9. Teracolus pleione, Klug. This charming little insect

was scarce in the winter of 1911, quite common in 1912, but

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1913. F

( “hxc” )

altogether absent in 1913. I think I know the food-plant,

which seemed to be growing as strongly as ever.

10. Teracolus eris, Klug. In 1912 I took one im very poor

condition in a garden near our house and quite away from the

desert. The next specimen I saw was in my breeding-cage,

where it emerged from the chrysalis of a small green larva

which I had unwittingly brought home on the food-plant of

B. mesentina. I found four more larvae, and two eggs which

hatched, and the caterpillars from them were almost full grown

when ants got into the cage and devoured them and other

treasures. The egg was clear except for an irregular red line

running round it: it was laid on the upper side of the leaf.

The caterpillar was green, wood-louse shaped, and hard to

see, as it generally lay along the midrib of the leaf.

11. Teracolus ewpompe, Klug. In 1912 this very lovely

insect was quite common, but in 1913 I took only a couple

of males, though I was constantly on the look out for it. It

is a species that varies verv much as to size, and the female

has a great tendency to vary in the amount of red at the tips

of the wings; often this is quite absent, but the underside

appears to be always characteristic.

12. Teracolus achine, Cram., is never abundant, but in the

course of an afternoon’s hunt two or three specimens will

come to hand. I have taken it more commonly at Suakin

than at Port Sudan.

13. Teracolus daira, Klug. This inconspicuous little butter-

fly, so far as I know, is only taken in one spot on the bank of

a “khor” near Port Sudan, where it sits in the rough grass,

seldom apparently flying much.

14. Teracolus liagore, Klug, is another butterfly favouring

tufts of grass near “ khors.”’ It is a rare insect, and one pair

in an afternoon is the largest number I have taken at a time.

15. Teracolus evarne, Klug, is the common butterfly of the

place. Every winter I have found it abundantly. From a

long series one may pick out small and pale examples known as

philippsi, Butl. I have tried to breed this species from eggs

laid in captivity, but the infant larvae refused to eat. The

egg was straw-coloured at first, then vermilion, and hatched

on the fourth day.

() xxx =)

16. Catopsilia florella, Fabr., is another insect which was

fairly common in 1912 but quite absent in 1913. Being a

strong-flying butterfly it is hard to catch. The males seem

decidedly more common than the females, and also easier to’

catch.

17. Colias hyale, auct., var. marnoana, Rogenh. This

butterfly is generally to be found in grassy places, though not

always abundantly. The pale variety of the female would

appear to be the commoner.

AMAURIS EGIALEA STROKING THE BRANDS OF THE HIND-

WINGS WITH ITS ANAL TUFTS, AGAIN OBSERVED BY W. A.

LAMBORN.—Prof. PouLtron said that he had just received a

letter written Sept. 19-23, 1913, from Mr. W. A. Lamborn,

who was now resident, as Entomologist to the Agricultural

Department of Southern Nigeria, at Moor Plantation, Ibadan.

The letter contains the following interesting observation dated

Sept. 20 :—

“T saw this morning a male Amawris egialea, Cram., settled

on a leaf in the sun, brushing its scent-patches with the anal

tufts, the abdomen being anteflexed. The wings were midway

between the vertical and horizontal positions, and at the end

of each act of brushing they were suddenly brought almost,

together and then expanded to the original position.”

Mr. Lamborn’s earlier observation on the same species,

made Jan. 30, 1912 (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1912, p. xxxv), states

that the wings were “ over-flexed,” their outer margins being

in contact with the leaf and therefore below the general level of

the body. The difference in attitude was an interesting one,

and might perhaps be explained by the use of the scent-organ

at different periods in the life of the imago or in different

states of physiological activity. The sudden movement of the

wings suggested that the object was to promote the passage

of scent from within or between the secreting cells into the

cups on the surface of the brand, as described and figured by

Mr. Eltringham, on Plate XX of this year’s Transactions.

Again, it was possible that the motion promoted the circulation

of fluids in the neighbourhood of the veins, or of air in the

tracheal tubes of the wing. That the motion bore some relation

to the function of the scent-brand could hardly be doubted.

( lxxxiy *)

Prof. Poutton said that in view of Mr. Eltringham’s

researches on Amauris niavius, L., he wished now to withdraw

the suggestion that scent was conveyed from the brushes to

‘the brands (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1911, pp. xlvi, xlvu). It was

obviously more probable that scent secreted in the brands was

conveyed to the brushes.

Mr. Lamborn had now three times observed the brushing

of the brands by male Danaines, and, as far as Prof. Poulton

was aware, no other naturalist had ever seen this operation,

although it was probably performed several times by all the

males of many species which were among the commonest

of tropical butterflies. He hoped that naturalists would now

make a special point of watching male Danaini and Euploeinc.

It would be especially interesting to observe the insertion of

the tufts into the pockets of certain Danaini, such as the species

of Tirumala and Danaida, and in the Euploeini to ascertain

whether the brands on the part of the hind-wing that is over-

lapped by the fore-, as well as those existing on the fore-wing

itself, bore a similar relationship to the anal tufts. He much

hoped that Oriental naturalists would settle this question for us.

Mr. W. A. LAMBOoRN’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE COURTSHIP OF

A LyciD BEETLE.—Prof. Pouuron exhibited a set of four males

and one female, and another of two males and one female, of

Metriorrhynchus semiflabellatus, Thoms. Both sets were cap-

tured on Uvrena lobata, July 16, 1913, at Moor Plantation,

near Ibadan, 8. Nigeria. Of the first set Mr. Lamborn had

written: “ Two of these were im coitu and the other three

were clinging to them’’; of the second set: ‘‘ Two beetles

in coitu, the third, an unsuccessful suitor, clinging to the

successful male.’’ Prof. Poulton said that these observations

might be compared with Mr. Lamborn’s earlier record, in

Proc. Ent. Soc., 1911, p. xev, of three males of the Acraeine

butterfly Planema alcinoe, Felder, clinging to a female in

coitu with a fourth male. The Acraeinae and the Lycidae were

both distasteful groups with aposematic colours, and it was

reasonable to suppose that the increased conspicuousness

produced by such masses of individuals was not harmful

to them as it would be to palatable species. Mr. C. J. Gahan

had kindly determined the species.

(. ixxxv }

A LizaRD ATTACKING MEGACHILE cINcTA, F.—Prof. Poutron

exhibited a female specimen of Megachile cincta, the subject

of the following note by Mr. W. A. Lamborn: “‘ My attention

was attracted to the nest under the eaves of a building at Moor

Plantation at 2 p.m., June 5, 1913, by hearing the protesting

buzz of a bee, and I then discovered a female Agama colono-

rum trying to get at a Megachile cincta, the hinder extremity of

which was just appearing at the mouth of a cell. The lizard

had only managed to nibble away a few wing fragments.”

The tip of the left fore-wing bore evident traces of the attack.

Two males from the same nest, emerging Aug. 9-28, during

Mr. Lamborn’s absence, and Sept. 2, were also exhibited.

The Hymenoptera of this and the following note were kindly

determined or confirmed by Mr. G. Meade-Waldo.

INSECTS BRED BY W. A. LAMBORN FROM THE NESTS OF

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA.—The material of the following

observations made at Moor Plantation was exhibited by Prof.

POULTON :—

1. A male Megachile cincta (Sept. 17), and the Cantharid

beetle Zonitis eborina, Fahr. (Sept. 17), the latter kindly

named by Mr. K. G. Blair. The following note referred to

the specimens: “‘A nest made by Megachile was found in

an outhouse on June 5, 1913. A Megachile emerged on Sept.

17, and a bright pink beetle left the same cell on the same day,

one or other having, I think, bored out sideways into this

cell from another adjacent one. It is perhaps well to mention

that the nest was placed on June 5 in a jar which was closed

with a glass lid, and that since that date the cover has not

been off.”

2. Odynerus sp. inc. (Sept. 17): The species exists un-

named in the collection of the British Museum.— A large

mud nest, which I thought belonged to Megachile, was found

in an outhouse July 24. A small wasp emerged on Sept. 17.”

3. A female Mutilla floralis, Klug—** This female Mutillid

emerged July 26, from a mud nest, probably that of Sceliphron

spwifex, L., found July 14.”

4. Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) sp. inc. (July 26), Chrysis (Tetra-

chrysis) lyncea, F. (Aug. 3), and Sceliphron spirifex, L., 9

(July 31). All three insects emerged at the recorded dates

C. lxxxwi

from “ mud nest of S. spirifex, found in my store July 20,

1913.” The emergence of two species of Chrysid from the

same nest was of special interest.

Wednesday, November 5th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Beruunsr-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the chair.

Election of an Honorary Fellow.

On the recommendation of the Council, Dr. A. P. SeMENoFF

TIAN-SHANSKI was elected an Honorary Fellow in the place

of the late Prof. O. M. Reuter.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :

—Messrs. HucH Warren Beprorp, Church Felles, Horley;

Haroutp §. Cueavin, F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., Clematis House,

Somerset Road, Huddersfield; CHARLES ALBAN WILLIAM

DUFFIELD, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and Wye College, Kent;

W. Ecmont Kirpy, M.D., Hilden, 46 Sutton Court Road,

Chiswick, W.; Louis Mérapren, Melbourne, Dyke Road,

Preston, Brighton; F. V. Bruce Mritier, Livingston, N.

Rhodesia; ALEXANDER Davip Pracocx, 137 Wingrove

Gardens, and Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne; H.

ANANTHASWAMY Rao, Curator of the Govt. Museum, Banga-

lore, India; PerctvaL NaTHAN WuitTLEy, New College, Oxford,

and Brankwood, Halifax.

Title of the Society.

The question of the change of title of the Society was

opened for discussion from the chair, with a view to ascer-

taining whether there was a sufficiently strong feeling in

favour of a change to justify the Council in calling a Special

Meeting, but as the preponderance of feeling appeared to be

(| lxxxvi )

somewhat against any change, it was announced that the

Council would take no official action on the matter, it being

open to any six Fellows to require a Special Meeting if they

so desired.

Wicken Fen.

The PREesIDENT brought before the meeting the necessity

of forming a fund for the care of that portion of Wicken Fen

left by the late Mr. G. H. Verrall to the National Trust, and

at his request the Hon. N. C. Rothschild and Mr. H. Rowland-

Brown addressed the meeting on the subject. Mr. Rowland-

Brown, at the President’s desire, expressed his readiness to

act as Treasurer for any subscriptions given by Fellows of the

Society. It was added that the question of the possibility

of the Society’s contributing, as such, would be brought before

the next meeting of the Council.

Exhibitions.

THAIS RUMINA AS A ProrecteD Species.—Dr. G. B. Lone-

sTAFF exhibited a series of 17 Thais rumina, Linn. (including

a ° of the var. canteneri, Feld.), taken in March 1913 at Ronda,

in Andalusia, where the species is common. He called atten-

tion to the fact that this beautiful but familiar 8. European

butterfly is conspicuously coloured, with the striking pattern

much alike on the two surfaces, that its flight is very slow

and fearless, that it is difficult to kill by pinching, and further

that it has a very persistent peculiar odour of a musty char-

acter with a suggestion of the scent of the pepper-tree. These

characters taken together are highly suggestive of a distasteful

butterfly.

Panorpa coGnaTa, Ramsp.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited

three species of Panorpa, and communicated the following

note :—‘ On Oct. 1 Col. J. W. Yerbury gave me a dragon-fly

and three Neuroptera which he took during the summer in

Wales. One of these, which I exhibit, is a female of the

scarce Scorpion-fly Panorpa cognata. It was captured at

Llangammarch Wells on August 23. I once took a specimen,

also a female, at Byfleet in Surrey. Besides these | know of

but one or two other captures. ‘There are, however, a few

( Ixxxvii )

British examples in older collections. For comparison I have

put with it typical Panorpa germanica, L., and Panorpa

communis, L.”

LEPIDOPTERA FROM DEVONSHIRE.—Mr. H. Lupron exhibited

a specimen of Thalpochares ostrina, taken in the middle of

June 1913, about a mile from the coast and about four miles

from Ilfracombe. Also two specimens of Dranthoecia luteago,

var. ficklini, taken in the middle of the same month on the

coast of N. Devon.

Comm. Waker referred to Dr. Perkins’ specimen of

T. ostrina, taken on June | this year at Paignton, and exhibited

at the meeting of the Society on June 4.

Mr. A. H. Jonus said that he had always found it scarce

and sporadic abroad, though he had taken it in various

localities.

AN ADDITIONAL OBSERVATION ON THE COURTSHIP OF A

S. NicgeR1AN Lycrp BEETLE BY Mr. W. A. LamBorn.—Prof.

Poutton exhibited four males and one female of Metriorrhyn-

chus semiflabellatus, Thoms., concerning which Mr. Lamborn

had sent the following note. Prof. Poulton said that this

record ought to have accompanied the observations com-

municated by him to the last meeting, but it had been in-

advertently overlooked. ‘‘ These beetles were noticed July 15,

1913, in a confused heap on the plant Uvrena lobata, L.,

(Malvaceae). On closer examination they were found to

consist of a male and female in coitéd and three unsuccessful

suitors. The fortunate male was on the right side and rather

beneath the female, maintaining himself in position by grip-

ping the base of her second right tibia with his mandibles.

A second male was resting on her right elytron, the edge of

which he held in his jaws, and a third male sat on the second,

supporting himself by gripping the base of the right antenna.

The remaining male rested on the left elytron of the female

holding on to its corrugations by his jaws. When there is no

competition the male obtains admission to the female between

her slightly separated elytra.”

THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING INSECTS FOUND IN corrU.—

Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter read the following notes in connection

with his exhibit of Epitoris albicincta :—Bates, in his original

( Lexx )

paper describing mimicry in 8. America, pays particular

attention to the question of the perfect matching of two

insects of a pair. Thus he says (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii,

p. 501) : “* The process of the creation of a new species I believe

to be accelerated in the I[thomiae and allied genera by the

strong tendency of insects, when pairing, to select none but

their exact counterparts,’ and again, on p. 513 he says:

“. . the one exact counterfeit, whose exactness, it must be

added, is henceforward kept up to the mark by the insect

pairing necessarily with its exact counterpart.”

Charles Darwin (as Prof. Poulton pointed out in his Presi-

dential address to the Ent. Soc., 1904) at once saw the impor-

tance of this, and wrote to Bates in 1862 (‘ Life and Letters,”

vol. u, p. 392): “ I wish, however, you had enlarged a little

more onthe pairing of similar varieties ; a rather more numerous

body of facts seems here wanted.” Again on November 25

(1862?) he wrote: ‘Could you find me some place, .. .

where you could state, as fully as your materials permit, all

the facts about similar varieties pairing,—at a guess how

many you caught, and how many now in your collection ?

I look at this fact as very important.” Subsequently, Charles

Darwin rather severely criticised the statements of Bates

above alluded to. At the close of his review of Bates’ paper

in the Natural History Review for April 1863, article 17,

pp. 223, 224, he says : ““ We will only notice briefly one other

point which has an important bearing on the production of

new species and races; namely the statement repeatedly made

that in certain cases the individuals of the same variety

evince a strong predilection to pair together. We do not

wish to dispute this statement; ... But we are by our

profession as critics bound to be sceptical, and we think

that Mr. Bates ought to have given far more copious evidence.”

I am much obliged to Prof. Poulton for telling me of this

interesting passage.

Prof. Poulton, in his address mentioned above, quotes a

letter from Trimen on this subject, who says : “ I have noticed

the tendency of sexes of a variety to pair together rather than

with other varieties in the numerous cases of captured pairs

sent to me by correspondents in South Africa, and sometimes

( xe )

in cases of the same kind which occurred to myself when

collecting.”

Prof. Poulton remarks: “ It is tantalising to reflect upon

the number of interesting and important questions which

could be now decided if” the practice of collecting and care-

fully labelling all specimens captured in coitéd “had prevailed

during the past fifty years.”

I now bring forward a few facts bearing on the question

of the preferential mating of varieties, not because it is con-

sidered that sufficient, evidence has been produced to prove

anything, but rather with a view of directing more attention

to this important point. On Bugalla Island, L. Victoria,

during 1912, I found that a small and extremely variable

Syntomid moth, Lpitoxis albicincta, Hmpsn., was very abun-

dant; I had previously met with this species at Jinja in Usoga,

on the mainland, and at Mpumu in Chagwe, but not in such

abundance as on the island. The moth varies equally in

either sex, from a form all black without markings to a form

with large and well-defined white spots. The first specimen

I took was one of the fully spotted forms, on a grass stem

(for it is always found in open grassy places) on Mpumu Hill,

Chagwe. It hung feet upwards from a bending stem, and,

when approached, held its wings in a peculiarly twisted way,

hanging perpendicularly from its back but with the ventral

surface facing forwards. I have obtained altogether 58

specimens in various localities, of which 22 were actually

in coitd. These can be arranged under six types, but of

course no one type can be quite sharply marked off from

another.

Before making any remarks upon the specimens grouped as

on p. xci, it must be said that they were not collected alto-

gether as they came. It will be seen, for instance, that Type VI

comes mostly from the mainland; and although my impres-

sion is that it was relatively more abundant on the mainland,

more material is required. For when I got on to the island

I remembered that I had already caught Type VI on the

mainland, and devoted myself rather to getting a good series

of varieties than to determining the relative frequency of

each. It is also suggestive, that Type I does not seem to

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have been taken on the mainland. The localities were as

follows :—

B. = Bugalla Island.

Jg. = Jinja neighbourhood, on the Uganda side of the lake inlet.

Sis ae ¥ on the Kerinya peninsula.

Sse Me a on the Usoga side of the lake inlet.

M. = Mpumu hill, Chagwe, about 20 miles from Kampala.

SHOWING THE MATCHING OF INDIVIDUALS OF ELEVEN Pairs

TAKEN LN COITU.

Pair Data. ie TOs, ee Vi VI.

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The above arrangement shows that while pairs Nos. 1, 2,

3, 4, 5 are not very well matched, pairs Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

are excellently well matched.

In two instances the individuals are separated by three

types (1st and 2nd pairs).

In three instances the individuals are separated by two

types (3rd, 4th, and 5th pairs).

In three instances the individuals are of adjacent types

(8th, 10th, and 11th pairs).

In three instances the individuals are of the same type

(6th, 7th, and 9th pairs).

A particularly suggestive fact is that pairs Nos. 7, 8, 10

should have matched so well, seeing that they were all taken

* The three pairs 7, 8, 10 were taken within a few yards of each

other at the same time and date.

( xe”)

together. Instead of 3 10 uniting with either of the 297 or

8, he was in coiti with the one of the three which most nearly

resembled himself.

It is obvious that my material is not enough to do more

than suggest the interest that could be got from a large col-

lection of hundreds of specimens made without prejudice,

both of single specimens and of pairs in coité. This species

is an ideal one for such a collection, it is conspicuous and

easily caught, it occurs in numbers in suitable open grassy

places, and the pairs are easily seen 2m cot? on grass stems.

Moreover, it is small, and yet well marked. Had we such a

collection we could estimate mathematically the chances of

one type pairing with its own rather than with another,

according to the relative abundance of the different types;

and then we should soon see whether the pairing was according

to mathematical chances, or by selection.

In this connection it is interesting to note that on Bugalla

Island on Jan. 14, 1912, specimens of every type were taken,

and a single pair taken on that day was the worst matched of

all my pairs !

This just shows how much we want a large amount of

material from one locality. It may be said How can one moth

select another of a pattern like itself? Even if it can see the

pattern of its mate it does not know what its own pattern is

like. It must be, if there is anything in the sexual selection

amongst varieties, a problem of the same nature as Why does

one individual know that another of the same species is its proper

mate? It seems probable that the answer is, in the case of the

little Syntomid we are discussing, that scent has much to do

with it, and that variation in pattern is correlated with varia-

tion in scent. A lucky observation which I made on Bugalla

Island, Oct. 25, 1912, has some bearing on this matter. A

male moth, of the species we are discussing (Epitoxis albicincta),

was sitting on a grass stem perfectly quiet and unconcerned,

but a male Acraea terpsichore, L., form ventura, Hew., ina state

of great sexual excitement, was endeavouring by every means

in its power to effect coitus, frantically passing the tip of its

abdomen round about the abdomen of the moth in every

direction, and obviously trying to pair. Both these specimens

( xe)

are exhibited in the box, the Acraea next to the Syntomid,

in Type I. The obvious explanation is that the ¢ Syntomid,

by chance, had a scent corresponding to that of the 9 Acraea,

and that the ¢ Acraea had made a bad mistake !

Dr. CHAPMAN observed that in view of nine of the eleven

pairs exhibited it would seem that the darker 3 3 selected

the lighter 9 9.

Various InsEcTS MosTLy FROM Arrica.—Dr. CARPENTER

also exhibited a case of miscellaneous insects and communicated

the following notes upon them :—

Variety of Acraea acerata, Hew. (vinidia, Hew.).—At

Jinja, in Usoga, I caught on the Kerinya peninsula, in

Feb. 1911, a male of this species which very closely resembles

the male of Acraea viviana, Staud. The dark tawny orange

of the typical acerata is replaced by a shade of yellow almost

identical with the colour of the male viviana.

Acraea mairessei, Auriv., very resistant to cyanide fumes.—

The typically aposematic insects seem to have extraordinary

powers of resistance, not only to damage inflicted by enemies,

but to other harmful influences. A specimen of Acraea

mairesset surprised me by being even more resistant than other

Acraeines to the fumes of a cyanide bottle which knocked over

other butterflies in a minute or two; this specimen, caught

in Chagwe, Uganda, near Mpumu Hill, July 13, 1910, was

very little the worse after half an hour in the bottle.

At a later date, on the Sesse Islands, I wanted to preserve

a couple of pupae of Planema consanguinea arenaria, K. M.

Sharpe. I put them in a cyanide bottle one night, and next

morning they were still active. I repeated this the next

night with the same result.

Amauris albimaculata, Butl.; scent-brand eaten out (by

ants ?).—A male specimen which had been caught at Jinja,

Usoga, in the second half of August, 1910, was found by Prof.

Poulton when it arrived at the Hope Dept. to have been

damaged, probably by ants, in a very interesting way. The

strongly odoriferous brand in the (left) wing had been neatly

eaten out, and nothing else had been touched. Similar

instances of this have been given in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1907,

p. x, where Prof. Poulton describes a specimen of Amauris

(, “Revie }

egialea, Cram., sent by Mr. H. 8. Gladstone from near Lagos,

in which both scent-brands had been eaten out cleanly and

neatly; and again in the Proceedings for 1912, p. xxxv, a

specimen of Am. niavius, L., received from Mr. Lamborn, near

Lagos, in which the same thing was shown. In a note to the

first case was quoted a passage from Prof. Meldola (Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1882, p. 425) in which he pointed out

that the scent patches are sexual characters and have nothing

to do with producing the general distastefulness.

Notes on three species of Hesperidae :—1. Eretis perpaupera,

Holl.—A very small specimen of this was found at Jinja

shortly after sunrise one morning on a leaf amongst grass:

It was covered with dew drops, and in a curious attitude

which one never sees when the species is alert. The fore-wings

were held out at right-angles to the body, but the hind-wings

were quite disconnected from them, and near to the body,

so that there was a distinct gap left between the anterior

margin of the hind-wing and the inner margin of the

fore-wing.

2. Baoris niveicornis, Plétz—Several Hesperidae, believed

to be of this species, were caught at Jinja. The ¢ only is

remarkable for having the upper surface of the antennae of

a brilliant shining white, and so conspicuous are these in the

field that on one occasion at least my attention was drawn

to the butterfly by the gleaming white antennae.

Prof. Poulton suggests that this is an epigamic colour, since

the brilliant white is only on the wpper surface of the male

antennae. It is interesting to compare with this the shining

white fore-legs of the $ Hretis perpaupera, which are quite

conspicuous when the butterfly settles.

3. Leptalina lepeletiert, Latr.—This dark-brown skipper is

without markings save for two very conspicuous (in the

cabinet) pearly white and sharply marked, narrow stripes,

on the under surface of the hind-wing, running from base to

hind-margin. The most conspicuous one passes through the

centre of the wing, the other nearer the anal margin,

along which is a little of the same colour. This species I

found at Jinja amongst long grass; its resting attitude was

vertically on a stem, head upwards, so that the silvery

( xew )

lines not only broke up the uniform ground-colour, but

themselves harmonised with the dry silvery stems of the

grass.

The Lymantriid Laelia niobe, Weym. (thompson, Druce),

—This fine species I reared for the first time from larvae

found on Damba Island and later on Bugalla Island. At

the close of my stay on Bugalla I found alarva like those

previously found, but it pupated while still quite small, and

to my astonishment the moth was totally different from the

former imagines. I put the case down, at the time, as one

of synaposematic resemblance between larvae; but, when I

examined the specimens at Oxford this summer, I found that

all the large specimens which I bred first were females, and

the little, very different, form from the same type of larva was

a male. So that it seems that Laelia niobe is very markedly

sexually dimorphic. I suggest that perhaps the female has

been influenced by the extraordinarily abundant and con-

spicuous Syntomid moth Meganaclia sippia, Plétz, and that it

is perhaps synaposematic with it. Descriptions of this, and

many other new larvae, are in course of preparation.

Resting attitude of Antheua spurcata, Walk. (Notodontidae).—

A specimen was found resting on a leaf in full glare of the sun

at Jinja on Jan. 2, 1911. The glistening yellow fore-wings

were brought together over the back with their inner margins

contiguous, but at the posterior end the darker yellow anal

tuft of the body projected upwards between the hind-margins

of the wings. The moth was very conspicuous and absolutely

motionless.

Zygaenid moth mimicking Acraea quirina, F.—I show a

specimen of a Zygaenid, Staphylinochrous tenellula, Holland,

which with its thinly-scaled black-bordered red wings is an

excellent mimic of Acraea quirina, F., with which it may be

found in the forest, though I have sometimes seen the moth

outside the forest flying over open grass land. The general

appearance of the Acraea is particularly well brought out

on the wing; the flight of the moth is the steady straight,

rather laboured flight of many conspicuous moths.

The following cases illustrative of aposematic and procryptic

coloration have been recorded in the October number of

( xcv )

“ Bedrock ” for this year, but I venture to bring them forward

again as they are of some interest. First, aposemes.

Rhodogastria leucoptera, Hmpsn. (Arctiidae), found resting

in an exposed position at Jinja, 1910. Its wings were of a

pure, hard, shining white colour, but not very thickly scaled,

so that, when they were brought together over the body of

the moth, the abdomen, which was of a bright rose-pink, was

distinctly visible. The thorax was pure white, spotted with

black; the legs, which were freely displayed, were of the

same bright rose as the abdomen. When the moth was

disturbed, it separated its wings and spread out the legs so as

to display the bright pink (a typical aposeme), and emitted

from the thorax just behind the head a copious yellow froth,

till a mass of yellow bubbles with a very strong acrid odour

(and, I may add, taste) projected on each side. Such frothing

is a very common method of defence by aposematic insects.

The abundant and very conspicuous Hypsid moth, pactolicus,

gives out the same kind of froth when handled, and I have

proved by offering it to moth-eating monkeys, that it is

markedly distasteful, for they would never eat it.

A very beautiful example was again afforded by a large

grasshopper of the family Acriditdae (Dictyophorus (Petasia)

laticincta, Walker). It was a very heavy-bodied, slowly moving

species of dull leaden-black colour, with very small tegmina

and small incompletely covered wings of reddish colour; its

large and fat abdomen had red marks on the sides.

One constantly sees this insect crawling slowly and heavily

over grassland, and it is extremely conspicuous. It makes no

attempt to get out of the way, and only feebly hops an inch

or soif much interfered with. In short, it has all the character-

istics of a typically protected insect.

In order to test whether it was really distasteful, I put one

down in front of three young pet monkeys, who were constantly

fed on grasshoppers, so that they would expect it to be good

to eat, as they were accustomed to being given only edible

grasshoppers and always got greatly excited when the box

was produced. In this case, however, instead of at once

snatching it, biting its head off, and then devouring it piece-

meal, one of the monkeys caught hold of it and looked at it

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1913. G

(| xeviii_ )

with great interest; it was obviously something which it

would be better to examine first. The monkey was a young

one who had been in captivity from babyhood, so that it was

highly probable that he had never seen anything like this

before. While he held the grasshopper (which was of good

size, being two inches long), it began to emit yellow,

strongly smelling, acrid froth from the sides of the thorax,

forcing it out by first distending the abdomen with air so as

to show off the red markings on the sides, and then con-

tracting the abdomen so strongly that the bubbles emerged

from the thorax with a hissing sound audible several yards

away. At the same time the red wings were prominently

displayed.

The monkey was obviously very greatly interested in this

very curious phenomenon, and tasted the froth. He clearly

did not like it, but, as he could not believe that an insect given

him by his master was not good to eat, he persisted in pulling

it to pieces and tasting: eventually the dismembered insect

lay on the ground. It was hardly possible to doubt from the

monkey’s behaviour that this conspicuous insect was highly

distasteful, and that if he had been a wild monkey, able to

¥select what food he would eat from out of a great abundance

and had already met one of these markedly aposematic grass-

hoppers, he would not think it worth while to try another.

The other two monkeys tasted and smelt at the remains, but

would not eat them.

I now quote two examples of Procrypsis. The first was a

species of Curphis, a Noctuid allied to our English Leucama,

which adopted an unusual attitude when at rest. It was

found at Jinja, in 1910, amongst tall dry grass. On the upper

side the wings are light brown; below, however, they are of

a beautiful light silvery grey. The meaning of this is at once

obvious when the moth is seen in its natural environment,

where it adopts an attitude quite foreign to that of the majority

of Noctuids. It hangs from a dry flower-spike of tall grass,

with the wings brought together face to face over its back so

that they hang down showing only the silvery underside, and

the effect agrees extraordinarily well with the silvery grass-

head. I repeatedly saw it take up this attitude when it had

(al zeny )

been disturbed and had flown away to one grass-head after

another.

This brings out well the importance of seeing insects in their

natural surroundings, for in this case a peculiarity in colouring

is at once seen to be correlated with a marked departure from

the attitude usually adopted by that particular group of

moths.

A very wonderful example of procryptic resemblance

brought out by attitude was afforded by a Notodontid moth

which I found on a leaf on one of the islands in L. Victoria

(Scalmicauda niveiplaga, Hmpsn.). Only a single specimen

of this species has been recorded hitherto, namely the type in

the British Museum. It had such a perfect resemblance to a

dead and rolled-up leaf that I had to look again and again,

and almost to touch it, before I could satisfy myself that it

was really a moth.

The fore-wings, of a light brown colour, were closely brought

together along the back, hiding the hind-wings, so that the

two inner margins, of a slightly darker hue than the rest of

the wing, came together along the middle line and represented

the midrib of a leaf. The continuation of this into the petiole

was represented by a large, upstanding, slightly curved tuft

of long hairs projecting from the top of the head.

The front of the head was very dark brown and represented

exactly the dark shadow of the interior of a tube of rolled-up

leaf. Strange though it may seem, this was the most realistic

factor in the whole resemblance, and that which made it most

difficult to realise that one was looking at a moth and not at

a dead leaf.

The fore-wings were light brown with several lines on them

of a darker hue running out from the apparent midrib to

represent veins on the leaf, and there were three doubly ringed

markings resembling the marks made by the growth of minute

fungi on dead leaves. Near the tip was an absolutely pure

white small round spot which quite well represented a gap at

the edge of a dead leaf with high light shining through.

The antennae and legs were so carefully packed away that

they were quite invisible.

I think I have never been so completely puzzled by an

("1e%)

insect resembling a dead leaf as by this moth, and yet when

it had been set, and was in the Hope Museum, Prof. Poulton

was surprised to hear how much like a leaf it had been when

alive.

Carabus violaceus, L., attacked and forsaken by an enemy.—

This case was noted in “ The Countryside ” for June 24, 1905,

but the date of the observation was previous to that, probably

by several years.

I picked up, in the University Parks, at Oxford, a specimen

of this beetle which had been badly mauled. The head had

been removed at the junction with the thorax, and all the legs,

except the right posterior one, had been removed at the base.

The exception still had the femur attached to the body. The

stumps of the legs were being vigorously moved. I took the

specimen home, and it lived for three weeks and three days

from the date on which I found it, being able to move the leg

stumps up to the end of that time.

If this injury was due to an enemy, and not to mischief by

some child, it illustrates remarkably the distastefulness of this

beetle, which had been forsaken after many repeated tastings,

and also the vitality which is such a characteristic feature of

protected insects.

Sphegidae and Pompilidae, a remarkable difference in the

methods adopted for fillmg up their burrows.—The very first

Fossors which I observed were a Sphegid, Ammophila hirsuta

(viatica, Sm.), Scop., and a Pompilid, Pompilus viaticus,

L., at Bordighera on the Italian Riviera, in the early

spring of 1899. The point I wish to emphasise is this: after

the burrow has been stocked it has to be filled up. When it

was necessary to ram the loose earth down, the Sphegid used

its head; holding on to the sides of the burrow with all its

legs it launched itself down against the loose earth, using the

broad flat anterior surface of the head as a battering ram.

The Pompilid, on the other hand, sat quietly over the hole,

and rammed the loose earth down with the end of its abdomen.

Since this remarkable difference was only seen in a single

specimen of each, I was much interested when out in Uganda

to be able to confirm it by observations on other species.

Sphex marginatus, Smith, uses its head as does the other species

( a )

alluded to. Pompilus bretoni, Gués., however, employs its

abdomen like Pompilus viaticus, and a species of Salius did the

same. The Salius, however, showed another difference. All the

other fossors which I have seen at work filled up the burrow

by standing an inch or so away and scratching a shower of sand

backwards in a continuous stream beneath the body; varying

this by carrying small stones, etc., in their mandibles and

ramming them in. Salius, however, adopted a much lazier

method. It stood with its abdomen inside the burrow, and

head and fore-legs projecting outwards, and simply reached

to it armfuls of the loose earth with its front limbs, which was

then rammed down with the end of the abdomen as indicated.

It would be extremely interesting to know if other observers

have noted this striking difference between Pompilids and

Sphegids in methods of doing the same thing.

On one occasion, when watching Ammophila hirsuta (Scop.)

at work at Bordighera in 1899, I by chance observed a very

remarkable fact which is I believe unique. This species stores

up a single caterpillar of species of Noctuidae, which it finds

among the bases of grass stems in March when it hunts. I

repeatedly saw it bringing to, and burying in its hole, these

caterpillars. On one occasion when the egg had been laid

as usual upon the 6th segment and the wasp was filling up the

hole I frightened it away and brought out the larva, leaving

it at the mouth of the hole. When the wasp came back and

found the larva lying there it examined it and seemed puzzled,

and then deliberately sucked the contents of the egg dry (I

watched it shrivel !) and deposited another in its place.

This is a curious fact and suggests that the wasp’s instinct

led it to destroy the egg, which might well have been that of

a species of indirect parasite whose larva would devour the

food stored up for the wasp larva. I do not for one moment

suggest that the wasp recognised the egg as such, otherwise

it might equally well have known that it was its own egg!

A VERY RARE ANnT.—Mr. DonistHorrE exhibited 33,

winged 99 and a dealated 2 and ¥ 8 of Solenopsis fugazx, Latr.,

taken at Blackgang, Isle of Wight, on Aug. 26, 1913. He

mentioned that the colony was a very large one, and was not

in connection with a nest of any other ant. The late Mr. Dale

aca

appeared to be the only other person who had found the winged

forms in this country. The 3¢ and 29 are much larger than

the % %, the latter being our smallest British ant. It is very

rare and local in Britain, having only occurred at Deal,

Southend, the Isle of Wight, and Portland.

ABERRATION OF PyRAMEIS INDICA——Mr. H. EH. GREEN

exhibited an aberrant example of Pyrameis (Vanessa) indica,

Herbst, from Ceylon. He remarked that the aberration was

apparently caused by a sudden change of temperature at the

critical period of pupation. A few full-fed larvae had been

sent from Nuera Eliya (alt. 6,500 ft.) to Peradeniya (alt.

1,500 ft.), where they immediately pupated ; of three specimens

that emerged successfully, one was normal, while the other two

had assumed the coloration of the example now exhibited.

Though P. indica occurs in the plains, on the Indian continent,

it is found only in the hills, in Ceylon. Its food-plant—the

giant Nilgiri nettle—is more or less confined to the mountain

region of Ceylon, though Trimen has recorded its occurrence

at considerably lower elevations. This particular aberration

of the butterfly has been figured in a recent number of “ Spolia

Zeylanica.”’

CoRYDALIS ORIENTALIS, McLacu.—Comm. J. J. WALKER

exhibited a 9 specimen of the gigantic Neuropteron, Corydalis

orventalis, McLach., taken by a native collector at Chuchow,

Chekiang Province, S.E. China, May 1913, and forwarded to

the exhibitor by C. T. Bowring, Esq., F.E.8., of Wenchow.

The species was described in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, pp. 281-3,

plate ix, from a single mutilated specimen taken at Chia-tung-

fu, W. China, by one of the late Mr. Leech’s collectors. Species

of Corydalis are numerous in North America, but only three

(C. asiatica, Wood-Mason, from the Naga Hills, C. orientalis,

McLach., and a doubtful species from Assam) have been

recorded from the Old World.

ABERRANT AND Hysrip HeTerocera.—Mr. L. W. New-

MAN exhibited the following Heterocera :—

(1) Calymnia (Cosmia) trapezina. A melanic 9, the whole of

the fore-wings very dark brown, with white transverse lines;

a worn specimen taken at sugar in Bexley Woods.

(2) Zonosoma (Ephyra) annulata and pendularia; a long

(Ga. )

and very varied series of both species, being picked forms from

several thousands bred from ova. The specimens showed

extreme light, dark, and intermediate forms and there was one

very pink Z. pendularia.

(3) A series of Hybrid Z. pendularia Q and annulata 3;

specimens showing the markings of pendularia most pro-

nounced and the coloration of annulata prominent.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar,” by

Sir G. H. Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S.

“ The Culicidae of Australia,” by Frank H. Taytor, F.E.S.

“* Descriptions of New Species of Staphylinidae from India,”

by Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.H.S.

‘* Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, and its models on

Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of the same

combination,” by G. D. H. Carpenter, B.A., M.D., F.E.S.

“* Pseudacraea boisduvali, Doubl., and its models, with special

reference to Bugalla Island,” by the same.

“The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of

Papilio dardanus, Brown,” by the same.

The following is an abstract of these three papers on the

bionomics of butterflies on Bugalla Island, L. Victoria.

The materials on which these papers are based was collected

during 1912 and Jan.—Feb. 1913, on Bugalla Island, in the

Sesse Archipelago in the N.W. corner of the great L. Victoria,

about 25 miles S.W. of Entebbe, and a few miles S. of the

equator, where I was working for the Royal Society’s Sleeping

Sickness commission. The specimens have all been presented

to the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum.

The work has been done during the summer of this year while

I was home on leave.

The first paper deals with the great Planema-Pseudacreaa

combination, and with other members of the same mimetic

association, and a full description is given, for the first time,

of all the varieties of Pseudacraea eurytus, Linn., so abundant

on the island. The material on which it is based was collected,

( ‘ae )

as it came, without prejudice, and gives a fair idea of the

relative abundance of the various forms.

The second paper was written with the idea of pointing out

the great interest of the forms of Pseudacraea boisduvali on

the island. This involved a careful study of all the specimens

in the Hope Department, and, through the kindness of Mr.

Roland Trimen, I was able to see his fine series. The Island

forms are of the very greatest interest.

The third paper is to be considered somewhat as a reply to

a recent statement by Prof. Punnett that in no case has it

been clearly shown that small and unimportant variations are

inherited. It is based on the hippocoon form of female of

P. dardanus, and it is shown, by measurement of a particular

spot (not one of the most important details in the mimetic

likeness) that the pattern of a parent can influence a particular

part of a different pattern in the offspring. A very large

number of specimens was examined—all that exist in the

Hope Department, together with a few of Mr. Roland Trimen’s

from a locality poorly represented at Oxford.

Wednesday, November 19th, 1913.

Mr. G. T. Betuune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the

chair.

Wicken Fen.

Arising out of the Minutes, it was announced that the

Council had decided to make an annual grant of two guineas

towards the maintenance of Wicken Fen.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the

Society :—Messrs. B. G. Apams, 15 Fernshaw Road, Chelsea ;

BaRNARD Ormiston Dickinson, B.A., 57 Castelnau, Barnes,

S.W.; ALFRED OLIVER RowpeEn, 3 Archibald Road, Exeter ;

Oscar WuHITTakER, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-upon-Mersey,

Cheshire.

‘

( ov)

Nomination of Officers and Council.

The following Fellows were nominated by the Council as

Officers and Council for next year :—President, Mr. G. T.

BretHune-BakeEr, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Treasurer, Mr. A. H. JongEs;

Secretaries, Commander J. J. Wauker, M.A., R.N., F.LS.,

and Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.; Librarian, Mr. G. C.

Cuampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S.; Other Members of the Council,

Messrs. EK. A. Butizr, B.A., B.Sc., J. E. Coir, 8. Epwarps,

Dr. H. EttrincuHam, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Messrs. C. J. GAHAN,

M.A., A. E. Grass, F.L.S., F.Z.S., EH. E. Green, G. Meape-

Wa.po, M.A., Dr. G. W. Nicuouson, M.A., M.D., Hon. N. C.

RotuscHitD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Messrs. H. Rownanp-

Brown, M.A., and C. J. WaInwRIGHT.

Exhibitions.

Spanish Rwopatocera.—Mr. A. H. Jongs, in exhibiting

specimens of both sexes of Plebeius zephyrus, var. hesperica,

taken by him in June last at Albarracin, in Spain, remarked

that this variety is hardly known in British collections. The

butterfly is extremely local, and although specimens may be

taken sporadically, it occurs chiefly among its food-plant,

Astragalus aragonensis, or in its immediate vicinity. The

size of the butterfly is smaller than P. zephyrus, var. lycidas,

and the colour more resembles the blue, but perhaps not so

bright, of Polyommatus hylas. The underside differs very

little from that of lycidas. P. zephyrus, type, and var. lycidas

were also exhibited for comparison. The larvae of the latter,

as is well known, feeds on Astragalus exocarpus. Mr. Jones

exhibited, also from Albarracin, in Spain, Melitaea desfontainii,

var. boetica, Rbr., the Spanish form of M. desfontainii, Godt.

(an Algerian butterfly): both sexes were exhibited. The

butterfly is locally abundant, frequenting the hot dried-up

watercourses, but probably the larvae feed on some plant

on the hills beyond. Fresh specimens are extremely beautiful.

The species is quite distinct from M. aurinia, but forms of

that species and its var. iberica were also shown for comparison.

AN ABNORMAL pAIRING.—Mr. E. E. GreEn exhibited two

Pierid butterflies, of distinct genera, taken in coitd at Aripu,

( com)

Ceylon. Copulation had been so complete that the two

insects remained in the same position after death. It was

possible that the structural differences in the sexual organs,

while permitting the act of copulation, might have hindered

the separation of the parts. The abnormal pair consists of

Appias libythea, Fab., 3, and Teracolus limbatus, Butl., 9.

Dr. Dixry, the Rev. G. WHEELER, and Dr. M. Cameron

commented on this exhibit, giving further instances of

abnormal pairing.

VARIATION IN HeELIconius Doris, L.—Mr. W. J. Kaye

exhibited a large and very variable series of Heliconius doris,

L. He said that the species had always been an interesting

one by reason of its curious phase of variation, which was

usually one of dimorphism in both sexes. Both ¢ and 9

were either blue or red-streaked in the hind-wing. In some

localities, however, the red area was reduced or enlarged,

but the blue form not only underwent this variation, but

also became pale blue, bluish-green and green, such as was

found in the region of Chiriqui in Panama. In the Cauca

Valley in Colombia a very special phase of variation was

found rarely, with both blue and red forms devoid of the large

central yellow blotch, but occurring with normally blotched

forms. In the San Esteban Valley in North Venezuela there

occurred one of the rarest forms, that with the central blotch

white. This phase occurred in both red and blue forms,

but the former was considerably rarer, although both were

very scarce. Occurring rarely in a number of localities,

such as Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Guiana, C. Brazil,

was a form known as amathusia, where the blue and red

streaking was mixed in varying degrees. The red form known

as delila, which exhibited a large amount of red at the base

of the fore-wing extending into the cell, was only found when

other species of Heliconius had this characteristic such as

in the Guianas, where H. xanthocles, H. aede astydamia and

H. burneyi catharinae all occurred together. The specimens

exhibited were divided into the localities from whence they

came, and included from British Guiana typical doris and

delila; from Trinidad doris and eratonia; from Cauca Valley,

Colombia, eratonia, obscura, tecta, metharmana, aristomache ;

( ‘evn )

from C. Brazil a form of amathusia which was shortly blue-

streaked with a few narrow red streaks through it; from

Chiriqui the forms viridis, luminosa, transiens, and from the

San Esteban Valley, N.W. Venezuela, a white blotched form of

eratonia for which he proposed the name swavior, and a white

blotched form of metharmina for which he proposed the

name fascinator. Many other examples were exhibited from

different localities. Mr. Kaye considered it was only confusing

to say, as Riffarth and Stichel had done, that many of these

forms split up into subspecies; while in several cases the

statements could not be accepted as true. The form tecta was

considered by them a form of the subspecies H. doris viridis,

while obscura was treated as a form of the subspecies H. doris

doris, yet both of these forms occurred together at Jimenez

in W. Colombia at an elevation of 1,600 ft. Again, the

form aristomache could not be regarded as a subspecies as

it graded into typical doris in the localities where it was

found, and similarly transiens graded into eratonia, and the

forms were not geographically separated, although tending to

become so.

Minicry (?) in Erepras.—Dr. CHAPMAN exhibited some

Krebias, on which he made the following observations :—

At Le Lautaret in Dauphiny last July I captured some

Erebias, and Mr. H. J. Turner has handed me some taken by

him at Karer See in Tyrol. These specimens have reminded

me of a communication to this Society by Mr. Tutt on

November 4, 1896, and one by myself to the E. M. M. of May

1901. These various observations seem worth bringing

together, as they show that at Lautaret Hrebia melampus

and E. ceto assume forms very closely resembling Hrebia

pharte as it occurs there, and that at Guarda (Lower Engadine)

and at Karer See the same species is closely copied by Hrebia

manto. E. pharte is involved in each instance, being closely

approached at Le Lautaret by both H#. melampus and E. ceto

and in the two other localities by #. manto.

I have no facts to enable me to say that this is a case of

mimicry of any sort, though it looks very like it, or whether

it may be due to some influence climatic or other that pro-

duces a resemblance between all the species that may be

( ev )

called ‘‘ Grass”? Erebias (a definition we owe, I think, to

Mrs. Nicholl) when they occur at a high level.

The specimens exhibited are such that they will no doubt

be recognised by Fellows who have done any collecting in

Switzerland at over 5,000 ft. as very usual, and I believe there

are sundry varietal names to which they are entitled. It is

not the actual forms, but their association that claims attention.

When the resemblance between melampus and pharte at

Le Lautaret attracted Mr. Tutt’s attention in 1896, he thought

that it signified that the two species were there connected by

intermediate links that showed they were one species. On

examining these species for my communication to the Society

in 1898, I found nothing in Mr. Tutt’s collection to substantiate

this view, but merely that specimens of each species closely

approached the other in appearance. I have not unfortunately

any of Mr. Tutt’s most illustrative specimens, and I did not pay

enough attention to these species last summer to meet with

such intermediate forms, but those I exhibit show a consider-

able approach between the two forms, and I must refer to

Mr. Tutt’s observations in proof that these do not show so

much in this direction as they might.

It will be noticed, however, that the general appearance

of the two species is very close, and that the two rows (one

of each) that I exhibit have a very close general aspect, that

differs considerably from the equally close general aspect of

the two rows (of pharte and manto) from Guarda. I have

placed between the two rows of pharte, a row of the species

from Carinthia, much brighter and more richly marked than

the species usually presents in Switzerland, but the ordinary

pharte of Switzerland does differ from the special forms

exhibited, somewhat in this direction. It is perhaps apposite

to add that this form of pharte was accompanied by an

equally bright form of eriphyle on the Koralp. This summer

at Le Lautaret I also found specimens of ceto of a size and

colouring that made them indistinguishable from pharte and

melampus until caught; I exhibit five of these specimens in

contrast with ceto from a lower level.

I may add that I think epiphron ought to be added to

this group (as also to the Guarda set) as another member,

( cix )

though I do not happen to have enough specimens to feel

sure of this; it certainly flew with the others, and was not

usually recognised until captured.

On turning to the Guarda group (really Val Tuoi, 6,000 ft.

and upwards) the general coloration here has a distinctly

sooty-black tone, such as culminates in the nearly black var. of

manto, named caecilia, which contrasts with the redder brown-

black of the Le Lautaret series. I have added several lower

level manto for comparison. Mr. Turner’s manto from Karer

Pass are, again, of a more ruddy form.

The change from what I regard as a normal form in all

these races, is in smaller size, darker colour and diminution

of the rusty spots and bands. Assuming this to be for some

reason an effect of high level, it will hardly account for the

change having the same amount and direction in the several

species at each locality, but not identical with the change at

another station. There is obviously a tendency for each

species, whilst undergoing this change. to approach its neigh-

bours that are undergoing a similar alteration.

What I have said perhaps implies that pharte is constant

and that the other species approach it, but the movement

by pharte is really quite as great as by manto, melampus or

ceto. E. melampus occurred at Guarda more or less with the

pharte and manto, but preserved its own facies there, differing

altogether from the pharte-manto combination, but varying

to a form without any black spots in the rusty band. This

band, however, remained quite bright and clear, wholly unlike

its greater or less obsolescence in pharte and manto. I might

perhaps add that these two species were fairly common and

always together in about equal proportions.

It seems very desirable that considerable series of these

species should be taken at localities where they occur together.

I anticipate that such concomitant variation as my exhibit

shows, would be found to be not uncommon.

Prof. PouLton observed that he saw no other solution so

probable as that of mimicry, and that though the bird popula-

tion was now small it may have been greatly reduced by man,

birds on the Continent not enjoying the protection now

extended to them in England.

( cx )

Mr. H. RowLanp-Brown said that in Cantal the resemblance

between E. melampus and EF. epiphron was so close that they

were difficult to separate.

Mr. H. J. Turner remarked on the close resemblance at

Mirren between the Erebias manto, stygne, oeme and medusa,

and at Cortina between HL. pronoe and E. ewryale, var. ocellaris.

The Rev. G. WHEELER also spoke of the close resemblance

at Miirren between EL. manto and E. oeme, the nearly black

forms caecilia of the former and lugens of the latter being

predominant. He observed that this was the more remarkable

in that these were generally high mountain forms, whilst

at Miirren, and even above in the Blumenthal, Lycaena arion

showed no tendency towards obscura nor Chrysophanus

hippothoé towards eurybia. He could only state the facts,

not account for them.

The PRESIDENT observed that in the Sefinenthal, near

Mirren, but not in the direction of the Blumenthal, L. arion

does tend to the obscura form.

Prof. PouLTon suggested that perhaps in such associations

as those of the Erebias exhibited, those specimens which did

not conform to the general pattern might be more conspicuous,

and consequently more apt to be weeded out.

PIERIDS AND THEIR SCENT-SCALES.—Dr. F. A. Dixry

exhibited a drawer containing specimens of the genus Prervs,

with drawings of their scent-scales, and remarked on them

as follows :—

Dr. A. G. Butler, writing in the Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, 7th series, vol. ii, 1898, p. 17, divides the

genus Preris, Boisd., into four groups or sections, the first

three of which are represented by P. demophile, Clerck,

P. viardi, Boisd., and P. phileta, Fabr., respectively. With

these three sections I do not propose to deal, further than to

say that they are no doubt closely allied to each other, and

to certain other American species such as P. pyrrha, Fabr.,

P. malenka, Hew., P. lorena, Hew., and P. lypera, Koll., which

have sometimes, I think erroneously, been included in the

genus Mylothris. The fourth of Dr. Butler’s groups, which

may be called the P. buniae section, stands well apart from

the others. All the males, as Butler observes, exhibit well-

( exi )

developed patches and streaks of thickened scaling on the

wings. When a scraping from these streaks is examined

microscopically, it is seen to consist almost entirely of peculi-

arly-shaped scent-scales, somewhat resembling those of the

genera Huphina and Delias, and quite distinct from the scent-

scales of the other three groups of Pieris. There are specific

differences between these scent-scales which are often of

service in the determination of specimens. I propose to offer

a few remarks on some members of this buniae group, and

especially on some captures lately made in Venezuela by

Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

About P. buniae, Hiibn., there is little doubt or difficulty.

It is a large form from Brazil, white with a black apex and

posterior margin, more or less indented internally, on the

fore-wing; a dark spot, sometimes double, at the end of the

cell on the under surface of the hind-wing; and a black

discoidal spot, larger in the female, on both surfaces of the

fore-wing. The hind-wing in the female usually bears dark

marginal spots. The scent-scales are long, narrow and

tapering, with rounded base and small accessory disc. They

vary slightly in size and’shape. Those from the hind-wing

are shorter and broader than those from the fore-wing. The

species is well represented in the Burchell Collection at Oxford,

and both sexes are adequately figured in Seitz’s ‘‘ Macro-

lepidoptera.”’

P. ausia was described by Boisduval from specimens

captured in the environs of Pernambuco, 7. e. the coast region

of the extreme east of the South American Continent. The

male and female from the Hope Collection agree well with

Boisduval’s description. The extent of the apical dark area

of the fore-wing is in both sexes less than in P. buniae, and

the female has a dark curved band passing from the costa

over the distal end of the discoidal cell. Seitz’s account of

P. ausia differs in some respects from the above and from

Boisduval’s description. He does not figure the species.

The scent-scales closely resemble those of P. buniae, but are

on an average slightly narrower.

P. phaloe, Godt., is widely distributed in the north-east of

S. America, including the island of Trinidad. Its locality

(. ex -)

is given by Godart simply as “ Brazil.” It is nearly allied to

the two preceding species, but easily distinguishable from

them by the parallel dark markings on the underside of the

hind-wing, which are specially interesting as affording material

for an incipient mimetic pattern. The posterior of the two

bands is clearly homologous with the dark spots at the end

of the cell in P. buniae and P. ausia. The scent-scales of

P. phaloe are very much like those of P. buniae and P. ausia

in size and shape, but can usually be distinguished by the

attenuated distal portion, of which the sides are parallel

instead of tapermg. As in P. ausia the scent-scales tend to

be somewhat narrower than in P. bumae.

The three preceding species are, I think, all very closely

related. The next species to be mentioned, though certainly

belonging to the same section of Pzeris, stands a little apart

from the first three. This is the form described by Felder

from the Bogota district as P. diana. It is not unlike P.

buniae in general appearance, but has the dark apex of the

fore-wing generally narrower. It also differs in shape from

that insect, the apex being more pointed, the hind border of

the fore-wing being slightly concave, and the anal angle of the

hind-wing somewhat prolonged. The scent-scales, though of

the same elongated kite-like character as those of the three

preceding species, are considerably shorter.

Closely allied to P. diana is P. sevata, described by Felder

from Venezuela. As to this form there is some degree of doubt.

There is a specimen (¢) in the Collection of the British Museum

which is presumably a co-type. It came through Messrs.

Godman and Salvin from the Kaden Collection, and bears on a

manuscript label “ sevata, Mz.” (7. e. Moritz) and the locality

note “‘ Venez.” (Venezuela). No female specimen is assigned

to P. sevata in the British Museum Collection, but there is

another Kaden Pieris from the Godman-Salvin series which,

though unplaced as such, must I think be a female sevata.

It corresponds well with the description of the female given

by Felder. Under the subspecific heading P. sincera, Weym.,

are two males and a female from Venezuela which bear on pin

labels ‘‘ P. sevata, Felder.’’ These I am inclined to refer, not

to P. sevata, but to another species to be mentioned shortly.

(\ cx )

On Jan. 11, 1913, Dr. G. B. Longstaff captured at a height

of about 1,000 ft., between Curatici and Zigzag, Venezuela,

five individuals, two males and three females, all of which

belong to this section of the genus Pieris. I have no doubt

that the two males are Felder’s P. sevata. They answer

perfectly to the description, and correspond closely with the

Kaden ¢ in the British Museum. With regard to the females

I do not feel so certain, but I think that at least one of them,

that numbered by Dr. Longstaff 451, is the female of P. sevata.

The female numbered 433 is more problematical. It corre-

sponds well in size and shape with P. sevata, but is strikingly

deficient in the dark markings of the upper surface. The

scent-scales of Dr. Longstafi’s two males are like those

of P. diana, being of about the same length, but slightly

narrower.

On March 29, 1907, Dr. Longstaff took in the same locality

as the preceding a male Pieris, which is well figured on Plate

III, figs. 1, 2, of his book entitled ‘* Butterfly Hunting in

Many Lands.” On page 320 of the same work he mentions

the circumstances of its capture, and cites my opinion that

it is ‘‘ near P. sevata, Feld., and appears to be identical with

three specimens from Venezuela placed in the National

Collection under P. sincera, Weymer, but which might well

be considered as a distinct species, or at any rate local race.”

These three specimens are those referred to above, p. exii.

I have no doubt whatever that Dr. Longstaff’s specimen

(numbered 1927) is quite distinct from P. sevata as represented

by the two males captured on Jan. 11, 1913. It is smaller,

differs somewhat in shape, and has a well-marked dark spot

at the end of the cell on the underside of the hind-wing, the

males referred to P. sevata being immaculate beneath. All these

points are such as might characterise seasonal phases of the

same species, but what really differentiates the present form

from the authentic P. sevata is the distribution and character

of the scent-scales. In P. sevata 3, the mealy streaks formed

by the scent-scales on the upper surface of the fore-wing fuse

along the inner or posterior side of the median vein between

the internal vein and the first median branch; in the present

species there is no such fusion, and the clear area of the

PROC. ENT. SOC., LOND., Iv. 1913. H

(( exivy 3

interno-median interspace reaches right up to the trunk of the

median vein itself. This condition is accurately reproduced

in Dr. Longstaff’s figure. Besides this distinction, there is a

well-marked difference in the scent-scales themselves. Those

of P. sevata are, as already noticed, comparatively short.

Those of the present form are more than half as long again

as those of P. sevata, and considerably longer than those of

P. buniae, P. ausia and P. phaloe. They are, moreover, of a

different shape from those of the rest, the tapering from base

to apex being much more gradual.

A female captured by Dr. Longstaff at the same time and

place as the four P. sevata already mentioned (Jan. 11, 1913)

must, I think, be referred to the present form and not to

P. sevata. It corresponds with the male in size and shape,

and has, like that sex, a well-marked dark spot at the end

of the cell on the underside of the hind-wing, just anterior to

the third median branch. The present form may be a sub-

species of P. sincera, described by Weymer from a male

specimen captured on the sea-level at Guayaquil, Ecuador.

It differs, however, from Weymer’s figure and description in

some particulars.

Another species of this section of Pieris, at present un-

described, is represented in the Hope Collection by a male

and two females from Lower California. This species is much

smaller than the other members of the buniae section, and

differs considerably from them in aspect, especially by the

greyish-brown shading of the underside. Its scent-scales are

very nearly the longest known to me. They are of like

character with those of the last species (from Venezuela), but

are appreciably longer.

The nearest relatives of this Lower Californian species appear

to be P. amaryllis, Fabr., from Jamaica, and P. josepha,

Godm. and Salv., from Central America. P. jyosepha, though

a much larger insect, resembles it in general appearance and

in the character of its scent-scales. The latter are actually

the longest known to me in this genus, being more than half

a millimetre in length, and easily visible to the naked eye.

They are only exceeded in length, so far as I am aware, by

those of two or three species of the genus Huphina.

( ¢cxv )

There are other members of the present section of Prervs,

but those that I have mentioned are the only ones that I have

been able to submit to microscopic examination. Pvreris

limona, recently described by Schaus from Costa Rica (Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, p. 356, Plate LII, fig. 5) appears to be

a Central American representative of P. bumae or P. diana.

Tue METHOD BY WHICH FLEAS INFECT WITH PLAGUE.—

Mr. A. Bacot exhibited slides showing the development of

Plague bacilli in the alimentary canal of the Flea, and the

method of infection through the mouth, and read the following

paper :—

The conclusion that fleas are the responsible agents in the

transmission of Bubonic Plague from animal to animal, first

arrived at on epidemiological grounds by Ogata (1897), Simond

(1898), Ashburton Thompson (1900), and Liston (1905), has

received abundant proof at the hands of later workers, among

whom may be named Gauthier and Raybaud (1902-3),

Verbitzki (1904), and the Commission for the Investigation

of Plague in India (1906-7). Simond’s initiatory experiments

in flea infection have been confirmed by an overwhelming

weight of testimony. |

It was found that the bacilli multiplied freely in the stomach

of the flea, but the exact method of infection was left in some

doubt. In the absence of any definite proof of transmission

through the mouth, the general consensus of opinion tended

to the view that plague bacilli, voided by the flea with its

faeces, came in contact with punctures made by fleas, or found

entrance through abrasions in the skin caused by the animal

scratching itself.

Experiments undertaken by Dr. Martin and myself, with a

view to testing the possibility of mouth infection, were per-

formed with specimens of Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Xeno-

psylla cheopis under conditions that precluded the possibility

of infection by the fleas’ dejecta. The results satisfactorily

establish the fact that mouth infection does occur, and suggest

the conclusion that it is not only a possible, but perhaps the

general, method by which the disease is spread.

It is not necessary for me to describe our experiments and

methods in detail, as an account will shortly be available in

(\ exvr ~)

the Journal of Hygiene, but I wish to bring to your notice

how the development of Bacillus pestis in the alimentary

system of the flea causes it to convey infection through its

mouth. The alimentary system of the flea includes a long

sharp tubular pricker formed by the opposition of the mandibles

and epipharynx, through this tube the blood is drawn, owing

to the action of a powerful pump in the head of the flea. From

the pump the blood passes along the oesophagus, a narrow

but elastic tube, to the proventriculus or gizzard on its way

to the stomach. The proventriculus when at rest is shaped

very much like a tangerine orange ; internally it is armed with

a series of rings of slender curved chitinous spines; externally

it has a series of hoops or belts of muscles. Normally this

organ forms an efficient valve, owing to the constriction of the

muscular bands narrowing and elongating the organ, and

causing the spines to meet in the centre.

After a meal of infected blood, the ingested bacilli become

the starting-points of colonies which increase in size until they

cause the stomach contents to be of a lumpy nature, and

finally the stomach may be completely filled with a solid mass

of plague culture, which can be removed on dissection like

jelly from a mould. At the same time the bacteria also

multiply among the spines of the proventriculus, clogging its

action and blocking the passage to the stomach. The pumping

apparatus is, however, still efficient, and further feeding not

only tends to distend the proventriculus, but the oesophagus

as well, the blood in the latter being under pressure in an

elastic tube. The bacteria develop in this fresh blood where it

comes into contact with the obstructing mass of plague culture,

and the possibility of the flea regurgitating a blood culture of

Bacillus pestis into the next wound it makes is brought about.

In some instances continued efforts on the part of the flea

enable it to get some blood past the stoppage, but in many

instances the mass of bacteria develops forward into the

oesophagus, forming a solid cone in front of the entrance to

the proventriculus; in this case the flea’s efforts are in vain.

Meanwhile the jelly-like mass in the stomach gradually dis-

integrates and passes out of the flea, as the supply of nutriment

for the bacteria becomes exhausted.

( exvu )

Fleas in this condition, unable to satisfy the cravings of

an empty stomach, are most persistent in their efforts to

obtain food, and lose much of their accustomed shyness. In

two instances fleas in this blocked condition were fed on a

shaved area on eight rats in succession, and in one instance

on twelve. Two minutes was the time allowed on each rat,

and in some instances so eager were the fleas that they would

make a second attempt before they could be removed. In

one experiment three out of nine rats on which two blocked

specimens of X. cheopis had been fed in succession died of

pest, and in a similar experiment with C. fasciatus the two

fleas were responsible for the death of three rats out of nine.

This stoppage of the alimentary canal does not apparently

necessitate the death of the flea if the block is only in the

proventriculus. We have among our sections some which

show the process of the clearance of an old block and the

formation of a new one in its several stages. It seems ques-

tionable, however, if the flea can survive long enough without

food for the plug to disintegrate if it forms a solid cone in the

distended oesophagus, such as is exhibited in some of the

specimens I have to show.

Blocked fleas have been observed by us to emit a minute

droplet of blood from the base of the pricker while feeding,

and from its tip at the moment of removal from the skin,

and our sections show that blood remaining in the oesophagus

and pharynx is heavily infected.

Dr. JorRDAN, commenting on this very important paper,

observed that it proved conclusively that infection was

through the mouth of the flea, and not, as he had previously

thought, through the faeces.

A curtous Larvat Hasir.—Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited some

specimens of a lepidopterous larva which is most remarkable

for its adaptation in habits and colour. The specimens were

discovered by the Rey. A. Miles Moss, F.E.8., who is chaplain

of the English Church at Parad and a most ardent observer

of Lepidoptera, having bred and painted, both at Para and

in Peru, many hitherto unknown larvae of butterflies and

moths, particularly Papilionidae, Sphingidae and Saturnidae.

When collecting near Pard a Saturnid caterpillar with black

(. exvin /)

intersegmental bands and long branched spines, a species of

Automeris, he noticed that some of the black bands appeared

to be swollen. To his amazement these swellings, when

touched, quickly slid over the back of the caterpillar to the

other side with the hurried motion of a Pyralid larva, and

indeed turned out to be small lepidopterous larvae as black

and glossy as the bands of the Automeris caterpillar. Mr. Moss

found it very difficult to catch these larvae with the forceps

on account of the swiftness with which they rushed from one

side of the host to the other. They are well protected by their

colour as well as the long spines of the Automeris. It is to

be hoped that Mr. Moss will succeed in obtaining more explicit

information about this curious larva and in breeding the moth.

Instructions for exhibiting specimens in the Epidiascope.

The Rev. G. WHEELER explained to Fellows that the

Epidiascope, by means of which the last two exhibits had

been made, would not throw on to the screen anything of

greater size than an ellipse of 11 ins. by 8 ins., and further,

that, in consequence of the construction of the instrument,

any specimens exhibited in a box of larger dimensions must

be placed at the right-hand side of the box. It is also neces-

sary to remember that the edges of a box throw a shadow,

and that it is therefore important that specimens for exhibition

should not be placed too close to the edge.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malachudae

and Melyridae, with descriptions of new species,” by GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

“Four new genera and species of Hymenoptera from

Australia,” and ‘‘ Three new species of Australian Hymeno-

ptera,’ by A. A. GrRAULT, communicated by A. M. Lua, F.E.S.,

Govt. Entomologist, South Australia.

( ‘exex /)

Wednesday, December 3rd, 1913.

Mr. G. T. BerHune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in the

chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. Water Ormiston, of Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon,

was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Presentation to the Inbrary.

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr presented to the Society, on behalf of

a number of subscribers, a copy of Hiibner’s ‘ Exotische

Schmetterlinge,” original edition, being the copy selected by

the late Mr. W. F. Kirby for Mr. Roland Trimen; the names

of all the subscribers will be placed in the first volume. Dr.

Longstaff had collected £84 6s., and the Society had subscribed

£10.

Nomination of Auditors.

The PRESIDENT announced that he had nominated the

following Fellows as Auditors:—On the Council, Messrs.

R. Apxrn, J. E. Contin and A. E. Gipss; other Fellows,

Messrs. H. Sr. J. K. DonistHorpre, R. W. Luoyp and C. O.

WATERHOUSE.

Exhibitions.

ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.—Mr. G. T.

Porritt exhibited two curious specimens of Abraxas grossu-

lariata. In the first the fore-wings were asymmetrical in

marking, and the left lower wing was wanting, there being

absolutely no trace of it. In the other the right lower wing

was also wanting, but in its case there was a rudiment of it

visible. He had bred both specimens this year, he believed

from about a couple of hundred larvae from the same garden.

MIMICRY AMONG SWALLOWTAILS AND OTHER NOTES ON

BUTTERFLIES AT Sio PauLo, Braziu.—Miss Diana R. WILSON,

who was present as a visitor, read the following communica-

tion :—

(..cxx }

“These butterflies were caught in Brazil this year, during

the last week of January and the first week of February, but

as I was there on other business time was very limited for

collecting. Also I am a novice in the art and am indebted to

Prof. Poulton for the following facts.

“The larger swallowtail, which is the model, is Papilio

chamissoma f{. chamissoma, Eschsch., belonging to Section I of

the great Papilio group, called ‘ Aristolochia Swallowtails,’

Roths. and Jord., or ‘ Pharmacophagus Swallowtails,’ Haase.

“The smaller one, mimicking the larger in almost every

detail, is Papilio (Cosmodesmus) lysithous, f. lysithous, Hibn.,

and belongs to Section III, known as ‘Kite Swallowtails,’

Roths. and Jord., or ‘ Cosmodesmus Swallowtails,’ Haase.

“ The city of Sao Paulo lies about 2,500 ft. above the sea

in a country of hill and forest. The immediate surroundings

of the town are cleared, and large areas are partially mapped

out for future building. It was on this at present waste and

undeveloped land that I caught the swallowtails and other

butterflies. The gardens and houses of the finished streets

were on the upper side of a large open space sloping downwards

into the country, and the trees were mostly in the gardens.

One tree particularly, Vochysia tuscanorum, M. and G., with

its mass of golden blossom, was most attractive to butterflies,

and it was in that neighbourhood that I did most of my

catching. These particular swallowtails were by far the

commonest things on the wing. They would hover high up

round the yellow blossoms and then fly down and out into the

more open ground. They seldom settled, but fluttered slowly

and rather sleepily so that they were easy to catch. Un-

fortunately at the time I did not know I had a case of mimicry

under my eyes or I should have taken more trouble to make

exact observations.

“On January 31, I caught two specimens of P. lysithous,

on February 2, three of P. chamissonia, and on February 4,

two of each species. My impression is that the numbers flying

were usually about equal. I should say the mimics were

quicker and more alert flyers, but both kinds were easy to

catch, and very common. They often annoyed me, too, by

‘ resurrecting.’ I always pinched the thorax and then put

(ex)

them into a killing-bottle, but when folding them into their

papers afterwards I was often startled by sudden movements

which made me hastily return them to their bottle. Nothing

else seemed to die so hard. As I was not specially on the look-

out for a difference in the vitality of the two species, I cannot

be certain that there was no difference, but I am fairly sure that

all the swallowtails required an extra dose of killing-bottle.

“The open ground was more or less bushy and in places

covered with a wiry white-flowering plant—sSida rhombifolia,

L., about a foot high. This harboured all sorts of smaller

butterflies and the swallowtails were constantly fluttering

among them. Except round the tree they hardly ever flew

more than shoulder-high and did not often go far out into the

open. In the heat of the day there would be dozens on or

near their favourite yellow tree. They were always very

conspicuous on the wing, but so alike that I often did not

know whether I was catching model or mimic till I had them

dead in my hand. Seeing them now, set side by side, there is

a much bigger difference in size than I should have expected.

“There are a few other species to which I should like to

draw attention, all but two caught on the same open waste.

“i. Two specimens of Papilio polydamas polydamas, L.

(Section I), caught on January 31 and February 6. One

specimen of their mimic, Papilio scamander grayi, Boisd.

(Section IT, viz. ‘ Fluted Swallowtails,’ Roths. and Jord., or

‘Papilio Swallowtails,’ Haase), caught on February 7. Two

specimens of another mimetic swallowtail, belonging to the

same Section II, Papilio anchisiades capys, Hiibn., the male

on February 8, in the hotel garden, the female on February 4,

on the waste. I only caught one specimen of each of the

latter, but I saw more, chiefly frequenting the yellow tree,

Vochysia tuscanorum. They usually flew high and were not

nearly so numerous as P. chamissonia and P. lysithous.

“ji. One specimen only of the Brassoline butterfly, Penetes

pamphanis, Doubl. and Hew., which I caught on February 8,

in the hotel garden. It was sitting on a tree-trunk with wings

folded, and was very inconspicuous, the underside of the wings

harmonising so well with the bark. I saw other specimens of

this species sitting thus on trees, motionless for hours, but

(; ‘Gx? 7)

always high out of reach of the net. I only saw them on the

wing in the evening.

“i. Three specimens of Peridromia epinome, Boisd., and

two of Ageronia ferentina, Godt., all except one Peridromia

(which was caught on February 4) taken on February 7. They

made a peculiar clicking noise as they flew and were aggra-

vatingly clever at dodging the net. They settled on grey tree-

trunks, their wings spread flat, exactly like bits of lichen.

They were particularly numerous in an old shady garden which

I visited but did not collect in.

“iv. Two 2 specimens of Callidryas philea, L., caught on

February 2 and 7. They were fairly common on the waste,

but they flew very fast and high and were extremely difficult

to catch.

“There is one other small point of general interest. I

noticed that as a rule, orange or bright-brown butterflies settled

on orange flowers, yellow butterflies on yellow flowers (par-

ticularly the little Terias deva, Dbl., on Pavonia sepium, St.

Hil.), and grey butterflies, or those with brownish undersides on

tree-trunks.

‘““ My thanks for this paper are due to Prof. Poulton for his

mterest and help, without which the collection would never

have come into existence.”

Prof. Poutron congratulated Miss Wilson on the interesting

results which were the outcome of so small a collection made

in so short time. He showed an example of the Pyralid moth

Myelobia smerintha, Hiibn. (Gallerianae), in Miss Wilson’s

collection, and said that the species, although very common,

was well worth attention on account of its enormous size.

It appeared to have great powers of flight, two specimens in

the British Museum having been taken at sea over 100 miles

from the 8. American coast. He also said that, when informed

by Dr. Karl Jordan that nothing had been published on the

habits in life of these ‘ Aristolochia Swallowtails ” and their

mimics, he realised that Miss Wilson’s observations were of

great interest and ought at once to be put on record.

Mr. C. O. FARQUHARSON’S RECORD OF EROTYLID BEETLES

FOUND IN CLAY CELLS.—Prof. PouLton exhibited eight

examples of Episcaphula interrupta, Lac., found in one clay

( Yom ¢)

cell, and eleven examples found in another, by Mr. C. O.

Farquharson, B.Sc., at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, S.

Nigeria. The history of the discovery was given in the

following extract from a letter written, Sept. 23, 1913, by

Mr. C. O. Farquharson to Mr. Lamborn. The beetles had

been kindly named by Mr. K. G. Blair, F.E.S.

“The two small clay cells which I brought you the other

night were found (Sept. 19, 1913) on an old stump by the side

of one of the streams in the plantation. On collecting the

first one, the base was somewhat damaged and I was surprised

to find the interior nicely filled with a collection of small

beetles. The second cell I collected unbroken, and as I found

the opening loosely blocked I thought perhaps it might contain

a Hymenopteron of some sort. As you know it also contained

small beetles, similar to the other.”

[Prof. Poulton, in exhibiting the specimens, suggested that

the beetles had been stored by an Aculeate; but a later

letter from Mr. Lamborn, dated Dec. 3, 1913, stated that the

beetles ‘‘ had obviously congregated of their own accord, for

both the clay cells were open and the beetles in one were so

lively that Mr. Farquharson had to plug the hole to keep

them in during the walk home.”’]

Mr. W. A. LAMBORN’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE DRIVER ANTS

(DoryLus) oF SouTHERN NicEr1aA.—Prof. PouLton read the

following notes received from Mr. Lamborn and exhibited the

material referred to. The ants had been kindly determined

by Mr. G. Meade-Waldo and the Diptera by Mr. E. E. Austen.

1. Dorylus helvolus, L. (Typhlopone punctata, Sm.).—A series

of workers of various sizes. “* These reddish ants appeared to

be engaged, some in bolting earthworms from their burrows,

‘others in killing the smaller ones, cutting them into sections,

and carrying them off.” Aug. 10,1913: Agege, about 12 miles

N. of Lagos.

2. Dorylus nigricans, Ilig—Two long series of workers of

various sizes, one accompanied by the note: “ These ants

were marching in column at Agege after rain on August 20,”

the other captured, Oct. 12, at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan.

The following notes refer to this species of Dorylws, and record

observations made at Moor Plantation in 1913.

( }@xxkv |)

3. The predaceous habits of D. nigricans.—An extract from

Mr. Lamborn’s letter, dated Nov. 1, speaks of “ disaster from

a totally unconsidered source which swept away in a night

15 or 20 pupae of the P. cardwi family, about 10 pupae from

wild cardui larvae and 7 or 8 of the Satyrid pupae. I

awoke one morning to find these all gone without leaving any

traces. Ultimately I found two major and one minor driver

ants in a test-tube of water left in one of the boxes; so the

ants had raided my dining-room during the night and evacuated

the position by morning while I was comfortably asleep, as

usual, in my camp-bed out on the verandah. I don’t think

I mentioned that they came in one day last week at 7 a.m.

and cleared the house of all other insects, including Pheidole

and the small red ant Monomorium pharaonis, L., and they

even caught two unfortunate bats in the eaves, one of which

was killed, but I managed to free and let loose the second.

On this occasion I repulsed the drivers with very heavy losses,

but this does not seem to have been a lesson to them. Much

to the disgust of my boy I always put most of my boxes on

the table for the night so that, as the ants did not get up the

rounded polished legs, my loss is not so bad as it might have

been, and the dardanus family did not suffer.”’

4. Camponotus sericeus attacking Dorylus nigricans on the

march.—The following note referred to the specimens exhibited

to the meeting, viz. two workers of Camponotus sericeus, F.,

one of them with a worker minor of Dorylus mgricans, Illig.,

fixed to its leg.

‘“ Tsend two ants, one with a ‘ driver,’ soldier minor, gripping

its 2nd right tibia. The history of the specimens is as follows :—

On June 12, 1913, at 2 p.m., after heavy rain, a column of

drivers was observed on the march along a channel between

two earthworks which they had thrown up across the path.

On the top of the earthwork were the two ants, evidently bent

on mischief of some kind. They leaned over, narrowly

examining the column of drivers and every now and again

seized a minor which was released after a short scuffle. When

a major came with open jaws to reinforce the minors, these

ants did not retire but anteflexed the abdomen so that its

point was presented between the fore-legs. The major then

( Cxav’'w)

retired precipitately, doubtless owing to the discharge of an

offensive odour or noxious fluid. Occasionally the ants fell

down from the earthwork on to the top of the drivers and then

beat a most hurried retreat over their backs, though the drivers

did not seem to attempt to attack them.

*“ These manceuvres went on for a quarter of an hour, and

I then dropped a slightly maimed minor driver near one of

the two ants. The ant seized it at once and anteflexed its

abdomen; a tremendous scuffle ensued, the combatants rolling

over and over in a confused heap. The driver then seemed to

gain the upper hand, for the other ant started to run away

with its opponent firmly fixed on to its leg, and no efforts on

the part of the ant were successful in dislodging it.

“T think the ants were on the look-out to steal pupae

or prey from the drivers, but it is a matter I will look

into.”

Prof. Poulton suggested that the senses of the wounded

Dorylus might have been blunted so that it was not susceptible

to the defensive secretion of the Camponotus.

5. The fly Bengalia depressa, Walk. (Calliphorinae), robbing

Dorylus nigricans on the march.—The following notes were

illustrated by a specimen of Bengalia depressa and the second

series of Dorylus nigricans referred to on p. cxxill. Both were

dated Oct. 12. The specimens illustrating the notes of later

dates were not yet available.

‘‘ T spent most of this Sunday morning, Oct. 12, in watching

a column of driver ants, many carrying immature forms, on

the march, endeavouring to find out the business of the other

ants [Camponotus sericeus] with them. I found that some

Diptera, insects as large as a Sarcophaga, were also concerned

with the drivers, but I did not succeed in elucidating their

object any better than I did the purpose of the ants. About

eight of these Diptera were to be seen settling here and there,

usually on an elevated object, e.g. a stone close beside the

drivers, which, in a column about two inches broad, were

crossing the road. Every now and again one flew up and

poised itself on the wing immediately over the column, where-

upon the larger soldiers assumed a threatening attitude and

the fly retired. Sometimes a fly ran over the ant column

() cxxen |)

with abdomen slightly anteflexed as if it might be ovipositing,

but of course the difficulty of deciding if an ovum was dropped

would be well-nigh insuperable.

‘‘T succeeded in catching one fly only, for they were so very

alert, and it was not easy to scoop them up from off the ground.

I took the opportunity of securing some drivers for the Hope

Collection and discovered a very easy way of getting them.

By irritating them with a straw a number of the larger soldiers

were induced to fasten on to it; then immediately other ants

fastened on to them and in a few seconds hundreds of the ants,

massed into a ball, were hanging to the straw. It was sur-

prising though how soon the minors got to the centre of the

mass and the majors concentrated on the outside.

‘““T then amused myself by carrying balls of ants to varying

distances and in seeing how the ants managed to get into

communication with the main column and how long it took

them.”

The following note is dated Nov. 1 :—* I believe these large

Diptera which I see constantly waiting on ‘ Drivers’ on the

march must manage to oviposit on the immature forms. It

seems so wonderful that the flies should have any business at

all with these ants that are so formidable as to make even

Homo sapiens give way before them at times.”

The problem was finally solved in a letter dated Nov. 8, and

received only last Monday, Dec. 1 :—‘ I succeeded to-day in

solving the problem as to the relationship between the Muscidae

mentioned in my letter of Oct. 12, and the black driver ants.

A column of drivers was crossing a conduit over a stream,

following precisely the same ant-path that I have seen them

traverse several times before, and I was able to sit down on the

parapet comfortably in the shade and watch them. I soon

saw three or four of the Muscids flying about the moving

column and occasionally settling near it, sometimes on the

ground quite close to the ants, sometimes on a blade of grass,

stone or other raised object. Such as settled on the ground

were extremely alert, and being able to run rapidly, never

allowed any ants to approach any nearer to them than about

a quarter of aninch. When, as frequently happened, any ant

made a little circuit away from the main body, a fly would

( ,exeyi, )

generally pursue it at a distance of about half an inch, but

backing away directly the ant turned towards it.

“ Other flies, having rested motionless a few minutes, flew

up and poised themselves on the wing over the ants, but,

immediately the drivers realised their presence and stretched

out towards them with widely opened mandibles, flew again

to a place of rest. Eventually I saw a Muscid stalking a

minor ant which had strayed from the main body carrying

a pupa in its jaws. Suddenly the fly rushed forward, and it

must have driven its proboscis, which seems to me armed

with strong bristles, into the pupa, for the ant was brought to

a standstill with a sharp jerk.

‘“‘ Then ensued a tug-of-war between ant and fly fastened on

at opposite ends of the pupa, but neither had the advantage

till, as it seemed to me, the ant must have got annoyed and

oosening its hold rushed towards the fly, which of course

instantly flew off with the pupa, and this it proceeded to suck

on the ground about a foot away from the ants. It allowed

me to get quite close before taking to the wing with its prey,

and it settled again two or three feet further off and became

so preoccupied with its meal that it fell an easy victim to my

net.

‘“T then carefully watched a fly hovering over the ant-

column. It suddenly swooped down and rose instantly with

an ant pupa, with the driver that had been carrying it still

hanging on, fixed to its proboscis. The fly carried this burden

for about a foot then dropped it and alighted on the ground

near by. The ant started to run away with the pupa, but the

fly pursued it, again impaled the pupa and started a tug-of-war

with the ant. Neither side had any advantage, and then the

fly rose again about three feet into the air with the pupa and

ant and after a flight of about eighteen inches let them fall.

The ant being discomposed by this procedure let go of the

pupa, and no sooner had it done so than the fly seized it and,

flying off with it triumphantly, settled near by and proceeded

as in the previous case to suck the prey. This one again fell

easily to my net, so that the flies are evidently keenly alert

only when in the immediate vicinity of the ants. I subse-

quently noticed that the Diptera seemed to have certain

( cxxvm' }

preferences in regard to their prey, for I repeatedly noticed

one poised over the ant-column make an unsuccessful swoop

and then fly, keeping level with the ant carrying the particular

object which it had missed, making occasional rushes in an

endeavour to secure it. Those I took had obtained ant-pupae,

but I am sure they take other things from the drivers, probably

portions of dead insects, but I shall look into the question

further.

‘““ The flies were not always successful even when they had

separated an ant with its burden from the main army, for a

Jarge ant carrying a small burden often got away owing to the

difficulty the fly experienced in getting hold of the load without

falling into the jaws of the ant.

“IT subsequently witnessed these manceuvres many times

and, as you will see, secured a little series, each fly with its

particular prey and the ant concerned.”

Prof. Poulton said that Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, to whom he

had communicated the substance of Mr. Lamborn’s observa-

tions, had stated that, according to his experience, the Driver

ants, when on the march, carried pupae and never larvae, and

that, when hunting, they did not even carry pupae. Dr.

Carpenter’s observations were made upon Dorylus nigricans

in Damba and Bugalla Islands, in the N.W. of the Victoria

Nyanza.

Mr. E. E. Austen had called his attention to a note by

Dr. Gaillard on Bengalia gaillardi, Surcouf, preying on Ter-

mites in a rotten tree-stump which had just been dug up at

Konlouba, French Sudan, Aug. 13, 1908; recorded by Surcouf

in Bull. Mus. Nat. D’Hist. Nat., 1912, No. 7 (published Apr.

1913), p. 427.

Prof. Poulton also referred to Mr. E. E. Green’s and Capt.

K. E. Nangle’s notes on the attacks of an allied species,

Ochromyia obscurepennis, Bigot, and jejuna, F., on winged

Termites in Ceylon and Secunderabad, to Col. J. W. Yerbury’s

observation in Ceylon that Ochromyia steals sugar grains from

large ants (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. 394-6), and to Mr.

E. E. Green’s confirmatory observations in Ceylon, together

with his description of the strongly toothed tongue of the fly

(Proc. Ent. Soc., 1908, pp. xxvi-xxvii). The Ceylon species

( -exzzx })

was not Ochromyia jejuna, as stated in the publications re-

ferred to above, but O. obscurepennis, Bigot. The following

note by Col. Yerbury accompanied the series of this species in

the British Museum :—* Very common in shady places. I

have more than once seen this fly trying to take her burden

from a large ant (Lobopelta sp.)—regular ‘ pulley-hauley ’

game.’ Col. Yerbury believed that the hold of the fly’s

tongue was given by suction and not by piercing—a conclusion

probably supported by Mr. Lamborn’s observation that the

fly could drop the pupae at any time. It was clear, however,

that the tongue was used asa piercing organ when the fly

was feeding on the Termites and ant-pupae. The following

note by Col. F. W. Thomson, I.M.S. (Dehra Dun, U.P., India,

Nov. 1907), was borne by a specimen of the Indian species

Ochromyia jejuna in the British Museum :—

‘T always noticed specimens of this species on the ground,

or on a stone or leaf near an ant’s nest. On watching, I saw

them swoop down on any ant carrying an ‘egg’ or larva,

take it from the ant, carry it away a short distance, and proceed

to suck it.”

Col. Thomson’s record pointed to habits similar to those

here described by Mr. W. A. Lamborn. It was to be noted

also that the Ponerine ant Lobopelta, robbed by Ochromyia,

was allied to the Driver ants and itself hunted in companies

somewhat after the manner of a driver.

Mr. E. E. Green observed that Dorylus orientalis was a

garden pest, eating potatoes, dahlia roots, etc. Unlike the

African forms it was largely or wholly a vegetable feeder.

Col. YeRBuRY said that in Ceylon Ochromyia was predaceous,

and took sugar and other things away from Camponotus ants.

Mr. KE. E. Green also remarked on the structure and habits

of Ochromyia.

South American Papiiios.—Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited

a series of species of the two groups of Papilios called by

Haase Cosmodesmus and Pharmacophagus respectively, and

said :—The American mimetic forms of Cosmodesmus, which

contrast so strongly with their more normally coloured

relatives, are undoubtedly modifications derived from a more

generalised type, such as is represented by Papilio asius.

PROC. ENT. SOC., LOND., Iv. 1913. T

( Jom”)

This species connects the American mimetic species of Cosmo-

desmus with the non-mimetic ones, and would be an interesting

object for the study of the wing in the pupa inasmuch as the

imaginal wing in the pupa might show traces of the cell-bars

which are so common in Cosmodesmus, but entirely lost in the

imago of P. asius.

All the mimetic American Cosmodesmus resemble ‘“ Aristo-

lochia Papilios”’ of the same country, with the exception of

P. pausanias, which imitates a Heliconius. In the Oriental

Region, where ‘‘Aristolochia Papilios”’ also abound, the mimetic

Cosmodesmus on the contrary all bear the garb of Danainae.

Such mimetic resemblances are often ascribed to the common

ancestral pattern being preserved both in the model and the

mimic. This explanation may be true in some instances, but

it does not apply to the mimetic Cosmodesmus as a whole, as

the Eastern Danaine pattern and the very different colouring

of the American species cannot both be ancestral in Cosmo-

desmus.

Like many other mimetic Lepidoptera, the American

mimetic Cosmodesmus present some interesting cases of poly-

morphism. We consider the tailed Cosmodesmus of South-

Eastern Brazil allied to P. lysithous as forms of one single

species (lysithous, aedipus, rurik, pomponius, etc.), and also

believe that Papilio protodamas is the same species as chori-

damas. These conclusions are mainly based on a study of the

structure. But morphological evidence, though it may afford

guidance, cannot be accepted as sufficient. The final court of

appeal in such questions is breeding, and we hope that some

day some entomologist resident in South-Eastern Brazil will

give up mere collecting in order to devote himself to the

elucidation of the life-histories and habits of the Lepidoptera.

THE ASSOCIATION OF THORICTUS AND MyRMECOcCYsTUS.—

Mr. CHAMPION exhibited a specimen of Thorictus pauciseta,

Wasm., attached to the scape of the left antenna of a worker

of an ant, Myrmecocystus viaticus, F., found by Dr. Santschi

and himself at Kairouan, Tunisia, last May. The beetle pos-

sesses a tuft of golden hairs at each hind angle of the pro-

thorax, the secretion from which is said by Wasmann to be

appreciated by the ants. Numerous examples of the beetle

(* oxxxa: )

were found in the nests, and occasionally one of them was

found attached by the mandibles to the antennae of the ants,

the ants themselves being extremely active.

Mr. DonistHoRPE observed that Thorictus was always

associated with ants, and carried about by them in this

manner.

THREE INCIPIENT COLONIES OF ANTS BROUGHT UP BY UN-

AIDED 99.—Mr. W. C. CRAWLEY exhibited :

1. Three dedlated 99 of L. mger, L., taken Isle of Wight,

July 1911. These, after rearing %%s, fought until only one

survived. During 1912 the 9% reached the number of 200,

and the ? had long ceased to function as a %. All the 8

died in March 1913 owing to drought, but the 9 revived her

colony founding instincts, and had brought up two new $8 by

the beginning of Sept. 1913. She has taken no food since Feb.

1913, though her supply of body-fat and degenerating wing-

muscles must have been exhausted during the founding of her

first colony in 1911 and 1912.

2. A 9 of Aphaenogaster subterranea, Latr., taken Aug. 1912

at Yvorne with Prof. Forel, after marriage-flight, brought up

two 8% by Sept. 1913. Has taken no food.

3. Six 99 of L. flavus, Fabr., taken after marriage-flight at

Seaton, July 14,1912. They built a cell together and brought

up 8% by June 23, 1913. The $% now number 50-60, and there

has been no hostility among the 99. No food was taken till

Aug. 14, 1913.

A large-eyed variety of Lasius uwmbratus, Nyl., taken at

Wellington College in 1910. The % considerably smaller,

darker, and less yellow than either L. wmbratus or miztus ;

the head longer and narrower, the antennae less clubbed, and

the eyes twice as large.

STALK-EYED Fiies.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited specimens

of Laglasia caloptera, Bigot, one of the curious forms of

Diptera with stalked eyes, from the Arfak Mountains, Dutch

New Guinea.

GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA.—Capt. E. B. Pursroy exhibited

two more specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra with gynandro-

morphous colouring, being 99 in general appearance but with

patches of $ colouring. He observed that the larvae were

(( coxxxn )

now feeding and were doing so at the end of November in

Kent.

Nortu American ButrerFiies.—Mr. E. B. Asusy ex-

hibited a number of Nearctic Butterflies, including several

belonging to genera widely distributed in the Palaearctic

Region. ;

HELICONIUS ANDERIDA.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a very

large series of specimens of Heliconius anderida ranging into

a number of forms which tended to become fairly definite

subspecies in different geographical regions. In Panama in

the canal zone the following named forms occurred and were so

intergraded that they could only be looked on as aberrations of

one variable species; such were, clara, Fab., melicerta, Bates,

albucilla, Bates, albipunctata, Riff., zulecka, Hew. In Costa

Rica the zuleika form occurred almost exclusively, and only

very rarely did forms occur that were referable to albipunctata,

Riff., but specimens transitional to this latter form were less

rare. In N.W. Venezuela, near Porto Cabello, a further

development occurred out of the anderida and clara forms, in

which a submarginal row of paired yellow spots appeared on

the hind-wing, the fore-wing being normal clara. This form

had apparently no name and it was proposed to call it estebana.*

A further set of specimens was from Colombia from the so-

called Bogota district, but which really referred to a much

lower elevation. ‘These specimens were the usual clara form

and were more or less constant. A single specimen from the

Rio Dagua in W. Colombia was shown of the holcophora form.

It was thus shown that in Panama the species was altogether

unstable, but both northwards, eastwards and still further

eastwards definite races were developed. The series was

* HELICONIUS ANDERIDA ESTEBANA, 0. sub-sp.

g. Fore-wing like H. anderida clara, but with less yellow within the

cell and the large black blotch extended towards the base as a wedge.

The black spot on the yellow patch between veins 2, 3 large and nearly

touching the edge of the cell. Hind-wing with broad black marginal

band containing four pairs of elongate yellow spots. ¢. Fore-wing

as in ¢, but with a great extension of black beneath vein 2. Hind-wing

with the black marginal band becoming broken at vein 4, and with the

innermost pair of yellow spots barely visible. A single elongate yellow

mark above vein 7.

Habitat. San Esteban Valley, N.W. Venezuela.

( exxxmt )

divided geographically into sections from Costa Rica, Panama,

N.W. Venezuela and Colombia.

ScENT APPARATUS OF AMAURIS EGIALEA.—Dr. H. ELrrine-

HAM gave a preliminary account of the scent apparatus in

Amauris egialea comparing the same with that of A. niavius,

illustrated by drawings, and microphotographs of sections of

the brush. He remarked on the complicated structure of the

brush, showing the existence of black and brown hairs together

with three other kinds of structures, of irregular section and

presumably varied function.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

‘ New Species of South American Butterflies,’ by W. F. H.

RosEnBERG, F.H.S., and G. Tatsor, F.E.S.

Mr. TaLBor made the following exhibits in connection with

this paper :—

1. Sixteen new species of S. American Butterflies.

2. A black and brown mimetic combination from Yahuar-

mayo, S.E. Peru, October and November, 9 species, viz :—

Athyrtis salvini, Stgr., Napeogenes seminigra, sp. nov.,

N. deucalion, Hnsch., Ceratinia callanga, Hnsch., Melinaea

orestes, Salv., M. clara, sp. nov., Hirsutis melanina. Hnsch.,

Heliconius sisyphus, Salv., Eresia, sp. ?

(( cxxaziv) )

Nore.—See p. Ixxvi.

ON A NEW GENUS OF MYMARIDAE.

By Frep Enock, F.L.S., F.E.8., F.R.M.S.

NEUROTES, n. gen.

The tarsi 5-jointed. The abdomen sub-sessile. The antennae

of the male 13-jointed, those of the female 8-jointed. The wings

broad and elliptical -75 mm. long x ‘208 mm. broad. The costal

nerve very long. The ovipositor level with the tip of the abdomen.

NEUROTES IRIDESCENS, n. sp. (Plate A, figs 1 and 2.)

The general colour dark brown; the head broader than the thorax.

The antennae of the male 13-jointed, dark brown, 1 mm. in length,

the scape twice as long as the funicular joint, the third to the

twelfth joints of equal length; the thirteenth a little short.

The antennae of the female 8-jointed ‘57 mm. long. The scape

and pedicel testaceous, the latter a little longer than the first funicular

joint, the others gradually diminishing in length to the club, which

is the longest joint and rounded at the tip. The ovipositor level

with the tip of the abdomen. The wings narrower and shorter

than those of the male. The costal nerve very long, reaching to

beyond the middle of the wing, the tip slightly enlarged. The

cilia long. The surface hairs most numerous at the base and

margins of the wing, leaving an almost clear oval area in the centre.

The cilia long on the lower wings. The legs lighter brown than

the body, and darkest in the centre.

Length 1 mm.

Hab. Hollington Wood, Hastings. August 1913. Male

and female captured.

Proceent, Soc. Lond. 1973. Plate A.

Snell

Nines

Photo. F. Enock. C. Hentschel.

Neurotes iridescens, Enock, x 40.

(@ (exxzy )

ANNUAL MERTING.

Wednesday, January 2ist, 1914.

Mr. G. T. BetHune-Baker, F.Z.8., F.L.S., President, in the

Chair.

No other names having been received in addition to those

proposed by the Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing

year, the following were declared by the President to be

elected :—

President, Mr. G. T. Brtuune-Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S.;

Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Commander J. J.

Wa ker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A.,

F.Z.8.; Inbrarian, Mr. G. C. Coampton, A.L.S., F.Z.S.; Other

Members of the Council, Messrs. KE. A. Butier, B.A., B.Sc., J. E.

Cotuin, F.Z.S., S. Epwarps, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Dr. H. Eittrrine-

HAM, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., C. J. Ganan, M.A., A. E. Grpss,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., E. E. Green, G. Meape-Wapo, M.A., Dr.

G. W. Nicuotson, M.A., M.D., Hon. N. C. Rotuscuizp, M.A.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., H. Rowtanp-Browy, M.A., C. J. WAINWRIGHT.

Mr. R. W. Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the Auditors’

Report, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. H. E. Paces,

seconded by Mr. J. Puarr BarRRerv.

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, then read the

following

Report of the Council.

Since our last Annual Meeting we have lost one Honorary

Fellow, the Poet-Scientist, Prof. O. M. Reuter. To the

vacancy thus created Mr. A. P. SemMenorr T1an-SHanski has

been elected.

Amongst the nine ordinary Fellows whom we have lost by

death during the year are both the oldest and the eldest

Fellows of the Society, viz. Lord AveBuRY and Dr. ALFRED

Russet WaAtLAcg, both former Presidents, who enjoyed those

distinctions respectively; the other seven being Messrs.

LIionEL ARMSTRONG, HERBERT DRUCE, at one time a member

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1913. K

(- (exer)

of the Council, Lieut. C. A. Foster, Partie pE LA GARDE,

THIEN CHENG Kune, A. G. LerupripGe and G. MrYER-

Pacrni. We have also received notice of the death of Mr.

P. W. Mackinnon, which took place in 1911. Only three

Fellows have been removed from the list, but the number of

resignations is unusually large, being twelve; some of these,

however, are only intended to-be temporary. Our total

losses from all causes thus amount to twenty-six, whilst

thirty-nine ordinary Fellows have been elected, bringing our

total up to 618, composed of 12 honorary and 606 ordinary

Fellows.

The most important event we have to chronicle is that His

Most Gracious Masresty, Kine Grorce, has consented to

become our Patron. As this gratifying fact does not carry

with it the title of Royal, the Council, after causing inquiries

to be made, informally consulted the Society as to whether

steps should be taken to make any alteration in our title; the

response, however, was not such as to justify them in calling

a Special Meeting to consider the question.

The Society was represented at the International Congress

of Zoology at Monaco by Lord WatstneuaM, the Hon. WALTER

Roruscuitp and Dr. Karu Jorpan. At this Congress the

vexed subject of Nomenclature was much discussed, and a

beginning made towards an adequate recognition of the claims

of Entomology in this matter, by the inclusion of as many

Entomologists as the regulations with regard to retirement

would permit, in the International Zoological Committee of

Nomenclature.

Following on the Resolution placed by our Society before

the International Congress of Entomology, held at Oxford in

1912, an International Entomological Committee of Nomen-

clature has been formed, on which one of our Fellows, Mr. C. J.

GAHAN, sits as the British Representative. At the same time

the National Committees have been set on foot, and our

Society has elected as its representatives on the English Com-

mittee Messrs. J. H. Durrant, L. B. Prout and C. O. WATER-

HOUSE. It has also appointed a permanent Committee of its

own, consisting of the British member of the International

Committee, its three representatives on the National Com-

( -exmxvii )

mittee, the Secretary of the Society and two elected members,

who at the present time are the PrestpEenT and Dr. K. JorDAN.

The Royal Horticultural Society having asked for the names

of Entomologists competent and willing to act as members of

their Parliamentary Committee, the names of Prof. THEOBALD,

Mr. Maxwe.ui-Lerroy, Prof. NEwstgEap and Mr. Guy

MARSHALL were submitted to them ; they took, for the moment,

the first-named of these gentlemen, but hope eventually to

include them all.

A very cordial invitation having been received by the Council

to be represented at the Jubilee of the Entomological Society

of Ontario, our Honorary Fellow, Prof. Comstock, was deputed

to act as our representative.

Two important matters bearing more or less directly on our

Science have been before us this year—Nature Reserves and

the upkeep of Wicken Fen. Towards the latter object an

annual subscription of two guineas has been voted by the

Council.

Our Transactions for this year form a Volume of 693 pages,

containing 30 papers by the following Authors :—The Prest-

DENT, (2), Messrs. H. BortEav, F.E.S., A. E. Cameron, M.B.,

B.Sc., F.E.S., Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S., (2),

G. D. H. Carpenter, B.A., B.Sc., F.E.S., (3), G. C. CoampPion,

A.LS., F.Z.8., F.E.S., (2), J. E. Cotiin, F.Z.S., F.E.S., F. W.

Epwarps, B.A., F.H.S., H. Etrrineuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.,

F.E.S., (3), J. C. F. Fryer, M.A., F.E.S., (2), W. J. Kaye,

F.E.S8., (2), Sir G. H. Kenrick, F.E.S., W. A. Lamsorn,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., G. B. Lonestarr, M.A., M.D.,

F.E.S., E. Meyricr, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S., Rev. F. D. Morice,

M.A., F.E.S., J. C. Moutton, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. C. L. Perkins,

M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S., (2), W. F. H. Rosenzere, F.E.S., jointly

with G. Tatpot, F.E.S., and F. H. Taytor, F.E.S. Of these

16 refer to Lepidoptera, 5 to Coleoptera, 4 to Diptera, 3 to

Hymenoptera, and 2 are of general Entomological interest.

These papers are illustrated by 44 plates, consisting of

6 chromo-lithographs, 2 three-colour plates, 3 black litho-

graphs, 23 half-tone plates and 10 line blocks. Of these Mr.

F. D. Gopman gives the entire cost of two chromos (Plates

Ili and IV), Dr. G. B. Lonastarr the entire cost of one chromo

(\ exexvili’ )

(Plate II) and the accompanying map; Mr. J. C. Moutton

gives the drawing for one chromo (Plate X) and also contri-

butes half the cost of reproduction, and Mr. W. J. Kaye gives

the drawings for the other two chromos (Plates I and XXX).

Dr. H. E.rrineuam gives the drawings for the three black

lithographs (Plates XX, XXII and XXVIII); Sir GzorcE

Kenrick contributes the entire cost of the two three-colour

plates (Plates XXXI and XXXII), and the Rev. F. D. Morice

the entire cost of three of the half-tones (Plates XX XIII,

XXXIV, XXXV). The drawings and photographs for all

the other plates have been supplied by the Authors, and Prof.

PouvttTon also contributes towards the reproduction of Plates

XXXIV-XL, illustrating Dr. Carpenter’s Papers.

The Proceedings amount to 134 pages, and contain one half-

tone plate illustrating the new Mymar exhibited by Mr. F.

Enock, who supplied the photograph for the plate.

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The LipraRiANn reports that forty-nine volumes, the usual

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of separata have been added to the Library during the past

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actions. Notably among the donations to the Library may

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by Dr. Suarp; the continuation of Wytsman, Genera Insectorum,

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The PRESIDENT then delivered an Address, after which Prof.

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The PREsIDENT returned thanks and Mr. O. E. Janson

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services during the past year; this was seconded by Mr.

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SECRETARIES returning thanks in a few words.

exl )

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THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

His Magresty THE Kine has been pleased to confer on

the Society his Royal Patronage during the present year, whilst

in other ways also it has been one of continued prosperity.

If the Transactions do not reach to the large number of

pages that they have occasionally done, they certainly have

neither lacked in the interest of their matter nor yet in the

variety of subjects treated on. Our meetings have been as

largely attended as ever, whilst the number of exhibits has

been so great that our hours of closing have been frequently

rather late. All I think betokens continued prosperity.

The obituary record this year contains I regret to say

the names of several eminent men. One honorary Fellow

representing the Russian Empire has passed away—Odo

Morannel Reuter of Helsingfors—Professor, poet and scientist,

we can ill afford to lose him.

Lord Avebury, our oldest Fellow has gone from our ranks,

and in him the world loses a large-hearted philanthropist and

politician as well as a man of science.

Then Herbert Druce has gone also, in whom many of us

lose a personal friend ever ready to help with his long experience

and large collections.

Alfred Russell Wallace, the gifted co-discoverer with Darwin

of the theory of evolution by Natural Selection, has joined his

friend in the great beyond. A man whose magnanimity and

modesty are evidenced in the fact that he christened their

joint discoveries with the name of Darwinism, and spoke with

rare felicity in exaltation of his friend’s greater part therein

at the Darwin- Wallace celebration on July Ist, 1908.

Five others have likewise passed to the great majority—

Thomas Boyd, Philip de la Garde, Thien Cheng Kung, Lionel

Armstrong and A. G. Lethbridge. It would be well if the

courage and indomitable patience of a Reuter and the large-

hearted highmindedness of an Avebury and the modesty of a

Wallace could inspire each one of us to attempt greater things.

I will now pass to the subject of my address.

C-emhi:)

THE SCALES OF THE RURALIDAE, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS

ON THEIR CoLoUuR PROBLEMS.

It is manifestly impossible to deal adequately with so wide

a matter in the course of a single address, but it has occupied

my attention intermittently for many years and I thought it

might be well to lay before you some of my observations,

inasmuch as the scales of this group are very varied, many are

very beautiful, whilst some have a peculiar interest of their

own.

It is no doubt well known to all that the different areas

of the wings have scales of different patterns, for instance

the costa of the fore-wing, which needs to be strengthened as

the cutting edge during the process of flight, generally has

long scales different from the others; these are formed into a

sort of cable, so to speak; the subcostal area differs in its scales

from those covering the cell and these differ from those in

the postmedian area, whilst the fringe scales (most beautiful

objects under the microscope) are totally diverse in shape

from all the others. In addition to these there are the various

sexual brands of very varied structure and design, whilst

there are also the extraordinary protective scales covering the

entire surface of that peculiarly specialised insect Liphyra

brassolis.

Before describing the scales themselves it might be well to

explain one term that I have used; in the details of the

‘‘plasenschuppen”’ I have used the word “ reticulations;” a

reticulated surface in its strict sense should show a network,

formed by lines crossing each other at different angles, and

under a low power these peculiar scales have a reticulated

appearance; to be accurate however they are crossed longi-

tudinally only by rows of minute dots, and the fact that the

rows are exceedingly close to one another gives them the

appearance mentioned, I have therefore used the words

‘ rows of reticulations ” or “ reticulated rows ”’ as it expresses

the general appearance, though technically it is not correct.

I ought also to add that in my preparations of butterflies

with these structural colours all the Ruralidae have a second

under layer of brown scales whose office might well be to

absorb all the unused rays of light, and thus perfect the

production of the colours of this group.

(¢ exlii )

Plebeius argus, L. (aegon Auct.).

The costa is composed of a gradually tapering cable of long

flattish scales that slowly taper distally and terminate generally

in a sharply bifid extremity, though there are many with a

trifid extremity among them, these scales are arranged in a

heavy continuous bundle near the base, becoming gradually

narrower and fewer up to the apex, the scales are without

doubt a modification of those that form the fringe on the

termen with which they eventually merge at the apex, they

are at the base brownish but soon become white on the outer

edge of the costa; between this and the costal vein the area

is filled with blue scales not half the length of those just

mentioned; they appear to be flat, but of course are not so,

and are broad, tapering very slightly to the extremity, their

bases are indented, a short fine stalk issuing from the inden-

tation, whilst their apices have three equidistant incisions

giving them a quadrifoliate (if I may use the term) termina-

tion, with these, nearer the termen, we find a few of another

bluish scale like the costal ones but shorter and wider (though

much longer than the ordinary scale just described) with a

deeply and sharply quadrifid apex. The veins are all clothed

with a combination of two or three different scales, and are

always I believe brown, this being the case with the great

majority of species examined. One other pattern is like that

mentioned, but not so long and broader, another is similar

but broader still and with four or five deepish serrations at

the apex, whilst the third is a short very broad scale with a

bluntly quinquedentate apex. Between the costal vein and

the cell, as also in the subcostal area above vein 7, the same

pattern scales prevail as are found in the costal area, but

those in the cell itself are different, they are much broader

with no serrated extremities (though the basal attachment

remains practically the same in all) but instead a quinque-

foliate apex in many, though the majority of the scales in

this area, for there are two sorts, have an even, very slightly

undulated apex; the pattern on the fold is a still further

modification, for whilst retaining the same size and shape as

the scales in the cell, they have mostly assumed a perfectly

even, slightly convex apex, though a certain number with an

inclination to a slight foliation appear among them; in the

( exliv. )

radial area below vein 7, including the upper and lower

sections, the same pattern prevails as on the fold, whilst

below vein 1 in the basal portion the scales are similar to those

in the cell, but as they near the tornus they become like those

on the radial area. The inner margin itself is fringed with

fine, very long, bluish hair-like scales, quite cylindrical, that

become whiter as they merge into the fringes proper, these

scales are also found in some numbers over all the basal

area. What we usually call the fringes, 7.e. those scales

which are found on the termen are always very beautiful

objects, they are of two patterns both having the same shape

and structure but with different lengths and apices, the

shorter fringe scales are brown with very deeply and sharply

quadriserrate apices with a few triserrate amongst them,

both sorts are of an inverted lanceolate shape, on a fine, very

long stalk, spreading out rapidly for the terminal third in a

fan-like structure with very deeply serrated apices, the long

terminal fringe scales are white, and have five and six exceed-

ingly deep fine serrations at the apices—both these scales are

very finely ribbed, so finely indeed that under a moderately

high power we do not obtain a really adequate idea of the

structure, the subterminal area is composed of brown scales

similar to those clothing the veins, but the longest pattern

with the quadrifid apex very largely predominates. All the

wing scales are finely ribbed. We now come to the last type

of scale that is found on the fore wing, one whose office is

not yet known; usually it is devoid of colour, though not

always, and it has attracted more attention than any of

the others. I refer of course to the battledore scales, though

personally I think the German appellation is much more to

the point, viz. Blasenschuppen “bladder scales.” These

are present under each row of ordinary scales in considerable

numbers, they are in this species subovate with a long fine

stem and have eleven rows of reticulations; they may be

recognised at a glance nearly always on account of being

devoid of colour (with a few exceptions) and always strongly

shagreened, they are more or less rotund and are I believe,

as has been stated by previous authors, only found in the

male sex; it is however incorrect to state that they are only

( ca )

found in blue species, I have found them in entirely brown

species and they are present in all the wings upper and lower.

In the secondaries the costa and also the inner margin are

fringed with whitish long hair-like scales quite similar to those

on the inner margin of the primaries, the costal and sub-

costal areas are clothed with brown scales similar to those

on the veins of the primaries but with an admixture of an

oblong scale having an evenly rounded apex, between the

costal vein and the cell the space is occupied by an upper layer

of short very broad scales of even width, except at the base

which is rapidly rounded off, they have the same method and

pattern of attachment as in the primaries but the apices are

quinque- and sexa-dentate with a very irregular dentature,

among these will be found some of the same pattern but a

quarter longer, the lower layer are longish scales of moderately

even width or very slightly tapering with quadri- and quinque-

dentate apices, among them however a few with an even apex

having no dentature at all obtain. In the cell some of the

brown scales just described are present, but the blue ones

begin to predominate and are different, being of a bell-like

shape, of moderate length, very broad, slowly tapering to the

apex which is uneven but not dentate; the rest of the wing

is clothed with similar scales some of which have a quite even

apex, and with an admixture of the brown scales also. At

the inner margin the longish brown scales again predominate

as also in the terminal area, the fringes are quite similar to

those in the primaries but with modified apices being only

bi- or tri-serrate, with only a few quadriserrate; the serrations

are however of the same deeply cleft and fine pattern as in

the fore wings, the ‘“‘ blasenschuppen”’ are less abundant in

the secondaries than in the primaries but of the same shape

and structure.

In Plebieus sieversivi from the Caspian region the abundant

blue scales in the subcostal area are of moderate length and

width, tapering slightly distally, the apex being deeply den-

tate; in the other areas they are roughly spatulate, but the

apices are mixed, either scalloped or quite evenly arched,

and occasionally waved, these all-appear to be mixed indis-

criminately. The thick hair-like scale is finely ribbed and very

(selva 4)

prominent in this species and is distinctly blue in colour, it

is very long, tapering, slightly wider at the centre, whence it

tapers down slightly to the apex which terminates in a blunt

point—it is the widest scale of this type that I am acquainted

with and is very plentiful all over the basal half of the wing,

getting less so towards the termen. The “ blasenschuppen ”

are large, almost oblong in shape, with a comparatively

short attachment peduncle; they have usually ten rows of

reticulations but go up to twelve.

In Polyommatus icarus the costal cable of fringe-like scales

is not nearly so heavy and prominent as in argus (Linné) and

at the basal area is largely mixed with the long hairs found in

that area though these become brown on the costa whilst

they are whitish elsewhere, the other scales differ in very

minute particulars, showing the near relationship of the two

species; they are however simpler in pattern and have more

or less evenly terminated apices; the ‘ blasenschuppen ”

exhibit a marked divergence, for in this species they are

elliptical in shape tapering at the base slowly into the stem-

like attachment, and have but six rows of dotted reticulations

instead of eleven. In addition to the basal hair-like scales

is another somewhat similar one, but much thicker, it is better

developed in thetis and will be described under that species.

Polyommatus semiargus has scales throughout entirely of

the icarus type, differing only in size more than actual shape,

the thick hair-like pattern being very close to that species.

The “blasenschuppen”’ follow closely the zcarus pattern,

being a long oval, slightly wider than in that species, and with

seven rows of reticulations, though in one scale I counted eight.

In Polyommatus thetis the scales show some advance in

development, in the basal area some of the blue ones have

scalloped, whilst a few have waved apices, but the large

majority of the blue scales are approaching the simpler

pattern found so largely, as I shall show hereafter, in the

brilliantly blue exotic species; this I am inclined to regard

as a later development than the highly serrated scales of the

brown and non-metallic blue species, in this case they have

not the absolutely evenly arched apices but a very close

approximation to that character, the distal end, though

( exlvii )

sometimes evenly rounded, is more frequently slightly un-

even. The special scale I would draw attention to however

is a tubular hair-like one that is blue in colour, it is very

long, though the length is not uniform, with the base quite

as wide as the apex; the base is colourless, apparently quite

empty, for the proximal eighth the tube tapers down more

narrowly, and in the second narrow eighth the first vestiges

of colour appear, it then assumes its usual width and termin-

ates in a very bluntly rounded apex, it is really a hair-like

scale though coloured, being perhaps three times the width

of the very fine and longer basal hair-like pattern obtaining

almost throughout the group. The “ blasenschuppen”’ are

ovate, broader than in icarus with seven rows of reticulations

usually, though I have counted as few as six and as many

as ten.

P. eros shows a yet further advance in the simplification

of the blue scales—omitting those composing the costal cable,

which in all cases is composed of special ones more or less

similar, it being obviously necessary for the costa of the

primaries to be particularly strong; they are of slightly varying

sizes and widths in the different areas but are all more or

less of the same pattern, being of moderate length, narrower

at the base and tapering somewhat broadly up to the apex

which is evenly terminated in a slight arch. The thick hair-

like scales as described in thetis are present in some numbers,

whilst the “‘ blasenschuppen” are very numerous and of

the typical icarus pattern; they are a long narrow oval shape

with a long attachment peduncle and have four or five rows

of reticulations; they are colourless, the reticulations appear-

ing greyish, but under a condensed direct light they are

brownish; they are then however so very obscure that an

inexperienced eye would probably fail to see them.

Plebeius anteros possesses ‘“ blasenschuppen”’ of unusual

size and interest whilst the ordinary blue scales are quite

simple and for the size of the insect large; they are oblong,

longish, rather broad, tapering very slightly indeed up to

near the apex, from whence they reduce equally slightly to

the apex which is very weakly curved, without any wave or

serration; they are finely ribbed. The “ blasenschuppen ”

( cxlvim: )

are about half as large as the ordinary blue pattern, rather

more if anything; they are goblet-shaped, with a longish

strong attachment peduncle tapering into the scale exactly

as in a goblet; in sculpture they are ribbed, not reticulated

as is usual with these scales, and are blue in colour; there can

however be no doubt as to their being ‘“ blasenschuppen ”

from their shape, their stem, and the position they occupy.

Polyommatus galathea would appear from its general scaling

to be very closely allied to icarus, but the “‘ blasenschuppen ”’

are more nearly related to the Lycaena (arion) group, the scales

in each part of the wing are very similar to icarus; the thick

hair-like scales are also present in fair numbers. The “ blasen-

schuppen ” are however different, they are largish and balloon-

shaped, with eleven rows of large reticulations.

In Lycaena arion whilst the cable of costal scales remains

similar, this being no doubt necessary for the strengthening

and protection of the wing, there is a considerable admixture

of bluish scales, on its internal side, of quite a different shape,

that are long for a wing scale, in contradistinction to a marginal

fringe scale, slightly tapering, of but moderate width, and

with a deeply serrated apex having four sharp points; the

neural scales are of medium length, generally brown, narrowish

of almost even width, with serrated apices consisting of either

a single or double serration, the costal and subcostal inter-

nural scales are mostly brownish, of medium length and width,

tapering slightly, wider distally, with the apex sharply tri-

serrate, 2. e. with four points; mixed with these however are

a number of more or less blue scales similar to those obtaining

on the internal edge of the costal cable. The cell and other

blue areas are covered with two patterns of scales, brown ones

and blue, both have minor deviations, both are broad, of

moderate length, nearly even in width, in the case of the blue

scales the apices are trifid or quadrifid, not having the

sharply serrate pattern but rather scalloped, the apices of

the brown scales being evenly dentated with two or three

dentations; the brown scales in the marginal area are similar

to those on the veins, whilst at the base are to be found a

large number of broad bell-shaped scales with irregularly

dentated or scalloped apices, the terminal fringes are shorter

(i -cexlix’.)

in pattern than in the case of the two species I have already de-

scribed, and have more modified serrations, which are less deep

and not more than four in number. The “ blasenschuppen ”

are heavier in build than those described, being subovate

with the apex rather flattened, they have eleven rows of

broad deep reticulations, the attachment peduncle is of only

moderate length. In the secondaries the base of the wing

has a large number of brown bell-shaped scales with the

excised attachment cleft very narrow and nearly perpen-

dicular, the stalk itself being short and stout; the apex is

dentated but the dentations are irregular both in number and

pattern, these extend along the veins and slightly over the

cell and the fold, as also into the costal area to about the end

of the cell, whereabouts they appear to cease. The costal

cable is composed of scales of three sizes and patterns, the

largest being quite twice the length of the shortest, it is long

and very broad, slightly curved, with the apex scalloped,

the second is straighter, similar to the previous one but a

third less in width, whilst the third is about half the length

of the first, very broad, slightly tapering to the apex which

is sometimes evenly hollowed and sometimes trifid, the

subcostal areas are clothed with scales similar to these two

latter. In the cell and on the fold the brown scales are

present in some numbers and are superimposed over the blue,

the latter being broad, moderately even in width, with quadri-

dentate apices, though this last point is by no means universal,

though general; the brown ones, in addition to a few of the

bell-shaped pattern, are smaller than the blue, of moderate

width, shortish, with the apex generally quadridentate but

of irregular dentation. Those in the radial and postmedian

areas are also of two patterns, viz. a subhyaline and a brown

scale, both seem to be of the same shape and pattern, smaller

than the blue scale in the cell; they are of moderate width

and length, not tapering, with irregularly dentate apices, the

“blasenschuppen ” are well distributed over the whole wing

even almost up to the termen.

In Scolitantides baton the ordinary blue scales are almost

the same throughout all the areas of the wing, approaching

somewhat nearly the brown species of the Plebeid group.

(ol )

I therefore regard this as an early type; they (the scales) are

longish, of moderate width, tapering rather wider to the

apex which is scalloped more or less deeply. There is a

large admixture of brown scales of quite different pattern

throughout the wing. The “Tlasenschuppen” are very

difficult to estimate, some are almo;'t spherical, some are ovate

with broadly rounded ends, othe: are very similar to the

arton group; they have seventeen rows of fine reticulations.

Aurivillius has already pointed out that S. orion has no

“ blasenschuppen,”’ and my own observations confirm this.

In iolas the blue scales are somewhat specialised, in the

subcostal area they are longish, of varying widths, many having

scalloped apices but in very varying degrees, and some have

almost even or very slightly arched apices; it will be remem-

bered that iolas, without being lustrous at all, is yet a very

blue species, and the great majority of the blue scales are

short and very broad, almost as broad as long, evenly termin-

ated in a decided arch and very finely ribbed; they differ

however in length in different parts of the wing; near the

base they are longer and occasionally one will be seen dis-

tinctly scalloped, in the terminal area they are narrower and

evenly oblong, the species has also the thick hair-like scales

found so plentifully in the genus Polyommatus; they are of

even length and terminated in a blunt point. The “ blasen-

schuppen’”’ are somewhat pyriform with eleven and twelve

rows of coarse reticulations. In the subcostal area are several

scales quite like the “ blasenschuppen” in structure and

sculpture, but about three times the size, and might be de-

scribed as narrowly fan-shaped (an enlarged pyriform would

be approximately fan-shaped), they take the place of the

‘“ blasenschuppen ” and are mixed with them. I found them

in each of the specimens examined, but in some there are

only one or two whilst in others there are more of them;

they are however of interest in that they show that mutation

in this special form of scale is in operation.

Melanops is a species rather strongly blue to the naked

eye; there is however a very large admixture of ordinary

brown scales in both wings which are superposed on the blue

ones; these latter approach closely to the patterns obtaining

( “ely ¥)

in the last insect, those in the subcostal area being practically

similar whilst the majority in the other areas are close also,

being very simple and broadly spatulate rather than oblong.

The thick hair-like scales are present in some numbers and

do not differ from the usual structure and form, whilst the

‘““ blasenschuppen”’ are decidedly of the Lycaena type but

are more spherical than those of arion (arion however has the

longest of the genus); they have nine rows of distinct reticula-

tions and occasionally ten, this may however be occasioned by

the position of the scale.

In both the above cases the ordinary blue scales are very

different from the Lycaena type.

In Celastrina argiolus the costal cable of the primaries is

quite fine, as might be expected with a weakly flighted species,

and is made up of the costal fringe scales; the subcostal and

presubterminal areas are clothed with two kinds, a broad almost

even (in width) long scale, that is irregularly dentated at its

apex, and has a rounded base with a minute incision for the

attachment stalk; with this pattern are mixed a few of a much

longer shape, almost fan-lke, 7.e. narrow at the base and

widening considerably to the apex, which is tricrenate, the

central excision being less deep than the outer ones; the

scales occupying the cell and the fold are decidedly shorter

in length, tapering slightly from the rounded base to the apex

which is irregularly dentate or crenate, the postmedian scales

are of a similar pattern to those in the subcostal area, whilst

those on the margin are narrower in width, the long fringe

scales are very narrow proximally and for at least half their

length, when they rapidly expand, and then, immediately

in front of the serrated tip, slightly decrease in width; the

apex is deeply quinqueserrate, the three middle serrations

being the longest, but not uniform, sometimes one point being

the longest and sometimes another point. The “ blasen-

schuppen ” are extraordinarily numerous and large, they are

cup-shaped, deeply reticulated, with fifteen rows on one

side. In the secondaries the basal brownish scales are some-

what squarely formed, having a subtriangular base whose

apex is the incised attachment stalk; they are very broad

and short and of even width, the apices being slightly rounded,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1913. L

( “elit ) )

generally crenate, but sometimes quite even; with them are

to be found a few blue scales of two patterns, the smaller one

very similar to the brown one but rather longer and rounded

at the base, the other is twice the length, slightly narrower,

even in width with a tricrenate apex; the costa consists of

entirely brown scales, those near the base are similar to the

basal brown ones but rapidly change to a pattern having a

somewhat cone-shaped even apex, these again give place to

an uneven or lopsided scale, the outer half of which is more

or less evenly pear-shaped, whilst the inner half has the base

slightly excised as also the apex, but this latter is excised below

the apex so as to form a squarish shoulder laterally, these

continue up to the postmedian area where they are replaced

by a longer narrower scale of even width with dentate apices ;

the costa itself has an edging of a single line of very smooth

longish scales, slightly wider in the middle, but evenly termin-

ated both fore and aft, and with them are mixed not only the

hair-like fringe but also a scale that may be a modification

of the fan-like fringe, viz. a long, narrow, even tube, bluntly

terminated but very irregular in width, being very narrow

with an almost pointed extremity; in the subcostal area the

basal and the postmedian patterns are mixed together, and with

them there is a large admixture of the blue cell scales which

predominate as that area is approached; these blue cell

scales are oblong with truncate apices that are decidedly

crenate, all the blue scales being of this pattern, those on the

abdominal fold are long, broad, of even width, very slightly

reduced at the evenly truncate apex; the terminal wing

scales call for no special remark.

In Hveres argiades again certain differences are noticeable;

the costal cable is composed entirely of long, thickish, hair-

like scales (thickish in comparison with the somewhat colour-

less hair-like scales that are found in the basal and antemedian

areas of most Plebevinae); they are brown, and mixed with

them are a certain number of simple fringe scales, these be-

coming predominant towards the apex. The blue scales

throughout the wing are of three patterns, a very broad

shortish one that tapers slightly from the base and has a

very irregular serrated apex; this is the predominant one and

( cliii )

obtains up to the postmedian area, where a longer narrower

pattern begins to obtain with similar irregular apices; an

occasional very blue and somewhat different scale is also

present, having a very smooth surface, similar in shape, but

tapering out more widely to the apex which is crenate not

serrate. In direct light on a dark background these are all

very blue, whilst the ordinary scale has a paler and a mauve

tint. I have been quite unable to trace any difference in

structure between these and the ordinary predominant

pattern, the ribbing is similar yet it looks smoother and is

decidedly different in colour. The brown neural scales are of

two patterns, a somewhat bell-shaped one expanding rather

rapidly and with an irregular much serrated apex, and a

narrower and longer one also serrated but less irregularly ;

this latter is less abundant. The “ blasenschuppen ” are very

numerous and are not unlike those obtaining in Celastrina

argiolus, but not quite so large, and the apex is not truncate ;

it is therefore nearly globular but a little too long to be quite

so, they have as a rule fourteen rows of reticulations on one

side, but in certain cases I have counted fifteen, though

fourteen appears to be the normal number. In the secondaries

the scales above the costal vein are brownish, of unusual width

and of moderate length, tapering to the apex which is rounded

off unevenly, the outer apex being generally the longer and

descending irregularly to the inner edge, the base of these

scales is deeply cleft at the attachment stalk and very deeply

and heavily lobed on the costal side, this lobing which obtains

in certain species in this particular area is very interesting

and is evidently an accommodation to the shape of the wing,

I am not aware of its occurring where the scales have an

entirely free course; the basal brown scales are short, broad,

of even width, with a regularly rounded base with but little

incision for the stalk, and with an unevenly dentate apex,

the blue median and postmedian scales being a modification

of this pattern, as might be expected in this case where they

freely intermingle; they are rather longer, tapering slightly

towards the tri-scalloped apex, the central division of which

is the widest ; those on the abdominal fold are long and narrower,

even in width with a truncate apex, these are brownish at the

(tele. -)

base, becoming blue when free from the overlap. The “ blasen-

schuppen’”’ are very numerous in the secondary as in the

primary. It is interesting to record that the Indian Hveres

parrhasius has no “ blasenschuppen” at all, thus proving

conclusively to my mind the distinctness of the species.

Tarucus theophrastus is Plebeiid in its scaling; dealing with

the blue ones only, the subcostal ones are longish, for so small

an insect I should say long, tapering somewhat more widely

to the apex which is scalloped; in the cell and median area

they are broad, of moderate length, with the apex well arched

and scalloped to a more or less degree; the same pattern

obtains on the fold also. The “ blasenschuppen” are very

large and flask-shaped (7.e. the shape of a pocket flask)

somewhat tapered at the base to meet the attachment ped-

uncle; they have fourteen to sixteen rows of reticulations

and extend practically to the termen of the wing, this being

a very unusual character. They are Plebeiid in sculpture

rather than of the Polyommatus icarus type.

Lampides boeticus presents some very remarkable features,

more especially in its plumules, if I may depart from my

adopted appellation “ blasenschuppen”’ in this special species,

the fact being that in this insect these scales are not bladder-

like, though generally speaking they are so. In boeticus

however we find these scales with a certain amount of colour,

they are brownish, occasionally with a slight lustre, and

very long, in shape like an Indian club, and they are extra-

ordinarily abundant, being so plentiful as to completely

cover the ordinary scales in some parts of the wing. I will

however refer to them after the ordinary scaling has been

described. The basal area above the cell is clothed with

beautifully waved, fine, very long, greyish-white hair scales,

under which are a layer of similar brown ones, the former

extending also into both the cell and the fold; these cover

entirely the ordinary wing scales among which are a few

brown ones with very long and sharply dentated apices, the

indentations between the teeth being very deep; the ordinary

wing scaling calls for no very special remark but probably

all lepidopterists will remember the somewhat rough and

occasionally almost greasy look that boeticus has; this arises

( elv_ )

I believe from the admixture with the “ blasenschuppen ”’ of

(so far as I am yet aware) a unique scale, imitating almost

exactly the plumule but inserted into the wing membrane

at the other end of the scale and being entirely beautifully

pale blue; these are the apparently hair-like blue scales all

over most of the wing that give it the well known rough

texture, they are, however, not hair scales but of the shape of

an Indian club, with the club part longer in its tapering than

in the plumule, and the thin end also longer and thinner than

is the case with the other scale, the result being that this

blue scale is a much longer and more elegant one than is the

plumule, its apex is also more elegantly shaped, being rapidly

tapered down to a rather blunt point; again, it is evenly

ribbed, the ribs being practically parallel and disappearing

as they approach the narrower part, whereas the “ blasen-

schuppen”’ are irregularly striated from a central line. |

was much perplexed in my early examinations of this insect

at finding a large number of blue plumules, as I at first thought,

mixed up with the brown ones, the former all with their club

apices towards the termen, whilst the latter had their club

apices towards the base of the wings, and frequently deeply

embedded among the ordinary wing scales; it was some time

before I realised that I had before me a pseudo-plumule in

the blue one; such however is without doubt the case. The

plumule itself is a much coarser and rougher object; generally,

though not always, decidedly shorter than its mimic, with its

narrow apical end less narrow than the blue one, the tapering

being much more rapid, and the broad end broader, the attach-

ment stalk being a short one emitted from the broad base

which is more triangular than the apex of the pseudo-plumule ;

the striations of the plumule proper differ in number, they are

striations, not reticulations, as is generally the case; I have

counted from 15 to 18 or 19; they are deep and irregular

and branch from each other, finally converging to a common

termination at the apex. The essential difference in the two

scales is that the broad club is the base and attachment end

in the plumule whereas the club end in the mimic is the apex,

the attachment to the membrane being at the thin basal

end. Both the scales obtain in both the wings though the

(C'rclva. ¥)

pseudo-plumule is less abundant in the secondaries than in

the primaries.

It has been said that Lampides aratus has “ plumules ”’ of

a similar shape to boeticus; this however is an error, the

plumules of all the species of the genus Lampides (7. e. of the

aelianus group) that I have examined having short “ blasen-

schuppen”’ of the Celastrina type, in fact I am at present

unaware of any “ blasenschuppen”’ similar to boeticus with

one exception and that in a genus not nearly related to it;

the species in question is Uranothauma falkensteim, the scale

being an almost exact replica of the one found in boeticus only

probably less than half its size; it is the same shape, has

similar striations, with the attachment peduncle at the thick

end, but the scale is finer in texture as also are the striations.

The most interesting feature of these “ blasenschuppen ”

however is that they are not distributed generally over

the greater part of the wing as is usually the case, but are

restricted to certain defined interneural lines and are of a

purplish-blackish colour; mixed with them is another mimic

‘““ blasenschuppe ” of the common “ battledore ” shape with

four parallel ribs; these are numerous and do not occur apart

from the long ones just described. These are perhaps with

the large sex patch obtaining in the other species of this

genus the simplest form of sex mark in the Lycaeninae, with

the exception of the Strymonidae; it is also worthy of note

that the ordinary wing scales are among the simplest of the

group being plain oblong scales evenly terminated, the same

scale being distributed over nearly five-sixths of the wing,

those on the fold and in the costal area being only a narrower

and longer modification of this pattern. The usual deeply

serrated or scalloped apices are almost, though not absolutely,

absent in this species.

Polyommatus menalcas presents several peculiar and interest-

ing features, this being a species in which the median area of

the primaries is largely covered with soft hair-like scales,

and it was with considerable interest that I examined it.

The base and costal cable are amply covered with the long,

fine, hair-like, bluish-white scales common to most of the

genera Plebeius and Polyommatus, but the soft brown hair-

(, keivai

like scales of the median area are quite different in several

respects. They are many times as thick, very long, and

waved, attached to the wing not by a short peduncle or stalk,

but by a slight spreading of the base directly on to the

membrane, the basal part of the scale is colourless, slightly

swollen, soon becoming shortly constricted, at which part

the brown pigment developes and the very fine ribbing begins ;

beyond this it very rapidly thickens slightly and remains

of even width until near the apex, when it shortly tapers to

a blunt point. With these scales, especially on the veins

is found another from which it may be possible the former

were evolved; it is unusually long and narrow, but not hair-

like, it very gradually tapers wider to about a fifth from the

apex, when it rapidly reduces to the tip which is abruptly and

almost squarely terminated; the attachment stalk is also

specialised, being between the ordinary method and that

obtaining in the hair-like brown scales; it is thicker, and gradu-

ally tapers for a short distance to its juncture with the scale,

whose base is simple, not ribbed, but again tapering up

shortly to its juncture with the part where the usual ribbing

arises, and from whence the rest of the scale is finely ribbed;

these two joints (if I may use the term) are the nearest

approach to hair structure that I have yet found, and the

interesting part is that they do not occur in the hair-scales,

but in a scale proper. The question that naturally arose

was, will there be a modification of the usual wing scales

that obtain under the brown hair-like scales? At the extreme

base where the ordinary whitish hair scales still persist there

was no modification, the scales presenting nothing worthy of

note and having sharply serrated apices, but in the median

area this was not so, the blue scales being of the simplest

pattern; they are of a long oval shape, the apices being of

two patterns, one quite evenly rounded, the other with a

slight shoulder on each side, the apical edge itself however

being quite evenly rounded off; these latter are very few in

number. In the postmedian area the blue scales are much

shorter but with similarly modified apices, so that one is

led to wonder whether the brown hair-like scales were not

at one time more largely spread over the wing. The “ blasen-

(: *ebyair~ })

schuppen,” which are very numerous, are ovate, not always

regular in size or shape, sometimes being evenly ovate, some-

times tapering slightly towards the apex; the attachment

stalk is long, tapering, slightly wider at its juncture with the

scale, which is coarsely ribbed, several that I have examined

having nine ribs, others however had fewer. The scales

of the secondaries show no such modifications as do the

primaries. From this unusual example I went for confirmation

to Polyommatus dolus var. vittata, a species that has somewhat

similar hair-like scales over the same area, only they are less

copious and not quite so noticeable; in this case I found the

long fine basal hair scales (bluish-white) more extensive,

whilst the brownish ones (so prominent in menalcas) are

perhaps less abundant but still very plentiful; they are

similar in structure to those just described but rather finer;

an extraordinary character however obtains in the ordinary

blue wing scales, the whole of which are curled round so as

to form more or less short tubes, the process appears to be

that each side of the scales turns over, and occasionally they

meet thus in the centre, but more generally one side will

overlap the other and so form a more or less perfect tube,

by this I mean of course that the basal and apical ends

remain open—a tube that is sealed at each end naturally

ceases to be a tube, becoming acylinder. This peculiar and

interesting development obtains with nearly all the upper

layer of blue scales with the exception of those in the terminal

area, the lower layer in this case are not brown but are more

or less transparent brownish-grey, and they (not being as

numerous as is generally the case) retain their normal shape

and position. The “ blasenschuppen” are plentiful, a long

oval in shape, much the shape of a narrow specimen of the

egg of the red-necked Grebe, with a longish attachment

stalk as in menalcas, and having 7 or 8 rows of coarse reticula-

tions, though in one large scale I counted 9, but the former

seem to be the normal numbers. In the secondaries also the

normal bluish scales are developed in exactly the same way

into the more or less semitubular ones as in the primaries.

Is it possible that we have here the early evolution of the long

hair-like scales peculiar to this section of the genus Polyommatus ?

(clas, }

P. admetus is more abundantly covered with these peculiar

long soft scales than any other European species. What

shall we find in this species? The scale is of the same structure

and form as in the two last-mentioned only it is more robust,

whilst those underlying, and in fact all over the wing in the

median and post-median areas, are simply developed, with

evenly rounded terminations. Again however we find an

interesting character. It has been said, and I do not find that

it has been pointed out to the contrary as yet, that no brown

Lycaenidae have “ blasenschuppen”’; admetus however has

them fairly plentifully in both wings; they are similar in

shape to its congeners, but smaller, and with finer reticula-

tions. I found in one specimen two quite abnormal examples

of this scale, one being more than double the usual size and

a second very much larger.

Polyommatus meleager is another species that is densely

covered with long hair-like scales, as in those we have been

just considering; the basal ones are of the usual type only

very long and very fine, but they are succeeded by some of

another pattern that cover the greater part of the wing sur-

face, only the terminal area and a small part of the post-

median subcostal area being free from them. They are

ribbed exceedingly finely, in colour they are whitish, blue,

bluish-grey and brown; in size they are very long and narrow,

being twice to three times the width of the usual basal hair-

like scales, and in length would exceed ten to fourteen of the

ordinary wing scales in their usual overlap; in parts they are

thickly packed together so that it is not easy to see the under-

lying scales, in which, as would be expected, we find some

modification; they are finely ribbed, simple in pattern but

very large in size—apart from those on the veins which are

very broadly tulip-shaped with waved apices—being unusually

broad; in shape they are very broadly ovate, the corners

being rounded off rather too much to be able to call them

oblong; they are slightly narrower at the base than the apex

which is evenly arched somewhat; along the inner margin

the pattern is elongated with a crinkled apex; the terminal

scales are broadly tulip-shaped with slightly scalloped apices.

The “blasenschuppen” are of the usual Polyommatus

() clx>)

type, they are of a fair size, a longish oval with a strong

attachment peduncle, and have five rows of reticulations

usually, though in certain cases I have counted six; they are

colourless. In the secondaries the same hair-like scales also

prevail considerably though they appear to be slightly finer

than those in the primaries, whilst it should also be noted

that they are entirely confined to the male sex, not being

found in any of the female forms of the species.

I do not find that the scales of the Plebevnae (in its broadest

sense) that are brown in both sexes present structural differ-

ences from those that are blue in one or both sexes; they

appear to be essentially of the same type, they are ribbed

similarly and are similar in pattern, allowing of course for

specific divergence.

The genus Heodes is very nearly allied to the Plebeinae

and there is nothing specially to draw attention to in the

structure and type of their scales. They have assumed

patterns very similar to those we have been considering both

as to shapes and apical terminations whilst their attachment

peduncles are almost precisely the same, there are however

two points in which they differ; they have no “ blasen-

schuppen,” and though their copper hue is classed among

structural colours, yet viewed under transmitted light the

colour remains quite apparent; this is not the case with our

European blues, they are always, so far as I have examined

them, transparent under transmitted light and are somewhat

yellowish; it must be remembered however that this is

not so with many of the tropical species, but I propose to

put before you a few observations on this difficult subject

a little later on.

Knowing that certain exotic genera that were magnificently

blue in most of their species, and whose affinities I put rather

nearer the Ruralinae than the Pleberinae, were devoid of

“‘ blasenschuppen ” it was with much interest that I turned

to the blue species of the genus Ruralis to see whether or not

they would be found in them, naturally the first one to be

examined was Ruralis quercis.

The scales generally speaking are simple, the only ones that

have serrated apices being those that largely compose the

( clxi_ )

costal cable which are longish and narrow, the terminations

having three short serrations, 7. e. with four teeth; a smaller

and slightly modified pattern also obtains in the terminal

area; in the costal, cellular and other areas the scales are

simple, broader and shorter in the median and postmedian

regions, narrower and longer in the costal and subcostal

areas and also on the fold, but all have more or less even apices,

generally quite even and slightly rounded, but occasionally

irregular with an indication of dentation, and among the brown

neural scales many are definitely dentated. Of ‘ blasen-

schuppen ” however I could find no trace, and this applies

to all the species of the genus that I have examined both

Palaearctic and Exotic.

In Laeosopis roboris the “‘ blasenschuppen”’ are likewise

absent, the blue scales are small, oval, without any trace of

serration or dentation of the apices, whilst the brown scales

are of the normal type with serrated ends.

In the genus Strymon, in which with a few exceptions the

coloration is entirely brown, the scales are similar in general

shape and pattern to those obtaining in other Ruralidae.

Strymon titus and w-album are typical of all the species, and

in the latter the costal cable is composed of long narrow scales

tapering very slightly indeed and having one, two and three

moderately deep dentations, those with the single dentation

being mostly on the outer costal edge and largely confined

to the basal two-thirds; as the apex is approached the scales

have generally two dentations, whilst those with three are

found more in the body of the cable; the subcostal area is

composed of longish broad scales with three and four deep

dentations among which are a few short broad ones, these

latter scales also obtain in the cell and on the fold, but with

the admixture of a certain number of very short broad

scales, almost round, with a mere indication of slight denta-

tion; in the postmedian area the scales are longish and

narrower, with three and four sharp dentations at their apices.

In general pattern those of S. tutus scarcely differ from w-

album, but in the detail of apices and relative width of scales

there are slight differences. We find in this genus perhaps

the simplest form of sex patch in the whole group; it consists

( clxii_ )

of a very small oval patch of androconia situated at the

upper end of the cell and generally slightly diverting veins

6 and 7. In étus the colour is pale neutral grey to the naked

eye, but under the microscope in a good white direct light

it is warm brown, quite as brown as the usual scales but of a

different tint, the androconia are decidedly shorter than the

ordinary wing scale and not half their width, being very

narrow, of almost equal width, but tapering slightly narrower

just before the apex which is quite even and nearly straight ;

they are placed at a slightly different angle to the surrounding

scales and are attached to the wing membrane at a wholly

different angle; whilst the former might be described as almost

flat with the wing surface, these are inserted at a considerable

angle, as nearly as I could measure it would be from 40° to 45°,

with a very considerable overlap, so that not more than

the terminal third to a quarter is visible. The difference of

the angle and the fact that only the ends of the androconia

are seen no doubt accounts for the difference of colour, and

certainly accounts for the prominence of the patch.

In w-album I was fortunate in being able to transfer the

entire sex mark on to my slide, leaving only a few isolated

scales attached to the membrane of the wing, and I found

that the apices of the ordinary surrounding wing scales rise

up slightly on to the edges of the brand, except at the front

edge where the androconia overlie the other scales; it is also

seen that the veins intercept the brand, running through it

and causing a modification in the angle and colour of the

scales; the true androconia are a sort of neutral grey, very

closely and thickly set at angles different from the ordinary

scales; those on the veins crossing the patch differ in colour

from the rest, being rich dark brown, and appear to be

attached to the membrane at a somewhat lower angle than

the others, the androconia are fully as long as the surrounding

scales, being set in a deep pit (as are all these brands more or

less); they are narrowly elliptical in shape, tapering from the

middle to a blunt point, and form a strong contrast to their

surroundings.

In Strymon saepium, the brand is larger than in the

European species and of a blackish colour, showing a very

( elxiii_ )

marked contrast to the bright tawny colour of the species;

in this instance there is a diminution of the ordinary wing

scales immediately around the sex patch, there being only

one layer, the bottom one, instead of two, with the result

that the androconia overlie them entirely on their edges;

they (the androconia) are set at different angles as usual,

and are closely packed with the usual deep overlap; they are

considerably shorter and very considerably narrower than

the surrounding scales, being only about a third as wide,

they are oblong, with base and termination of almost the same

curve. The ordinary scales in this species are large, and are

of quite unusual width considering the size of the species.

In Callophrys rubi the brand is very similar to those of

Strymon. The androconia are a sort of dull neutral grey

when seen in a good white light, and they are at a different

angle from the ordinary scales; they are not however inset at

nearly so high an angle as in Strymon, neither is there the

same overlap; they are of moderate length (the ordinary

surrounding scales in rubc are unusually long) narrow, of

almost equal width, but have a slight taper just before the

apex which is slightly excised, thus making the extremity

shortly bifid. The scales of the underside of the secondaries

of this species call for special comment. They are finely

ribbed, long, somewhat narrow, with deeply serrated apices,

having two and three deep narrow incisions, this pattern

scale prevails practically over all the wing; the basal third

of the scale is uniform in colour, being a warm brown gradu-

ally changing into the green tint; under transmitted light

the colour is grey gradually altering to a brownish-red.

The shape and disposition of the scales in the Indian species

I have examined are different from those we have considered

before, and it will therefore be well to describe them. In

Lampides aelianus the thick costal cable is composed of very

long, narrow scales, tapering but slightly with bifid extremities,

these scales are both very pale brownish, and bluish-white ;

those in the subcostal area are also long but broadish, tapering

wider to the apices which have four deepish crenulations,

the two central points being the longest; these obtain to

beyond the cell, whilst in the postmedian area they become

(cha, "}

longer and narrower and continue so up to the termen;

underneath these is a layer of short broad scales, almost

the shape of a Swiss cowbell, which have four deep longi-

tudinal ribs, the apices being very slightly hollowed between

them and the whole surface finely shagreened. These scales

are by no means flattened but are corrugated, as they appear

to rise and fall alternately with the ribs; together with these

are also similarly shaped scales which are very finely ribbed;

these however seen under transmitted light are yellowish-

tawny and not quite clear and transparent as are some of the

former ones. The cell and median area are covered with

bluish scales, similar to those in the subcostal area but slightly

shorter, and tapering rather more widely to the apices which

are less deeply scalloped; many of these scales appear to be

‘fluted ” and to be finely shagreened; the basal area below

the cell and on the fold is clothed with the two kinds of shorter

scales already referred to, but these are succeeded by the

longer and broader pattern just described, whilst the post-

median and terminal areas are covered with a scale of moderate

length, of even width, rather broad, with more or less even

apices, underneath which is a layer of the bell-shaped scales

previously mentioned. The ‘“‘ blasenschuppen”’ are entirely

different from those in boeticus and are very Celastrinid in shape

and quite so in sculpture; whilst that genus has somewhat

of a bell-shaped pattern, this is more scallop-shaped, but

with straightish sides, tapering wider to the evenly convex

apex, it has ten and eleven rows of reticulations, and the

scales do not appear to be uniform in size, some being smaller

than others; all are somewhat longer than broad, but very

many are decidedly longer than they are wide. The scales

of aratus are very closely similar to those of aelianus as also

are the ‘“ blasenschuppen”; these however have twelve

rows of reticulations as a rule, and the base is squarer

than in the other species. Whilst the ordinary scales of

elpis are quite similar to the others, the “ blasenschuppen ”’

are recognisable at a glance, for they are double the length

of the others though similar in sculpture and general shape;

there are however only ten rows of reticulations.

The genus Thysonotis is also furnished with “ blasen-

( iclay )

schuppen”’ more or less of the Celastrinid type whilst in

apollonius it is further provided with another scale peculiar to

the male sex, viz. one that is of quite unusual length; it is

Indian club shaped, having a very long and fine stem with

an elongated finely tapered club, the apical end tapering

to a point much more rapidly; the term plumule suits this

elegant scale admirably, it covers very largely all the wing

below the upper margin of the cell, extending up to vein 7,

and is especially abundant in the cell and on the fold; it is

almost white, being just tinged with milky bluish, and is

probably accountable for much, though not quite all, the

whiteness of the special areas of the primaries of the male;

it is very finely ribbed. The “ blasenschuppen”’ proper are

very closely similar to those obtaining in Lampides elpis,

scallop-shaped with straight sides and a squarish base, the

apex being evenly but highly convex, and having ordinarily

ten rows of prominent reticulations, though I have in one

or two cases counted as many as twelve on the one side.

Very many of these scales are bright blue, others are less

blue and some have no colouring at all; but when viewed

under transmitted light there is absolutely no colour at all

visible in some, others are yellowish shading distally into pink,

or becoming colourless and transparent, others again are

wholly straw yellow. As might be expected there follows

some modification of the ordinary wing scales in the parts

affected. The costal cable is large and composed.of long

narrowish scales of almost equal width, with apices very

deeply bifid; mixed with these are many similar scales but

deeply trifid, underneath which is a layer of broadish oblong

ones with scalloped apices; all these are brown. In the

subcostal area similar scales occur with others that are deeply

trifid and quadrifid in their apices, and are of a deep indigo

blue tint in part, generally for the apical half; mixed with

these are some of the brilliant blue scales of the same pattern

that obtains on the median and other areas covered by the

plumules; they are longish, rather broad, tapering slightly

wider to the apex which is highly and evenly rounded, the

whole surface being finely ribbed; this pattern is constant

for the blue scales which are sparingly present under the

( ‘ela *)

plumules, the size varies slightly, some being narrower than

the majority. With these is also found another scale, of the

same size and shape but slightly shagreened, that is quite

colourless, both under direct and transmitted light; it is

to these scales with the plumules that I attribute the

whiteness (already referred to) of the central portion of the

primaries; in the terminal area the pattern becomes shorter

and narrower, and assumes the brown hue of that region,

many being however only coloured for the apical half; mixed

with them also are a certain number of both the blue

and the hyaline scales. On the inner margin are found

some long hair-like scales (which are also found in the female

in more abundance and over an extended area); the plumules

are also present, and together with them isa scale, apparently

peculiar to the male, which is again of the shape of an Indian

club, tapering immediately from the base so that it has no

thread-like stem; it is long—about two-thirds the length of

the plumule, rather broad and tapering more broadly up to the

apex which is highly rounded ; some few of these scales are not

more than half the length of a plumule, and they are found all

along the inner margin and extending up the termen in the

tornal area; in colour they are mostly greyish brown, all being

finely ribbed, minute particles (probably of pigment) appear to

be present in the brown scales, but mixed with them are some

of a narrower, though similar shape, which are milky-blue,

almost the colour of skimmed milk. The brown basal scales are

short and broad, somewhat tulip-shaped with serrated apices,

these are of irregular length and size, whilst with them are

two others both quite double their length, one broad, of almost

even width, with serrated apex, the other broadish but slightly

wider at the apex which is evenly terminated and more or

less waved. Similar scales are found in the secondaries as

in the primaries, the plumules and the “ blasenschuppen ”

being in about the same proportion, both are very abundant.

The same type of “ blasenschuppen”’ is found throughout

the genus Thysonotis, i.e. so far as I have examined it, and I

have studied a good many of the species; the plumules are

by no means generally present, however in hengis and several

others they obtain, but in many they do not obtain, and in

(. ‘ckxvin’ }

consequence we find decided modification in the ordinary

blue scales: in hengis, a species with only the least trace of

a white area, they are present very sparingly, but the blue

scales remain of the same type as in apollonius and approxi-

mately of the same pattern; in hengis however this pattern

scale covers almost entirely the whole wing, except in the

costal and terminal areas, the plumules (being so few in

number) not having affected the general distribution of

these scales, they merely lie on the surface, and are similar

in design to those obtaining in apollonius, but are shorter

and they are also decidedly bluer in colour: the “ blasen-

schuppen”’ are slightly broader and shorter than in that

species and have thirteen rows of reticulations, these scales

are almost as blue as are the ordinary ones, but viewed under

transmitted white light they are quite colourless, whilst the

ordinary scales are yellowish.

In the species of the genus Thysonotis that have no plumules

there is a decided change in both the pattern of the ordinary

scales and of the “ blasenschuppen.” Caelius is a good example,

in it the latter are short and very broad and have as many as

fourteen rows of reticulations, though thirteen is the usual

number; they have a broad squarish base and expand some-

what to their apex which is evenly and slightly arched, the

scale being broader than long and having a strong attachment

peduncle; under direct light they are almost colourless, and

placed as they are (and as is usually the case) in alternate

layers between the ordinary blue scales, they form a marked

contrast to the deepish blue of this species; under transmitted

light they are very slightly yellowish, whereas the ordinary

blue scale of this insect is deepish lemon colour. The ordinary

blue scales are likewise different, they differ slightly in length and

width in the different areas of the wing, but follow in general

shape those of the genus, being longish, moderately broad,

tapering slightly wider to the apex, which however is not

evenly arched but is slightly scalloped, the scalloping being

very irregular, some being distinctly so, others scarcely

scalloped at all.

The deep rich lustrous blue of Hypochrysops rex attracted

attention, and in this species I found the simplest general

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1913. 'M

( elxviii )

plan of scaling that I know as yet among the group; the whole

of the blue scales are of one pattern and shape in all areas

ef the wing, the only modification being a very slight one in

the subcostal region, where a slight narrowing takes place.

The scales are longish, of moderate width, tapering but slightly

wider to the apex which is highly and evenly arched; they

are finely ribbed longitudinally and striated reversely rather

irregularly : in the plan of these scales they are very simple

also, there being scarcely any overlap at all transversely,

the longitudinal overlap being likewise small; under these is

a solid layer of short, broadish, dull brown scales, with even

apices scarcely arched at all. The blue scales themselves are

highly developed, being reticulated in the technical sense,

but their arrangement is unusually simple, and there is a

paucity of the upper layer of scales, though the paucity is

not observable inasmuch as the blue surface appears to the

unaided eye absolutely solid and even. The same arrange-

ment obtains in both wings.

There are no “ blasenschuppen” in this species, this no

doubt is accounted for by the fact of there not being sufficient

overlap to render them of any service.

Another group of brilliant colours called for some investiga-

tion, viz. those of a lustrous metallic nature as is represented

by such species as the gorgeous green Arhopala, also by the

similarly green species of the genus Ruralis and again by

Heliophorus brahma with its wonderful metallic golden lustre,

species that de Nicéville stated to be the most brilliant gems

in the insect world, beside which the brightest and most

lustrous of the blues were quite dull in comparison. Taking

first Ruralis duma, a common Indian species, of a brillant

metallic green colour, I found that the costal cable was very

narrow and of a light structure, being composed of the type

of scales common to the genus, a long rather narrow scale

with sharply serrated apices; these are all warm brown, those

on the veins are also brown, square in shape with the corners

rounded off, the apices being waved or very slightly arched

in many cases; these are bronzy brown and both under direct

and transmitted light they retain much of their bronzy hue;

this is however quite different to the metallic colour of the

( oclzxix: )

bulk of the wing scales; these are broadish and comparatively

short, being about twice as long as the width; they are all

decidedly curved, the highest part of the curve being in the

centre, they are shovel-shaped, deeply ribbed, with the apices

cut off quite square. There are no “ blasenschuppen”’ in

this species, nor in any of these metallic species that I am

yet acquainted with. Another equally lustrous metallic

green insect is Arhopala eumolphus, but the green is more

delicate though quite as refulgent. Here again the costal

cable is composed of long brown narrow scales with serrated

apices, whilst the veins are also clothed with brown scales

of moderate length, rather broad, with very deeply serrated

apices, leaving exceedingly fine sharp points between; the

metallic scales are all of one pattern, being a long oval, much

longer than in R. duma, decidedly broader in the centre, and

abruptly and evenly truncate at the apex; they are deeply

ribbed and curved, but the curve is not quite so marked as

in the previous species. Heliophorus brahma is of a wonderful

metallic lustrous reddish-golden colour, probably the most

brilliant insect in the world; it is allied to the genus Heodes,

though all the other species in the genus are bluish in the

males. The brown scales in this butterfly call for no special

comment, but the metallic golden ones are of two sizes;

those in the cell are long, broad, slightly wider in the centre,

with the apices very slightly arched, not abruptly cut short

as in A. eumolphus, those on the fold are shorter and

broader, tapering somewhat wider to near the apex which

is moderately rounded off, both are deeply ribbed. In the

secondaries the metallic scales are shortish and broad, tapering

more widely to the apex which is scalloped, the ribbing and

the colour are precisely as in the primaries. There are no

“blasenschuppen ” in this genus. To return to the genus

Arhopala in which nearly all the species are blue, perhaps

one of the most beautiful and brilliant is helius, which is

brilliantly deep blue in its costal and terminal area, and equally

brilliantly almost Cambridge blue in the median area and on

the fold; the scale in each of these cases appears to be of the

same structure; the pattern is quite similar, a long broadish

scale, evenly rounded at the apex and rather narrow at the

(_-elxe’ *)

base, the scale is broader on the fold to some extent but not

uniformly so, and the ribbing is the same, yet there is some-

thing as yet unknown that quite alters the shade of blue. I

shall refer to this again in dealing with colours later on.

Arhopala hercules, the largest species of the genus, is entirely

very metallic deep purplish blue, one of the quite aniline

colours to the naked eye and very lustrous; the ordinary

blue scales over the greater portion of the wing are of one

pattern, a longish, rather broad one, suddenly rounded at the

basal corners and almost square at the apical corners, the

apex being generally but not always quite abruptly truncated ;

it is of even width throughout, there being but the least and

shortest possible tapering off at the apex; the ribbing is

somewhat coarse; on the fold the scales are narrower; there

is also a peculiar scale on the costa, more or less on the inner

edge of the costal cable, it is a long scale quite tubular,

narrower at the base with the normal attachment peduncle,

and at the apex tapering to a blunt point; this is by no means

a hair-like scale, but in this species the evolution of the costal

cable scales might be said to be present; this simple one is

in some numbers, there is also a second, quite similar but

somewhat wider at the apex and slightly bifid, others that

are wider still but tubular and distinctly bifid, whilst there

are others, trifid and quadrifid, that are approaching the

usual flattened scale, though quite evidently derived from

the original tubular design; they are distinctly hollow tubes

and are filled with minute granules of a greyish substance;

they are finely shagreened with very minute lines not ribbed

as the usual cable scale is; the cable itself is composed largely

of the usual longish apparently flat scales with bifid, trifid

and quadrifid serrated apices, the special tubular scales being

more on the inner edge of the cable, though not entirely

confined thereto.

Turning now to the white species of the group, I find in

Larinopoda lagyra that the scaling is very diverse from the

brown and blue sections. The fringe scales are Indian club

shaped with the club very heavy, and they are very coarsely

ribbed, the costal cable is composed of the same type of scale

with varied apices, some as the terminal fringes others bifid

( jielxxi })

and some trifid, but the type of scale remains the same; the

scales that cover the greater part of the wing are long and

broadish, generally almost straight, but occasionally slightly

wider at the apices which are waved and even, not dentate;

with them in much smaller numbers is a lyre-shaped scale,

but shorter than the one just described. These obtain in

both wings.

In Larinopoda soyauxi we have similar types but varying

in details; the fringe scales have the club much heavier;

the ordinary pattern is of moderate length, narrow, of equal

width, with the apex very slightly indented in the middle,

just sufficiently for it to be seen; but with them in very large

numbers is a most remarkable scale; it is shaped just like a

trident, very broad with a heavy base, the attachment peduncle

shaped up to it as in a trident, not hollowed out and with the

stalk in the centre as in all the usual pattern scales; the prongs

are long, and generally it is only two-pronged, though in one

specimen before me there are some with a short central prong;

these apparently lie in alternate rows with the ordinary

pattern, and there is not sufficient overlap for the latter to

reach to the solid basal portion of the trident scale, which

no doubt accounts for the somewhat hyaline appearance of

this species. The scales on the underside of the wing are

similar in pattern but very slightly modified, being smaller,

whilst in addition on the basal portion of the inner margin

there are a large number of triangular scales (roughly triangular)

that are not ribbed, but are reticulated (in sens. strict.) the

reticulations being rather transverse and very definite. The

secondaries both upper and under side have the same two

patterns but have no reticulated ones. The scale ribs of

these species are very finely lined transversely. In addition

to these the veins are clothed with a small narrowly oval

scale, ribbed, that is like the “ blasenschuppen,” in zcarus but

about twice as long. The very hyaline species generally

called Pentila muhata (it is not a Pentila however, and as I

shall shortly have to bring that species under review I may

as well name it here, especially as its new generic name is

derived from its extraordinary scales. I propose the name

Ornipholidotos for it, as the scales look as if they were horny

( elxxi )

whilst they are exactly like a pictorial representation of a

far-away bird) has scales—all that are left to it or perhaps

all it has yet attained—of a most remarkable pattern, they

are all alike and yet they vary extraordinarily. A fairly

accurate description of the shape is that already given of a

far-away bird in the air, some scales are however the shape of

the merrythought of a bird, a few are like a merrythought

but with an additional outside bone on each side, at the base

an occasional scale may have a broader lamination at the

proximal end, one being quite a good scale very deeply trifid

whilst another is quadrifid; the vast majority however have

scarcely any lamina, consisting mainly of three (occasionally

four) lines, a thin trident, with the prongs straight or slightly

curved, sometimes wide apart, sometimes closer together.

In the dark marginal parts of the wing the scales are brown,

not white, and they all have more lamina than the white

ones, not however that they are much more numerous. On

the underside most of the scales are of the same pattern

but they are almost linear. There are however at the base

a number of a different pattern, being almost the shape of an

oat, they are not flat, but as a grain (say an oat), coarsely

ribbed, but with a covering superposed so that under direct

light the ribbing shows but faintly through, though it is

distinctly visible with transmitted light; the secondaries

have the same pattern as the primaries. Pentila undularis

(the type of the genus) has scales that do not call for special

remark, those in the subcostal and inner marginal areas are

very typical of the whole order, but the pattern of those

occupying the median and postmedian areas of the wing are

different; they are short broad scales, quite as broad as long

generally, and tulip-shaped, the surface appears to be deeply

indented up the central line, so that it has an unusual waved

appearance.

In libyssa the scales differ only in detail but on each vein

there is a row of small narrow elliptical scales with the apices

truncated and slightly excised in the centre.

In Megalopalpus and Oberonia, both genera with only white

species, the scales call for no special remark. They are all

somewhat typical in the main of the ordinary Plebewd genera,

elxxiii )

except that in the median area there is a predominance, more

or less, of the short broad tulip-shaped pattern.

Turning now to the tawny Lipteninae we find scales of

quite a peculiar character in Liptena parva, a small dark

brown species with a tawny red patch on the primaries and a

large red basal area in the secondaries; practically the whole

of the scales on the upper side are more or less pyriform, it

might be more accurate to describe them as foliate or leaf

shaped, and with slight modifications the whole of the scales,

except the extreme marginal fringes, are of this pattern,

some are longish like a laurel leaf with a rounded apex, and

some are shorter and so look broader, and they obtain

indiscriminately together over both brown and red areas in

both the wings.

In petreia the same principle holds good throughout, but

along the veins are found a number of lanceolate shaped scales,

that do not depart from the character mentioned; there

are however some very long and narrow scales present which

have very deeply cleft apices. On the underside there is a

continuance of the same character up to a point, many of the

scales having truncated and irregular apices, but mixed with

them are also a large number of scales something similar to

those obtaining in muhata; in this case however they are just

like a pair of slightly opened compasses, and would appear

to be a development of the long deeply cleft scale of the

upperside ; a few are occasionally trifid instead of bifid.

Multipunctata is very typical of this genus, and in it we

find precisely the same character of scale as already described ;

most of the upper side are foliate, some broadly, others less

broad; there are the lanceolate pattern and the deeply cleft

ones; on the underside the same general pattern obtains, but

the scales that in petrera are like a pair of compasses, in this

species are more like the deeply cleft pattern of the upperside,

but the cleft is decidedly deeper.

I cannot close this section of African Lipteninae without

mention of the genus Citrinophila, a little group of yellow

species ; in marginalis the scales are very little specialised indeed

and do not need description; whilst the large black species

of Pseuderesia from the Cameroons called tripunctata does

(. elxxiv )

not call for special notice either; it is however more Liptenine

than is Crtrinophila.

Turning again specially to the male sex marks which are

all caused so far as I have examined them at present by

peculiar scales placed differently in the wing (a subject on which

a whole treatise could be written easily), I have but time to

take a few examples from the three great tropical Continents.

Beginning with Africa, we find in Deudorix camerona that

there is a tuft of blackish hairs in both wings on the underside

of the primaries and the upperside of the secondaries, and

that in the latter there is also a peculiar patch in a reciprocal

position to the tuft on the primaries, that is to say that the

one lies over the other. The long tuft of blackish-brown hairs

in the primaries rises from the inner margin, which is turned

over to form a narrow groove for this purpose, the hair-like

scales rise from it transversely across the wing reaching half

up the fold, the upturned margin is clothed with longish scales

of moderate width with an even ovate apex, the tuft itself

being superposed over a large patch of whitish scales placed

transversely and inclined basewards—all ordinary scales being

placed horizontally with their apices towards the termen.

This patch extends well over each side of the tuft, above

which is another patch of transversely placed scales which

are blackish brown and subovate in shape. The “ brand”

appears to affect all the scales near it, for all are of the ordinary

pattern in the cell—and none of the modified pattern described

extend into that area—but they are inclined transversely at

an angle of about 45° instead of being placed horizontally ;

underneath all the special scales referred to there is the usual

layer of brown scales next the membrane, but they seem to

have verv little pigment, being rather transparent. In the

secondaries is a large patch of dark differently placed scales

occupying the basal angle of veins6 and7 and extending into the

cell over the branches of these veins; this patch has an oval

iris of small white scales, and it is pupilled with an almond

shaped hollowed centre of very narrow and minute darkish

grey androconia; all these are placed transversely in relation

to the ordinary pattern; the dark brown, very similar to those

on the primaries, are the largest and occupy the same level

Pe:

C: clxxy,. )

as the ordinary scales, the white ones are smaller, again

similar to those in the primaries, but they are depressed and

below the usual level, whilst the grey androconia are in a small

pit, and I imagine that the main part of the tuft of hair-like

scales in the primaries lies in this androconial pit. There is

in addition to this the long tuft of hairs risingin the fold between

veins la and the cell, its base is covered by ordinary scales,

but on the denuded membrane is seen a short ridge which is

no doubt the source of this tuft, the scales underneath this

seem to be but little displaced by its presence. The membrane

itself is only changed in the androconial area and to some

extent in the surrounding area occupied by the white scales;

it is a hollowed pit, and from the points of attachment shows

the enormous number of minute scales that must be crowded

in so small a space.

In Dioptes catalla we find the tuft in the primaries to be so

similar to that in Deudorix camerona as not to need further

mention, but the androconial patch on the secondaries is

quite different; it is interesting to find that all the scales

immediately surrounding the brand sweep round from the

horizontal position with apices facing up to it: the brand itself

is composed of probably thousands of minute erect scales,

very long in proportion to their breadth, of almost equal

width throughout, and having rounded apices, and packed

together as tightly as possible, not flat but vertically from the

membrane; this alters the whole wing below it, even the under-

surface, for there is apparently a bare patch in that spot

on the underside; when carefully examined however it is

found to be covered with neutral grey scales which are quite

transparent, and when viewed under transmitted light are

quite colourless; the patch is quite peculiar, having much the

outline of a full blown rose. The brands of the Indian species

of the genus Rapala are very closely allied to Dioptes so far

as the patch in the secondaries is concerned, though they differ

somewhat in the primaries; in petosoris there is so to speak a

double tuft of hairs the larger of which has its origin on vein

la, emitting a small and short little fringe upwards just over

the vein, but sending all the long hair-like scales downwards

to the inner margin (whilst another less copious one ascends

( elxxvi )

so that they cross each other, but the margin is not upturned

as in Dioptes) ; these are long stout hairs; next to these nearer

the base is a patch of broad short white androconia erect

from the membrane. In the secondaries there is also a large

brand of cream-coloured androconia composed of minute,

closely packed, narrow, elliptical, short, erect scales. The

number of these must be very large, for they are not more

than a quarter the size of those in Dioptes catalla and the

patch is larger; the surrounding scales do not appear to sweep

round and face these androconia, as in some species, and they

do not seem to affect the scaling of the undersurface in any

serious degree.

Drupadia boisduvalii, another Indian species in the Ruralid

section, has a brand on the underside of the primaries, in

some respects not unlike that on the secondaries in the

previous species; the inner margin has been prominently

excurved, no doubt on account of this large sex mark; it is

somewhat shining deep cream colour, of an ovate shape,

being surrounded on its three lower sides by a large area of

irregular milk-white sub-transparent scales, whilst above is

a narrow area of somewhat similar more regular dark brown

scales, which are also transparent under transmitted light.

The brand is composed of very broad scales, rather irregular

at their apices, these are erect from the membrane and on the

outer areas form an almost perfect honeycomb; instead of

being packed closely together as in the previous cases, in the

more central part of the brand the cells (so to speak) are pressed

more closely and irregularly together; under the microscope

the colour is almost orange with a direct light, and this is

but little modified under transmitted light; this patch ex-

amined from the reverse side is quite solid showing that the

formation of the cells is real and complete; the upper side

of the secondaries has a reciprocal brand which is very delicate

so far as the combination of its colours go, it also is surrounded

by an area of small milky white sub-transparent scales, again

not diverted from their usual position; the sex mark is com-

posed of two kinds of scales, the one is of moderate length

and broad and is milky white, the other is decidedly narrower,

rather longer and tawny in colour, except its apex which is

(. elzxvii, )

bright darkish chestnut red ; this has its apex slightly scalloped,

whilst the broad whitish one is evenly arched; these scales

are not erect though they are placed at a high angle. On the

underside of the wing we find a very slight diversion of the

scales under this brand, they are practically not altered in

shape but the position is diverted, and instead of being hori-

zontally placed as usual, these have their apices turned towards

the costa in an irregular manner. Before leaving the Indian

subregion I would draw attention to another beautiful species

with an entirely different brand. I refer to Arrhenothryx

pencilligera, a lovely brilliant pale blue species with a brand

(a tuft of hair scales and patch) on the upperside of the

primaries as well as on the underside, and also with another

brand on the secondaries. The ordinary scales are of typical

Ruralid patterns, in this instance all longish and rather

narrow with dentate apices. The brands on the upperside

consist of a very long tuft of white hair scales that sweep over

and terminate on a brown sex mark; the former rises below

the angle of vein 2, about the middle of the fold, from a patch

of long broadish erect scales of a neutral tint colour that are

densely packed together, which show distinctly on the micro-

scopic slide the holes from which the hair-scales have been

removed on to another slide; these scales are like thick white

hairs, very long and coming from the membrane in a bold

curve (necessitated by the fact that they rise in a sex brand

of long erect scales); they then sweep downwards over the

wing, terminating in another curve on a second sex mark

consisting of long pale brownish scales with scalloped apices,

which are not erect but are placed at an angle of about 45°

and in a circular position all more or less facing a point about

direct with the tornus; this sex mark follows the position

of the tuft at first, but expands somewhat to a circular shape

above vein 1. The tuft on the underside of the primaries

is equally long and of quite similar white hairs that rise on

the inner margin rather nearer the base than is the brand on

the upperside, but the tuft sweeps forwards in a bold curve

and terminates on a patch of ordinary white scales; those

on the marginal area immediately below the hairs appear to

be the ordinary brownish basal scales, only more transparent

( clxxvili )

than usual. The brand on the secondaries seems to me to

be in process of formation; it is marked on the wing by a

small, raised, almost circular area; when examined it is seen

that the scales are not erect but that they are at a different

angle to the others; it is composed of brown longish scales,

and mixed with them are a large number of long blue scales

that only differ from the other blue ones in that they are

narrower, paler and longer; except for the angle at which

they are inserted there are little differences in these and the

ordinary ones, and this makes me think the brand is to-day

in a state of development and that it has by no means reached

the final stage as we know it at the present time.

In the Neotropical region the Ruralinae, in its strict sense,

attain their highest development, the species being of the

utmost beauty with marvellous development of blues and

greens, at the same time the sex brands likewise have developed

greatly; though various genera have been raised they are

at present generally classed under the old omnibus name of

Thecla and in the absence of any revision of the group I will

use that generic name here.

In Thecla orgia the sex mark is fairly simple, being round

and composed of closely packed longish greyish androconia

of moderate width, they are almost erect and have strongly

arched apices. Thecla triquetra has a different brand; it is

composed of two sections, that nearer the base is irregularly

a narrow oblong and composed of very pale ochreous brown

androconia by no means erect but placed at an angle of less

than 45°; they are long and narrow with apices evenly but

slightly arched; the second section is large and roughly quad-

rangular, but with the front side slightly curved; the andro-

conia are at rather a greater angle than the others, they are

shorter and much broader, having strongly curved apices;

the two sections are separated from each other by a narrow

band of blue scales; at the top it consists of three or four

layers of scales but tapers down to one blue one; these double

section brands are not uncommon in South America, and as

we shall see are developed into two large sex marks. Before

however dealing with one or two typical specimens of these,

I would refer to one rather beautiful one found in Thecla

C, elsexix’ »)

ocrisia; it is roughly circular and might almost be described

as like a greenish rose with the brand forming the stamens,

&c.; all the surrounding bluish green wing scales are set up

around it forming a raised ridge, the scales themselves looking

just like the petals of a flower, the androconia being sunk in

the middle (as are the stamens); moreover, to add to the

simile, they are yellowish scales overlaid with chestnut red;

they are not however erect, the androconia are narrow,

longish, with somewhat truncated apices. The general

scales over the wing in this species are excessively small and

finely serrate, and are totally different in size and shape from

the largish petal-like surrounding pattern and from the brand

itself.

In Thecla polybetes, a very brilliant blue species, we find a

brand with an extension, and that ina different place from the

usualone. Any addition to the sex mark is usually in the costal

area, but in polybetes it is in the lower radial area, extending

from the definite brand itself (which is easily discerned) a

third along vein 4, and reaching straight down to vein 2;

the ordinary scales on the basal side are set up to the andro-

conial patch, much as in the previous species, but are not so

on the costal margin; the patch itself is large, consisting of

closely packed nearly erect scales, pyriform in shape, with

the thick end at the base and the apex gently curved; in

colour they are dark brown, but there is a small patch of pale

brown ones of a broader pattern and equal width; those

covering the extension are different, being very broad and

short, the breadth almost equalling the length, and they are

not erect, but are set at nearly the same plane as the blue

scales, only they have a much greater overlap. The brilliant

blue scales in this insect are set at a higher angle than usual,

being by no means so flat, and they are curved, as is not in-

frequently the case with the very metallic blue and green

colours. In Thecla phaleros, another metallic blue species,

the brand is set in a deep pit, the sides of which are set with

the ordinary brilliant blue scales (set petal-ways); from the

base of the pit it rises up like a minute crater, up whose sides

very large broad scales of a pale brownish colour rise, and

they appear to be of an unusual length, though it is extremely

( elxxx: )

difficult to judge this accurately owing to their peculiar

position and arrangement; inside this miniature crater the

true androconia are placed, those at the circumference being

at a much lower angle than the others, which become more

vertical towards the centre, the centre itself being also at a

perceptibly lower level than the rest, and we must suppose

therefore that the androconia are shorter in the middle; these

scales in their vertical position are very deep coffee brown,

though those on the circumference, where more of the scale

is visible, become paler. This brand (a very beautiful object) is

quite complete in itself, but at the upper posterior corner (not

that there can be a real corner to an almost circular object)

there is an extension, which has the appearance of a gradual

development into a second brand; it is very pale coffee brown

in colour (the other to the naked eye is black), and extends

over the bases of the subcostal veins across the cell to vein 5;

the scales are minute in comparison with the blue ones around,

and are set at quite a different angle; this extended sex mark

is not set in a pit as the other, but is more on the usual plane

of the membrane though it is evident at the base of the sub-

costal veins that some alteration is in process of development.

Thecla polybe shows this process of development in a more

advanced condition, the two black brands being very marked,

but the second one has not yet created the pit in the mem-

brane as has the first; this species has not by any means the

‘crater-like arrangement of phaleros, though it is in a pit,

the difference being that there is no outer ridge around it,

but the blue scales are set petal-ways up to the depressed area

in which is the brand; the androconia within are deep black

even under the microscope, the surrounding scales are very

broad and square, broader than long, and with an arched apex ;

whilst the inner layers of the surrounding scales are of different

sizes, all are very broad with broadly scalloped apices, some

assuming almost a truncated “ fleur de lis” shape : the blackish

androconia are of moderate length, rather narrow, equal in

width, with strongly arched apices, these being set, if not

erect, at a very high angle; this brand is finely separated from

the outer one, which is also blackish and of almost equal size,

not being set at quite so low a level; the androconia are nearly

(*3eteaer

the same shape but taper slightly, the distal end being the

smaller; the ordinary scales around are not set up to this

brand, but are rather overlaid by the androconia whilst the

“mark” is crossed by two veins which modify both the colour

(brown instead of black) and the size of the scales clothing

them. Though the apices of the androconia are black this

colour is only at the apices, the lower parts being pale brown;

this however is by no means of infrequent occurrence.

A discussion on the scales of the Ruralidae could not be

closed without some reference to the unique and primitive

though extraordinarily specialised genus Liphyra, with the

delicate white fugitive scales attached to its wings on emer-

gence from the pupa, and with the yet more peculiar body

scales all of which probably disappear after the first flight or

two; both are quite evidently protective developments.

The long white scales of the wings are much the shape of a

hly of the valley leaf with its end truncated and scalloped;

in size they vary considerably, whilst the scalloping of the

apex varies yet more; some have two scallops, others go up

to four or five; the point of attachment is also peculiar, there

being a twin attachment excavated between the two points

which are almost at right angles to the stem, this being no

doubt necessary to allow it to be easily freed from the ordinary

scales; this is the usual method, but occasional scales are

present with but one; they are all ribbed, the ribbing not

being particularly fine. Under direct light the colour is pure

white, but under transmitted light grey, more or less trans-

parent. The body scales are however much more unique

than these just described; the abdomen of the imago looks

to be densely covered with silky fluff, the word fluff is the

only word that adequately describes it, this however under

the microscope is found to consist of scales of extraordinary

size and structure; they are exactly like the egg case of the

skate, but instead of having a long filament at each corner,

they have one from each end in the centre, that at the one

end being very long indeed, frequently much longer than the

rest of the scale, whilst that at the other end, probably the

end of attachment, is by no means as long and not infrequently

has two points of adherence (7.e. Y shaped), the stem of

( chexxii

each being of moderate length; these scales also vary much

in size and in the length of the filaments; in the smaller ones

the likeness to the “‘ mermaid’s purse’ diminishes, they are

rather coarsely striated, the striations being by no means

sufficiently uniform to be called ribbing. In colour they are

golden brown under direct light, and are much the same hue

by transmitted light. When it is remembered that the whole

abdomen is covered with these scales, their number must

run into very many thousands; their size and arrangement

must make them almost perfect for their purpose, so that

when ants attack the newly emerged butterfly the long

filaments at each end must be most admirably adapted for

curling round and adhering tenaciously to their antennae,

and thus ensuring a hasty retreat.

Inasmuch as all the metallic greens of the Ruralidae, when

seen under transmitted light, showed that they had no green

pigment but that their basis was mauve or pink to red, it

became necessary to investigate the allied colours in other

genera. I therefore first looked to the great family Papilio

and made several preparations, among others, of Papilio

blumet. This is a very brilliant bluish-green species. I

found the general pattern of the scales to be very diverse from

those of the Ruralidae; the shape is pyriform, the scales being

very coarsely reticulated, there being only ten rows of reticula-

tions on these large scales (in a few very broad scales I counted

as many as thirteen rows); the ribbing and the transverse

ribbing are very deep and very irregular, being roughly

quadrangular, but the quadrangles are of very varied sizes

and they appear to contain one globule of (I suppose) pigment

of a magenta colour (under transmitted bright light); in

examining this, I reflected a very intense white light through

the scales, the result being that the lines of the reticulations

were finely buff colour whilst the contents were pinkish

magenta; absolute sunlight, reflected through, left the same

colours only intensely clarified; an ordinary but clear light

produced dull ochreous lines and dull magenta colouring

inside the lines; it will thus be seen that the general colouring ~

was the same in all lights, it being simply a question of degree

of brilliancy. Here again there was no bright bluish green

( .elexxa .)

visible at all under transmitted light, just as it was with the

Ruralidae.

I ought perhaps to emphasise the fact that it is necessary

to examine isolated scales if the real colour is to be ascertained ;

if scales, overlapping each other or lying on the top of one

another are considered, quite a different effect may be produced

upon the eye owing to both diffraction and refraction.

In Papilio ulysses, a brilliant azure blue species, the scale is

very close in structure to blumer; the shape is not pyriform

however, being broadish at the base and only increasing

slightly in width to the weakly arched apex. The reticulation

is less coarse, there being twelve and thirteen rows, as com-

pared with ten; the transverse lines also are finer and the

reticulations more regular, the colour of the lines is deep

straw, the interior area being brownish mauve under trans-

mitted light (it is a hue almost impossible to describe). Under

condensed direct light it is seen that the general surface of the

scale is blue, but the great brilliancy of the species is caused

by points of brilliant blue placed at the bottom of the ribs,

not on the top; they are at the four corners of the reticulations,

and would therefore be accounted for by the fact that more

light was available at those points, as the chitine would be

thinnest at those cross points and more light would come

through. All reticulations have the appearance of being

minute bright blue plates overlapping each other slightly.

The green points in the primaries of paris are caused by

isolated scales very similar in shape to blumez, but narrower ;

these points are very green under direct light, and the structure

of the scale is similar, being reticulated, and only differing

in degree; by transmitted light the colour is red, something

of the tint known as Indian red, these isolated scales are in

the midst of black scales of quite a different pattern and

structure; the brilliant greenish patch in the secondaries has

scales of a different shape and slightly different in the pattern

of the structure, they are pyriform, but taper down somewhat

from near the middle, which is the widest point, to the apex,

this being slightly hollowed in the centre. The reticulation

is exceedingly coarse, there are but eight rows of very deep

reticulations; by transmitted light the scales are very solid,

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1913. N

( elxxxiv )

the basal area being pale golden brown becoming rapidly

reddish, almost the colour of a pale garnet stone; in many

cases they are entirely reddish.

Ornithoptera brookeana is the only one of the Rhopalocera

I have examined that forms an exception to the rule that

greens in butterflies have for a basis pinks to reds including

pinkish violet; the beautiful sheen that this species has in

its metallic green transverse bands is well known. The scales

are very different from those of the genus Papilio, being almost

_. paddle-shaped with a broadish base, and the apex slightly

‘truncated; the deep lines and reticulations of that genus are

quite lacking, the surface being lined, but so exceedingly fine

is this lining that the lines are on the average but ;,45 m.m.

wide as against ~i, m.m. in Polyommatus galathea, in which

species the ribbing is rather fine than coarse for the Ruralidae.

The brilliant glossy green of the brookeana scales retain their

colour under transmitted light, becoming lighter and losing

much of the metallic sheen. Now at last I thought I shall

find some green pigment: such however was not to be the

case. The scale itself behind the green looked and proved

to be very solid, they look to be filled with dense black pigment

as they lie over each other, the metallic gloss being partial;

on removing the upperside of the scale, I found there was

left nothing but a dull greyish brown colour on the lower

part of the scale sack; on removing the lower surface of the

sack, the upper finely lined chitinous side retained all its

lustre, this upper side I discovered to be very hard and brittle;

it can be split and is easily broken, but in all cases the colour

is retained, and I have come to the conclusion that in this

case the chitine itself must be coloured. I am aware that the

colour can be dissolved to a considerable extent, and I am

now testing this but it is not completed; I believe however

that in this instance the real colouring matter is not in the

scale sack but, contrary to the Ruralidae at least, the chitine

itself is coloured, 2. e. the colour is subcutaneous.

Ornithoptera priamus is quite different. Whilst the struc-

ture and pattern of the scale is almost precisely similar to

brookeana (the shape is somewhat different however), the

colouring matter is quite diverse; its brilliant and almost pure

(- clizxxy )

green is well known, but under transmitted light it is fiery

red to reddish orange, according to the intensity of light and

the angle of the scale; when examined under a moderately

high power under the microscope it is found that the surface

appears to be closely dusted over with exceedingly fine and

minute points of green, these points are I have little doubt

determined by the width of the lines or ribs wherewith the

chitine is covered, and it is only where the light falls that the

green colour is visible; [under a quarter objective it is scarcely

possible to get the whole scale under direct light, as the scale

is strongly curved, this of course would not happen with the

full play of light upon the scale or wing]; this however entirely

disappears if transmitted light is turned on. With the lower

surface of the sack removed, it is found to be filled with a

finely granulated substance of a pinkish colour, and in certain

places, where the lower surface had taken with it some of

the pink material, the finely lined upperside was visible and

was deep yellow in colour. The consideration of the colour

problem made it necessary to examine other colours as well.

Yellow being a close ally of green in some ways, I turned to

the beautiful lustrous yellows so well known in many of the

genus we are considering. In chimaera the yellow is very

golden and metallic, | found the scales closely allied to priamus

in shape and general appearance; the contour differed, and

the lineation of the scale differed slightly, not being so fine.

Under transmitted light the colour remains clear bright

yellow; all it loses is the metallic lustre; this is without

doubt caused by the lineation. Removing one surface of the

scale the same clear bright yellow still remains, showing that

the colour is due to pigment in some form and not to diffraction.

Ormithoptera miranda shows precisely the same thing, only

in this species it appears as if there was an outer sack con-

taining the inner one; if this is the case, it being very finely

ribbed as is the inner one, it might well be the cause of the

beautiful golden lustre.

In the Erycinid Rhetus periander, a species as bright in its

blue colouration as the majority of the Ruralinae, the blue

scales and the location of the colour is different. They (the

blue scales) are diverse from the other scales which are very

(. chexzvi- ?)

broad, indeed almost as broad as long, somewhat squarely

oblong with bluntly dentated apices, having as many as seven

to nine dentations. The blue scales are, however long, of

but moderate width, suddenly expanding at about a fifth

from the apex where it is arched in its contour, and it is only

this more or less curled tip that is blue, all the rest is sienna

brown; in some cases the blue apex is decidedly and evenly

hollowed out, but in the greater number of the scales this is

not so, the apex being more generally slightly uneven. The

interesting part is that all the blue colour is entirely confined

to the apical half and to a large extent to the apical fifth of

the scale, the brightest part being the apical curved fifth.

The difference in the method of scaling may be seen even with

a tenth hand lens, when it can be observed that the scales

are not wholly blue, they are very irregularly and unevenly

striated, the striations being very fine; they are densely filled

with pigment that under transmitted light is golden brown,

though under a direct light the blue colour is very bright.

In Morpho aurora, a species more brilliant in its blue than

most of the Ruralidae and as brilliant as any, the case is

different. Here we havea colour more susceptible to light than

any that I have yet examined, for its colour changes somewhat

according to the intensity and whiteness of the light. Under

direct light, in bright sun with the light condensed intensely,

the blue colour is at its highest point; as the light is reduced

the colour is likewise reduced until it becomes blue grey.

In the Ruralidae there is no real change of colour, even though

the hue may be intensified. Under transmitted light, with the

sunlight transmitted through the scales, the colour becomes

slightly lilac grey, but scales with the upper ribbed chitine

removed are absolutely transparent and colourless; under

very clear white light (as obtainable on a brilliant day with

white fleecy clouds) the colour is yellowish opalescent. If

placed under very white artificial light (transmitted) the

scales are opalescent, showing slightly the colours so well

known in Australian opals, but not the fiery hues of the

Mexican stones. In this case, as in all others, these remarks

apply to isolated scales, directly they begin to overlap each

other a different effect is produced; the blue asserts itself

( selzxayir }

more owing to double diffraction and also to refraction, so

that it is necessary to be most particular for all observations

to be made on isolated scales so far as they relate to these

structural colours, 7. e. to colours that differ from the pigment

found within the scale.

In closing I must refer to my investigations on the colours

of the scales we have been considering. I can of course only

refer to a few more or less typical species, or to those that

differ from the usual rule. It will no doubt be understood

after my previous remarks that in all cases I am dealing with

isolated scales only; in many instances I have removed the

upper ribbed chitinous surface of the scale sack, and frequently

the lower surface, my object being to find the contents of the

sack.

Plebeius argus under transmitted light has scales (blue under

direct light) that are quite colourless, some being

the very palest straw colour. On removing the

ribbed upper wall of the sack a very fine granulated

surface is disclosed that is absolutely colourless and

transparent.

P. sveversii, a decidedly blue species, is under transmitted

light straw colour, as also are the thick hair-like

scales; with the ribbed chitine removed the sack

is granulated, the pale yellowish granules lying in

fine lines so as to coincide with the ribbing, the

hair-like scale was likewise granulated but with the

chitine removed appeared to be quite colourless.

P. eversmanni has its blue scales reddish buff under trans-

mitted light; with the ribbed wall removed, the

sack is roughly granulated, the pinkish granules not

being confined to the lines of the ribbing.

Polyommatus icarus is pale lemon yellow under transmitted

light; with the upper wall removed a very finely

granulated surface is disclosed, which under a

moderately high power is found to consist of minute

yellow granules that follow precisely the lines of the

ribbing.

P. thetis, with its clear and beautiful blue, becomes under

() clxxarni .)

transmitted light transparent clear deep lemon

colour; the ribbed wall of the sack having been

removed reveals a slightly granulated deposit that

is very pale pinkish. The tubular hair-like scales

are paler yellow than the others.

P. eros is pinkish buff with some intermingling of yellowish

buff under transmitted light, and these colours were

scarcely changed by condensing direct light upon

them; though usually blue reflections show them-

selves if this be done whilst under transmitted light.

P. anteros is pale silvery blue, but under transmitted light

is pinkish. The colour of the “ blasenschuppen ”’ is

not discernibly different from the ordinary blue scale

under direct light, but is pale yellowish under trans-

mitted light.

P. damon becomes semitransparent dirty straw colour

proximally, shading into mauve distally; in this

species I removed the lower wall of the sack with

the result that the upper ribbed wall appeared to be

transparent and clear and was quite colourless; no

granules could be found, so that probably pigment

when present is in the lower portion of the scale

sack.

P. meleager, with its bright clear blue, becomes under trans-

mitted light deepish straw colour, the blue hair-like

scales being also of this colour.

P. semiargus is a strong darkish blue, but under transmitted

light the scales become unusually clear pale straw

colour; with the upper ribbed wall removed a finely

granulated surface is revealed whose colour is almost

imperceptible.

P. galathea is lemon yellow under transmitted light; with

the upper wall removed, a coarsely granulated sur-

face is disclosed, the granules being exceedingly pale

yellowish.

Celastrina argiolus under transmitted light is of the palest

possible yellowish, practically the colour of the

chitine itself.

Lycaena arion becomes straw colour under transmitted

( (elaxsix)-)

light, but with the ribbed upper wall removed, the

scales are absolutely colourless.

L. iolas is lemon colour, as also are the thick hair-like scales ;

in the latter however a considerable number of grey

granules are present.

Lampides aelianus is almost more white than blue under

direct light but the scales become quite transparent

and colourless under transmitted light; this applies

both to the ordinary scales and to the “ blasen-

schuppen.” As an opaque object under very white

condensed light, a single scale has a slightly milky

appearance, but if placed over other scales the very

pale whitish blue is at once apparent; the “ blasen-

schuppen” are dirty cream colour, but over other

scales they are exactly the same colour as the ordinary

ones.

Thysonotis apollonius has the ordinary scales pale very

bright blue, the two sex scales are also blue, the

plumules being pale whitish blue under direct light,

but transmitted light shows that there are two kinds

of these plumules, one of which becomes quite trans-

parent and colourless, whilst the other is finely

shagreened all over and is dark neutral grey. The

‘“*blasenschuppen ”’ are sometimes clear and colour-

less, but generally have a yellowish tinge: the

ordinary scales become tawny yellow.

T. hengis again has the “‘ blasenchuppen ”’ blue, but under

transmitted light they are clear and colourless.

The ordinary scales are of a strong mauve blue, but

under transmitted light they become pale yellowish,

showing thus a marked contrast in inverse degree

from that obtaining in apollonius.

Thysonotis caeleus is quite deep blue in colour, but under

transmitted light it is deepish lemon, the “ blasen-

schuppen”’ being very slightly yellowish, though

under direct light they are practically colourless.

Hypochrysops rex, with its intense ultramarine blue, becomes

deep bronze under transmitted light.

Arhopala helius is deep rich purplish blue, becoming pale

( emer .)

silvery lustrous blue in the median and lower radial

areas; under transmitted light the deep blue becomes

deep lemon, the graduated shades become orange,

whilst the pale silvery blue becomes pinkish buff,

several quite pinkish scales being present. The

upper ribbed surface having been removed left a

closely granulated pink surface, the colour being the

same both with the orange and pinkish buff scales.

On to this pink granulated interior I condensed a

very white light, but it merely intensified the pink

hue, whilst the same result was produced by con-

densing sunlight on to them. I therefore removed

from other scales the lower surface of the sack,

leaving behind only the ribbed upper chitine, no

granules at all were present, the ribs being almost

transparent very slightly yellowish.

Arhopala hercules is a rich, metallic, deep purplish blue,

entirely uniform in colour all over the wing. Under

transmitted light it is clear lemon yellow. With

the upper ribbed chitine removed the same clear

yellow is maintained, the surface being granulated

exceedingly finely. The base of the scale was almost

colourless but became rapidly coloured beyond the

proximal end.

Arrhenothryx penicilligera is a beautiful pale blue, becoming

clear transparent lemon under transmitted light;

with the upper wall removed the interior is densely

and finely granulated with minute lemon-coloured

granules, whilst the white hair-like sexual tufts are

greyish with transmitted light.

Thecla orgia, with its lustrous sky blue, becomes deep straw

colour.

T. polybetes is brilliant metallic blue, but becomes under

transmitted light deep bronzy straw colour.

T. phaleros is bright metallic blue and also becomes bronzy

straw colour.

Most of the South American metallic blues are under trans-

_ mitted light of a bronzy hue so far as my observations go.

Ruralis duma is lustrous metallic green inclining to yellow

(exci; )

green, the wing scales are deeply ribbed, and instead of

being roughly flat are curved; when examined under

transmitted light the colour becomes a delicate

pinkish heliotrope.

Arhopala eumolphus is also lustrous metallic green but

inclining to bluish-green ; the scales are deeply ribbed

and curved; under transmitted light they become

pinkish mauve, different in hue from R. duma.

Heliophorus brahma is fiery metallic reddish golden colour,

and becomes under transmitted light uniformly

green, with no tinge of yellow but rather of the

bluish hue if anything.

Callophrys rubi, with the well-known green colour of its

underside, is quite different from the metallic greens

obtaining in the exotic species. To the naked eye

the colour looks uniform but the scales are really

brilliantly mottled, the mottling under a good direct

white light being very conspicuous and very brilliant.

Under transmitted light the scale is found to be

packed with reddish globules which lie in the sack

quite regardless of the ribbing; they are very

irregular in size and shape, and whilst not entirely

confined to the apical portion are much less plentiful

proximally, with the result that that portion is pale

greyish, but rapidly becomes reddish distally.

Pithecops dionysius is very white on its underside, but under

transmitted light there is a faint brownish reflection ;

with the upper ribbed wall removed it is densely

but finely granulated with granules of a greyish

tinge.

Larinopoda lagyra is quite white to the naked eye and

remains rather transparent whitish with transmitted

hight. When the ribbed upper wall had been re-

moved the scale was not found to be empty but was

heavily granulated with grey; the granules however

were quite invisible as an opaque object.

Larinopoda soyauxi is slightly creamy white but becomes

yellowish under transmitted light; the upper chitine

being removed discloses a coarsely granulated surface,

i (, exci}

quite irrespective of the ribbing the granules being

greyish.

Pentila muhata is brown under direct or transmitted lights

in its brown areas, and with the upper chitine re-

moved reveals a dense granulation of darker brown.

The whitish areas are the same in both lights, but

on removing the upper wall the surface is finely

granulated with almost transparent globules.

Pentila undularis is quite white but becomes yellowish trans-

parent white under transmitted light; with the

ribbed upper wall removed the scale is coarsely

granulated, the granules being transparent, except

on their circumference which is greyish. Under

direct light the scale is quite invisible as an opaque

object, when the ribbed surface is gone.

Oberonia ornatus is pure white, but under transmitted

light becomes hyaline dirty straw colour; with the

upper ribbed wall removed the interior is seen to

be very finely granulated with transparent greyish

granules.

The tawny red species of the genus Jiptena are almost the

same colour under both lights.

These investigations lead me to believe that blue pigment

does not exist, but that though in some cases the scales appear

to be quite colourless, yet in the great majority of cases blue

colour seems to require a basis of yellow for its production

by diffraction. In all the species that I have examined

there is an under layer of brownish scales below the blue ones,

which doubtless absorb unneeded light and in the case of the

colourless scales probably assist the colour in some method.

The case of the metallic greens is less conclusive inasmuch

as Ornithoptera brookeana may prove to have a subcutaneous

colouring matter; but apart from that there appears to be

no evidence so far as the Rhopalocera are concerned that there

is green pigment present, nearly all the greens requiring a basis

of pink to red whilst the strongly metallic and refulgent greens

appear to require a basis of violet or lilac for their production.

The whites have also very rarely white pigment, and are

( cxeni )

very rarely empty scales; grey or brownish seeming to be

the pigment necessary to produce the effect of white to the

unaided eye, this is confirmed by a reference to the genus

Delias whose species are very solid in their whiteness, whereas

under transmitted light I find the scales are decidedly brown

in the one or two species I have examined. In making these

final remarks I have no wish to dogmatise and I only state

what my own investigations have shown me. I might further

add that in all my many hundreds of microscopic preparations

I have trusted to no one but myself, for I have made them all

with my own hands, it being a subject that has occupied my

attention for a good many years.

( ‘cxety -)

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Aberrant and hybrid Heterocera, exhibited, cii.

Aberration, of Rhynchites aeneovirens, scarce, exhibited, xlii; of Colzas edusa,

exhibited, lxx ; of Coleoptera, exhibited, Ixx; of Lepidoptera from the

Guildford district, exhibited, Ixxiii; of Telchinia violae, exhibited,

Ixxix; of Pyrameis indica, exhibited, cii; of Abraxas grossulariata,

exhibited, cxix.

Abnormal pairing, exhibited, cv.

Abraxas grossulariata,aberrations of, exhibited, cxix.

Acanthocinus aedilis from Bow, exhibited, Ixxix.

Acidalia virgularia, gynandromorphic specimen of, exhibited, xi.

Acraea, with description of new form of A. encedon, supplementary notes on

new or little-known forms of, lvii, 407.

Aculeate in the 8. Paulo district of Brazil, Locustid and Reduviid mimic of

Fossorial, exhibited, 1.

Africa, various insects mostly from, exhibited, xciv.

African Lycaenid butterfly, MZegalopalpus zymna, sluggishness of the, ex-

hibited, xxii; Insects, especially Ants, Lepidoptera and Homoptera, etc.,

on the relationship between certain West, lvi, 436.

Agriades coridon, forms of, exhibited, xxvii, xxix.

Albino example of Taentocampa gracilis, exhibited, xxxi.

Aleuonota, Atheta and Sipalia, synoptic table of the British species of, 284.

Algeria, an Asilid and an Oncodid, habits of two Diptera from, xlix; larval

and imaginal Embiidae from Tunisia and, exhibited, lviii.

Amauris niavius, on the scent-apparatus of, xxiv, 399, exhibited, cxxxiii; A.

egialea stroking the brands of the hind-wings with its anal tufts, 1xxxiii.

America, with descriptions of new genera and species, notes on various

Coleoptera from Central, 58; descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from

South, 170; imported Syntomid from, exhibited, lxx; with descriptions

of new species, revision of the Malachiidae and Melyridae from Mexico

and Central, exviii; Papilios from South, exhibited, cxxix ; butterflies

from North, exhibited, cxxxii; new species of butterflies from South,

exxxiii,671; notes on various Coleoptera from Central, 667.

Anal tufts, 4mauris egialea stroking the brands of the hind-wings with its,

lxxxiii.

Ancrgates atratulus, British, exhibited, xliv.

( exev )

Ants, from the United States and Switzerland, exhibited, xxiii ; from Egypt,

exhibited, xxvii; new British, exhibited, xxxi ; and their guests, exhibited,

xliii; Lepidoptera and Homoptera, etc., on the relationship between

certain West African Insects, especially, lvi, 436; very rare, exhibited,

ci; observations on the driver(Dorylus) of Southern Nigeria, exhibited,

exxiii ; three incipient colonies of, exhibited, cxxxi.

Apparatus, useful, exhibited, xlvi.

Araschnia levana from the Forest of Dean, exhibited, lxx.

Argynnis aurestana, observations on, Xxvi.

Asclepiadaceae, insects and, exhibited, xlv.

Asilidand Oncodid, habits of two Algerian Diptera, exhibited, xlix.

Atheta and Sipalia, synoptic table of the British species of A lewonota, 284.

Auditors, nomination of, cix.

Australia, the Culicédae of, ciii, 683 ; four new genera and species of Hymen-

optera from, cxviii; three new species of Hymenoptera from, exviii.

Avebury, Lord, notice of the death of, xlii.

Bee and parasite, exhibited, xlvi.

Beetle, courtship of Lycid, exhibited, Ixxxiv, Ixxxviii; Erotylid found in

clay cells, exhibited, cxxii.

Birds in Ceylon, wings of Danaine and Euploeine butterflies killed by,

exhibited, x].

Borneo, with a revision of the Thecline genus Thamala, on some new and

little-known Lycaenidae from, 273.

Bow, Acanthocinus aedilis from, exhibited, lxxix.

Braconid silk, exhibited, lix.

Brazil, Locustid and Reduviid mimic of Fossorial Aculeate in the 8. Paulo

district of, exhibited, 1; mimicry among Swallowtails and other notes

on butterflies at S. Paulo, exix.

British, Coleoptera, exhibited, v; Crabronidae (Hymenoptera), on the

classification of, xxx, 383; ant, new, exhibited, xxxi; MJycetophilidae,

on the, xlii, 334; Anergates atratulus, exhibited, xliv; Lepidoptera,

exhibited, xxi.

British Honduras, moths from, exhibited, i.

British Museum in London, neue Pyrgotinen aus dem, xxx; note sur

Lucanides conservés dans les collections de l’Université d’Oxford et du,

213.

Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of the same combination,

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, and its models on, ciii, 606 ; P. boisduvalz,

and its models, with special reference to, ciii, 646.

Butterflies, transfers of, exhibited, xxvi; killed by birds in Ceylon, wings of

Danaine and Huploeine, exhibited, xl; from the Tyrol, exhibited, xxiii ;

from the Sudan, exhibited, xxx; at S. Paulo, Brazil, mimicry among

Swallowtails and other notes on, cxix; North American, exhibited,

exxxii; new species of South American, cxxxiii, 671; of the White Nile,

a study in geographical distribution, 11.

Callicera (Diptera), descriptions of new species‘of the Syrphid genus, xxx,

Catocalids, collection of, exhibited, 1xxi.

Celastrina argiolus emerging in autumn and spring, single batch of, exhibited,

xliv.

( exevi )

Ceylon, wings of Danaine and Euploeine butterflies killed by birds in,

exhibited, xl.

Chalcid, almond-feeding, exhibited, xvii.

Chilades galba and C. phiala, comparative notes on, 201.

Chrysophanus dispar, var. rutilus, exhibited, lxxvii.

Clay cells, Erotylid beetles found in, exhibited, exxii.

Cnethocampa pityocampa, scales of, exhibited, xxxi.

Cocoons, of moths from the Lagos district, exhibited, v ; of the Tineid moth»

Epicephala chalybacma, xxxviii.

Coitd, importance of preserving insects found zn, exhibited, lxxxviii; Pierid

butterflies taken zn, ev.

Coleoptera, British, exhibited, v ; scarce and aberrant, exhibited, lxx ; with

descriptions of new genera and species, notes on various Central American,

58, 667.

Coleopteron, resembling Dipteron, exhibited, xv ; remarkable, exhibited, xv.

Coleopterous palpi, remarkable, exhibited, lix.

Colias edusa, aberration of, exhibited, lxx.

Coloration in Papilio polytes, pupal, xlii, 414.

Congress of Zoology, nomination of delegates to International, xiii; account

of ninth International, xxviii, xxx.

Coniopteryzx, larvae of, exhibited, xxiii ; cocoons of, exhibited, Ix.

Cornish Phryzxus livornica, exhibited, xi.

Corydalis orientalis, exhibited, cii.

Council, nomination of, cv.

Courtship of Lycid beetle, exhibited, Ixxxiv, lxxxviii.

Crabronidae (Hymenoptera), on the classification of British, xxx, 383.

Culicidae, from Papua, xlii; of Australia, the, ciii, 683.

Danaine and Euploeine butterflies killed by birds in Ceylon, wings of,

exhibited, xl.

Delegates to International Congress of Zoology, nomination of, xiii.

Devonshire, Lepidoptera from, exhibited, lxxxviii.

Diptera, descriptions of new species of the Syrphid genus Callicera, xxx, 323 ;

from Algiers, an Asilid and an Oncodid, habits of two, xlix; rare myrme-

cophilous, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Dipteron, Coleopteron resembling, exhibited, xv.

Distinction of certain species in the orbitulus and pheretiades section of the

genus Plebecus, notes on the specific, 205.

Dolerids, illustrations of specific differences in the saws of female, Ixxiii,

428.

Dorylus, driver ants of Southern Nigeria, observations on, exhibited, cxxiii.

Druce, H., notice of the death of, xxx.

Eciton and Myrmecophiles, genus, exhibited, xxiii.

Egypt, ants from, exhibited, xxvii.

Embiidae from Tunisia and Algeria, larval and imaginal, exhibited, lviii.

Entomological Society of Ontario, letter from President of, xxx.

Epicephala chalybacma, cocoons of the Tineid moth, xxxviii.

Epidiascope, instructions for exhibiting specimens in the, cxviii.

Erebias, mimicry in, exhibited, cvii.

Erotylid beetles found in clay cells, exhibited, cxxii.

Euploeine butterflies killed by birds in Ceylon, wings of Danaine and,

exhibited, xl.

( exevii )

Fellows, election of, xiii, xxii, xxv, xxx, xlii, lvii, xxiv, lxxxvi, civ, cix.

Fleas infect with plague, method by which, exhibited, cxv.

Flies, stalk-eyed, exhibited, exxxi.

Forest of Dean, Araschnia levana from the, exhibited, Ixx.

Formica fusca, the forms picea and gagates of, exhibited, iv.

Garde, P. de la, notice of the death of, xlii.

Geographical distribution, mimicry in relation to, exhibited, 1x.

Gonepteryx cleopatra, gynandromorphous, exhibited, Ixxviii, cxxxi.

Gonometa subfascia, sexes of, exhibited, vii.

Guildford district, aberrations of Lepidoptera from the, exhibited, Ixxiii.

Gynandromorphic specimen, of Acidalia virgularia, exhibited, xi; of

Gonepteryx cleopatra, exhibited, xxviii, cxxxi; of Smerinthus popult,

exhibited, Ixxviii.

Haplothorax burchelli, exhibited, lviii.

Hare’s hair, Tinea pallescentella bred from, exhibited, xviii.

Heliconius dovis, variation in, exhibited, evi; H. anderida, exhibited, cxxxii.

CXXxii,

Hemiptera-Heteroptera still preserving characteristic smell after a lapse of

eighty-five years, exhibited, lix.

Hesperid drinking ink after first moistening it, xl.

Hesperidae, resemblance between under surface of many species of Melitaea

and that of certain Palaearctic, xlvi.

Heterocera, aberrant and hybrid, exhibited, cii; from Madagascar, new or

little-known, ciii, 587.

Himalayas and Turkestan, Rhopalocera from the Western, exhibited, xi.

Homoptera, on the relationship between certain West African Insects,

especially Ants, Lepidoptera and, lvi, 436.

Hong-kong, Papilio polytes from, exhibited, xxxi.

Honorary Fellow, election of, Ixxxvi.

Hybrid Heterocera, aberrant and, exhibited, cii.

Hymenoptera, on the genera Trichogramma and Pentarthron, xii, 603; on the

classification of British Crabronidae, xxx, 383; Aculeata, insects bred

from nests of, lxxxv; from Australia, four new genera and species of,

exviii; three new species of Australian, cxvili.

Iceland, Larentia citratra from, exhibited, xvi.

India, descriptions of new species of Staphylinidae from, ciii, 525.

Indo-Australian Passalédae, evolution and distribution of asymmetrical,

exhibited, lxxiv.

Injuries found in Lepidoptera and their interpretation, disabling and other,

exhibited, xix.

Insects, and Asclepiadaceae, exhibited, xlv; bred from nests of Hymenoptera

Aculeata, exhibited, lxxxv; found in cozté, importance of preserving,

exhibited, lxxxviii ; mostly from Africa, various, exhibited, xciv.

Trish Pterostichus aterrimus, exhibited, lxxix.

Japan, imported Locustid from, exhibited, Ixx.

Jassidae, parasitised, exhibited, Ixxix.

Lagos district, cocoons of moths from the, exhibited, v.

Lantern exhibition, xxiv.

Larentia citrata from Iceland, exhibited, xvi.

Larval habits, of the Tineid moth Melasina energa, xlii, 420; curious,

exhibited, cxvii.

( exeviii )

Lepidoptera, and their interpretation, disabling and other injuries found in,

exhibited, xix ; and Homoptera, etc., on the relationship between certain

West African Insects, especially Ants, lvi, 486; British, exhibited, lxxi

from the Guildford district, aberrations of, exhibited, lxxiii ; Rhopalocera

of Trinidad, additions and corrections to catalogue of the, lxxiii, 545

from Devonshire, exhibited, Ixxxviii.

Library, donations to, xxx ; presentation to, cxix.

Lizard attacking Meyachile cincta, exhibited, lxxxv.

Locustid, and Reduviid mimic of Fossorial Aculeate in the S. Paulo district

of Brazil, exhibited, 1; imported Japanese, exhibited, lxx.

Lonchaea chorea, on the life history of, 314.

Lucanides conservés dans les collections de l’Université de Oxford et du

British Museum, notes sur, 213.

Lycaenid butterfly, Megalopalpus zymna, sluggishness of the African,

exhibited, xxii.

Lycaenidae, with a revision of the Thecline genus Thamala, ou some new and

little-known Bornean, 273.

Lycid beetle, courtship of, exhibited, Ixxxiv, ]xxxviii.

Madagascar, new or little-known Heterocera from, ciii, 587.

Malachiidae and Melyridae, with descriptions of new species, revision of the

Mexican and Central American, cxviii.

Megachile cincta attacked by lizard, exhibited, lxxxv.

Megalopalpus zymna, sluggishness of the African Lycaenid butterfly, exhibited,

XXii.

Melasina energa, larval habits of the Tineid moth, xlii, 420.

Melitaea and that of certain Palaearctic Hesperidae, resemblance between

under surface of many species of, xlvi.

Melyridae, with descriptions of new species, revision of the Mexican and

Central American Malachiidae and, exviii.

Membracidae, protective resemblance and mimicry in the, xxxv.

Mexico and Central America, with descriptions of new species, revision of the

Malachiidae and Melyridae from, exviii.

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, 170.

Mimicry, in the Membracidae, protective resemblance and, xxxv; by Locustid

and Reduviid of Fossorial Aculeate in the S. Paulo district of Brazil,

exhibited, 1; in relation to geographical distribution, exhibited, Ix ; in

Erebias, exhibited, cvii; among Swallowtails and other notes on butter-

flies at S. Paulo, Brazil, exix; a few observations in, 1.

Mymaridae, new genus of, exhibited, lxxvi, exxxiv.

Mycetophilidae, on the British, xlii, 334.

Myrmecocystus, association of Thorictus and, exhibited, exxx.

Myrmecophiles, genus Eeiton and, exhibited, xxiii.

Myrmecophilous Diptera, rare, exhibited, lxxvi,

Nature reserves, xv.

Nigeria, additional observation on courtship of Lycid beetle from, exhibited,

lxxxviii ; observations on the driver ants (Dorylus) of Southern, exhibited,

cxxii,

Nile, a study in geographical distribution, the butterflies of the White, 11.

Nomenclature Committees, nomination of, xiii.

Obituary, H. Druce, xxx; Lord Avebury, P. de la Garde, xlii.

( sexeix™ )

Officers, nomination of, cv.

Oncodid and Asilid, habits of two Algerian Diptera, exhibited, xlix.

Ontario, letter from President of Entomological Society of, xxx.

Oxford et du British Museum, notes sur Zucanides conservés dans les

collections de Université de, 213.

Paignton, Thalpochares ostrina from, exhibited, xlvi.

Pairing, abnormal, exhibited, cv.

Palaearctic Hesperidae, resemblance between under surface of many species

of Melztaea and that of certain, xlvi.

Panorpa cognata, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Papilio dardanus, f. leight, exhibited, vii; P. polytes from Hong-kong,

exhibited, xxxi; family of P. dardanus bred from eggs laid by a

planemoides female, xxxiii; pupal coloration in P. polytes, xlii, 414; syne-

pigonic series of P. dardanus from parent form planemoides, liii; P.

dardanus bred in 8.E. Rhodesia, lxix; the inheritance of smal] variations

in the pattern of P. dardanus, ciii, 656.

Papilios, South American, exhibited, cxxix.

Papua, Culieidae from, xlii.

Parasite, bee and, exhibited, xlvi.

Parasitised Jassidae, exhibited, lxxix.

Passalidae, evolution and distribution of asymmetrical Indo-Australian,

exhibited, Ixxiv.

Pentarthron, on the Hymenopterous genera Trichogramma and, xii, 603.

Phryxus livornica, Cornish, exhibited, xi.

Pierids and their scent scales, exhibited, cx.

Plague, method by which fleas infect with, exhibited, exv.

Plebeius, notes on the specific distinction of certain species in the orbitulus

and pheretzades section of the genus, 205.

Porthesia similis, on the urticating properties of, lxxiii, 423.

Protected species, Thais rumina as a, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Protective resemblance and mimicry in the Wembracidae, xxxv.

Pseudacraea, of the eurytus group from the Sesse Archipelago, further

synepigonic, exhibited, viii; P. eurytus hobley7, its forms and its models

on Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of the same

combination, ciii, 606; P. boisduvali, and its models, with especial

reference to Bugalla Island, ciii, 646.

Pterostichus aterrimus, Irish, exhibited, lxxix.

Pyrameis indica, aberration of, exhibited, cii.

Pyrgotinen aus dem British Museum in London, neue, xxx.

Reduviid and Locustid mimic of Fossorial Aculeate in the 8. Paulo district

of Brazil, exhibited, 1.

Rhodesia, Papilio dardanus bred in 8.E., lxix.

Rhopalocera, from the Western Himalayas and Turkestan, exhibited, xi; of

Trinidad, additions and corrections to catalogue of the Lepidoptera,

Ixxili, 545 ; Spanish, exhibited, cv.

Rhynchites aeneovirens, scarce aberration of, exhibited, xlii.

Royal Patronage, announcement as to, xlii.

Saws of female Dolerids, illustrations of specific differences in the, ]xxiii,

428.

Scales of Cnethocampa pityocampa, exhibited, xxxi.

PROC. ENT. S0C. LOND., v. 1913. re)

(Scent)

Scent, -apparatus of Amauris niavius, on the, xxiv, 399, exhibited, cxxxiii ;

-scales, Pierids and their, exhibited, cx.

Scotland, Zygaenids from, exhibited, lxxvii. |

Sesse Archipelago, further synepigonic Pseudacraea of the eurytus group from

the, exhibited, viii.

Sipalia, synoptic table of the British species of Alewonota, Atheta and, 284.

Smell of Hemiptera-Heteroptera, after a lapse of eighty-five years, lix.

Smerinthus populi, exhibited, 1xxviii.

Society, discussion as to title of the, lxxiv, lxxxvi.

Spain, Rhopalocera from, exhibited, cv.

Staphylinidae from India, descriptions of new species of, ciii, 525.

Stridulating pupa, exhibited, xlv.:

Sudanese butterflies, exhibited, lxxx.

Swallowtails and other notes on butterflies at 8. Paulo, Brazil mimicry

among, cxix.

Switzerland, ants from the United States and, exhibited, xxiii.

Synepigonic, Pseudacraea of the ewrytus group from the Sesse Archipelago,

further, exhibited, viii; series of Papilio dardanus from parent form

planemotdes, liii.

Syntomid, imported American, exhibited, Ixx.

Syrphid genus Callicera (Diptera), descriptions of new species of the, xxx,

323.

Taeniocampa gracilis, albino example of, exhibited, xxxi; pale, exhibited, xlvi.

Tatochila immaculata, exhibited, xlii.

Telchinia violae, aberration of, exhibited, lxxix.

Tetramorium caespitum from northern locality, exhibited, xxvii.

Thats rumina as a protected species, exhibited, lxxxvii.

Thalpochares ostrina from Paignton, exhibited, xlvi.

Thamala, on some new and little-known Bornean Lycaenidae, with a revision

of the Thecline genus, 273,

Thorictus and Myrmecocystus, association of, exhibited, cxxx.

Tinea pallescentella bred from hare’s hair, exhibited, xviii.

Tineid moth, Epicephala chalybacma, cocoons of the, xxxviii; Melasina

energa, larval habits of the, xlii, 420.

Title of the Society, discussion as to, xxiv, lxxxvi.

Trichogramma, and Pentarthron, on the Hymenopterous genera, xii, 603.

Trinidad, additions and corrections to catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopa-

locera of, lxxiii, 545.

Tunisia, larval and imaginal Hmbiidae from Algeria and, exhibited, lviii.

Turkestan, Rhopalocera from the Western Himalayas and, exhibited, xi.

Tyrol, butterflies from the, exhibited, Ixxiii.

United States and Switzerland, ants from the, exhibited, xxiii.

Urticating properties of Porthesia similis, on the, lxxiii, 423.

Variations, in the pattern of Papilio dardanus, the inheritance of, ciii, 656 ;

in Heliconius doris, exhibited, evi.

Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i.

Weevil, rare, exhibited, xxxi.

Wicken Fen, discussion as to preservation of, Ixxxvii, civ.

Zoology, nomination of delegates to International Congress of, xiii ; account

of ninth International Congress of, xxviii.

Zygaenids Scotch, exhibited, Ixxvii.

( eci )

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.

abbreviata (Dasychira), 596

abdera (Acraea), 23, 53

abdominalis (Ceratognathus), 268, 272

Bs (Trichius), v

Abisara, lxiv, lxvi, lxvii

Ablepharipus, 390, 394, 397

Abraxas, cxix

Acalyptus, xxxi

Acanthocinus, v, lxxix

Acanthocrabro, 391, 395, 397

Acanthopsyche, 590

acara (Acraea), 646, 651, 652

acaste (Teracolus), 36, 37

acco (Parnassius), xii

Aceraius, xxv

acerata (Acraea), xciv, 52, 410, 411

», £. vinidia (Acraea), 22, 55

acheloia (Byblia), 22

achine (Teracolus), Ixxxii, 40, 41, 53

Achlyodes, 582

aciculatus (Cybocephalus), 59, 71, 72

Acidalia, xi

Acnemia, 337, 338, 341, 356

Acraea, xix, Xx, xxii, lvil, xciii, xciv,

xevi, 12, 22, 23, 32, 51, 52, 53, 55,

407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413,

494, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,

618, 620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630,

632, 634, 636, 638, 640, 642, 644,

646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652,

658, 654

Acraeinae, lxiii, Ixvii, Ixxxiv, 22, 50,

445, 549

Acribis, 70, 71

Acridiidae, xxxvi, xevii

acrobatica (Struthoscelis), 177

Acrolophus, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,

196, 197, 198, 199

acronitis (Agriophara), 182

Acrotona, 313

Actinote, lxiii, Ixvii, 549

actista (Stenoma), 186

aculeata (Hymenoptera), 1, 2

acuminatus (Aegus), 255, 257, 258

acutipennis (Dismorphia), 570

Adelpha, Ixiii, Ixv, 545, 546, 555, 556,

557

Adimeridae, 73

Adimerus, 73, 74

aditya (Chrysophanus), xii

adonis (Macrocneme), 7

adspersus (Oonotus), 264, 271

adumbrata (Mycetophila), 378, 375,

376

aeagrus (Dinia), ili, iv

aecas (Flacilla), 579

», (Papilio), 579

aede astydamia (Heliconius), evi

aedestis (Parnassius), xii

aedilis (Acanthocinus), v, xxix

aegagrus (Plebeius), 205, 206, 207

Aegeriadae, 513

Aegognathus, 259, 271

Aegotypus, 255, 271

aegra (Atheta), 297

», (Microdota), 312

Aegus, 255, 256, 257, 258, 271

aegyptius (Pinophilus), 535

aenea (Lamprima), 217

aeveicollis (Atheta), 310, 312

aeneovirens (Rhynchites), xlii

aeneus (Dolerus), 430, 434, 435

Aenigmatias, lxxvi

aequalis (Aegus), 258

aequata (Atheta), 284, 285, 300

», (Dinaraea), 312

aequicollis (Pycnomerus), 76

aequinoctiale (Hexaphyllum), 267

aeratus (Chalcodes), 243, 270

aerias (Catagramma), lxv

aericeps (Dolerus), 431,

435

Aesalus, 267

aestivalis (Platyura), 348, 352, 381

432, 483,

(Perit)

aethiops (Camponotus), xxiv

“5 (Sima), 442, 493

affinis (Cyclommatus), 235, 236, 270

», (Idalina), lxvii

So (ua SUS) koe

», (Mycomyia), 355

agamemnon (Papilio), xli

Agaristidae, Ixvi, lxvii

Agaromyia, 339

agatha (Neptis), 21, 53

Agathidium, 67, 72

Agelastica, v

Ageronia, exxii, 555

Aglyptonotus, 59, 65, 66, 67

Aglyptus, 65, 66, 67

agregia (Aleuonota), 294

Agriades, lxxvii, Ixxviii, xxix

Agriophara, 182

Agyrta, iii, iv, lxiv

agyrtus (Isapis), lxv

akwapimensis, var. poultoni (Campo-

notus), 444, 465, 470, 471, 472, 474,

476, 477, 478, 488, 489, 495, 497

alalia (Actinote), 549

Alaobia, 312

albapex (Rapala), 283

albardana (Epagoge), 514

alberta (Lycaenesthes), 437, 442, 476

albescens (Uranotaenia), 684, 705, 708

albicincta (Epitoxis), lxxxviii, xc, xciii

albida (Thalpochares), xlix

albiditarsis (Meteorus), lix

albilabris (Lindenius), 396

albimaculata (Amauris), xciv

albina (Trichodesma), 132

albisigna (Pheia), iv

albistigmata (Horaga), 277

albistolata (Trichodesma), 138, 137

albofasciata (Pierella), 678

albo-lunatus (Lerodes), 591

albo-sparsatus (Lerodes), 591

alces (Odontolabis), 238, 270

alcibiades (Argiolaus), 437, 443, 474

Alcimus, 258, 271

alcinde (Bunaea), 444, 467

», (Planema), lxxxiv, 610, 611

», camerunica (Planema), 608,

611, 618, 620, 622, 624, 626, 628,

630, 632, 634, 636, 638, 640, 642, 644

alciope (Acraea), 608, 609, 610, 618,

620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630,

632, 634, 636, 638, 640, 642,

644

», f. alicia (Acraea), 608

», #. aurivillii (Acraea), 608, 610,

618, 620, 622, 624, 626, 628,

630, 632, 634, 636, 638, 640,

642, 644

Aletis, xxi, xxii

aletta (Ithomia), 547

», (Pteronymia), 547

Aleuonota, 284, 298, 294, 311

aleurodiformis (Semidalis), 1x

Alianta, 312

alicia (Acraea), 607

aliena (Sciophila), 339

alienus (Lasius), Ixxvii

aliiceps (Paederus), 538

Allocotocera, 341

Allodia, 338, 339, 348, 367, 368

Allotinus, 276, 469

alni (Agelastica), v

,, (Cis), 162

Aloconota, 311

alpestris (Atheta), 310

a (Liogluta), 313

alpinata (Psodos), lxxi

altifrons (Centrotus), 516

x (Leptocentrus), xxxvi, 437,

443, 444, 462, 466, 467,

494, 495, 496, 497, 516

amandus (Polyommatus), ]xxiii

amarah (Lycaenesthes), 26, 52

amaryllis (Heliconius), 550

As euryades (Heliconius), 550

i (Pieris), cxiv

amatus (Teracolus), 33

Amauris, xxiv, xxxv, ]xxxiii, Ixxxiv,

xciv, xcVv, cxxxili, 399, 402, 403,

404, 405, 658, 662

amazonica (Othria), Ixvii

amelia (Teracolus), 35, 58

americanus (Lucanus), 220, 221, 269

amicitiae (Acraea), 410

amicula (Atheta), 284, 295, 301

», (Microdota), 312

Amidobia, 313

Amischa, 313

Ammophila, ¢c, ci

amoena (Allodia), 368

amoenus (Eupactus), 151

Up (Paederus), 540

amphicrena (Coptotelia), 178

amphiptera (Stenoma), 185

amphissa (Lycaena), xii

Amyeles, ii, iv

anacardia nebulosa

Xxil

Anaclinia, 335, 337, 338, 341, 361

Anaea, 557

analis (Amischa), 313

», (Atheta), 291

», (Boletina), 362

», (Lasiosoma), 357

Anaphora, 191

Anatella, 342

(Salamis), xxi,

( eaili )

Anatole, 564

anchises cymochles (Papilio), 572

anchisiades (Papilio), exxi

Anchon, 437, 443, 444, 464, 465, 467,

498, 516, 517

anchora (Hesperia), 581

»» (Paraides), 581

Ancyloxypha, 580

anderida (Heliconius), cxxxii

in f. albipunctata (Heliconius),

Cxxxili

- f. albucilla (Heliconius),

CXXXli

sty f. clara (Heliconius), exxxii

. f. estebana (Heliconius),

CXxXXli

e f. holcophora (Heliconius),

CXXxli

a f. melicerta (Heliconius),

exxxii

ae f. zuleika (Heliconius), exxxii

Andrena, xlvi

andrewesi (Dianous), 534

its (Paederus), 538

a (Selerochiton), 541

androgeus laodocus (Papilio), Ixvi

Anepsicus, 90, 91, 92

Anergates, xliv

angulata (Macrocera), 345, 346

angulatus (Lucanus), 244

(Neolucanus), 243, 244, 245,

270

angulosus (Hapalips), 99, 111

angusta (Nacaduba), 277

angustatum (Sphecosoma), 8

angusticollis (Atheta), 301

3 (Neolucanus), 245

a (Traumoecia), 312

angustula (Atheta), 285, 300

Ae (Dinaraea), 312

angustulus (Lorelus), 62, 163,

166

”?

165,

Anisocheleomyia, 683, 684, 707

Anisoplaca, 175

Anisoplia, xlix

Ankistrophorus, 191

annulata (Culicada), 683, 689

Bs (Ephyra), cii

ry (Leucomyia), 683, 695

or (Plesiastina), 338

», (Zonosoma), cii, cili

annulicoxa (Macrocera), 346

annulipes (Culicada), 683, 693

55 (Nyssorhynchus), 683, 684,

708

annulirostris (Culicelsa), 699

a (Leucomyia), 683, 696

annus (Cecropterus), lxiii

Anobium, 133

anomala (Azana), 338

Anommatus, 76

Anopleta, 312

Anotylus, 526

Antaeotricha, 181

Antaeus, 252

antaeus (Dorcus ), 252, 258, 262, 271

antalus (Virachola), 28, 52

anteas (Actinote), 549

Antennophorus, xliii

Anteros, 562

antevippe (Teracolus), 40

Antheua, xevi

Anthocharis, xlix

Anthomyiidae, 315

anthracina (Amycles), ii, iv

anthracinus (Dolerus), 430, 435

antica (Platyura), 338, 353

anticus (Dolerus), 432, 435

antifaunus (Hypolycaena), 503

antillarum (Petalium), 140, 141

at (Rhadine), 141

antilopus (Prosopocoelus), 227, 228

antinorii (Deilemera), v

antiochus alba (Heliconius), 545

», salvinii (Heliconius), 545

Antirrhaea, 679

antis (Astylus), 9

antonia (Hesperia), xlvi, xlvii

», Maxima (Pyrgus), xlvii

Anua, xxi

anxius (Crossocerus), 391, 394

apastus (Telegonus), Ixiii

Apatura, xii

Apaustus, 574, 579, 580

Apemon, 348, 349

Aphaenogaster, cxxxi

apheles (Theope), 565

Aphidae, 444, 453, 460

aphidum (Blepharipus), 390, 393, 395

Aphnaeus, 55

apicale (Petalium), 141

apicalis (Mycomyia), 355

», (Oxyporus), 529

» (Rhadine), 141

», (Sciophila), 338

Apis, xlv

Apoliphthisa, 341, 357, 360

Appias, evi

Apterocyclus, 258, 271

aquatica (Atheta), 304, 312

aquatilis (Atheta), 305, 312

arachnoides (Ecitomorpha), xv

aragonensis (Astragalus), ev

Avaschnia, Ixx, 553

archeri (Aulacostethus), 233, 269

archesilaus (Papilio), 572

( cciv )

Arctiadae, Ixvi, 600

arctica (Atheta), 307

», (Metaxya), 311

Arctiidae, xevii

Ardeutica, 172, 173

arduinna (Melitaea), xlvii

arenaria (Planema), xi, 653

arene (Dynamine), 554

arenicola (Atheta), 290

oe (Datomicra), 313

areolatus (Ceratognathus), 268, 272

argentatus (Paederus), 540

Argiolaus, 437, 443, 474

argiolus (Celastrina), xliv

Argynnis, xii, xxvi, xlix

argyrodines (Charis), 563

Argyrocides, iv

Argyrotoxa, 172

Arhopala, 277

ariana (Lycaena), xii

Aricoris, Ixv, 565

arion (Lycaena), cx, 201

», var, obscura (Lycaena), cx

aristolochiae (Papilio), xxxii, xxxili

armata (Trichodesma), 61, 133, 136,

138, 139

armatus (Aegotypus), 255

5 (Kerana), Ixvi

arne (Teracolus), 33

Arrhenophanes, 199

Arrhenophanidae, 199

arrowi (Hemisodoreus), 254

Arrugia, 508

Arthrobrachys, 128

arundinetella (Gelechia), 1xxii

asa (Mesosemia), lxiii

asander (Epargyreus), 582

asela (EKuploea), 405

asiatica (Corydalis), cii

Asilidae, x], 1

Asilus, xlix

Asindulum, 340, 354, 355, 381

asius (Papilio), cxxix, cxxx

Aslauga, 436, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447,

448, 449, 451, 492, 494, 499, 500,

501, 507, 508

aspersa (Ilema), 601

Aspidophorus, 118

astacoides (Metopodontus), 224, 269

astarte (Catagramma), 554, 555

», antillena (Catagramma), 554,

555

Astenus, 540, 542

asteroidea (Melitaea), xlvii

$3 f. solona (Melitaea), xl] vii

asterope (Yphthima), 19, 53, 54

Astragalus, cv

astylos (Bungalotis), lxiii

Astylus, 9

atacama (Catagramma), Ixv

Atella, 22, 58, 54

ater (Spiniger), 1

aterrima (Acrotona), 313

An (Atheta), 287

te (Epicypta), 371, 372

fe (Mycetophila), 372

5s (Odezia), lxiv

aterrimus (Pterostichus), lxxix

athalia (Melitaea), xlviii

atheas (Metiscus), 577

Atheta, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,

290, 291, 292, 2938, 294, 295, 296,

297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,

304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310,

311, 312, 313

Athyrtis, cxxxiii

atkinsoni (Digonophorus), 248, 270

Atomaria, 114

atomaria (Atheta), 285, 295

es (Ematurga), Lxxiii

PA (Microdota), 312

atomarioides (Pseudevolocera),

113, 114

atomus (Malthodes), lxxi

Atopocera, 191

atramentaria (Atheta), 289

a (Dimetrota), 313

atrata (Platyura), 339, 349

atratulus (Anergates), xliv

atratus (Pseudolucanus), 218, 269

atricapilla (Aleuonota), 298, 294, 311

atricauda (Trichonta), 338, 368

atriceps (Platyura), 347, 850, 380, 381

atricollis (Nepticula), ]xxiii

atricolor (Atheta), 285, 296

is (Microdota), 312

atrius (Calycopis), 570

», (Thecla), 570

Atrytone, 580

attalia (Leucothyris), 673

attenuata (Callidula), lxvi

A (Gonometa), 591

Atteria, 171

aubei (Atheta), 308

», (Metaxya), 311

augusta (Chrysostola), ii, iv

», (Dycladia), iv

Aulacostethus, 233, 269

aunus (Cecropterus), 574

», (Papilio), 574

aurantiaca (Aleuonota), 293, 294, 311

3 (Dasychira), 594

aurata (Lamprima), 216

aureoplaga (Kuproctis), 598

aureotincta (Dasychira), 596

auresiana (Argynnis), xxvi1

60,

( cov: )

auriflamma (Scea), 9

auriflua (Porthesia), vi

aurinia (Melitaea), xlvi, ev

», var. iberica (Melitaea), cv

auripes (Macrocneme), iii, iv

aurivillii r. kasaiensis (Pheidole),

443, 458, 459, 460, 463, 464, 467,

468, 473, 474, 476, 477, 478, 480,

482, 483, 489, 490, 491, 498

aurolimbata (Orgyia), vi

ausia (Pieris), cxi, cxii, cxiv

australiensis (Leucomyia), 696

australis (Grabhamia), 687

Automeris, exviii

autumnalis (Atheta), 295, 312

Auxicerus, 259, 260, 271

avius (Charis), 563

Awania, 518

Azana, 338, 341

Azanus, 27, 28, 52, 53, 54

azia (Thecla), 569

», (Tmolus), 569

azuba (Thecla), 568

», (Tmolus), 568

Baccha, 498

bacchus (Sclerostomus), 258, 259, 271

Bacillus, exvi

Bactericera, 521

badaca (Thecla), 568

», (Tmolus), 568

Badura, 313

Baeocera, 59, 69, 70

Baeotis, 563

baeticus (Polyommatus), 24, 52, 54

bahamicus (Berginus), 117

baladeva (Neolucanus), 248, 244, 245,

270

balbita (Melitaea), xii

balua (Chliaria), 277

Baoris, xcv

Belemia, iii, iv

Belenois, lxxx, Ixxxii, 29, 30, 31, 52,

53, 54

bella (Aslauga), 500

bellatrix (Caliioratis), xx

bellicosus (Odontolabis), 239, 243

belus varus (Papilio), 545, 572

bengalensis (Dorcus), 251

A (Eurytrachelus), 252, 271

Bengalia, exxy, exxviii

Beninia, 448, 465, 517

beon (Tmolus), 569

Berginus, 60, 116, 117

Bessobia, 284, 312

bianor (Papilio), xxxii

bibulus (Lachnocnema), 24, 52, 436,

444, 470

bicineta (Exechia), 370

bicolor (Odontolabis), 288, 270

», (Ossana), 444, 470, 471, 519

», (Phronia), 369

bimaculata (Bolitophlia), 344

9 (Lejomya), 336

ae (Mycetophila), 374

bimaculatus (Dolerus), 431, 432, 435

(Megarthrus), 525

binodis (Zethus), 4

binodulus (Figulus), 265, 272

binotata (Mycetophila), 338

biplagiatus (Metopodontus), 226

birmanus (Oedichirus), 536

bisignata (Brachypeza), 366

bison (Metopodontus), 226

bispinus (Stenus), 530, 531

bistriatum (Petalium), 140

Bithys, 566, 569

bitias (Papilio), 567

», (Tmolus), 567

biumbrata (Platyura), 347, 349, 354,

880

barbarus r. aegyptiacus (Messor), xxvii | blanchardi (Eurytrachelus), 250

3 r. striaticeps (Messor), xxvii

barbata (Allodia), 368

basalides (Tmolus), 567

basalis (Boletina), 362, 363

», (Ephialtes), Ixvii

», (Leia), 338

basicornis (Atheta), 295, 312

Basilianus, lxxv

basuta (Arrugia), 508

Batazonus, 8

batesi var. nigra (Cardiocondyla), xxviii

,, (Hapalips), 60, 97, 99, 106, 107

batesii (Temesia), 106

batrachopis (Agriophara), 182

baumhaueri (Platyura), 351

Bazira, 191

beaumonti (Zagloba), 120

blanda (Mycetophila), 375, 377

blandus (Aegus), 256

blattoides (Aenigmatias), Ixxvi

Blepharipus, 384, 389, 390, 392, 393,

395, 397

boguensis (Belenois), 30

boisduvali (Pseudacraea), ciii, civ, 646,

647, 648, 649, 650, 651,

652, 653, 654

boisduvali (Pseudacraea),

649

trimeni (Pseudacraea), 646,

648, 649, 650

boisduvalii (Marmessus), lxviii

Boletina, 336, 337, 338, 342, 360, 361,

362, 363, 364, 381, 382

bolina (Hypolimnas), Ixviii

”

( cevi_ )

Bolitophila, 336, 338, 339, 348, 344, | brunnea (Plataraea), 312

345, 380

Bolitophilinae, 339

Boloria, 673

Bombus, 1i

Bombyx, lix

bonasia (Acraea), 494

boopis (Precis), 20, 58

borealis (Boletina), 362

borneensis (Allotinus), 276

Bos (Centrotus), 516

,, (Leptocentrotus), 516

bostocki (Trachyuropoda), xliii

boulti (Lycaenopsis), 274, 277

», (Notarthrinus), 274

bovistae (Caenocara), 158, 154

bowkeri (Stugeta), 55

boydi (Byblia), 22

Brachycampta, 339, 348, 367

brachycera (Allodia), 368

brachycerus (Dorecus), 251

s (Eurytrachelus), 253

Brachylon, 58, 79, 80, 82

Brachypeza, 343, 365, 366, 382

brachyptera (Peyerimhoffia), lxxvii

brachypterus (Stenus), 532

braconida (Rhyncopyga), 8

Braconidae, lviii, 8

braganza (Ctenucha), lxiii

brahminus (Cladognathus), 222

brasilianus (Lapethus), 59, 78

brasiliense (Hexaphyllum), 267, 272

brassicae (Pieris), 418

Brassolinae, lxv, 547

Brassolis, lxv, 547

brassolis (Liphyra), 451, 453, 487, 506,

508, 512

braueri (Phronia), 369

braziliense (Calopterum), 6

Brenthis, xlvii

breve (Brachylon), 79, 80, 82

brevicornis (Boletina), 362, 363, 382

A (Cordyla), 380

35 (Hapalips), 104

- (Lorelus), 168, 165, 166

brevilinea (Priotoma), 61, 156, 157

brevipes (Hapalips), 60, 99, 106, 107

brevis (Entomognathus), 396

Ss ees sie); 80

», (Priotoma), 155, 157, 158, 159

breviusculus (Lorelus), 62, 163, 165

briareus (Eurytrachelus), 248, 270

brigitta (Terias), 47, 48, 53

brome (Catagramma), lxv

brontes (Papilio), 574

broteas (Nascus), lxiii

brunnea (Atheta), 299

is (Nephaspis), 120

brunneata (Dasychira), 594

brunneum (Petalium), 141

brunneus (Anepsicus), 92

Be (Prosopecoelus), 229

brunnipennis (Platyura), 351

brunnipes (Cryptobium), 548

Fe (Heligmoneura), xlix

bubalus (Nigidius), 264

bubastus (Callipsyche), 566

», (Papilio), 566

bucephalus (Eurytrachelus), 248, 250

(Macrocrates), 237, 270

buchneri (Cremastogaster, 448, 454,

456, 474, 475, 486, 487

Ag r. africana (Cremastogaster), |

442

- r.alligatrix(Cremastogaster),

441, 442, 457, 462, 471,

483, 484, 485

clariventris (Cremasto-

gaster), 442, 476

i r. laurenti (Cremastogaster),

442, 446, 447

i r. winkleri (Cremastogaster),

441, 442, 447, 448, 450,

483, 484, 485, 486, 487

buckleyi (Cantharolethrus), 234, 270

re (Sclerostomus), 259, 271

buddha (Prosopocoelus), 283

buffonii (Colophon), 218

bulbosus (Prosopocoelus),

231, 232, 233, 269

Bunaea, 444, 467

Bungalotis, lxiii, 574

buniae (Pieris), cx, cxi, cxii, cxiv, cxv

buqueti (Hexarthrius), 222

buquetii (Leuceronia), 46, 52

as f. arabica (Leuceronia), 46

burchellii (Haplothorax), lviii

burmeisteri (Odontolabis), 237, 270

burneyi catharinae (Heliconius), cvi

burni (Acraea), 408

buschbecki (Acraea), 408

busiris (Eantis), 582

Buzara, Ixvi

Byblia, 21, 22, 58, 54

Byrrhodes, 155

Byrrhopsis, 155

Bythoscopinae, 518

Cabaris, 578

cabiria (Thecla), 568

cadaverina (Atheta), 287, 288

i (Dimetrota), 313 }

caelatus (Sclerostomus), 259 ;

Caenocara, 61, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158

Caenocephalus, 683, 700 .

Caenogenes, 191

AD Yr.

229, 230,

( cevii )

caepio (Nascus), 574

s, (Telemiades), 574

caerulea thamar (Heliconius), 551

caeruleicollis (Scymnus), 61, 124

caertleus (Eupactus), 61, 145, 149

caespitum (Tetramorium), xxvii, xliv

ii race punicum (Tetra-

morium), xxviii

caesula (Sipalia), 292, 313

calais (Teracolus), 33, 52, 54

Calanus, 222

calcaratus (Metopodontus), 225

calculis (Pratapa), 277

caliginea (Achlyodes), 582

Caligo, 547, 548, 549

callanga (Ceratinia), cxxxiii

Callicera, xxx, 323, 325, 328, 329, 331,

332

Callidryas, exxii

Callidula, lxvi, Ixvii

Callidulidae, Ixvi, lxvii

Callimormus, 580

Callioratis, xi, xx, xevii

Calliphorinae, cxxv

Callipsyche, 566, 567

Callitaera, 677

Callithea, lxv

Calloleria, 546

Callopepla, Ixvii, 9

callopista (Tortrix), 437, 493, 494, 513

callycopis f. viculata (Heliconius), 551

Calomyia, 683, 684

Calopieris, Ixxxi, 32, 52, 54, 55

caloptera (Laglasia), cxxxi

Calopterum, 6

calvus (Microseymnus) 61, 127

Calycopis, 568, 570

Calymmaderus, 142

Calymnia, cii

camarunus (Prosopocoelus), 227, 228

cambrica (Aloconota), 311

x (Atheta), 306

Camena, 277

cameroni (Kerana), Ixvi

Camponotus, xxiv, xxviii, cxxiv,

CXxvV, cxxix, 444, 465, 470, 471, 472,

474, 476, 477, 478, 488, 489, 495,

497, 498

canaliculatus (Cyclommatus), 235, 236

3 (Sphenognathus), 215,

268

canariensis (Huproctis), 598

cancroides (Lissotes), 263, 271

candezei (Eurytrachelus), 250, 270

canescens (Atheta), 291

ie (Datomicra), 313

canonias (Stenoma), 187

Cantharolethrus, 234, 270

Cantori, 222

cantori (Lucanus), 218, 269

capenas (Catonephele), 1xiii

capillaris (Paederus), 538

capito (Kurytrachelus), 251

», (Lissotes), 262, 271

capitosus (Blepharipus), 384, 389, 393,

397, 398

capnobola (Stenoma), 186

Carabus, c

carbonarius (Blepharipus), 390, 393,

a (Pseudodorcus), 261

carcina (Epitola), 436, 443, 456, 457

Cardanus, 267, 272

Cardiocondyla, xxviii

cardui (Cynthia), 553

», (Papilio), 553

», (Pyrameis), cxxiv, 19, 52, 54,

546

Caria, 563

carinatus (Chalcodes), 242, 248, 270

»» (Nestus), 532

in (Stenus), 532

carmentalis (Camena), 277

carnifer (Teracolus), 33

carpini var. rufipennis (Acalyptus),

xxxi

earteri (Teracolus), 40

carthami (Hesperia), xlvi

Caryatis, lxvii

Oarystus, 581

cashmirensis (Vanessa), xii

cassiae (Papilio), 547

cassina (Opsiphanes), 547, 548

,, fabricii (Opsiphanes), 548

5, merianae (Opsiphanes), 548

castalis (Teracolus), 34, 53

Castalius, 25, 58, 55

castanea (Byblia), 22

», (Dasychira), 593

», (Metopodontus), 223

castaneo-striata (Euproctis), 599

castaneum (Scaphisoma), 69

castaneus (Cymbolus), 128

33 (Duomitus), 589

D (Metopodontus), 223, 224,

225, 269

castanipes (Asilus), xlix

castanoptera (Atheta), 286, 300, 305,

312

castanopterus (Neolucanus), 247, 270

castetsi (Hexarthrius), 222

Castnia, lxvii

Castniidae, xvii

Casyapa, lxiv

Cataglyphis, xxviii

( cevili )

Catagramma, Ixv, 554, 555

catalaunalis (Ebulea), 1xxii|

Cathorama, 151

Catia, 575

Catocalinae, xxi

Catochrysops, 25, 26, 52, 53, 54, 487,

443, 444, 488

Catonephele, |xiii, lxvi

Catopsilia, lxxxili, 47, 52

catuna (Epitola), 501

caucasicus (Platycerus), 260, 271

caudalis (Lymanopoda), 681

caudata (Allodia), 368

(Brachycampta), 339

5, (Opistholoba), 379

cauta (Atheta), 290

», (Badura), 313

cavifrons (Amischa), 313

(Atheta), 291

», (Clytochrysus), 386, 388,

397, 398

», (Prosopocoelus), 226, 238,

269

Caviria, 599

cebrene (Precis), 20, 52

Cecropterus, xiii, Ixvii, 574

Celastrina, xliv

celata (Atheta), 290

», (Datomicra), 313

cellus (Rhabdoides), lxvii

celsus (Lychnuchus), lxvi

centralis (Macrocera), 345

Centrotus, 516

Cephalopyenus, 73

cephalotes (Odontolabis), 241, 270

cephalus (Parnassius), xii

cepheus (Acraea), 23

Ceramidia, ]xx

Ceratinia, cxxxiii

Ceratitis, 498

Ceratognathus, 268, 272

Ceratophyllus, exv, cxvii

ceraunia (Epitola), 436, 443, 445, 456

Cercyon, 128

cerdo (Morys), 582

Ceria, 328

Ceritaxa, 312

Ceroplatinae, 339, 340

Ceroplatus, 340, 346, 380

Cerotelion, 346

cervus (Lucanus), 218, 219, 220, 221,

250

», var. akbesiana (Lucanus), 221

Celaenorrhinus, 574

ceto (Aprotopos), 671

», cetoides (Aprotopos), 671

», (Erebia), cvii, cvili, cix

cetratus (Blepharipus), 389, 392, 393

ceylanensis (Stilicus), 542

Chaetida, 284, 313

Chalcodes, 242, 248, 245, 270

chalcomiaeta (Terias), 47

Chalecosiinae, lxiv, lxvii

chaldaica (Coptotelia), 181

chalybacma (Epicephala),

XXX1X

Chalybs, 566

chamissonia f. chamissonia (Papilio),

CXX, CXxl

championi (Evolocera), 114

5 (Neolucanus), 246, 270

3 (Scirtes), 670

chaonites (Charis), 562

Charagmophorus, 260, 271

Charana, 277

Charaxes, xxii, 443, 452, 467

Chariclea, ]xxi

Charis, 562, 563

Charmion, lxiv

charybdis (Lycaena), 201

chelaka (Lycaenopsis), 275, 277

chelifer (Aegus), 255, 256, 271

chelonis (Charis), 563

cheopis (Xenopsylla), cxv, cxvii

chevrolati (Eurytrachelus), 250, 271

Chilades, 26, 52, 54, 201, 202, 208, 204

Chilomazus, lxxv

chincha (Melinaea), 672

chinensis (Gerydus), 468

Chiomara, 582

Chliaria, 277

Chloecharis, 542

Chlorippe, Ixv, 546, 557

chloroplegia (Ceramidia), Ixx

chlorosticta (Agriophara), 184

Chlosyne, 553

chorea (Lonchaea), 314, 315, 316, 320

321

choridamas (Papilio), exxx

chrysippus (Danaida), 17, 18, 20, 52

albinus (Danaida), 18,

409

f. alcippoides (Danaida), 17

f. alcippus (Danaida), 17,

18, 409

f. dorippus (Danaida), 18,

21, 409

“i f. klugii (Danaida), 18

Chrysis, lxxxv

Chrysoconops, 683, 684, 702

chrysomela (Buzara), lxvi

chrysomelina (Dorcatoma), 152

chrysonome (Teracolus), Ixxxi, 32, 34,

52, 54

Chrysophanus, xii, Ixxvii, lxxviii, ex

Chrysopsyche, 592

XXXViii,

”

( cen)

Chrysostola, ii, iv

chrysostomus (Clytochrysus), 386, 387,

388, 398

Chrysotoxum, 331

Chrysotypes, 589, 590

chrysus (Papilio), 562

;, (Sarota), 562

Cicadidae, xlix

cicatricosus (Aegus), 257

cilipes (Prosopocoelus), 248

Cimbex, xxiv

cincta (Megachile), lxxxv

», (Platyura), 352

cinctus (Metopodontus), 225, 226

cinerea (Allodia), 368

», (Bolitophila), 344, 345

cingalensis (Chalcodes), 242, 243

cingulicornis (Cobalus), 577

se (Eutychide), 577

cingulum cui ycate play. 374, 378

cinnamomeus (Metopodontus),

225

oats (Atheta), 288

(Dimetrota), 313

cinniana (Calycopis), 570

ao (Thecla), 570

cinxia (Melitaea) xlvili

Cioidae, 61, 161

circe (Ctenucha), |xili

circellaris (Sipalia), 298, 313

Cirphis, xeviii

Cis, 61, 161, 162

Cissocryptus, 91, 92

citrata (Larentia), xvi

ab. cjornensis (Larentia), xvii

ab. ferruginea (Larentia), xvii

,, ab. insolida (Larentia), xvi

,, ab, thingvallata (Larentia), xvii

citreus (Teracolus), 45

Cladognathus, 222, 223, 269

clancula (Atheta), 295

5 (Dochmonota), 312

clannius (Spathilepia), lxiii

clara (Melinaea), exxxiii

claripennis (Baccha), 498

Claviger, xliii

clavigera (Atheta), 292

a6 (Rhopalocera), 312

clavipes (Atheta), 307

dy (Metaxya), 311

(Physoscelis), 396

Cleis, Ixvi

clelandi (Culicada), 683, 690

clelia (Precis), 20, 53

cleodora (Eronia), 46, 52

var. erxia (Eronia), 46

cleon (Papilio), 568

», (Thecla), 568

224,

cleon (Tmolus), 568

cleonus (Charis), 562

», (Papilio), 562

cleopatra (Gonepteryx), lxxviii, cxxxi

Cleridopsis, 60, 94, 95

clientula (Acrotona), 313

$5 (Atheta), 288

Clisiocampa, vii

clite (Gelta), Ixvii

clypeata (Exechia), 371

clypeatus (Thyreus), 386, 387

elytemnestra (Hypna), lxvi

Clytochrysus, 386, 387, 388, 397, 398

Cnephasia, 172

Cnethocampa, xxxi, 424, 425

Cobalopsis, 577, 580

Cobalus, 577, 578

cocandica (Colias), xii

Coccidae, 438, 442, 447, 450, 520, 521,

522

coccineata (Cricosoma), 561

Ms (Lemonias), 561

Coccinella, Ixxi

Coccinellidae, 61, 120

cocoa (Euroto), 576

codomannus (Catagramma), 554

coelestis (Teracolus), 36, 37

Coelocrabro, 384, 395

Coelosia, 338, 342, 364, 365

Coenonica, 299, 313

Coenonympha, Ixxiii

coerulea (Lamprima), 216, 269

cognata (Panorpa), lxxxvii

Colaenis, 552

Colenis, 59, 67, 68

Coleophora, ]xxii

Coleoptera, 1

Colias, xii, xlix, Ixx, Ixxxiii, 48, 52,

coliagenes (Teracolus), 38

collucia (Thecla), 568

collustra (Thecla), 568

re (Tmolus), 568

Colobopsis, xxiii

Colophon, 217, 218, 269

colorata (Darma), Ixvi

columbaria (Onophas), 579

5 (Pamphila), 579

columbina (Othria), lxvii

Colydiidae, 59, 74

comatus (Eupactus), 61, 144, 150

combustus (Duomitus), 589

communis (Panorpa), Ixxxviii

compactus (Lytopeplus), 79, 80, 81

complana (Atheta), 297

Be (Parameotica), 311

compressa (Sciophila), 338

compta (Euroto), 575

( ecm )

compta (Pamphila), 575

concinna (Exechia), 370

concisa (Platyura), 338, 352

concolor (Caenocephalus), 683, 700

»» (Dasychira), 595

», (Platyura), 351

ne (Sceptonia), 371

eonfinis (Haliplus), Ixxi

confluens (Mycetophila), 374, 377

conformis (Boletina), 363, 364

a (Mycetophila), 338

confucius (Cladognathus), 222, 223, 269

A var. withillii (Cladognathus),

222

Congellana, 517

Coniopterygidae, lx

Coniopteryx, xxili, lx

connexa (Rhymosia), 367

conradti ab. flavescens (Acraea), 411

»» (Thallisella), 96

consanguinea (Atheta), 286

Pe (Coprothassa), 313

a5 albicolor (Planema), 653

- arenaria (Planema), xciv

consanguineus (Cyclommatus), 236

contaminata (Exechia), 370

contracta (Dorcatoma), 158, 154, 158

5 (Priotoma), 158, 156, 157,

158, 159

convexa (Trichodesma), 669

Conwentzia, lx

Coprothassa 284, 313

Coptotelia, 178, 179, 180, 181

corades (Ancyloxypha), 580

», (Callimormus), 580

Cordyla, 342, 379, 380

coresia (Megalura), 555

», (Nymphalis), 555

coriaria (Atheta), 284, 295, 312

coridon (Agriades), Ixxviii, xxix

Ee var. tithonus (Agriades), Ixxvii

Correbidia, 6

Corticeus, 62, 162

corvina (Anopleta), BL)

», (Atheta), 285, 298

Corydalis, cii

Cosmia, cii-

Cosmodesmus, cxx, exxix, cxxx

Cossidae, 588

Cossus, 588

costatus (Scortizus), 259, 271

cotesi (Hexarthrius), 222

Crabro, 883, 384, 385

Crabronidae, xxx, 383, 384, 385

Crabroninae, 384, 385, 386, 387

Crambodoxa, 174

cramboides (Ilema), 601

crameri (Azanus), 27

crameri (Opsiphanes), lxv

Craspedosis, lxiv

crassicornis (Allodia), 338, 367

i (Atheta), 294, 296, 310, 312

as var. fulvipennis (Atheta),

294, 312

a (Colenis), 68

Fe (Cordyla), 380

nt (Liogluta), 312

ii (Lorelus), 165

(Macrocera), 346

crassipes (Phronia), 338, 369

Cremastogaster, 441, 449, 443, 446, 447,

448, 450, 454, 456, 457, 462, 471, 474,

475, 476, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 524

Cremna, 564

crenatus (Hapalips), 60, 97, 100

55 (Lissotes), 262, 263

crenicollis (Prosopocoelus), 230, 231,

232, 233

cretosus (Cupido), 25, 58

cribrarius (Thyreopus), 389, 392, 397

cribrata (Atheta), 290

a (Datomicra), 313

cribratus (Cardanus), 267, 272

eribriceps (Hurytrachelus), 251

a (Sipalia), 299, 313

eribricollis (Hapalips), 97, 101, 102,

103, 108

5 (Nigidius), 264, 271

cribripennis (Scymnus), 61, 123

(Tyrtaeus), 59, 77

cribroides (Ilema), 601

Cricosoma, 561

Crioprosopus, iv

cristata (Rymosia), 366

crolus (Tmolus), 567

Crossocerus, 384, 390, 391, 394, 395,

397

Crotchia, 97, 102

cruciatus (Tomarus), 90

erucigera (Exechia), 371

erucis (Cossus), 588

cruentus (Sclerostomus), 259

Cryptobium, 543, 544

Cryptognatha, 61, 120, 121, 122, 123

Cryptolechia, 177

Cryptophagidae, 60, 87

Cryptophagus, 110

Cryptorama, 131

Ctenucha, Ixiii

Cucujidae, 59, 83

Culex, 683, 700

Culicada, 683, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691,

692, 693

Culicelsa, 683, 698, 699, 708

Culicidae, xlii, ciii

cumingi (Odontolabis), 238, 270

—

( ieesi ~)

cumpstoni (Culicada), 683, 692

Cupido, 25, 53, 487, 488, 489

cupido (Helicopis), 545, 559

» (Papilio), 559

Cuphopterus, 391, 395, 397, 398

cupreus (Chrysotypes), 589

Curetis, xxv

currax (Aloconota), 311

», (Atheta), 306, 308

curta (Phthinia), 364

curticollis (Lorelus), 62, 163, 164, 165

curtipennis (Atheta), 298

fe (Metaxya), 311

curtisi (Aegus), 256, 271

curtulus (Lytopeplus), 59, 80, 81

curvicornis (Lissotes), 263, 264

curvidens (Dorcus), 253, 271

curvipes (Lorelus), 62, 163, 164, 166

»» (Prosopocoelus), 233, 269

curviseta (Mycetophila), 374, 377

cuspidatus (Psalicerus), 237

cuvera (Odontolabis), 237, 238, 270

eyaneifera (Milionia), lxvi

cyaneus (Eucymbolus), 61, 129, 130

cyanombra (Trichostibas), 190

cyanoptera (Psylliodes), lxxi

cyathopa (Coptotelia), 179

Cybdelis, Ixviii

Cybocephalus, 59, 70, 71, 72

Cyclogramma, lxv

Cyclommatus, 234, 235, 236, 270

Cycloneda, 120 ;

Cyclophtalmus, 234

Cyclopides, 49

cydia (Callipsyche), 566

», (Thecla), 566

Cymaenes, 578

Cymbolus, 61, 128, 129

eymochles (Papilio), 572

cynisca (Orses), xiii

cynorta (Papilio), 608, 619

», f. peculiaris (Papilio), 608, 612,

619

Cynthia, 553

cypria (Emesis), lxv

Cyrtidae, xv

cyrus (Papilio), xxxii

ezizekii (Mycetophila), 374, 375

Dacrila, 311

Dactylopius, 442, 446, 472, 475, 523

Daedalma, Ixv

daedalus (Hamanumida), 21, 58

daira (Acraea), 23

», (Teracolus), lxxxii, 41, 42, 44, 51,

dalmani (Odontolabis), 239, 270

Danaida, Ixxxiv, 17, 18, 20, 21, 52,

405, 409

Danaidae, 546

Danainae, xxvii, exxx, 50

Danaini, Ilxxxiv

Danais, xxvii, 899, 403, 404, 405

daplidice (Papilio), xlix

Daptonoura, 571

dardanus (Papilio), xxxiv, liii, lvi,

clii, cxxiv, 608, 619, 656,

658

<3 f. cenea (Papilio), Ilxix,

659, 662

aS f. hippocodn (Papilio),

XXXili, xxxv, liii, liv, lvi,

lxix, civ, 609, 619, 656,

657, 658, 659, 660, 661,

662, 663

leighi (Papilio), vii, viii

niobe (Papilio), Ixix

planemoides (Papilio),

Viii, Xxxili, Xxxiv, xXxv,

lili, liv, lvi, 608, 609,

619, 656, 657, 658, 659,

660, 662, 663

5 subsp. polytrophus(Papilio),

661

Spee ere

- subsp. tibullus (Papilio),

661

an f. trophonius (Papilio), vii,

vill, Ixix, 659, 662

a5 (Plebeius), 205, 206

Darma, lxvi

darwini (Psephenus), 64

», _ (Selerostomus), 259, 271

Dascillidae, 670

Dasychira, 598, 594, 595, 596

Datomicra, 284, 313

davisi (Loxophlebia), ii, iii, iv

davisoni (Hexarthrius), 222, 269

debilicornis (Aloconota), 311

. (Atheta), 307

= (Hypomedon), 542

debilis (Atheta), 297, 310

»» (Hygroecia), 311

decempunctata var. confluens (Cocci-

nella), xxi

deceptor (Salpingomimus), 59, 86

deceptrix (Taragama), 592

decipiens (Amischa), 313

. (Atheta), 291

decoratum (Anchon), 437, 444, 498,

516, 517

dedecora (Teracolus), 39

defecta (Leia), 338

deformis (Atheta), 297

53 (Parameotica), 311

de haani (Cyclommatus), 235, 236, 270

‘3 (Doreus), 252, 258, 271

Deilemera, v, xxxix

( cexi >)

dejeani (Eupactus), 144, 149, 151

(Thaptor), 149

)

dejeanii var. latipennis (Odontolabis),

240

delapra (Lycaenopsis), 275

delauneyi (Hapalips), 110

delesserti (Odontolabis), 238

Delias, exi

delicatula (Atheta), 304

(Hydrosmecta), 311

Delphastus, 126

delphinii (Chariclea), Ixxi

demagore (Teracolus), 42

demansis (Culicada), 688, 687, 688,

693

dematria (Anteros), 562

33 (Helicopsis), 562

demodice (Tatochila), xliii

demodocus (Papilio), xxii, 48, 52

demoleus (Papilio), 419

demophile (Itaballia), 571

(Papilio), 571

i (Perrhybris), 571

ue (Pieris), cx

Dendroblax, 216, 268

denina (Catagramma), lxv

dentatithorax (Trichodesma), 139

dentatus (Nausibius), 100

dentifer (Prosopocoelus), 233

deota (Pieris), xii

depressa (Bengalia), cxxv

», (Plataraea), 312

derelictus (Doreus), 254, 271

desfontainii (Melitaea), ev

9 var. boetica (Melitaea), ev

destructor race gracillimum (Mono-

morium), xxviii

deucalion (Napeogenes), cxxxiii

Deudorix, 28, 52, 277, 486, 442, 471

deva (Terias), exxii

Diacrisia, 600

Diadocidia, 339

Diadocidinae, 339

Dialexia, 118

diana (Pieris), exii, cxiii, cxv

Dianous, 533, 534

Dianthoecia, 1xxxviii

Diasemia, 1xxii

Dictyophorus, xevii

dido (Colaenis), 552

», (Metamorpha), 552

», (Papilio), 552

didyma (Melitaea), xlvii, xlviii

», var. ala (Melitaea), xlvii

didymata (Dasychira), 593, 594

Diestrammena, lxx

difficilis (Atheta), 297

(Parameotica), 311

”

difficilis (Paratinia), 356

diffidens (Stenus), 530

diffissa diffissa (Protoparce), xlv

Digonophorus, 248, 270

Dilacra, 311

dilatata (Ephialtes), lxvii

dilatatus (A!cimus), 258, 271

dilaticornis (Atheta), 293

os (Ceritaxa), 312

dilutipennis (Platystethus), 527

Dimetrota, 313

dimidiata (Mycetophila), 872, 378,

374, 375, 376

(Mycothera), 338

dimidiatus (Cuphopterus), 391, 395,

397, 398

55 (Dytiscus), v

- (Hapalips), 60, 97, 100,

108

dimorphus (Stictococcus), 522

Dinaraea, 312

Dinia, iii, iv

dinias (Daedalma), Ixv

Diptera, xxx, 334, 437, 498

dirce (Gynaecia), xvii

Dircenna, 547

dis (Plebeius), 210

discalis (Phloeonomus), 525

discigera (Trichodesma), 668, 669

discolor (Pseudaulonium), 59, 74, 75

discors (Agriophara), 182

discretus (Lapethus), 78

disgrega (Phronia), 369

Dismorphia, 570, 671

Disopora, 311

dispar (Paraneurotelia), 361

»» var. rutilus (Chrysophanus),

Ixxvii, ]xxvili

dispecta (Boletina), 362, 363

dissimilis (Casyapa), lxiv

distans (Erycides), 573

», (Holosternus), 91

», (Phocides), 573

distinctus (Nigidius), 264, 271

Ditomoderus, 248, 270

ditomoides (Sclerostomus), 259, 271

Ditomyia, 340

divergens (Nigidius), 264, 271

diversa (Atheta), 296, 302, 312

diversipes (Lioscymnus), 61, 126

dives (Chrysotypes), 590

divisa (Atheta), 302, 312

divisus (Platoberus), 88

dixanthia (Trichura), 3

Dixomyia, 683, 684, 702, 703

Dochmonota, 312

Docosia, 338, 342, 365

Dodona, lxiv

(reexur *)

dohertyi (Lucanus), 221

Dolerus, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433,

434, 435

doleschalli (Callicera), 328

Doliops, lii

dolylas ailio), 570

»» _ (Rekoa), 570

domestica (Rhymosia), 366, 367

domitia (Rapala), 283

domitianus (Caria), 563

D (Hesperia), 563

dommeri (Dorcatoma), 155

donckieri (Eupactus), 143, 145, 146

Dorcatoma, 119, 152, 153, 154, 155,

158

Dorcus, 220, 245, 251, 252, 253, 254,

262, 271

dorilas (Papilio), 559

», (Syrmatia), 559

doris (Heliconius), evi, evii, 551

,, f. amathusia (Heliconius), evi,

evii

,, f. aristomache (Heliconius), evi,

evil

,, f. delila (Heliconius), cvi

,, doris (Heliconius), evii

. eratonia (Heliconius), cvi, evil

. fascinator (Heliconius), cvii

. luminosa (Heliconius), evii

metharmina (Heliconius), cvi,

evii

. obscura (Heliconius), evi, evii

. suavior (Heliconius), cvii

. tecta (Heliconius), evi, evii

. transiens (Heliconius), evii

. viridis (Heliconius), evii

a (Exechia), 370, 371

», (Platyura), 338, 347, 350, 354,

380

Dorylus, exxiii, cxxiv, cxxv, cxxvili,

exxix

Dosytheus, 430, 431, 432, 433

doubledayi (Acraea), 32, 408

- f. rileyi (Acraea), 408

downesi (Cladognathus), 223, 269

», | (Metopodontus), 223, 269

doxo (Pinacopteryx), 31

Dralica, 311

dresdensis (Dorcatoma), 153

Drosophila, 328

drucei (Logania), 276

druryi (Trichura), iv

dryoglypta (Cnephasia), 172

dubia (Boletina), 362

», (Dasychira), 595

dubius (Adimerus), 73, 74

», (Dolerus), 480, 432, 435

fe (Eurytrachelus), 250, 271

SER ER Sh eh eh Ph rh rh rh

ducalis (Macroglossa), xii

dufaui (Hapalips), 97

Duomitus, 589

Durangoum, 130, 131

dux (Agyrta), ili, iv

»» (Odontolabis), 238, 270

Dycladia, iv

dynamene (Teracolus), 33

Dynamine, 554

dynastes (Eueides), 552

Dynastor, 545, 549

Dynatosoma, 338, 343

Dytiscus, v

Dziedzickia, 341, 361

dziedzickii (Paraneurotelia), 361

Eantis, 574, 582

earlei (Dendroblax), 216, 268

ebenus (Figulus), 266, 272

Ebhul, 470

eborina (Zonitis), Ixxxv

Ebulea, lxxii

Echiaster, 541

echion (Papilio), 567

,, (Tmolus), 567

Ecitomorpha, xv

Eciton, xv, xxiii

EKctima, Ixiii

Ectrepesthoneura, 341, 360

Eddara, 191

edusa (Colias), xlix, lxx

edwardsi (Mycetophila), 382

egaensis (Eucyane), Ixviii

Egeriidae, 437, 493

egialea (Amauris), 1xxxili, xciv, cxxxili,

399

egina (Acraea), 412, 646, 648, 649, 650,

651, 652, 653, 654

», f. alba (Acraea), 412, 652

», f. areca (Acraea), 412, 650, 652

»» ab. contraria (Acraea), 413

,, f. harrisoni (Acraea), 413

f. medea (Acraea), 412, 652, 653

egregia (Aleuonota), 311

eichelbaumi (Hapalips), 96

eichhoffi (Atheta), 307

», (Aloconota), 311

Eidoreus, 79

elaphus (Lucanus), 221

elegans (Dixomyia), 684, 703

», (Helicopis), 558

,, (Hemisodorcus), 248

» (Leia), 365

», (Odontolabis), 241, 242, 270

», (Phronia), 369

elegantula (Aleuonota), 293, 311

elephas (Cryptobium), 543

eleusis (Catochrysops), 25, te 54

eligius (Celaenorrhinus), 57

(

eligius (Papilio), 574

eliminata (Sarangesa), 49, 52

elongatula (Atheta), 308

ne (Metaxya), 311

elongatulus (Crossocerus), 384, 391,

394, 395

elongatus (Cymbolus), 61, 128

. (Dolerus), 434

», (Leptomorphus), 338

ellisi (Plebeius), 206, 208

emarginata (Callopepla), xvii

emarginatus (Odontolabis), 239, 270

Ematurga, xxiii

Emesis, Ixv, 561

Empalia, 338, 341, 342, 356, 359, 360,

362, 381

Empheria, 355

Emus, v

emylius (Lemonias), 564

», (Papilio), 564

Enantia, 570

encedon (Acraea), lvii, 28, 53, 409

f. alcippina (Acraea), 409

f. commixta (Acraea), 409

f. daira (Acraea), 409

f. infuscata (Acraea), 409

», f. lycia (Acraea), xx

Endectus, 75, 76

Endomychidae, 60, 118

energa (Melasina), xlii, 420, 422

Enneatoma, 153

enotrus (Thymele), lxiii

Entomognathus, 383, 396

eogene (Colias), xii

epaea (Planema), 606

paragea (Planema), 607, 608, 611,

612, 614, 615, 618, 620, 622,

624, 626, 628, 630, 632, 634,

636, 638, 640, 642, 644

Epagoge, 514

Epanycles, iv

epaphus huwei (Parnassius), xii

Epargyreus, 573, 582

Epeus, 582

Ephialtes, 1xvii

ephyia (Teracolus),

Ephyra, cii

Epicephala, xxxvili, xxxix

Epicypta, 342, 371, 372, 375, 376

epigone (Teracolus), 40, 41

epinome (Peridromia), cxxii

epione (Adelpha), Lxiii

Epiphile, lxv

epiphron (Erebia), eviii, ex

Episcaphula, exxii

Episcepsis, lxvii

Episphenus, lxxv

43, 44, 52, 54,

ecxiv )

Epitola, 436, 442, 443, 445, 446, 456,

457, 501

Epitoxis, lxxxviii, xc, xciii

epophrysta (Agriophara), 182

Eques Trojanus_ sesostris (Papilio),

571

equestrata (Psodos), Ixxi

Erastrianae, 437, 491

erato (Heliconius), 551

,, eratonius (Heliconius), 551

», Mmetharmina (Heliconius), 551

Erebia, xii, Ixxiii, evii, cvlii, cix,

eremita (Atheta), 308

», (Metaxya), 311

Eresia, exxxiii, 558, 675, 676, 677

Eretis, xcv

eribotes (Anaea), 557

», halli (Anaea), 557

erinnys (Ephialtes), lxvii

Eriopteryx, 590

eriphia (Herpaenia), 29, 52

», _f. lacteipennis (Herpaenia), 29

eriphyle (Erebia), cviii

erippus (Danais), 399, 403, 404

eris (Teracolus), Ixxxii, 37, 52

Eristalis, 327

erone (Teracolus), 38

Eronia, 46, 52, 53

erratica (Callicera), 323, 329

erraticum (Chrysotoxum), 331

Erycides, 573

Erycina, lxv

Erycinidae, lxiii, Ixiv, lxv, xvi, lxvii,

545, 558

erycinoides (Callidula), xvii

Eryphioides, iv

erythrocephalus (Eupactus), 61, 143,

146

erythrocnemus (Leptinopterus), 237,

270

erythrodera (Cryptognatha), 122

erythrogaster (Platyura), 351

Esarcus, 116

eschscholtzi (Aegus), 258, 271

esite (Catonephele), lxvi

Estigmenida, lii

estriatum (Agathidium), 67

estriatus (Murmidius), 59, 83

ethalion (Charaxes), xxii

ethilla metalilis (Heliconius), 550

etruscus (Dolerus), 451, 482, 435

Euagra, lxiv

Eublemma, 437, 444, 491

euboea (Adelpha), 546, 556

», (Heterochroa), 556

Euchroma, iv

eucoma metalilis (Heliconius), 550

_—

( ccxv )

Eucosmidae, 173

Eucyane, xiv, xviii

Eucymbolus, 61, 129, 130

Eudamus, 574

Eudicrana, 340

Kueides, 552

eugenia (Acraea), 411

,, f. ochreata (Acraea), 411

Eulepidius, 241, 255, 271

Eulepiste, 191

eulimene (Calopieris), Ixxxi, 32, 52,

54,

Euliphyra, 436, 437, 488, 444, 445,

446, 450, 451, 455, 504, 505, 506,

507, 508, 509, 512

Eumenidae, 4, 5

eumeus (Notheme), 559

se (Papilio), 559

Eunica, lxiii, 545, 5538, 554

Eupactus, 58, 61, 142, 143, 144, 145,

146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151

eupheno (Anthocharis), xlix

Euploea, 405

Euploeini, Ixxxiv

eupompe (Teracolus), Ixxxii, 13, 39,

51, 52

Euproctis, vi, 487, 492, 598, 599

Euptoieta, 552

Euptychia, 557, 558

eurilochus phryasus (Caligo), 548

eurota (Eunica), )xiii

Euroto, 575, 576

euryale (Erebia), 1xxiii

», var. ocellaris (Erebia), 1xxiii,

eurybia (Chrysophanus), cx

eurycephalus (Eurytrachelus), 250

eurylochus (Caligo), 548

a var. minor (Caligo), 548

Eurypalpus, 62

euryptera (Atheta), 302, 312

Eurytoma, xviii

Eurytrachelus, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,

253, 260, 270, 271

eurytulus (Tmolus), 566

eurytus (Pseudacraea), ix, liv, iii,

606, 608, 641,

647

», hobleyi (Pseudacraea), ix, x,

ciii, 606, 607, 608,

609, 610, 611, 613,

614, 615, 616, 619,

621, 623, 625, 627,

629, 631, 633, 635,

637, 689, 641, 643,

645, 647

fulvaria

acraea), 621

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1913.

‘ aah pi kh (Pseud-

eurytus hobleyi f.mim. obscura (Pseud-

acraea), 608, 612,

613, 614, 615, 619,

621, 623, 625, 627,

629, 681, 633, 635,

637, 639, 641, 643,

645

f. poggeoides (Pseud-

acraea), 607, 608,

609, 619, 621, 628,

625, 627, 629, 631,

6338, 635, 637, 639,

641, 648, 645

. mim. terra (Pseud-

acraea), 608, 618,

614, 615, 616, 619,

621, 623, 625, 627,

629, 631, 633, 635,

637, 639, 641, 643,

645

mim. tirikensis

(Pseudacraea), 608,

611, 618, 614, 615,

616, 619, 621, 623,

625, 627, 629, 631,

638, 635, 637, 639,

641, 643, 645

», &£. obscura (Pseudacraea), ix, x

», £. terra (Pseudacraea), ix, x

Euselasiinae, 558

Euterpe, Ix

EKutheca, 142, 191

Eutrichopidia, lxvii

Eutychide, 577

Eutylistus, 58, 155

Euxestus, 79

evagore (Teracolus), 41, 42, 51, 53

evanescens (Trichogramma), 603, 604

evarne (Teracolus), Ixxxii, 39, 45, 51,

bed ”

var. philippsi (Teraeolus),

lxxxii

evippe (Teracolus), 40, 41, 52

Evolocera, 113, 114

exarata (Atheta), 299

. (Ptychandra), 312

exaratus (Prosopocoelus), 226

excellens (Atheta), 303

os (Bessobia), 312

Exechia, 337, 839, 343, 367, 369, 370,

371, 382

exiguum (Micranobium), 130, 131

exiguus (Hupactus), 144, 148, 150

»» (Lioolius), 148

», (Ozognathus), 131

exilis (Atheta), 292, 293

,, (Lorelus), 62, 163, 166

», (Meotica), 313

( coxvi )

eximia (Atheta), 304, 306

», (Hydrosmecta), 311

exocarpus (Astragalus), cv

fabricii (Caligo), 547

», (Opsiphanes), 547, 548

fairmairei (Sclerostomus), 258, 271

falcata (Trichonta), 369

faleiger (Hexarthrius), 222, 269

falco (Eurytrachelus), 249, 270

fallaciosa (Atheta), 297

tHyprocsia), 311

fallax (Atheta), 304

», (Dacrila), 311

famula (Pitthea), xx

fan (Pardaleodes), lxvi

fasciata (Cordyla), 380

», (Macrocera), 345, 346

» (Platyura), 347, 348, 353, 354,

381

», (Sciophila), 355

fasciatus (Ceratophyllus), exv, exvii

fascipennis (Leia), 336

fassicauda (Allodia), 368

fatuellus (Parnara), 50, 53

faunicolor (Cyclommatus), 236, 270

favigera (Trichostibas), 190

feisthameli (Sphenognathus), 215, 216

feisthamelii (Plesioneura), lxiv

Felderia, 191

femorale (Asindulum), 355

femoralis (Odontolabis), 240, 270

+ (Sclerostomus), 259

femorata (Cimbex), xxiv

femoratus (Leptinopterus), 236

fenestella (Sciophila), 357, 358, 381

fenestralis (Rhymosia), 339, 366

fenestrata (Cryptognatha), 61, 121

ferentina (Ageronia), cxxii

feronia var. iphthime (Ageronia), 555

ferox (Gonometa), 591

ferrugatus (Dolerus), 432, 435

ferrugineum (Pseudaulonium), 74, 75

ferrugineus (Symmerus), 338

festiva (Exechia), 370

ficulnea (Charmion), lxiv

figuloides (Prosopocoelus), 233

Figulus, 220, 265, 266, 267, 272

filata (Apaustus), 580

», (Callimormus), 580

filipendulae (Zygaena), lxxvii

filum (Hapalips), 99, 108, 109

fimbriata (Exechia), 370

finalis (Mycetophila), 338, 359

finlandica (Mycetophila), 375, 377

fischeriella (Glyphipteryx), Ixxii

fissicauda (Trichonta), 368

Flacilla, 579

flava (Coelosia), 338, 365

flava (Laphria), 327

», (Mycetophila), 338, 365

», (Mycomyia), 355

», (Platyura), 347, 349, 350, 353,380

,, (Syntemna), 361

flavicauda (Coelosia), 365

flaviceps (Cordyla), 380

i (Cryptognatha), 121

flavicollis (Rhynchopyga), iv

flavicornis (Cybocephalus), 59, 71, 72

(Dorcatoma), 152

flavipes (Atheta), 309

,, (Halobrectha), 311

», (Platyura), 352

flavitincta (Duomitus), 589

flavofasciatum (Scaphidium), 59, 68

flavomaculata (Lycaenesthes), 487, 442,

443, 445, 483

flavosignata (Melinaea), 672

flavum (Asindulum), 354

», (Pentarthron), 604

flavus (Lasius), xxxi, xliii, cxxxi

flindersi (Grabhamia), 683, 686

flohri (Caenocara), 61, 153, 154, 155

», (Hapalips), 98, 104, 105

floralis (Mutilla), lxxxv

florella (Catopsilia), Ixxxiii, 47, 52

florum (Xylota), 327, 328

Fluvicola, 62

forcipata (Agriophara), 183

a (Mycetophila), 382

as (Phronia), 338, 369

forcipatus (Nigidius), 264, 271

forcipula (Lissotes), 262, 271

6 (Phronia), 369

a (Platyura), 352

forestan (Rhopalocampta), 50, 53

Formica, iv, xxili, lxxvi

formicarius (Stictococeus), 522

Formicoxenus, xxiii

formosa (Mycetophila), 374, 376

», (Neoempheria), 355, 356

formosanus (Nigidius), 264, 271

forsteri (Hexarthrius), 222, 269

fovea (Rhymosia), 367

foveatus (Metopodontus), 224, 269

fragilis (Atheta), 304, 306

(Hy drosmecta), 311

fraterna (ayéeiapiiay, 375, 377

fraternus (Leptinopterus), 237, 270

a (Metopodontus), 224

frey-gessneri (Cyclommatus), 236

froggatti (Ceratognathus), 268

fronticornis (Aegus), 258, 271

fugax (Solenopsis), ci

fulgida (Lamprima), 216, 269

», (Milionia), lxviii

fuliginosa (Mycetophila), 375, 377

(

fulvipes (Metopodontus), 225, 269

vs (Platyura), 351

fumosus (Dolerus), 431, 435

funebris (Eriopteryx), 590

A (Trichonta), 339, 369

funeralis (Ilema), 601

funereus (Leptinopterus), 236, 270

fungi (Acrotona), 313

», var. orbata (Acrotona), 313

(Atheta), 287, 289, 308

», var. orbata (Atheta), 288

fungicola (Atheta), 294, 312

fungivora (Atheta), 301

‘5 (Bessobia), 312

fungorum (Exechia), 367

fusca (Bolitophila), 344, 345

», (Formica), lxxvi

», sub-sp. gagates (Formica), iv

», var. picea (Formica), iv

fuscicornis (Tomarus), 60, 89, 90

fuscipes (Acrotona), 313

», (Atheta), 289

fuscula (Mycetophila), 339

fuscus (Culicelsa), 683, 699

», (Hapalips), 98, 108, 104

futura (Stenoma), 188

fylla (Abisara), Ixvii

Gadhirta, xlv

gagatina (Atheta), 300, 312

gaillardi (Bengalia), exxviii

”

galba (Chilades), 201, 202, 208, 204 |

Gallerianae, cxxii

gamra (Azanus), 27

Gargara, 448, 464, 465, 466, 468

Gargararia, 518

gargasus (Papilio), 572

garleppi (Sphenognathus), 215

Gastropacha, 592

gazella (Odontolabis), 239, 241

Gegenes, 49, 52, 54

Gelechia, Ixxii

Gelechiadae, 174

Gelta, Ixvii

gemina (Agriophara), 182

», (Atheta), 298, 310

»» (Metaxya), 311

», (Pidorus), Ixvii

geniculata (Sciophila), 358, 381

genucinctus (Loderus), 429, 431

Geometridae, lxiv, lxvi

geranias (Asindulum), 354

germana (Atheta), 290

56 (Datomicra), 313

germanica (Panorpa), lxxxviii

Gerydinae, 469

Gerydus, 468, 469, 470

gessneri (Dolerus), 430, 482, 435

gibba (Mycetophila), 376

cexvil )

gibbifera (Truquiella), 60, 87

gibbipennis (Tomarus), 60, 89, 90

gibbosa (Trichodesma), 185, 668

gibbosus (Dolerus), 4384, 435

gidica (Belenois), 29, 52

f. abyssinica (Belenois), 29

,, f. westwoodi (Belenois), 29

gigantea (Purlisa), 282

gigas (Nigidius), 264

gilesi (Ceratognathus), 268

gilippus (Danais), 399, 408, 404

gilvipes (Loderus), 431, 435

giraffa (Cladognathus), 222, 223

girschneri (Phronia), 838

glaber (Aegus), 256, 271

», (Eupactus), 143, 146, 148

5, (Lioolius), 146

glabrata (Bolitophila), 344

glabratus (Neolucanus), 245, 270

Ap (Odontolabis), 239

glabripennis (Dorcus), 252, 253, 271

gladiator (Homoderus), 234

glaphyrodes (Stenoma), 186

Glaphyroptera, 336, 342

glauca (Milionia), Ixvi

glauconome (Synchloé), lxxx, 32, 55

glaucopis (Pidorus), lxiv

Glossola, 311

glycera (Teracolus), 42, 43

glycinae (Phalaenoides), lxvii

Glyphipteryx, Ixxii

Gnaphaloryx, 241, 255, 271

gnomon (Rabduchus), 516

Gnoriste, 341

goetzius (Byblia), 22, i

goliath (Euchroma), i

gonager (Blopkarinaal ‘390, 398, 395,397

(Coelocrabro), 395

- (Dolerus), 430, 431, 434, 485

Gonatas, lxxv

gonatas (Eudamus), 574

”)

| Gonatopus, lxxix

Gonepteryx, Ixxviii, cxxxi

Goniurus, 578

Gonometa, vii, 591

gorhami (Micranobium), 141

3 (Nephaspis), 120

(Petalium), 141

(Rhadine), 141

,, (Trichodesma), 132, 135, 138

Grabhamia, 683, 686, 687

gracilenta (Aleuonota), 293, 311

gracilicornis (Exechia), 370

Be (Hapalips), 97, 103, 108

gracilipes (Rhymosia), 366

gracilis (Taeniocampa), xxxi, xlvi

graminicola (Atheta), 305

Ap (Megista), 313

”

( ecxvili })

grandis (Aceraius), xxv

», (Hapalips), 104

;, (Macrocera), 345, 346

»» (Nigidius), 265, 272

», (Trichura), 3

granigera (Atheta), 310

33 (Liogluta), 312

granum (Scymnus), 124

Graphalocnemis, lxxv

gratiosa (Sphaenogona), 571

gregaria (Atheta), 309

», (Glossola), 311

gripha (Boletina), 362, 363

griseicollis (Brachycampta), 368

griseo-striata (Euproctis), 599

grossulariata (Abraxas), cxix

grouvellei (Hapalips), 100, 105, 111

ap (Psephenops), 59, 63, 64

grzegorzekii (Boletina), 338

guadalupensis (Hapalips), 9

guttata (Mycetophila), 374, 378

guttatus (Monoedus), 73

guttifera (Laspeyresia), 173

gyllenhali (Atheta), 308

55 (Metaxya), 311

Gynaecia, xvii

gynsea (Charis), 563

gypaetus (Eurytrachelus), 250, 251

Hadroneura, 341

haematodes (Dolerus), 430, 435

a (Odontomachus), 442, 483,

484

haemorrhoidalis (Mesolasia), iii, iv

Haetera, 677

haldemani (Psephenus), 62, 63

halimede (Teracolus), Ixxxi, 13, 36, 51,

52, 55

Haliplus, Ixxi

Halobrectha, 311

halobrectha (Atheta), 309

Ao (Halobrectha), 311

halterata (Monoclona), 339, 357

Hamanumida, 21, 53

hamata (Trichonta), 368

hanningtoni (Prosopocoelus), 229, 269

Hapalips, 58, 60, 87, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,

107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112

Haplolophus, 97

Haplothorax, lviii

Hastula, vi

hatita (Hypolycaena), 503

hector (Papilio), xxxili _

hegesia (Euptoieta), 552

», (Papilio), 552

hegemone (Argvnnis), xii

es (Brenthis), xlvii

heidenreichi (Satyrus), xii

hela (Antirrhaea), 679

Heleona, lxiv

helcita (Aletis), xxi

Heliconiinae, lxv

Heliconius, Ixv, evi, cvii, cxxx, cxxxil,

Cxxxill, 545, 550/551, bo2

Helicopis, 545, 558, 559

Helicopsis, 562

Heligmoneura, xlix

heliodes (Xenandra), 560

Heliura, iv

helius (Papilio), 560

», (Xenandra), 560

Helladepichoria, 338, 340, 354, 381

helle (Teracolus), 40

helmsi (Lissotes), 262, 271

helotoides (Ceratognathus), 268

helvolus (Dorylus), cxxiii

s (Teracolus), 34

hemes (Melanion), 573

», (Papilio), 573

Hemiconotus, xxxvil

Hemisodorcus, 247, 248, 254, 270

Hemisodorius (in error), 270

hemisphaericus (Micropsephus), 60, 118

hepatica (Atheta), 299

Aa (Ptychandra), 312

herodotus (Chalybs), 566

ee (Hesperia), 566

Herpaenia, ]xxxi, 29, 52

Hertwigia, 361

Hesperia, xl, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii, xlix,

568, 564, 566, 579, 581

Hesperidae, xlvi, xlvii,

405, 545, 573

Hesperiidae, lxili, lxiv, lxvi, xvii, 49,

50, 52, 383

Hesperiinae, 573

Hesperinus, 339

hesperitis (Calycopis), 568

hetaera (Teracolus), 38, 53

Heterocera, cili

Heterochroa, 556

Heteronotus, xxxvii

heteropa (Stenoma), 187

Heteroptera, lviii

Heterusia, lxiv

hetschkoi (Eciton), xv

heuglini (Teracolus), 42, 43

hewitsoni (Epitola), 456

59 (Euliphyra), 505

Hexaphyllum, 267, 272

Hexarthrius, 221, 222, 269

higginsi (Sphenognathus), 215, 268

hippothoé (Chrysophanus), cx

Ae var, eurybia (Chrysophanus),

hirsuta (Ammophila), ¢, ci

xlviii, xev,

( ‘cexia )

Hirsutis, exxxiii

hirta (Sciophila), 356, 357, 381

», (Tetragoneura), 338, 360

hirtus (Emus), v

Histiaea, lxvii

hobleyi (Pseudacraea), xi

hodierna (Atheta), 290

», (Datomicra), 313

Holoparamecus, 114

Holosternus, 90, 91, 92

holosticta (Charis), 563

holothoroides (Sphaerolaelaps), xliii

Homoderus, 233, 270

Homoptera, xxi, 438, 520

hondurasica (Cycloneda), 120

honoluluensis (Apterocycelus), 258, 271

hopei (Aegus), 257

Hoplitocranum, 225

Hoplocrabro, 385, 392, 395, 396, 397

Horaga, 277

horeae (Sagaris), lxvii

horni (Aglyptus), 66, 67

horsfieldi (Allotinus), 469

horta ab. conjuncta (Acraea), 411

hortona (Pierella), 678

howittanus (Lissapterus),

271

H-signatus (Astenus), 540

huebneri (Satyrus), xii

humeralis (Atheta), 312

5a (Ocholissa), 90

9 (Platyura), 350

humilis (Acraea), 407, 408

», (Ilema), 602

», (Phthinia), 364, 382

hungarica (Loewiella), 361

huntera (Pyrameis), 675

» altissima (Pyrameis), 675

», braziliensis (Pyrameis) 675

;, Yubia (Pyrameis), 675

Huphina, cxi, cxiv

hya (Mesene), 561

hyale (Colias), 48, 54

», var. marnoana (Colias), ]xxxiii

hybrida (Atheta), 308, 312

», (Bolitophila), 344, 345

hydara (Heliconius), 551, 552

hydarus hydarus (Heliconius), lxv

hydrophiloides (Pseudodorcus),

261, 271

Hydrosmecta, 284, 311

Hydrosmectina, 311

hyerana (Hastula), vi

Hygroecia, 311

hygrotopora (Atheta), 308

me (Metaxya), 311

hylas (Polyommatus), cv

hylonome (Actinote), lxiii

261, 262,

260,

Hymaea, 86

Hymenitis, 547

Hymenoptera, xxx, exviii, 1, 2, 66

hypaesia (Haetera), 677

hyperythrus (Euroto), 575

Hypna, lxvi

hypnorum (Atheta), 310

7 (Liogluta), 812

Hypoclinea, xxiv

Hypoclopus, 191

hypogaea (Aleuonota), 311

Hypokopelates, 436, 442, 471, 501

Hypoleria, 547

Hypolimnas, xxi, Ixvili, 20, 21, 52, 54

546

Hypolycaena, 28, 52, 436, 437, 443,

444, 445, 473, 474, 502, 503

Hypomedon, 541

Hyponomeutidae, 190

Hypophloeus, 162

Hypostenus, 531, 532

Hypsa, xvii

Hypsaucheniaria, 505, 517

Hypsidae, lxiv, Ixvii

ianthe (Papilio), 553

», (Phyciodes), 558

ibericus (Lucanus), 221

ibex (Leptinopterus), 236, 237

ibycus (Mesosemia), 559

Idalina, Ixvii

ignobilis (Atheta), 296, 312

Ilema, 601, 602

ilioneus polyxenus (Caligo), 549

», saltus (Caligo), 549

ilithyia (Byblia), 21, 58, 54

Imaus, 599

imbecilla (Atheta), 306

BA (Metaxya), 311

imitata (Loxophlebia), iv

immaculata (Tatochila), xlii, xliii

immaculatus (Othnius), 62, 168, 169

immanata (Larentia), xvi

Immetalia, lxvi

imperator (Anobium), 133

9 (Teracolus), 38

e (Trichodesma), 133,

135, 668

imperialis (Epanycles), iv

impleta (Pseudacraea), 613

impressus (Metopodontus), 225, 269

inachia (Callopepla), 9

inca (Arrhenophanes), 199

», (Erycina), lxv

incana (Alianta), 312

», (Atheta), 292

incerta (Arhopala), 277

incertus (Eurytrachelus), 251, 271

incisurata (Mycomyia), 355

( "eex=.-:)

incognita (Atheta), 305, 312

inconspicuata (Ilema), 602

indeterminatus (Eurytrachelus), 251,

271

indica (Pyrameis), cii

», (Vanessa), cli

indicus (Osorius), 528

», (Stilicus), 542

indiscreta (Atheta), 296

4% (Microdota), 312

indocilis (Atheta), 292

- (Meotica), 313

indubia (Atheta), 301

», (Microdota), 312

inermis (Boletina), 338, 362

inexacta (Gadhirta), xlv

infida (Acrolophus), 197

infuscata (Acraea), 23

mF, (Platyura), 347, 353

inhabilis (Anopleta), 312

a (Atheta), 295

inornata (Ilema), 601

inquinatus (Metopodontus), 226, 269

inquinula (Atheta), 296

BS (Microdota), 312

inscita (Agriophara), 182

insecta (Aloconota), 311

», (Atheta), 307

insolitus (Cissoeryptus), 92

insularis (Lamprima), 217, 269

50 (Lytopeplus), 80, 82

(Priotoma), 61, 158, 159

integer (Nigidius), 264, 271

intermedia (Atheta), 286

Aa (Dimetrota), 313

intermedius (Chalcodes), 242, 243

4» (Eurytrachelus), 252, 260

interrupta (Episcaphula), exxii

3 (Exechia), 371

pA (Sciophila), 358, 381

interruptus (Metacrabro), 387, 388,

397, 398

intersecta (Exechia), 371

interstincta (Phronia), 369

iodinus (Tmolus), 569

ione (Teracolus), 38

iphthime (Ageronia), 555

3 (Peridromia), 555

iridescens (Neurotes), Ixxvi, exxxiv

irregularis (Baeocera), 59, 70

(Murmidius), 83

irroratus (Scortizus), 259, 271

isabella (Kueides), 552

», f. huebneri /Eueides), 552

Isapis, lxv

islandica (Atheta), 308

> (Metaxya), 311

Isostola, iv

Itaballia, 571

iterata (Herpaenia), 29

Ithomia, 547

Ithomiae, lxxxix

Ithomiidae, 671

Ithomiinae, 546

iturina (Acraea), 408

itylus (Cecropterus), ]xiii

Ixias, 31

jalapensis (Macrocneme), iii, iv

jaloka (Plebeius), 205, 206, 207, 208,209

jalone (Teracolus), 38

jansoni (Aricoris), xv

Jassidae, xxix, 438, 458, 518

javanus (Kurytrachelus), 251, 271

jejuna (Ochromyia), cxxvili, exxix

jenkinsi (Metopodontus), 225

jenkinsoni (Sciophila), 358, 381

jenous (Azanus), 27, 53, 54

jerdani (Argyunis), xii

jobina (Teracolus), 38

jodutta (Acraea), 608, 611, 612, 618,

620, 622, 624, 626, 628,

630, 632, 634, 636, 638,

640, 642, 644

dorotheae (Acraea), 608,

612, 618, 620, 622, 624,

626, 628, 630, 632, 634,

636, 638, 640, 642, 644

johanna (Nymphalis), 554

johnstoni (Homoderus), 234, 270

jonesi (Pseudosphex), 4, 5

josepha (Pieris), cxiv

josiata (Orgyia), Ixvi

jovis {Belemia), ili, iv

jugularis (Rhyssonotus), 216, 268

julus (Argiolaus), 437, 443, 474

juniperi (Monoctenus), xxiv

juruana (Adelpha), 556

kalinda (Erebia), xii

kandiensis (Aegus), 257, 258, 271

karsandra (Zizeeria), 204

me (Zizera), 26

Kerana, lxvi

kersteni (Lycaenesthes), 477, 478

kiesenwetteri (Rhopalum), 396

kinabaluensis (Odontolabis), 240

Kingia, 684

kirbyi (Salius), 7

kirschi (Pharaxonotha), 95

knysna (Zizera), 26

kolga (Norasuma), 472

kondulana (Lampides),

Koruthaialos, lxvi

kuenowi hypoxantha

608, 609, 619, 621,

629, 631, 633, 635,

648, 645

277

(Pseudacraea),

623, 625, 627,

637, 639, 641,

( eexxi )

labes (Tmolus), 567

labdacus (Megistias), 578

labilis (Aegus), 257, 258

lachares (Lycaenesthes), 437, 448, 444,

445, 478, 481, 482

Lachnocnema, 24, 52, 436, 444, 470

lacinia (Araschnia), 553

», saundersii (Chlosyne), 558

lacteipennis (Herpaenia), Ixxxi

lactinatus (Cupido), 25

ladakensis (Colias), xii

lades (Macrocneme), 7, 8

;, leucostigma (Macrocneme), liii

Laelia, xevi

Laemophloeus, 59, 83, 84

laeta (Ocholissa), 90

laevana (Atheta), 289

», (Dimetrota), 313

laevicollis (Aegus), 258

a (Nigidius), 264, 265, 272

laevipennis (Lytopeplus), 59, 80, 81

laevis (Aglyptus), 65, 67

», (Eupactus), 145, 145

,, (Mirosternus), 143

Laglasia, exxxi

lagosensis (Neoxiphistes), 437, 444, 497,

515

lagus (Aricoris), 565

», (Papilio), 565

laius Chilades), 201, 203, 204

lama (Neolucanus), 243, 244

lambornella (Tinthia), 437, 442, 493,

513

lamborni (Aslauga), 436, 442, 4438, 447,

448, 492, 494, 499, 508

' (Beninia), 465, 517

‘5 (Neaveia), xxi, xxii

as (Rhinopsylla), 487, 444, 498,

520, 521

lamellifer (Pseudhapalips), 60, 112

laminifer (Lucanus), 221, 269

Lampides, 277

Lamprima, 216, 217, 269

lanaria (Euproctis), vi

languida (Atheta), 306, 307

nA (Disopora), 311

lansbergei (Aegus), 258

lanuginosus (Hapalips), 60, 99, 110

Lapethus, 59, 78, 79, 83

Laphria, 327

Larentia, xvi, xvii

Larinopoda, 467

larvatus (Xestocrabro), 387, 397

leg (Lycaenesthes), 437, 444, 477,

478

Lasaia, 563

Lasiocampidae, 591

Lasiophila, lxiii

Lasiosoma, 335, 340, 857, 358

Lasius, xxiii, xxviii, xxxi, xlili, xliv,

Ixxvii, cxxxi

Laspeyresia, 173

latera (Euagra), lxiv

lateralis (Camponotus), xxiv

», (Exechia), 339, 371

», (Prosopocoelus), 226, 269

lateritia (Pachythone), 561

Lathridiidae, 60, 113, 114

Lathropus, 59, 84, 85

laticeps (Atheta), 297

,, (Parameotica), 311

», (Prosopocoelus), 232, 233

laticineta (Dictyophorus), xevii

3 (Petasia), xevii

laticollis (Acrotona), 313

,, (Atheta), 289

a (Lucanus), 245

latidens (Lissotes), 268, 271

latima (Eutrichopidia), Ixvii

latimanus (Cleridopsis), 60, 94, 95

latipennis (Odentolabis), 240, 270

latreillei (Lamprima), 216

launcestoni (Lissotes), 263, 271

laurae (Chlorippe), 546, 557

laure (Papilio), 557

laurea (Hesperia), 581

», (Vettius), 581

lebona (Hypolycaena), 437, 444, 473

», (Zeltus), 487, 473

Lecanium, 442, 447, 523, 524

leda (Eronia), 46, 53

leela (Plebeius), 206, 208

Leia, 335, 336, 338, 342, 365

leioides (Mycetophila), 338

Leiomyia, 336, 342

Lejomya, 336

lemolea (Spalgis), 487, 472, 475

Lemonias, 561, 564

lenea (Papilio), 547

leo (Teracolus), 36, 37

lepeletieri (Leptalina), xcv

Lepidoptera, xxvii, xxx, 1

re Rhopalocera, 545

Leptalina, xcv

Leptalis, 570

Leptinopterus, 236, 237, 270

Leptocentrus, xxxvi, 437, 443, 444, 462,

466, 467, 494, 495, 496, 497, 515,

516

leptogaster (Polylepta), 356

Leptomorphus, 338, 341

Leptothorax, xxiii

leptura (Exechia), 371

Lerodes, 591

lethroides (Colophon), 218

letitia (Kresia), 675, 676

( ccmxii )

letitia nigra (Eresia), 676

Leucania, xcvili

Leucanitis, lxiv

Leuceronia, 46, 52

leucogyne (Belenois), 30

Leucohimatium, 97

leucomelanella (Gelechia), lxxii

Leucomyia, 683, 695, 696, 698

Leucopsumis, lxiv

leucoptera (Rhodogastria), xcvii

leucopterus (Dolerus), 434

leucostigma (Macrocneme), 8

leucostomus (Blepharipus), 389, 392,

397

leucotelus (Napata), iv

Leucothyris, 673

leucyania (Kuliphyra), 504, 505

leuthneri (Neolucanus), 247

levana (Araschnia), lxx

liagore (Teracolus), Ixxxii, 43, 44, 52

lias (Teracolus), 44

libythea (Appias), evi

licinia (Enantia), 570

», acutipennis (Enantia), 570

», (Leptalis), 570

5, (Papilio), 570

licinius (Mantoides), 283

ligea (Erebia), 1xxiii

lilina (Nymphidium), 565

liliputana (Atheta), 296

(Microdota), 312

Limacis, Ixxvi

limbatus (Metopodontus), 225, 269

HS (Teracolus), evi

limona (Pieris), exv

limosipennella (Coleophora), Ixxii

linda (Mycetophila), 339

Lindeniinae, 386, 396

Lindenius, 396

linea (Hesperia), xl

linearis (Atheta), 300

», (Corticeus); 162

»» (Dinaraea), 312

lineatopunctatus (Eurytrachelus), 249,

270

lineatus (Ceroplatus), 346

», (Charagmophorus), 260, 271

lineola (Mycetophila), 373

lineolata (Cremastogaster), 524

lingga (Lycaenopsis), 276

Liodes, 59, 64, 65

liodes (Lycaenesthes), 437, 476

liogaster (Dolerus), 430, 435

Liogluta, 312, 313

Lioolius, 58, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147,

148, 149, 150, 151

Lioscymnus, 61, 125, 126

Liptena, 466

Lipteninae, xxi, 486, 446, 506

Liphyra, 451, 458, 487, 504, 506, 507,

508, 512

Liphyrinae, 507

Lissapterus, 261, 262, 271

Lissodema, 92

Lissotes, 258, 262, 268, 264, 271

listeri (Paraegus), 258, 271

lithograpta (Agriophara), 184

Lithosiidae, 601

littleri (Chrysoconops), 684, 702

littorea (Atheta), 303

», (Metaxya), 311

liturata (Atheta), 294, 312

lituratus (Crabro), 383

ae (Metacrabro), 387, 388, 398

livia (Deudorix), 28, 52

», (Ectima), lxiii

livornica (Phryxus), xi

lobicollis (Aegotypus), 255

Lobopelta, exxix

Locustidae, li, lii

Loderus, 4380, 481, 4385

loewi (Callicera), 323

Loewiella, 340, 361

Logania, 276

Lonchaea, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320,

321

Lonchaeidae, 321

Lonchaeinae, 316, 321

| longicollis (Disopora), 311

| longicornis (Atheta), 286, 307

i (Chaetida), 313

A (Claviger), xlili

sy (Mycetophbila), 338

a (Scirtes), 670

longipennis (Hexarthrius), 221, 222,

269

longispinus (Dactylopius), 442, 446,

472, 475, 528

longiuscula (Atheta), 301, 309

3 (Liogluta), 313

longiusculus (Trogocryptus), 60, 93

longula (Atheta), 304

,, (Hydrosmecta), 311

Lophyrus, xxiv

lordaca (Belenois), 30, 31

Lorelopsis, 163, 167, 168

Lorelus, 62, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167

lorena (Pieris), ex

lowei (Odontolabis), 242, 270

loxias (Parnassius), xii

Loxophloebia, ii, ili, iv

lubbocki (Platyphora), Ixxvi

Lucanus, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 244,

245, 250, 269

lucidula (Exechia), 370

lucidus (Hapalips), 60, 98, 105

( cexxim )

lucidus (Polyergus), xxiii

lucorum (Mycomyia), 355

lucretilis (Triclema), 487, 442, 443,

485, 503

luctuosa (Mycetophila), 375, 377

luculla (Pythonides), 582

lugens (Allodia), 338, 367

lugine (Nacaduba), 276, 277

lugubris (Mycomyia), 355

», (Othnius), 169

», (Sciophila), 338

lunata (Mycetophila), 374, 377

lundbecki (Boletina), 862, 363

lundstroemi (Boletina), 362, 363

lunifer (Lucanus), 218, 219, 269

luridipennis (Atheta), 307

a. (Pelurga), 311

luridus (Eulepidius), 241, 255, 271

lusitanicus (Lucanus), 218, 269

lutea (Cimbex), xxiv

», (Macrocera), 345, 346

», (Sciophila), 356, 357, 381

luteago var. ficklini (Dianthoecia),

lxxxviii

luteata (Dasychira), 596

luteella (Nepticula), xxiii

luteicauda (Mycetophila), 374, 379,

382

luteipes (Atheta), 307

», (Dilacra), 311

lutescens (Mycetophila), 339, 378

lybissa (Liptena), 466

Lycaena, xli, ex, 201

Lycaenesthes, lvii, 26, 52, 53, 54,

442, 448, 444, 445, 476, 477,

481, 482, 483

Lycaenidae, lvii, 24, 50, 52, 436, 437,

448, 444, 445, 446, 447, 466, 468,

475, 476, 492, 498, 499, 507, 508,

566

lycaenina (Theope), 566

Lycaeninae, lvii, 436, 446, 450, 458

Lycaenopsis, 274, 275, 276, 277

Lychnuchoides, Ixvi

Lychnuchus, ]xvi

lycia (Acraea), 23

Lycidae, Ixxxiv

lycimnia (Daptonoura), 571

Lycoperdina, 114

Lycoperdinella, 60, 114, 115

Lyctidae, 60, 116

Lyctus, 117

Lymanopoda, 680, 681

Lymantria, 597, 598

Lymantriadae, lxiv, lxvi

Lymantridae, 4387, 492

Lymantriidae, 593

lyncea (Chrysis), Ixxxv

437,

478,

lyncea (Tetrachrysis), Ixxxv

lypera (Pieris), cx

lysimon (Zizeevia), 201, 204

» (Zizera), 26, 52, 54

lysithous (Papilio), exxx

a6 f. lysithous (Cosmodesmus),

CxXXx

39 3 (Papilio), exx,

cxxl

Lytopeplus, 58, 59, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82

lyzanius (Neurypexina), 437, 443,

484

macarista (Planema), 607, 608, 609,

610, 611, 614, 615, 618, 620, 622,

624, 626, 628, 630, 632, 634, 636,

638, 640, 642, 644

macclellandi (Hoplitocranum), 225

9 (Metopodontus), 225, 269

machaon (Papilio), xlix, 418

ae ladakensis (Papilio), xii

macleayi (Hemisodorcus), 248, 270

Macrobrachius, 342

Macrocera, 336, 340, 345, 346, 349

macrocera (Atheta), 288

es (Badura), 313

FA (Platyura), 347, 349, 380

Macrocerinae, 340

Macrocneme, iii, iv, 1, liii, 2, 7, 8

Macrocrates, 237, 270

Macrodorcus, 248, 254, 271

Macroglossa, xii

Macrophyllus, 221

macrosiris (Dynastor), 545, 549

macrosiris (Dynastor), 549

macrosphena (Trichotaphe), 175

macrura (Rhymosia), 366, 367

maculata (Macrocera), 345, 346

maculatus (Camponotus), xxviii, 444,

472, 474, 498

a race atramentarius

ponotus), xxvili

$5 race fellah (Camponotus),

XXVili

re (Physegaster), xlix

maculicollis (Ptilinus), 61, 160

maculosa (Mycetophila), 339

madagascariensis (Precis), 20

madidus (Dolerus), 432, 483, 435

maera (Mesosemia), 559

magnicauda (Exechia), 370

magniceps (Atheta), 310

(Hygroecia), 311

Mahotis, xvi

maimuna (Catagramma), 555

mairessei (Acraea), xciv

majusculus (Aglyptonotus), 59, 66

Malachiidae, cxviii

malaccus (Aegus), 257

(Cam-

( ccxxiv )

malathana (Catochrysops), 53, 437,

443, 444, 488

"2 var. nilotica (Catochry-

sops), 26

(Cupido), 437, 488

malenka (Perrhybris), 571

say a (bieris) sexes fl

malgassica (Gastropacha), 592

ae (Imaus), 599

93 (Orgyia), 597

maligna (Dasychira), 595

malitiosa (Cymaenes), 578

a, (Goniurus), 578

Malthodes, Ixxi

malvina (Eunica), 545, 554

manillarum (Figulus), 266, 272

manni (Erebia), xii

manto (Erebia), evii, cviii, cix, cx

», var. caecilia (Erebia), cix

Mantoides, 283

marcella (Megalura), Ixviii

marciana (Myrina), 278, 279, 280

(Thamala), 277, 278, 279,

280, 282

marcida (Atheta), 287

», (Dimetrota), 313

marcus (Carystus), 581

», (Papilio), 581

mardava (Phasis), Ixvii

marginalis (Figulus), 266

marginata (Aslauga), 446, 499

i (Dziedzickia), 361

FS (Hertwigia), 361

AC (Ilema), 601

Mycetophila), 375, 377

Platyura), 347, 348, 349,

380

marginatus (Neolucanus), 247, 270

” (Sphex), c

marina (Atheta), 306

», (Metaxya), 311

Marmara, xl

Marmessus, Ixviii

marmorata (Diestrammena), ]xx

marmoratus (Mitophyllus), 267, 268,

272

marmoreus (Aphnaeus), 55

marnoana (Colias), 48, 52, 54

martini (Prosopocoelus), 228, 269

masa (Loxophlebia), iv

matanga (Lycaenopsis), 275, 276

mathias (Parnara), 49, 53, 54

matthewsi (Aglyptonotus), 59, 67

maura (Mycomyia), 355

», (Sciophila), 338

mavors (Mithras), 566

», (Thecla), 566

boy boy

meander (Arhopala), 277

”

te) (

(

meander (Papilio), 557

a (Prepona), 557

mearesi (Licanas), 219, 269

meconitis (Trichotaphe), 176

mediatrix (Synchloe), 553

medusa (Erebia), cx

megacephalus (Dorcus), 251

Megachile, lxxxv

Megalopalpus, xxii, 486, 443, 445,

458, 459, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467,

468, 469, 470, 494

Megalopini, 529

Megalops, 529

Megalura, Ixviii, 555

Meganaclia, xcvi

megapterus (Dolerus), 434, 435

Megarthrus, 525

Megista, 313

Megistias, 578

Megophthalmidia, 339, 342

meisteri (Rhyncopyga), 8

melampus (Erebia), evii, cviii, cix, cx

melanarge (Herpaenia), 29

melanaria (Atheta), 286

an (Coprothassa), 313

go geer (Leptinopterus), 236, 237,

270

melanida (Dircenna), 547

te (Papilio), 547

melanina (Hirsutis), exxxiii

Melanion, 573

melanippe (Adelpha), Ixv

melanitis (Episcepsis), lxvii

melanocephalus (Hypomedon), 542

melanocera (Atheta), 308

‘5 (Metaxya), 311

melanoceros (Tetragoneura), 360

melanophyta (Argyrotoxa), 172

melanopyga (Trichonta), 368

melas (Aglyptonotus), 59, 66, 67

Melasina, xlii, 420, 422

Melinaea, cxxxili, 546, 672

melissa (Sphecosoma), 5

melissina (Sphecosoma), 6

Melitaea, xii, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii, cv

mellifica (Apis), xlv

melona (Adelpha), 546, 556

», (Heterochroa), 556

melpomene (Heliconius), 545, 550

a melpomene (Heliconius),

550

= melpomenides (Helico-

nius), lxv

Melyridae, cxviii, 61, 128

Membracidae, xxxv, XXXVi, XXxvVii,

lvii, 437, 438, 458, 460, 463, 465,

469, 494, 515

memnonia (Trichotaphe), 176

( “eexar )

mendax (Homoptera), xxi

mendoron (Agriophara), 182

menetas (Symmachia), 560

Meotica, 313

mercurius (Dorecus), 252, 271

meridionalis (Atheta), 303

3 (Metaxya), 311

Merophysiinae, 114

Mesene, 561

mesentina (Belenois),

30, 31, 52, 54

Mesolasia, lil, iv

Mesosemia, xiii, 559

Messor, xxvii

metabilis (Heliconius), 550

Metacrabro, 383, 387, 388, 397, 398

metalilis (Heliconius), 550

Metallactulus, 254, 271

metallicus (Pycnocephalus), 73

Metamorpha, 552

Metaxya, 311

Meteorus, lix

Metiscus, 577

Metopodontus, 223, 224, 225, 226, 269

Metriorrhynchus, lxxxiv, 1xxxviii

mevania (Mesosemia), ]xili

mexicana (Trichodesma), 133, 137, 138

mexicanum (Durangoum), 131

eA (Micranobium), 131

mexicanus (Corticeus), 162

. (Hapalips)) 100, 105, 110

ap (Liodes), 59, 64

3 (Ozognathus), 131

as (Ptilinus), 159, 161

na (Thaptor), 151, 152

micardi (Lamprima), 217

Micranobium, 58, 130, 131, 140, 141,

142

microcale (Teracolus), 40

Microdota, 284, 312

Micropsephodes, 60, 119

Micropsephus, 60, 118, 119, 120, 126,

128

Microseymnus, 61, 127

microsema (Papias), 578

microstictus (Xestocrabro), 387, 388,

397

midas (Bungalotis), 574

miles (Catagramma), 554

», (Teracolus), 39, 40

Milionia, Ixvi, lxviii

Miltochrista, 492

Mimacraea, 607

mimica (Callitaera), 677

minerva (Melitaea), xlvii, xlviii

miniata (Kuproctis), 598

», (Thamala), 277, 278, 279, 280,

281, 282

ex) lexi,

minimus (Lathropus), 59, 85

minor (Aglyptus), 67

», (Euxestus), 79

», (Oedichirus), 537

minusculella (Nepticula), 1xxiii

minuta (Argyroeides), iv

minutus (Kidoreus), 79

mirabilis (Ditomoderus), 248, 270

miriam (Teracolus), 37

mirifica (Kuliphyra), 436, 438, 444,

445, 450, 455, 504, 505, 506, 508,

509, 512

Mirosternus, 142, 143

miselioides (Dasychira), 595

misera (Pamphila), 575

misippus (Hypolimnas), xxi, 20, 21,

52, 54, 546

5 f. inaria (Hypolimnas), 21

Mithras, 566

mithrax (Chiomara), 582

Mitophyllus, 267, 268, 272

mixtus (Eupactus), 151

ase) CLIASITIS) >) xx CxKT

», (Pinophilus), 534

Mnasaleas, 577

Mnasitheus, 578

munasylus (Cybdelis), Ixviii

Mnesipyrga, 170, 171

M-nigrum (Cis), 61, 161, 162

mniophilinus (Micropsephus), 118

mniszechi (Cyclommatus), 235

mobilicornis (Odontaeus), v

modesta (Boloria), 673

i (Platyura), 347, 350, 380

moloschus (Eurytrachelus), 251, 271

monastra (Agriophara), 182

monilis (Laemophloeus), 83

Monoclona, 337, 838, 3389, 340, 356,

357

Monoctenus, xxiv

Monoedus, 73

Monohammus, v

Monomorium, xxviii, exxiv, 443

monostigma (Emesis), 561

_ (Mesene), 561

monticola (Atheta), 302, 308

a5 (Bessobia), 312

ne (Osorius), 527, 528

montivagans (Atheta), 288

moravica (Boletina), 362, 363

morbida (Agriophara), 182

mordax (Prosopocoelus), 232, 233

mori (Bombyx), lix

morio (Leptinopterus), 236

», (Platyura), 352

morionella (Docosia), 365

Morphidae, 547

mortuorum (Atheta), 285, 296

( cexxvi )

mortuorum (Microdota), 312

Morys, 582

motschulskyi (Psalidoremus), 228, 269

mouhoti (Odontolabis), 241, 242

moultoni (Lycaenopsis), 274, 276

muelleri (Phalacrognathus), 218

muiri (Atheta), 304

multidentatus (Cyclommatus), 234,

270

(Cyclophtalmus), 234

Murmidius, 59, 82, 83

musa (Cobalopsis), 577

Muscidae, exxvi

Mutilla, lxxxv

Mycetobia, 340

Mycetobiinae, 339, 340

Mycetophagidae, 60, 115

Mycetophila, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339,

348, 359, 365, 366, 371, 372, 373,

374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 382

Mycetophilidae, xlii, 334, 337

Mycetophilinae, 336, 339, 341

mycetophiloides (Platyura), 338, 350

Mycomyia, 335, 341, 355

Mycothera, 338, 339, 348, 372, 373,

375

Myelobia, exxii

myia (Eresia), 553

Myiodites, xv

Mylothris, lx, lxi, ex

Mymaridae, Ixxvi, cxxxiv

myncaea (Euptychia), 558

AG subsp. isolata (Euptychia),

558

myops (Lasius), xxiii

Myrina, 278, 279, 280, 436, 443, 444,

472

Myrmecocystus, xxviii, exxx

Myrmecophila, xxviii

myrmecophilus (Anotylus), 526

$5 (Oxytelus), 526

Myrmica, xxiii

Myrmicidae, xxxvii

Myscelus, 582

Mysoria, 573

Nacaduba, 276, 277

nana (Platyura), 352

Napata, iv

Napeogenes, exxxiii, 672

Nascus, Ixiii, 574

natalica (Acraea), xx, 23, 58

Nausibius, 100

Neaporia, 124

Neaveia, xxi, xxii

nebulosa (Mycetophila), 374, 376, 382

Nehela, 442, 443, 444, 459, 460, 463,

465, ‘467, ‘471, 519

neis (Cecropterus), lxili

Nelo, lxvi

nemoralis (Anaclinia), 338

3 (Mycetophila), 335

pS (Neuratelia), 335

ee (Platyura), 347, 348, 352,

381

Neoempheria, 341, 355, 356

Neolophus, 191

Neolucanus, 248, 244, 245, 246, 247,270

neophilus parianus (Papilio), 572

neophron (Abisara), lxiv

Neopithecops, 274

Neoplotera, 79

neotragus (Sclerostomus), 259

neotropicalis (Aesalus), 267, 272

Neoxiphistes, 437, 444, 497, 515

nepalensis (Hemisodorcus), 247, 248,

270

Nephaspis, 120

nepos (Anatole), 564

», (Hesperia), 564

Nepticula, lxxiii

Neptis, xii, 21, 53

neptoides (Eresia), 675, 676, 677

Nestus, 532

Neuratelia, 335

Neurotes, Ixxvi, cxxxiv

Neurypexina, 437, 443, 484

neustria (Clisiocampa), vii

niavius (Amauris), xxiv, lxxxiv, xcv,

exxxiii, 399, 402, 403, 404,

405, 658, 662

», £. dominicanus (Amauris), 658,

662

nigella (Atheta), 292

», (Pachnida), 312

niger (Ceratognathus), 268, 272

(Dolerus), 480, 434, 435

», (Lasius), xliv, cxxxi

», (Oedichirus), 536

nigerrimus (Lycaenopsis), 276

Nigidius, 264, 265, 271, 272

nigra (Atheta), 290

», (Chrysoconops), 702

», (Culicada), 683, 688

(Datomicra), 313

», (Hypolycaena),

473, 502

», (Polybia), 4

var. vigorsii (Scaphura), 1

,, (Sceptonia), 371

(Sciophila), 358, 359

nigratus (Dolerus), 431, 435

nigricans (Boletina), 362, 3638, 382

i (Dorylus), cxxili, cxxiv,

CXXV, CXxVili

nigricauda (Platyura), 347, 349, 350,

380

436, 443, 445,

( ecxxvil )

nigriceps (Hapalips), 99, 101, 107

me (Platyura), 388, 347, 350,

351

nigricollis (Lamprima), 217, 269

nigricolor (Berginus), 60, 117

nigricornis (Atheta), 302, 312

a (Platyura), 338, 348, 349,

350, 353, 381

nigricoxa (Dynatosoma), 338

nigripectus (Trogocryptus), 93, 94

nigripes (Atheta), 290

», (Dimetrota), 313

», (Lucanus), 219, 269

», (Pinophilus), 536

», (Psalicerus), 237

nigritarsia (Macrocneme), iii, iv

nigritula (Atheta), 294, 312

(Mycetophila), 338

nigritulus (Cobalus), 578

is (Cybocephalus), 72

nigritus (Blepharipus), 389, 395

ss (Chaleodes), 242, 243, 270

» (Figulus), 267, 272

nigriventris (Chloecharis), 542

rs (Hypomedon), 542

e (Platyura), 353

s (Priotoma), 61, 156

nigroaeneus (Scymnus), 61, 125

nigrocincta (Diacrisia), 600

nigro-emarginatus (Lasius), xxviii

nigrolimbatus (Platoberus), 60, 88

nigroscutellata (Exechia), 370 |

nigrosparsata (Dasychira), 596

nigrostriata (Lymantria), 597

nigrum (Asindulum), 355, 381

nilgiriensis (Cryptobium), 543

‘5 (Hypostenus), 532

A. (Osorius), 528

5 (Stenus), 532

nina (Colias), xii

niobe (Laelia), xevi

nireus (Papilio), 418

nise (Pteronymia), 546

nisibis (Mantoides), 283

nitens (Atheta), 290, 297, 312

», (Cordyla), 379, 380

», (Dolerus), 430, 435

», (Lasiosoma), 358

nitescens (Eupactus), 61, 143, 147

nitidicollis (Acnemia), 338

a (Atheta), 296, 312

nitidiuseula (Atheta), 310

3 (Liogluta), 313

nitidula (Atheta), 309

» (Liogluta), 313

Nitidulidae, 59, 70

nitidulus (Formicoxenus), xxili

a (Hapalips), 60, 99, 107, 108

nitidulus (Hypostenus), 531

_ (Stenus), 531

nitidum (Pseudaulonium), 59, 75

nitidus (Aegus), 255, 256

», (Eupactus), 142, 147, 148

», (Neolucanus), 246, 270

», (Odontolabis), 246

nivalis (Allotinus), 469

nivea (Lymanopoda), 680

niveicornis (Baoris), xcv

niveiplaga (Scalmicauda), xcix

nivipes (Anisocheleomyia), 683, 684,

707

noctilux (Phasis), lxvii

noctis (Atrytone), 580

Noctuae, xxv

Noctuidae, lxiv, lxvii, ci

Norasuma, 472

norbeata (Craspedosis), lxiv

nostradamus (Gegenes), 49, 52, 54

* f. karsana (Gegenes), 49

Notarthrinus, 274

notata (Zygomyia), 338

Notheme, 559

notifera (Ilema), 602

Notodontidae, xevi

notoscripta (Seutomyia), 683, 686

nouna (Teracolus), 42, 43

noverca (Pseudosphex), 4, 5

novercida (Pseudosphex), 4, 5

nox (Actinote), Ixvii

nuclearis (Antaeotricha), 181

numata (Heliconius), 550

», guiensis (Heliconius), 550

5, numata (Heliconius), 550

numatus numatus (Heliconius), 550

Numenes, lxiv

nurscia (Mahotis), lxvi

nycteis (Parnes), 562

nyctelius (Hesperia), 579

2 (Prenes), 579

Nyctus, 579

Nymphalidae, 549, 672

Nymphalinae, lxiii, lxv, Ixvi, 19, 50,

552

Nymphalis, 554, 555

Nymphidium, 565

Nyssorhynchus, 683, 684, 708

oberthuri (Plebeius), 211

obesus (Nigidius), 264, 271

oblita (Atheta), 295, 312

obliteratus (Hapalips), 60, 99, 109

oblonga (Atheta), 310

», (Liogluta), 313

oblongiuscula (Atheta), 310

‘5 (Liogluta), 313

oblongus (Dolerus), 431, 435

», (Thaptor), 151, 152

( cexxvili )

Oboronia, 487, 448, 444, 488, 489, 492

obscura (Allodia), 367

»» (Deudorix), 436, 442, 471

», (Hypokopelates), 436, 442, 471,

501

», (Mycetophila), 375, 377

>, (Pseudacraea), xxxiv, cx

obscurepennis (Ochromyia), cxxviii,

Cxxix

obscurus (Phloeonomus), 526

Obtusipalpalis, 437, 443, 444, 492

ocalea (Hymenitis), 547

occidentale (Scaphisoma), 59, 69

occidentalis (Culex), 688, 700

occipitalis (Metopodontus), 226, 269

occlusa (Bolitophlia), 344, 380

», (Paraplatyura), 348

occulta (Atheta), 301

», (Bessobia), 312

occultoides (Duomitus), 589

ocellata (Dasychira), 594

ocellatella (Gelechia), 1xxii

ocellus (Mycetophila), 338

Ocholissa, 90, 92

ochracea (Platyura), 353

> (Sciophila), 357

ochrea (Euproctis), 598

ochrochroa (Eublemma), 437, 444, 491

Ochromyia, cxxviii, cxxix

ochropterus (Leptinopterus), 237, 270

ochus (Eutychide), 577

ocola (Prenes), 582

Odezia, lxiv

Odontaeus, v

Odontocheilae, li

Odontolabis, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,

242, 243, 246, 270

Odontomachus, 442, 483, 484

Odynerus, xxiv, lxxxv

Oecophoridae, 177

Oecophylla, 441, 444, 447, 450, 451,

452, 458, 454, 455, 467, 470, 487,

491, 492, 506, 524

Oedichirus, 536, 537

oedipus (Papilio), exxx

oeme (Erebia), cx

,, f. lugens (Erebia), cx

oenone (Precis), 20

oethrus (Myscelus), 582

oileus (Lasaia), 563

Olibrus, 68

oligarcha (Coptotelia), 178

olivacea (Taragama), 592

Omaliini, 525

omissus (Metopodontus), 224, 269

omphale (Teracolus), 41

Oncodidae, 1

oniensis (Epitola), 436, 442, 457, 501

Onophas, 579

Onthophagus, v

Oonotus, 264, 271

opacus (Macrodoreus), 254, 271

», (Neolucanus), 246

Opisogymni, Ixv

Opisorhypari, lxv

Opistholoba, 343, 379

Opsiphanes, lxv, 547, 548

orbitulinus (Plebeius), 211

orbitulus (Plebeius), 205, 206, 207,

208, 209, 210, 211

AS aquilo (Plebeius), '206

orbona (Plebeius), 211

orea (Epiphile), lxv

Oreostiba, 311

orestes (Melinaea), cxxxiii, 672

», Clara (Melinaea), 672

orestia (Acraea), 407, 408

», f. carpenteri (Acraea), 407, 409

», f. humilis (Acraea), 407, 408, 409

», f. transita (Acraea), 407, 408

orestilla (Leucothyris), 673

orestina (Acraea), 408

Orgyia, vi, lxvi, 597

orientalis (Corydalis), cii

ae (Dorylus), exxix

3 (Lucanus), 221

orise (Dismorphia), 671

», denigrata (Dismorphia), 671

ornata (Antirrhaea), 679

», (Mycetophila), 378

», (Nehela), 442, 443, 444, 459,

460, 468, 465, 467, 471, 519

ornaticollis (Allodia), 367

ornatulus (Dolerus), 431

Orothyntis, 191

orozimbo (Umbonia), iv

orphana (Acrotona), 313

,» (Atheta), 289

orpheus (Cremna), 564

orphise (Eunica), 545, 553

»» (Papilio), 553

Orses, lxiii

orthochaeta (Coptotelia), 178

Ortholophus, 191

oskewa (Lycaenopsis), 274

», (Neopithecops), 274

Osoriini, 527

Osorius, 527, 528

Ossana, 444, 470, 471, 518, 519

ostrina (Thalpochares), ]xxxviii

», var. carthami (Thalpochares),

xlvi

otacilia (Lycaenesthes), 26, 27, 52, 54

Othniidae, 62, 168

Othnius, 62, 168, 169

Othria, Ixvii

( @em=ix))

ouida (Dodona), lxiv

ovalis (Crossocerus), 391

» (Murmidius), 83

ovulum (Eupactus), 144, 147, 150

», (Lioolius), 147, 150

oweni (Prosopocoelus), 229, 269

oxygonus (Aegus), 256

Oxypoda, 287, 296, 304

Oxyporini, 529

Oxyporus, 529

Oxytelini, 526

Oxytelus, 526

Oxythyrea, v

ozias (Lychnuchoides), Ixvi

Ozognathus, 130, 131

Pachyneura, 339

Pachyneurinae, 339

Pachnida, 312

pachynta (Acrolophus), 197

Pachythone, 561

pacifica (Catagramma), Ixv

pactolicus (Callioratis), xi, xevii

Padraona, 581

Paederini, 538

Paederus, 538, 539, 540

pagana (Atheta), 305

» (Liogluta), 312

Palaeoempalia, 341

palladia (Euptychia), 558

pallens (Atheta), 292

», (Meotica), 313

palleola (Atheta), 292

», (Microdota), 312

pallescentella (Tinea), xviii, xix

pallicornis (Dorcatoma), 153

pallidicornis (Atheta), 298, 300, 312

pallidipennis (Metopodontus), 225, 269

pallidula (Pheidole), xxviii

», race tristis (Pheidole), xxviii

Palloptera, 328

palmarius (Crossocerus), 390, 394, 398

palmatus (Loderus), 431, 4385

palmipes (Crossocerus), 390, 394

palpalis (Psephenus), 59, 62, 63

paludosa (Mycetophila), 339

palustris (Atheta), 301

mA (Dolerus), 431, 435

ms (Philhygra), 312

pammon (Papilio), xxxii

pamphanis (Penetes), cxxi

Pamphila, 575, 577, 578, 579

Pamphilinae, 574

pamphilus (Coenonympha), Ixxiii

panamensis (Scymnus), 121

Panara, Ixv

pandama (Cyclogramma), xv

pandia (Nelo), Ixvi

pandora (Argynnis), xlix

Panorpa, Ixxxvii, Ixxxviil

panzeri (Lindenius), 396

Papias, 578

Papilio, vii, viii, xii, xxii, xxxi, xxxil,

XEXIL, XXXIV, wEKv, xl, xl, -xlv,

xlix, liii, liv, lvi, lx, Ixvi, lxix, ciii,

civ, CXX, cxxi, CXXiV, CXXIX, CXxXxX,

48, 49, 53, 55, 383, 414, 418, 419,

545, 547, 551, 552; 553; 557,559)

560, 562, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568,

569, 570, 571, 572, 5738, 574, 579,

581, 608, 609, 612, 619, 656, 657,

658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663

Papilionidae, exvii, 29, 570

Papilioninae, Ixvi, 48, 50, 571

paradoxa (Atheta), 288

35 (Empalia), 359, 362, 381

es (Pycnota), 313

Paraegus, 258, 271

Paraethria, 9, 10

Paraides, 581

parallela (Amidobia), 313

», (Atheta), 297

», (Leia), 338

parallelopipedus (Doreus), 220, 252

parallelus (Aegus), 257, 258, 271

», (Hapalips), 98, 103, 104

Parameotica, 311

Paraneurotelia, 335, 342, 361

Paraplatyura, 348

Parastemma, 339, 342

Paratinia, 340, 356

Pardaleodes, Ixvi

parens (Acrotona), 313

,, (Atheta), 287

parkii (Euxestus), 79

parmenides (Papilio), 573

o (Telegonus), 573

Parnara, 49, 50, 53, 54

Parnassius, xii

Parnes, 562

Paroeneis, xii

Parphorus, 582

parrhasia (Acraea), 494

parryanus (Mitophyllus), 268

parryi (Aegus), 256, 257, 271

(Hemisodorcus), 247, 270

(Neolucanus), 247, 270

(Nigidius), 264, 271

», (Prosopocoelus), 233

parthaon (Lemonias), 564

5 (Papilio), 564

particeps (Acrolophus), 197, 198

parva (Acrotona), 313

var. muscorum (Acrotona), 313

», (Atheta), 287

var. muscorum (Atheta), 287

», (Exechia), 370

”

(. \qgeexex ~ }

parvicollis (Hapalips), 60, 97, 101

parvula (Atheta), 290

», (Badura), 313

», (Crotchia), 102

», (Lymantria), 597

parvulus (Cossus), 588

Fs (Lathropus), 85

», (Metallactulus), 254, 271

parvus (Culicelsa), 699

pasira (Poritia), 277

Passalidae, Ixxiv

passaloides (Hemisodorcus), 248, 270

patens (Stenoma), 189

pauciseta (Thorictus), exxx

pausanias (Papilio), exxx

pavimentata (Atteria), 171

pectinifera (Platyura), 348, 353, 381

Pedaloides, Lxiii

pelasgius (Acraea), xix

pelasgus (Castnia), Ixvii

peliguus (Eudamus), 574

pellenia (Actinote), 549

‘5 trinitatis (Actinote), 549

pelopea (Pythonides), 582

pelopeia (Acraea), 411

pelorides (Lissapterus), 261, 271

peltarins (Thyreopus), 389, 392

Pelurga, 311

pendularia (Ephyra), cii

5) (Zonosoma), cii, cili

peneleos (Acraea), xix, xx

penelope (Acraea), 408

Penetes, cxxi

penicillata (Sciophila), 355

Pentarthron, xii, 608, 604, 605

Penthelispa, 75, 76

Pepsis, 1, li, lii, lili, 2, 7

perdistincta (Tmolus), 568

peregrina (Neoplotera), 79

perenna (Acraea), 646, 651

perexigua (Atheta), 285, 295

3 (Microdota), 312

Pericallia, 600

Perichares, 581

pericles (Cymaenes), 578

», (Pamphila), 578

Peridromia, exxii, 555

Perimeles, 579

perlongus (Hapalips), 60, 98, 101, 1038,

108

Peronea, 172

perpaupera (Eretis), xcv

perpetua (Acrolophus), 196

perpusilla (Platyura), 348, 352, 381

Perrhybris, lxii, 571

perspicua (Pitthea), lxiv

pertyi (Atheta), 310, 312

pestis (Bacillus), cxvi

Petalium, 58, 131, 1389, 140, 141

Petasia, xevii

petiverana (Tirumala), 19, 53

peucestas (Pedaloides), ]xiii

Peyerimhoffia, lxxvii

phaeomalla (Acrolophus), 198

phaeoneura (Stenoma), 187

phaerusa (Colaenis), 552

Phalacrognathus, 218, 269

phalacroides (Colenis), 59, 67

Phalaenoides, lxvii

phalantha (Atella), 22, 58, 54

phalerata (Macrocera), 345, 346

phaloe (Pieris), cxi, cxii, cxiv

Phanis, 576

Phantazomerus, 70

pharaonis (Monomorium), exxiv, 443

Pharaxonotha, 95, 96

Pharmacophagus, cxxix

pharte (Erebia), cvii, eviii, cix

Phasis, xvii

Pheia, iv

Pheidole, xxviii, cxxiv, 441, 448, 445,

447, 449, 458, 459, 460, 463, 464,

465, 467, 468, 472, 473, 474, 476,

477, 478, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485,

486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,

495, 498

phereclus (Panara), lxv

a5 (Plebeius), 205, 206, 209

pherecydes (Plebeius), 205, 206, 208,

209, 210

pheretes (Plebeius), 210

pheretiades (Plebeius), 205, 206, 207,

208, 209, 210

KA v. pheres (Plebeius), 205,

206, 208, 209

i v. pheretulus (Plebeius),

205, 206, 208, 209, 210

A v. tekessana (Plebeius),

phiala (Chilades), 201, 203, 204

phidyle (Cyclopides), 49

philea (Callidryas), exxii

phileta (Pieris), cx

Philhygra, 312

philinna (Thecla), 567

philippii (Sclerostomus), 258, 271

philippsi (Teracolus), 45

philippus (Hypolycaena), 28, 52, 437

443, 444, 474

philura (Poritia), 277

phisadia (Teracolus), Ixxxi, 33, 51, 52

54, 55

Phlebodes, 579

phlegyas (Teracolus), 38, 52

Phloeonomus, 525, 526

Phloeostichus, 86

( (exe, ~)

Phocides, 573

phoebe (Melitaea), xlviii

phoenissa (Bithys), 566

Ss (Thecla), 566

phoronis (Myscelus), 582

Phrissura, lx, ]xi

Phronia, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 369

phrutus (Bithys), 569

», (Tmolus), 569

Phryganopteryx, 600

Phryxus, xi

Phthinia, 341, 342, 364, 382

Phyciodes, 553

Phycoides, xiii

phylaca (Adelpha), 556

», trinita (Adelpha), 545, 556

phyllis var. viculata (Heliconius), 551

phyllus (Papilio), 581

», (Vettius), 581

Physegaster, xlix

Physoscelis, 396

piceipennis (Prosopocoelus), 228, 269

piciceps (Euxestus), 79

picipennis (Atheta), 288

% (Dimetrota), 313

picipes (Atheta), 302

(Dolerus), 434, 435

», (Traumoecia), 312

picticornis (Tomarus), 89

pictipennis (Empheria), 355

Neoempheria), 355, 356

(Trichodesma), 61, 132,135,

138

”

ar (Zygomyia), 338

pictus (Lathropus), 85

Pidorus, Ixiv, xvii

Pierella, 678

Pieridae, 671

' pieridoides (Theope), 565

Pierinae, 14, 29, 50, 51, 55, 56, 570

Pieris, xli, cx, cxi, cxii, cxili, exiy, |

exv, 418, 571

Pilanaphora, 191

pilicornis (Atheta), 303, 312

pilosa (Lasiosoma), 357

pilosipes (Eurytrachelus), 252, 271

pilosiventris (Acrotona), 313

55 (Atheta), 287

pilosus (Lorelopsis), 163, 167

», (Osorius), 528 .«

Pinacopteryx, 31, 53, 55

pini (Lophyrus), xxiv

Pinophilini, 534

Pinophilus, 534, 535, 536

pione (Lemonias), 564

Piotepalpus, 339

pistillata (Allodia), 368

Pitthea, xx, lxiv

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1913.

pityocampa (Cnethocampa), xxxi, 424,

425

placida (Rhymosia), 367

Plagiolepis, xxiii, xxviii

plana (Boletina), 338, 362, 363

planatus (Othnius), 62, 168, 169

Planema, xi, xxxili, lxxxiv, xciv, ciii,

606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,

613, 614, 615, 616, 618, 620, 622,

624, 626, 628, 630, 632, 634, 636,

638, 640, 642, 644, 653

planicornis (Scirtes), 670

planifrons (Aloconota), 311

(Atheta), 307

+5 (Clytochrysus), 386, 388

Plataraea, 312

Platoberus, 60, 87, 88, 112

platyaula (Crambodoxa), 174

platycephalus (Aegus), 257

(Prismognathus),

270

platyceps (Auxicerus), 260, 271

Platycerus, 260, 271

platynotus (Odontolabis), 239, 240,

270

”

234,

”

platyodon (Aegus), 256, 271

Platyphora, Ixxvi

Platyptilia, lxxii

Platystethus, 527

Platyura, 336, 338, 339, 340, 347, 348,

349, 350, 351, 352, 358, 354, 380,

381

Plebeius, cv, 201, 205, 206, 207, 208

209, 210, 211

pleione (Teracolus), Ixxxi, 37, 58, 55

plesaure (Adelpha), 556, 557

Plesiastina, 338

Plesioneura, Ixiv

plinius (Tarucus), 25

plumbea (Trichodesma), 133

podagricus or ea 390, 394,

a (Blepharipus), 384

podalirius (Papilio), xlix

poggei (Planema), 607, 615

nelsoni (Planema), 608, 609,

618, 620, 622, 624, 626, 628,

630, 632, 634, 636, 638, 640,

642, 644

polistes (Pseudosphex), 8

polistoides (Batazonus), 8

polita (Callitaera), 677

politus (Leptinopterus), 237, 270

(Thecla), 569

», (Tmolus), 569

Polybia, 4

polybia (Pseudosphex), 5

polybioides (Pseudosphex), 4

( cexxxii )

polychroma (Acraea), 410

polydamus (Papilio), 418

Le polydamas (Papilio), exxi

Polyergus, xxili

polyhymnia (Daptonoura), 571

Polyhymno, 174

Polylepta, 337, 340, 356

polymacula (Leucothyris), 673

polyodontus (Leptinopterus), 236, 270

Polyommatus, Ixxili, ev, 24, 52, 54

Polyporus, 357

Polystictus, 378

polytes (Papilio), xxxi, xxxii, xlii,

414, 418, 419

polyzona (Syntemna), 362

Pompilidae, ¢

Pompilus, ¢, ci

pomponius (Papilio), cxxx

Pontia, 29

populi (Smerinthus), Ixxviii, ]xxix

Poritia, 277

porphyria (Agyrta), lxiv

Porthesia, vi, xxxi, Ixxili, 423, 424,

425

posticalis (Mycetophila), 372

potrillo (Cabaris), 578

», (Thanaos), 578

poultoni (Callicera), 332

sr (Metopodontus), 224

- (Mimacraea), 607

practica (Acrolophus), 193

praesignis (Anisoplaca), 175

Pratapa, 277

pratensis (Dolerus), 431, 432, 433, 435

pratorum (Loderus), 431, 435

pratti (Chrysopsyche), 592

», (Pericallia), 600

Precis, 20, 52, 53, 608, 610, 619,

623, 625, 627, 629, 631, 633,

637, 639, 641, 643, 645, 647

Prenes, 579, 582

Prepona, 557

preussi (Homoderus), 234

priestlei (Calomyia), 683, 684

princeps (Atheta), 309

prinseppi (Odontolabis), 238, 270

Priotoma, 58, 61, 152, 153, 155,

157, 158, 159

priscus (Lorelus), 163, 165

Prismognathus, 234, 270

producta (Anua), xxi

progne (Symmachia), 560

prolixus (Xenoscelis), 96

prominula (Coptotelia), 180

pronoe (Erebia), cx

propria (Uranotaenia), 684, 704

Prosopocoelus, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,

231, 232, 233, 248, 269

621,

635,

prosymna (Lasiophila), Lxiii

Proteinini, 525

protesilaus archesilaus (Papilio), 572

protodamas (Papilio), exxx

protomedia (Teracolus), Ixxxi, 13, 22,

ay ails

Protoparce, xlv

pruinosa (Atheta), 296

5 (Daerila), 311

prunetorum (Nepticula), xxiii

Psalicerus, 237

Psalidoremus, 223, 269

Psammophila, |

Psephenidae, 59, 62

Psephenops, 59, 68, 64

Psephenus, 59, 62, 63, 64

pseudacaste (Teracolus), 39

Pseudacraea, 1x, x, xi, xxxiv, liv, ciii,

civ, cx, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611,

612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 619, 621,

623, 625, 627, 629, 631, 633, 635,

637, 639, 641, 643, 645, 646, 647,

648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654

Pseudanaphora, 191

Pseudatteria, 171

Pseudaulonium, 59, 74, 75

Pseudesarcus, 60, 115, 116

pseudeuryta (Planema), 614

Pseudevolocera, 60, 113, 114

Pseudhapalips, 60, 112

pseudocincta (Exechia), 370

Pseudococeus, 523

Pseudocossus, 590

Pseudodorcus, 260, 261, 271

pseudohybrida (Bolitophila), 344, 345

Pseudolucanus, 218, 269

Pseudolyeaena, 570

Pseudopasilia, 311

Pseudosphex, 2, 4, 5, 8

Psilodon, 267

psociformis (Conwentzia), 1x

Psodos, Ixxi

Psychidae, 590

Psyllidae, 437, 438, 498, 520

Psylliodes, lxxi

pteras (Xeniades), 582

Pteronymia, 546, 547

Pterophoridae, 170

Pterophorus, 170

Pterostichus, lxxix

Pterygopterus, 7

Ptilinus, 61, 159, 160, 161

ptilopa (Agriophara), 183

Ptinidae, 61, 130, 667

Ptychandra, 312

puberula (Atheta), 285, 298

se (Microdota), 312

pubescens (Blepharipus), 389, 393

( eexxxiii_ )

pubescens (Eupactus), 144, 151

a (Lathropus), 85

5 (Leia), 338

x (Lorelus), 165

(Paederus), 539

pulchella (Exechia), 371

Fa (Trichodesma), 135

pulcher (Tarucus), 25

pulchra (Mycetophila), 376

pulchrinervis (Milionia), Ixvi

pulicarium (Micranobium), 131, 140,

141, 142

ad var. dufaui (Micranobium),

142

- (Petalium), 140

pullula (Acraea), 410

Pullus, 124

pumicea (Acrolophus), 193

pumila (Mycetophila), 373

pumilus (Berginus), 117

», (Paroeneis), xii

punctata (Aclytia), iv

Ae (Ceratitis), 498

(Cupido), 437, 489

Ae (Mycetophila), 373

(Oboronia), 437,

489, 492

re (Typhlopone), exxiii

punctatus (Eupactus), 143, 144, 148,

149

443, 444,

5 (Figulus), 265, 272

s (Lioolius), 144, 145, 149

puncticeps (Atheta), 308, 309

oA oe 245

a (Halobrectha), 311

puncticollis (Coenonica), 299, 313

Ss (Dolerus), 430, 431, 485

a5 (Lamprima), 216, 217, 269

punctiger (Aegus), 258, 271

a (Prosopocoelus),®230, 269

punctilabris (Eurytrachelus), 249, 270

punctipennis (Baeocera), 70

a (Cymbolus), 129

5 (Dialexia), 118

punctulata (Colenis), 67

5 (Pheidole), 443

r. impressifrons (Pheidole),

443

punctulatus (Eupactus), 148

punctulifernm (Lecanium), 524

be)

33 var. lamborni (Leca-

nium), 442, 447, 5238,

524

punctum (Epicypta), 371, 375, 376

pupatus (Thaptor), 142, 151

Purlisa, 282

purpurascens (Aslauga), 501

3 (Lamprima), 217, 269

pusilla (Macrocera), 345, 346

pustula (Catia), 575

», (Thymelicus), 575

Pycnocephalus, 73

Pycnomerus, 59, 75, 76

pygmaea (Acrolophus), 199

», (Acrotona), 313

», (Atheta), 287

», (Plagiolepis), xxiii, xxviii

», (Uranotaenia), 706

pylades (Papilio), 48, 49, 53, 55

pylotis (Eucyane), lxiv

Pyralidae, lxiv

Pyralidina, 605

Pyrameis, cii, exxiv, 19, 52, 54, 54

pyrenaica (Plebeius), 205, 206, 207

Pyrgotis, 170

Pyrgus, xlvii

pyrrha (Perrhybris), Lxii

on (Biers) rex

Pyrrhopyginae, 573

Pythonides, 582

quadricinctus (Metacrabro), 387, 388,

397, 398

quadridens (Prosopocoelus), 226, 227.

228, 269

quadridentatus (Laemophloeus), 59, 84

quadrifaria (Torula), Ixxi

quadrimaculata (Priotoma), 155

quadrimaculatus (Hoplocrabro), 392,

395, 397

quadrituberculatus (Cymbolus), 61, 129

Quasistegomyia, 684

quatuorpunctata (Hypoclinea), xxiv

quercicola (Seymnus), 61, 124, 125

quercus (Caenocara), 61, 153, 154, 155,

158

quirina (Acraea), xevi

Rabduchus, 515, 516

radiata (Brachypeza), 365

radoskowskii (Mycomyia), 355

rafflesi (Hemisodorcus), 248, 270

rafflesii (Metopodontus), 225

rajah (Arhopala), 277

ramburialis (Diasemia), xxii

rangifer (Cyclommatus), 235

Rapala, 283

rara (Apoliphthisa), 360

ratiocinativus (Doreus), 253, 271

rauana (Precis), 608, 610, 619, 621,

623, 625, 627, 629, 631, 633, 635,

637, 639, 641, 643, 645, 647

ravus (Dolerus), 430, 431, 435

reciproca (Mycetophila), 338°

rectangulata (Phryganopteryx), 600

rectifascia (Ectima), lxiii

rectistriatus (Murmidius), 83

( com=xiv’ |)

Redoa, 599

regale (Pseudaulonium), 74, 75

regularis (Figulus), 265, 266, 272

reichei (Eurytrachelus), 249, 250, 251,

252, 270

reitteri (Hapalips), 98, 103, 105

Rekoa, 570

relatum (Anchon), 443, 464, 467, 516

remota (Heleona), lxiv

remus (Hesperia), 579

», (Perimeles), 579

renaldus (Anteros), 562

a (Papilio), 562

reuteri (Boletina), 362

Rhabdoides, Ixvii

Rhabdophloeus, 83

Rhadine, 140, 141

Rhaetus, 221, 254, 269

rhamni (Gonepteryx), 1xxvili

rhea (Heliconius), 551

rhinoceros (Hexarthrius), 221, 222

Rhinopsylla, 437, 444, 498, 520, 521

Rhipidandri, 58

Rhizophagus, 106

Rhodogastria, xevii

rhodope (Lemonias), 564

rhodophila (Heliura), iv

Rhopalinae, 386, 395

Rhopalocampta, 50, 53

Rhopalocera, ]xxili, 312

Rhopalum, 396

Rhynchites, xlii

Rhynchopyga, iv

Rhyncopyga, 8, 9

Rhyssonotus, 216, 268

ricini (Heliconius), 552

ridicula (Acrolophus), 192

rizana (Vanessa), xii

roepstorffi (Aegus), 257, 271

s (Metopodontus), 226, 269

rogersi (Cobalopsis), 580

», (Myscelus), 582

romulus (Papilio), xxxiil

rosacea (Euterpe), lx

roseicoxa (Caviria), 599

rossi (Figulus), 265, 272

rostratum (Asindulum), 354, 381

Rothia, Ixvii

rotundata (Pheidole), 443, 445, 447,

449, 458, 463, 464, 467,

468, 472, 474, 478, 482,

483, 484, 485, 486, 487,

488, 489, 490, 491, 495

5 r. ilgii (Pheidole), 443

rotundatus (Aegus), 258

rotundicollis (Psalicerus), 237

rowena (Napeogenes), 672

rubecula (Koruthaialos), xvi

rubicunda (Formica), xxiii

rubida (Myrmica), xxiii

rubra (Macroglossa), xii

rubripes (Sclerostomus), 259, 271

rubrofemoratus (Hemisodorcus), 254

a (Macrodorcus), 248,

254

rudis (Doreus), 254, 271

», (Mycetophila), 375, 378, 382

rufa (Sciophila), 357, 381

rufescens (Mycetophila), 339, 374, 378

33 (Polyergus), xxiii

rufifemoratus (Leptinopterus), 236,

270

rufilatera (Monoclona), 356, 357

‘ (Sciophila), 338

rufipennis (Ceratognathus), 268, 272

rufomarginatus (Megarthrus), 525

rufopiceus (Cymbolus), 128, 129

rufoterminata (Cryptognatha), 61, 120

rufotestacea (Aleuonota), 293, 311

rufotincta (Dasychira), 593

rufotorquatus (Dolerus), 435

rufum (Lasiosoma), 358

j Tufus (Tyrtaeus), 59, 76, 77

tugifrons (Eurytrachelus), 250, 270

5 (Lorelus), 62, 163, 167

hiss (Lucanus), 218, 269

rugosulus (Dolerus), 435

rugulosa (Myrmica), xxiii

rumina (Thais), )xxxvii

», var. canteneri (Thais), lxxxvii

rurik (Papilio), exxx

russata (Mycetophila), 375, 378

rustica (Phronia), 369

Rutrophora, 339, 342

Rymosia, 337, 339, 348, 366, 367

sackeni (Callicera), 331

Sagaris, lxvii

sagitta (Symmachia), 560

saiga (Hurytrachelus), 250

Salamis, xxi, xxii

Salius, ci, 2, 7, 8

salius (Papilio), 581

», (Perichares), 581

salomonis (Monomorium), xxvili

3 var. sommieri (Mono-

morium), xxviii

= var. subopacum (Mono-

morium), XxXvili

Salpingomimus, 59, 85, 86

Salpingus, 87

salticola (Pterophorus), 170

saltus (Caligo), 549

saltusalis (Obtusipalpalis), 437, 443,

444, 492

salvini (Athyrtis), exxxiii

Sangala, lxiv

( Comaxv )

sanguinea (Formica), lxxvi

sanguinicollis (Dolerus), 430, 431, 435

sapphira (Callithea), Ixv

sapphirus (Pepsis), 1, lii

Sapromyzidae, 316, 321

Sapromyzinae, 321

sara sara (Heliconius), 551

,, thamar (Heliconius), 551

», theudela (Heliconius), 551

Sarangesa, 49, 52

sarista (Acrolophus), 199

sarasinorum (Odontolabis), 241

sarawaca (Arhopala), 277

Sarcophaga, cxxv

Sarota, 562

sassanides (Thecla), xii

saturata (Immetalia), lxvi

Saturniidae, exvii

Satyridae, 677

Satyrinae, lxiii, Ixy, 19, 50

Satyrus, xii

saundersi (Bolitophila), 344, 345, 380

FA (Clytochrysus), 386

5 (Neolucanus), 243, 245, 270

a (Odontolabis), 238, 270

saundersii (Chlosyne), 553

ne (Synchloe), 553

savagei (Metopodontus), 223, 269

saxeus (Teracolus), 42, 43

sayersi (Prosopocoelus), 227, 228, 269

Scalmicauda, xcix

scamander grayi (Papilio), exxi

Scaphidiidae, 69, 68

Scaphidium, 59, 68

Scaphisoma, 59, 69, 70

Scaphura, 1, li, lii

scapularis (Alaobia), 312

» (Atheta), 293

Scardia, 191

searitoides (Doreus), 252, 271

scatophora (Epicypta), 371, 372, 376

5 (Mycetophila), 372

secatopsoides (Azana), 338

Scea, 9

Sceliphron, Ixxxv, Ixxxvi

Sceptonia, 343, 371

schencki (Myrmica), xxiii

schistodes (Acrolophus), 192

schoenicolella (Gly phipteryx), xxii

Schoenobiinae, 437, 492

schraderi (Leucanitis), lxiv

schreibersi (Lamprima), 216, 269

schreineri (Eurytoma), xviii

schreinevi (Eurytoma), xviii

schuberti (Hexaphyllum), 267

is (Psilodon), 267

schulthessi (Dolerus), 432, 435

schwarzi (Cybocephalus), 59, 72

sciarina (Boletina), 362, 368, 364

», (Docosia), 365

», (Paratinia), 356

Sciophila, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340,

341, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 381

Sciophilinae, 837, 339, 340

Scirtes, 667, 670

Sclerochiton, 541

Sclerostomus, 258, 259

scopodes (Acrolophus), 196

Scortizus, 259, 271

scotica (Atheta), 297

», (Hygroecia), 311

scripta (Trichodesma), 61, 133, 136

Scrobigera, lxvi

scrupulata (Orothyntis), 191

sculpticollis (Hapalips), 60, 100, 111

sculptipennis (Gnaphaloryx), 255, 271

scutellatus (Thyreopus), 389, 392

Scutomyia, 683, 686

Seymnillus, 125

Scymnus, 61, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125,

159

sebrus (Bungalotis), 574

», (Eudamus), 574

segesica (Abisara), lxiv

selecta (Mycetophila), 366

selene (Calloleria), 546

», (Helicopis), 558, 559

», subsp. elegans (Helicopis), 559

selifer (Paederus), 538

sellata (Trichodesma), 134, 669

Semidalis, lx

semiflabéllatus (Metriorrhynchus),

lxxxiv, lxxxvili

semiflava (Cordyla), 380

is (Sphaenogona), 571

semifusca (Mycetophila), 373

semifuscus (Hapalips), 108

seminigera (Acrolophus), 195

seminigra (Napeogenes), cxxxili, 672

semipicta (Ardeutica), 173

semirufa (Platyura), 838, 339, 347,

348, 349, 351, 380

semirufus (Eupactus), 61, 143, 147

semisyngrapha (Agriades), lxxvii

semperi (Scrobigera), lxvi

senecionis (Trogocryptus), 60, 93, 94

senegalensis (Prosopocoelus), 228, 229

(Terias), 47, 52, 477

separata (Exechia), 370

sepicola (Lathropus), 85

saat a (Danaida), 405

(Danais), xxvii

serapio (Thecla), 568

sericea (Atheta), 284, 295

», (Microdota), 312

5, (Mycetophila), 339

( cemxxvi _)

sericea (Redoa), 599

sericeus (Camponotus), cxxiv, cxxv

>> (Ptilinas); 61, 159

serraticornis (Micropsephodes), 60, 119

serrativentris (Acribis), 71

serricollis (Hexarthrius), 222, 269

serricornis (Prosopocoelus), 229

serrifer (Odontolabis), 239, 270

servula (Helladepichoria), 338, 354,

381

», (Platyura), 338, 354

sesioides (Ceroplatus), 346

sesostris (Papilio), 545

», sesostris (Papilio), 571

setabis (Dynamine), 554

setigera (Atheta), 289

af (Dimetrota), 313

setosus (Byrrhodes), 155

sevata (Pieris), exii, exiii, cxiv

severina (Belenois), 30, 53

sexcinctus (Clytochrysus), 386, 388,

398

sexdentatus (Megalops), 529

sharpi (Atheta), 288

», (Cryptobium), 544

», (Lapethus), 59, 78

, (Paederus), 539

», (Sciophila), 358, 381

». (Thaptor), 152

shelfordi (Arhopala), 277

sidae (Hesperia), xlvi, xlvii, xlviii,

xlix

», (Pyrgus), xlvii

sigillata (Azanus), 27

», (Mycetophila), 374, 377

signata (Mycetophila), 374, 378

», (Phronia), 339

», (Spalgis), 475

signatipes (Rhymosia), 366, 367

signatoides (Mycetophila), 374, 377

signatus (Cis), 162

», (Cuphopterus), 391, 395

silenus (Myrina), 436, 444, 472

silheti (Numenes), lxiv

Silphidae, 59, 64

silvanus (Lycaenesthes), 487, 444, 476

silvatica (Allodia), 368

silvicola (Atheta), 310

re (Liogluta), 312

Sima, 442, 493

simaethis (Papilio), 567

“ (Tmolus), 567

simana (Pinacopteryx), 31

similis (Hemisodorcus), 248, 270

,, (Porthesia), lxxili, 423, 424, 425

simillima (Atheta), 291

simo (Parnassius), xii

,, subdiaphana (Parnassius), xii

simpla (Mesene), 561

simplex (Culicelsa), 683, 698

5 (Platyura), 350

», (Teracolus), 40

simplicissima (Muasitheus), 578

- (Pamphila), 578

simplissima (Euroto), 575

simyra (Rothia), lxvii

sincera (Pieris), cxii, exiii, cxiv

sinensis (Leucomyia), 698

», (Odontolabis), 238, 270

sinicus (Neolucanus), 247, 270

Sipalia, 292, 298, 299, 313

sippia (Meganaclia), xevi

Sisymbrium, ]xxi

sisyphus (Heliconius), exxxili

siva (Odontolabis), 238, 270

sjOstedti (Euliphyra), 506

x (Stictococeus), 442, 443, 444,

447, 448, 453, 460, 491,

492, 494, 514, 521, 522

smaragdina (Oecophylla), 451, 452,

506, 524

ms r. longinoda (Oecophylla),

441, 444, 450

smerintha (Myelobia), exxii

Smerinthus, Ixxviii, xxix

smithi (Aesalus), 267, 272

», (Lucanus), 219, 220

», (Psephenops), 63

sobah (Cleis), xvi

sobria (Mycetophila), 338

sodalis (Atheta), 300, 312

Solenius, 384, 387

Solenopsis, ci

sonchus (Lycaenopsis), 277

sondaicus (Paederus), 539

sophax (Adelpha), lxv

sophia (Sisymbrium), Ixxi

sophonisba (Eunica), lxiii

sophorae (Brassolis), Ixv, 547

ae sophorae (Brassolis), 547

as (Papilio), 547

sordida (Atheta), 286

,, (Coprothassa), 313

», (Ilema), 601

(Mycetophila), 375

» (Trichodesma), 134

sordidula (Atheta), 291

Ae (Datomicra), 313

sordidus (Corticeus), 62, 162

soror (Amischa), 313

», (Atheta), 291

Sosthenes, 86

Spalgis, 427, 472, 475

Spathilepia, lxili

speciosus (Streptocerus), 217, 269

9 (Teracolus), 38

( ecxxxvii )

spectabilis (Mycetophila), 374, 377

specularis (Aegus), 255

speculifer (Prosopocoelus), 228, 269

speculifrons (Pinophilus), 535

spencei (Prosopocoelus), 229, 230, 231,

232, 233, 269

Sphaenogona, 571

Sphaerolaelaps, xiii

Sphecosoma, 5, 6, 8

Sphegidae, c

Sphenognathus, 215, 216, 268

Sphex, c

Sphinges, xxv

Sphingidae, exvii

spinifera (Acrolophus), 194

Spiniger, |

spinigera (Exechia), 369

spinipes (Odynerus), xxiv

», (Rhymosia), 366, 367

spinosa (‘Trichonta), 368

spinuligera (Exechia), 369

spirifex (Sceliphron), Ixxxv, 1xxxvi

splendens (Aleuonota), 293, 311

S (Charana), 277

ve (Polylepta), 356

spumosa (Ardeutica), 172, 173

spurcata (Antheua), xevi

spuria (Brachypeza), 365, 382

spurius (Pseudolycaena), 570

squalidus (Gnaphaloryx), 255, 271

squamosa (Culicada), 683, 690, 691

Stagonomorpha, 70

Staphylinidae, xxiii, ciii, 525

Staphylinochrous, xevi

statira (Abisara), lxvi

Stegomyia, 683, 686

Stenini, 530

Stenocrabro, 384, 390, 394

Stenoma, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189

Stenomidae, 181

stenosoma (Pycnomerus), 59, 76

Stenotarsus, 116

Stenus, 530, 531, 532

stictica (Oxythyrea), v

Stictococeus, 442, 443, 444, 447, 448,

450, 453, 460, 462, 491, 492, 493,

494, 514, 521, 522

stigma (Macrocera), 345

stigmadice (Tatochila), xliii

Stilicus, 542

stoliczkana (Colias), xii

stolida (Mycetophila), 338, 373, 376

storax (Parphorus), 582

straminea (Herpaenia), 29

stratiotes (Catagramma), 554

strenua (Phronia), 369

strephanus (Deudorix), 277

Streptocerus, 217, 269

striatipenne (Petalium), 140

striatipennis (Macrodorcus), 254

: (Rhadine), 140, 141

striatus (Aegus), 258, 271

,, (Hupactus), 144, 148, 150

», (Lioolius), 148

», (Odontolabis), 241

strigatus (Allotinus), 276

strigiceps (Cyclommatus), 234, 270

strigilata (Phryganopteryx), 600

Struthoscelis, 177

Stugeta, 55

stygne (Erebia), cx

stylata (Mycetophila), 374, 375

styrius (Blepharipus), 384, 389, 393

», (Crabro), 385

subaequalis (Cryptognatha), 61, 123

subangulatus (Prosopocoelus), 229, 269

subcaeca (Lycoperdinella), 60, 114, 115

subcastaneus (Figulus), 266, 272

subcostatus (Eurytrachelus), 250

subcrenatus (Lissotes), 262, 263, 271

subfascia (Gonometa), vii

subfuscea (Acrolophus), 198

subglabra (Atheta), 301

- (Philhygra), 312

subincana (Apoliphthisa), 360

sublaevis (Figulus), 267

sublineata (Trichodesma), 667

submaculata (Trichonta), 368

submolaris (Doreus), 251

ae (Eurytrachelus), 251, 252,

253, 271

subnitidus (Aegus), 257, 271

subornata (Myrina), 436, 443, 472

subrugosa (Lamprima), 217, 269

subsinuata (Acrotona), 313

A (Atheta), 289

substriatus (Lytopeplus), 59, 79, 80

subterranea (A phaenoguaster), exxxi

Pe (Atheta), 293, 312

subtilis (Atheta), 285, 296

», (Microdota), 312

subtilissima (Atheta), 296

(Hydrosmectina), 311

subtuberculatus (Lissotes), 2638, 264,

271

subulata (Exechia), 370

subvestitus (Eupactus), 61, 148, 145

146

succicola (Atheta), 312

succincta (Platyura), 352

sulcatus (Cardanus), 267, 272

sulcicollis (Figulus), 265, 266, 272

Pr (Hapalips), 60, 97, 102

sulcifrons (Aloconota), 311

- (Atheta), 309

sulcimargo (Lytopeplus), 59, 80, 82

( cexxxviii )

sumptuosa (Lamprima), 217, 269

sunia (Tajuria), 277

superba (Isostola), iv

sutor (Monohammus), v

suturalis (Doreus), 258, 271

es (Hapalips), 60, 99, 108

swinhoei (Lucanus), 221

sylvatica (Tetragoneura), 338, 360

sylvia (Phanis), 576

Symmachia, 560

Symmerus, 338, 340

Synapha, 339, 377

syncellus (Papilio), 567

Synchloe, xliii, lxxx, 32, 55, 553

syngenes (Theope), 565

syngrapha (Agriades), lxxvii

Syntemna, 341, 361, 362

Syntomidae, lxiii, lxvii, 1, 2

syntomina (Caryatis), lxvii

Syrmatia, 559

Syrphidae, 498

tachypetis (Melinaea), 546

taczanowskyi (Phronia), 369

taeniata (Platyura), 351

Taeniocampa, xxxi, xlvi

Tajuria, 277

talpa (Amidobia), 313

», (Atheta), 297

talus (Epargyreus), 573

», (Papilio), 573

Taragama, 592

tarandus (Cyclommatus), 235

tarsata (Mycetophila), 339, 375, 377

Tarucus, 24, 25, 52, 53, 54

tasmaniae (Lamprima), 217, 269

tasmaniensis (Culicada), 683, 687, 691

3 (Stegomyia), 683, 686

Tatochila, xlii, xhiii

taurus (Nigidius), 265

», (Onthophagus), v

Telchinia, lxxix

Telegonus, lxiii, 573

Telemiades, 574

telicanus (Tarucus), 25, 53, 54

tellias (Synchloe), 553

tellus (Planema), 612, 613

eumelis (Planema), 608, 618,

620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630,

632, 634, 636, 638, 640, 642,

644

», platyxantha (Planema), 608, 612

Telmaphilus, 339, 343

Telmatophilus, 87

tembaga (Arhopala), 277

Temesia, 106

Tenebrionidae, 62, 162

tenella (Bolitophila), 344

(Coelosia), 365

”

tenellula (Staphylinochrous), xevi

teneriffana (Pheidole), xxviii

Tenthredopsis, 429

tenuicornis (Exechia), 370, 371

tenuipes (Helladepichoria), 354

5 (Prosopocoelus), 2383, 269

tenuis (Hapalips), 109

(Mycomyia), 355

(Phronia), 369

», (Sciophila), 338

tenuistriata (Priotoma), 155, 156, 157,

Teracolus, 1xxxi, lxxxii, evi, 11, 12,

13, 22, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38,

39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,

53, 54, 55, 56

terebrantia (Hymenoptera), 1

Terias, cxxii, 47, 48, 52, 58, 477

terminalis (Leia), 365

nA (Mycetophila), 338

5 (Trichonta), 369

terra (Pseudacraea), 612

terrestris (Euptychia), 557

j terpsichore (Acraea), 53, 412

| AA f. rougeti (Acraea), 23

rf f. ventura (Acraea), xciii,

412

testacea (Atheta), 308

(Pseudopasilia), 311

a (Sphecosoma), 8

testaceipes (Atheta), 294

= (Ceritaxa), 312

testaceus (Ceroplatus), 346, 380

teste (Sclerostomus), 259

tessellata (Boloria), 673

testudinea (Coprothassa), 313

tetrabola (Stenoma), 189

tetracarinatus (Oxytelus), 526

Tetrachrysis, lxxxv

Tetragoneura, 338, 341, 360

Tetramorium, xxvii, xxviii, xliv

tetrancyla (Acrolophus), 195

teucer (Caligo), 548

insulanus (Caligo), 548

,; var. minor (Caligo), 548

texana (Trichodesma), 132, 134

texanus (Hapalips), 99, 111

Thais, lxxxvii

Thallisella, 96

Thalpochares, xlvi, xlix, lxxxviii

Thamala, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281,

282

Thanaos, 578

Thaptor, 142, 149, 151, 152

thebana (Azanus), 27, 28

Thecla, xii, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570

Theclopsis, 508

themelia (Trichotaphe), 175

(- \eexxxix’):)

themis (Euptychia), 558

theogone (Teracolus), 41

Theope, 565, 566

theophrastus (‘Tarucus), 24, 52, 54

theopompe (Teracolus), 39

Thinobaena, 313

thius (Callipsyche), 567

thoas (Papilio), 573

», healces (Papilio), 573

», thoantiades (Papilio), xlv

thompsoni (Laelia), xevi

thomsoni (Dolerus), 432

thoracica (Phthinia), 364

thoracicum (Scaphisoma), 69

thoracicus (Crioprosopus), iv

a (Dolerus), 430, 435

Thorictus, cxxx, exxxi

thraso (Eantis), 574

throscoides (Thaptor), 152

thunbergi (Colophon), 217,

Thymele, lxiii

Thymelicus, 575

218, 269

Thyreopinae, 384, 385, 388, 392, 395,

398

Thyreopus, 389, 392, 397

Thyreus, 386, 387

Thysanoscelis, 191

tiberius (Apaustus), 579

+ (Phlebodes), 579

tibiale (Rhopalum), 396

tibialis (Atheta), 301

», (Leptinopterus), 237

5, (Lytopeplus), 59, 80, 82

», (Oreostiba), 311

tina (Histiaea), Ixvii

tinctipennis (Dolerus), 433, 435

Tinea, xviii, xix

Tineidae, 191

tineiformis (Coniopteryx), xxiii, 1x

Tineina, 513

Tinthia, 437, 442, 498, 513

tipuloides (Ceroplatus), 346

Tirumala, Ixxxiv, 19, 53

tityus (Antaeus), 252

», (Hurytrachelus), 249, 250, 251,

252, 270

Tmolus, 566, 567, 568, 569

Tomarus, 60, 88, 89, 90

tomentosa (Dorcatoma), 152

= (Priotoma), 152

torresensis (Metopodontus), 225

Tortricidae, 170, 513

Tortricina, 605

Tortrix, 437, 493, 494, 513, 514

Torula, Ixxi

Trachyuropoda, xliii

tractipennis (Eryphioides), iv

trapeziderus (Lorelus), 62, 163, 167

trapezina (Calymnia), cii

a (Cosmia), cii

Traumoecia, 312

triangularis (Allodia), 368

- (Mesene), 561

BD (Nyctus), 579

a (Phronia), 369

triangulum (Atheta), 301, 312

tribolatus (Aegotypus), 255, 271

Tribolium, 112

tricarinatus (Stenus), 532

tricausta (Acrolophus), 194

Trichius, v

Trichodesma, 58, 61, 131, 132, 133, 134,

135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 667, 668,

669

Trichogramma, xii, 603, 604, 605

trichoneura (Stenoma), 189

Trichonta, 337, 338, 342, 368, 369

Trichostibas, 190

trichostrota (Mnesipyrga), 171

Trichotaphe, 175, 1

Trichura, iv, 3

Triclema, 437, 442, 443, 485, 486, 503

tricristata (Trichodesma), 61, 132, 133

trilobus (Nigidius), 265, 272

trimenii (Pseudacraea), 646, 648, 651

trinotata (Atheta), 299, 303, 312

= (Epicypta), 371, 372

triplicatus (Dolerus), 432, 433, 435

triseriata (Paraethria), 9, 10

trisignata (Exechia), 370, 382

trispinosa (Boletina), 362, 364, 382

tristis (Platyura), 353

tritogenia (Pontia), 29

tritypa (Agriophara), 182

trivittata (Boletina), 362

Hy (Exechia), 369, 370, 382

trochilus (Chilades), 26, 52, 54, 201

Trogocryptus, 60, 91, 92, 93, 94

tropicalis (Acraea), 41

truncata (Colobopsis), xxiii

», (Larentia), xvi

sn (Rhymosia), 366

% (Trichodesma), 61, 138, 138,

669

truncatula (Agriophara), 185

Truquiella, 60, 87

truquii (Penthelispa), 76

tryhana (Padraona), 581

tryma (Ephialtes), xvii

tsava (Sarangesa), 49

tumidiventris (Cryptognatha), 61, 122,

Tylistus, 153

Typhlopone, exxiii

typica (Awania), 518

( cexl )

Tyrtaeus, 59, 76, 77

‘ ubaldus (Azanus), 27, 52, 54

uhlmani (Antennophorus), xliii -

uliginosus (Pseudocossus), 590

Umbonia, iii, iv

umbratica (Trichonta), 368

umbratilis (Lymanopoda), 680, 681

f. intermedia(Lymanopoda),

681

x9 f. leucotecta (Lymanopoda),

umbratus (Lasius), xxxi, xliv, exxxi

8 mixtus (Lasius), xliii

umbrosus (Othnius), 168

undulata (Polylepta), 356

unguiculata (Exechia), 370

ungulatus (Metopodontus), 223, 269.

unicolor (Mycetophila), 372, 373, 376

(Platyura), 347, 348, 351, 353,

354, 381

var. posticalis (Mycetophila),

373

”

unicornuta (Monclona), 338, 356, 357

uniformis (Mnasaleas), 577

ap (Pamphila), 577

unilinea (Tmolus), 567

uninotata (Mycetophila), 339

Uranotaenia, 683, 684, 704 705, 706,

708

Urbanus, 574

Urbara, 191

ursus (Neolucanus), 243

usemia (Castalius), 25, 53, 55

ussheri (Charaxes), 443, 467

usta (Palloptera), 328

uxisama (Nelo), Ixvi

vacuna (Chlorippe), Ixv

vagabundus (Acanthocrabro), 391, 395,

397

Bis (Crabro), 384

vaginalis (Lonchaea), 320

vagus (Solenius), 384

», (Xestocrabro), 387, 388, 397

valida (Atheta), 300, 305, 312

», (Docosia), 338, 365

>, (Zygomyia), 339

validiuscula (Amidobia), 313

es (Atheta), 293

vandema (Culicada), 683, 687

Vanessa, xii, cii

varia (Sciophila), 358, 381

variabile (Scaphidium), 68

variegata (Euproctis), 598

(Gargara), 443, 464, 465, 466,

468

95 (Leia), 365

variicornis (Paederus), 539, 540

variolosus (Sclerostomus), 259, 271

varius (Crossocerus), 384, 391, 394,

397

», (Ebhul), 470

varus (Papilio), 572

vectilucis (Cecropterus), Ixvii

Vehilius, 574

veleda (Epeus), 582

velia (Adelpha), 556

», trinina (Adelpha), 545, 555, 556

venata (Pinacopteryx), 31, 53, 55

venatus (Ixias), 31

venezuelae (Mysoria), 573

venosus (Apaustus), 574

Ae (Vehilius), 574

vernalis (Lathropus), 85

versicolor (Dianous), 533

He (Hypsa), lxvii

vs (Polystictus), 378

Vespidae, 4, 5

vesta (Papilio), 551

», (Teracolus), 35, 538, 55

vestigialis (Loderus), 431, 435

vestita (Atheta), 309

», (Thinobaena) 313

vesulus (Papilio), 569

», (Tmolus), 569

Vettius, 581

vetus thraso (Urbanus), 574

vexillata (Coptotelia), 179

viardi (Pieris), cx

viatica (Ammophila), ¢

race bicolor (Cataglyphis), xxviii

(Myrmecocystus),

XXVLli

viaticus (Myrmecocystus), cxxx

», (Pompilus), ¢, ci

vicina (Atheta), 301 309

», (Liogluta), 313

vicinus (Dorcus), 253, 271

», (Lucanus), 219, 220, 269

viculata (Heliconius), 551

vigilax (Culicelsa), 708

vilis (Atheta), 297

», (Dralica), 311

villosa (Boletina), 362, 363, 381?

villosula (Atheta), 290

‘is (Dimetrota), 313

villosus (Lucanus), 219, 269

,, (Pseudesarcus), 60, 116

vinidia (Acraea), xciv, 410

f. diavina (Acraea), 411

f. ruandae (Acraea), 411

var. tenella (Acraea), 410, 411

449,

) 99

vininga (Aslauga), 487, 442, 446,

499, 500, 501

violacea (Cryptognatha), 61, 121

violaceus (Carabus), ¢

violae (Telchinia), lxxix

( cox’ *)

Virachola, 28, 52

virens (Rhymosia), 367

virgatus var. madagascariensis (Dac-

tylopins), 475, 523

virgularia (Acidalia), xi

virgulatus (Lampides), 277

viridipicta (Dasychira), 594

viridis (Tortrix), 514

vishnu (Odontolabis), 239, 270

viticola (Eupactus), 148

vitiosa (Phronia), 369

vitripennis (Empalia), 338, 356, 359,

360

3 (Platyura), 338, 351

vittata (Macrocera), 346

vittipes (Mycetophila), 374, 376

viviana (Acraea), xciv, 607

v-niger (Leptinopterus), 237, 270

volans (Atheta), 308

»> (Metaxya) 311

vulgaris (Byblia), 22

vulpicolor (Lerodes), 591

vyneri (Lampides), 277

w-album (Trichodesma), 132, 134, 136,

137

wallacei (Heliconius), 545, 551

a wallacei (Heliconius), 551

wankowickzii (Mycomyia), 355

waterhousei (Aegognathus), 259, 271

(Neolucanus), 270

Ww aterstradti (Odontolabis), 240

watkinsi (Antirrhaea), 679

welwitschi (Nigidius), 264, 271

wesmaeli (Crossocerus), 384, 391, 394,

395

westermanni (Lucanus), 219, 269

westwoodi (Aegus), 257

at (Colophon), 217, 218, 269

f (Hexaphyllum), 267, 272

A (Phalacrognathus), 218, 269

(Rhaetus), 221, 254, 269

whithilli (Cladognathus), 269

whithillii (Lucanus), 222

wickhami (Eurytrachelus), 252, 271

winnertzi (Boletina), 362

3 (Phthinia), 364, 382

winnertzii (Mycomyia), 355

woodfordi (Aegus), 256, 271

wosnesenskii (Plebeius), 206, 211

xanites (Koruthaialos), Ixvi

; xanthevarne (Teracolts), 45

xanthocles (Heliconius), cvi

xanthodice (Tatochila), xliii

xanthoptera (Atheta), 305, 312

xanthopus (Atheta), 299, 312

xanthopyga (Mycetophila), 379

Xenandra, 560

Xeniades, 582

Xenopsylla, exv, exvii

Xenoscelis, 96

Xestocrabro, 383, 384, 387, 388, 397

Xiphistes, 515

Xylota, 327, 328

xylurga (Stenoma), 188

yerburii (Teracolus), 42

yerburyi (Callicera), 323, 325

Ypthima, xii, 19, 53, 54

Zagloba, 120

Zeltus, 437, 473

zena (Azanus), 27, 28

zephyrus (Plebeius), ev

a var. hesperica (Plebeius), ev

"A var. lycidas (Plebeius), ev

zetes (Acraea), 646, 648, 649, 650, 651,

652, 654

», acara (Acraea), 648, 649, 650,

653

», zetes (Acraea), 650

Zethus, 4

zetterstedtii (Platyptilia), lxxii

zeuxis (Papilio), 572

ziba (Thecla), 567

Zizeeria, 201, 204

Zizera, 26, 52, 54

zonata (Baeotis), 563

», (Platyura), 338, 348, 352, 381

zonilis (Cecropterus), ]xvii

Zonitis, Ixxxv

Zonosoma, Cii, ciii

zosterae (Atheta), 290

;, (Datomicra), 290, 313

Zygaena, |xxvii

Zygaenidae, |, lxiv

Zygomyia, 338, 339, 343, 373

zymna (Megalopalpus), xxii, 436, 443,

458, 466, 467, 468, 494

(; cox. )

ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

Page 220, line 21 from top, for parallelipipedus read parallelopipedus.

Page 252, line 7 from top, for parallelipipedus read parallelopipedus.

Page 270, line 20 from bottom, for Hemisodorius read Hemésodorcus.

Page 546, line 1, for ewbaea read euboea.

Page 556, line 7 from bottom, for eubaea read euboea.

Page 556, line 6 from bottom, for eubaea read euboea.

Page 556, line 6 from bottom, for Heterchroa read Heterochroa

PROCEEDINGS.

Page cxxx, line 23 from top, for aedipus read oedipus.

CORRIGENDA.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WHITE NItz, by G. B. LonestarFr.

Page 29, line 15 from bottom, delete ‘* Yerbury records H. iterata, Butler,

for Aden.” The paragraph should read—

“The form, H. iterata, Butler, is recorded for Somaliland (Lieut. Sparrow),

as well as for German East Africa, and British East Africa. Aurivillius 3.

p. 389) doubts whether it is specifically distinct.”

Page 51, line 17 from bottom, delete ‘“‘ with the notable exception of the

total absence of the great genus Acraea.” ;

Though it is true that no Acraea has been recorded from the Aden district,

A. doubledayi arabica, Eltringham, has been taken in the Azraki Ravine in

Southern Arabia [Eltringham, 14, p. 174], also A. neobule arabica, Rebel,

has been taken near Makalla, as well as at Ras Furtak, both in 8. Arabia, c.

Lat. 14° N. and 16° N. respectively, (Lepidopteren aus Siidarabien u. v, d.

Insel Sokotra, Prof. Dr, H. Rebel, LX XI. B. (II. H.), p. 28. K. Akad, d.

Wiss., Wien.).

Consequently the table on page 50 should read—

Acraeinae 5 2 0

Pierinae 33 18 15

Total 15 51 37

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.