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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FouNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY RoYAL CHARTER, 1885.

PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1914-1915,

President,

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Wice=Presidents,

H. ELTRINGHAM, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S.

THE Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

THe Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.

Treasurer,

ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretaries,

ComMANDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.

Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.

Librarian.

GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS., A.L.S.

Other Members of Council.

E. A. BUTLER, B.A., B.Sc.

JAS. E. COLLIN, F.Z8.

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.LS., F.Z.S.

C. J. GAHAN, M.A.

A. E. GIBBS, F.LS., F.Z.8.

E. E. GREEN, F.Z.S.

GILBERT W. NICHOLSON, M.A., M.D.

G. MEADE-WALDO, M.A.

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.

COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT.

Resident Inbrarian.

GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.H1st.8.

Crivie )

Business and Publications Committee.

ROBERT ADKIN.

JAMES E. COLLIN.

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.

A. E. GIBBS.

REV. F. D. MORICE.

And the Executive Officers of the Council.

feritish ational Committee of Entomological Momenclature.

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER.

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.

C. J. GAHAN.

DR. K. JORDAN.

i..B. PROUT.

CHAS. 0. WATERHOUSE.

REV. GEORGE WHEELER.

CONTENTS.

List of Fellows

Additions to the Library ...

XIII.

EHV:

KV.

VALE

MEMOIRS

. New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from 8.E. Brazil. Be

E. DUKINFIELD JONES, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

. Revision of the Mexican and Central paren Malachiidae

and Melyridae, with descriptions of new species. By GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, LAS YAN LIES! og aoe ¢

. Revision of the Mexican and Central American Chauliogna-

thinae (Fam. Telephoridae), based on the genital armature

ofthe males. By GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., etc.

. A remarkable new genus and new species of Odonata, of the

legion Podagrion, Selys, from North Bae aan HY KeEn-

NETH J. Morton, F.E.S.

. The Egg-laying of Taeehieiondl (Tenth) By An, mM

CuHapman, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.

. Culicidae from Papua. By Frank H. Marner: ivatiale:

gist to the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, F.E.S.

. A Revision of the a tas ee eagemyta: Lw. ey 15 Milo

Epwarps, B.A., F.E

. Descriptions of sith tee rn Bria: -Lepidopter, By

Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S.

. A Contribution to the Life History of Agriades tarstes,

Cantener. By T. A. CHapman, M.D., etc.

. On a new form of seasonal (and natovaronetie) aioe

phism in Agriades thersites, Cant. By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

. Notes on the Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in

Ee Ae ala By G. T. BEeruune- ee a HL.S., E:Z.8.,

F.E.S.

. The nes aa first aeration of the “ Jurinean’ Gente

of Hymenoptera: Being a reprint of a long-lost work by

Panzer, with a translation into English, an Introduction, and

Bibliographical and Critical notes. By the Rev. F. D. Morice,

M.A., F.E.S., and Jno. Hartitey Durrant, F.E.S.

New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from 8.E. Brazil. By

E. DuxinFietp Jones, F.Z.S., F.E.S eee

Notes on the Life History of Papilio demotion Genta: By

Marearer HE, Fountatne, F.E.S. re aes

Some remarks on the Coccid genus Leucaspis, with descriptions

of two new species. By E. Ernest GREEN, F.ES. :

Contributions to the Life History of alan rs eros. By

T. A. Coapman, M.D.,F.ZS., F.ES. .. pe

Qi vidi =)

PAGE

XVII. A contribution to the Life History of Plebeius ca ty var.

- lycidas. By T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.8. 482

XVIII. A revision of the species of the genus Odynerus ‘(CHanie)

occurring in the Ethiopian Ree ay GEOFFREY MEADE-

Watpo, M.A., F.E.S. : w 485

XIX. On Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera oe Li ehnewmonidat.

By R. C. L. Prruins, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S. ms ase 521

XX. Descriptions of two new genera, and new species of Mendis

from Tasmania. By Cuas. O. WATERHOUSE, I.S.0., F.E.S.,

with illustrations from aan th aa ps F. ENocK, F.L.S.,

F.ES. . 536

Proceedings for 1914 i-cxii

Annual Meeting exiii

President’s Address cxix

General Index celxix

Special Index elxxvii

Errata é cci

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plate I. See pages 12 Plate LIV. See pages 313

Plate II. 3 127 Plates LV-LXV. », 330-337

Plates III-VIII. - 168 Plate LXVI. 458

Plate IX. Pe 172 Plates LXVII, LXVIII. ,, 468

Plates X-XVI. » 182-184 Plates LXIX-LXXXIV. ,, 480, 481

Plates XVII-XVIII.__,, 205 Plates LXXXV-XC. », 483, 484

Plates XIX-XXV. » 225-227 Plate XCI. 3 520

Plates XX VI, XXVII. ,, 305 Plate XCII. + 539

Plates XX VIII-LIII. ,, 305-308

PROCEEDINGS.

Plate A. See page Ixxxiv.

Plate B. ee Xcvis

Plates C-N. See President’s Address, pages cxxi-clxiv.

Pist of Fellows

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Marked * deceased during the year.

Date of

Election

1900 AvuRIvILLIUS, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1905 Bottvar, Ignacio, Museo nacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo,

17, Madrid.

1911 Comstock, Professor J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,

OA’

1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.

1912 Frey-Gressner, Dr. Emile, La Roseraie, Genéve, Switzerland.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1914 LameeErse, Professor A., Bruxelles.

1908 OpEerRtTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

1913 Tran-SHanskI, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, St. Peters-

burg, Russia.

1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland.

1893 Warrenwyt, Hoffrath Carl Brunner von, Schinbwrgstrasse

3, Vienna.

1898 * Weismann, Dr. August, Frevburg, Baden.

FELLOWS.

Marked * deceased during the year.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of

Election,

1914 Aparr, E. W., B.A., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt.

1901 } Apair, Sir Frederick KE. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.

1913 Avams, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-road, Chelsea, S.W.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Vwtoria-

street, S.W.

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

ete

1885 ApbxKIN, Robert, (CounciL, 1901-2, 1911-13), Wellfield, Lingards-

road, Lewisham, 8.E.

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.

1914 Atyar, T. V. Ramakrishna, B.A., F.Z.S., The Agricultural Colleye,

Coimbatore, S. India.

1912 Amn, T. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W.

1911 AwnpeErson, T. J., Entomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Nairobi,

British East Africa.

1910 7 ANDREWES, H. E., 8, North Grove, Highgate, N.

1899 ANDREWS, Henry W., Shirley, Welling S.O., Kent.

1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.

1908 +} AnrraM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,

S. India.

19138 ArmytacE, Edward O., Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

1907 ArRnoxp, G., M.Sc., A.R.C.S., Curator, Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo,

S. Africa.

1899 + ARRow, Gilbert J., (CounctL, 1905-7), 87, Union-grove, Clapham,

S.W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road,

S.W.

1911 AsuHpy, Edward Bernard, Brooklands, 38, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow,

Middlesex.

1907 + AsuBy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent.

1886 ArmorgE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1913 Avinorr, André, Liteyny, 12, St. Petersburg, Russia.

1914 Awatt, P. R., Medical Entomologist, c/o Grindlay & Co., Bankers,

Calcutta.

1901 Bacor, Arthur W., York Cottage, York-hill, Loughton, Essex.

1904 + BaGNALL, Richard §., Oldstead, Park Town, Oxford.

1909 BaGwe.u-PurEroy, Capt. Edward, East Farleigh, Maidstone.

1912 Battarp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultwral College and

Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India.

1886 Banxus, Eustace R., M.A.

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.

1886 Baraaaut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,

Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Escombe, Natal, South Africa.

1902 Barraup, Philip J., Chester Cottage, Benhill-road, Sutton, Surrey.

1911 Barrert, J. Platt, Westcroft, South-road, Forest Hill, S.E.

1907 Barrier, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894 + Bateson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,

Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey.

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley.

1904 Baynn, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham,

Suffolk.

1912 Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 120, Warwick-street, Eccleston

square, S.W.

Cee o)

1896 + Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc. F.R.S.E., (V.-Pres., 1910;

CounciL, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 Breck, Richard, Red Lodge, Porchester-road, Bowrnemouth.

1905 Berprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.

1912 Brprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa,

Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria,

Transvaal.

1913 Brprorp, Hugh Warren, Church Felles, Horley.

1899 BrpweEtt, Ernest C., Bruggen, Brighton-road, Coulsdon, Surrey.

1914 BenprERiTrerR, Eugéne, 11, Rue St. Jacques, Le Mans, France.

1904 Brnatsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;

Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1906 Brwnratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1913 Brst-GarpDNER, Charles C., Rookwood, Neath, Glamorgan.

1885 Breraune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., F.Z.S., PRESIDENT, (V.-PREs.,

1910-11 ; CouncttL, 1895, 1910- ), 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H.G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.

1891 Buaper, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromwell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 Buack, James E., F.L.S., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1904 Buatr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.

1885 Biaruwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston,

Bath.

1904 Buss, Maurice Frederick, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Coningsburgh, Mont-

pelier-road, Ealing, W.

1886 * BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,

Hastings.

1912 Bopxin, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana.

1903 Bogus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.

1911 Borrau, H., 99, Rue de la Céte St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes,

Seine, France.

1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 54, Boulevard Bineau, Newilly-sur-Seine,

Seine, France.

1891 Booru, George A., Whalley Range, Longton, Lancashire.

1902 Bostock, E. D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs.

1913 Bowater, William, 20, Russell-road, Moseley, Birmingham.

1888 Bowsr, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.

1894 + Bowxzs, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1912 + Bowrine, C. Talbot.

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

1904 BripgemMan, Commander The Hon. Richard O.B., R.N., 44, Lowndes-

square, S.W., and H.M.S. “ Druid,” 1st Destroyer Flotilla, Home

Fleet.

1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth 8.0., N. Devon.

1912 Briaes, Miss Margery H., B.Sc., 7, Winterstoke-gardens, Mull

Hill, N.W.

1870 Briees, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth 8.0. ,

N. Devon.

1894 Brieut, Percy M., Cheriton, Porchester-road, Bournemouth,

1909 Brirren, Harry, 2, Hope Villas, High-st., New Headington, Oxon.

1902 Brouauron, Major T. Delves, R.E., Swiss Cottage, Great Mongeham,

Deal, Kent.

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Mount Albert, Auckland, New Zealand.

1904 Brown,Henry H., Sheriff Court House, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh.

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., Park Hurst, Morley, Yorks.

1911 Brutzer, Rev. Henry William, Great Bowden Vicarage, Market

Harborough.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.

1898 | BucHan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-

Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1907 Boxuerp, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somerset-

shire.

1896 + Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (V.-PRras.,

1912, CounciL, 1903, 4, 1910-12), The Dutch Cottage, Woking.

1909 Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Muching, Stanford-le-

Hope, Essex.

1868 ¢ Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Sec., 1875 ; Councin,

1876), The Lilies, Beckenham-road, Beckenham.

1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., (Councrt, 1914— ), 56, Cecile-

Park, Crouch End, N.

1902 Butter, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 BurrerFiE.D, Jas. A., B.Sc., Ormesby, 21, Dorville-road, Lee, 8.E.

1914 + BurrERFIELD, Rosse, Curator, Corporation Museum, Keighley, Yorks.

1912 + Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.O.U., Fairhill, Tonbridge, and Trinity

College, Cambridge.

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (via Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., 7, Blessington-road, Lee, 8.E.

1885 CampBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete, Byrnllwydwyn,

Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.

1898 Canpbzx, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége.

1880 CanspDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W.; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane

Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, 8. W.

1910 Caruirr, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,

Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892 CarpENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W.

1910 CarpENTER, Geoffrey D. H., D.M., B.Ch., Uganda Medical Service,

Uganda Protectorate.

1895 Carpenter, Prof. George H., B.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science,

Dublin.

1898 Carpenter, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.

1868 Carrineton, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Swrrey.

1911

1895

1912

1906

1913

1900

( xiii)

Carson, George Moffatt, Entomologist to the Government of New

Guinea, Port Moresby, New Guinea.

Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-road,

Torquay.

Carter, Henry Francis, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in

Medical and Economic Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical

Medicine, University of Liverpool.

Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.

Carter, J. 8., Warren Hill Cottage, Eastbourne.

Carter, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Heaton, Bradford.

1889 + Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.

1900

1871

1914

1891

1910

1897

1913

1902

1908

1889

1914

1909

1908

1914

1908

1904

1914

1899

1906

1913

1911

CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbourne, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

CHAmpPion, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., (Councit, 1875-7; LIBRARIAN,

1891— ), Heatherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.

Cuampion, Harry George, B.A., c/o U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,

Entomological Bureau, Washington, U.S.A.

CHaApMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.8., (V.-PREs., 1900, 1904-5,

1908 ; CouncrIL, 1898-1900, 1903-5, 1907-9), Betula, Reigate.

CHARNLEY, J. R.

CHawneR, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

CuHEavIN, Harold S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., The Glenroy Hotel, 22,

Woburn Place, Russell-square, W.C.

CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mr. John Garson, Kendal Grove, Wallands-

crescent, Lewes.

* Cuerty, B. Chourappa, The Government Musewm, Bangalore, India.

Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

Curysta, R. Neill, B. Sc., 9, Braid-avenue, Edinburgh.

Cuuss, Ernest C., Curator, Durban Museum, Natal, South Africa.

Crark, C. Turner, F.Z.S., Hillcrest, St. Augustine’s-avenue,

S. Croydon.

CuarK, Edgar L., Lawreston, Ridge Road, Overport, Durban, Natal.

Cuieave, I. D., Dept. of Science and Agriculture, Georgetown,

British Guiana.

CLEGHORN, Miss Maude Lina West, 57, Ballygunge, Circular-road,

Caleutta, India.

CLuTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathwille-road, Gloucester.

CiurreRBvCK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United

Provinces, India.

Cockayne, Edward A., M.A.,M.D.,16, Cambridge-square, London, W.

Coteman, Leslie C., Dept. of Agriculture, Bangalore, Mysore,

India.

Cotuin, James E., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1913; Councin, 1904-6,

1913— ), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

Coutiner, Walter E., M.Sc, F.L.S., Marine Laboratory, The

University, The Gatty, St. Andrews, Scotland.

Conry, Miss Blanche A., The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire.

Corton, Sidney Howard, 1a, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W.

1892

1913

1867

1895

1913

1909

1890

Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott House,

Taunton.

Cowarp, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.S., 36, George-street, Manchester.

Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.

OCrace, Capt. F. W., M.D., LM.S., King Institute of Preventive

Medicine, Saidapet, Madras, India.

Crawt.ey, W. C., B.A., 29, Holland Park-road, W.

Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 + Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P.

1907

1908

1901

1900

1907

1886

1911

1913

1905

1912

1910

1903

1898

1912

1913

1875

1887

Orort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clarendon-road, Leeds.

Cuuprn, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., The Palace Hotel, Shanghai.

Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.

Dapp, Edward Martin, Hohenzollernstrasse 18, Zehlendorf, bet

Berlin.

DateuisH, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Dames, Felix L., 10, Lortzingstrasse, Berlin-Lichterfelde.

Dannatt, Walter, 45, Manor Park, Lee, 8.E.

Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Geelong,

Victoria, Australia.

Davipson, James, M.Sc., Imperial College of Science and Tech-

nology, South Kensington, S.W.

Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Belize, British

Honduras.

Dawson, William George, Manor House, Upper Wick, Worcester.

Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Duncan’s Station, Vancower Island, British

Columbia.

Dewirz, Dr. John, Director German Govt. Experimental Station,

Devant-les-Ponts, Metz, Lorraine.

Dickinson, Barnard Ormiston, B.A., 57, Castelnau, Barnes, S.W.

Distant, William Lucas, (V.-PRES., 1881, 1900; Sxc., 1878-80 ;

CounciL, 1900-2), Glenside, 170, Birchanger-road, South Norwood,

S.E.

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar

of Wadham College, (PRES., 1909-10; V.-PREs., 1904-5, 1911;

Councin, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oaford.

1909 * Dozson, Thomas, 1, Grant-street, Farnworth, Bolton.

1905

1912

1906

1903

1906

Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.

Dore, Capt. Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3, Whitehall-place, London, S.W.

Dotiman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

Dotan, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

DoncastER, Leonard, M.A., The University Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.

1891

1913

1910

1884

1900

1894

1913

1906

1883

1910

1912

1890

1865

1904

1902

1911

1886

1884

1913

1900

1886

1903

1878

1914

1886

1903

1908

1909

( Sh)

DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., (V.-Prus., 1911;

Councin, 1899-1901, 1910-12), Hssendene, 68, Hrpingham-road,

Putney, S.W.

Dow, Walter James, The Cottage, Lynwood-avenue, Epsom.

Downes-SuHaw, Rev. Archibald, Gt. Horton Vicarage, Bradford.

Drucet, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., (Counc, 1903-5), Trefusis

Lodge, 3, Norfolk-road, N.W.

Drury, W. D., Clarendon, Laton-road, Hastings.

Dupa@ron, G. C., Director General of the Dept. of Agriculture,

Meadi, Cairo.

DUFFIELD, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and

Wye College, Kent.

DUKINFIELD Jones, E., Castro, Reigate.

Durrant, John Hartley, (V.-PREs., 1912-13 ; Councrn, 1911-13),

Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, 8.W., and British Musewm

(Natural History), Cromwell-road, South Kensington, S.W.

EauEs-Wuitt, J. Cushny, 47, Chester-terrace, Euton-square, 8.W.

EaR1, Herbert L., M.A., 35, Leicester-street, Southport, Lancs.

Eastwoop, John Edmund, Gosden House, Guildford.

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Councin, 1877-9), Rich-

mond Villa, Northam S.0., N. Devon.

EckrorpD, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,

Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland.

EDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

Epwarps, F. W., Kingswear, Cornwall-road, Harrow.

Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

EpwaArbs, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councrn, 1912— ),15, St. Germans-

place, Blackheath, 8.E.

Epwarps, William H., Natural History Dept., The Museum,

Birmingham.

Evuiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

Exuis, H. Willoughby, Holly Hill, Berkswell, Warwickshire.

Exits, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.

ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Vick-PRESIDENT,

(CounciL, 1913- ), Woodhouse, Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Hope

Department, University Musewm, Oxford.

Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S8., (PREs., 1893-4 ;

V.-PRES., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CouncrtL, 1888~90), Colesborne,

Cheltenham.

Emmett, Lieut. CHARLES P., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing

Cross, W.C.

Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.

ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Eustace, Eustace*Mallabone, M.A., Challacombe, Crowthorne, Bucks.

Evans, Frank J., Superintendent of Agriculture, Calabar, Eastern

Province, 8. Nigeria.

1907

1900

1861

1908

1910

1889

1900

1905

1900

1898

( xv, )

FratHEer, Walter, 10, Station-road, Crosshills, near Keighley,

Yorks.

Fretruam, H. L. L., P. O. Bow 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.¥,

Frenwick, Norman Percival, Junior, Hillside, St. Ann’s-road,

Eastbourne.

Fenyss, A., M.D., 170, North Grange Grove-Avenue, Pasadena,

California, U.S.A.

FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

Frrra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

Fuieet, Wilfred James, F.H.A.S., F.C.S., Imatra, King’s-road,

Bowrnemouth.

Fiemyna, The Rev. Canon W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, co.

Waterford.

Fiercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural College and Research

Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, 8. India.

1883 + FLetcHeR, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

1905

1885

1914

1913

1900

1898

1880

1908

1896

1888

19038

1910

1908

1891

FLorrsHErm, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W.

Fokker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

ForpHaM, William John, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa, Bubwith,

Selby, Yorks.

Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.0.U., Sussex

House, Hitchin, Herts.

Founkess, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultwral College,

Newport, Salop.

FountTAINE, Miss Margaret.

Fow.er, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., (PRes., 1901-2 ;

V.-Pres., 1903; Sxc., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading.

Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.M.S., c/o The Office of the

Surgeon-General, Govt. of Madras, Madras, India.

FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

Fremuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Elms, Kingsbury,

INS’.

Frencu, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia.

Frissy, G. E., 40, Windmill-street, Gravesend.

Froacatt, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-

street, Sydney, New South Wales.

FrouawkK, F. W., Stanley House, Park-road, Wallington, Surrey.

1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal

1900

1907

1876

1898

Colony.

Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, Artillery Mansions, Victoria-street,

S.W., and The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

Funuer, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,

Sydenham, 8.E.

FuLuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

( Sui)

1887 Gaunay, Charles Joseph, M.A., (Szc., 1899-1900 ; CounciL, 1893-5,

1901, 1914- ), 8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and British

Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1910 Garckn, Emile, M.LE.E., Witton House, Maidenhead.

1890 GarDNER, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.

1901 | GarDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deqanwy, N. Wales.

1913 DE Gaye, J. A., King’s College, Lagos, S. Nigeria.

1899 GeLpART, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford.

1913 Grips, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, S.E.

1906 + Gress, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,(Councin, 1912- ), Kitchener’s

Meads, St. Albans.

1908 GuirFraRD, Walter M., P.O. Box 308, Honolulu, Hawai.

1907 Gurtes, Henry Ren Head Keeper of Zoological Cas South

Perth, W. Australia.

1902 GinuanpDERS, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.

1904 GrLuIAt, Francis, B.A., Combe House, Balcombe, Sussex.

1914 Goprrey, E. J., Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam.

1865 | Gopmay, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., (PREs.,

1891-2; V.-PrEs., 1882-3, 1886, 1889-90, 1902; CouNcIL, 1880-

1, 1900), South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont

street, S.W.

1886 | GoopRicH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near

Bristol.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill 8.0., Wigtown-

shire.

1855 GoruamM, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (CounctL, 1882-3), High-

croft, Great Malvern.

1913. Gouau, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of

Agriculture, Cuiro.

1909 Gowbey, Carlton C., BSc., c/o Dr. A. Gowdey, The Grange,

Maitland Park, Haverstock Hill, N.W.

1914 Grave ey, F. H., The Indian Museum, Culeutta.

1911 Graves, P. P., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt.

189i ¢ GREEN, E. Ernest, F.Z.S., (Councin, 1914— ), Way’s End, Beach-

avenue, Camberley.

1910 GreEEN, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal.

1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., 38, Pont-street, London, S.W.

1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Cricklewood, N.W.

1893 | GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1888 GrirrFirus, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 GrRimsHAw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., Higin House, Knockholt, Sevenoaks,

1906 GuRNEY, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.

1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of

Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.

( xvi}

1912 Hacker, Henry, Bowen Bridye-road, Brisbane, Queensland.

1906 Hatt, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890 + Hatt, Albert Ernest, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.

1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon,

1912 Hatiert, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbowrne-road, Penarth,

Glamorganshire.

1898 Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the

Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1898 ;

CouNCIL, 1896-8), 62, Stanhope-gardens, S.W.

1891 Hanpoury, Frederick J., ¥.L.8., Brockhurst, E. Grinstead.

1905 ¢ Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.

1903 Hare, E. J., 4, New-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.

1910 Harwoop, Philip, 23, Northgate End, Bishop's Stortford.

1910 Hawxsuaw, J. C., Hollycombe, Sussex.

1913 + HawKsHaw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W.

1910 Hepeus, Alfred van der, Stoke House, Stoke Mandeville, Bucks.

1910 HENDERSON, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak,

Federated Malay States.

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., 9, Park House, Highbury Park, N.

1903 Herrop-Hempsati, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road,

Luton, Beds.

1908 Hewirr, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Dept. of

Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

1913 Hewirt, John, B.A., Director, Albany Museum, Grahamstown,

S. Africa.

1913 Hint, Gerald F., Govt. Entomologist, Port Darwin, Northern

Territory, South Australia.

1876 + HititMan, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton

Buzzard.

1914 Hopar, The Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose, The Vicarage Pad-

dington.

1912 Honer, Harold, St. James’ Mansions, 54, Piccadilly, W.

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,

Lytham.

1902 Hous, R. 8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

1910 Ho.rorp, H. O., Histead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey.

1887 Honuanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,

Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hoxtman-Hount, C. B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of mus

culture, ata inp Federated Malay States.

1910 Howtmes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., LDS, R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 64, Harley-

street, W.

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.

(se

1903 Houcuron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.

1907 { Howarp, C. W., Entomological Division, College of Agriculture,

St. Anthony Park, Minn., U.S.A.

1900 Howes, W. George, 432, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1907 Howtert, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfolk.

1865 + Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New

Zealand.

1914 Hupson, H. Baldwin, The Ferns, Upper Highway, Kings Langley,

Herts.

1907 Huauss, CO. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston-square, W.

1912 Hurr, Miss Lily, Hollywood, Colinton-road, Edinburgh.

1897 Imaan, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (Councit, 1909-11), 20, Fitzroy-

street, Fitzroy-square, W.

1912+ Imus, A. D., D.Sc., B.A., F.L.S., Entomological Dept., The Uni-

versity, Manchester.

1908 Irey, Major Leonard Paul, Evington-place, Ashford, Kent.

1891 Isapett, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen 8.0., Cornwall.

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department

of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, S.W.

1907 Jacoxst, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and

Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.

1911 Jacozs, Capt. J. J., R.E., Framsden, Tring, Herts.

1910 Jacops, Lionel L., P.O. Box 445, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario,

Canada.

1914 Janninas, Rev. Frederic 8. F., Warmsworth Rectory, Doncaster.

1914 Jawnsu, A. J. T., lst-street, Gezina, Pretoria, 8S. Africa.

1869 JANsoN, Oliver E., Cestria, Clarenvont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,

Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.

1912 Jarpine, Nigel K., Le Syndicat des Fabricants de Sucre, L’Isle de

Réunion.

1912 JemmMert, C., Withersdane House, Wye, Kent.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes.

1899 Jxrnninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.

1909 Jepson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands.

1886 JouHN, Evan, Llantrisant S.O., Glamorganshire.

1907 Jounson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbury-road, Heaton

Mersey.

1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,

co. Armagh.

1908 Joicry, James J., The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

1888 Jones, Albert H., (V.-PREs., 1912, Councit, 1898-1900;

TREASURER, 1904— ), Shrublands, Eltham, 8.E.

( cee }

is94}+Jorpax, Dr. K., (V.-Pres., 1909; Counctn, 1909-11), The

1910

1902

1913

1884

Museum, Tring.

Josey, E. G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W.

Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley.

Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.

Junk, Wilhelm, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15.

Kappet, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.

1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1896 + Kay, William James, (Councin, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill,

1907

1890

1904

1906

1900

1911

1912

1889

1913

1889

Surbiton.

Ketny, Albert Ernest McClure, Division of Entomology, Department

of Agriculture, Pretoria, S. Africa.

Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth.

Kuaounan, Kunui, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore,

Bangalore, South India.

Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartowm,

Sudan.

Kine, James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside,

Glasgow.

Kirpy, W. Egmont, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,

Wie

KLAPALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 + Kuein, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Hatherlow, Raglan-road,

1910

Reigate.

Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland-

place, W.

1911 + LampBorn, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Zomba, Nyasaland, E. Africa.

1868

1912

1895

1899

1914

1901

1910

1909

1900

Lana, Colonel A. M., C.B., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.

Latour, Cyril Engelhart, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West

Indies.

Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Museum, Adelaide,

S. Australia.

LEECHMAN, Alleyne, M.A., F.L.S., F.C.S., Corpus Christi College,

Oxford, and St. Hubert’s, Main-street, Georgetown, British

Guiana.

LricH, George F., 45, Cuthber?s Buildings, West-street, Durban,

Natal.

Leiau, H.58., The University, Manchester.

LeraH-CLark, Reginald L., Golf Club, Hadley, Barnet.

LeiaH-Puruuires, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridqwater.

(eet A)

1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., (Councin, 1878, 1884), 30, Shorncliffe-road,

Folkestone.

1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Grove Farm, Greenford Green, South Harrow,

and 277, Oxford-street, W.

1892 Licatroort, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

1914 Lisrer, J. J., St. John’s College, Cambridge, and Merton House,

Grantchester.

1908 Lister, W. K., Street End House, Ash, near Dover.

1903 Lirrter, Frank M., Boo 114, P.O., Lawnceston, Tasmania.

1865 | Lunwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS.,

Penllergare, Swansea.

1881 + Luoyn, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor.

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, (Councrn, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany,

Piccadilly, W.

1903 LorrHousE, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 Lonaspon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, S.E.

1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., (V.-PREs., 1909; CouNcIL,

1907-9), Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Se., Government Entomologist, Box 513

Pretoria, S. Africa.

1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., Argent-street, Broken Hill, New South Wales.

1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.

1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adelwide-street, Brisbane,

Australia.

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., (Counctn, 1904-6), 28, Knight's Park,

Kingston-on- Thames.

1880 Lupton, Henry, Courtlands, Chelston, Torquay.

1903 LyEtL, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1912 Lyx, George Trevor, Bank House, Brockenhurst.

1901 * Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 474, St. Paul-street, Montreal,

Canada.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker-

street, N.W.

1887 M‘DoucaLtt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath,

S.E.

1910 Macpoucatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh Uni-

versity.

1900 Mackwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., (Councrt, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham-

road, South Woodford, N.E.

1914 Mattoo, J. Russell, State Entomologist’s Office, Urbana, Illinois,

U.S.A.

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Dept, of Agriculture, Cape Town, S.

Africa.

()) soe)

1887 Manpers, Col. Neville, A.M.S., D.D.M.S., F.Z.8., Army of Oceu-

pation Headquarters, Cairo, Egypt.

1892 Mansprings, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

1894 + MarsHaLt, Alick, 18, Hazeldene-road, Chiswick, W.

1895 MarsHatt, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., (Councin, 1907-8),

6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-square, W.

1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,

Dunedin, New Zealand.

1856 | MarsHatt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley S.0.,

Kent.

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., 54, Holly-lane, W. Smethwick.

1910 + Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset.

1913 Mason, Lowell, 22 and 23, Club Arcade, Durban, Natal.

1895 Massny, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CounciL,

1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich,

1887 MarrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.

1912 Mavtik, Samarenda, c/o Messrs. T. Cook & Son, Ludgate-circus,

E.C., and Fitzwilliam Hall, Cambridge.

1900 Maxwe.t-Lerroy, H., Imperial College of Science and Technology,

South Kensington, S.W.

1904 MapE-Watpo, Geoffrey, M.A., (Counctn, 1914— ), Hever Warren,

Edenbridge, Kent, and British Musewm (Natural History)

Cromwell-road, S.W.

1913 Maven, Louis, Melbourne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton.

1872 + Metpoua, Professor Raphael, Hon. D.Sc. Oxon, Hon. LL.D. St.

Andrews, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.LC., F.R.A.S., etc. (PREs., 1895-6 ;

V.-Pres., 1881, 1884, 1897, 1903, 1908 ; Sxc., 1876-80 ; CouncIL,

1874-5, 1884-5, 1889-92, 1903, 1907-8), 6, Brunswick-square, W.C.

1885 MeLvILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1914 Menon, J. R., B.A., Trichur, Cochin State, 8. India.

1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, (PREs., 1905-6 ; V.-PReEs., 1893, 1907 ; SEc.,

1897-8 ; CounciL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Alichael’s, Oxford.

1912 Mercaurs, Rev. J. W., The Vicarage, Ottery St. Mary, Devon.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1894 Murat, Louis Compton, F.R.S., (Councin, 1903, 1908), Norton Vay

N., Letchworth.

1908 MurppueTon, Ivan E., Plevna House, Mussoorie, U. P., India.

1883 Mines, W. H., c/o E. Step, Esq., Oakwood House, Ashstead,

Surrey.

1913 Minter, F. V. Bruce, Livingston, N. Rhodesia, Africa.

1905 Murrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., Thornlea, Weybridge.

1914 Miyaxsé, Dr. Tsunekata, The Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial

University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan.

1879 Monreiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Ruq do Alecrinar,

Lisbon.

( xxiii)

1902 Montcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-

road, North Acton, W.

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.

1907 Moores, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Greyscliff, Newquay, Cornwall.

1886 Moraay, A. C. F., F.LS., 185, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.

1889 + Mortcr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,

(Pres., 1911, 1912, V.-PREs., 1902, 1904, 1913; CounciL, 1902-4),

Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.

1895 + Mortey, Claude, F.Z.8., Monk Soham House, Suffolk.

1912 Morrett, R. D’A., Authors’ Club, 1, Whitehall-court, 8.W.

1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surrey.

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

1910 Mosegty, Martin E., 21, Alexandra-court, Queen’s-qate, S.W.

1900 Mossmr, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.

1911 Moss, Rev, A. Miles, Helm, Windermere.

1907 ¢ Moutton, John C., Sarawak Museum, Sarawak.

1911 Movnsry, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh.

1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu,

ELT.

1912 + Muay, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Assistant Professor

of Biology, Lamington-road, Bombay, India.

1869 + MitiEr, Albert, F.R.G.S., (Counctt, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miiller-

Mechel, Grenzacherstrusse 60, Basle, Switzerland.

1914 Murray, George W., Dirimu Estate, Binaturi River, Daru, Papua.

1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stdfa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland.

1909 MusuHam, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

1903 Neave,S. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.

1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.

1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

1913 Newman, Leslie John William, Dept. of Agricultwre, Perth, W.

Australia.

1909 NewstEaD, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

1890 NerwsreapD, Robert, M.Sc., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Dutton Memorial

Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical Medicine, Univer-

sity of Liverpool.

1914 NricHo.son, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale-end, Chingford, N.E.

1909 NicHotson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., (Councrn, 1913— ), Oxford

and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.

1886 NicHoLson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

1912 Noakes, Alfred, The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

1914 Norris, Frederic de la Mare, The Agricultural Department, Kuala

Lumpur, Malay States.

1878 Norripar, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St, Edmunds.

1908 Nurses, H. A., Education Department, Trinidad, B.W.TI.

1877 Oxsertatir, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

1893 + OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.

1910 OnpakeR, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.

1873 * OtivieR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

1913 Ormiston, Walter, Kalaupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon.

1895 Paar, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park,

S.E.

1912 Parerson, Edward J., Fairholme, Crowborough.

1913 Pracock, Alexander David, 137, Wingrove-gardens, and Armstrong

College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1907 Prap, Clement H., Bow 252, Bulawayo, South Africa.

1911 Prarson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts.

1914 PENDLEBURY, Wm. J. von Monté, Broadlands, Shrewsbury, and

Keble College, Oxford.

1883 PsRinauEY, Louis, D.Sc., F.Z.8., Director, South African Museum,

Cape Town, South Africa.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,

Devon, and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.

1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern.

1897 Puitiips, Capt. Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 37, Princes-square,

Bayswater, W.

1903 + Puinurrs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., Devonshire House Prepara-

tory School, Reigate.

1891 Pimrce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

1903 PitcHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester-

road, Kensington, S.W.

1910 Pinuar, A. Raman, University Union, Edinburgh, and Trivan-

drum, India.

19138 Puart, Ernest Edward, 403, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Driebergen, Netherlands.

1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., (Councin, 1887), Elm Lea, Dalton,

Hudderssield.

1913 Porter, Prof. Carlos, C.M.Z.S., Professor of Zoology, Agricultural

Institute, Santiago, Chile.

1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,

(PREs., 1903-4 ; V.-PREs., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; CouNcIL, 1886-8,

1892, 1896, 1905-7), Wykeham House, Banbury-road Oxford.

1905 Powett, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.

1906 Pratt, H.C., Government Entomologist Federated Malay States,

Kuala Lumpur, Malay States,

1908

1878

1908

1904

1893

1910

1900

1912

1913

1907

1893

1898

1910

1912

1908

1905

1904

1892

Gave)

Pratt, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

PripDEAUX, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks.

PRISKE, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.

Prout, Louis Beethoven, (Counctt, 1905-7), 84, Albert-road,

Dalston, N.E.

Punnett, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College,

Cambridge.

Rarnpow, William J., The Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S. W.

Rait-SmitH, W., 86, Gladstone-street, Abertillery, Monmouthshire.

Rao, H. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Government Museum,

Bangalore, India.

RaywarD, Arthur Leslie, Rockford, Beechwood-voad, Sanderstead.

REID, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

Rewron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.

Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

DE Ru&-Pumipx, G. W. V., c/o Grindlay & Co., Hustings-street,

Calcutta.

Ritey, Norman Denbigh, 94, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.,

and British Musewm (Natural History), S. Kensington, S.W.

Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford.

Rosinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,

Selangor.

Rosinson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts.

ROBINSON, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Catford, S.E.

1869 + Ropinson-Dovuenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,

1908

1886

1912

1907

1868

Orchardton, Castle Douglas.

Rogers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Church Missionary Society,

Mombasa, British Hast Africa.

Ross, Arthur J., 1, Harewood-road, S. Croydon.

RosEN, Kurt, Baron, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich.

RosENnBERG, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W.

Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper

Norwood, 8.E.

1894 + Roruscartp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

VicE-PRESIDENT, (CounciL, 1904, 1913— ), Arwndel-house, Ken-

sington Palace Gardens, W.

1888 + RoruscHitp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S.,

1890

1913

1887

1910

1898

1892

(CounctL, 1900), Zoological Museum, Tring.

-Rourepex, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

RowveEn, Alfred Oliver, 3, Archibald-road, Exeter.

RowLAND-Brown, Henry, M.A., (V.-Pres., 1908, 1910; Szc.,

1900-10 ; CounciL, 1914- ), Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald.

RupeE, Charles Henry, 27, Goldhurst-terrace, S. Hampstead, N.\W

RussEx1, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley.

RussEtt, 8, G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.

(tevin )

1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.

1906 Sampson, Lt.-Colonel F. Winn, 74, Vineyard Hill-road, Wimbledon

Park.

1910 Saunpers, H. A., Brookfield-house, Swanage.

1901 Scusaus,W., F.Z.S., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.,U.S.A.

1907 Soumassmann, W., Beulah Lodge, London-road, Enfield, N.

1912 Scuunck, Charles A., Hwelme, Wallingford.

1881 SconuioK, A. J., 8, Hlmswood, Malden-road, New Malden.

1911 Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford.

1909 Scorr, Hugh, B.A., University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

1911 Scorr, Percy William Affleck, Chinese Imperial Customs Service,

Hangchow, China.

1912 Serrz, Dr. Adalbert, 59, Bismarckstrasse, Darmstadt, Germany.

1911 Sxtnous, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on-

Sea, New Milton, Hants.

1911 | Sennert, Noel Stanton, 32, Bolton-gardens, S. Kensington, S.W.

1862 SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (PREs., 1887-8 ;

V.-PrREs., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Sxc., 1867; CounciL,

1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants.

1902 Swarr, W. E., (Councin, 1912-13), Charterlea, Wokingham-road,

Crowthorne, Berks.

1886 SuHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),

William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1905 Suetpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyvn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1887 + Stcu, Alfred, (Councin, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W.

1911 Sigs, James A., Mon Repos, Monkham’s-lane, Woodford-green,

Essex.

1904 Simmonps, Hubert W., Sussex View, Cumberland-gardens, Tunbridge

Wells, Kent.

1913 SrrweEwy, Capt. F., Wooler, Northumberland.

1902 Stapen, Frederick William Lambart, Dept. of Agriculture, Central

Experimental Farm, Ottaiva, Canada.

1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.S., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W.

1907 Sty, Harold Baker, Mupledean, Ringley-avenue, Horley.

1906 Smatuman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle-road, Beckenham,

Kent.

1901 Smirx, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.

1911 Swarr, B. H., B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey.

1912 Smiry, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, S.W.

1898 Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 34, Ferndale-road,

Hove.

1885 Sours, Richard, (CouncrL, 1890-1), 4, Mapesbury-court, Shoot-rwp-

Hill, Brondesbury, N.

1908 SpryErR, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts.

1889 Sranpen, Richard 8., F.L.S., (Councin, 1906), Newlyn, Romsey,

Hants,

1910

1898

1910

1913

1896

1900

1895

1882

1908

1884

1894

1876

1911

1910

1908

1911

1893

1911

1903

1914

1909

1910

1901

1892

1907

1911

1897

1907

1914

1907

1859 +

1906

( xxvu )

SranueEy, The Rev, Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.

Srargs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Zhe Limes, Swanley Junction,

Kent.

Sreesina, Henry, Chasewood, Round Oak Wood, Weybridge.

Srenton, Rupert, St. Ldward’s, St. Mary Church, Torquay.

SronenaM, Hugh Frederick, Lieut. Ist Batt. E. Surrey Regt.,

Stoneleigh, Reigate.

Storey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford.

Srupp, KH. A. C., P.O. Box 906, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.

Swanzy, I'rancis, The Quarry, Sevenoaks.

Swiersrra, Corn, J., 1st Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

SwINHOE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (V.-PRes., 1894 ;

Councin, 1891-3 ; 1902-4), 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.

Swinnor, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.

Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants.

Swynverton, C. F. M., Gaungunyana, Melsetter, S.-H. Rhodesia.

Tait, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Harborough-road, Ashton-on-Mersey.

Tatpor, G., Witley Village, Surrey.

Tavutz, P. H., Cranleigh, Pinner, Middlesea.

Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A,

Taytor, Frank I., Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine,

Townsville, Queensland.

Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

TEMPERLEY, Reginald, Trevena, Harlow Oval, Harrogate, and

L Aurore, Vevey-la-Tour, Vaud, Switzerland.

Trriry, Alfred, M.A., 22, Avenue-road, Scarborough.

THEOBALD, Prof. F, V., M.A., Wye Court, Wye.

THompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Glosford-street, Middlesbrough.

Torney, The Rev. A., M.A., F.1.8., “ Hughenden,” Coppice-road,

Nottingham.

Tittyarp, R. J., BA., Kwranda, Mount Errington, Hornsby, New

South Wales.

Topp, Rh. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, N.

Tomiin, J. R. le B., M.A., (Councin 1911-3), Lakefoot, Hamilton-

road, Reading.

Tonas, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

DE LA Torre Bueno, J. R., Dasenbury Place, White Plains, New

York, U.S.A.

TraGarpu, Dr, Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.

Trimen, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., (Prus., 1897-8; V.-Pres.,

1896, 1899; CounciL, 1868, 1881, 1890), Glaslyn, Waterden-

road, Guildford.

Tutuocn, Major James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire

Light Infantry, Portobello Barracks, Dublin.

(evel 4)

1895 Tunatry, Henry, Castleton, Searle-road, Farnham,

1910 TurRatt, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

1893 TurNER, Henry Jerome, (CounctL, 1910-12), 98, Drakefell-road,

St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, S.E.

1906 Turner, Rowland E., (Counc, 1909-10).

1893 Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,

British West Indies.

1904 + Vauauan, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath.

1914 Veircn, Robert, Entomologist, c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co.,

O’ Connell-street Sydney, Australia.

1909 Viper, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye, Sussex.

1911 Vurauis DE Satvaza, R., Vientiane, Laos, Indo-China.

1895 WacuHeEr, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.

1897 Warnwrieut, Colbran J., (CouncrL, 1901, 1912- ), 45, Handsworth

Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

1878 Waker, James J., M.A., R.N., F.L.S., (Councin, 1894; SECRE-

TARY, 1899, 1905- ), Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summertown,

Oxford.

1912 Watwacs, Henry S., 17, Kingsley-place, Heaton-on-Tyne.

1914 WatsH, Mrs. Maria Ernestina, Soekaboemi, Java, Dutch East Indies.

1866 + WatstneHaM, The Right Honble. Lord, (PREs., 1889-90 ; V.-PREs.,

1882, 1888, 1891-2, 1894-5; CounciL, 1896), British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1910 Warp, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry.

1908 WarreEN, Brisbane C.8., Villa Romaine, sur Clarens, Switzerland.

1886 * WARREN, Wm., M.A., Downs Villas, Park-road, Tring, Herts.

1912 WateErRFIELD, Mrs. Ellen N., c/o. W. M. Crowfoot, Esq., Blyburgate

House, Beccles, and The Hospital, Port Sudan.

1869 WarterrHouss, Charles O., 1.8.0., (PREs., 1907-8 ; V.-PrEs., 1900,

1909 ; CouNcIL, 1873, 1882-3; 1898-1900), Ingleside, Avenue-

gardens, Acton, W.

1901 + WaterHovsE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Allonrie, Stanhope-road,

Killara, New South Wales, Australia.

1914 Warerston, Rev. James, B.D., B.Sc., 22, Blandford-road, Bedford

Park, W.

1914 Wart, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wanganui, New Zealand.

1893 Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E.

1876 + WestERN, E. Young, 27, Pembridge-square, Notting Hill Gate, W.

1906 WHEELER, The Rev. George, M.A., F.Z.S., Vick-PRESIDENT,

(SECRETARY, 1911- ), 37, Gloucester-place, W.

1910 Wnuirr, Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Cardiff City Mental Hospital,

Cardiff.

1907 Wuurn, Harold J., 42, Nevern-square, Kensington, S.W.

( xxix )

1911 WurreHouse, H. Beckwith, M.S., F.B.C.S., 52, Newhall-street, Bu-

mingham.

1913 + WuitLey, Percival N., New College, Oxford, and Brankwoods,

Halifax.

1913 + WairrakeER, Oscar, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-wpon-Mersey.

1911 Wuuirttneuam, Rev. W. G., Knighton Rectory, Leicester.

1906 Wickwar, Oswin S., Charlemont, Gregory-road, Colombo, Ceylon.

1903 Wiaatns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.

1896 Witemay, A. E.

1910 Wiutcocks, Frank C., Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural

Society, Cairo, Egypt.

1911 Wruutams, C. B., The John Innes Horticultwral Institute, Mostyn-

road, Merton, Surrey.

1894 Woutey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.

1881 Woop, The Rey. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth

Common, S.W.

1905 Wooppripce, Francis Charles, South Mead, The Common, Gerrard’s

Cross, S.0., Bucks.

1914 Woovrorp:, Francis Cardew, B.A., 19, Friar’s Entry, Oxford.

1912 WoopruFre-Peacock, Rev. E. Adrian, F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney

Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire.

1888 Yerpury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., (CouncrIL, 1896,

1903-5)¢ 2, Ryder-street, St. James’s, S.W.

1892 Youpats, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 21, Belle-Isle-street, Workington.

( “Se 4

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DuRING THE YEAR 1914.

AcHarRD (Julien). Coleoptera Phytophaga. Fam. Chrysomelidae. Sub-

fam. Lamprosominae, Chlamydinae, and Sphaerocharinae.

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum.

Aryar (T. V. A.). On the Life-history of Coptosoma cribraria, Fabr.

(Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Sept. 30, 1913.]

Note on the Life-history of a Phasmid.

[Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Dec. 20,1913.] The Author.

Asupy (E. B.). Some account of the Butterflies of Vernet-les-Bains, in

MSS., Jan. 1914. The Author.

AsHMEAD (W. H.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. I.]

Bacot(A. W.). Astudy of the Bionomics of the common Rat Fleas and other

species associated with human habitations, with special reference

to the influence of temperature and humidity at various periods

of the life-history of the insect.

[Journ. Hygiene, Plague Suppl. III, Jan. 14, 1914.]

———— The influence of temperature, submersion and burial on the survival

of eggs and larvae of Cimezx lectularius.

{Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. V, Pt. 2, 1914.] The Author.

————,, Petri (G. F.), and Topp (Ronald E.). The Fleas found on Rats

and other rodents, living in association with man, and trapped

in the towns, villages, and Nile boats of Upper Egypt.

The Authors.

[Journ. Hygiene, Vol. XIV, No. 4, 1914.]

——-— — and Ripewoop (W.G.). Observations on the larvae of Fleas.

[ Parasitology, Vol. VII, 1914.] The Authors.

Baenatt (R. 8.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III.]

BrepparD (F. E.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. II.]

Bgr eEsE (Antonio). Gli Insetti, Vol. II, Fasc. 7, 8, 1914.

The Author.

BERNHAUER (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

BLANCHARD (R.). [See Journ. Board Agric., Brit. Guiana, Jan. 1914. ]

BopkIn (G. E.). [See Journ. Board Agric., Brit. Guiana, July 1913.]

———_—— [See Journ. Board Agric., Brit. Guiana, Jan. 1914.]

Borivark (I.). Estudios Entomolégicos.

Los panfaginos palearticos.

II. El género Sczobia, Burm. (Platyblemmus, Serv.).

III. El género, Hieroglyphus, Krauss, y otros proximos.

[Trabajos del Museo Ciencias Nat., Madrid, Num. 6, 1912.]

The Author.

Bowater (W.). Heredity of Melanism in Lepidoptera.

(Journ. Genetics, Vol. III, No. 4, 1914.] The Author.

Burr (Malcolm). Dermaptera collected in Natal and Zululand by Dr. Ivar

agardh.

[Goteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning, 2, 1913.]

‘( sa)

Burr (Malcolm). New Guinea Dermaptera collected by Dr. P. N. Vau

Kampen and K. Gjellerup, 1910-11.

[Tijdschr. voor Entom., Deel LVI, 1913.]

Notes on the Forficularia. XX. A new genus and five new

species from Australia.

(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XII, Jan. 1914.]

Notes on the Forficularia. XXI. Progress in Dermaptera in 1912

and 1913.

[ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XIII, 1914}

——-— Notes on the Forfienlaria. XXII. Notes on the Wing-venation

in the Dermapiera.

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XIV, 1914.]

Notas de Dermapterologia Americana. x

[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, Ato XVII, No. 3, 1913.]

———— Quelques Dermaptéres du Madagascar du Muséum de Genéve.

[Revue Suisse Zool., Vol. XXII, No. 4, 1914.]

Les Dermaptéres de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des iles Loyalty. _

[F. Sarasin and J. Roux, Nova Caledonia, Zoologie, Vol. I, No. 7,

1914.) The Author.

———— [See Serys Lonecuames (Edm. de).]

——— and Inors (A. D.). Indian Dermapiera collected by Dr. A. D-

Imms.

[Journ. and Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, n.s., Vol. IX, 1913.]

————, and Jorpsn (K.). On Arzrenina, Burr, a sub-order of Dermapitera.

[ Trans. Second Enitom. Congress, 1912.] The Authors.

Burros (B. N.). The Temperature of the Bee colony.

[ Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 96, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Buscx (August). New genera and species of Microlepidoptera from Panama.

[Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Insttiution.

Carssz (L.). The San José and Oyster-shell Seales.

[Ohio Dept. Agric., Bull. No 219, 1914.] The Depi. Agric.

CampPsett (W.). A new Sugar-cane pest [a moth caterpillar].

[Union S. Africa Dept. Agric., Circular No. 33, 1913.]

The Dept. Agric.

CarPrenter (G. H.). Injurious insects and other animals observed during

the year 1913.

[Econ. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., Vol. Il, No. 9, 1914.)

—-—— and Hewrrr (T. R.). The reproductive organs and the newly-

hatched larva of the Warble-fiy (Hypoderma).

[Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., Vol. XIV, n.s., No. 19, 1914.]

By Exchange.

Caszx (T. L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Vol. V, 1914. The Author.

Cavpett (A. N.). Orthoptera of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, Oct. 1914.]

The Smithsonian [nsitiution.

Cuampion (G. C.). Coleoptera, Curculionidae. Percy Sladen Trust Expedition

to the Indian Ocean in 1905.

[Trans. Linn. Soc., Zeol., 2nd series, Vol. XVI, Pt. 4, 1914.]

Notes on the Australian Xylophilidae described by Blackburn, with

a description of a remarkable new species from Queensland.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd series, Vol. XXV, 1914]

The Author.

( xxx )

Cuampion (H.G. and R. J.). Observations on the Life-history of Methoca

ichneumonoides, Latr.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd series, Vol. XXV, 1914].

———--— Homonotus (Pompilus) sanquinolentus, F., in Surrey, with notes on

the characters of the g and the distribution of the genus, by

the Rev. F. D. Morice.

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd series, Vol. XXV, 1914.]

The Authors.

Cuapman (B. L.). [See Ketroae (V. L.), in Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III.]

CuEavin (W. H.S.). The Common Gnat, Culex pipiens.

[Reprinted from Knowledge, Vol. XX XVII, 1914. ]

— The Water-beetle (Dytiseus marginalis).

[Reprinted from Knowledge, Vol. XX XVII, 1914. ]

The Author.

Crarxk (A. H.). Notes on some specimens of a species of Onychophore

(Oropertpatus corradot) new to the fauna of Panama.

[Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. LXIII, No. 2, Feb. 1914. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

CLEGHORN (James). Melon culture in Peshin, Baluchistan, and some account

of the Melon-fly pest (Carpomyia pardalina).

[Agric. Journ. of India, Vol. IX, Pt. 2, 1914.] The Author.

Coap (B. R.). Feeding habits of the Boll Weevil on plants other than

cotton.

[Reprint from Journ. of Agric. Research, Vol. IT, No. 3, 1914. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

CockErELL (T. D. A.). Names applied to the North American Bees of the

genera Lithurgus, Anthidium, and allies.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, 1914. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

——— [See Visrecx (H. L.).]

CoLEOPTERORUM CaATALocus. Junk (W.) editus a Schenkling (S.).

Pars 57. Bernhauer (M.) et Schubert (K.). Staphylinidae, IV.

», 08. Pie (M.). Dascillidae, Helodidae, Eucinetidae.

,, 60. Jeannel (R.). Silphidae: Subfam. Bathysciinae.

Purchased.

Coun (J. E.). Notes on the specimens of Borboridae and some Ephydridae

in the Haliday collection at the National Museum, Dublin.

[Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., Vol. XIV, u.s., No. 17, 1914.]

By Exchange.

Coox (F. C.), Hurcutson (R. H.), and Scares (F. M.). Hxperiments in the

destruction of Fly larvae in horse manure.

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 118, 1914. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Crawrorp (D. L.). A contribution toward a monograph of the Homopterous

insects of the Family Delphacidae of North and South America.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

————.(J. C.). Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea,

of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, 1914. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Dr (M.N.). Instructions for rearing Mulberry Silk-worms.

[Agric. Research Instit., Pusa, Bull. No. 39, 1914. |

The Institute.

Distant (W. L.). Homoptera. Fam. Cicadidae. Subfam. Gaeaninae.

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]

( sexi)

Doentn (Paul). Hétérocéres nouveaux de l’Amerique du sud. Fasc. VII

VIII, 1914. The Author.

Dottrus (Adrien). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. II.]

Dyar (H. G.). Descriptions of new species and genera of Lepidoptera from

Mexico.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, Oct. 1914.]

Lepidoptera of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, Oct. 1914. ]

The Noctuid Moths of the genera Palindia and Dyomyz.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, 1914.]

———— Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of

the Panama Canal Zone.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, 1914. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Escatera (F. M. dela). Una campana entomoldgica en el Sus.

[Trabajos del Museo Ciencias Nat., Madrid, Num. 8, 1913.]

—— Descripcién de los Coledpteros recogidos en el Sus.

|Trabajos del Museo Ciencias Nat., Madrid, Num. 8, 1913.]

The Author.

ExpLorations and Field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1912, 1913.

[Smithsonian Mise. Coll., Vol. LX, No. 30, Vol. LXIII, No. 8, 1913,

1914.] The Institution.

Fauna Bririsa Inpia. [See Ktrpy (W. F.).]

Fauna HawallEnsis, being the Land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Vols.

I-III, by various Authors, 1899-1913, 4to., Cambridge, 1913.

D. Sharp.

FaurE (Jacobus C.). Mosquitoes and Malaria.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. of Union of 8. Africa, Feb. 1914. ]

The Dept. Agric.

FLeTcHER (T. Bainbrigge). Some South Indian Insects. Madras, 1914.

The Author.

Foret (A.). Fourmis d’Argentine, du Brésil, du Guatémala et de Cuba.

[Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 5° ser., Vol. XLIX, 1913.]

—-— Le genre Camponotus, Mayr, et les genres voisins.

[Revue Suisse Zool., Vol. XXII, No. 9, 1914. ]

The Author.

[See Fauna Hawatiiensis, Vol. I.]

Friss (Th. M.). Skrifter af Carl von Linné utgivna af Kungl. Svenska

Vetenskapsakademien. V. Iter Lapponicum. Upsala, 1913.

The Swedish Acad.

FuLier (Claude). Fly Plagues: an unusual outbreak of Stomozxys calcitrans

following floods.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. Union §S. Africa, Pretoria, June 1913.]

—— The Wattle Bagworm (Chalioides junodi, Heylaerts).

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. Union 8. Africa, Pretoria, June—Aug.

1913. ] The Dept. Agric.

Futron (B. B.). [See Srrrine (F. A.).]

GauHan (A. B.). Descriptions of new genera and species, with notes on

parasitic Hymenoptera.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Guosu (C. C.). Life-histories of Indian insects. WV. Lepidoptera (Butter-

flies).

[Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. series, Vol. V, No. 1, April,

1914. ] Dept. Agric. India.

—— [See Groves (A. J.).]

( xzxiy )

Gipson (A.). The Entomological Record for 1913.

[Forty-fourth Ann. Rept. of the Entom. Soc. of Ontario, 1913. ]

The Society.

———— The Preparatory Stages of Apocheima rachelae, Hulst (Lepidoptera).

[Canad. Entom., Vol. XLV, 1913.] The Author.

GsELLERUP (K.). [See Burr (Malcolm). |

Gopman(F.duCane). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CCXIIa, CCXIIs,

CCXIII, 1913, 1914; Znsecta, by Lord Walsingham.

The Editor.

GOETGHEBUER (M.). Recherches sur les larves et les nymphes des Chirono-

mines de Belgique.

[Mém. Acad. Royale de Belgique, 2™° Série, Tome III, 1914.

By Exchange.

Gotp Coasr Cotony, Agricultural Department. Short History of its

Institution and Development, 1890-1911, Accra, 1911.

The Department.

Goucu (L. H.) and Storey (G.). Methods for the destruction of the pink

Boll Worm (Gelechia gossypiella, Saund.) in cotton seed.

[Published by the Ministry of Agric., Egypt, Cairo, 1914. ]

The Ministry Agric.

GraF (John E.). A Preliminary Report on the Sugar-beet Wireworm

(Limonius caltifornicus).

[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 123, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Green (E. E.). A Plea for the Centralisation of Diagnostic Descriptions.

[Trans. Second Entom. Congress, 1912.]

On the preparation of Coccidae for microscopical study.

[Ann. Applied Biol., Vol. I, May 1914.]

On a remarkable Coccid, with branched antennae, from the Sahara,

[Novitates Zool., Vol. XXI, June 1914. ]

On some Coccid pests from the Seychelles.

[Journ. Econ. Biol., March 1914, Vol. IX, No. 1.]

—_—~— A new British Coccid (Kuwania britannica).

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd series, Vol. XXV,1914.] The Author.

GREENE (Charles T.). The Cambium Miner in River Birch (Agromyza

prutnosa, Coq.).

[Reprinted from Journ. of Agric. Research, Vol. I, No. 6, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

GrimsHaw (P. H.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. IIT. ]

Grove (A. J.). Some Experiments with Maize stored in bins.

[Agric. Journ. of India, Vol. IX, Pt. 1, Jan. 1914.|

———— and Guosu (C. C.). The Life-history of Psylla isitis, Buckt.

(Psyllopa punctipennis, Crawford), the Psylla disease of indigo.

[Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Series, Vol. IV, No. 6, July 1914. |

Dept. Agric. India.

Hatt (Charles A.). Common British Beetles. London, 1914.

The Publishers.

Hatiett (H.M.). Hymenoptera Aculeata of Glamorgan.

{Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. XLIV, 1912. ]

———— Entomological Notes.

[Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. XLV, 1913.]

———— Entomological Notes.

[Reprinted from Trans, Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. XLVI, 1914. ]

The Author.

ae ee ce

() Sexy 4)

Hampson (Sir George F.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae [Ama-

tidae and Arctiadae (Nolinae and Lithosianae)]| in the British

Museum. Supplement, Vol. I (text), 1914.

By Exchange.

HARDENBERG (C. B.). Peach Tree Aphides.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. Union §. Africa, Pretoria, Aug.

1913. } Dept. Agric. S. Africa.

Harrison (Launcelot). The Mallophaga as a possible clue to Bird Phylo-

geny.

[Austral. Zool,, Vol. I, Pt. 1, 1914]. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W.

Hass (Willy). Die Asymmetrie der Fligelrudimente bei Carabus auratus, L.

[Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XLIV, No. 7, 1914.] The Author.

Heuer (K. M.). Philippinische Risselkafer.

[Philippine Journ. Sci., Vol. VII, 1912. ] The Author.

HENDEL (Friedrich). Diptera. Fam, Muscaridae. Subfam. Platystominae.

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

Hewitt (C. Gordon). Sterility in Oats caused by Thrips.

[Journ. Econ. Entomology, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1914. ]

The Author.

Bibliography of Canadian Entomology.

[ Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, Third Series, Vol. VII, 1913.]

The Socvety.

(T. R.) The larva and puparium of the Frit-fly (Oseinis frit,

Linn.).

[Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., Vol. XIV, n.s., No. 23, 1914. ]

By Exchange.

—-—— [See Carpenter (G. H.)].

Hopexiss (H. H.). [See Parrorr (P.J.).]

HoimGreNn (Nils). Termitenstudien. IV. Versuch einer systematischen

monographie der Termiten der orientalischen region.

[Kung]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band L, No. 2, 1913,]

By Exchange.

Hopkins (A. D.). List of generic names and their type species in the

Coleopterous superfamily Scolytoidea.

[Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Hupson (H. F.). Chinch Bug [ Blissus leucopterus] in Ontario.

[Domin. Canada, Dept. Agric., Entom. Circular, No. 3, 1914. ]

Canad. Dept. Agric.

Hurcuison (R. H.). The migratory habit of Housefly Larvae as indicating

a favourable remedial measure. An account of progress.

[Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 14, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

——-—— [See Coox (F. C.).]

Inmms (A. D.). [See Burr (Malcolm). |

Insect Norges. [Extracts from Reports of the Entomological Division. |

[Union 8. Africa, Dept. Agric., Circular No. 31, 1913. ]

Dept. Agric. 8. Africa.

INsTRUCTIONS to importers of trees, plants and other nursery stock into

Canada.

[Domin. Canada Dept. Agric., Entom. branch, Circular No. 4, 1914. ]

The Dept. Agric.

JBANNEL (R.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

Jorpan (K.)}. [See Burr (Malcolm).]

——— (W. H.). The Director’s Report for 1913.

[Bull. N. York Agric. Exper. Station, No. 372, 1913. ]

The Dept. Agric.

(COiie-<-6-4 cia)

Ketioee (V. L.) and CuHarman (B. L.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol.

IIT. ]

Kerrremans (Ch.). Monographie desBuprestides. Vol. VI, Livr.19. Vol.

VII, Livr. 1-8, 1918, 1914. Purchased.

Kirpy (W. F.). Fauna of British India, Orthoptera (Acridiidae), 1914.

The India Office.

Kirkatpy (G. W.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vols. II, II. ]

KrritsHeNnKO (A. N.). Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Insectes

Hemiptérés, Vol. VI, Livr. 1, 1913.

Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersbourg.

KropER (O.). Diptera. Fam. Omphralidae.

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

LEPIDOPTFRORUM CaTaALocus. Junk (W.) editus a Wagner (H.).

Pars 18. Wagner (H.). Sphingidae: Subfam. Ambulicinae, Sesii-

nae.

» 19. Meyrick (E.). Hyponomeutidae, Plutellidae, Amphi-

theridae. Purchased.

Lounspury (C. P.). Pernicious [San José] Scale.

[Reprinted from Agric. Journ. Union §. Africa, Pretoria, Oct. 1913. ]

Dept. Agric. 8. Africa.

Matrocu (J. R.). American Black flies or Buffalo gnats.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 26, 1914. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Marcuat (M, Paul). Notice sur les Travaux Scientifiques. Paris, 1912.

The Author.

MartTINn (René). Odonata. Fam. Libellulidae. Subfam. Cordulinae.

[See WyrTsmAn’s Genera Insectorum. |

McInvoo (N. E.). The Olfactory Sense of Insects,

[Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. LXIII, No. 9, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

MertcaLr (C. L.). Syrphidae of Ohio.

[Ohio Biological Survey, Vol. I, Bull. No. 1, 1913.]

Ohio University.

Meyrick (E.). Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. I, Pts. 5-8, Dec. 1913—

Oct. 1914. The Author.

——-—— [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vols. I, III.]

———— [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. ]

Mirtier (John M.). Insect damage to the cones and seeds of Pacific Coast

Conifers,

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 95, 1914.]

U. S. Dept. Agric.

Mopieuianti (Elio). Viaggio del Dott. Elio Modigliani in Malesia. Riassunto

generale dei Risultati Zoologici, 1886-1894. Genova, 1909.

a By Exchange.

Morice (F. D.). [See Cuampion (H. G. and R. J.).]

Mor@an (A. C.) and Parman (D. C.). Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide

against the Tobacco Hornworms in the dark-tobacco district.

[U. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 595, 1914. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Mortery (Claude). Revision of the Ichneumonidae, based on the Collec-

tion in the British Museum (Natural History). Part III.

Tribes Pimplides and Bassides, 1914. By Exchange.

Myers (P. R.). Results of the Yale-Peruvian Expedition of 1911. Ad-

dendum to the Hymenoptera Ichneumonoidea.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, Oct. 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

catia ln gym al ee A

(see)

Navas (R. P. L., 8.J.). Neuroptera. Fam. Dilaridae.

[See WvrsMan’s Genera Insectorum. 7

NewsrTeap (R.). Notes on Scale-Insects (Coccidae). Pt. IT.

[Bul). Entom. Research, Vol. IV, 1914.]

—-—— Notes on Phlebotomus, rah descriptions of new species.

[Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. V, Pt. 2, 1914.] The Author.

OBERTHUR (Charles). Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Fasc. IX,

2¢ partie, 1914. The Author.

Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature. Opinions 57-65.

{Smithsonian Instit., Publication 2256, March 1914. ]

The Smithsonian Institution.

OsHANIN (B. F.). Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Insectes

Hemiptérés. Vol. III, Livr. 1, 1913.

Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersboury,

———— [See Reuter (O. M.).]

PaIneE (J. H.). [See Scorr (E. W.).]

Paravicrni (L.). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der siidamerikanischen Pieriden-

Gattung Tatochila, Butl.

{Mittheil, Schweiz. entom. Ges., Bd. XII, Heft 1, 1910.]

——-—— H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute: Pieridae (Lep.).

[Suppl]. Entom., 1913, No. 2.] W., Schmassmann.

Parman (D.C.) [See Moraan (A. C.).]

Parrotr (P. J.) and Hopncxiss (H. E.). The False Tarnished Plant-bug

as a pear test. [Lygus lineolarts (pratensis, L.).]

[Bull. New York Agric. Exper. Station, No. 368, 1913.]

The Dept. Agric.

Parcu (Edith M.). Currant and Gooseberry Aphids in Maine.

[University of Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 225, 1914. ]

The Station.

Prarce (N. D. F.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III.]

Perkins (R.C. L.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vols. I, II, III. |

PETERSEN (Esben), Megaloptera. Fam. Raphididae.

[See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |

PETRIE (G. F.). [See Bacor (A.).]

Puitires (HE. F.). Temperature of the Honeybee Cluster in winter,

[Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 93, 1914. |

The Dept. Agric.

Pic (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |

QuarnTANcE (A. L.). The Control of the Codling Moth in the Pecos

ee in New Mexico.

[Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 88, 1914.]

The Dept. Agric.

QurtcH (J. J.). Report on The Control of the Small Moth-Borers,

Diatraea saccharalis and D. canella, of the sugar cane.

Demerara, 1914. The Author.

Report of er Agricultu®{l Research Institute and College, Pusa 1912-13.

914, The Institute.

a id Biennial, of the Board of Curators of the Louisiana State

Museum, April 1, 1910-March 31, 1912. New Orleans, La.,

1912. The Museum.

from the Division of Entomology for the Fiscal Year ending March

31, 1913, prepared by C. Gordon Hewitt.

[Domin. Canada Dept. Agric., 1914.] The Dept. Agric.

——— of the Pellagra Commission of the State of Illinois. Nov. 1911.

Issued in 1912. The Commission.

on the progress of Agriculture in India for 1912-13. 1914.

India Office.

() Revi )

Report, Fourth, on the Introduction of Improvements into Indian Agri-

culture by the Work of the Agricultural Department, 1914.

The Agric. Dept.

———— Eleventh, on the Sarawak Museum, 1912, by J. C. Moulton.

The Museum.

Reports of the Agricultural Department, Government of the Gold Coast,

for the Year 1912 (1913) and 1913 (1914).

The Department,

—-— Annual, Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,

Pretoria 1911 and 1912-1913. The Department.

— ——— to the Local Government Board on Public Health and Medical

Subjects (New Series, No. 102, 1914). 1. Do House-flies

hibernate? by 8, M. Copeman. 2. The destruction of Flies

by means of Bacterial Cultures, by J. M. Bernstein. 3. An

investigation of Mr. Hesse’s work on the suggested relationship

of Empusa muscaea and Mucor racemosus, by J. Ramsbottom.

Loc. Govt. Board.

of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society, No.

XII, 1912. G. D. H. Carpenter.

Reuter (Odo Morannal). Obituary notice in Russian, by B. Oshanin.

[Revue Russe d’Entom., XIII, 1913.] B. Oshanin.

Ruopesia Museum, Bulawayo. Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports,

1912, 1913. The Museum,

RipEWwoop (W.G.). [See Bacor (A, W.).]

Rouwer (8. A.). Vespoid and Spheecoid Hymenoptera collected in Guate-

mala by W. P. Cockerell.

[Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVII, Oct. 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Rowtanv-Brown (H.). The Distribution and Variation of Coenonympha

tiphon in the United Kingdom.

[See OBeRTHUR (C.), Etudes de Lépid. Comparée, Fasc. VII, 1913.]

—-— A Butterfly hunt in some parts of unexplored France.

[Entomologist, Jan.—April, 1914. ] The Author.

Runner (G. A.). The so-called Tobacco Wireworm in Virginia (Crambus

caliginosellus).

[Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 78, 1914. ]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Russevyt (H. M.). The Rose Aphis.

[Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 90, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

Scares (F. M.). [See Coox (F. C.).]

Scuaus (W.). New species of Noctuid Moths from Tropical America.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVI, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

ScHMIEDEKNECHT (Otto). Opuscula Ichneumonologica, Fase. XXXVII,

1914. A. E. Gibbs.

ScHoenE (W. J.). The Cabbage Maggot [Pegomya brassicae, Bouché] in

relation to the growing of early cabbage.

[Bull. N. York Agric. Exper. Station, No. 382, April 1914. ]

NV. York Dept. Agric.

Scuurze (P.). Zur Nomenklatur von Lycaena argus, L., and argyrognomon,

Bergstr.

[Intern, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben, 7 Jahrg., No. 2, 1913.]

——— Hine Pyrrhocoris apterus, L., mit merkwiirdigen Fliigelverhilt-

nissen.

(Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Band LVIII, 1913.] The Author.

CU)

Scorr (E. W.) and Patne (J. H.). Lesser Bud-moth (Reewrvaria nanella).

[Reprint from Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. II, No. 2, Washington

1914.] U.S. Dept. Agric.

Scorr (Hugh). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. IIT.]

Setys Lonacuameps (Baron Edm. de). Collections Zoologiques, Fasc. ITI.

Orthoptéres, by M. Burr, 1913. Purchased.

SHare (D.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vols. II, III. ]

Surpiey (A. E.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. IT.]

Sitvesrri (F.). Report of an Expedition to Africa in search of the Natural

Enemies of fruit flies (Trypaneidae).

[Territ. Hawaii Board Agric. and Forestry, Div. Entom., Bull.

No. 3, Feb. 11, 1914.]

The Board of Agric.

—-—— [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III.]

Suwon (Hugéne). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vols, IT, IIT. ]

SrrRIneE (F. A.) and Furton (B. B.). The Cranberry Toad-bug (Phyllo-

scelis atra, Germ. ).

[Bull. N. York Agric, Exper. Station, No. 377, 1914.]

The Dept. Agric.

SiéstEpT (Yngve). Eine neue Phasmide, Palophus titan, die grosste bisher

bekannte gefligelte Orthoptere.

[Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad, Handl., Band L, No. 6, 1913.]

By Exchange.

Sperser (P.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III.]

SreBBING (T. R. R.). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. II.]

Srorey (G.). [See Gouau (L. H.).]

SrricKkLanpD (EK. H.). Some parasites of Szmulium larvae, and their possible

economic value.

[Canad. Entom., Vol. XLV, 1913. | Canad, Dept. Agric.

STROHMEYER (Heinrich). Coleoptera. Fams. Chapuisiidae and Platypodidae.

[See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum. }

Swaine (J. M.). Forest insect conditions in British Columbia, a preliminary

survey.

[Domin. Canada Dept. Agric., Entom. Bull. No. 7, 1914. ]

The Dept. Agric.

Topp (Ronald E.). [See Bacor (A.).]

TREHERNE (R. C.). The Strawberry-root Weevil (Otéorhynchus ovatus, Linn.) |

in British Columbia, with notes on other insects attacking

strawberry plants in the Lower Fraser Valley.

[Domin. Canada Dept. Agric., Entom. Bull. No. 8, 1914.]

The Dept. Agric.

Turati (Conte Emilio). Revisione di una specie di Erebia, Erebia alecto, Hb.

(nertne, Frr.).

[Atti Soc. Ital, Sci. Nat., Vol. LIII, Pavia, 1914.] The Author.

Turr (J. W.). British butterflies, Vol. IV, 1914. G, Wheeler.

Uricu (F, W.). [See Journ. Board Agric., Brit. Guiana, Jan. 1914.]

Van Kampen (P. N.), [See Burr (Malcolm). ]

VierecK (H. L.). Type species of the genera of Ichneumon Flies.

[Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 83, 1914.]

U.S. Dept. Agric.

—-— — and Cockrrett (T, D. A.). New North American Bees of the

genus Andrena.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1914.]

The Smithsonian [nstitution.

ee Oe,

Waaner (H.). [See Lepidopterorum Catalogus. |

WaLkER (J. J.). Onthe Geographical Distribution of Danatda plexippus, L.

(Danas archippus, F.), with especial reference to its recent

migrations,

[Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd series, Vol. XXV, 1914. ]

The Author.

WALSINGHAM (Lord). [See Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. I.

———— [See Biologia Centrali-Americana. |

Watton (W.R.). Report on some parasitic and predaceous Diptera from

North-Eastern New Mexico.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIIT, 1914.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

WarERHOUSE (G. A.). Notes on Australian Lycaenidae, Part V.

[Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XX XVII, 1912, issued July 1913. ]

The Author.

A Monograph of the genus T’s¢phone, Hubner.

[Austral. Zool., Vol. I, Pt. 1, 1914.] The Author.

WESENBERG-LuND (C.). Uber die Biologie von Glyphotaelius punctato-

lineatus, Retz.,nebst Bemerkungen tber das freilebende Puppen-

stadium der Wasserinsekten.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog., 1910. |

——w— Uber die Respirationsverhiltnisse bei unter dem Hise iiber-

winternden Wasserinsekten, besonders der Wasserkafer und

Wasserwanzen.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog. 1910-11.]

———— Uber die Biologie der Phryganea grandis und itiber die Mechanik

ihres Gehausebaues.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog., 1911.]

Biologische Studien iber netzspinnende Trichopterenlarven.

[Intern, Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog., 1911.]

———— Biologische Studien iiber Dytisciden.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog., 1912.]

——_—— Odonaten-Studien.

[Intern. Revue Hydrob. und Hydrog., 1913.]

—— Fortpflanzungsverhaltnisse: Paarung und Hiablage der Siisswas-

serinsekten.

[Fortschritte der Naturw. Forschung, Band VIII, 1913. }

-——_—— Wohnungen und Gehiausebau der Siisswasserinsekten.

[Fortschritte der Naturw. Forschung, Band IX, 1913.].

The Author.

WHEELER (George). A Critical Examination of Dr. Verity’s Paper on the

“«Types”’ of Palaearctic Rhopalocera in the Linnean Collection.

[Ent. Record, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, 1914.]

———— On the Dates of the Publications of the Entomological Society of

London.

[Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1912.]

A copy corrected by the Author. The Author.

Waitt (G. F.). Destruction of Germs of infectious Bee diseases by heating.

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YEAR 1914.

I. New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E.

Brazil. By EK. Duxinrieip-Jongs, F.Z.S.

Parr I,

[Read February 4th, 1914.]

Puate I.

Fam. SYNTOMIDAE.

Pseudosphex aracia, sp. n.

g. Palpi outwardly black mixed with yellow, inwardly yellow;

pectus white; legs yellow, the fore-tibiae and tarsi and mid-tarsi

outwardly fuscous; frons yellow; vertex of head and antennae

black; a white point at base of antennae; back of head yellow;

tegulae yellow in front, black behind; thorax black with anterior

subdorsal yellow stripes and large posterior geminate yellow patch ;

patagia black with central yellow stripe; abdomen, basal half

dorsally pale reddish brown to 4th segment which shades into black,

terminal segments black, the tubercles on Ist segment yellow defined

by black line, valve yellow fringed with white. Fore-wings yellowish

hyaline, the veins black; outer half suffused with black from costa

to vein 5, running into fine line in cell; a fine black fascia along

submedian fold; a purple reflexion in and beyond cell; inner

margin yellow suffused with black at base and with cupreous

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTI. (JUNE) B

2 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on

purple reflexion; termen and cilia black. Hind-wings yellowish

hyaline, a fine black fascia through cell and along discal fold.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hab. AnagatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Sphecosoma linda, sp. n.

3. Palpi dull orange yellow, some black scales on Ist joint; legs

dull orange yellow, fore- and mid-tarsi suffused with black above;

frons yellow; vertex of head black; back of head yellow with

metallic green reflexion; antennae black, the shaft outwardly

red; tegulae yellow with broad black anterior band; thorax black

and yellow, a metallic light green reflexion on metathorax; patagia

black with yellow edges; abdomen yellow with proximal reddish

brown suffusion on 2nd segment and darker brown on 3rd, the re-

maining segments anteriorly broadly black and posteriorly narrowly

yellow, a metallic light green reflexion on tubercles of Ist segment

and on posterior half of 2nd and 3rd; beneath whitish. Fore-wings

hyaline, the veins black excepting 9, 10 and 11 which are yellow;

a black fascia along discal fold and short ones above veins 6 and 7;

inner margin yellow suffused with black; termen and cilia black.

Hind-wings hyaline, the veins, termen and cilia black.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. AracgatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Alhed to S. sparta, Druce.

Sphecosoma matta, sp. n.

3. Palpi pale yellow, mixed with black on Ist joint; legs orange

yellow, fore- and mid-tarsi suffused with black; pectus pale yellow;

frons and vertex of head black mixed with whitish; back of head

and cheeks yellow; antennae black, extremity and streak at base

orange; tegulae yellow in front, black behind; patagiae black with

central yellow stripe ; thorax black and yellow ; abdomen, Ist segment

black with subdorsal yellow stripes, tubercles anteriorly fuscous, pos-

teriorly yellow, 2nd segment anteriorly reddish brown and laterally

yellow, 3rd segment dark reddish brown and the remainder black

with posterior narrow yellow band; underneath yellow. Fore-wings

yellowish hyaline, the veins black irrorated with orange; subcostal

area and inner margin dull orange; a fine black fascia in cell and

along discal fold and shorter ones above veins 6 and 7; termen black ;

cilia black mixed with dull orange. Hind-wings yellowish hyaline,

New species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 3

the veins black irrorated with orange; a fine black fascia along

discal fold; termen black; cilia black with some orange scales.

Expanse 22 mm.

Hab. Aragatusa, W. S&o Paulo.

Sphecosoma alica, sp. 0.

3. Palpi, lst joint dark reddish brown, 2nd ochreous white,

3rd ochreous; femora dull orange above, black beneath; hind

femora with black ring at upper end; frons dark reddish brown

surrounded with greyish white; vertex of head dark reddish brown

with slight purplish reflexion; back of head with a few yellow

scales mixed with the brown; antennae black, the shaft dull orange

brown near extremity; tegulae dark brown with some yellow at

sides; thorax and patagia dark red brown with scattered dull

yellow hairs and scales; abdomen, segments 1-3 dark reddish

brown, a lateral yellow patch on 2nd segment, the remaining seg-

ments black with narrow posterior yellow bands, beneath yellowish.

Fore-wings yellowish hyaline, the veins black with scattered dull

orange scales; costa and inner margin dull orange; a fine dark

fascia in cell and along discal fold; short fasciae above veins 6

and 7; termen black; cilia black mixed with dull orange. Hind-

wings yellowish hyaline; costa dull orange; a fine dark fascia along

discal fold; termen black; cilia dull orange.

Expanse 20 mm.

Hab. AracatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Sphecosoma semelina, sp. 0.

6. Palpi, Ist joint dull orange, 2nd and 3rd black with scattered

orange hairs; pectus, legs and underside of abdomen dull orange ;

tibiae and tarsi heavily suffused with black above; frons white;

head and antennae black; tegulae, patagia and thorax black mixed

with dull orange; abdomen dull orange irrorated and suffused with

dark brown, a broad dark brown dorsal stripe, narrow lateral stripes

on first four segments. Fore-wings hyaline, the veins black; an

orange point at base of costa; a short orange fascia at base of vein

1; inner margin black, termen narrowly black, expanding from

below vein 5 to origin of vein 7. Hind-wings hyaline; base orange ;

costa, termen and inner margin black.

Expanse 24 mm.

Hab. Auro DA SERRA, Santos.

4 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on

Loxophlebia aurantegula, sp. n.

®. Black; a few whitish scales round frons; a whitish band

round antennae near extremity; tegulae anteriorly black, posteriorly

orange; a few orange scales on patagia. Fore-wings hyaline, the

veins broadly black; black fasciae on discal and submedial folds;

costa and inner margin narrowly black; termen narrowly black

expanding at tornus, below vein 2 and from below vein 4 to origin

of vein 8, forming broad apical space; a moderate discocellular

bar. Hind-wings; inner margin rather broadly black; termen

narrow at vein 2, moderately broad at apex; a black fascia on

discal fold.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. GuarusA, Santos.

Mesothen pyrrhina, sp. n.

6: Palpi black, a white ring at base of 2nd and 3rd joints; legs

fuscous, the Ist joint of tarsi greyish white; inner side of hind

femora greyish white; head fuscous, a few whitish hairs on vertex

and back; antennae fuscous, the tips white; tegulae orange sur-

rounded by white; patagia and thorax orange, a small whitish

dorsal spot on metathorax; abdomen fuscous, broad black dorsal

and lateral stripes on segments 1-4; some grey scales at base of

valve. Fore-wings hyaline, the veins broadly black, discocellulars

narrowly and margins rather broadly black, especially at tornus and

apex; black fasciae along discal and submedian folds. Hind-

wings hyaline, the veins broadly black; margins moderate; a black

fascia along submedian fold.

9. The tarsi with much less white than the male. Fore-wings

suffused in and beyond cell, from the fasciae above vein 6 and on

submedian area.

Expanse ¢ 22 mm., 9 24 mm.

Hab. Guarusd, Santos; AracatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Cosmosoma rasera, sp. 0.

6. Black; frons, vertex and back of head with a few metallic

greenish blue scales; antennae white at tips; abdomen, a lateral

series of metallic green-blue patches; valve metallic green-blue,

white at extremity. Fore-wings hyaline, the veins rather broadly

black; termen black expanding at tornus and apex, reaching to

origin of vein 7. Hind-wings hyaline; termen broadly black from

tornus to vein 2 where it suddenly diminishes expanding again to

apex.

New species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 5

9. Similar to male, but with metallic green-blue patches on

thorax; abdomen beneath white on segments 2-4, some green-blue

scales on 2nd.

Expanse ¢ 30 mm., 2 32 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos; Castro, Parana.

Closely allied to C. durca, Schaus, but differs from it in

the white tips of antennae, absence of white on tarsi,

absence of blue on tegulae and patagia and in different

terminal band in both wings.

Diptilon gladia, sp. n.

6. Palpi black, 2nd and 3rd joints with some brown in front;

femora black; fore- and mid-tarsi yellow beneath; hind tibiae

yellow beneath, tarsi almost entirely yellow; frons brownish grey;

head, antennae, tegulae, patagia and thorax black; some orange

on cheeks and shoulders; abdomen black, the anal tuft brownish

grey, underneath whitish yellow to 5th segment, a small yellow

spot on anal segment. Fore-wings yellowish hyaline, the veins

narrowly black; a narrow discocellular bar, expanding into a spot

on the fold; a subcostal orange spot at base; some scattered yellow

scales on outer third of costa; inner margin broadly black; termen

narrowly black, expanding from below vein 5 to apex; cilia black.

Hind-wings; upper half orange lower half black; termen black;

cilia orange.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. Aracatusa, W. Sao Paulo.

Eumenogaster baura, sp. n.

6. Palpi; 1st joint black, 2nd and 3rd white with some black

scales at sides; pectus white; fore-femora black with white patch,

tibiae and tarsi black; mid-femora purplish black, tibiae streaked

with red, tarsi yellow; hind-femora black streaked with red, tibiae

red with some black at distal end; frons white; vertex of head

black with some yellow hairs at base of antennae; back of head

yellow; antennae black; tegulae yellow; patagia black, fringed

with yellow hairs; thorax black with long yellow hairs; abdomen

Ist segment black with two subdorsal orange spots, 2nd segment

ochreous yellow in front, black behind, a black dorsal stripe running

into the posterior black, subdorsal diagonal orange streaks between

the yellow and black; 3rd and 4th segments reddish purple; the

remaining segments purplish brown. Fore-wings yellow hyaline;

the veins black, the median ones irrorated with yellow; the disco-

cellulars red; a bright crimson subcostal fascia from base to apex;

6 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on

a dark space thickly sprinkled with black and red scales in and

beyond cell, extending to near apex, the red predominating about

the discocellulars; some yellow hairs at base of median nervure;

inner margin black, a red streak from near base to middle and some

red and yellow scales at tornus; a yellow streak at base of vein 1;

termen narrowly black; cilia black, shading to brown at apex.

Hind-wings yellow hyaline; costa yellow at base, black at apex;

upper half of cell filled with black and red scales; inner margin

with long yellow hairs at base; termen and cilia black. Under-

side: the suffused space on fore-wings is much redder than on

upperside; hind-wings inner half of costal area yellow, outer half

red; inner margin yellow.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hab. Bavurt, W. Sao Paulo.

Heliura nivaca, sp. n.

6: Palpi orange, 3rd joint black; coxae and femora crimson;

fore- and mid-tibiae crimson point at each end; _hind-tibiae,

proximal half crimson, distal half fuscous; Ist joint of all tarsi

crimson, the rest fuscous; frons and vertex of head dark brown

with metallic reflexion; back of head crimson; antennae black with

purple reflexion; tegulae, patagia and thorax crimson; abdomen

crimson, fine silvery blue posterior bands on the segments; a

silvery blue interrupted dorsal line and lateral patches on 2nd and

3rd segments. Fore-wings hyaline; base crimson; a broad black

medial band crossing end of cell from costa to inner margin; sub-

costal and median nervures yellow; a large yellow subcostal patch

beyond the band, reaching from costa to well below vein 6; apex

broadly black; inner margin and termen black. Hind-wings

hyaline; costa and inner margin yellow; termen and apex black.

Expanse 23 mm.

Hab. Nivac, Matto Grosso.

Ctenucha nana, sp. 0.

g. Neck and Ist joint of palpi orange, 2nd joint inwardly orange

and white, outwardly fuscous, 3rd fuscous; fore-coxae pure white ;

legs white beneath, fuscous above; frons fuscous, some white hairs

at base of antennae; some orange hairs on back of head; antennae

fuscous black; thorax and patagia fuscous slightly streaked with

grey; abdomen fuscous, anal tuft orange, ventral surface whitish

with white transverse bands. Fore-wings fuscous black, the veins

lighter; a wedge-shaped white spot beyond cell from subcostal, to

New species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 7

vein 3. Hind-wings fuscous black with slight dark blue reflexion ;

cilia white. Underside of fore-wings with broad bluish white fascia

below cell at base: hind-wings with bluish white fascia in cell and

a little beyond.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hab. GuarusA, Santos.

Ctenucha manuela, sp. 0.

36. Neck and Ist joint of palpi orange, 2nd joint base and inner

side orange, outwardly black, 3rd joint black; legs whitish beneath,

fuscous above; frons brownish grey; vertex of head fuscous;

some orange at back of head; antennae black; tegulae black with

some orange at base; thorax black with slight blue gloss, a white

dorsal streak and faint streaks on patagia; abdomen black with

blue gloss, underneath whitish with transverse bands, anal tuft

orange. Fore-wings fuscous black, the veins fuscous; a wedge-

shaped white spot beyond cell from subcostal to vein 3; cilia black.

Hind-wings black with dark blue reflexion; cilia white at apex

only. Underside with broad bluish white fascia below cell at

base.

Expanse 33 mm.

Hab. Guarush, Santos; ALTo pA SeErRrRA, Santos;

Castro, Parana.

Fam. ARCTIADAE.

Nola niverbasis, sp. n.

9. Palpi and fore-femora ochreous speckled with brown and

white; pectus white; legs white and brown; head, tegulae, thorax

and patagia white; abdomen ochreous. Fore-wings ochreous

heavily irrorated with fuscous and brown; basal area pure white,

excepting the costa which is ochreous irrorated with fuscous, the

white space extending to well beyond middle of cell, where it forms

a right angle, the upper edge outwardly oblique from costa, the

lower inwardly oblique to inner margin; all the lines diffused and

vague; some white near costa beyond the postmedial and sub-

terminal lines. Hind-wings ochreous irrorated with light brown;

base of costal area white.

Expanse 17 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

8 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on

Thyone purpurea, sp. 0.

9. Palpi black; legs, head, antennae, tegulae, patagia and thorax

black shot with purple and green; hind-tarsi fuscous; a yellowish

grey dorsal patch on metathorax; abdomen dark brown, a slight

purplish green reflexion on the dorsum. Fore-wings dark fuscous

brown with purple reflexion; a large yellowish grey spot at base

of submedian fold and a similar one slightly more distal below it

on inner margin; a yellowish grey spot in middle of cell and one

above it below costa; a broad yellowish grey band beyond cell from

costa to inner margin, narrowest at lower angle of cell and widest

on submedian fold, the veins across it dark purplish brown; cilia

brown. Hind-wings fuscous, the margins darker.

Expanse 32 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Iilice blanda, sp. n.

3. Palpi Ist joint yellow, 2nd fuscous, 3rd brown; fore-coxae

fuscous black, inwardly yellow; fore-femora and tibiae fuscous

black, tarsi fuscous and yellow; mid- and hind-coxae yellow; mid-

femora and tibiae yellow, the tibiae and tarsi streaked with fuscous ;

hind legs entirely yellow; frons yellow; vertex of head brown;

back of head yellow; antennae banded with black and yellow;

tegulae yellow; thorax fuscous; patagia fuscous with yellow tips;

abdomen yellow. Fore-wings yellowish fuscous thickly irrorated

with black; an oval yellow space at base from median nervure to

inner margin, extending one-third of inner margin; a broad S-shaped

yellow band from costa to inner margin across end of cell, the acute

points outward at costa and inward at inner margin; cilia inwardly

dark brown, outwardly light brown. MHind-wings darker yellow;

a large irrorated fuscous space at apex.

Expanse 20 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Illice trimaculata, sp. n.

6. Palpi ochreous yellow, a slight pink shade on Ist joint; legs

ochreous yellow; fore- and mid-tibiae and tarsi shaded with brown;

head light brown; antennae fuscous; tegulae pink; thorax brown;

patagia anteriorly brown, posteriorly yellow; abdomen pink. Fore-

wings pale yellowish pink, thickly suffused and irrorated with brown,

the irrorations being very thick on submedian area from base to

vein 2; terminal area light brown irrorated with dark brown; a

yellow space from base to middle of inner margin; the medial band

New species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 9

represented by a small spot on costa and a larger one on inner

margin. Hind-wings pink; apex brown; cilia yellow to near apex.

Underside : fore-wings pink, the termen and apex broadly brown.

Expanse 17 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Nodozana jucunda, sp. 0.

3. Palpi yellow, 3rd joint fuscous; legs yellow and fuscous;

hind-femora with tuft of long black hairs; frons brown; vertex of

head and tegulae bright buff yellow; antennae dark brown, whitish

at tips; thorax brown; patagia brown fringed with yellow ; abdomen

rosy red, yellow beneath. Fore-wings pale buff yellow; costa black

from base to middle; a diffused fuscous antemedial band, straight

from costa to cell, then obliquely and evenly excurved to near middle

of inner margin; a similar medial band, straight from costa to lower

angle of cell, then slightly incurved to near antemedial on inner

margin; a postmedial band inwardly oblique to vein 10, excurved

to vein 3 where it is angled inwards, then straight and finally in-

curved just at tornus; termen diffused fuscous; cilia fuscous mixed

with pink; the medial and apical areas suffused with pink and

heavily irrorated with fuscous; a crimson spot beyond cell on con-

stricted yellow band between the dark areas. Hind-wings buff

yellow suffused with rosy red; anal angle very acute.

Expanse 15 mm.

Hab. GuarusA, Santos.

Lycomorphodes aracia, sp. n.

6. Palpi fuscous; legs fuscous streaked with ochreous orange;

lst joint of mid- and hind-tarsi ochreous orange with fuscous

extremities ; frons fuscous ; vertex and back of head ochreous orange ;

antennae black; tegulae fuscous and orange; thorax fuscous, an

indistinct orange dorsal line; patagia fuscous; shoulders orange ;

abdomen fuscous, anal tuft orange. Fore-wings black; a subcostal

orange streak at base; an ochreous medial band, orange at costa,

broken at median nervure, the lower half placed distally to upper

half. Hind-wings fuscous, the costal area ochreous to middle.

Expanse 17 mm.

Hab. AracgatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Clemensia torniplaga, sp. n.

6. Palpi ochreous white; th® 2nd joint fuscous at sides; frons,

head, antennae, tegulae and body ochreous white. Fore-wings

10 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on

ochreous white; some indistinct pale yellowish brown suffusion at

base below costa and before antemedial line; antemedial line fine,

wavy, diffused, dark brown, angled outwardly below costa, in upper

part of cell, on median nervure and on vein 1; a medial diffused

light brown shade outwardly curved through end of cell to inner

margin; postmedial line very indistinct ; an indistinct suffused light

yellowish brown, wavy subterminal band, most pronounced above

veins 4 and 5; termen diffused yellowish brown; a dark lunular

spot on discocellulars; three small confluent spots beyond cell

above veins 3-5; a large dark space from below cell and vein 3 to

tornus, thickly irrorated with black. Hind-wings white.

Expanse 13 mm.

Hab. Sio Pauto, 8.E. Brazil.

Clemensia nubila, sp. n.

6. Palpi fuscous; frons brown; back of head ochreous; antennae

light brown; tegulae and thorax ochreous sprinkled with brown.

Fore-wings ochreous suffused with light reddish brown; a wavy

diffused dark antemedial line, excurved from costa to submedian

fold, where it is strongly bent inwards to inner margin near base ;

a broad diffused black band, separated from antemedial by narrow

light space, from costa to inner margin, very broad in cell, reaching

beyond middle, outwardly dentate with black points on costa,

subcostal, median nervure, submedian fold and vein 1; a diffused

wavy brown medial line angled inwards on median nervure and on

vein 1; a small diffused black spot at lower angle of cell and one

on discocellulars ; a postmedial series of diffused black spots on the

veins; a dark subterminal band, followed by light shade; termen

dark brown; cilia lighter. Hind-wings white suffused with light

reddish brown on the margins.

Expanse 17 mm.

Hab. Sio Pauto, S.E. Brazil.

Clemensia flava, sp. n.

3g. Palpi inwardly ochreous, outwardly fuscous; legs ochreous,

the fore-tibiae and tarsi streaked with fuscous; frons and antennae

ochreous; head, tegulae, patagia and thorax buff; abdomen ochreous.

Fore-wings bright buff; costa black from base to 4. Hind-wings

paler.

Expanse 22 mm.

Hab. FERNANDES PINHEIRO, Parana.

New species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 11

Automolis noiva, sp. n.

2. Palpi Ist joint white at base, black at tip, a crimson streak

on outside; 2nd joint crimson, a white spot at base; 3rd black at

base, white at tip; femora yellow above, white beneath, a black

spot on distal joint; tibiae yellow above, two black spots on middle

and black termination; tarsi white ringed with black, 3rd and 4th

joints crimson above; head white mixed with black, some yellow

before and behind antennae; antennae shaft white, pectinations

black; tegulae white mixed with black and fringed with crimson ;

thorax white, a short crimson dorsal line from tegulae, two subdorsal

crimson spots on metathorax; patagia white irrorated with black

and outwardly yellow; abdomen white. Fore-wings white with

slight pale blue reflexion; the veins with scattered fuscous scales ;

subcostal yellow to origin of vein 7; a black spot at base of costa

and one below base of cell; two fuscous streaks with olive green

reflexion in cell united at base, the upper one the broader of the

two and reaching to discocellular bar, the lower one very fine and

not reaching to end of cell; two similar fine streaks on submedian

area, reaching beyond origin of vein 2; discocellulars enclosed

between two dark lines. Hind-wings pure white.

Expanse 45 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Ischnocampa styx, sp. n.

3g. Brown; head, tegulae and patagia streaked with lighter shade ;

abdomen brown, slightly lighter beneath. Fore-wings brown,

the veins darker. Hind-wings a rather lighter shade, the central

area semihyaline.

Expanse 48 mm.

Hab. Auto pA SERRA, Santos.

Closely allied to I. lugubris, Schaus, but differs from that

species in the absence of lateral stripes on the abdomen, the

fore-wings being evenly clothed with scales and vein 3

being much farther from angle of cell.

Haemaphlebia strigata, sp. n.

3. Palpi light brown; fore- and mid-legs light brown, hind-legs

paler; frons ochreous with a brown bar; head ochreous, a minute

posterior red spot; tegulae, patagia and thorax buff streaked with

red; abdomen dorsally rose red, ventrally ochreous; fore-wings

buff; costa light brown, a minute red spot at base; a red fascia at

base of subcostal; a red fascia in cell with downward branch at

middle; fine red lines on upper and lower edges of cell; the veins

12 Mr. E. Dukinfield-Jones on Lepidoptera-Heterocera.

from 2 to 8 enclosed between red lines, interrupted at postmedial

and subterminal lines; a geminate red fascia on submedian area

before origin of vein 2, the lower branch continued to termen, but

interrupted at postmedial line; a rose red fascia at base of inner

margin ; two light brown spots, irregularly defined by darker shade,

at middle of cell; two spots at end of cell and one beyond cell con-

fluent; a postmedial series of dark brown lunular spots, followed

by confluent light brown ones forming a scalloped band from middle

of inner margin to termen between veins 5 and 6; a subterminal line

of brown spots between the veins; a terminal row of smaller spots;

outer half of inner margin brown; cilia buff with brown spots

between the veins. Hind-wings; upper half to median nervure

ochreous, lower half rose red extending to near apex. Underside

ochreous, the spots brown.

Expanse 41 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Paranerita bione, sp. n.

9. Palpi Ist joint buff, 2nd and 3rd orange red; legs buff, fore-

tibia red ; frons orange red crossed by broad light brown bar; vertex

of head yellow; back of head orange red; base of antennae orange

red; antennae basal half brown, terminal half white; thorax pale

whitish brown, darker in centre; patagia brown in front, shading

to whitish brown; abdomen dorsally roseate, ventrally buff. Fore-

wings ochreous grey, suffused with purplish brown, darkest on

outer half, the veins, except vein 1, darker; base of costa brown

followed by bright yellow triangular patch with rounded apex,

reaching to well beyond cell and extending to lower half of cell,

the outer side angled outwards on discal fold just beyond cell and

inwards at upper angle of cell; a strongly sinuous subterminal line,

very oblique from costa to close to termen at vein 7, from vein 5

bent inwards and slightly incurved to vein 3, then bent outwards

to termen at vein 2; terminal area bright yellow; all the yellow

spaces separated from the purple brown by a line of bright orange

red followed on the inner side by dark purplish brown, the red line

of costal triangle and of terminal area confluent on costa; cilia

yellow. Hind-wings dull roseate with brown suffusion below cell

extending almost to termen; cilia yellow.

Expanse 34 mm.

Hab. Auro DA SERRA, Santos.

EXPLANATION OF PraTE I.

[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]

i he ie

fat hort 7

' ’ a |

ee f

ae i

4: i a as ‘ae Me.

ae oe tas

EXPLANATION OF Puate I.

. Pseudosphex aracia, 3, p. 1.

. Sphecosoma matia, 3, p. 2-

ae linda, 3, p. 2.

3 alica, 3, p. 3.

8 semelina, 3, p- 3-

. Loxophlebia aurantegula, 2, p. 4.

. Mesothen pyrrhina, 3, p. 4.

. Heliura nivaca, 3, p. 6.

. Diptilon gladia, 3, p. 5.

. Cosmosoma rasera, 3, p. 4.

. Eumenogaster baura, 3, p- 5.

. Ctenucha nana, 3, p. 6.

55 manuela, 3, p. 7.

. Automolis noiva, 2, p. 11.

. Ischnocampa styx, 3, p. 11.

. Haemaphlebia strigata, 3, p. 11.

. Paranerita bione, 2, p. 12.

. Thyone purpurea, 2, p. 8.

. Nola niveibasis, 2, p. 7.

. Iilice blanda, 3, p. 8.

» trimaculata, 3, p. 8.

. Nodozana jucunda, 3, p. 9.

. Lycomorphodes aracia, 3, p. 9.

. Clemensia torniplaga, 3, p. 9.

ry) nubila, 3; p- 10.

99 flava, 3, p. 10.

( 1)

II. Rewsion of the Mexican and Central American

Malachiidae and Melyridae, with descriptions of new

species. By Grorce CHarLes Cuampion, F.Z.S.

[Read November 19th, 1913.]

Prarce bh

THE present paper has been prepared to give an account

of the Malachidae and Melyridae accumulated by the

Editors of the ‘“ Biologia Centrali-Americana”’ since the

completion of the supplement to the Rev. H. 8. Gorham’s

work on these insects, published in 1886. To determine

them the whole of the material in the British Museum

named by him has had to be re-examined, and the sex of

the specimens ascertained, before the descriptions of the

new forms could be drawn up. The other collections in

the National Museum, especially that of Fry, have also

furnished many novelties from Mexico. Tables of the

numerous species of the Malachiid genera Collops and

Attalus, and of the Melyrid genera Trichochrous (= Pristo-

scelis, Gorh.) and Listrus, are appended. For convenience

of reference the species here dealt with are renumbered

in the following pages. No fresh material has come to

hand of the genera Helcogaster (Malachiidae), and Cymbolus,

Eucymbolus, Astylus, and Antixoon (Melyridae), and they

are omitted from the present enumeration. Hucymbolus

and a new species of Cymbolus (elongatus) were described

by me in the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, pp. 128-

130. The genera Micronimetes, Pseudattalus, Pseudebaeus,

Sphinginus, Dasytellus, and Mecomycter are additions to the

Mexican or Central American fauna.

Fam. MALACHTIDAE.

COLLOPS.

Collops, Erichson, Entomographien, p. 54 (1840); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., i, p. 79 (1870); Gorham, Biol.

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, pp. 113 (1882), 313 (1886) ;

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914—PARTI. (JUNE)

14 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Schaeffer, Canad. Ent. 1912, p. 184; Fall, Journ.

N. York Ent. Soc. xx, p. 249 (Dec. 1912).

Collops is a genus distinguished by its 10-jointed antennae

in both sexes, and by the males having an enormously

developed peculiarly formed second antennal joint (usually

furnished with a long appendage) and simple 4-jointed

anterior tarsi. The additional material to hand from

Mexico, etc., enables me to give the ¢ characters of nearly

all the species here enumerated. Horn, in 1870, described,

and figured, the articulated appendage (of C. validus) arising

from near the base of the second joint as resembling an

elongated inner maxillary lobe, slender, and furnished

at the tip with a brush of stiff curled hairs, and stated that

the appendage varied in size and development according

to the species. He did not, however, use this essential

character for distinguishing the numerous N.-American

forms, and Gorham was equally silent on the subject

when dealing with the Central American Collops, both

authors mainly relying on colour. Another important

character is the presence in various species of a depressed,

goggle-like, polished, subglabrous area on each side of the ©

head before the eyes, sometimes wanting or feebly indicated

in 2. The shape of the first and third antennal joints in

3, too, often affords good differential characters. The

antennae and anterior legs are sometimes differently

coloured in the two sexes, and the head in those forms in

which the anterior portion is more or less testaceous

usually have this pallid space reduced in extent or even

wanting in 9. In certain species the prothorax is variable

in colour, the black markings gradually disappearing or

becoming greatly extended, but in others it is constantly

testaceous or red. The elytra, too, vary in colour, especially

in the northern forms, but in the material before me the

basal and subapical spots rarely show a tendency to unite

into vittae. Fall’s important ‘“ Review of the North

American species of Collops”’ (loc. cit. pp. 249-274) was

not seen by me till after the above remarks were written.

We are indebted to him for the loan or gift of fifteen critical

species, and his determinations of C. tricolor, Say, C. 4-macu-

lata, F., and C. histrio, Er., have been accepted. The

accompanying notes have been revised so as to include the

valuable information thus obtained. In the subjoined table,

and in the remarks on the various species, a few allied

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 15

northern or southern forms are included for comparison,

the names of such insects being included within square

brackets.

Key to the Mexican and Central American species

of Collops.

a. Elytra oblong, densely punctate; wings

fully developed.

a’. Elytra unicolorous, blue, violet, or

black.

a*, Body more robust; legs black, femora

sometimes testaceous.

a*®, Head uniformly punctate.

a‘, Second antennal joint (3) with

a long appendage.

a°. Head black to anterior margin,

prothorax and femora

testaceous: species large

[3 unknown] . . . grandis, n. sp.

Me aah (3 2) testaceous in ndad.

6, Prothorax bimaculate on

disc; testaceous portion

of head angularly extend-

ing upwards; elytra blue

or green: species large . bipunctatus, Say.

6°. Prothorax vittate on disc;

testaceous portion of head

truncate behind; first

antennal joint (3) toothed

at apex externally ; elytra

blue : species moderate in

size. a A UA TR

c’. Prothorax immaculate ;

elytra blue : species mod-

erate in size.

a’. First antennal joint (2)

broadly oblongo-sub-

quadrate, concave

above . , paradoxus, . Sp.

b’. First antennal ime (3)

gradually widened out-

wards . . . . frontalis, Gorh.

16 Mr.G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

64. Second antennal joint (3) with

a short, slender appendage ;

prothorax immaculate.

c’>. Head, elytra, and legs black

d®, Head and elytra blue, femora

rufo-testaceous 4

c*. Second antennal joint (3) with-

out visible appendage; head

and legs black; prothorax

immaculate; antennae ()

partly testaceous.

e>, Elytra coarsely punctate,

violaceous; intermediate

antennal joints (39) strongly

transverse,stout ; head broad

f°. Elytra finely punctate, bluish

black; intermediate anten-

nal joints (g) narrower and

longer; head smaller .

6%. Head with a smoother subglabrous,

depressed area on each side

anteriorly, at least in g'; second

antennal joint (¢) with a long

appendage.

d*, Head blue to anterior margin;

prothorax immaculate; an-

tennae testaceous at base in

both sexes, third joint small

BT ehs. . Greil Sie dus Poe chins

e+, Head testaceous in front; pro-

thorax black on disc, or

immaculate ; antennae wholly

testaceous, and with third

joint greatly thickened in 3 .

b?. Body rather slender ; head and femora

black, tibiae and tarsi testaceous ;

prothorax spotted or immaculate ;

elytra blue, finely punctate,

widened posteriorly ; second anten-

nal joint (3) with a long append-

BRO Ge) ee te

6}. Elytra blue, violaceo-fasciate before

middle, the sutural edge and a tri-

angular lateral patch testaceous;

head uniformly punctate, dark;

prothorax immaculate; legs black;

nigripennis, N. sp.

femoralis, Gorh.

brevicollis, n. sp.

[tricolor, Say.]

amplicollis, n. sp.

nigriceps, Say.

parvus, Schaeff.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 17

first antennal joint (3) long, second

with a short appendage . 5 - quadricolor, n. sp.

cl. Elytra blue, with suture and outer limb

testaceous, the prothorax and

anterior femora also testaceous ; head

nigro-violaceous,uniformly punctate ;

antennae (g) testaceous, joint 2

with a short appendage, the following

joints broad and sharply serrate;

elytra subtuberculate . . . . granellus, Fall.

@, Elytra each with a broad, blue or green,

anteriorly constricted vitta on disc,

leaving the inner and outer margins

testaceous; prothorax spotted or

immaculate ; head uniformly punctate.

c*, First antennal joint (3) broad, and

second with a shorter appendage. vittatus, Say.

d*, First antennal joint (3) narrow,

and second with a longer appen-

GagOs 8 kk ee os we he EPLVOLINOUIIS, NSP.

el. Elytra cyaneous, with three trans-

versely placed flavous spots, the

common median one extending down

the suture to the tip; prothorax

subcordate, nigro-fasciate ; head uni-

formly punctate. . . . [lebasi, Er.]

ft. Elytra with the base, or a patch on

each, and a still larger subapical

patch on disc, blue or green, for the

rest rufous or testaceous, like the

prothorax.

e’, Head uniformly punctate.

ec’, Head dark to anterior margin;

first antennal joint (¢) rounded

at tip, the second with a short

appendage.

f*. Legs black.

g®. Second antennal joint (3)

transverse, broadly spatu-

late externally: species

Jarge . «s . tllustris, n. sp.

A’. Second Sito fant (3)

longer than broad, with an

oblique dentiform projec-

tion arising from the base

externally : species smaller. 4-maculatus, F,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTI. (JUNE) c

18 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

g*. Legs partly red ; second antennal

joint (3) about as broad as

long, angularly dilated at

about the middle externally .

d®, Head red or testaceous in front,

usually more broadly so in ¢.

h4, First antennal joint (3) strongly

curved, sinuously excavate

externally, and angulate at

tip, the second bluntly dilated

externally and with a very

long appendage.

7, Elytra more coarsely punctate,

shining; legs black .

7°. Elytra more finely punctate,

dull; legs and antennae

variable in colour, often

wholly testaceous .

i. First antennal joint (3) strongly

curved, simply concave exter-

nally, and rounded at tip,

the second joint subangularly

dilated externally.

k5, Second antennal joint (3) with

a very long stout appendage

15, Second antennal joint (<)

with a short appendage

e°, Head with a sharply trilobed

testaceous space in front ; second

antennal joint (3) with a long

slender appendage.

74, Legs and antennae (base ex-

cepted) black ; elytra dull, the

blue spots large and_ longi-

tudinally confluent

k*, Legs (femora excepted) and

antennae testaceous; elytra

shining, the basal blue spots

reduced to a transverse fascia .

f?. Head with a smoother, depressed,

subglabrous area on each side

anteriorly, at least in g¢; second

antennal joint (3) with a long

appendage.

[femoratus, Schaeff. |

[histrio, Er.]

blandus, Er.

histrionicus, n. sp.

intermedius, Gorh.

[tcbialis, Schaeff.]

varipes, N. Sp.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 19

f?. Head black to anterior margin,

antennae and legs, and the body

in great part, testaceous; elytra

closely, finely punctured, the

interspaces alutaceous, the dark

markings reduced to spots . . [4-guttatus, n. sp.]

g°®. Head testaceous in front; elytra

more densely punctured.

i, Elytral markings more extended :

species large.

m®, Head excavate in front and

transversely tumid on each

side between eyes, and

anterior legs and antennae

testaceous, in g; prothorax

maculate; elytral markings

greatly developed . . . balteatus, Lec.

n®5, Head not tumid between eyes,

and with a prominent,

depressed polished area on

each side anteriorly, in 3.

dé, First antennal joint not

toothed in ¢; legs and

antennae variable in

colour, sometimes wholly

testaceous; prothorax

spotted or immaculate ;

elytral markings large . geminus, Er.

e6, First antennal joint toothed,

and anterior femora tes-

taceous, in g; prothorax

immaculate; elytra each

with two large spots. . [ludicrus, Er.]

m4, Elytral markings reduced in

extent, the basal fascia nar-

row; prothorax immaculate ;

legs black: species much

smaller. . . . «; . conspicillatus, n. sp,

b. Elytra suboval, rather convex, roughly

scabroso-punctate, black, like head and

legs; wings not fully developed: species

SINGS BOS els: | i, che ee . nigritus, Schaeff.

20 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

1. Collops grandis, n. sp.

9. Broad, black, the elytra wholly blue or bluish-green, the head

nigro-caeruleous, the labrum and clypeus, the bases of the mandibles

and palpi, the first joint of the antennae, and the outer edge of the

next two or three joints, the abdomen, femora, and coxae (the outer

edge of the middle pair sometimes infuscate), rufo-testaceous ;

clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with long, erect,

black, bristly hairs. Head broad, very densely, finely punctate

throughout, the dark colour extending to the anterior margin ; anten-

nae with joints 1 and 2 subequal in length, 3-10 moderately serrate.

Prothorax strongly transverse, shining, sparsely, minutely punctate.

Elytra very densely, finely punctured.

Length 7—74, breadth 4 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Santa Clara in Chihuahua and Chihuahua

city (Hodge).

Four females. This insect is a little larger than the

largest examples of the same sex of C. bipunctatus, from all

the varieties of which it may be distinguished by the wholly

bluish-black head, the immaculate, smoother prothorax,

the pallid femora and coxae, and the relatively longer

second antennal joint.

2. Collops bipunctatus.

Malachius bipunctatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii, p. 185;

Amer. Ent. ii, and Complete Writings, i, p. 107, t. 48,

fig. 5.

Collops bipunctatus, Er., Entomographien, p. 55; Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. i, pp. 80, 82; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-

Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, pp. 113, 313; Fall, Journ. N. York

Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 252, 263.

Malachius xanthostomus, Chevr., in Dej. Cat.

6. Antennae with joint 1 very broad, subtriangular, hollowed

above, convex beneath, the curved appendage on joint 2 long.

Additional localities for this species, are :—

Mexico (Mus. Brit., Truqui; Coffin, in Mus. Oxon.),

Durango city, Mexico city, Irapuato, Jalapa (Hége),

Orizaba, Puebla (Sallé), Amecameca (Mus. Oxon.).

A large form, with the head (a deep triangular excision

in the middle in front and the anterior margin excepted)

and elytra blue or (rarely) green, the prothorax rufo-

testaceous, with two black spots of variable size on the

disc; the elytra somewhat scabrous. The entire antennae,

the sides of the head in front of the eyes, and the tarsi are

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 21

sometimes testaceous in the female. Hége sent a long

series from Durango. The dark portion of the head is

angularly excised in the middle in front in all the specimens

before me, irrespective of sex. Fall (loc. cit.) gives the

N.-American distribution as “‘ Kansas to the desert regions

of southern California,” and states that he has seen speci-

mens from Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona.

According to Mead (Amer. Nat., 1899, pp. 927-929) C.

bipunctatus is said to destroy Doryphora.

3. Collops aulicus.

Collops aulicus, Er., Entomographien, p. 55; Gorh., Biol.

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 113, t. 6, figs. 21 (4),

22 (9).

g. Antennae with joints | and 2 testaceous, streaked with black ;

1 broad, subtriangular, hollowed and smooth at the apex posteriorly

above, and with the outer apical angle produced into a sharp tooth;

2 very large, subangularly raised towards the apex above, the apical

excavation strongly transverse, and with a very long, slender

appendage.

Apparently not uncommon in Mexico, and recognisable

by the broad blue vitta on the disc of the prothorax, the

wholly caeruleous elytra, the blue, densely punctured,

closely pubescent head, with the anterior margin in the male

broadly, and in the female narrowly, testaceous, the bluish-

black legs, and the testaceous abdomen. Gorham’s figure

of the male (21) shows the shape of the first antennal joint,

but the appendage on the second is not clearly indicated.

The uniform sculpture of the head and the form of the

male-antennae separate C. aulicus from similarly-coloured

C. ngriceps (eximius). The black-legged insects from

Utah and Arizona doubtfully referred by Fall to C. mar-

giumecollis, Lec. (Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, p. 260),

possibly belong here. The latter differs from C. aulicus in

having a smoother head, and subtuberculate elytra, and

joints 3-10 of the male-antennae strongly serrate and the

appendage of the second joint much shorter.

4. Collops paradoxus, n.sp. (Plate II, fig. 1, basal joints

of g-antenna.)

Collops tricolor, Er., Entomographien, p. 57 (2) (1840)

(part.) ; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii. 2, pp. 118,

313, t. 13, figs. 1, la (gynand. Q) (part.).

22 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Malachius paradoxus, Sturm, in litt.

Bluish-black, the anterior margin of the head broadly in 3, and

narrowly in 92, the labrum and clypeus, the bases of the palpi and

mandibles, the antennae with joint | in both sexes, 2 in great part

above, and 3 and 4 along their outer edge, in J, 2-4 along their outer

edge in 9, the prothorax and abdomen, rufous or testaceous, the rest

of the head and the elytra violaceous or blue; clothed with fine cine-

reous pubescence intermixed with very long, erect, black hairs, the

adpressed cinereous pubescence on the head long and conspicuous in

3, more scattered in 9. Head broad, densely, finely punctate ;

antennae (3) with joint 1 very broad, abruptly expanded from near

the base externally, oblong-subquadrate, concave above, 2 with a

very long, slender, curved appendage, 3-9 moderately serrate, 3

a little wider than 4, (2) 1 oblong-conic, 2 broad, large, rounded

within, 3-5 transverse, serrate. Prothorax strongly transverse,

somewhat rounded in front, shining, sparsely, minutely punctate.

Elytra densely, rather coarsely punctate, bluntly rounded at the apex.

Length 43-54, breadth 23-24 mm. (d9.)

Hab. Mexico, (ex coll. Sturm), Oaxaca (Sallé, Hége),

Parada (Sallé), Mochitlan in Guerrero (Baron), Omilteme

and Xucumanatlan in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Apparently a common insect in Oaxaca and Guerrero,

whence a long series has been received showing no variation.

Erichson’s description of this species was taken from a

single Mexican example (2) found by Deppe. The

gynandromorphous Q from Oaxaca figured by Gorham

belongs here. C. paradozus is extremely like C. frontalis,

Gorh., also from Oaxaca; but differs from it in the male sex

in having a densely punctured, more pubescent head, with the

testaceous coloration less extended, not reaching the eyes,

the first antennal joint concave, and very broadly dilated

from near the base, and the second joint with a still longer

appendage. The females of the two forms are not easy to

separate; but that of C. paradoxus may be identified by the

slightly longer prothorax, and the less dilated, wholly pale

first antennal joint. C. tricolor is a smaller insect, with less

coarsely punctured elytra, and a non-appendiculate second

antennal joint in .

5. Collops frontalis.

Collops frontalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2,

p. 314.

6. Antennae with joint 1 wholly testaceous, gradually narrowing

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 23

from the base, shaped as in 9, but broader, 2 black at the apex above,

and with a long, curved appendage, 3-7 subequal.

Q. Antennae with joints 1 and 2 subequal in width, 1 infuscate

along its inner face.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca.

Gorham’s diagnosis and general description of this

species was taken from three males. He was unaware that

the extended testaceous coloration of the head was peculiar

to that sex. The female from Etla, labelled C. frontalis by

him, has the anterior margin of the clypeus only testaceous.

6. Collops nigripennis, n. sp.

6: Oblong, rather narrow, the head and prothorax shining, the

elytra dull; the head, elytra, abdomen (the ventral sutures excepted),

and legs black, the prothorax testaceous; the antennae with the

first joint externally, and the second, except along the outer edge,

testaceous, for the rest black; the surface finely pubescent, and also

set with long, erect, scattered, blackish, bristly hairs. Head densely

punctate, transversely flattened anteriorly, the eyes prominent;

antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, widened outwards, longer

than broad, somewhat angulate within and almost smooth externally,

2 with a short slender appendage, 3-9 feebly serrate, 3-6 subequal

in length. Prothorax strongly transverse, as wide as the base of

the elytra, faintly punctate. Elytra subparallel, moderately long,

densely, finely punctate.

Length 3,1,, breadth 1? mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqu, in Mus. Brit.).

One male. Narrower than C. tricolor; the head and

elytra black; the first antennal joint (3) strongly curved

and much narrower, and the second with a slender appen-

dage; the elytral punctuation fine and dense. The second

antennal joint viewed from in front appears to be trilobate

externally.

7. Collops femoralis.

Collops femoralis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2

pp. 113, 314.

6. Antennae with joints 1 and 2 testaceous, 2 suffused with black

beneath, 1 curved, elongate-triangular, 2 with a slender, short,

rudimentary appendage received beneath the reflexed inner margin

of the joint, 3-9 feebly serrate, subequal.

g. Antennae with joint 1 testaceous, oblongo-conic, rather slender,

Hab. Mexico; GUATEMALA.

24 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Meaican

In this species the head is nigro-caeruleous to the anterior

margin, the prothorax, femora, coxae, and abdomen are

rufo-testaceous, and the elytra violaceous, blue, or greenish.

In two examples from Etla, Mexico, the intermediate

and posterior femora are infuscate. The Guatemalan

types have all three femora rufo-testaceous. The six males

before me have a rudimentary appendage to the second

antennal joint. C. honestus, Er., from the Orinoco, de-

scribed from a single male, must come near C. femoralis ;

it is said to have the apices only of the femora testaceous.

8. Collops brevicollis, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 2, ¢.)

Bluish-black, the labrum and clypeus, the base of the mandibles,

the prothorax, and abdomen rufo-testaceous, the elytra violaceous ;

the antennae with joints 1 and 2 above, and 3-6 on their outer face,

testaceous, for the rest black ; clothed with fine cinereous pubescence

intermixed with very long, erect, black, bristly hairs. Head

moderately broad, densely, finely punctate, bluish-black to the

anterior margin, much narrowed anteriorly; antennae (¢) with

joint 1 curved, abruptly widened outwards, subsecuriform, 2 longer

than broad, angularly dilated at the base and towards the apex

externally, without appendage, 3-10 gradually diminishing in width,

3-9 strongly transverse, stout, serrate, (2) joint 1 oblongo-conic,

lineate with black, 2 stout, broad. Prothorax broad, strongly

transverse, truncate in front, shining, sparsely, minutely punctate.

Elytra coarsely, densely punctate, bluntly rounded at the apex.

Length 43, breadth 23-2? mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango 8,100 feet (Forrer : 3),

Ventanas in Durango (Hoge : 9).

One pair. Near C. paradoxus and C. frontalis, differing

from both of them in the non-appendiculate second antennal

joint of the male, these organs beg comparatively short,

tapering, and conspicuously testaceo-lineate externally

to near the tip in both sexes. The prothorax is very short

and broad, the elytra broad and coarsely punctate. From

C. tricolor the present species may be separated by the broad

head and prothorax, and the coarsely punctured elytra; and

in the male by the strongly transverse, stout intermediate

joints of the antennae and the basally angulate second joint.

[Collops tricolor.

Malachius tricolor, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ui, p. 182;

Amer. Ent. ii, and Complete Writings, i, p. 107, t. 48,

fig. 3 (nec 2) (Q).

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 25

Collops tricolor, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iu, pp. 80, 81

(nec Erichson, Gorham); Fall, Journ. N. York Ent.

Soc. xx, pp. 251, 256 (1912).

6. Antennae with joint 1 broad, triangular, 2 without visible

appendage, 3-9 serrate, subequal.

Hab. Norra America, Canada and the Middle States | to

Kansas.

Gorham (Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 313) has

called attention to the various forms doing duty for C.

tricolor (Say); but he does not appear to have seen N.-

American examples of the insect identified by Horn as

C. tricolor, of which there are several from Canada, ete., in

the British Museum. These northern specimens, for an

additional pair of which from Lyme, Conn., we are indebted

to Mr. Fall, have the head wholly black; the basal two or

three joints of the antennae (in both sexes) testaceous, and

the others more or less infuscate; the prothorax and

abdomen rufo-testaceous ; the elytra very finely punctured,

nigro-caeruleous, sometimes with the epipleura rufo-piceous ;

and the tarsi rufo- or fusco-testaceous. No appendage to

the second antennal joint is visible in the four males of

C. tricolor before me, or in that of C. brevicollis. This

character is not mentioned by Fall in his recent revision

of the N.-American Collops. |

9. Collops amplicollis, n. sp.

Bluish-black, the labrum and clypeus, the base of the mandibles,

the two basal joints of the antennae above, the prothorax, and a

space down the middle of the abdomen, rufo-testaceous or testaceous,

the head to the anterior margin in both sexes, and the elytra,

violaceous or blue, the tarsi sometimes rufo-piceous in 2; clothed

with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with very long, erect,

black, bristly hairs. Head broad, densely, finely punctate, with a

slightly depressed polished space on each side near the eyes anteriorly

in g; antennae (3) setose, joint 1 broad, subsecuriform, smooth

externally, convex, closely punctate, and suffused with black within,

2 with a long, curved, slender appendage, 3-9 transverse, subequal,

(2) joint 1 oblongo-conic, curved, rather slender. Prothorax moder-

ately transverse, shining, very minutely, closely punctate. Elytra

densely, rather coarsely punctate, conjointly rounded at the apex.

Length 41-5, breadth 2;,-24 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqu, in Mus. Brit.; Mus. Ozxon.),

Puebla (Sallé).

26 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Three males and five females. Very like C. frontalis

and C. paradoxus, but with the head wholly violaceous,

the abdomen in part black, the prothorax less transverse

and more closely punctate, and the elytra more rounded

at the apex; the head with a small polished space on

each side between the eyes anteriorly, the basal joint

of the antennae broadly subsecuriform, and the second

joint with a long slender appendage, in the male. In the

female from Puebla the basal jomt of the antennae is

entirely testaceous and the tarsi are rufo-piceous. A

small female from Ciudad in Durango (length 34 mm.)

seems also to belong here.

10. Collops nigriceps.

Malachius ngriceps, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. in, p. 183

(1823); Amer. Ent. ii, and Complete_ Writings, i L,

p. 108, t. 48, fig. 3 (nec 2).

Collops nigriceps, Er., Entomographien, p. 56 (2); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ui, pp. 80, 81; Fall, Journ. N.

York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 252, 262.

Collops eximius, Er., loc. cit. (79); Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil.

vi, p. 164.

Var. Collops floridanus, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xliv, p. 185

(1912).

dg: Black, shining, the antennae, the head between their points of

insertion, the base of the mandibles, and the abdomen testaceous,

the prothorax and femora rufo-testaceous, the elytra bluish-green ;

clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with erect, long,

scattered, bristly hairs. Head very minutely punctate, with a

depressed, polished, glabrous space on each side before the eyes;

antennae with joint 1 stout, oblong, widened from near the base,

2 with a long, slender appendage reaching to the middle of 3, 3-10

moderately serrate, rapidly tapering outwards, 3 very stout, nearly

as long as 4 and 5 united, 4~9 about as long as broad. Prothorax

moderately transverse, very sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra

rugulose, densely, finely punctate, bluntly rounded at the tip.

Length 5, breadth 24 mm.

Hab. Untrep Srates, Atlantic Coast line from Massa-

chusetts to Florida, Gulf Coast as far as Mobile; Mexico

(Mus. Brit.).

The above description is taken from a specimen (3) of

the var. floridanus received by the British Museum in 1855,

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 27

under the MS. name “‘ Collops saulcyi, Ch.,”” and said to be

from “ Mexico.” It has the antennae and head shaped

and coloured exactly as in a typical C. eximius (= nagriceps,

Say), 3, before me from E. Florida, this latter having the

legs and a large patch on the disc of the prothorax black.

The testaceous, tapering antennae of the male, with

unusually stout third joint, and the peculiar sculpture of

the head, are the distinguishing characters of the present

species. Mr. Fall has sent me a female of C. migriceps

from New Jersey for comparison.

11. Collops parvus.

Collops punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 316 (nec Leconte).

Collops parvus, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xliv, p. 185 (1912);

Fall, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 251, 256 (1912).

Depressed, black, the labrum, the base of the mandibles, the two

or three basal joints of the antennae (except on their lower face in

g), the prothorax (except a small transverse, evanescent patch on

the disc, which is sometimes obsolete), abdomen, tibiae, and tarsi

rufo-testaceous, the head aeneous, the elytra blue or violaceous;

clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with long, erect,

black, bristly hairs. Head aeneous to the anterior margin in both

sexes, minutely, uniformly punctate; antennae (¢) with joint 1

widened from near the base, 2 with a long, slender, appendage, 3-5

transverse, equal, feebly serrate, 6-9 a little longer. Prothorax

shining, moderately transverse, sparsely, minutely punctate.

Elytra rather elongate, narrowed towards the base in both sexes,

rugulose, and densely, finely punctate.

Length 33-4, breadth 12-2 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona, New Mexico, and 8. W.

Texas; Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

The above description is taken from seven specimens

sent by Morrison, one only of which is a male. This is a

rather narrow, depressed, feebly developed form, approach-

ing Anthocomus. The black femora and clear rufo-testa-

ceous tibiae and tarsi, the relatively narrow prothorax,

and the finely punctured, posteriorly widened elytra,

readily distinguish C. parvus. Fall (loc. cit., p. 256) has

already called attention to the incorrect determination of

the Sonoran specimens.

28 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

12. Collops quadricolor, n. sp.

Collops tricolor, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2,

p- 113 (part.).

3. Black, the labrum and clypeus, the bases of the mandibles

and palpi, joints 1 and 2 of the antennae (the lower surface of 2

excepted), the prothorax, and abdomen testaceous, the head through-

out and the elytra bluish-green, the elytra with a narrow elongate-

triangular patch at about the middle of the outer margin and the

inner edge of the sutural carina testaceous and a common, broad,

indeterminate submedian fascia violaceous; clothed with cinereous

pubescence intermixed with very long, erect, black, bristly hairs,

the cinereous adpressed hairs on the head long and conspicuous.

Head densely, uniformly punctate; antennae with joint 1 long,

obconic, 2 with a short appendage received in the cavity beneath

the reflexed inner margin, 3-9 moderately widened, subequal in

width, 3 and 4 about as long as broad, 5-9 slightly longer. Prothorax

transverse, shining, sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra oblong,

densely, rather finely punctate.

Length 64, breadth 24} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Hége).

One male. It is probable that the peculiar coloration

of the elytra of this insect is not constant; but assuming

the elytra to be wholly blue the specimen cannot be included

under C. paradoxus or C. amplicollis, and if one of the

vittate-series it does not agree with C. vittatus or any of its

allies. C. quadricolor is, therefore, treated as a distinct

species for the present. C. quadricolor is the only known

Mexican form with a common violaceous submedian fascia

bordered externally by a narrow oblong-triangular,

testaceous patch. It is about the same size as C.

paradoxzus. C. sublimbatus, Schaeff., has somewhat

similarly coloured elytral margins.

13. Collops granellus.

Collops granellus, Fall, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp.

253, 265 (G9) (1912).

3. Head around the points of insertion of the antennae, the

antennae themselves, the anterior femora and coxae, and the base

of the intermediate femora, testaceous; antennae stout, joint 1

broad, triangular, flattened, a little longer than wide, 2 with a short

appendage which is received in repose beneath the inner reflexed

~—nti—e:: “a7

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 29

margin of the joint, 3-10 gradually tapering outwards, 3-9 sharply

triangular.

Hab. SourHerRN Unirep States, Utah and Arizona;

Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison), Monterey in Nuevo

Leon (Hége).

Two males from Monterey and a female from Sonora

belong to this species, the types of which have been kindly

communicated by Mr. Fall. They are closely related to

C. limbellus, G. & H. (= limbatus, Lec.), differing from

that insect in having the elytra distinctly tuberculate

and with the broad blue vittae extending to the tip, and

the antennal joints 3-10 much stouter in the male. This

last-mentioned character brings C. granellus near C. vittatus,

which has less strongly serrate antennae in that sex.

14. Collops vittatus.

Malachius vittatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii, p. 184;

Amer. Ent. i, and Complete Writings, i, p. 108,

t. 48, fig. 1 (3).

Collops vittatus, Er., Entomographien, p. 60 (g9); Lec.,

Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 164; Horn, Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc. ili, pp. 81, 83, and Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) iv.

p. 329; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 316

(nec p. 114); Fall, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 254,

266.

Megadeuterus haworthi, Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ui,

p. 98, t. 10, figs. 9, 9a—e (3).

¢. Antennae with joint 1 and the upper side of 2 testaceous,

for the rest black, in some examples wholly testaceous, 1 much

widened outwards, flattened above and convex beneath, 2 abruptly

excised beyond the middle externally (appearing broadly bilobed),

the appendage extremely slender and received beneath the reflexed

inner margin of the joint, 3-10 moderately widened, serrate, 3-8

transverse, subequal.

g. Antennae with joint 1 and the outer edges of 2-6 testaceous,

for the rest infuscate or black.

Hab. Canada; Unitep States; Lower CALIFORNIA;

NorTHERN Mexico, Sonora (Morrison), Durango city, and

Villa Lerdo (Hége), Coahuila (Dr. Palmer).

A very variable insect, ranging from Canada to Northern

Mexico. Examples from Coahuila and Sonora with the

antennae and the anterior portion of the head testaceous

30 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

in the male appear to have the intermediate antennal

joints stouter and more strongly serrate than those with

darker antennae and the head wholly nigro-caeruleous.

The prothorax in some specimens has a large subquadrate

dark patch on the disc, but in others this is reduced to two

spots or is altogether wanting. The sutural and marginal

stripes on the elytra are always continuous around the

apex. The extremely slender appendage of the second

antennal joint of the male (not shown by Westwood in his

figure 9c) is not easily seen. According to Fall, C.

marginellus, Lec., from the Colorado River, may be known

from C. vittatus by the very broadly ovate-triangular

basal joint of the antennae of the male.

15. Collops flavolimbatus, n. sp.

Collops vittatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iui, 2,

p. 114, t. 6, fig. 23 (Q) (nee p. 316) (nec Say).

Head nigro-aeneous or violaceous, the anterior margin sometimes

testaceous, joint. 1 of the antennae (a streak along the inner face

excepted), 2 above in g, 2-4 along their outer edge in 9, the labrum,

clypeus, and base of mandibles, the prothorax (except two spots or

streaks on the disc, which are often absent), the suture and outer

margin of the elytra to the apex (more broadly so before the middle),

and the ventral sutures, testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the rest

of the elytra blue or bluish-green, and that of the under surface

black; clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with

long, erect, black, bristly hairs. Head densely, finely, uniformly

punctate; antennae (3) with joint 1 curved, gradually widened

outwards, 2 angularly dilated at about the middle externally, the

appendage long and slender, curving over the apex of the joint,

3-10 subequal in width, 3-9 about as broad as long. Prothorax

transverse, shining, closely, minutely punctate. Elytra densely,

rather finely punctate.

Length 33-4, breadth 2-21, mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui ; Coffin, in Mus. Oxon.), Mexico

city (Hdge), Puebla, Orizaba (Sallé).

Nine males and seven females. This is the insect figured

by Gorham under the name C. vittatus, from which it

differs in having joints 3-10 of the antennae more slender

(being about equal in width in the two sexes), the first

joint of the male much narrower and streaked with black,

and the second angularly dilated externally and furnished

with a long slender appendage in that sex. The pro-

thoracic markings are similarly evanescent, and the elytral

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 31

vittae vary in width, but never reach the apex. C. flavo-

limbatus is also considerably smaller than C. vittatus.

The form of C. confluens, Lec., with longitudinally confluent

elytral markings comes near the present species; but in

C. confluens the head and elytra are more coarsely

punctate, and the basal joint of the j-antennae is

slender and entirely testaceous. A female of Leconte’s

species has been sent me by Mr. Fall. There is a

specimen (3) of C. flavolimbatus in the Oxford Museum

labelled “‘ N. America.”

[Collops lebasv.

Collops lebasw, Er., Entomographien, p. 61.

Hab. Cotomsta (Mus. Berol.; Mus. Oxon.).

This species, of which two females (including one of

Erichson’s types) are before me, has the head nigro-

violaceous and very finely punctate; the antennae long

and stout, with joint 1, and the outer edges of 2 and 3,

testaceous; the prothorax unusually long, subcordate,

tufous, with a transverse ante-median black fascia; the

elytra closely, rather coarsely punctate, cyaneous, with

three flavous spots placed transversely before the middle—

one, common, extending narrowly down the suture to the

tip, the others isolated, marginal; the upper surface

shining, finely, sparsely cinereo-pubescent, and also set

with long erect black setae. |

16. Collops illustris, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 3, basal

joints of g-antenna.)

Black, the labrum and clypeus, the bases of the mandibles and

palpi, joints 1 and 2 of the antennae (the lower surface of 2 excepted)

in g,and 1 and the outer edges of 2—4 in 9, the prothorax, the elytra

in part, and the abdomen rufo-testaceous, the head to the anterior

margin, and the elytra with the base broadly and a very large

patch on the disc towards the apex, extending outwards to the

lateral margin, blue or bluish green; clothed with fine cinereous

pubescence intermixed with long, erect, black, bristly hairs. Head

densely, finely punctate throughout; antennae (3) with joint 1

long, curved, gradually widened outwards, 2 dilated externally

into a large, broad, spoon-shaped, ciliate, hollow plate, which is

followed by an angular vertical expansion of the margin, the cavity

at the apex transverse, the appendage feebly developed, not ex-

tending beyond the larger cavity and with a few long hairs at the

tip, 3-9 feebly serrate, 3-5 subequal. Prothorax transverse,

32 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

shining, sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra densely, rather

coarsely punctate.

Length 6-63, breadth 23-3 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Amula, Omilteme, Xucumanatlan, and

Chilpancingo, all in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Highteen examples, including eight males. This is a

large form of the variable C. quadrimaculatus (which occurs

in the same localities in Guerrero), differing constantly in

the shape of the second antennal joint of the male, the

basal joint, too, in this sex is relatively more elongate and

less dilated. The females are only separable from those of

similarly-coloured C. quadrimaculatus by their larger size

and broader head.

17. Collops quadrimaculatus. (Plate II, fig. 4, basal

joints of g-antenna.)

Malachius quadrimaculatus, Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl.,

p. 70.

Collops quadrimaculatus, Er., Entomographien, p. 58

(exclud. synon.); Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 164;

Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ii, pp. 80, 82; Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt., i, 2, p. 315; Fall, Journ.

N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 255, 272.

6. Antennae with joint 1 much widened outwards, convex

externally; 2 longer than broad, with a stout, oblique, long, denti-

form prominence arising from the base externally, the cavity at

the apex large and open, the appendage slender, received in repose

beneath the reflexed inner margin of the joint, and not more than

half its length.

Hab. Unttep States; Mexico, southward to Guerrero

and Oaxaca.

Fall appears to have seen very few examples of C.

quadrimaculatus. The common Mexican insect here identi-

fied under that name agrees, however, with a male com-

municated by him. The specimens before me, from

Indiana, Virginia and Texas (including four males),

Mexico and Guatemala, have, as he describes, the second

antennal joint of the male longer than broad, and the

first joint much widened outwards. These examples have

the head wholly violaceous or blackish, the legs black, and

the second joint of the male-antenna peculiarly formed and

with the appendage rudimentary. The elytral spots vary

in size, the anterior one usually extending to the suture

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 33

and the larger subapical one often reaching the outer

margin. The figure of the antenna is taken from a

specimen from Amula, Guerrero.

[Collops femoratus.

Collops femoratus, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xliv, p. 186; Fall,

Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 255, 272.

¢. Antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, convex within, con-

siderably widened outwards, rounded at the outer apical angle;

2 angularly dilated at about the middle externally, the appendage

short and slender.

Hab. UnitEeD States, Arizona.

The antennal characters are taken from a male from

Nogales sent by Mr. Nunnenmacher to the British Museum.

This insect has the head wholly black, dull, and densely

punctate, the two basal joints of the antennae almost

entirely testaceous, the bluish-green elytral spots not

reaching the outer margin, and the femora and trochanters

rufo-testaceous. The southern C. femoralis, Gorh., is, of

course, a different species. |

[Collops histrio.

Collops histrio, Er., Entomographien, p. 59 ($2); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ui, pp. 80, 82; Fall, Journ.

N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 254, 269 (nec Gorham).

Collops argutus, Fall, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci. viii,

p. 242 (1902).

g. Antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, sinuously hollowed

externally, much widened outwards, angularly dilated at the outer

apical angle; 2 bluntly dilated at about the middle externally,

and with a long, stout appendage; 3-9 feebly serrate.

Hab. N. America, Upper and Lower California, New

Mexico, Arizona.

The antennal characters are taken from the male from

California sent me by Mr. Fall.]

18. Collops blandus. (Plate II, fig. 6, basal joints

of g-antenna.)

Collops blandus, Er., Entomographien, p. 60 (2); Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 316 (¢ 9).

Collops pulchellus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii, pp. 80,

83; Fall, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 254, 269.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) D

34 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

g. Antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, sinuously hollowed

externally, much widened outwards, and angulate at the outer

apical angle; 2 bluntly dilated at about the middle externally,

and with a rather stout, long appendage.

Hab. Norta America, Arizona, Texas; Mexico

(Truqui), Durango, Morelos, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca.

The typical form of this species has the antennae and

legs wholly testaceous; but if the shape of the basal joint

of the male-antenna is to be relied upon, C. blandus will

have to include examples with joints 3-10 of the antennae,

and the legs, black. A short series from Misantla, Vera

Cruz, includes all these forms, as well as C. histrionicus with

rufo-testaceous femora, showing that the colour of the

legs and antennae is variable in both insects. The type

of C. blandus, Er., was from Mexico, that of C. pulchellus,

Horn, from Arizona. The male of the allied C. femoratus,

Schaeff., has the head wholly black and densely punctate,

the femora red, the first antennal joint moderately widened

outwards and rounded at the tip, and the second joint

shaped very much as in C. histrionicus, but with a shorter

and more slender appendage.

19. Collops histrionicus, n. sp. (Plate II, figs. 5, 5a,

basal joints of g-antenna.)

Collops histrio, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

pp. 114, 315 (part.) (nec Erichson, Horn, Fall).

Moderately elongate, the head and prothorax shining, the elytra

dull; head violaceous or greenish, rufous or testaceous in front in

g; more narrowly so in Q, the palpi and antennae black, the two

basal joints of the latter in great part testaceous, the basal joint

sometimes immaculate; prothorax rufo-testaceous, immaculate ;

elytra rufo-testaceous, each with a large basal spot (reaching the

suture and outer margin) and a still larger subapical one (reaching

the outer margin) blue or bluish-green; legs black, the femora

rarely (one specimen from Misantla), and the anterior trochanters

frequently, testaceous; abdomen rufescent, the rest of the under

surface in great part black; clothed with fine cinereous pubescence

intermixed with an abundance of long, erect, blackish, bristly

hairs. Head closely, minutely, uniformly punctate. Prothorax

transverse, convex, very sparsely, minutely punctulate. Elytra

densely, moderately coarsely punctate.

g-. Antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, moderately widened

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 35

outwards, convex within, rounded at the outer apical angle; 2

broader than long, angularly dilated at about the middle externally,

and with a very long, stout, strongly retractile appendage, the

matted pencil of long hairs at the tip of the latter in repose curving

round to the lower surface at the apex of the joint; 3-9 feebly

serrate, subequal.

Length 3344 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora, Chihuahua, Vera Cruz,

Oaxaca, Chiapas; GUATEMALA, San Geronimo, etc.

Not uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. The speci-

mens quoted by Gorham from Panama belong to his

C. intermedius, those from Etla and Ventanas, Mexico, to

C. 4-maculatus, and the others to the present species.

The latter is extremely like C. 4-maculatus, but is separable

therefrom by the differently shaped first and second joints

of the male-antenna, and the very elongate, stout appendage

to the second joint. The head is always testaceous between

the poits of imsertion of the antennae in the male, the

pale border being much narrower in the female. The

elytral spots vary in size. One specimen (9), amongst

several from Misantla, Vera Cruz, has the femora testaceous,

as in C. femoratus, Schaeff. (a male of which from Nogales

is before me), from Arizona, the latter having a more

closely punctate, dull, black head, and the basal joints of

the antennae differently shaped. A large male from

Guatemala city, apparently belonging here, is almost as

shining as C. geminus, from which it differs in the uni-

formly punctured head. C. histrionicus is, in fact, one of

several very closely allied, similarly coloured forms, which

can only be satisfactorily identified by the structure of the

male antenna. Mr. Fall has been kind enough to send me

a pair of the species identified by him as C. histrio, Er.,

from the same region as the type, California, and there is

no reason to doubt the correctness of his identification.

The true C. /astrio has more coarsely punctate elytra

than C. histrionicus, and the first joint of the male-antenna

excavate posteriorly and angularly dilated at the outer

apical angle (as in C. blandus), and the second joint sub-

angularly dilated at about the middle externally. C.

scutellatus and C. similis, Schaeff., from Texas and Utah

respectively, both based on insufficient material, are un-

known to me; but they are not likely to be conspecific with

the insect here described under the name C. histrionicus.

36 =6©Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

20. Collops intermedius.

Collops intermedius, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 315 ($9).

¢. Antennae with joint 1 curved, much widened outwards,

rounded at tip; 2 with a short, slender appendage, which is entirely

received in repose in the large cavity.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, Panama.

Extremely like C. histrionicus, but distinguishable there-

from by the shorter and more slender appendage of the

second antennal joint of the male. The head in both sexes

is testaceous between the points of insertion of the antennae.

The basal joint of the latter is streaked with black in the

female and sometimes in the male also. The more shining

surface, deeper colour, and less densely punctate elytra,

characters relied upon by Gorham, are of no value, when

series of the two forms are compared. The head is some-

what deeply transversely depressed anteriorly in the male,

obsoletely so in the female. A female from Los Frailes,

Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.), with entirely dark head, may

belong here. ;

[Collops tibralis.

Collops tibialis, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xliv, p. 186; Fall,

Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 254, 271.

6: Antennae with joint 1 curved, moderately widened outwards,

convex within, rounded at the outer apical angle; 2 broader than

long, angularly dilated at about the middle externally, the appendage

long and slender.

Hab. Unttep States, Arizona and New Mexico.

Antennal characters taken from a male from Chiricahua

Mts., Arizona, sent by Mr. Fall. This insect has the

yellow anterior portion of the head trilobate behind, and

the large blue elytral spots longitudinally confluent. ]

21. Collops varipes, n. sp.

g. Rather short, shining, nigro-caeruleous, the head around and

between the points of insertion of the antennae and in the middle

anteriorly, the labrum and clypeus, the bases of the mandibles

and palpi, the antennae, the prothorax, the elytra in part (except

a rather broad, common fascia at the base, and a large subapical

spot reaching the outer margin), the abdomen, tibiae and tarsi

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 37

testaceous, the rest of the elytra violaceous; clothed with fine

cinereous pubescence intermixed with long, erect, black, bristly

hairs. Head densely, very finely punctate, transversely depressed

in front; antennae with joint 1 broadly widened outwards, curved,

convex within, 2 transverse, subangularly dilated externally, with

a very long, slender, curved appendage, 3-9 transverse, subequal,

feebly serrate. Prothorax transverse, minutely punctate. Elytra

comparatively short, densely, rather finely punctate.

Length 375, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco (Hoge).

One male. A small, comparatively short form, approach-

ing C. histrionicus and C. blandus, with testaceous antennae,

prothorax, tibiae, and tarsi, and nigro-caeruleous femora,

the testaceous anterior portion of the head trilobed, the

elytra somewhat finely punctate and with the rather

narrow, common, violaceous basal fascia truncate behind.

The antennae are slightly infuscate towards the tip and

the appendage of the second joint is very long and slender.

C. tibialis, Schaeff., from Arizona and New Mexico, is

a nearly allied insect, with a longer, narrower, and less

sinuate basal joint to the male-antenna, the elytra less

shining, etc.

[Collops quadriguttatus, n. sp.

g. Rather elongate, shining, testaceous, the head to the anterior

margin and sterna black, the scutellum and elytra each with a

large patch at the base and a still larger one on the dise towards

the apex, neither of them reaching the suture or outer margin,

nigro-caeruleous, the posterior femora and tibiae slightly infuscate ;

sparsely clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with

long, erect, black, bristly hairs. Head sparsely, minutely punctate,

depressed and smoother on each side before the eyes; antennae

long, joint 1 strongly curved, much widened outwards, hollowed

externally, 2 with a very long, curved appendage, 3-10 decreasing

in width, longer than broad, 3 acutely serrate. Prothorax large,

transverse, very sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra closely,

finely punctate, the interspaces between the punctures densely

alutaceous.

Length 5, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Cauirornta (Mus. Brit.).

One male. This N.-American insect was received many

years ago by the British Museum, and as it cannot be

identified with any of the species enumerated by Fall,

38 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

I have ventured to name it. The excavate, antero-lateral

portions of the head bring it near C. geminus, and the pale

limbs are suggestive of typical C. blandus (pulchellus).

From all the varieties of C. geminus the present species

may be separated by the more sparsely punctate elytra

and the wholly black, comparatively smooth head. C.

scutellatus, Schaeff., based on a single male from Texas,

is somewhat similarly coloured, but, according to Fall, it

has a feebly dilated subcylindrical basal joint to the

antennae. |

22. Collops balteatus.

Collops balteatus, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 230;

Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ui, pp. 80, 83; Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 315; Fall, Journ.

N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 255, 273.

6. Head canaliculate on vertex, broadly hollowed in front

(appearing transversely tumid on each side between the eyes) and

also with a large depressed, smoother area on each side anteriorly ;

antennae with joint 1 curved, broadly widened from near the base,

convex above, 2 with a very long appendage; anterior legs in great

part testaceous.

9. Head flattened anteriorly, without smoother depressed lateral

area; legs black.

Hab. Unitep States, Texas; Mexico (Mus. Brit.),

Tampico (Haldeman, sec. Leconte) ; Nicaragua, Managua

(Sallé).

I have seen six specimens of this species, one only of

which is a male. C. balteatus comes very near some of the

varieties of C. geminus, but it may be separated from them

by the form of the anterior portion of the head in the male.

The head is black, with an angularly excised testaceous

space in front; the prothorax has two large black spots on

the disc, which are often coalescent; the blue patches on

the elytra are much more extended, usually leaving only

a narrow transverse ante-median fascia, and the suture

and outer limb, rufo-testaceous. The Managua example

(2) was referred by Gorham to C. geminus.

23. Collops geminus.

Collops geminus, Er., Entomographien, p. 58 (2); Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, pp. 113, 314 (part.).

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 39

Collops decorus, Er., loc. cit. p. 59 (g); Gorh., loc. cit.

p. 114.

Collops validus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iti, pp. 80, 82,

fig. (g), and Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) iv, p. 329;

Gorh., loc. cit. p. 314; Fall, Journ. N. York Ent.

Soc. xx, pp. 254, 268.

6. Antennae with joint 1 curved, widened from near the base,

2 with a very long, curved appendage, 3-9 feebly serrate, 3 a little

longer than 4.

Hab. LowErR CatiFrorntiA; Mexico; GuaTEMALA; NI-

CARAGUA; VENEZUELA.

A large, variable form, with quadrimaculate elytra,

distinguishable amongst its allies by the concave, smoother,

subglabrous space on each side of the head anteriorly, this

being especially conspicuous in the male. The testaceous

portion of the front of the head is equally developed in the

two sexes, and always angularly excised in the middle.

C. geminus has two evanescent black spots on the prothorax,

and the anterior femora in some examples rufo-testaceous ;

C. decorus has an immaculate prothorax and the legs

sometimes in part testaceous; C. validus has the prothorax

spotted or immaculate, and the legs wholly or in part,

and the abdomen, testaceous. The male-antenna (of

C. validus) has been figured by Horn. Gorham, for want

of material, left the determination of C. decorus as some-

what doubtful. The pale-legged form (C. validus), the

type of which was from Yaqui in Sonora, has been found

at Acapulco and Mazatlan by Hoge, and at Presidio and

Milpas in Durango by Forrer, all these localities being in

N. Mexico. The elytra usually have the outer limb

testaceous from a little below the shoulder, but in one

specimen the second spot reaches the outer margin.

[Collops ludicrus.

Collops ludicrus, Er., Entomographien, p. 60 (9).

3g. Head broadly depressed in front and with a shallow depressed

smoother area on each side anteriorly ; antennae with joint 1 strongly

curved, broadly widened, and armed with a small tooth on the

inner edge towards the apex, 2 with a very long, curved appendage,

3-9 subequal, moderately serrate; anterior femora rufo-testaceous.

9. Head flattened anteriorly; legs black.

Hab. AntituEs, St. Domingo.

40 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

There is a pair of this species in the British Museum, the

male being now described for the first time. C. ludicrus

resembles C. geminus, var. decorus, in colour, except that

the blue elytral spots are rather smaller; but is easily

recognisable by the toothed basal joint of the antennae of

the male. The testaceous portion of the head is similarly

excised in the middle in both sexes, but the depressed area

on each side in front is shallow and inconspicuous. The

male of C. dua, Fall, from Texas, appears to have a similarly

formed basal joint to the antennae. |]

24. Collops conspicillatus, n. sp. (Plate II. figs. 7, 7a, g.)

g. Black, the base of the mandibles, the inter-antennal portion

of the head, the basal joint of the antennae (except a broad streak

along the upper face), the concave upper portion of the second

joint, the prothorax, the elytra in part (except a narrow common

fascia at the base and a large subapical patch not reaching the

outer margin), and abdomen rufo-testaceous, the rest of the elytra

blue or violaceous and that of the head bluish-black; clothed with

fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with long, erect, black, bristly

hairs. Head (fig. 7a) densely, finely punctate, with a polished,

aeneous, subglabrous, concave space on each side anteriorly;

antennae with joint 1 curved, moderately widened outwards, 2

with a very long, slender, curved appendage, 3-9 feebly serrate,

subequal in width. Prothorax shining, broad, transverse, sparsely,

minutely punctate. Elytra densely, rather coarsely punctate.

Length 43, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8,000 feet (H. H.

Smith).

Four males. This species agrees with C. geminus

(decorus) in having a concave, smoother, subglabrous

space on each side of the head anteriorly; but in general

appearance it is more like C. histriomcus, except that the

prothorax is broader and the blue basal portion of the

elytra is much less developed.

25. Collops mgritus.

Collops nigritus, Schaeff., Canad. Ent. xliv, p. 185 (dQ);

Fall, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 252, 259 (9).

Q. Opaque, somewhat convex, black, the labrum, the base of

the mandibles, the basal joint of the antennae in part and the outer

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 41

edge of the second, the prothorax, and the outer margins of the

ventral segments. rufo-testaceous, the anterior femora piceous;

clothed with cinereous pubescence intermixed with very long,

coarse, erect, black, bristly hairs. Head very densely punctate;

antennae with joints 3-9 subequal in length, 2 stout, subtriangular.

Prothorax transverse, closely, minutely punctate. Elytra rather

convex, somewhat oval, densely, coarsely, scabroso-punctate.

¢g. Antennae with joint 1 strongly curved, rather long, moderately

widened and somewhat flattened outwards, subangulate at about

the middle within; 2 broader than long, angularly dilated at the

base externally, and with a long slender appendage; 3-10 moder-

ately serrate.

Length 33, breadth 12 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

One female, found mixed with the specimens identified

by Gorham as C. punctatus, Lec., the others belonging

to C. parvus, Schaeff. A peculiar form, with roughly

punctured, somewhat oval, black, coarsely setose elytra,

an opaque closely punctate head and prothorax, etc.

Mr. Fall has been kind enough to lend me a male of C.

nigritus, and there can be no doubt as to the determination

of the species, the female of which has not been described.

The wings are imperfectly developed or absent, as in the

allied C. cribrosus, Lec. The ¢-characters are taken from

the Arizona example before me. C. punctatus, Lec., has

a smoother prothorax, more parallel, metallic elytra, a

less transverse second antennal joint in the male, etc.

ATTALUS.

Attalus, Erichson, Entomographien, p. 89 (1840); Horn,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv, pp. 109, 110 (figs.), 119

(1872); Gorham, Biol. Centr. -Am., Coleopt. ui, 2,

pp. 118, 318 (part.); Abeille de Perrin, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1890, pp. 364, 400.

Anthocomus, sect. II, III, Erichson, loc. cit. pp. 100, 101.

Acletus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1852, p. 167.

Scalopterus, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc. 1859, p. 406.

Anthocomus, Gorham, loc. cit. pp. 114, 317 (part.).

Ebaeus, Gorham, loc. cit. p. 120 (part.).

A holarctic genus including a large number of Central

American forms. All the Central American Attali (A.

fuscescens = calcaratus excepted) are left where Gorham

42 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Meaican

placed them, but his Anthocomi, A. discimacula excepted,

belong to Attalus (type A. lusitanicus, Kr.) as here under-

stood, and his Ebaeus aeneovirens also. The key to the

identification of the fifty-two species here dealt with is

mainly based upon the colour, sculpture and vestiture of

the elytra, so as to include both male and female, one sex

or the other of many of them not being represented in the

material before me. The colour of the head, prothorax,

and legs is often variable, and that of the head and legs

sometimes differs sexually; characters taken from these

portions of the insect are, therefore, apt to be misleading.

Gorham called attention to the peculiarly shaped tro-

chanters of the male of A. caraboides (suggestive of certain

species of Silphidae), and to the apically elongated posterior

tibiae of the female of A. fuscescens (= calcaratus), an

insect here transferred to Anthocomus; but the last-

mentioned character is still present in one species of

Attalus, A. varicus. A. coelestinus and A. mexicanus (like

Tanaops, Lec.), want the upper lobe to the second anterior

tarsal joint of the male, but they can remain for the present

under Attalus. A. nitidiceps, A. connexus, etc., have an

elongated head as in Tanaops, but they have the antennae

inserted near the anterior margin of the head. Eighteen of

the twenty-seven new species now added are represented by

single examples showing that many others must occur in

the region. The names of two species described by Gorham

(sericans and limbatus) are preoccupied for European forms

and have to be changed.

Key to the Mexican and Central American species of

Attalus.

a. Anterior tarsi of ¢ with joints 1 and 2

thickened, oblique, 2 lobed above, 2 and

3 freely articulated.

a, Anterior tarsi of g with joints 1 and 2

clearly separated; posterior tibiae

of 2 sometimes slightly produced at

inner apical angle (A. nigroaeneus

and A. laevifrons.)

Elytra depressed or feebly convex to

near apex, usually narrower and

less dilated posteriorly in 3.

a®. Elytra not plicate or carinate

laterally ; palpi slender.

a’.

a ig NIE ee

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 43

a‘. Head more or less elongated

behind the eyes.

a®, Body not uniformly coloured

above.

a®, Elytra violaceous; legs

black; head narrow. . nitidiceps, n. sp.

b°. Elytra testaceous, each with

the base and a large oval

patch violaceous.

a’. Head oblong; legs com-

paratively stout ; tibiae

and tarsi clear testace-

ous: species larger . connexus, Nn. Sp.

6’. Head subovate; legs

slender; knees only

testaceous : species

small [gj unknown] . ovaticeps, n. sp.

b’. Body uniformly coloured

above, black or aeneous

(the anterior portion of

head, and sometimes the

outer limb of elytra also,

flavescent in A. malachio-

tdes).

c®, Head entirely dark; legs

black or piceous.

c’. Elytra scabrous and sub-

opaque, densely pube-

scent and hirsute ; pro-

thorax densely punc-

tate [gd unknown]. . gorhami, n. n.

[sertcans, Gorh. ].

d’. Elytra finely punctate,

shining, the longer

hairs fine; prothorax

polished . . . . migritulus, Gorh.

d°. Head sharply flavo-margin-

ate in front; legs pale;

elytra densely punctu-

late; prothorax shining . malachioides, n. sp.

b*. Head shorter, transverse as seen

from above.

c®6. Body not uniformly coloured

above.

44 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

e®, Elytra black, long, opaque,

setose; prothorax testa-

ceo-marginate.

e’. Prothorax shining :

species large . . . plagiatus, Gorh.

f?. Prothorax opaque :

species smaller [¢ un-

known]. . . . . opacipennis, n. sp.

fs. Elytra metallic.

_ g’. Elytra shining, violace-

ous (a small faint

streak at the sides ex-

cepted), setose and

closely pubescent ;

antennae long and

Stow Wy.) Pt byeanus, Be:

h’. Elytra shining, green,

finely pubescent; head

and prothorax testace-

ous . . . . . .aeneopicipennis, Gorh.

1”. Elytra duller and more

rugose, violaceous or

nigro-caeruleous, finely

pubescent ; head black.

a’, Epistoma (2) tumid

[g unknown] . . hepburnius, Gorh.

b8. Epistoma (2) flattened

[Sg unknown] . . crux-nigra, n. sp.

g®. Elytra testaceous, with

violaceous spots; pro-

thorax rufescent; an-

tennae very elongate in

6: species large. . . forticornis, n. sp.

h’. Elytra testaceous, with

black spots.

7. Prothorax nigro-bimacu-

late or almost wholly

black; upper surface

densely, finely punc-

tate.

c&, Prothorax ample,

nearly or quite as

wide as elytra . . maculosus, Gorh.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 45

d8. Prothorax small, much

narrower than elytra

[g unknown] . ._ sexguitatus, n. sp.

k’, Prothorax rufescent ;

upper surface more

shining, more sparsely

punctate [g unknown] pusillus, Gorh.

i®, Elytra violaceous, with

apex yellow . . . teapanus, n. sp.

7°. Elytra red, often black nib

basin rufipennis, Gorh.

ks, Elytra red, with fee a

ceous . . nigricornis, n. sp.

6. Elytra fuscous or meal

with suture in part or

entirely, and sometimes

outer limb also, testa-

ceous or whitish,

I’, Elytra very densely punc-

tate, scabrous, dull

[gd unknown] . . ._ scabripennis, n. sp.

m’. Elytra densely, finely

punctate, finely pube-

scent,

e8, Femora testaceous at

base; upper surface

rather dull, dorsal

portion of elytra

blackish : species

large Fi . verberatus, Gorh.

fs. Femora black at pies ;

upper surface shin-

ing; dorsal portion

of elytra violaceous :

species very small . albomarginatus, n. sp.

n’. Elytra more sparsely

punctate, shining.

g’.. Upper surface con-

spicuously nigro-

setose ; prothorax

flavo-marginate . . albolimbatus,n n.

[limbatus, Gorh.].

h8. Upper surface finely

pubescent, setae in-

conspicuous.

46 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

a®. Dorsal portion of

elytra fuscous or

fusco - violaceous ;

prothorax flavo-

marginate

6°. Dorsal portion of

elytra green; pro-

thorax maculate

on disc

m®, Elytra testaceous, with an

anteriorly evanescent

(except in dark var.)

fuscous dorsal vitta;

abdomen largely exposed,

last dorsal segment deeply

foveate in 3; upper sur-

face nigrosetose

n®, Elytra testaceous, with a

common, elongate - tri -

angular, aeneous scutellar

patch ap a =

o®, Elytra testaceous, dull,

SEWOD Go 6

p®. Elytra black or oeane

flavo-fasciate.

o’. Elytra somewhat convex,

very shining; legs not

wholly testaceous [3

unknown] .

p’?. Elytra flatter and ‘less

shining; legs testace-

ous.

a8, Head very broad, and

antennae elongate in

¢; prothorax ample

98. Head small, and an-

tennae very short, in

$; prothorax short.

g®. Elytra black, fusco-vio-

laceous, or purplish,

sparsely, minutely punc-

tate, glaucous or opale-

scent, with, at most, the

outer margin or apex pale.

cinctus, Lec.

viridivittatus, n. sp.

tabogensis, Gorh.

scutellaris, Gorh.

anthobioides, Gorh.

subfasctatus, Gorh.

megalops, n. sp.

debilicornis, n. sp.

—

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 47

q. Elytra unicolorous [3

unknown] . . . . sapphirinus, Gorh.

r’?, Elytra with outer limb

and apex flavescent

[gd unknown] . . . glaucus, n. sp.

s’, Elytra with outer limb

only flavescent [j un-

known]. . . . - opalinus, Gorh.

d®>, Body uniformly coloured

above; legs in part or en-

tirely infuscate.

76, Body black, the elytra at

most, faintly metallic,

shining.

t?7. Anterior legs in part and

base of antennae testa-

ceous; elytra sparsely

punctulate, black . . daeviusculus, n. sp.

u’. Legs wholly piceous; an-

tennae darker; elytra

with faint brassy lustre.

k&. Posterior tibiae

strongly bowed ;

eyes prominent ;

vertex grooved ;

elytra sparsely punc-

tulate [gd unknown] — sulcifrons, n. sp.

8, Posterior tibiae

straighter; eyes not

prominent; vertex

not grooved; elytra

closely punctate [3

unknown] . . . atratus,n. sp.

s*, Body aeneous or greenish,

the prothorax at least

shining; legs (except in

A, laticollis) in great part

or entirely testaceous.

v’. Trochanters of g spini-

form or spatuliform . caraboides, Gorh.

w’. Trochanters of ¢ (at

least in A. nigroaeneus)

simple.

48 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

m8, Elytra with intermixed

long, erect hairs, the

punctuation very

fine and close; sur-

face shining.

c°. Legs in part testace-

ous, femora in-

fuscate. .

d®, Legs wholly fcabins

ous [¢ unknown |

n’, Elytra without erect

hairs, the pubescence

whitish, the punctu-

ation dense; surface

duller; legs dark

t®. Body plumbeous or olivace-

ous, wholly opaque and

densely, minutely scab-

roso-punctate above ; legs

dark.

x’. Head narrow; elytra

widened __ posteriorly

[g unknown] :

y’. Head broad; _ elytra

longer and subparallel

[3 unknown] A

6%. Elytra simply plicate laterally, rofl,

with base and subapical spot

black; palpi stout

3. Elytra sharply carinate female?

red, with base only black; palpi

stout

b*. Elytra convex and dilated! pisteriiOety

in both sexes, metallic; palpi

stout.

d*, Body elongate.

c*, Upper surface brilliant golden-

green, front of head and legs

testaceous : ee fe large [3

unknown] . A

d‘, Upper surface lull uniformly

brassy; femora infuscate:

species small [g unknown] .

nigroaeneus, Gorh.

laevifrons, n. sp.

laticollis, Er.

plumbeus, n. sp.

olivaceus, n. sp.

plicatus, n. sp.

carinatus, Gorh.

viridimicans, n. sp.

chalceus, n. sp.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 49

e®, Body short; upper surface in part

or entirely aeneous.

e’. Head, prothorax, and elytra

aeneous or greenish; elytra

coarsely punctate. . . . aeneovirens, Gorh.

f’. Head in part, and margins of

prothorax completely flavous,

elytra aeneous, more finely

punctate . . . . flavomarginatus, n. sp.

b+, Anterior tarsi of 3 with omits 1 and 2

apparently fused; posterior tibiae

produced into a long spine in 9, and

slightly produced at tip in 3; palpi

slender; elytra even, red, nigro-

maculate at base . . . varicus, N. Sp.

b. Anterior tarsi of g with joints 1 anal 2

thickened, oblique, 2 not lobed above,

2and 3 freely articulated ; palpislender ;

elytra metallic, violaceous or green

[ ? Tanaops, Lec.].

c1. Basal joint of anterior tarsi (¢ 9) short,

3 thickened in g; elytra conspicu-

ously nigro-setose. . . . . coelestinus, Gorh.

d@'. Basal joint of anterior fara (fg 2)

longer, 3 not thickened in g; elytral

vestiture finer SEE ee eLLCamtuise bic:

1. Attalus nitidiceps, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 8, 3.)

Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; black, the clypeus and

mandibles, the anterior portion of the head in 3 (leaving the posterior

limit of the pallid coloration sharply tridentate), the sides of the

front in both sexes, the basal joints of the antennae in part, the pro-

thorax (except a broad median vitta or oblong patch on the disc),

the coxae and trochanters, and the base of the femora and of the

anterior tarsi and the anterior tibiae in part in g, testaceous, the

head aeneous, the elytra violaceous, the tarsi and tibiae piceous;

finely pubescent and also set with scattered erect hairs. Head

longer than broad, narrow in 9, the exposed post-ocular portion

as long as the eyes, polished, very sparsely, minutely punctulate,

the front broadly excavate and shallowly bifoveate; antennae

moderately long, shorter in 9, rather slender. Prothorax as long

as broad, narrow, very sparsely, minutely punctulate. Elytra long,

much broader than the prothorax, widened to the apex, the latter

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) E

50 Mr. G. ©. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

bluntly rounded in 2 and obliquely subtruncate in 3; closely, finely

punctate. Legs long and slender.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, nearly reaching the apex of 3, fringed with closely packed

minute black setae at the tip beneath.

Length (excl. head) 2}-3 mm. (3 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit. : $9), ‘ Temisco ”’

[2 Temascala in Puebla] (Mus. Oxon. : ).

One male and three females. Near A. connexus, but

with the exposed basal portion of the head less developed,

a narrower prothorax, wholly violaceous elytra, and more

slender darker legs; the head and femora are differently

coloured in the two sexes. The head in this species and

A. connexus is elongated much as in the N.-American genus

Tanaops; but the antennae in the latter are inserted much

nearer the eyes and at a considerable distance from the

anterior margin of the head. The specimen from ‘‘ Temisco”

in the Hope Museum at Oxford is a small female with the

head a little less developed than in the types.

2. Attalus connexus, n. sp. (Plate II, figs. 9, 9a, 3.)

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; black, the

clypeus, the sides of the head in front, the antennal joints 1-5

externally, the prothorax (an oval spot on the dise excepted),

the elytra with the outer limb, apex, and a common, transverse,

angulate, interrupted, median fascia, the latter extending down the

suture to the tip (enclosing a large, oval, subapical metallic patch

on the disc), the trochanters in part, the tibiae, tarsi, and abdomen

testaceous or flavo-testaceous, the rest of the elytra bluish-green ;

sparsely clothed with short cinereous pubescence intermixed with

longer, erect hairs. Head elongate (the post-ocular portion greatly

developed, the eyes thus being distant from the prothorax), polished,

very sparsely and minutely, the base densely, punctulate, the front

slightly hollowed between the eyes; antennae moderately long.

Prothorax about as long as broad, convex, minutely punctulate.

Elytra long, wider than the prothorax at the base, much widened

posteriorly, abruptly declivous at the apex, the apices separately

rounded, closely, finely punctate. Legs rather stout, the posterior

tibiae feebly curved.

$. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

narrow, reaching the apex of 3.

Length (excl. head) 24-3 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

oii i i ee

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 51

Two males. Recognisable by the prolonged post-ocular

portion of the head, the rather stout legs, the testaceous

tibiae and tarsi, and the arrangement of the bluish-green

elytral markings, the very large, oval, subapical spot being

connected with the common basal fascia by a narrow line

on the disc. This species belongs to Horn’s first section

of the genus and must come near A. oregonensis. The

head is polished and almost smooth between the eyes.

3. Altalus ovaticeps, n. sp. (Plate IT, fig. 10, 9.)

9. Moderately elongate, slender, widened posteriorly, shining ;

black, the anterior half of the head, the basal joints of the antennae

(the upper side of joint 1 excepted), the prothorax (a narrow elongate

streak on the disc excepted), anterior trochanters, knees, and tibiae

and tarsi in part, rufescent or testaceous; the elytra with a common

basal fascia and a very large oval patch on the dise (occupying about

half the length of each elytron and extending outwards to the lateral

margin), these markings subcoalescent at the middle, bluish-green,

and the rest of their surface flavo-testaceous; finely pubescent.

Head greatly developed behind the eyes, subovate, minutely punctu-

late, bi-impressed in front, the eyes not prominent ; antennae short,

slender, joints 5-10 not much longer than broad. Prothorax

transverse, convex, broader than the head, much rounded at the

sides; polished, very sparsely, obsoletely punctulate. Elytra a

little broader than the prothorax, gradually widened posteriorly,

leaving the last two abdominal segments exposed; transversely

rugulose and finely punctate. Legs very slender; posterior tibiae

almost straight.

Length (excl. head) 2,4; mm.

Hab. Mexico, La Noria in Sinaloa (Hége).

One female. This insect has the elytra coloured as in

A. connexus (except that the large oval patch is extended

to the outer margin); from which it differs in its less elon-

gate, subovate head, the more rounded sides of the pro-

thorax, the slender legs and antennae, the slender build,

and the much smaller size.

4. Alttalus gorhami, n. n.

Attalus sericans, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii,

2, p. 118 (nee Erichson).

Hab. GuATEMALA, Vera Paz.

The unique type of this peculiar species is a female.

It has the general facies of a Dasytes, and may be known

52 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Meaican

by its greenish-aeneous colour, and the dense, cinereous

pubescence intermixed with very long, erect bristly hairs,

these latter extending to the legs also; the head (incorrectly

described as subrostrate) is much prolonged behind the

eyes; the elytra are so densely punctate as to appear dull

and scabrous, the numerous setigerous impressions giving

a speckled appearance to the surface. Anthocomus sericans,

Kr. (1840), is an Altalus, and the specific name used by

Gorham is therefore preoccupied.

5. Altalus nigritulus.

Altalus nigritulus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii,

2 120.

a> p. C)

Moderately elongate, narrow (3), broader and more widened

posteriorly in 9, shining; black, the elytra usually with a faint

brassy or greenish lustre, the basal joints of the antennae externally,

and the two basal joints of the anterior tarsi in 3, testaceous, the

legs piceous; sparsely pubescent, the elytra with intermixed, erect,

longer hairs, similar to those on the exposed portion of the abdomen.

Head reflexed in repose, considerably produced behind the eyes,

broader in ¢ than in 9, polished, very sparsely, obsoletely punctate,

the inter-ocular portion flattened or depressed; eyes large. Pro-

thorax narrower than the elytra, not much broader than long,

convex, polished, almost smooth. Elytra moderately long, much

wider than the prothorax, rugulose, closely, finely punctate.

Legs long and slender; posterior tibiae bowed in both sexes.

6. Antennae elongate, distinctly serrate; anterior tarsi with

the prolonged upper portion of joint 2 reaching the apex of 3.

9. Antennae more slender, much shorter, the outer joints a little

longer than broad, 11 more elongate.

Length 2-24mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé, Hége), Jalapa, San Juan

Bautista (Hége), Teapa (H. H. Smith).

Not uncommon in Mexico. Gorham’s description was

made from dirty female examples. The male is very like a

Dasytes. In one specimen of this sex the apices of the elytra

are compressed and subacuminate, but this is partly due

to shrinkage after death. The elytra vary a little in length,

and the head in one of the females named by Gorham is

much elongated, as seen detached from the prothorax.

The longer head separates A. nigritulus from various allied

forms.

aa eae Si ee eee OO

and Central American Malachiudae and Melyridae. 53

6. Attalus malachioides, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, shining; aeneous, the mouth-parts, the

anterior margin of the head to between the eyes on each side, a

small spot on the epistoma, the hind angles of the prothorax narrowly,

the coxae, trochanters, and legs (a streak along the upper edge of

the femora and the apices of the tibiae and tarsi excepted), and

sometimes the outer limb and apex of the elytra also, testaceous

or flavous; finely pubescent, with intermixed longer bristly hairs.

Head considerably elongated behind the eyes, including the latter

as wide as the prothorax, polished, excessively minutely punctulate,

bifoveate in front, the eyes large; antennae long, feebly serrate,

joints 3 and 4 subequal in length, 5-11 more elongate. Prothorax

slightly broader than long, moderately rounded at the sides, polished,

obsoletely punctulate. Elytra long, subparallel, a little wider than

the prothorax; densely, very minutely punctate. Posterior tibiae

bowed.

Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2 reaching

the apex of 3.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Hége).

Two males, one of which has the outer limb and apex

of the elytra flavous. The insect is not very closely

allied to any of the other species enumerated in the present

paper. It has the head basally elongated and the elytra

subparallel much as in the same sex of A. mgritulus, Gorh.

The metallic aeneous colour, the polished head, with

sharply defined flavous anterior margin, the rather long,

polished prothorax, the very densely sculptured elytra,

and the pallid legs are characteristic.

7. Altalus plagiatus.

Anthocomus plagiatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111,

2, p. 115.

g. Anterior tarsi with joints 1 and 2 testaceous, 2 prolonged

above into a stout lobe which reaches the apex of 3.

Hab. GuatEMALA, Calderas, on the slope of the Volcan

de Fuego.

Gorham described the female only of this species, although

he had specimens of both sexes before him. A. plagiatus

has the facies of a Malachius, owing to its long, opaque

elytra, which are subparallel in the male. The head is

54 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

black to the anterior margin in both sexes, but the sides of

the front are testaceous. The discoidal black patch on the

prothorax is sometimes so extended as to leave only the

hind angles narrowly bordered with testaceous. The upper

surface and tibiae are set with very long bristly hairs.

8. Attalus opacipennis, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, opaque, the head shining; black, the labrum and

mandibles, the base of the palpi, the two basal joints of the antennae

externally, the margins of the prothorax posteriorly, the anterior

coxae, trochanters, and femora, the intermediate coxae, and the

lower edge of the intermediate femora, testaceous; clothed with

fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with long, erect, dark, bristly

hairs. Head broader than long, minutely punctulate, shallowly

bifoveate in front; antennae long, slender. Prothorax a little

broader than long, about as wide as the head with the eyes; densely

alutaceous and minutely punctate. Elytra long, subparallel,

a little wider than the prothorax; densely alutaceous. Legs

elongate, slender.

Length nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

One female. Near the Guatemalan A. plagiatus (Gorh.),

but much smaller, the prothorax densely alutaceous and

opaque, the head only shining.

9. Attalus byssinus.

Anthocomus byssinus, Er., Entomographien, p. 109; Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 115.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Berol.).

Gorham was unable to identify A. byssinus amongst

the Mexican material he had for examination. He placed

it provisionally near A. plagiatus, but it has no relationship

with that insect, coming near the species here described -

under the name A. crua-nigra. A co-type (2) of Erichson

is now before me. It has the head black, densely punctu-

late, and broadly excavate in front; the antennae long,

comparatively stout, the two basal joints testaceo-maculate ;

the prothorax rather broadly and abruptly testaceous at

the base, for the rest black; the elytra moderately long,

subparallel, wider than the prothorax, not nearly covering

the abdomen, shining, violaceous (a narrow testaceous

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 55

space at the sides below the base excepted), densely punc-

tulate; the femora obscure testaceous at the base; the

upper surface closely cinereo-pubescent, the elytra also

thickly set with intermixed erect, black, bristly hairs.

10. Attalus aeneopicipennis.

Anthocomus aeneopicvpennis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 117.

¢. Antennae long, feebly serrate, joints 1-4 testaceous, the

others slightly infuscate; anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper

portion of joint 2 reaching the apex of 3; legs very elongate.

g. Antennae much shorter, joints 5-11 black; elytra more

widened towards the apex; legs more slender and less elongate.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa.

There is a pair of this species in the “ Biologia” collection.

Kasily recognisable by its pallid head, prothorax, and under

surface and the golden-green elytra, the upper surface

shining, the basal portion of the femora to a greater or

less extent testaceous and the rest of the legs infuscate or

black. The specimen marked “type,” a 3, was in very

dirty condition. The antennae differ greatly in length

and colour in the two sexes.

11. Attalus hepburnius.

Anthocomus hepburnius, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

Mio, pi oli.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua.

The unique type of this insect is a female, and, as the

author states, it is recognisable by the tuberculiform

prominence on the epistoma. The head is blackish, the

elytra nigro-cyaneous, and the prothorax rufous, with an

oblong black streak on the disc in front. The surface is

rather dull, the puncturing excessively minute and close.

A. hepburnius is perhaps related to A. mexicanus, but as

the male of the former is unknown the species can be left

here for the present.

12. Attalus crux-nigra, n. sp.

Anthocomus discimacula, var.?, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ili, 2, p. 116.

. Rather elongate, the head and prothorax shining, the elytra

duller; black, the basal joints of the antennae externally, the pro-

56 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

thorax with the anterior margin (except along the median third)

and an angular patch on each side at the base (these markings con-

nected laterally, leaving a large black cruciform patch), and the

anterior femora (except along their upper edge), coxae, and tro-

chanters, testaceous, the elytra nigro-caeruleous; finely pubescent

and also set with intermixed longer, semi-erect hairs. Head short,

broad, minutely punctulate, bi-impressed in front; antennae

moderately long, feebly serrate, joints 3-11 much longer than broad.

Prothorax convex, small, broader than long, polished, minutely

punctulate. Elytra moderately long, much broader than the pro-

thorax, widened posteriorly; rugulose and densely punctate.

Legs slender; posterior tibiae curved.

Var.(?) The black markings on the prothorax reduced to a

median vitta. 9.

Length 2} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa.

Gorham treated this insect as a variety of his A. discima-

cula (a species here transferred to the genus Micromametes),

from the female of which (a broken specimen from Guana-

juato) it may be identified by its larger size, the much

longer, simple antennae, the sharply-defined cruciform

black patch on the prothorax, and the broader and more

distinctly punctate elytra. A. cruz-nigra comes near A.

hepburnmius, differing from that species in its smaller and

more polished prothorax, flattened epistoma, etc. The

broader head, the more transverse prothorax, the duller,

less metallic elytra, etc., separate A. crua-nigra from A.

coelestinus. The description of the present species is

taken from a female from Jalapa, and there is another

example of the same sex from Cordova (now without a

head), also sent by Hége, which probably belongs to A.

crua-nigra, differing from the other in having the black

patch on the prothorax less extended in the middle pos-

teriorly. The var.?, from the Sommer collection, in the

Oxford Museum, from “ Mexico,” may also belong to

the same species.

13. Aitalus forticornis, n. sp. (Plate II, figs. 11, lla, 3.)

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; black, the

clypeus, the basal three or four joints of the antennae externally,

the two basal joints of the anterior tarsi in ¢, the prothorax, a

common transverse median fascia on the elytra (extending some

distance up and down the suture, and along the outer margin to

a cee ieee «

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 57

beneath the humeri), the anterior coxae, the trochanters in part,

the mesosternum and side-pieces and abdomen rufo-testaceous or

testaceous, the rest of the elytra violaceous, the tarsi piceous;

sparsely clothed with fine cinereous pubescence intermixed with

numerous long erect hairs. Head transverse, minutely punctulate,

the front broadly excavate in both sexes; antennae rather stout,

very elongate and distinctly serrate in ¢ (reaching to the middle of

the elytra when the head is extended), much shorter in 2. Prothorax

convex, a little broader than long, rounded at the apex, very sparsely

and minutely punctulate. Elytra oblong, widened posteriorly,

broader than the prothorax at the base; closely, minutely punctate.

Legs comparatively long and stout.

¢. Anterior tarsi (fig. lla) with the elongate upper portion of

joint 2 reaching the apex of 3, rather narrow, and curved inwards

towards the tip, joint 3 (seen from the side) longer than 1.

Length 44-5mm. (4 2.)

Hab. Mexico, Hacienda de la Imagen and Acaguizotla

in Guerrero, 3,500-4,000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Two males and one female of this remarkable Malachiid

were captured by Mr. Smith. The very elongate, compara-

tively stout antennae of the male is suggestive of the

Galerucid-genus Diabrotica, while the female might be

passed over for a Collops near C. 4-maculatus. The apical

joint of the maxillary palpi is slender, and acuminate at

the tip.

14. Attalus maculosus.

Anthocomus maculosus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

inl; 2;:p: 4.15, t..7, figs e( ds).

6. Anterior tarsi with joints 1 and 2 testaceous, the prolonged

upper portion of joint 2 stout, reaching the apex of 3; anterior and

intermediate femora (except along their upper edge), the base of

the posterior femora, and the coxae and trochanters, testaceous.

Q. Legs black.

Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo and Chiacam in Vera

Paz.

The male of this species has the head and prothorax,

a triangular black patch on each side of the latter towards

the apex excepted, rufo-testaceous, these portions (the

basal edge of the prothorax excepted) being black in the

female. The elytra have each a large patch at the base

and another towards the apex black. In both sexes the

58 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

head is nigro-setose behind the eyes. The colour of the

head and prothorax is probably variable, as in some of

the allied forms. The sexual characters were in part

described by Gorham.

15. Attalus sexguttatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 12, 9.)

Q. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, the elytra

subopaque ; rufo-testaceous, the prothorax with a spot on each side

of the disc, and the elytra with a humeral patch and a subtriangular

mark on the outer part of the disc beyond the middle, black, the

terminal joint of the maxillary palpi, the antennal joints 4-11, the

tibiae (except at the base) and tarsi, and the upper edges of the

femora, infuscate or black; finely pubescent, and also set with

scattered, long, pallid, semi-erect, bristly hairs. Head transverse,

closely, very minutely punctate, the eyes prominent; antennae

rather slender, comparatively short. Prothorax small, transverse,

closely, very minutely punctate. Elytra moderately long, broader

than the prothorax, much widened posteriorly, flattened on the disc

anteriorly, the humeri tumid; rugulose, and densely, very minutely

punctate. Legs long and slender.

Length 3 mm.

Hab. Panama, Tolé (Champion).

One example, found in January, 1883. This species

approaches one of the forms of the variable of A. rufipennis

(Gorh.), except that the elytra have an additional subapical

spot; the puncturing, however, of the whole of the upper

surface is finer and denser, the prothorax is smaller, and the

eyes are more prominent. A. maculosus has a much larger

head and prothorax, ete.

16. Attalus pusillus.

Anthocomus pusillus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 116, t. 6, fig. 24.

The two specimens from Cordova referred to this species

by Gorham are females. The one treated as a variety

(immature) is more shining than the selected type, and has

the basal half of the head black, the black markings on

the elytra more extended (those at the base forming a

common fascia), and the puncturing of the elytral surface

sparser. There is no difference in size, both measuring

about 24 mm. in length.

> oe eee

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 59

17. Attalus teapanus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; black, the labrum and

clypeus, the anterior margin of the head and a minute spot between

the eyes, the bases of the mandibles and palpi, the prothorax

(an incomplete median vitta and an indeterminate patch on each

side of it anteriorly excepted), and the ventral surface in part,

rufo-testaceous, the elytra violaceous, with the outer margin from

about the middle and the apex flavo-testaceous; sparsely pubescent

without intermixed longer hairs. Head short, minutely punctate,

the eyes large; antennae moderately long, rather stout, serrate.

Prothorax ample, strongly transverse, convex, minutely punctulate.

Elytra subparallel, comparatively short, not covering the long

abdomen, very little wider than the prothorax ; rugulose, and closely

finely punctate.

6. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

nearly reaching the apex of 3; elytra compressed and acuminate

at the apex.

Length (excl. abdom.) 2mm. (<.)

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

One male. This species agrees with A. tabogensis,

Gorh., in having the abdomen extending far beyond the

elytra, but differs totally in colour, and in the longer and

stouter antennae, etc. The apices of the elytra of the male

are formed very much as in the same sex of the two species

here referred to Anthocomus, but it is possible that this

is in part due to shrinkage after death. The last dorsal

segment of the abdomen is unimpressed.

18. Attalus rufipenms.

Anthocomus basalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu,

2, p. 116 (part.) (nec Erichson ; nec Leconte).

Anthocomus rufipennis, Gorh., loc. cit. t. 6, fig. 25.

¢g. Anterior tarsi with joints 1 and 2 testaceous, the prolonged

upper portion of 2 stout and reaching the apex of 3.

9. Posterior tibiae simple.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz and Tabasco; GUATEMALA,

generally distributed, and apparently common in Baja Vera

Paz (San Geronimo).

The insect figured by Gorham under the name A. rufi-

pennis, and identified by him as A. basalis, Er., in the

text, is not the A. basalis of Erichson, which has the elytra

60 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

plicate and sharply carinate laterally, there being no trace

of plica or carina in A. rufipennis. His var. B (red, with

black shoulder-spot) of A. rufipennis, three females of

which are before me, is from Vera Cruz. The other forms

were all obtained at San Gerénimo. The examples quoted

by him from Zapote, Mirandilla, and Chontales belong to

other species. A co-type (3) of Erichson’s A. basalis has

been examined by me.*

19. Attalus nigricornis, n. sp.

Anthocomus basalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 116 (part.).

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; black, the

head with the anterior half in 3, or wholly in 9, the prothorax (an

oblong streak on the disc excepted in 3), the basal joints of the

antennae externally, the anterior coxae and trochanters, and the

anterior femora in part and the abdomen in Q, rufo-testaceous ; the

elytra with a common broad basal fascia (extending down the suture

to the middle in ¢) violaceous and for the rest testaceous; finely

pubescent. Head transverse, broad, minutely punctate; antennae

rather short in both sexes. Prothorax transverse, convex, minutely

punctate. Elytra rather short, very little wider than the prothorax

at the base, widened posteriorly, closely, finely punctate.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

nearly reaching the apex of 3.

Q. Posterior tibiae strongly curved.

Length 2-2mm. (<4 9.)

Hab. British Honpuras, Belize (Blancaneaux: 63);

GUATEMALA, Zapote (Champion: Q).

Two specimens, the female much larger than the male,

and with the head and prothorax wholly rufo-testaceous.

More shining than A. rufipennis, the basal fascia of the

elytra violaceous (instead of black), the prothorax relatively

broader (at least in Q), the puncturing of the elytra less

dense and not so fine. The colour is doubtless equally

variable. The metallic base of the elytra and the simply

curved posterior tibiae of the female separate A. negricornis

from A. varicus.

* The N.-American A. basalis, Lec., requires a new name:

leconter is here substituted for it.

EC ase

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 61

20. Attalus scabripennis, n. sp.

Anthocomus, n. sp., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in,

2, p. 318.

Q. Moderately elongate, the head and prothorax shining, the

elytra opaque; black, the sides of the head before the eyes, the basal

joints of the antennae externally, the base of the prothorax rather

broadly, the mesosternum, and trochanters rufo-testaceous; the

elytra fusco-violaceous, with a sutural stripe—starting from a little

below the base, widened anteriorly, and at the apex dilated into a

broad patch,—and the outer limb narrowly, testaceous; finely

cinereo-pubescent. Head transverse, closely, very minutely punc-

tulate, the eyes not very prominent; antennae short, joints 7-10

transverse. Prothorax convex, broader than long, much rounded

at the sides, closely, very minutely punctulate. Elytra broader than

the prothorax, much widened posteriorly, rugulose and densely,

very finely punctate. Legs comparatively short and rather stout.

Length 2? mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Tocoy in Baja Vera Paz (Champion).

One specimen, found in November, 1879. Recognisable

by the opaque, very densely punctate, peculiarly marked

elytra, the broadly rufescent base of the prothorax, the

short antennae, and the rather stout legs. Gorham com-

pares this insect with Altalus verberatus, from Panama,

which has somewhat similarly coloured elytra, at least in

the form (¢$) selected by him as the type.

21. Attalus verberatus.

Attalus verberatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 318.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, about reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca.

Gorham described the two sexes of this species. The

elytra are somewhat variable in colour, the narrow ante-

median fascia being reduced to a small lateral patch in

the male. The antennae are rather elongate in both sexes.

22. Attalus albomarginatus, n. sp.

Rather short, shining; black, the four basal joints of the antennae,

the front of the head (the pallid space extending angularly upwards

62 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

in the middle behind), the prothorax (a lanciform mark on the disc

excepted), the apical portion of the abdomen, the apices of the femora,

the tibiae, and the tarsi to near the tip, testaceous or pale testaceous ;

the elytra fusco-violaceous, with the outer margin, apex, and the

suture from a little below the base, whitish ; finely pubescent. Head

large, broad, densely, minutely punctate, shallowly foveate between

the eyes; antennae long, feebly serrate. Prothorax transverse,

closely, minutely punctate. Elytra comparatively short, wider than

the prothorax; densely, finely, distinctly punctate.

6. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, about reaching the apex of 3.

Length 2mm. (<.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqu, in Mus. Brit.).

One male. In this minute species the elytra are fusco-

violaceous, with the suture (to near the base), outer margin,

and apex whitish, the dorsal stripe being shghtly sinuate

externally; the femora are black, with the apices abruptly

testaceous and coloured like the tibiae; and the antennae

are rather elongate. The elytra are somewhat distorted

in drying, but the sculpture and markings are clearly

visible.

23. Attalus albolimbatus, n. n.

Attalus limbatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu, 2,

p- 119 (nec Fabricius).

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, nearly reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. GUATEMALA.

The type of this species is a female; the fragmentary

remains of the second specimen mentioned by Gorham

include the anterior tarsi, sufficient to indicate the male

sex. A. albolimbatus is a small, narrow form, with the

anterior half of the head, the margins of the prothorax

completely, and the sutural, outer, and apical margins of

the elytra, whitish or pale testaceous, the rest of the head

and prothorax being black and that of the elytra aeneo-

piceous; the body beneath and the legs (the tarsi and apices

of the tibiae excepted) are testaceous; and the elytra

and the tip of the abdomen are strongly nigro-setose.

The last-mentioned character separates the present species

from the northern A. cinctus, Lec. The specific name

limbatus is preoccupied and a new one is therefore required.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 63

24. Attalus cinctus.

Anthocomus cinctus, Lec., Proc. Ac. Phil. 1852, p. 166.

Attalus cinctus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv, p. 126, and

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) iv, p. 329; Gorh., Biol.

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, p. 318.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. SourHern Unitep States; Lower CALIFORNIA ;

N. Mexico, Sonora.

This small species has the basal margin of the prothorax,

and the sutural, apical, and lateral margins of the elytra

(the sutural margin more broadly so towards the middle),

flavo-testaceous, the front of the head in the male similarly

coloured in the middle and at the sides, and the rest

of the upper surface black. The head is very broad in

the male, a little narrower in the female. The pubescence

is fine.

25. Attalus viridivittatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 13, 3.)

Moderately elongate, shining; black, the front of the head (the

pallid coloration extending triangularly upwards in the middle to

between the eyes), the basal joints of the antennae, the prothorax

(an elongate triangular patch on the anterior portion of the disc

excepted), and legs (the base of the anterior femora excepted) rufo-

testaceous; the elytra each with a very broad, mesially constricted,

green stripe extending down the disc to near the apex, these markings

coalescent at the base, the suture, outer margins and apex rufo-

testaceous; sparsely pubescent, and also set with intermixed long

semi-erect hairs. Head short, broad, closely, minutely punctate,

foveate between the eyes, and feebly bi-impressed in front; antennae

long, serrate, joints 4-10 longer than broad, 11 elongate. Prothorax

ample, broader than long, closely, minutely punctate. Elytra

broader than the prothorax, widened posteriorly ; rugulose, closely,

finely punctate.

6. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

about reaching the apex of 3.

Length 1,, mm. (<.)

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero, 4,600 ft. (H. H.

Smith).

One male only of this handsome little insect was captured.

It approaches A. cinctus, Lec., and bears a considerable

64 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

resemblance to the Palaearctic Colotes trinotatus, Kr. The

N.-American A. rufiventris, Horn, again, is not unlike the

present species, except that it is very much larger.

26. Altalus tabogensis.

Attalus tabogensis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 319.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

about reaching the apex of 3; last dorsal segment of the abdomen

with a very deep fovea extending down the apical half.

9. Last dorsal segment arcuate-emarginate in the middle at the

tip.

Hab. Panama, Taboga Island.

This species is alhed to A. albolimbatus (= limbatus,

Gorh.), differing from it in the shorter, opaque elytra

(leaving two or three segments of the abdomen exposed),

the non-metallic dorsal vitta of the latter, and the peculiar

g-characters. The elytra and the exposed dorsal surface

of the abdomen are conspicuously nigro-setose. The

colour of the head and prothorax is variable. The antennae

are short in both sexes. A female from the same locality,

evidently belonging to A. tabogensis, has the prothoracic

margins only pale, and the elytra more elongate, with the

dorsal stripe (which is narrowed or evanescent anteriorly

in the types) broad throughout, and extending inward

to the suture at the base.

27. Attalus scutellaris.

Attalus scutellaris, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in,

2, p. 119.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. Mexico; GUATEMALA.

Represented in the “ Biologia” collection by a pair

from Guatemala and a female from Mexico. Very lke

A. anthobioides, but with a large, aeneo-piceous, elongate-

triangular, common scutellar patch reaching to beyond

the middle of the elytra; the prothorax less transverse,

and with the dark portion brassy (the anterior margin

testaceous in $); the elytra more shining, and densely,

minutely punctate. A. scutellaris is related to the N.-

American A. scincetus, Lec.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 65

28. Attalus anthobioirdes.

Altalus anthobioides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

Hie aes Uke

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, reaching the apex of 3; antennal joints 4-10 about as broad

as long.

Hab. GUATEMALA.

A small form, with the front of the head broadly, the

antennae, the margins of the prothorax, the elytra, and

legs testaceous; the head and prothorax transverse,

shining; the elytra dull, feebly punctate; the upper

surface set with bristly, dark, scattered hairs; the antennae

short. Four females and two males seen.

29. Altalus subfasciatus.

Attalus subfasciatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

li, 2, p. 320, t. 13. fig. 2 (nec Fall, 1897 *).

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora.

The five specimens seen of this species are all of the

female sex. A small, rather convex, very shining form;

nigro-piceous in colour, with the basal margin of the

prothorax, and a common, interrupted, outwardly-dilated,

ante-median fascia on the elytra, testaceous; the femora

and posterior tibiae more or less infuscate and the rest of

the legs testaceous; the pubescence (? abraded) only just

traceable.

30. Altalus megalops, nu. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; black, the mouth-parts,

the reflexed basal and outer margins of the prothorax, a large

triangular patch on the outer half of the elytra before the middle,

and the apex of the latter, the under surface of the head and pro-

thorax, the abdomen in part, and the trochanters and _ legs,

testaceous, the antennae infuscate, with joints 1-5 more or less

testaceous; sparsely, finely pubescent, with intermixed longer

hairs. Head short, including the very large eyes broader than

the prothorax, sparsely, minutely punctulate; antennae slender,

moderately long. Prothorax large, transverse, convex, minutely

punctulate. Elytra rather elongate, scarcely broader than the

* The name falli is here substituted for the Californian A.

subfasciatus, Fall (Canad. Entom. xxix, p. 243).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) F

66 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

prothorax at the base, widened towards the apex; closely, very

finely punctate.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

rather stout, reaching the apex of 3.

Length 2} mm. (<d.)

Hab. Panama, San Lorenzo (Champion).

One’ male (somewhat immature), captured in January,

1883. Recognisable by its very broad, short head, large,

prominent eyes, ample prothorax, interruptedly flavo-fas-

ciate elytra (the triangular lateral patch extending inwards

to near the suture), and shining surface. A. megalops has

the elytra marked much as in A. subfasciatus, Gorh., from

Sonora, differing from that insect in its less convex form,

broad head and prothorax, more elongate elytra, longer

limbs, ete.

31. Attalus debilicornis, n. sp.

Comparatively short, widened posteriorly, shining, the elytra

somewhat opalescent; nigro-piceous, the mouth-parts, antennae,

front of the head (the pallid coloration limited behind by the an-

teriorly bidentate dark portion), the basal margin of the prothorax,

a common, post-basal, transverse fascia on the elytra (extending

forwards at the sides to beneath the humeri), the apices of the

latter, and the trochanters and legs, pale testaceous; sparsely

pubescent, and also set with a few dark bristly hairs. Head short,

broad, polished, very minutely punctulate, shallowly bifoveate ;

antennae short, slender, joints 4-10 about as broad as long. Pro-

thorax strongly transverse, minutely punctulate. Elytra very

little wider than the prothorax at the base, much widened posteriorly,

minutely punctate.

¢g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

stout, nearly reaching the apex of 3.

Length 1} mm. (4¢.)

Hab. GuatEMAtaA, Capetillo (Champion).

One male. Closely related to A. anthobioides, Gorh.,

differing from it in the bifasciate elytra, and the shorter,

more feebly developed antennae.

32. Attalus sapphirinus.

Anthocomus sapphirinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 117.

Hab. Mexico.

ee Wt ee

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 67

The six examples seen of this species are all females.

It may be known by its shining head and prothorax, and

rather dull, opalescent, obsoletely punctate, purplish

elytra. The head has at least the anterior half testaceous,

the black portion being sometimes reduced to a transverse

space on the vertex; the prothorax is small and transverse,

in some specimens almost wholly black, in others red; the

elytra are much widened posteriorly; the pubescence is

sparse, and the elytra, as usual, are set with longer, inter-

mixed, semierect hairs; the posterior tibiae (Q) are strongly

curved, and the posterior femora are infuscate.

33. Attalus glaucus, n. sp.

2. Moderately elongate, rather narrow, shining, the elytra sub-

opaque; testaceous, the prothorax with a broad median vitta

(nearly reaching the base), and the under surface in part (that of

the prothorax excepted), black; the elytra with the outer limb to

beyond the middle, and the apices narrowly, flavo-testaceous, for

the rest dark purplish-brown, appearing opalescent or glaucous in

certain lights; the middle and hind tarsi and the apices of the

antennae more or less infuscate; finely pubescent, with intermixed

longer, semierect hairs. Head broad, short, closely, minutely

punctulate; antennae short. Prothorax very convex, ample,

transverse, closely, minutely punctulate. Elytra moderately long

a little widened posteriorly, very little broader than the prothorax

at the base, densely, minutely punctulate. Legs long and rather

slender.

Length 2; mm.

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Yzabal (Sallé).

One female. Near A. opalinus, Gorh., from Chiriqui,

differing from that insect in its broader head, more ample,

nigro-vittate prothorax, and duller elytra, the apices of

which are yellow. The present species is not unlike the

Kuropean A. amictus, Er.

34. Attalus opalinus.

Anthocomus opalinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am,, Coleopt.

ii, 2, p. 317.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui.

The type of this species also is a female. It is very like

the Mexican A. sapphirinus, but is readily separable by the

more elongate elytra; the sides of the latter, and the base

68 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

of the prothorax, are sharply margined with pale testaceous ;

and the legs are more elongate, the posterior tibiae much

straighter.

35. Attalus laeviusculus, u. sp.

6g. Rather short, shining; black, the basal five joints of the

antennae, the bases of the tibiae and tarsi, and the anterior femora,

more or less testaceous; finely, sparsely pubescent. Head short,

broad, very sparsely, obsoletely punctate; antennae rather short,

distinctly serrate, joints 6-10 about as broad as long. Prothorax

convex, transverse, obsoletely punctate. Elytra a little wider

than the prothorax at the base, dilated posteriorly, somewhat

rugulose and obsoletely punctate. Anterior tarsi with the pro-

longed upper portion of joint 2 about reaching the apex of 3.

Posterior tibiae bowed.

Length 2 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

One male. Distinguishable amongst its allies by the

shining, comparatively smooth, black upper surface, con-

vex prothorax and partly dark legs. The antennae ()

are much shorter than in the same sex of A. nigroaeneus,

A. mgritulus, etc.

36. Altalus sulcifrons, un. sp.

9. Narrow, moderately elongate, inflated posteriorly, very

shining; black, with a faint brassy lustre, the labrum, and the

basal joints of the antennae in part, obscure ferruginous, the legs

wholly piceous; finely pubescent, with intermixed long, suberect

hairs. Head short, broad, obsoletely punctulate, canaliculate on

the vertex and feebly bifoveate in front, the eyes very prominent;

antennae short, joints 6-10 transverse. Prothorax transverse,

not very convex, feebly rounded at the sides, polished, obsoletely

punctulate. Elytra wider than the prothorax, moderately long,

rugulose, sparsely punctulate. Legs very slender; posterior

femora strongly bowed.

Length 25 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Hége).

One specimen. Hxtremely like A. mgritulus, Gorh. (9),

with which it was first confused by me, but separable

from that species by the much shorter head (as seen

detached from the prothorax), the canaliculate vertex,

the shorter antennae, joints 6-10 of which are transverse,

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 69

the shorter prothorax, and the smoother elytra. The

uniformly dark legs, the differently formed antennae, the

sulcate vertex, the longer, subaeneous elytra, and the less

convex prothorax distinguish A. sulcifrons from A. laevius-

culus; and the dark legs, smoother surface, etc., from

A. ngroaeneus, Gorh.

37. Attalus atratus, n. sp.

9. Narrow, moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly,

shining; black with a faint brassy lustre, the basal joints of the

antennae obscure testaceous externally, the legs piceous; finely

pubescent, with a few intermixed longer hairs. Head short,

obsoletely punctulate, feebly bifoveate in front, the eyes (as seen

from above) rather small and not prominent, the post-ocular space

very short; antennae rather short, joints 4-10 slightly longer than

broad. Prothorax transverse, convex, rounded at the sides,

faintly punctulate. Elytra a little wider than the prothorax,

moderately long, closely, distinctly punctate. Posterior tibiae

feebly curved.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

Two females. This insect agrees with A. sulcifrons (Q)

in colour, and in having a short head; but the eyes are less

prominent, the prothorax is more convex, the elytra are

less inflated posteriorly and closely, distinctly punctate,

and the posterior tibiae are much straighter. The short

head, smaller eyes, straighter hind tibiae, etc., distinguish

A. atratus from A. nigritulus (Q).

38. Attalus caraboides.

Attalus caraboides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2 Pp. 120.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

about reaching the apex of 3; anterior and intermediate trochanters

each produced into a sharp tooth, the tooth on the intermediate

pair long and curved, that of the posterior pair drawn out into a

long spoon-shaped process.

Hab. GuATEMALA, Panajachel, on the Lake of Atitlan.

The five specimens seen are all males. A shining aeneous

form, with the legs (the posterior femora and the apical

joint of each tarsus excepted), the mouth-parts, and the

antennae in great part or entirely, testaceous.

70 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

39. Attalus nigroaeneus.

Anthocomus nigroaeneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

tee, p, LL7-

g. Antennae elongate, feebly serrate, joints 3-11 longer than

broad; anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

slender, about reaching the apex of 3.

9. Antennae much shorter, joints 4-10 about as broad as long;

posterior tibiae slightly produced at the inner apical angle.

Hab. GUATEMALA.

A small, shining, nigro-aeneous form, thickly clothed

with long erect hairs intermixed with the fine pubescence ;

the legs variable in colour, but with at least the posterior

femora infuscate; the elytra much widened posteriorly

in both sexes. The single male included in the series of

five examples before me has the antennae very much more

elongate than in the females.

40. Attalus laevifrons, un. sp.

Q. Comparatively short, much widened posteriorly, shining;

nigro-aeneous, the elytra with a greenish lustre, the antennae fusco-

testaceous, the clypeus, the points of insertion of the antennae,

the legs (the tips of the tarsi excepted), and trochanters testaceous ;

finely pubescent and also set with long, erect, intermixed, bristly

hairs. Head polished, sparsely, excessively minutely punctate,

obsoletely foveate on the vertex, unimpressed in front; antennae

very short, joints 8-10 subtransverse. Prothorax small, trans-

verse, sparsely, excessively minutely punctate. Elytra com-

paratively short, broader than the prothorax, much widened

posteriorly; closely, finely punctate. Legs slender; posterior

tibiae slightly produced at the inner apical angle.

Length 2 mm.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca (Champion).

One female, found in January, 1883. Less elongate and

more shining than A. nigroaeneus, the head smoother, the

antennae (9) very short, with the penultimate joints sub-

transverse, the elytra shorter, greenish, and closely, finely

punctate, the legs testaceous.

41. Attalus laticollis.

Anthocomus laticollis, Er., Entomographien, p. 112;

Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 117.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 71

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Berol.), ““ Temisco”’ [? in Puebla]

(Mus. Oxon.).

In the Hope Museum at Oxford there is an Altalus

apparently belonging to this species. It is a minute greenish

insect, clothed with fine whitish pubescence, the elytra

densely, minutely punctate, the prothorax as broad at the

base as the elytra, the legs and antennae (the extreme

base of the latter excepted) infuscate, and agrees thus far

with Erichson’s description.

42. Attalus plumbeus, n. sp.

9. Elongate, depressed, much widened posteriorly, opaque;

nigro-plumbeous, the sides of the head before the eyes, the anterior

coxae, the posterior trochanters, and the abdomen with the sides,

the basal segments down the middle, and the membranous portions,

flavo-testaceous ; the entire upper surface excessively finely scabroso-

punctate, very finely cinereo-pubescent, the post-ocular portions of

the head and the terminal abdominal segments also set with bristly

hairs, the elytra with intermixed scattered longer hairs. Head

rather small, narrower than the prothorax, the eyes large; antennae

feebly serrate, moderately long, joints 3-11 much longer than

broad. Prothorax large, very little broader than long, strongly

rounded at the sides. Elytra broader than the prothorax, rapidly

widened to the broadly rounded apices, not nearly covering the

abdomen. Legs elongate, slender.

Length (excl. abdom.) 3} mm.

Hab. Mexico, Sayula in Jalisco (Hége).

One female. Amongst the Mexican forms this species

is not unlike A. opacipennis, from which it may be recog-

nised by its very opaque, uniformly plumbeous, sericeo-

pubescent upper surface, and the posteriorly dilated elytra.

The surface-sculpture is extremely fine. The last four

abdominal segments are exposed, owing to the gravid

condition of the insect, showing that very little reliance

can be placed on this character. The following is a nearly

allied form.

43. Attalus olwaceus, n. sp.

9. Elongate, subparallel, opaque; greenish-olivaceous, the sides

of the head before the eyes, and the basal joints of the antennae

externally, testaceous, the tibiae and tarsi in part fusco-testaceous ;

the entire upper surface excessively finely scabroso-punctate, and

clothed with fine, sericeous, ashy pubescence, the post-ocular portions

72 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

of the head set with bristly hairs. Head short, broad, about as

wide as the prothorax, transversely depressed in front, the eyes

rather large; antennae comparatively short, feebly serrate, joints

3-11 longer than broad. Prothorax transverse, rather convex,

rounded at the sides, very little narrower at the apex than at the

base. Elytra long, subparallel, slightly wider than the Paes

at the base. Legs elongate, slender.

Length 3} mm.

Hab. Mexico (ex coll. Sommer, in Mus. Oxon.).

One female. More elongate than A. plumbeus, greenish-

olivaceous in colour, the head about.as wide as the pro-

thorax and transversely excavate in front, the antennae

shorter, the prothorax more convex, the elytra longer and

subparallel. A. olivaceus is very lke a Dasytes, and it

might be mistaken for a species of that genus. The male,

unfortunately, of both A. plumbeus and A. olivaceus, is

unknown; but the insects unquestionably belong to the

Malachiides, and they are probably correctly placed in

Attalus.

44, Attalus plicatus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; rufo-tes-

taceous, the elytra with a common basal fascia (excised along

the suture behind) and a transverse subapical patch on the disc,

a broad space across the metasternum beneath, the legs, the apical

joint of the maxillary palpi, and joints 5-11 of the antennae, black,

joints 1-4 of the latter obscure testaceous ; finely pubescent, without

intermixed longer hairs. Head broad, transverse, minutely punc-

tate, obsoletely bifoveate in front; antennae long, stout, moderately

serrate, joints 3-11 longer than broad. Prothorax ample, trans-

verse, convex, very shining, sparsely, excessively minutely punctate.

Elytra moderately long, at the base scarcely wider than the pro-

thorax, much widened posteriorly, somewhat opalescent, trans-

versely depressed below the base and distinctly plicate laterally

from the humeral callus to about the middle; densely, conspicuously

punctate.

6. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged pallid upper portion of

joint 2 reaching the apex of 3.

Length 3mm. (<.)

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero, 4,600 feet

(H. H. Smith).

One male. Near A. rufipennis, differing from all the

forms of that species in the laterally plicate, more coarsely

all

~~ eee

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 73

punctate, subapically maculate elytra, the larger and

smoother prothorax, and the longer antennae. The duller,

densely punctate, non-carinate, subapically maculate

elytra separate A. plicatus from A. basalis, Er., and A.

carinatus, Gorh. It is very probable that the present

species varies in the colour of the head and prothorax.

The apical joint of the maxillary palpi is rather stout, and

obliquely truncate at the tip.

45. Attalus carinatus.

Attalus carinatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 320, t. 13, fig. 4.

¢g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

nearly reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

Extremely like the Colombian A. basalis, Er. (a co-type,

36; of which has been communicated by Prof. H. J. Kolbe

for comparison), but larger, the head and prothorax

broader, smoother, and entirely rufous; the elytra with a

similar very prominent submarginal carina, and a large

black patch at the base, the puncturing a little coarser

and closer; the maxillary palpi stouter. From similarly

coloured A. rufipennis the present species may be known

by its more shining surface, carinate, more strongly

punctured elytra, and stouter palpi. The legs and antennae

vary in colour. ‘Ten specimens seen.

46. Attalus viridimicans, n. sp.

9. Elongate, rather convex, much widened posteriorly; brilliant

golden-green, the mouth-parts, palpi, anterior portion of the head,

antennae (the infuscate six outer joints excepted), trochanters, and

legs (the basal half of the posterior femora excepted), flavo-

testaceous; sparsely, finely pubescent, without intermixed longer

hairs. Head very short, broad, faintly punctulate, the clypeus

very broad, longer than the labrum; antennae slender, joints 3-10

longer than broad, 11 elongate. Prothorax short, convex, strongly

rounded at the sides, hollowed laterally at the base, faintly punctu-

late. Elytra of the same width as the prothorax at the base, at

the apex nearly one-half broader, somewhat rugulose, and finely,

distinctly punctate. Legs long, moderately slender, the posterior

tibiae feebly curved.

Length 3¢ mm.

74 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. Mexico, Soledad in Guerrero, 5,500 feet (H. H.

Smith).

One example. A comparatively large, rather convex,

brilliant golden-green form, with the legs (the base of the

posterior femora excepted), the basal joints of the antennae,

and the front of the head pale testaceous. The pubescence

is fine and sparse, and there are no long intermixed erect

hairs such as are present in A. aeneovirens (Gorh.). The

epistoma is broad and very short; the clypeus is strongly

developed (longer than the labrum); and the maxillary

palpi are stout, with the apical joint oblong-ovate and

subacuminate.

47. Attalus chalceus, un. sp.

9. Narrow, moderately elongate, rather convex, subopaque;

aeneous, the antennae (the infuscate apical joints excepted), bases

of the palpi, anterior trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous, the

femora piceous; finely cinereo-pubescent. Head short, narrower

(with the eyes) than the prothorax, densely, very minutely punctate ;

antennae short, joints 8-10 subtransverse. Prothorax strongly

transverse, as wide as the base of the elytra; densely, excessively

minutely punctate, somewhat shining on the middle of the disc.

Elytra rather long, widened posteriorly, dull, alutaceous, and with

scattered minute punctures. Legs slender.

Length 23 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen. A rather convex, narrow, brassy, sub-

opaque form, with testaceous antennae (the apices

excepted), tibiae, and tarsi. The type is abraded, but a

short fine cinereous pubescence is still present along the

sides of the prothorax and elytra. The clypeus is extremely

short, not so long as the labrum. The maxillary palpi are

stout, acuminate at the tip.

48. Attalus aeneovirens.

Ebaeus aeneovirens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii,

2, p. 121.

6. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

about reaching the apex of 3.

Hab. GuatEMata, Calderas on the slope of the Volcan

de Fuego.

A short, convex, shining, brassy-green form, with the

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 75

elytra inflated posteriorly in both sexes and coarsely

punctate; the legs testaceous, with the femora to near

the apex, and the apices of the tibiae and tarsi, infuscate ;

the palpi stout; the surface set with long, fine, erect hairs,

intermixed on the prothorax with short cinereous pubes-

cence. In general shape A. aeneovirens is not unlike the

European A. cyaneus, Ros. Gorham stated that he was

unable to distinguish the sexes.

49. Attalus flavomarginatus, n. sp. (Plate II,

fig. 14, 9.)

Short, much widened posteriorly in both sexes, shining; aeneous,

the labrum and mouth-parts, the antennae in great part or entirely,

the head in ¢ from the anterior margin to between the eyes, and

in 2 at most with the anterior margin, the prothorax on all sides

(leaving a large dark transverse discoidal patch), and the legs,

flavous or testaceous; sparsely clothed with fine pallid pubescence,

the hairs on the elytra long, uniform. Head very short, broad,

sparsely punctulate, the clypeus as long as the labrum; antennae

rather long in both sexes, slender, joints 3-11 longer than broad.

Prothorax very broad, short; closely, minutely punctulate. Elytra

short, wider than the prothorax, dilated, convex, and abruptly

declivous posteriorly; closely, coarsely punctate. Legs slender.

¢g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

nearly reaching the apex of 3.

Length 23-23 mm. (¢ 92.)

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo and Omilteme in Guerrero,

4,600-8,000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Ten specimens, four of which are males. Near A.

(Ebaeus) aeneovirens, Gorh., from the slope of the Guate-

malan Volcan de Fuego; differing from it in the relatively

broader, less convex, and sharply flavo-marginate pro-

thorax, the more extended yellow portion of the head in

the male (appearing as three large coalescent patches), the

entirely pale legs, and the more uniform vestiture, A.

aeneovirens having very long conspicuous bristly hairs

intermixed with the short cinereous pubescence on the

prothorax. The palpi are stout.

50. Attalus varicus, n. sp.

Anthocomus basalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 116 (part.).

76 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; varying in

colour from black, with the elytra (a transverse patch at the base

of each elytron excepted), the outer edge of the two basal joints of

the antennae, and the legs and abdomen in great part testaceous

to testaceous, with a humeral spot, the posterior legs in part, the

antennae (except at the base), and the tips of the palpi black;

finely, sparsely pubescent and also somewhat thickly set with long,

suberect, pallid hairs. Head broad, transverse, closely, minutely

punctate; antennae rather short in both sexes. Prothorax trans-

verse, convex, minutely punctate. Elytra widened posteriorly, a

little broader than the prothorax at the base, rather sparsely,

minutely punctate. Legs slender; posterior tibiae curved in both

sexes.

6. Anterior tarsi apparently 4-jointed, the prolonged upper

portion of the fused joints 1 and 2 about reaching the apex of 3;

posterior tibiae slightly produced at the apex.

Q. Posterior tibiae produced at the apex into a long dentiform

process, which reaches as far as the apex of the first tarsal joint.

Length 2-2} mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. GuATEMALA, Mirandilla (Champion: 9); Nuica-

RAGUA, Chontales (Janson: § 2); Panama, Taboga Island

(Champion: Q).

Three females and one male. The pair from Chontales

are taken as the types, the male differing from the female

in having the head testaceous to near the base. The

Guatemalan example (2) has the sides of the prothorax

broadly and a large humeral patch nigro-piceous; the

Taboga specimen (9) is testaceous, with a black humeral

spot. Anthocomus fuscescens (= calcaratus) (Gorh.), has

similar posterior tibiae in the female, but the male of that

insect has simple 5-jointed anterior tarsi. In the unique

male of the present species the basal joint of the anterior

tarsi cannot be distinguished for certain, it being either

extremely short or fused with the second.

51. Attalus coelestinus.

Attalus coelestinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 320.

6. Anterior tarsi with joints 1-8 somewhat thickened, 1 short,

3 as long as 2, 4 small, 2 rounded at the apex as seen in profile;

antennae moderately long, serrate.

®. Antennae shorter and more slender.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 77

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora.

Described by Gorham from a single pair, one male and

two females having sfibsequently been detected amongst

Morrison’s captures. This insect has thé head and pro-

thorax black, the latter with a rufo-testaceous patch on

each side at the base, this colour in one example extending

to the whole of the prothorax; the elytra shining, blue or

bluish-green; the basal jomts of the antennae externally,

the anterior and middle trochanters, and the base of the

anterior femora beneath in 3, testaceous; the pubescence

fine, and intermixed with long, semierect, bristly, dark

hairs; the anterior tarsi in ¢ (said to be 4-jointed when

viewed from above) distinctly 5-jointed, the three basal

joints stouter than in the female, the second not lobed

above. The last-mentioned tarsal character distinguishes

A. coelestinus from all its allies, except A. mexicanus, and

brings these two forms near T'anaops, Lec. In one of the

two males seen the elytra appear to be compressed and

subacuminate at the apex, but this is probably due to

shrinkage after death, the specimen being immature.

52. Attalus mexicanus.

Attalus meaicanus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi, p. 5 (Jan. 1910).

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, the elytra

duller; black, the basal joints of the antennae externally, the

prothorax at the sides and base or entirely, and the anterior and

intermediate legs in great part in both sexes testaceous, the elytra

nigro-violaceous or greenish, sometimes with the disc indetermin-

ately testaceous towards the apex, the posterior tibiae and tarsi

piceous; finely cinereo-pubescent, and also set with scattered

semierect bristly hairs. Head transverse, broad in 3, narrower in

2, closely, minutely punctulate, the front transversely depressed,

the epistoma flattened; antennae moderately long, more distinctly

serrate in g than in 9. Prothorax transverse, minutely punctulate.

Elytra moderately long, more widened posteriorly in ¢ than in 9,

separately rounded at the apex, densely, minutely punctate. Legs

elongate, rather slender; the basal joint of the anterior tarsi rather

long in both sexes.

6. Anterior tarsi with joints 1 and 2 oblique, a little shorter than

those following, as seen in profile, 2 much shorter than 1 and not

lobed above, 3 and 4 smaller and subequal.

Length 24-35 mm. (4 2.)

78 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. Mexico (coll. Pic; Truqui, in Mus. Brit),

“Temisco ” [ ? Temascala in Puebla] (Mus. Ozon.).

The above diagnosis was drawn up, and the same specific

name selected, before Pic’s description of A. mexicanus

had been seen by me. There can be little doubt, however,

that his insect belongs to the same species, the type of

A. mexicanus having the prothorax wholly rufo-testaceous,

as in one of the females in the British Museum. The six

examples examined (4 ¢, 2 2) vary in the development of

the black discoidal patch on the prothorax, which in the

female is small or entirely wanting, and the intermixed

semierect hairs on the upper surface are often abraded.

The male anterior tarsi are almost simple, the oblique

basal joints being very slightly modified. A. coelestinus,

Gorh., has similar anterior feet in the male, except that the

third joint is larger and the first shorter. A. meaicanus

would be almost as well placed in Anthocomus; the latter,

however, has the front tarsi similarly formed in the two

sexes.

MICROMIMETES.

Micromimetes, Wollaston, Journ. Ent. i, p. 439 (1862).

Anthocomus discimacula, Gorh., from Mexico, has the

anterior tarsi and maxillary palpi formed in the male sex

exactly as in Muicromimetes, Woll., based on two small

species from the Canary Is., and it can quite well be in-

cluded in that genus. The simple 4-jointed front feet of

the male also brings it near Colotes, Kr., under which

Wollaston’s genus is sunk by Abeille de Perrin; but the

apical joint of the maxillary palpi is oblong-ovate and

narrowed towards the tip, as in both sexes of Attalus.

1. Micromimetes discomacula. (Plate II, figs. 15, 15a,

antenna, 150, front tarsus, 3.)

Anthocomus discimacula, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 116 (excl. var.).

6. Antennae testaceous, maculated with black (joints 1, 6, and 8

conspicuously black above), very feebly serrate, joints 2 and 3 sub-

equal, 4 and 5 shorter, 6 and 8 a little stouter than 7, 9and 10 elongate,

widened outwards, 11 oblong-ovate, much longer than 10; anterior

legs (the base of the tibiae excepted), intermediate trochanters,

and intermediate femora to near the tip, testaceous.

9. Antennae (joints 2-7 excepted) and legs in great part black;

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 79

the antennae more slender, joints 3-8 subequal in length (9-11

missing), 6 distinctly broader than 5 or 7, elytra more widened

towards the apex.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato.

The male of this insect, described by the author, loc. cit.

p- 117, was labelled by him as the type, the diagnosis

apparently having been taken from the female. The

former is readily recognisable by its simple 4-jointed anterior

tarsi, and the peculiarly formed, maculate antennae. The

only female reserved for the ‘“‘ Biologia” collection un-

fortunately wants the anterior legs and part of the antennae.

The var. ?, as Gorham supposed, belongs to a different

species, Attalus crua-nigra. The antennal joints 1-8 of

the male of M. discimacula might almost be described as

moniliform, if viewed in a certain light.

PSEUDATTALUS, Nn. gen.

Antennae 9-jointed (fig. 16a); apical joint of the maxillary palpi

narrow, oblong-ovate, subacuminate; elytra short, convex, much

widened posteriorly in both sexes, without appendages in 9; tarsi

5-jointed, the upper portion of the second joint of the anterior pair

produced over the third in 3; the other characters as in Altalus.

Type, Anthocomus minimus, Er.

Pseudattalus includes Anthocomus minimus, Er., and A.

semmmulum, Er. (both of which were placed under Hbaeus —

by Gorham), and Hbaeus punctatus, Gorh., minute forms

approaching Hbaeus and Hypebaeus; E. aeneovirens,

Gorh., has 11-jointed antennae, and it is here included

under Attalus. A. minimus is selected as the type of the

present genus, as both sexes of it are contained in the

material under examination, the other species being

represented by females- only. The 9-jointed antennae

is a unique character in the group, while the tarsal structure

of the male is similar to that of Attalus. The species are

nigro-violaceous, cyaneous, or black, shining, and sparsely

pubescent. In the females the elytra do not nearly cover

the abdomen. A peculiar sexual character is to be found

in the armature of the intermediate tibiae of the male of

P. minimus, and in that of the posterior tibiae of the female

of P. armatus. Prof. H. J. Kolbe has kindly communicated

a co-type of Erichson’s species for examination.

80 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

1. Pseudattalus minimus. (Plate II, figs. 16, 16a, b, 3.)

Anthocomus minimus, Er., Entomographien, p. 113.

Ebaeus minimus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

p. 121 (part.).

Very shining, nigro-violaceous, the mouth-parts, antennae, and

legs testaceous, the apices of the antennae and the bases of the

femora sometimes more or less infuscate; the entire upper surface

sparsely, minutely punctulate, sparsely pubescent. Head broad,

short, the eyes large and prominent, a little smaller in 9; antennae

long and with joints 4-9 elongate in 3, shorter in 2. Prothorax

transverse, convex, about as wide as the head with the eyes. Elytra

short, inflated posteriorly, subalutaceous. Legs slender; inter-

mediate and posterior tibiae with two or more minute short pallid

setae at the apex, the posterior pair bowed in both sexes.

g. Anterior tarsi with the prolonged upper portion of joint 2

extending over the base of 3; intermediate tibiae (fig. 160), with a

matted, spiniform, tuft of long blackish setae at the inner apical

angle reaching about as far as the apex of the first tarsal joint.

Length 14-1} mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Tolé (Champion) ;

CoLOMBIA.

A co-type (g) of A. minimus is before me, but I am

unable to examine its intermediate tibiae, owing to the

way the insect is mounted. Five males and three females

from Chiriqui are contained in the “ Biologia ”’ collection,

and the description is therefore taken from them. There

can be no doubt, however, that these examples belong

to the same species.

2. Pseudattalus armatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 17, 9,

posterior tibia.)

Ebaeus seminulum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in,

2, p. 121 (nec Erichson).

Ebaeus minimus, Gorh., loc. cit. (part.).

9. Shining, black, the elytra sometimes with a faint bluish

lustre, the antennae and legs testaceous, the outer joints of the

former, the femora to near the tip, and the posterior tibiae in part,

infuscate; sparsely cinereo-pubescent. Head short, broad, sparsely,

obsoletely punctate, bi-impressed in front, the eyes moderately

prominent; antennae short. Prothorax convex, transverse, very

sparsely, obsoletely punctate. Elytra short, inflated posteriorly,

subalutaceous, somewhat closely punctulate. Legs slender;

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 81

posterior tibiae (fig. 17) strongly bowed, produced at the apex into

a long slender spine which about reaches the apex of the first tarsal

joint.

Length 13-13 mm.

Hab. GUATEMALA, near the city, Pantaleon, Paso

Antonio, San Gerénimo (Champion).

Ten specimens, all of the female sex. Less shining than

P. minimus, the elytra somewhat closely punctulate, the

pubescence more conspicuous, the posterior tibiae ()

produced into a long spiniform process, as in the same sex

of Attalus fuscescens (= calcaratus), Gorh. (an insect here

referred to Anthocomus) and A. varicus. Erichson’s type

(2) of A. seminulum, from Caracas, has more distinctly

punctate elytra, the tibiae (the extreme apex of the

posterior pair excepted) and tarsi testaceous, and the

posterior tibiae of the female unarmed.

3. Pseudattalus punctatus.

Ebaeus punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu,

2, Di, donk.

Q. Posterior tibiae strongly arcuate, with one or two long, fine,

spiniform, pallid setae amongst the shorter ones at the apex.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

The three specimens seen of this species are probably

all of the female sex, the male ( ?) noticed by Gorham having

simple 5-jointed anterior tarsi; in this example antennae

are a little longer and more slender, and the posterior legs

are darker. The coarser puncturing of the elytra and the

simple posterior tibiae (2) separate P. punctatus from the

same sex of P. armatus; and the cyaneous, more closely

punctured elytra, and the more bowed, darker posterior

tibiae, distinguish it from P. seminulwm.

PSEUDEBAEUS.

Pseudebaeus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv, pp. 109, 118

(1872).

This North-American genus is characterised by the

simple 5-jointed anterior tarsi in the two sexes, and the

abruptly pallid, prolonged, hooked apices of the elytra in

the male. The four known forms seem to be widely

distributed in the Middle and Southern States, one of

them, P. oblitus (Lec.), extending northward to Canada,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTI. (JUNE) G.

82 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

and another, P. pusillus (Say), reaching the highlands of

Central Mexico. A description of the Mexican insect is

appended, Horn’s brief diagnosis of P. pusillus not quite

tallying with that of Leconte and Say.* Pseudebaeus is

the only genus known as yet from Mexico with appendiculate

elytra in the male. It was unknown to Gorham.

1. Pseudebaeus pusillus. (Plate II, figs. 18, 18a, 3.)

Malachius pusillus, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. v, p. 170

(1825).

Ebaeus pusillus, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. 1852, p. 167.

Pseudebaeus pusillus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv,

pp. 118, 119 (1872).

Moderately elongate, narrow, the head and the middle of the disc

of the prothorax shining, the rest of the upper surface opaque and

densely, minutely shagreened ; black, the elytra violaceous or green-

ish, the four or five basal joints of the antennae, the legs (except

the extreme base of the posterior femora in some examples), and

the prolonged apical callosities of the elytra of the 3, testaceous or

flavous; clothed with very fine, ashy, sericeous pubescence. Head

polished, obsoletely punctulate, including the eyes as wide as the

prothorax in 4, arcuately depressed in front and sulcate between

the eyes anteriorly in 4, transversely depressed in front in 9;

antennae slender, long, very feebly serrate, joints 5-10 gradually

decreasing in length. Prothorax broader than long, strongly

rounded at the sides anteriorly, obliquely narrowed behind, obsoletely

foveate before the base. Elytra much broader than the prothorax,

ample, covering the abdomen, subparallel and callose at the tip

in 3, widened posteriorly and with the apices conjointly rounded

in 9, the humeri tumid. Legs long and slender in both sexes.

6. Elytral callosities oblong, very prominent, the apices each

produced into a broad, vertical, flap-like appendage, enclosing the

long, sinuous, inwardly directed hook, the upper margin of the

vertical plate narrowly cleft and bifid as seen from in front or

behind (fig. 18a).

Length 24-2} mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. SoutHERN Unirep States; Mexico, Puebla

(Truqui, in Mus. Brit., $2; Mus. Ozon., 9).

The above description was drawn up from one male and

six females from “‘ Mexico ”’ (one only of which is labelled

with a definite locality) before the identification with the

* He gives the elytra as black, instead of bluish or bluish-green.

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 83

N.-American P. pusillus was suspected. A very graceful

insect extremely like P. oblitus (Lec.), a female of which

from Michigan (in Mus. Oxon.) is before me, differing from

the corresponding sex of that species in having the elytra

longer, more finely shagreened, opaque, and less inflated

posteriorly. P. oblitus is said by Horn to have the last

segment of the abdomen yellow and deeply grooved in the

male, whereas it is black and apparently ungrooved in

the same sex of P. pusillus.

SPHINGINUS.

Sphinginus, Rey, Vésiculiféres, p. 180 (1867); Abeille de

Perrin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1890, pp, 364, 396.

A very peculiar, Anthiciform Malachiid found by Mr.

H. H. Smith in Guerrero, Mexico, is, in the absence of the

male, provisionally referred to Sphinginus, with which it

agrees in the structure of the head, palpi, antennae, and

prothorax. Temnopsophus, Horn, type T. bimaculatus,

from Louisiana, described from a single male example, is

a somewhat nearly allied genus.* Sphinginus includes at

present various Mediterranean forms, but its distribution

may be similar to that of Attalus, Anthocomus and Micro-

mimetes. Troglops, again, is another genus with a similarly

shaped prothorax.

1. Sphinginus (*) eburatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 19, 9.)

9. Elongate, narrow, opaque, scabrous; black, the prothorax

(a small patch on each side excepted) rufous, the elytra with a

narrow, transverse, smooth, ivory-white, raised median fascia

extending from near the suture to close to the outer margin, the

membranous portions of the abdomen whitish; indistinctly pubes-

cent, the elytra also set with scattered, suberect, stiff black setae.

Head large, about as long as broad (as seen from above), considerably

developed and obliquely narrowed behind the eyes, densely scabroso-

punctate; eyes large and prominent; antennae moderately long,

feebly serrate, joints 3-10 decreasing slightly in length, all longer

than broad ; palpi slender, last joint of the maxillary pair acuminate -

ovate. Prothorax longer than broad, oval, rather narrow, con-

stricted before the base, a little smoother than the head; with a

* Cephaloncus biguttatus, Abeille de Perrin, from Syria, to judge

from his figure (Q), is very like T'emnopsophus. Westwood’s type

of Cephaloncus was from the Canaries. There is a specimen of

T. bimaculatus, Horn, in the Hope Museum at Oxford.

84 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

broad, deep, arcuate furrow behind, the disc in front of it appearing

gibbous. Scutellum transverse. Elytra comparatively short and

broad, inflated posteriorly, leaving two abdominal segments exposed ;

densely scabroso-punctate. Legs slender. Wings fully developed.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Papagaio in Guerrero, Pacific slope,

1,200 feet (H. H. Smith).

The narrow, transverse, ivory-white callus extending

across the middle of the disc of each elytron is a unique

character amongst the known Malachids. One specimen,

captured in October.

ANTHOCOMUS.

Anthocomus, Er., Entomographien, p. 97 (1840) (part.);

Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv, p. 109; Abeille de

Perrin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1891, p. 355.

The two small insects here referred to Anthocomus (type,

A. sanguinolentus, F.) have the anterior tarsi of the male

simply 5-jointed, and formed as in the female, 7. e. there is

no modification of the basal joints of the male front foot

such as is to be found in Attalus, including those wanting

the upper lobe to the second joint. The elytra in each of

them are slightly compressed posteriorly in the male (due

to some extent to shrinkage after death); but they are not

appendiculate or prolonged at the apex. A. fuscescens

(Gorh.) has the posterior tibiae of the female formed as

in the same sex of Attalus varicus and Pseudattalus armatus.

One male only of each species is at present available for

examination.

1. Anthocomus fuscescens.

3. Altalus fuscescens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 319. .

2. Altalus (%) calearatus, Gorh., loc. cit., t. 13, figs. 3, 3a.

¢g. Anterior tarsi simply 5-jointed, 1-4 short, 5 as long as 2-4

united; posterior tibiae feebly curved; elytra subparallel.

9. Posterior tibiae (fig. 3a of Gorham) strongly curved, produced

at the apex into a long dentiform process which reaches as far as

the apex of the first tarsal joint; elytra much widened posteriorly.

Hab. Panama, David, Tolé, and Taboga Island.

Gorham’s description of A. fuscescens must have been

taken from a male, as he does not allude to the peculiar form

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 85

of the hind tibiae of the female, except under A. calcaratus.

The four specimens before me from Taboga include a pair

remounted by him on the same piece of card, and labelled

“A. fuscescens, type,” the others being females. The

elytra vary in colour from wholly black to livid testaceous

with the base broadly and indeterminately black. The

posterior femora are sometimes infuscate to near the tip.

The eyes are large.

2. Anthocomus viridescens, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, shining ; black, the head (except at the antennal

insertion) and prothorax aeneous, the latter with the margins and

base testaceous, the elytra greenish, the basal joints of the antennae

and the tarsal joints 1-4 testaceous or obscure testaceous, the femora

and tibiae piceous; sparsely pubescent and also set with semierect

bristly hairs. Head transverse, polished, with excessively minute

scattered punctures ; eyes moderately large ; antennae short in both

sexes. Prothorax convex, slightly broader than long, sparsely,

minutely punctate. Elytra long, slightly widened posteriorly in

3; a little more inflated behind in 9, not much broader than the

prothorax at the base; rugulose, closely, conspicuously punctate.

Legs slender; posterior tibiae moderately curved and simple in

both sexes.

Length 2mm. (¢2.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens, assumed to be sexes of the same species.

A. viridescens agrees with A. fuscescens in having simple

5-jointed anterior tarsi in the male; but differs from it in

the unarmed, feebly curved posterior tibiae of the female,

the metallic coloration, the smaller eyes, the rugulose,

conspicuously punctate elytra, etc. The elytra are obliquely

compressed at the tip in the male.

LEMPHUS.

Lemphus, Er., Entomographien, p. 131 (1840); Gorh., Biol.

Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 321.

1. Lemphus serricorms.

Lemphus serricornis, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 321, t. 13, fig. 5 (3).

Hab. PANAMA, near the city and Taboga Island.

Two males and three females have been seen of this

insect. A co-type (2) of the Venezuelan L. mancus, Er.,

86 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

is before me. It is larger than L. serricornis; the head,

antennae (the basal joints excepted), legs, and elytra (a

short oblique streak before the middle of the disc excepted),

are black; the prothorax is rufous, with a black patch on

the disc in front ; and the antennae are feebly serrate. The

male of L. mancus is unknown. The antennae are serrate

in both sexes of L. serricornis, these organs being long and

acutely dentate in the male. Another species has been

described by Pic, L. albofasciatus, from Brazil.

DROMANTHUS.

Dromanthus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui, 2,

pp. 121, 322.

There is but little to add to Gorham’s descriptions of

the six species he included under Dromanthus, except to

call attention to the peculiar structure of the posterior

tarsi of the males of certain forms, only a single specimen

(of D. opacus) having come to hand since 1886. The tarsi,

it may be observed, are described as 4-jointed, the minute

additional penultimate joint (formed exactly as in Lemphus)

having been overlooked. D. jucundus, Gorh., would

perhaps be better placed under Lemphus, in which the

elytra are rather short, and the last three or four abdominal

segments are exposed in both sexes; but as the male is

unknown, it can remain under Dromanthus for the present.

Various §.-American forms have recently been added to

the genus by Pic.

1. Dromanthus opacus.

Dromanthus opacus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui,

2, p. 122.

¢g. Antennae with joints 5-10 broadly widened, becoming nar-

rower outwards, 11 considerably narrower than 10; posterior tarsi

with joint 1 curved and produced at the inner apical angle into a

long slender process which reaches as far as the apex of 2, 2 also

curved and elongated.

Q. Antennae with joints 3-10 sharply triangular, 3 as long as 4,

4-8 wider than 3.

Hab. Mexico, Playa Vicente and Cordova (Sallé), Teapa

(H. H. Smith).

The description was made from a single immature 9

example from Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; the male is from

Cordova.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 87

2. Dromanthus laticornis.

Dromanthus laticorns, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 322.

g-. Antennae with joints 4-11 very broadly widened, 11 not much

narrower than 10; posterior tarsi with joint 1 curved, slightly pro-

duced at the inner apical angle, 2 short, not longer than in 9.

Q. Antennae with joints 4-11 narrower, shaped very much as in

same sex of D. opacus.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

Three specimens seen, one of which, marked “ type”

by Gorham, is a male. This insect is extremely lke D.

opacus, but is separable therefrom by the broader antennae

and less elongated basal joints of the posterior tarsi of

the male, and the much less acutely serrate intermediate

antennal joints of the female. The colour, sculpture, and

vestiture of the prothorax and elytra are precisely similar.

3. Dromanthus nitidicollis.

Dromanthus nitidicollis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ili, 2, p. 322, t. 13, fig. 6.

6. Antennae with joints 5-10 very broadly widened, acute at

the inner apical angle, 11 elongated, narrower, and yellow; posterior

tarsi with joint 1 curved and produced at the inner apical angle

into a long slender process which reaches as far as the apex of 2,

2 also curved and elongated.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba.

Described from two males. This insect has the posterior

tarsi of the male formed as in the same sex of the Mexican

D. opacus, from which it is separable by the yellow apical

joint of the antennae and the flatter and more shining

prothorax. The antennae are less widened than in D.

laticornis, 3, and the posterior tarsi differently formed.

The tarsal structure is not mentioned in the description

or shown in the figure of D. nitidicollis.

4. Dromanthus decipiens.

Dromanthus decipiens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ii, 2, p.. 122; t. 7, fig. 5.

g. Antennae with joints 4-10 moderately broad and acutely

triangular ; posterior tarsi simple.

88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

The specimen reserved for the “ Biologia ”’ collection

is the male labelled by Gorham as the type. The antennal

joints 4-10 are acutely serrate, as in the female of D. opacus.

D. decipiens has the elytra closely, rather coarsely punctate,

and shining.

5. Dromanthus quadrimaculatus.

Dromanthus quadrimaculatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ui, 2, p. 122, t. 7, fig. 4.

‘Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales.

The unique type of this insect appears to be a female. It

has the general facies and colour of a spotted Collops. The

antennal joints 5-10 are moderately widened and serrate.

The marginal fold of the elytra is very conspicuous.

6. Dromanthus gucundus.

Dromanthus jucundus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui,

2, pp. 123, 323, t. 7, fig. 6.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

There are five specimens of this remarkable insect in the

“* Biologia ’’ collection, probably all females, to judge from

their comparatively small head, short, sharply serrate

antennae, and simple posterior tarsi.

Fam. MELYRIDAE.

Subfam. DasyTINAz.

HOoLOMALLUS.

Holomallus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 325

(1886).

The type (3) of this genus, H. aurivillus, Gorh., is closely

related to Trichochrous (sensu Casey), differing from it in

the less prominent humeri and the oblong-ovate general

shape of the body, this being especially noticeable in the

male. The antennae have the five outer joints widened

into a definite club, as in 7. femoralis (Gorh.), and the

tibiae are as closely and strongly spinulose as in 7’. arcuatt-

collis and its alles. The female of H. serripes has the

general facies of a Byturus.

and Central American and Malachiudae Melyridae. 89

1. Holomallus aurivillus.

Holomallus aurivillus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 326.

6. Tibiae with two short stout spurs; fifth ventral segment

broadly truncate at the apex, leaving the long, excavate, sixth

segment exposed.

Hab. Mexico, Puebla.

2. Holomallus serripes, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 20, 3,

anterior tibia.)

g. Oblong-ovate, rather convex, the head and prothorax opaque,

the elytra somewhat shining ; nigro-piceous, the elytra reddish-brown

or aeneo-piceous, the antennal joints 2-6 and the legs ferruginous

or fusco-ferruginous; thickly clothed with rather long, coarse,

pallid, shaggy, decumbent hairs, the head and prothorax with inter-

mixed erect hairs, the marginal cilia of the elytra long, curled, and

closely placed. Head small, short, densely, finely, rugulosely

punctate; antennae short, the five outer joints widened into an

elongate club, 7-10 strongly transverse, 9 and 10 wider than 8,

11 short-ovate, narrower than 10, 5 not larger than 6. Prothorax

strongly transverse, broad, greatly rounded at the sides, narrowing

from near the base, the latter sinuate; densely, finely punctate.

Elytra broad, somewhat oval, the humeri not prominent, the lateral

carina conspicuous; densely, moderately finely punctate. Fifth

ventral segment truncate at the tip. Legs rather stout; tibiae

closely and strongly spinose along their outer edge (fig. 20), the

anterior and intermediate pairs with two short, stout, approximate

spurs.

9. Narrower, the prothorax smaller, the elytra subparallel in

their basal half, the tibial spurs smaller and more slender.

Length 4-44, breadth 13-24 mm. (d9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit. ; Mus. Oxon.).

Thirteen specimens. Very like the unnamed abraded

Holomallus (2) from Puebla mentioned by Gorham (loc. cit.

p. 326); but with the vestiture almost wholly decumbent,

except on the head and prothorax, the elytra much more

finely punctate, etc. The Puebla insect is too worn to

describe. H. auriwillus is thickly clothed with extremely

long, fulvous, shaggy hairs.

90 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

TRICHOCHROUS.

Trichochrous, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc. ui, p. 393 (1859) ;

Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vill, pp. 458, 466

(1895); Fall, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxii, pp. 236-

240 (1907).

Pristoscelis, Leconte, Class. Col. N. Am. p. 193 (1861)

(part., nec Woll.); Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, pp. 123 (1882), 327 (1886).

Cradytes, Casey, loc. cit. pp. 458, 533.

Casey, in his Revision of the N.-American Melyrinae,

restricts Pristoscelis to the Californian P. grandiceps, Lec.,

and places the other species usually referred to that genus

under Trichochrous, Motsch., the former having “ the

epistoma obsolete and the frontal margin of the head

beaded throughout its entire width.” Cvadytes has already

been sunk by Fall as untenable. Trichochrous appears to

be one of the largest genera of N.-American Coleoptera, and

its species are said to occur in unnumbered scores in the

western regions of that continent; 87 are enumerated by

Casey, nearly 40 of which are described by him as new

from single examples, and various others have since been

added by Fall. Gorham had very little material, even

when he finished his Supplement in 1886, nine only being

mentioned by him. This number is now raised to 29,

mainly from the Mexican collections made by Truqui,

Hoge, and H. H. Smith, one species only, and that from

the summit of the Volcan de Fuego, being known as yet

from Guatemala. Amongst the various genera made by

Casey at the expense of T'richochrous, one at least of which

was made on a secondary sexual character, Cradytes is

known to me from Mexico, and it is just possible that some

of the forms here referred to T'richochrous may prove to

be better placed in Sydates or Sydatopsis. The Mexican

species enumerated below show a complete gradation in

the structure of the antennae, the forms placed at the

head of the genus having the joints from the fifth, sixth,

or seventh broadly serrate and progressively widened, and

those placed towards the end having the intermediate

joints more slender and irregularly serrate (5 and 7 being

often wider than 6 or 8) and the last three dilated into a

definite club.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 91

Key to the Mexican and Guatemalan species of Trichochrous

(= Pristoscelis, Gorh.).

A. Prothorax with the lateral margins con-

spicuously serrate, crenulate, or hooked,

and sometimes greatly elongated, in 3;

tibiae feebly, sparsely spinulose; an-

tennae with joints 7-10 broad, strongly

serrate Sata cote! <n base c

a. Prothorax (¢) subquadrate, with dis-

tinct anterior angles.

a, The lateral a sharply serrate

anteriorly

bt. The lateral margins enero igoked

anteriorly ES mes

b. Prothorax (3) very elongate, the an-

terior angles obliterated, the lateral

margins closely crenulate anteriorly

B. Prothorax with the lateral margins not

conspicuously serrate in g, at most

obsolete crenulate in the two sexes

c. Antennae abruptly serrate from joint 5,

the latter not or very little broader than

6 (except in 7’. fuscovittatus).

c\. Tibiae closely, strongly spinulose ;

antennae and legs stout, antennal

joints 5-10 becoming progressively

wider.

a*, Upper surface with intermixed

erect black setae.

a’, Femora, tibiae, and tarsi rufes-

cent, body wholly black

63. Femora infuscate, tibiae, tarsi,

and elytra rufescent

b*, Upper surface without intermixed

erect setae, the hairs semierect.

c3, Elytra rufescent or violaceous ;

prothorax strongly rounded at

sides; vestiture coarse and in

great part pale

d®, Elytra cyaneous ; prothorax jexd

rounded at sides; vestiture

fuscous

[CrapyTEs, Casey.]

denticulatus, n. sp.

hamatus, n. sp.

crenulatus, n. sp.

[TRICHOCHROUS,

Motsch. ]

fulvipes, Gorh.

rufipennis, Lec.

arcuaticollis, n. sp.

cyanipennis, N. sp.

92 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

d', Tibiae sparsely, strongly spinulose ;

antennal joints 5-10 subequal in

width; elytra truncate at apex;

body black, shining, broad; vesti-

ture fine, decumbent :

e!, Tibiae more feebly spinulose.

c2. Legs black; upper surface with

numerous intermixed erect

setae, the general vestiture

close; prothorax (3) large; an-

tennal joints 5-10 becoming pro-

gressively broader.

e°, Elytra elongate, closely punc-

tured : species large

f®. Elytra short, rugosely punctured,

dull : species smaller

d*. Legs partly or entirely red; an-

tennae less widened outwards.

g®. Upper surface with intermixed

erect setae; vestiture long.

a‘, Femora, tibiae, and tarsi red ;

elytra broadly fusco-vittate,

the whitish hairs along

suture and sides very long

and fine di a

b+. Tibiae and tarsi red; elytra

aeneous, not vittate; joint

11 of antennae shorter.

a>, Antennae with intermediate

joints rufescent; pro-

thorax more rounded at

sides ale

b®. Antennae black; prothorax

less rounded at sides

c4. Tarsi only red; elytra aeneous ;

joint 11 of antennae long

h®. Upper surface without inter-

mixed setae; vestiture fine;

legs red . hee?

d. Antennae (except in 7’. diversicornis, 3)

more feebly and regularly serrate

from joint 5, 9-11 not abruptly wider

than 8; tibiae feebly or obsoletely

spinulose.

truncatipennis, n. sp.

pubescens, Gorh.

dilaticollis, n. sp.

fuscovittatus, n. sp.

paleatus, n. sp.

fuscicornis, n. sp.

rufitarsis, n. sp.

hidalgoanus, n. sp.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 93

f'. Upper surface with numerous inter-

mixed erect setae; prothorax

oblong, subglobularly convex; an-

tennae (3) moderately long; body

black; legs red : : mexicanus, Casey.

g'. Upper surface with a few mporiniged

erect setae.

e?, Antennae long and with joints 4-10

triangular in 3, much shorter

and serrate from joint 5 in 9;

prothorax transverse ; body aene-

ous, shining; legsred . . diversicornis, n. sp.

f?. Antennae short, feebly Pibequally

serrate; prothorax oblong ; body

aeneous; legs piceous; tibiae

obsoletely spinulose . .. salwini, Gorh.

e. Antennae abruptly serrate from joint 6,

6-10 strongly transverse, becoming

progressively broader; body nigro-

aeneous; legs piceous; upper surface

with intermixed semierect bristly

hairs Bye clavatus, n. sp.

f. Antennae asiniatlee ee from fait 1,

7-10 broad ; body aeneous, thickly set

with numerous intermixed erect setae ;

tibiae and tarsi red . 5 ae femoralis, Gorh.

g. Antennae feebly, irregularly serrate fa

joint 5, 5 larger than 6, 9-11 widened

into a more or less distinct club;

tibiae feebly or obsoletely spinulose,

and often setose.

i, Elytral epipleura much widened an-

teriorly, the marginal carina promi-

nent; upper surface with numerous

intermixed erect setae; body nigro-

aeneous; antennae and legs black.

g*. Prothorax densely, rugosely punc-

toned. dull ke . aenervpennis, Gorh.

h*, Prothorax more sparsely bumitute:

suming 5. 4 tk ms | sy MQrodeneus, ‘Gork,

v4, Elytral epipleura narrow.

i, Body black, aeneous, or greenish ;

antennae and legs black or piceous.

94 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

7, Upper surface with intermixed

erect setae.

d*, Body subcuneiform in 4,

oblonginQ . . subcuneatus, n. sp.

e4, Body oblong in both sexes.

c®. Setae very long; fifth ven-

tral segment (3) not

foveate’* %) . setiger, N. Sp.

d°. Setae shorter; fifth erates

segment (¢) very sea

foveate . . foveiventris, n. sp.

78. Upper surface ethout ferent

setae.

f. Form (3) oblong.

e°. Prothorax closely punctate ;

body rather convex, sur-

face coarsely punctate . nigripes,n. sp.

f°. Prothorax sparsely punc-

tate; body slender, more

depressed, surface finely

punctate . . . viridulus, n. sp.

g. From (3) oblongo-conic ; hadly

robust, vestiture coarse . conicus, n. sp.

7". Body ferruginous; vestiture de-

cumbent, fine: species very

BinAllioee se Se ue ie. oes A fetrugineusy .Carh,

1. Trichochrous denticulatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 21, 3,

prothorax.)

g. Elongate, parallel-sided, shining; black, with a faint brassy

lustre, the elytra greenish, the tarsi piceous; clothed with shaggy

cinereous hairs intermixed with an abundance of long erect black

setae. Head closely punctate; antennae moderately long, the joints

preceding the terminal one broad and strongly transverse. Pro-

thorax subquadrate, along the median line about as long as broad,

abruptly and obliquely narrowed anteriorly to the advanced apical

portion, the sides armed with six or more projecting teeth which

become longer and stouter towards the apex and obsolete towards

the base, the hind angles obtuse; rather sparsely punctate on the

disc, more closely so towards the sides. Elytra long, widest at the

base, compressed below the humeri; closely, coarsely punctate,

rugose before the middle. Beneath densely punctate, the anterior

portion of the prosternum transversely wrinkled; fifth ventral

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 95

segment unimpressed, truncate at the apex. ‘Tibiae rough, feebly

spinulose and densely setose externally. Anterior femora thickened

and truncated at the apex within.

9. Prothorax small, transverse, narrowing from the base, obso-

letely crenulate or serrulate at the sides anteriorly, closely punctate ;

the elytra much wider than the prothorax, greenish or violaceous ;

legs shorter and more slender ; anterior femora simple.

Length 33-43 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Saltillo in Coahuila (g 9), Villa Lerdo in

Durango (3) (Hoge).

Five males and three females. Very near 7’. (Cradytes)

longicollis, Casey, from Arizona, the females referred to

it differing from the males in a similar way, the prothorax

($) strongly denticulate at the sides anteriorly. T.

longicollis, however, is described as having the latter

(3) gradually and broadly arcuate and convergent at apex,

and with the angles completely obliterated, whereas in the

present insect the prothorax is abruptly and obliquely

narrowed before the apex. The Arizona insect, moreover,

is said to be black and considerably smaller; 7’. denticulatus

has metallic elytra.

2. Trichochrous hamatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 22, 3,

prothorax.)

6: Elongate, parallel-sided, shining ; black with an aeneo-cupreous

lustre, the antennae and legs fusco-ferruginous ; clothed with coarse,

shaggy cinereous hairs intermixed on the head and prothorax and

the base of the elytra with erect blackish setae. Head closely

punctate; antennae short, the joints preceding the terminal one

broad and strongly transverse. Prothorax subquadrate, along the

middle line nearly as long as broad, obliquely and abruptly narrowed

anteriorly to the advanced apical portion (as seen from above) and

armed on each side at this place with a long, curved, downwardly

and forwardly directed, hook, the margins obsoletely crenulate, the

hind angles obliterated; rugulose, and finely, closely confusedly

punctate. Elytra moderately long, widest at the base, transversely

rugose and coarsely, closely punctate. Beneath densely punctate,

the anterior portion of the prosternum transversely wrinkled ; fifth

ventral segment unimpressed, truncate at the apex. Tibiae rough,

feebly spinulose and densely setose externally.

Length 44 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

96 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

One specimen, distinguishable at once by the single long

curved hook or claw on each side of the prothorax towards

the apex, the hook here replacing the row of small marginal

teeth present in 7’. denticulatus.

3. Trichochrous crenulatus, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 23, 3,

prothorax.)

6. Elongate, parallel-sided, shining; black, with a brassy lustre,

the elytra cyaneous, the tibiae and tarsi wholly or in great part

ferruginous ; thickly clothed with pale brownish shaggy hairs inter-

mixed with long erect black setae. Head densely punctate;

antennae short, joints 7-10 broad and strongly transverse. Pro-

thorax considerably longer than broad, parallel-sided, the sides

arcuately converging at the apex and closely crenulate to near the

base, the apex arcuate-emarginate in the middle, the hind angles

obliterated; closely, rather finely punctate. Elytra a good deal

wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half; rugose

and densely punctate. Beneath densely punctate, the anterior

portion of the prosternum almost smooth, the narrow post-coxal

portion dentiform; fifth ventral segment truncate at the apex.

Tibiae rough, feebly spinulose and densely setose externally, the

anterior pair curved. Anterior femora compressed and hollowed

at the middle within.

Q. Prothorax small, transverse, narrowing from the base, obso-

letely crenulate at the sides; legs shorter and more slender.

Length 444 mm. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara (3 9), Chilpancingo (¢), and

Zapotlan (2) (Hége).

Six males and three females, the latter, as in 7’. denticu-

latus, differing greatly from the males in the shape and

armature of the prothorax. The cyaneous elytra and

ferruginous tibiae and tarsi are, however, characters

common to the two sexes.

4. Trichochrous fulvipes.

Pristoscelis fulvipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 328.

Hab. Mexico, Aguas Calientes city (Hége) ; 22 GUATE-

MALA.

Gorham described 7’. fulvipes from a single (2) example

from “Guatemala.” This locality is almost certainly

incorrect, due to some mistake in labelling, no insect of

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 97

the kind being known from that country. Moreover, we

now have three (2) examples of a Trichochrous from Aguas

Calientes, Mexico, that must be referred to the same

species. It is chiefly recognisable by its shining black

body, thickly clothed with long, decumbent, shaggy pallid

hairs, intermixed with scattered erect black setae; the

wholly ferruginous, rather stout legs; the closely, strongly

spinulose tibiae; and the broad, sharply serrate antennae.

The elytra are densely, moderately coarsely, the prothorax

finely and rather sparsely, punctate; the epistoma is

flattened. Three abraded examples (2) from Paso del

Norte, with shorter hairs and more finely punctured elytra,

may also belong here. ‘The pallid hairs are very long in

the type.

5. Trichochrous rufipennis.

Dasytes rufipennis, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. 1858, p. 71.

Pristoscelis rufipennis, Lec., op. cit. 1866, p. 356; Gorh.,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 327.

Trichochrous rufipennis, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci.

vill, pp. 472, 516.

Hab. Nortu America, Gila, Arizona; Mexico, Puebla.

The single female specimen from Puebla referred by

Gorham to this species agrees with Casey’s brief description

of the abraded type, except that no mention is made of

the numerous intermixed erect dark setae on the prothorax

and elytra, these being conspicuous in the Mexican insect.

The latter has the elytra, tibiae, and tarsi ferruginous;

the tibiae closely and strongly spinulose externally; the

elytra broad, rather finely punctate, with the marginal

carina feebly developed and completely invisible from above ;

the antennal joints 5-10 strongly transverse, becoming

progressively wider outwards. Amongst the Mexican forms

it can only be compared with 7. arcuaticollis, which has

a more rotundate prothorax, more coarsely punctate,

narrower elytra, etc.

6. Trichochrous arcuaticollis, n. sp.

g. Elongate, subcylindrical, shining; black, the elytra varying in

colour from violaceous with the apex rufescent to entirely ferrugin-

ous, the violaceous suffusion sometimes reduced to a common

triangular scutellar patch or to an anteriorly dilated sutural stripe,

the antennae in part or entirely, the apical one or two ventral seg-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) H

98 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

ments, the tibiae and tarsi, and sometimes the femora also, ferru-

ginous; thickly clothed with long, coarse, pallid hairs, the elytra

with still longer marginal cilia. Head densely, rugosely punctate,

the epistoma broad; antennae stout, short, joints 5-10 strongly

transverse, becoming progressively broader outwards, 11 narrower

than 10. Prothorax transverse, rather convex, strongly rounded

at the sides, the base slightly hollowed laterally (the trun-

cated median portion thus appearing narrow), the hind angles

obliterated; closely, very coarsely punctate. Elytra elongate, a

little wider than the prothorax, rather convex, subparallel to beyond

the middle, the marginal carina moderately prominent and just

visible from above ; closely, coarsely punctate throughout. Beneath

densely, finely punctate ; fifth ventral segment unimpressed, truncate

at the apex. Legs stout, the tibiae closely spinulose and thickly

setose.

Q. Prothorax smaller, and narrowed from about the basal third

forwards; fifth ventral segment ferruginous at the apex only, the

latter rounded.

Length 432-6, mm. (39.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.: 3 2), Venta de

Zopilote in Guerrero, 2,800 feet (H. H. Smith: 3).

Nine males and one female, showing a complete grada-

tion in the colour of the elytra, from violaceous (the apex

excepted) to ferruginous. An elongate, subcylindrical form,

with a transversely rotundate prothorax and very coarsely

punctate upper surface, clothed with long, shaggy, pallid

hairs, without intermixed darker erect setae, the tibiae

closely spinulose externally. 7. meaxicanus, Casey, from

North Mexico, seems to be nearly allied; but as it is said

to have an unusually elongate prothorax in the male and

feebly serrate antennae, it must be different from the

present species. The insect (2) referred by Gorham to

T. rufipennis (Lec.) is more finely punctate above, and

has erect black setae intermixed with the pallid hairs.

7. Trichochrous cyanipennis, n. sp.

9. Elongate, robust, somewhat depressed, moderately shining ;

black, the elytra cyaneous, the apices of the latter, the third and

fourth antennal joints, the apices of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi,

and the tip of the last ventral segment, rufescent; thickly clothed

with long fuscous hairs, without intermixed, erect, longer setae,

the marginal cilia of the elytra very long, the hairs on the legs and

under surface pale brown. Head short, densely, rugosely punctate,

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 99

the epistoma flattened ; antennae short, stout, joints 5-10 strongly

transverse, becoming progressively wider outwards. Prothorax

short, transverse, narrowed anteriorly, the hind angles obliterated,

the base feebly sinuate towards the sides ; densely, coarsely punctate,

the punctures here and there longitudinally confluent, with an

indication of a smooth median line towards the base. Elytra

elongate, considerably wider than the prothorax, subparallel in

their basal half, the marginal carina moderately prominent; closely,

coarsely punctate. Beneath very densely, finely punctate. Legs

stout, the tibiae closely spinulose and setose.

Length 5-53} mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

Two females. Very like the single known specimen of

the same sex of 7. arcuaticollis, but less convex, with the

prothorax broader behind and less sinuate at the base,

the vestiture almost wholly fuscous above. In one example

the elytra are rather broadly and abruptly rufescent at the

apex.

8. Trichochrous truncatipennis, n. sp.

3g. Elongate, rather broad, moderately convex, shining; nigro-

piceous, the antennal joints 2-5 obscure ferruginous; somewhat

thickly clothed with fine, pallid, adpressed hairs, without intermixed

setae, the marginal cilia of the elytra long, those along the lateral

margins of the prothorax short and closely placed. Head densely.

punctate, the epistoma short and flattened ; antennae short, moder-

ately stout, joints 5-10 strongly transverse, 5 larger than 6, 6-10

subequal. . Prothorax broad, transverse, convex, feebly rounded

at the sides, arcuately narrowed anteriorly, the base sinuate, the

hind angles obliterated; closely, finely punctate. LElytra slightly

wider than the prothorax, parallel in their basal half, sinuato-

truncate at the apex, the sutural angle sharp, the marginal carina

rather prominent, the epipleura a good deal widened anteriorly ;

closely, somewhat finely punctate, the punctures becoming a little

coarser towards the base. Fifth ventral segment unimpressed,

broadly truncate at the apex. Legs rather stout; tibiae with several

spinules on their outer edge, those on the anterior and intermediate

pairs long.

Length 44, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Mexico, near the city (Hége).

One male. Differs from all the allied forms in the trun-

cate apices of the elytra, the fine punctuation, the non-

setose, finely, uniformly pubescent upper surface, the

100 = Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

sparsely, strongly spinulose anterior and intermediate

tibiae, and the rather broad, black, shining body.

9. Trichochrous pubescens.

Pristoscelis pubescens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 124.

¢. Prothorax large, as wide as the elytra, more rounded at the

sides and less transverse than in 9; anterior and intermediate tibiae

with a rather stout blunt spur at the inner apical angle; fifth ventral

segment unimpressed, broadly truncate at the apex.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Sallé: type, 2), Lagos and

Aguas Calientes city (Hége: 3 9).

The types of this species are females. H6ge subsequently

sent us a good series from the State of Aguas Calientes,

including both sexes. A rather large, elongate form, with

the body nigro-aeneous, and thickly clothed with long

decumbent pale brownish hairs intermixed with an abun-

dance of erect black setae ; the puncturing dense and rather

fine, even on the elytra; the tibiae sparsely spinulose exter-

nally; the legs, antennae, and palpi wholly black; the

antennal joints 5-10 strongly transverse, becoming pro-

gressively wider; the head very densely punctate, the

epistoma flattened.

10. Trichochrous dilaticollis, n. sp.

Pristoscelis fuscus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iti, 2,

p- 328 (nec Lec.).

6. Elongate, moderately shining; black, the elytra with a faint

brassy lustre, the legs piceous, the anterior femora reddish beneath ;

thickly clothed with long decumbent cinereous hairs intermixed

with scattered, erect, pallid and black setae, the marginal cilia long.

Head densely, rugosely punctate, the epistoma flattened ; eyes very

large ; antennae short, rather stout, joints 5-10 strongly transverse,

becoming progressively wider. Prothorax very large, as wide as

the elytra, broader than long, gradually, arcuately narrowed an-

teriorly, the angles obliterated; densely, finely punctate. Elytra

moderately long, parallel in their basal half, the epipleura narrow;

densely, finely, rugosely punctate. Fifth ventral segment feebly

emarginate at the apex. Tibiae sparsely spinulose externally, the

anterior and intermediate pairs with a very short, blunt, truncated

tooth at the inner apical angle.

Length 3? mm.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 101

Hab. Mexico, Pinos Altos in Chihuahua (Buchan-

Hepburn).

One male, doubtfully referred by Gorham to 7. fuscus

(Lec.). Separable from the allied Mexican forms by the

greatly developed prothorax in the male, the large eyes,

the short, stout, strongly serrate antennae, the parallel-

sided, comparatively short, densely rugulose, dull elytra,

the dense, double vestiture, and the distinctly spinulose

tibiae.

11. Trichochrous fuscovittatus, 1. sp.

Pristoscelis suturalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 327 (nec Lec.).

g. Oblong, robust, shining; black, the mouth-parts, antennae

and palpi (except at the tips), and legs, and the epipleura (except

at the base) and apical margin of the elytra, ferruginous ; the head,

prothorax, and scutellum, and the suture, sides and apex of the

elytra, thickly clothed with long, adpressed, cinereous hairs inter-

mixed with extremely long, fine, pallid, erect hairs, the disc of each

elytron broadly fusco-pilose (thus appearing vittate), the marginal

cilia extremely long and fine. Head closely, minutely punctate,

the epistoma smooth and tumid in the middle; antennae short,

rather slender, joints 5-10 triangular, transverse, 5 much wider

than 4 or 6. Prothorax convex, broader than long, strongly

rounded at the sides, narrowed anteriorly, the angles obliterated ;

closely, minutely punctate. Elytra moderately long, much wider

than the prothorax, subparallel for some distance below the tumid

humeri; closely, finely, asperato-punctate. Fifth ventral segment

unimpressed, broadly truncate at the apex. Legs long, rather

stout; tibiae spinulose externally, the anterior and intermediate

pairs with a stout truncated spur at their inner apical angle; tarsi

elongate, setose, the basal joint of the posterior pair obliquely pro-

duced at the apex beneath.

©. Head smaller; antennae much shorter, joints 5-10 strongly

transverse; prothorax smaller, more narrowed anteriorly; elytra

shorter, widened posteriorly; legs shorter, the tarsi not nearly so

elongate, the posterior pair simple.

Length 3-3 mm. (39.)

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

Six males and one female. Casey (Ann. N. York Acad.

Sci. viii, p. 511) has re-described 7’. suturalis (= conformas),

Lec., from San Diego, California, and it is obvious that the

Sonora insect has nothing to do with that species. The

102. += Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

broadly fusco-pubescent disc of the elytra, and the closely

cinereo-pilose suture and apex, are characteristic. The

intermixed pallid erect hairs are extremely long and fine.

The sexual characters are strongly pronounced. IT’. vittiger,

Casey, from New Mexico, is perhaps an allied form.

12. Trichochrous paleatus, n. sp.

3d. Moderately elongate, subcylindrical, shining; aeneo-piceous,

the basal joints of the antennae (the first excepted) and the legs

ferruginous, the knees or femora sometimes infuscate; thickly-

clothed with long, coarse, cinereous, decumbent hairs intermixed

with scattered suberect black setae, the marginal cilia long. Head

closely punctate, the epistoma tumid and smooth in the middle;

antennae short, rather slender, joints 5-10 transverse, serrate, 5 a

little broader than 6, 9 and 10 wider than 8. Prothorax convex,

transverse, rounded at the sides, narrowed anteriorly, coarsely,

closely punctate. Elytra subparallel, about as wide as the pro-

thorax, bluntly, conjointly rounded at the apex; coarsely, closely

punctate. Fifth ventral segment unimpressed, broadly truncate

at the apex. Tibiae with a few scattered spinules along their outer

edge.

9. Prothorax smaller, less rounded at the sides, more narrowed

anteriorly.

Length 3-3 mm. (39.)

Hab. Mexico, near the city, Pachuca (Hége).

Described from seven specimens from Mexico city,

apparently all females but one. Very near 7’. fuscicornis,

the decumbent cinereous hairs coarser, the antennae not

wholly infuscate, the prothorax more rounded at the sides

and in the male about as wide as the elytra. T. texanus

(Lec.) is an allied darker form, with more numerous setae.

13. Trichochrous fuscicornis, n. sp.

6. Elongate, subcylindrical, shining; aeneo-piceous, the tibiae

and tarsi ferruginous; thickly clothed -with shaggy pallid decumbent

hairs intermixed with long, suberect, blackish setae, the marginal

cilia very long. Head densely punctate, the epistoma smooth and

tumid in the middle, the eyes rather depressed; antennae short,

joints 5-10 transverse, serrate, 5 and 7 a little broader than 6 and

8, 9 and 10 about as wide as 7. Prothorax convex, broader than

long, narrowed from near the base, coarsely, closely punctate.

Elytra a little wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 103

half, bluntly, conjointly rounded at the tip, transversely depressed

below the base; coarsely, closely punctate, the punctures becoming

finer towards the apex. Fifth ventral segment unimpressed, truncate

at the apex. Tibiae with conspicuous scattered spinules along their

outer edge.

Length 33-34 mm. (39.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

Six specimens, the females differing very shghtly from

the males, the exact locality not recorded. An elongate,

subcylindrical, aeneous form, with the prothorax narrowed

from near the base in both sexes, the tibiae and tarsi

rufescent, the tibiae with a few conspicuous spinules, the

general vestiture long.

14. Trichochrous rufitarsis, n. sp.

¢. Elongate, subcylindrical, shining ; aeneo-piceous, the antennae

black, the tarsi rufo-testaceous, except at the tip; sparsely clothed

with fine pallid hairs intermixed with numerous long, erect, bristly

hairs. Head densely punctate, the epistoma flattened; antennae

rather long, joints 5—10 transverse, broad, triangular, 5 a little larger

than 6, 11 stout, elongate, acuminate-ovate. Prothorax convex,

rounded at the sides, narrowed anteriorly, closely punctate. Elytra

slightly wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half,

conjointly rounded at the tip; closely, coarsely punctate. Fifth

ventral segment unimpressed, truncate at the apex. Tibiae obso-

letely spinulose externally.

Length 275 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (fHége).

One male. Recognisable amongst the allied forms by

its rufo-testaceous tarsi, rather long, sharply serrate

antennae, with stout, acuminate apical joint, the closely

punctured, convex prothorax, and the numerous intermixed.

erect bristly hairs on the upper surface. The sheath of the

aedeagus (exposed in the type) is strongly curved, stout, and

cylindrical, and acutely pointed at the tip beneath.

15. Trichochrous hidalgoanus, n. sp.

3d. Moderately elongate, subcylindrical, shining; aeneo-piceous,

the palpi and antennae (except at the tip), and the legs, ferruginous ;

sparsely clothed with long, adpressed, fine, cinereous hairs, without

intermixed erect setae, the marginal cilia curled and moderately

long. Head closely punctate, the epistoma smooth and tumid in

104 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

the middle in front ; antennae short, joints 5-10 triangular, becoming

progressively wider, transverse, 1] ovate, narrower than 10. Pro-

thorax transverse, as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides, a

little narrowed anteriorly, the angles obliterated; rather sparsely

punctate, often with a narrow, smooth, impunctate space down the

middle behind. Elytra subparallel, closely punctate, the punctures

coarse at the base, becoming much finer towards the apex, the

marginal carina moderately prominent. Fifth ventral segment

unimpressed, truncate at the apex. ‘Tibiae sparsely, finely spinulose

externally.

9. Prothorax less rounded at the sides and more narrowed

anteriorly ; elytra somewhat widened posteriorly.

Length 37,-3$ mm. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, Pachuca and Zacualtipan in Hidalgo

(Hoge).

A long series from Pachuca. Recognisable by the red

legs and antennae, the latter being moderately serrate

from the fifth joint, the rather sparse, wholly decumbent

vestiture (the erect setae altogether wanting), the aeneo-

piceous shining surface, the tumid median portion of the

epistoma, etc.

16. Trichochrous mexicanus.

Trichochrous meaxicanus, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci.

vill, pp. 472, 515.

Hab. Norra Mexico (coll. Levette).

An oblong, strongly convex, feebly shining, black form,

with rufescent legs and pallid antennae, and rather long,

coarse, subdecumbent pubescence (which becomes darker

and less conspicuous in an elongate dark streak on each

elytron) intermixed with numerous long erect blackish setae ;

the prothorax subglobularly convex, nearly as long as broad,

and coarsely, closely punctate; the elytra slightly wider

than the prothorax, parallel, coarsely, densely punctate.

Described from two males. Length 2?mm. Casey speaks

of this insect as wholly different from any of the N.-American

species described by him. He places 7. mewxicanus near

T. rufipennis, Lec. It is unknown to me.

17. Trichochrous diversicornis, n. sp.

6. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; aeneo-piceous, the

joints 2—4 of the antennae and the legs rufo-testaceous, the femora

slightly infuscate ; sparsely clothed with long, fine, pallid, decumbent

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 105

hairs with a few erect hairs intermixed, the marginal cilia long.

Head very sparsely, finely punctate, the epistoma with a small,

smooth, tuberculiform prominence ; antennae long, serrate from the

fourth joint, 4-10 triangular, 8-10 longer than broad, 11 elongate-

ovate. Prothorax broader than long, convex, rounded at the sides,

sinuously narrowed anteriorly; sparsely punctate on the disc, the

punctures becoming more crowded towards the sides. Elytra

broader than the prothorax, subparallel ; closely, moderately coarsely

punctate. Legs slender, long; tibiae sparsely and very distinctly

spinulose externally.

Q. Broader, the elytra widest beyond the middle; antennae

almost wholly testaceous (joint 1 excepted), much shorter, more

slender, feebly serrate, joint 5 distinctly wider than 4 or 6, 9 and 10

about as broad as long.

Length 3mm. (§9.)

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

One pair, found placed with 7. fuscovittatus (= suturalis,

Gorh., nec Lec.) in the “ Biologia ” collection, the male

partially abraded, the female in good condition. A slender,

moderately elongate, cinereo-pilose, aeneo-piceous insect,

with unusually elongate antennae in the male, the tibiae

* and tarsi and the basal joints of the antennae (the first

excepted) rufo-testaceous. The antennae are serrate from

the fourth joint in the male and from the fifth joint in the

female.

18. Trichochrous salvini.

Pristoscelis saluini, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2,

p. 124.

6. Intermediate tarsi armed with a stout blunt spur at the inner

apical angle.

Hab. GUATEMALA, summit of the Volcan de Fuego.

A narrow, elongate, aeneo-piceous insect, with the pro-

thorax oblong, densely, finely punctate (except along an

incomplete smooth median line); the elytra parallel-sided,

densely, rather coarsely punctate; the antennae rather

slender, joints 5-10 transverse, feebly serrate, 5 slightly

larger than 6; the surface sparsely clothed with fine decum-

bent brownish pubescence intermixed with long fine erect

hairs, these latter being conspicuous on the prothorax and

along the margins of the elytra; the legs slender, scarcely

stouter than in Jastrus, the spinules only just traceable.

106 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

19. Trichochrous clavatus, n. sp.

©. Moderately elongate, subcylindrical, rather convex, shining;

nigro-aeneous, the antennae and legs piceous; sparsely clothed with

intermixed decumbent and semierect longer bristly hairs, the latter

very long at the sides of the prothorax and elytra. Head small,

densely punctate; antennae short, much widened outwards, joints

6-10 strongly transverse, serrate, 5 small, 6 and 7 equal, wider

than 5, 8-10 much broader than 7, 11 ovate, about as broad as long.

Prothorax transverse, the sides arcuately converging anteriorly and

subparallel towards the base; closely, very finely punctate, a little

smoother along the median line. Elytra moderately long, consider-

ably wider than the prothorax, parallel in their basal half, the

marginal carina scarcely visible from above, closely, rather coarsely

punctate. Tibiae rough, the anterior pair distinctly spinulose.

Length 3} mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.).

One female. Very different from any of its Mexican

allies, and recognisable by the five dilated outer joints of

the antennae, the fifth joint being small; the short, very

finely punctured prothorax; and the parallel-sided, rather

broad elytra.

20. Trichochrous femoralis.

Pristoscelis femoralis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 328 (nec * Casey).

Hab. Mexico, Puebla.

The type of this insect is a female. It is compared by

Gorham with 7. nigroaeneus, from which it may be separated

by its broader form, narrow epipleura, rufescent tibiae

and tarsi, densely, finely punctate prothorax, less coarsely

punctate elytra, much more abundant black setae, structure

of the antennae, etc. The head is very densely punctured,

the epistoma flattened. The antennae (9) are short ; joints

7-10 are strongly transverse, becoming progressively wider,

5 shghtly larger than 6, 11 stout, ovate. The length is

yo (not 5) mm.

21. Trichochrous aenevpennis.

Pristoscelis aeneipennis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ii, 2, p. 327.

* Casey’s name femoralis is preoccupied : caseyi is here substituted

for it.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 107

Hab. Mexico, Durango.

The types (2) of 7. aenetpennis are males. This is a

species with the fifth antennal joint triangular and much

larger than the sixth, the joints 6 and 8 subequal, 9 and 10

broader and strongly transverse, 9-11 forming a well-

defined club. The entire upper surface in aeneous, thickly

clothed with intermixed erect black setae and decumbent

cinereous hairs; the prothorax is narrowed anteriorly,

sinuate laterally at the base, and so closely punctate as

to appear reticulate; the elytra are broader than the

prothorax, somewhat acuminate, sharply margined and

with broad epipleura, and coarsely, closely punctate; the

fifth ventral segment is truncate at the apex and unim-

pressed; the tibiae are rather slender, and set with long

bristly hairs. The length is 4} (not 5) mm.

22. Trichochrous nigroaeneus.

Pristoscelis nigroaeneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 124 (part.) (nec p. 327).

¢. Elongate, aeneo-piceous, shining; somewhat thickly clothed

with intermixed decumbent cinereous hairs and long, erect, black

setae, the marginal cilia very long. Head short, closely punctate ;

antennae with joint 5 larger than 6, triangular, 6 and 8 subequal,

9 and 10 broader and strongly transverse, 9-11 forming a definite

club. Prothorax a little broader than long, rapidly and sinuously

narrowing from about the basal third, coarsely, rather closely

punctate. Elytra long, slightly wider than the prothorax, some-

what acuminate posteriorly, with the margins sharply carinate

and very prominent as seen from above, the epipleura broad,

gradually narrowing towards the apex; coarsely, closely punctate.

Beneath densely, very finely punctate; fifth ventral segment

unimpressed, truncate at the apex. Tibiae with a few minute

scattered spinules along their outer edge, and also set with long

hairs.

9. Prothorax strongly transverse; antennae shorter.

Length 343-4 mm. (9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.; Mus. Oxon. :

32), Jalapa (Hoge: 3).

Gorham confused various species under this name, but

he selected and labelled a male from Jalapa as the type,

and there are various other Mexican examples found by

Truqui in the British Museum. 7’. nigroaeneus is very

108 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

closely related to 7. aenevpennis, and it is only separable

therefrom by its less rugose prothorax. The relatively

broad epipleura and very prominent marginal carina of

the elytra bring these insects near Asydates, Casey.

23. Trichochrous subcuneatus, n. sp.

3. Elongate, subcuneiform, shining; nigro-piceous, with a

brassy lustre, somewhat thickly clothed with erect blackish bristly

hairs intermixed with a few decumbent shorter pallid hairs, the

marginal cilia long. Head densely punctate, the epistoma smooth

and tumid along the middle; antennae short, joints 5-10 transverse,

serrate, 5 larger than 6, 6 and 8 subequal, 9 and 10 much broader,

9-11 forming a definite club. Prothorax broader than long, large,

convex, narrowed anteriorly; coarsely, closely punctate. Elytra

long, not wider than the prothorax, narrowed from the base,

narrowly, conjointly rounded at the apex; closely, coarsely punctate,

the punctures becoming smaller towards the tip. Fifth ventral

segment unimpressed, truncate behind. Tibiae rough, sparsely

setose.

Q. Prothorax smaller, more narrowed anteriorly; elytra sub-

parallel in their basal half.

Length 3-3} mm. (9 9.)

Hab. Mexico, near the city [$9], Aguas Calientes city

[9] (Hoge). | iidealaas

Described from a pair from Mexico city. This is the

only Mexican Trichochrous known to me with the elytra

narrowed from the base in the male. The vestiture is

almost wholly erect and dark. The female is very different

from the male, and it might easily be mistaken for another

species.

24. Trichochrous setiger, n. sp.

Pristoscelis nigroaeneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1,

2, p. 124 (part.).

6. Moderately elongate, shining, nigro-aeneous; clothed with

scattered pallid decumbent hairs intermixed with many very long,

erect, bristly hairs, the marginal cilia also very long. Head closely

punctate, the epistoma slightly tumid in the middle; antennae

short, joints 5-10 transverse, serrate, 5 larger than 6, 6-8 subequal,

9 and 10 wider, 11 ovate. Prothorax convex, transverse, rounded

at the sides, narrowing from a little before the base, closely, rather

coarsely punctate. LElytra very little wider than the prothorax,

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 109

subparallel in their basal half; the marginal carina rather promi-

nent and just visible from above, the epipleura narrow; closely,

coarsely punctate. Fifth ventral segment truncate at the apex,

with a shallow triangular depression in the middle behind. Tibiae

rough and setose.

9. Prothorax smaller, more narrowed anteriorly; elytra broader,

widest beyond the middle. {

Length 24-34 mm. (39.)

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Sallé).

Three males and two females. Smaller and less elongate

than T. nigroaeneus, the prothorax shorter, more convex,

and more rounded at the sides, the elytral margins less

expanded, the epipleura narrow. The coarse puncturing

and the very long intermixed erect hairs on the upper

surface distinguish 7’. setiger from various other allied

forms. In one of the two females the interspaces between

the punctures on the head and prothorax are densely

alutaceous and opaque.

25. Trichochrous foveiventris, n. sp.

g. Elongate, narrow, feebly convex, shining; nigro-aeneous or

aeneo-piceous, the antennae and legs black or piceous; clothed

with rather long, decumbent, cinereous or brownish hairs, the head,

prothorax, and sides of the elytra with intermixed erect, blackish,

bristly hairs, the marginal cilia moderately long and curled. Head

densely punctate, the epistoma smoother and slightly tumid in the

middle ; antennae moderately long, rather slender, joints 5-10 serrate,

5 triangular and larger than 6, 6-10 transverse, 9 and 10 a little

wider than 8, 11 ovate. Prothorax transverse, rounded at the

sides, narrowed anteriorly, the base distinctly sinuate laterally ;

closely, rather finely punctate. Elytra a little wider than the

prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, with the marginal carina

somewhat prominent and visible from above; closely, rugosely

punctate. Fifth ventral segment truncate at the apex, with a

large, deep, foveiform excavation extending nearly the whole length

of the segment. Tibiae rough, setulose.

Q. Prothorax narrowed from near the base; elytra broader and

less parallel; antennae shorter and more slender.

Length 3-31 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.; Coffin, in Mus.

Ozon.), Morelia in Michoacan [¢ 9], Mexico city (Hoge),

Tehuantepec [¢ Q], (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).

110 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

A long series, including pairs from Morelia and Tehuan-

tepec. This species is distinguishable amongst its allies

by the very large deep fovea on the fifth ventral segment

of the male. It is less setose than 7’. setiger, the puncturing

of the upper surface is not quite so coarse, and the ventral

excavation is larger and very much deeper. A female

from Puebla with brown decumbent hairs included by

Gorham (loc. cit. p. 327) under 7. nigroaeneus seems to

belong here. The double vestiture of the upper surface

distinguishes 7’. foveiventris from T'. nigripes.

26. Trichochrous nigripes, n. sp.

Instrus punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1,

2, p. 126 (part.).

3: Moderately elongate, rather convex, shining; aeneous or

aeneo-piceous, the antennae and legs black or piceous; clothed

with decumbent cinereous hairs, without intermixed erect setae,

the marginal cilia short. Head densely punctate, the epistoma

without definite prominence; antennae moderately long, joints

5-10 transverse, serrate, 5 a little larger than 6, 9 and 10 much wider

than 8, 11 ovate. Prothorax transversely convex, rounded at the

sides, narrowed anteriorly, closely, moderately coarsely punctate.

Elytra scarcely wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal

half, closely, coarsely punctate. Fifth ventral segment truncate

at the apex, transversely depressed and shallowly foveate in the

middle behind. 'Tibiae obsoletely spinulose externally.

Q. Prothorax more narrowed anteriorly, not quite so wide as

the elytra, the latter widest beyond the middle.

Length 23-33; mm. (4 .)

Hab. Mexico (Truquz), Omilteme, Soledad, Xucumanat-

lan, and Chilpancingo, in Guerrero, 4,600-8,000 feet

(H. H. Smith), Jalapa? (Hége).

A long series from Guerrero, the Mexican specimens

referred by Gorham to Lvstrus punctatus also belonging

here. A small aeneous insect, with the vestiture cinereous

and wholly decumbent, the marginal cilia short, the

prothorax short and convex, the elytral puncturing coarse

and close, the fifth ventral segment of the male transversely

depressed and shallowly foveate before the apex. The

puncturing of the upper surface is coarser in some examples

than in others. The complete absence of long erect bristly

hairs on the upper surface separates T. nigripes from

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 111

various allied forms. The Guerrero specimens are taken

as the types.

27. Trichochrous viridulus, n. sp.

9. Elongate, narrow, shining; greenish aeneous, the antennae

black, the legs piceous; clothed with wholly decumbent, rather

long, pallid hairs, the marginal cilia short and inconspicuous. Head

bi-impressed in front, finely punctate, the epistoma smooth and

tumid in the middle; antennae very short, joints 5-10 transverse,

5 larger than 6, 9 and 10 much broader than 8, 11 ovate. Prothorax

transverse, a little narrower than the elytra, narrowed from near

the base; finely punctate, except along the smooth incomplete

median line. Elytra long, subparallel in their basal half, somewhat

depressed; closely, rather finely punctate, the punctuation becom-

ing coarser at the base. Legs slender; tibiae distinctly spinulose

externally.

Length 3} mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqu, in Mus. Brit.).

One female. This insect is not unhke Listrus flavicornis ;

but the antennae are very differently formed, the tibiae

are distinctly spinulose, the posterior tarsi are much shorter,

the prothorax is larger and more shining, etc. It cannot

be compared with any of the other species of T'richochrous

here enumerated. The puncturing of the upper surface is

comparatively fine.

28. Trichochrous conicus, n. sp.

Pristoscelis nigroaeneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 327 (part.).

Q. Elongate, subconical, shining; nigro-aeneous, the antennae

and legs piceous, the tibiae and tarsi obscure ferruginous in one

specimen; clothed with rather long, coarse, decumbent, cinereous

hairs, without intermixed erect setae, the marginal cilia curled and

long. Head small, densely punctate, the eyes not prominent;

antennae very short, rather slender, joints 5-10 serrate, transverse,

5 broader than 6 or 8, 9 and 10 much wider than those preceding,

11 ovate. Prothorax not much broader than long, campanulate,

closely, finely punctate. Elytra long, much wider than the pro-

thorax, widening to beyond the middle, the marginal carina just

visible from above; closely, moderately coarsely punctate, the

interspaces transversely wrinkled. Tibiae rough and feebly spinu-

lose.

Length (with head extended) 4-44 mm.

112. Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. Mexico, Monclova in Coahuila (Dr. Palmer).

Two females, quoted by Gorham in his Supplement

under 7’. nigroaeneus, to which the present species bears

no resemblance. The small head, campanulate prothorax,

and posteriorly widened elytra, separate 7’. conicus at once

from the females of all the other Mexican species of the

genus known to me; the male may be differently shaped.

The vestiture, too, though coarse, is wholly decumbent.

29. Trichochrous ferrugineus.

Instrus ferrugmeus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1,

2, p. 330 (1886).

Trichochrous eaiquus, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. viii,

pp. 470, 497 (1895).

6. Anterior and intermediate tibiae armed with a short, stout,

blunt tooth at the inner apical angle; fifth ventral segment broadly

truncate at the apex.

Hab. Unttep States, Arizona; Mexico, N. Sonora.

A very small, Cryptophagiform insect, ferruginous in

colour, with the head often broadly infuscate in the middle

behind, the metasternum, and sometimes the abdomen also,

and the tip of the antennae, black. The elytra are much

broader than the prothorax in both sexes. The vestiture

is wholly decumbent and flavescent, and the marginal

cilia are long. The antennae are short, with joints 5-10

serrate, and transverse, 5 slightly larger than 6, and 9 and

10 much wider than those preceding. ‘The tibiae are very

feebly spinulose (when seen under the microscope), and

the species is therefore not a true Listrus. Casey (op. cit.

ix. p. 682) has already called attention to the synonymy.

Three males and four females have been seen by me from

Sonora.

LISTRUS.

Instrus, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc. iv. p. 389 (1859) ; Gorham,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 2, pp. 125 (1882),

329 (1886); Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vin,

pp. 458, 540.

Thirty-two species of this genus are enumerated by

Casey from N. America, one only of which is known to me

from south of the Mexican border. L. impressus, Gorh.,

is here referred to Dasytellus, and L. ferrugineus, Gorh.,

to Trichochrous. The sixteen forms now recorded from

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 113

Mexico or Central America, eight of which are described

as new, come very near some of the more feebly developed

Trichochrous, differing from them in the non-spinulose

slender tibiae. Amongst the N.-American representatives

there are several with variegate pubescence, or with the

elytra fasciate ; but in the forms here dealt with the pubes-

cence is uniform and entirely decumbent, the erect setae,

present in many Trichochrous, being invariably absent.

Two species of the present genus from the Ecuadorian

Andes were described by Gorham in 1891.

Key to the Mexican and Central American species of

Listrus.

a. Antennae long, slender, the penultimate

joints (except in L. subcwpreus) as

long as broad, the fifth very little

larger than the sixth.

a. Anterior and intermediate tibiae of 5

strongly curved, sinuate within, and

toothed at apex.

a*, Fifth ventral segment of 3 deeply

excavate, and with two stout

horn-like processes, the apical

margin bearing a polished tubercle

in the middle: species elongate . subcyaneus, Gorh.

b*. Fifth ventral segment of ¢ flattened,

and without such processes.

a®. Fifth ventral segment of 3 with

a minute dentiform projection

in middle behind : species larger

and more elongate . . . . cupreonitens, Gorh.

b%. Fifth ventral segment simple :

species much smaller . . . subcwpreus, n. sp.

61. Anterior and intermediate tibiae of ¢

not curved, the former toothed at

BPOX) is. flavicornis, n. sp.

b. Antennae much eee ‘te pannleanate

joints transverse, the fifth distinctly

larger than the sixth, 9-11 forming a

definite club.

cl. Prothorax gibbous, with the lateral

margins sharply crenulate; body

very shining, narrow, brassy; legs,

and antennae in part, red . .. crenicollis, n. sp.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRr I. (JUNE) I

114 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision

d'. Prothorax less convex, with the lateral

margins very finely crenulate.

c?. Vestiture long, coarse, and abundant.

c®. Body metallic, the elytra at least

shining; legs and antennae

black; vestiture cinereous .

ad’. Body olivaceous, opaque; an-

tennae in part, and legs, red;

vestiture white

d*, Vestiture sparser.

e’. Legs and antennae black; body

aeneous or greenish: species

moderately large.

a‘, Head very broad in g; body

rather convex, shining, brassy

b*. Head not much wider in ¢ than

in 2; body more depressed.

a°, Species larger; elytra much

broader than prothorax in 9

b°. Species smaller; elytra very

little wider than prothorax

in either sex Fis

f8. Legs wholly or in part, and one or

more of the antennal joints, red.

c*, Femora (except in L. corallipes,

var.) red; body metallic,

shining.

c®. Prothorax subquadrate; an-

tennae longer and stouter :

species larger and robust

d°, Prothorax transverse; an-

tennae very short: species

smaller.

a°, Body more convex and less

elongate; elytra con-

jointly rounded at tip

b®. Body rather depressed,

more elongate; elytra

subacuminate at tip

d‘, Femora infuscate, tibiae and

tarsi red; head and prothorax

dull, elytra shining; body

subcylindrical in g: species

very small .

of the Mexican

senilis, Lec.

albidus, n. sp.

punctatulus, n. sp.

versicolor, Gorh.

ciliatipennis, n. sp.

aeneus, Gorh.

corallipes, Gorh.

aeratus, Nn. Sp.

semiopacus, N. sp.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 115

e’. Femora and tibiae in part in-

fuscate ; body shining, brassy :

species very small . . . metallicus, Gorh.

c. Antennae short, the penultimate joints

transverse, the fifth small, 8-10 form-

ing a definite club; body nigro-

aeneous or nigro-violaceous; an-

tennae and legs infuscate, the latter

sometimes reddish: species very

small. ca QaylG & Vole ael.ce Spygmacia Gork.

1. Lnstrus subcyaneus.

Instrus subcyaneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 125.

dg. Anterior and intermediate tibiae strongly curved, sinuate

within, sharply toothed at the inner apical angle; fifth ventral

segment with a long, curved, stout, ciliate, horn-like process on

each side of the broad median excavation, extending far beyond

the apical margin of the segment, the latter with a small polished

tubercle in the centre; antennae slender, feebly serrate, joints 5-10

subtriangular, 6-10 about as long as broad, 5 larger than 6, 11 stout,

ovate; prothorax strongly rounded at the sides; body narrow.

Q. Antennae a little shorter; prothorax narrowing from about

the basal third; body broader.

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Totonicapam and Quezaltenango, in

the Los Altos region.

Of the eight specimens seen of this insect, only two are

bluish, the others being green or cupreous, the legs and

antennae, too, vary, in colour from piceous to almost

wholly testaceous. The sparse pubescence noticed by its

describer is simply due to abrasion. The single male from

Quezaltenango has the elytra very elongate, narrow, and

cupreous, and the antennae, tarsi, and apices of the tibiae

rufo-testaceous.

2. Listrus cupreonitens.

Iistrus cupreonitens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii,

2, p. 125, t. 7, fig. 8 (9).

g- Anterior and intermediate tibiae strongly curved, sinuate

within, toothed at the inner apical angle; fifth ventral segment

unimpressed, with a minute dentiform projection at the middle of

the apical margin; prothorax strongly rounded at the sides.

116 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. GUATEMALA, Quiché Mts., Quezaltenango, and near

Capetillo.

This species is extremely like L. subcyaneus, differing

from it in the simple fifth ventral segment of the male.

The antennae and tarsi are equally variable in colour.

The seven specimens seen are cupreous or plumbeo-

cupreous in colour, the prothorax sometimes greenish or

golden. The vestiture is very compact in fresh examples.

The sexual characters were not described by Gorham. The

length varies from 3 to nearly 4 mm.

3. Lastrus subcupreus, 0. sp.

3g. Moderately elongate, narrow, depressed, shining; obscure

cupreous with the head and prothorax greenish, or wholly greenish,

the antennae (except the first joint at the base above) testaceous,

the legs piceous, with the tarsi fusco-testaceous; finely cinereo-

pubescent. Head densely punctate; antennae slender, widening

outwards, feebly serrate, joint 10 transverse, 11 stout, ovate. Pro-

thorax small, strongly transverse, rounded at the sides, the hind

angles subrectangular; closely, minutely punctate. Elytra wider

than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, moderately

elongate; densely, finely punctate. Fifth ventral segment flattened

and densely punctate in the middle at the apex, the latter truncate.

Anterior and intermediate tibiae bowed towards the apex, sinuate

within, toothed at the inner apical angle.

9. Broader; antennae with the four or five outer joints, and the

basal one above, black, 6—10 transverse.

Length 23-24 mm. (4 9.)

Hab. GUATEMALA, Guatemala city, Duejias, Capetillo

(Champion).

Two males and three females, found mixed with the

series named L. canescens by Gorham. Smaller and much

less elongate than L. cuwpreonitens and L. subcyaneus, the

antennae and legs shorter, the fifth ventral segment of the

male simply flattened in the middle behind.

4, Listrus flavicornis, n. sp.

¢g. Elongate, the head and prothorax dull, the elytra moderately

shining; aeneous, the antennae (the black basal joint excepted),

tarsi, and apices of the tibiae, testaceous; clothed with rather

long, decumbent, pallid hairs, those on the elytra rather coarse, the

curled marginal cilia of the latter long and conspicuous. Head bi-

impressed in front, alutaceous, very finely, rather sparsely punctate ;

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 117

antennae moderately long, slender, feebly serrate, joints 5-10 sub-

triangular, about as long as broad, 5 larger than 6, 11 ovate, much

longer than 10. Prothorax small, transverse, the sides rounded

posteriorly and as seen from above sinuate and obliquely converging

anteriorly, the hind angles completely obsolete; finely punctate.

Elytra much wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal

half, conjointly rounded at the apex; densely, moderately coarsely

punctate throughout. Legs long and slender; tibiae narrow,

without definite spinules, the anterior pair sharply toothed at the

inner apical angle ; posterior tarsi elongate.

Q. Larger and broader, the antennae and tarsi infuscate towards

the tip.

Length 3}-33 mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit., 3; Mus. Oxon., °).

One male and two females. This species has the antennae

formed very much as in the male of L. cupreonitens and its

allies, except that the apical joint is not so large, but is not

otherwise related to them. The tibiae are feebly setulose

(when viewed under the microscope), but there are no

definite spinules on their outer edge, and the insect, there-

fore, seems better placed in Zzstrus than in Trichochrous.

The relatively small, laterally compressed prothorax is

unusual in Lastrus.

5. Instrus crenicollis, n. sp.

Instrus, sp., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 329.

6. Elongate, narrow, somewhat convex, shining; of a bright

brassy tint, the antennae and legs rufo-testaceous, the apical three

joints of the former and the tips of the tarsi infuscate; sparsely

pubescent, the marginal cilia of the elytra rather long. Head

sparsely, finely punctate; antennae short, rather slender, joints

5-10 serrate, 5 triangular, larger than 6 or 8, 6-10 transverse, 9

and 10 broader than those preceding, 11 short-ovate. Prothorax

gibbous, nearly as long as broad, feebly rounded at the sides,

narrowed from about the middle, the margins closely, conspicuously

crenulate, the hind angles just traceable; closely, finely punctate.

Elytra a little wider than the prothorax, subparallel in their basal

half, conjointly rounded at the apex; closely and rather coarsely

punctured in their basal third, the puncturing thence to the apex

much finer and more diffuse. Legs rather slender, the posterior

tarsi elongate.

Length 2+, breadth 1 mm.

118 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

Hab. Mextco, Jalapa (Hége).

One specimen, assumed to be a male. Gorham hesitated

to describe this species from a single example; but it is so

distinct, and so closely allied to another form subsequently

received from Orizaba, that there can be no risk in naming

it. The narrow, bright aeneous body, the rather long

gibbous prothorax, with conspicuously crenulate lateral

margins, the rufous legs, and the long posterior tarsi are

characteristic.

6. Listrus senilis.

Dasytes senilis, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 170 (1852).

Iistrus senilis, Lec., op. cit. 1866, p. 358; Casey, Ann.

N. York. Acad. Sci. vii, pp. 542, 551, and ix, p. 682.

Iistrus canescens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu,

2, pp. 126, 329 (nec Mann.).

? Listrus clavicornis, Casey, loc. cit. vii, pp. 542, 552.

¢. Anterior tibiae armed with a rather stout spur at the inner

apical angle; prothorax nearly as broad as the elytra, rounded at

the sides; fifth ventral segment truncate at the apex.

Q. Head and prothorax smaller, the latter less rounded at the

sides.

Hab. Unttep Srates, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico,

Arizona, Texas; Mexico; GUATEMALA; PANAMA,

A common N.-American species extending southward

along the mountains to Chiriqui. In typical examples the

prothorax is very densely punctulate and opaque; but

amongst some of those before me from Guatemala the

puncturing is more scattered and the interspaces shining,

these latter doubtless belonging to L. clavicornis, Casey.

The aeneous (not black, as stated by Casey) body, the

uniform long, close, cinereous vestiture, and the black

legs and antennae mainly distinguish L. senilis. Specimens

from Texas (Mus. Oxon.) agree exactly with others before

me from Mexico.

7. Instrus albidus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, rather broad, opaque; fusco-olivaceous,

the antennae (except the basal joint and one or more of the apical

ones, which are infuscate) and legs (the tips of the tarsi excepted)

rufo-testaceous; thickly clothed with adpressed white hairs, the

marginal cilia short. Head very densely punctulate; antennae

short, widened outwards, joints 5-10 serrate, 5 triangular, larger

than 6, 6-10 transverse, 9 and 10 much broader than 8, 11 ovate.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 119

Prothorax transverse, nearly as wide as the elytra, narrowing from

near the base, the sides rounded posteriorly and obliquely con-

verging forwards; very densely punctulate. Elytra moderately

long, subparallel in their basal third; impressed with minute

punctures, which are much more scattered than those on the pro-

thorax. Legs comparatively short.

Length 23-34 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo and Amula in Guerrero,

4,600-6,000 feet (H. H. Snuth).

Four specimens, probably including both sexes, the

supposed males having the prothorax a little more developed

than the others; one female is in very fresh condition.

The olivaceous, albo-pilose, opaque, minutely punctured

upper surface and red legs are characteristic of the present

species. L, albidus is related to L. senilis, Lec.

8. Listrus punctatulus, n. n.

Instrus punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 126 (part.), (nec Motsch.).

6. Head very broad; antennae widened outwards, joints 5-10

serrate, 5 triangular, larger than 4, 6, or 8, these latter small, 6-10

transverse, 9 and 10 wider than 7, 11 short-ovate; prothorax large,

as wide as the elytra, convex, rounded at the sides, narrowed in

front; fifth ventral segment unimpressed, truncate at the apex.

Q. Head much smaller; antennae shorter and more slender;

prothorax smaller, a little narrower than the elytra, narrowed from

near the base.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Santa Rosa and San Gerénimo, both

near Salama, in Baja Vera Paz.

Gorham confused various species under the name

L. punctatus, the pair labelled by him as “ types,” and

from which the brief description was evidently taken, being

from Santa Rosa. The sexes differ greatly, the male

having an unusually broad head and prothorax. In its

robust build, the aeneous, rather coarsely cinereo-pubescent

upper surface, and the strongly punctured basal portion

of the elytra, L. punctatulus is very like certain T'richochrous

(such as the Mexican 7’. nigripes), from which the smoother,

non-setulose tibiae, the very short marginal cilia of the

elytra, etc., will distinguish it. Three males and four

females are before me. The specific name, as pointed

out by Casey (Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. ix, p. 682), is

preoccupied.

120 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

9. Lnstrus versicolor.

Tistrus versicolor, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 126.

3. Head broad; prothorax strongly rounded at the sides,

gradually narrowed anteriorly, and also narrowed behind, about as

wide as the elytra, the latter subparallel; fifth ventral segment

truncate at the apex; anterior tibiae with a short, stout, blunt tooth

at the inner apical angle.

©. Prothorax smaller, narrowed from near the base; elytra

broader and less parallel.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Ostuncalco [9] and Quezaltenango

[3], in the Los Altos region.

The six specimens referred by me to L. versicolor (3 3

and 3 2) vary in colour from wholly greenish or bluish-green

to green with the head and prothorax brassy or golden,

the colour of the latter being partly due to the denser

yellowish vestiture on these portions of the upper surface.

The head and prothorax are densely and finely, the elytra

rather coarsely, punctate. The two examples marked by

the author as the “types” are large females from Ostun-

calco, with broad, conspicuously margined elytra and long

cilia. The abraded males from Quezaltenango are much

narrower, but they seem to belong to the same species.

These latter come extremely close to some of the forms of

the very variable LZ. senilis, Lec., differing from them in the

finer and more scattered vestiture.

10. Lnstrus ciliatipenms, n. sp.

Instrus punctatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in,

2, p. 329 (nec p. 126).

6. Moderately elongate, rather depressed, feebly shining ; aeneous

or greenish-aeneous above, black beneath, the legs and antennae

piceous; clothed with fine adpressed cinereous pubescence, the

curled marginal cilia of the elytra rather long and conspicuous.

Head broad, densely, rugulosely punctate; antennae as in L.

punctatulus. Prothorax about as wide as the elytra, transverse,

rounded at the sides, narrowed in front; closely, minutely punctate,

the interspaces usually dull and alutaceous. Elytra subparallel in

their basal half, with rather prominent marginal carina ; more coarsely

and rugosely punctured in their basal third than on the rest of their

surface, the punctures becoming minute towards the apex. Fifth

ventral segment unimpressed, truncate at the apex. Legs slender.

and Central American Malachidae and Melyridae. 121

Q. Head a little smaller; prothorax less rounded at the sides

narrowed from near the base, distinctly narrower than the elytra.

Length 27;—24 mm.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca, above Tolé.

Found in plenty on flowers, on the savannas, in January,

1883. Smaller and much less robust than the Guatemalan

L. punctatulus, the puncturing of the elytra not nearly so

coarse, the marginal cilia longer and more conspicuous,

the sexual differences less marked. Abraded examples

appear to be more shining than those with the fine vestiture

intact. The colour varies from brassy to green. . The

Guatemalan L. versicolor, Gorh., is an allied larger form,

with much broader elytra in the female, etc.

11. Listrus aeneus.

Tistrus aeneus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2,

p: 125.

The type of this insect, labelled by the author, isa female

from Panima, Guatemala; the second example, from

Oaxaca, Mexico, was retained by him, and we may be

permitted to doubt whether it really belonged to the same

species. JL. aeneus (2) is an elongate-oval, bright brassy

insect, not unlike the type (9) of ZL. corallipes; but it is

larger and longer, with a longer, smoother, subquadrate

prothorax, stouter antennae, etc. The fifth antennal joint

is triangular, and larger than the sixth or eighth, and the

ninth and tenth are stout and transverse.

12. Lnstrus corallipes.

Instrus corallipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui,

2, p. 127 (part.).

Hab. GUATEMALA, Vera Paz.

Two totally different species were placed under this name

by Gorham: the type, from Guatemala, is a Listrus; the

other specimen, from Toxpam, Mexico, has a slender fifth

tarsal joint, simple, very slender claws, a stout, oblong

apical joint to the antennae, etc., and, therefore, belongs

elsewhere (cf. under Mecomycter, infra). The type of

L. corallipes, from San Joaquin, is smaller than L. punc-

tatulus, and has shorter antennae (which otherwise are

similarly formed), a relatively smaller, subcampanulate

prothorax, and red antennae (the basal and apical joints

122 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

excepted) and legs. Another female, from San Gerénimo,

with darker legs and antennae probably belongs here.

13. Lastrus aeratus, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, widened posteriorly, feebly convex, shining; of a

bright brassy or greenish tint, joints 24 of the antennae, and

the legs (the tips of the tarsi excepted), rufo-testaceous, for the

rest infuscate; finely cinereo-pubescent, the marginal cilia of the

elytra rather long. Head comparatively small, finely punctulate ;

antennae very short, widened outwards, joints 5-10 serrate, 5

triangular, larger than 6, 6-10 transverse, 9 and 10 broader than 8,

11 short-ovate. Prothorax transverse, convex, obliquely narrowed

from about the middle forwards, the hind angles distinct; closely,

minutely punctate. Elytra considerably wider than the prothorax,

narrowing from a little beyond the middle, somewhat acuminate

at the tip; closely and somewhat coarsely punctate in their basal

third, the puncturing thence to the apex much finer and more

diffuse.

Length 21-24 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Ff. D. Godman and H. H. Smith).

Four specimens, apparently all females. Less convex

than L. crenicollis, the prothorax shorter and flatter, and

much more finely crenulate along the sides. From L.

corallipes, Gorh., it may be known by its more elongate,

less convex form, subacuminate elytra, more shining

surface, etc.

14. Lnstrus semiopacus, n. sp.

g. Narrow, subcylindrical, somewhat convex, moderately elon-

gate, the head and prothorax dull, the elytra shining; black, with

a slight aeneous lustre, the second joint of the antennae, and the

tibiae and tarsi (except at the tips), rufescent; finely pubescent.

Head broad, and except along the smooth raised central portion

of the epistoma, opaque, densely, rugulosely punctate; antennae

short, joints 5-10 strongly transverse, 5 a little broader than 6,

and 9 and 10 slightly wider than 8, 11 ovate. Prothorax transverse,

broad, rounded at the sides posteriorly, obliquely, narrowed in

front; densely, rugulosely punctate, with an indication of a short

smooth median line. Elytra subparallel in their basal half, very

little wider than the prothorax, conjointly rounded at the apex;

densely, finely punctate, the puncturing becoming a little coarser

at the base. Intermediate tibiae with a stout blunt tooth at the

inner apical angle.

and Central American Malachudae and Melyridae. 123

. Head and prothorax a little narrower, the latter less rounded

at the sides posteriorly.

Length 1,4-27,mm. (J 2.)

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (F. D. Godman and H. H. Smith).

Two males and one female. An isolated form, recognis-

able by its small size, the opaque head and prothorax, the

red tibiae and tarsi, the subparallel elytra, etc. It is more

elongate than L. pygmaeus and L. metallicus.

15. Lastrus metallicus.

Iistrus metallicus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1,

2, Pe Lal.

Hab. GuatEeMALaA, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope.

A comparatively short, minute, brassy or golden insect,

with fine, scattered yellowish pubescence, and rather

coarsely punctate surface, the femora and tibiae more or

less infuscate. The fifth antennal joint is, as usual, larger

than the sixth, and the ninth and tenth joints are widened

and transverse. The types are evidently male and female.

16. Listrus pygmaeus.

Instrus pygmaeus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 329.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca and Tolé.

Smaller than ZL. metallicus, nigro-violaceous or nigro-

aeneous in colour, the puncturing much finer, the pubes-

cence very fine, the fifth antennal joint small. The an-

tennal joints 6-10 are transverse, 9 and 10 are wider than

those preceding, 5 not larger than 6. The legs are de-

scribed as rufous, but this is not quite correct, as they are

partly or wholly infuscate in the long series before me.

DASYTELLUS.

Dasytellus, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. viii, pp. 459,

564 (1895).

The few described species of this genus inhabit the arid

regions of the South-Western States of N. America. Listrus

umpressus, Gorh., belongs to it. They are minute insects

related to Listrus, from which they differ in having an

impressed submarginal line on each side of the prothorax.

124 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

1. Dasytellus vmpressus.

Listrus impressus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt., i,

2, p. 329 (1886).

Dasytellus subovalis, Casey, loc. cit. pp. 565, 570 (1895).

Hab. United States, Arizona and Texas; N. Mexico,

Sonora.

The six specimens before me from Sonora include both

sexes, the males being narrower than the females and

having the fifth ventral segment subtruncate at the tip.

The above synonymy has been noticed by Casey (op. cit.

ix, p. 682).

DASYTES.

Dasytes, Paykull, Faun. Suec. ii, p. 156 (1798); Gorham,

Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 326 (1886); Casey,

Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vin, pp. 459, 571 (1895). |

Casey restricts Dasytes, so far as the N.-American forms

are concerned, to those species of “ Dasytini”’ which have

the anterior tibiae slender and devoid of spinules, the

ungual appendages equal, but very short or rudimentary,

and the pronotum with a roughly sculptured and abruptly

limited marginal area. He enumerated 14 species nearly

all of which are confined to the Pacific Coast region. The

more widely distributed D. hudsonicus, Lec., extends south-

ward to Colorado, Arizona, and Sonora, whence Gorham

has recorded it on the strength of numerous specimens sent

by Morrison.

MECOMYCTER.

Mecomycter, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. x, p. 125 (1882);

Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vit, pp. 459, 595

(1895).

This genus was based upon a single species, from Kansas,

with extremely slender, simple, tarsal claws and an elongate

head, Casey subsequently adding a second (the type of

which was without a head), which he supposed to be from

Arizona. A Mexican insect with simple slender claws,

included by Gorham under his Listrus corallipes, must be

closely allied to M. facetus, Casey, differing from M.

omalinus, Horn, in having a short head, clavate antennae,

ete.

-.-.

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 125

1. Mecomycter testacevpes, n. sp.

Listrus corallipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, p. 127 (part.).

Moderately elongate, the head and prothorax dull, the elytra

moderately shining; nigro-piceous, joints 1-6 of the antennae and

the legs rufo-testaceous; clothed with an extremely fine adpressed

pubescence (giving a pruinose appearance to the surface), the

marginal cilia wanting. Head about as long as broad, bi-impressed

in front, densely, finely punctate, the epistoma somewhat produced,

transverse; antennae short, much widened outwards, joints 3-6

slender, 7-10 strongly transverse, 7 and 8 equal, much wider than

6, 9 and 10 broader than 8, stout, 11 oblong-ovate, nearly as wide

as 10, longer than 9 and 10 united. Prothorax, narrow, transverse,

convex, laterally compressed, subconical, with a small angular

projection on each side towards the base, the marginal carina in-

ferior, the hind angles distinct; densely, finely, uniformly punctate.

Elytra, very much wider than the prothorax, oblong, rather de-

pressed, subparallel at the base, less than twice as long as wide,

incompletely covering the abdomen, with prominent tumid humeri ;

rather sparsely, minutely punctate and transversely rugulose.

Legs slender; tibiae with a few extremely minute spinules on their _

outer edge; fifth tarsal joint cylindrical, the claws extremely

slender, simple.

Length 23, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Mexico, Toxpam (Sallé).

One specimen, probably a male, differing from M. facetus,

Casey, to judge from the description, in having the pro-

thorax and elytra much more finely punctured, the body

uniformly piceous, the vestiture very fine and wholly

decumbent, ete.

Subfam. MHLYRINAL.

MELYRODES.

Melyrodes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, pp. 128

(1882), 331 (1886).

Alymeris, Casey, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. viii, p. 600 (1895).

A genus including a few species from North and Central

America, two being now added from the last-named region.

The synonymy has already been noted by Casey (op. cit.

iX, p. 682).

126 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican

3. Melyrodes serricauda, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, the head and prothorax opaque, the elytra

feebly shining; nigro-piceous, the elytra dark brown, the antennal

joints 14 (except the upper side of 1), the extreme base of the

tibiae, and the tarsi testaceous; clothed with very fine, short,

decumbent, fuscous pubescence. Head densely, shallowly, rugosely

punctate; antennae short, joints 3 and 4 very small, 5-10 strongly

transverse, about equal in width, 5-7 triangular, 8-10 shorter,

11 ovate, narrower than10. Prothorax strongly transverse, rounded

at the sides posteriorly, narrowed in front, the anterior margin

reflexed, the hind angles distinct, the lateral margins closely crenu-

late or serrulate; densely, shallowly, rugosely punctate. Elytra

long, a little wider than the prothorax, subparallel or gradually

widened posteriorly ; very coarsely, densely, subseriately, punctate,

and distinctly bi- or tricostate, the suture also raised; the explanate

epipleural margin becoming wider at the apex and dehiscent at the

sutural angle, its inner inferior margin sharply and closely serrate

from about the apical third to the suture, the teeth at the apex

projecting beyond the upper (outer) epipleural margin, the apex

itself rather narrow.

Length 2 mm.

Hab. Panama, Tolé (Champion).

Two specimens, found on flowers on the open savanna,

in January, 1883. Gorham, apparently, by some oversight,

included these examples under his M. perforata, though

he labelled one of them M. crenata. The form of the apex

of the elytra is suggestive of that of various Hispidae. In

one example there is a well-defined submarginal ridge

on the elytra, in addition to the two others on the disc.

The Guatemalan M. crenata has the antennal joints 5-10

much less transverse, and the elytra broader, less ex-

planate and almost conjointly rounded at the apex, and

the costae wholly wanting; MW. perforata, from San Lorenzo,

Panama, has the elytra shining,-still more coarsely, con-

fusedly punctate, without trace of costae (the stout sutural

ridge excepted), and the inner inferior epipleural margin

non-serrate. M. cupripennis, Pic, has brilliant cupreous

elytra.

4. Melyrodes cwpripennis.

Melyrodes cupripennis, Pic, Le Naturaliste, 1898, p. 273.

‘ Peu allongé, a peine pubescent, noir presque mat sur la téte et

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EXPLANATION OF PuaTte II.

Collops paradoxus, n. sp., 6: basal joints of antenna.

» brevicollis, n. sp., 3.

illustris, n. sp., 6: basal joints of antenna.

» 4-maculatus, F., 3: 35 33 5

>» Atstrionicus, 0. sp., gd: 55 a ae

5a, ditto, from in front.

» Olandus, Er., ¢: Be -

» conspicillatus, n. sp., 6: Ta, head from in front.

. Attalus nitidiceps, n. sp., 3.

» connexus, n. sp., Od: 9a, profile of head.

» ovaticeps, n. sp., Q.

forticornis, n. sp., 3: lla, anterior tarsus, in profile.

» sexguttatus, n. sp., 9.

» viridivitiatus, n. sp., g *.

» flavomarginatus, n. sp., °.

. Micromimetes discimacula, Gorh., dg: 15a, antenna;

15b, anterior tarsus in profile.

. Pseudattalus minimus, Er., gd: 16a, antenna; 160,

intermediate tibia.

armatus, n. sp., 9: posterior tibia.

. Pseudebaeus pusillus, Lec., g: 18a, apices of elytra from in

front.

. Sphinginus ( ?) eburatus, n. sp., 9.

. Holomallus serripes, n. sp., g: anterior tibia.

. Trichochrous denticulatus, n. sp., 6: prothorax.

He hamatus, n. sp., d? ss

% crenulatus, n. sp., go: Me

* The anterior tarsi are incorrectly drawn in this figure, and

really represent those of a 9.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1914. PU IT.

Cambridge University Press

American Malachiidae and Melyridae

and Central American Malachiidae and Melyridae. 127

le prothorax, brillant métallique cuivreux fonceé sur les élytres avec

les parties antérieures de la téte, les antennes et pattes un peu

roussatres. Téte forte, presque aussi large que le devant du pro-

thorax, densément ponctuée. Prothorax court, diminué en avant,

dilaté et un peu arrondi en arriére, relevé sur les cétés qui sont

crénelés, 4 ponctuation dense. Ecusson noiratre. Elytres sub-

paralléles puis atténués 4 l’extrémité, nettement explanés, ornés

d’une ponctuation trés forte, assez réguliére avec seulement deux

rudiments de cdtes trés faibles; suture élevée, angle sutural en

pointe. Dessous du corps foncé, brillant. Pattes roussatres avec

les cuisses un peu épaissies. Long. 2} mill.”

Hab. Costa Rica, San José.

“ Différe des M. crenata et perforata, Gorham, au moins

par les elytres métalliques.”’

EXPLANATION OF PraTeE II.

[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]

(19841)

IIT. Revision of the Mexican and Central American

Chauliognathinae (Fam. Telephoridae), based on

the genital armature of the males. By GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

[Read March 4th, 1914.]

Puates [ITI—VIII.

Since the conclusion of the Rev. H. S. Gorham’s work on

the Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae, in

1885, a great deal of additional material has accumulated,

necessitating a complete revision of the numerous forms

described by him. For this purpose the aedeagus of the

male of each species has been examined, and figured, good ~

differential characters having been found to be present

in the genital armature. As might be expected, far too

much importance has been attached to colour by nearly all

writers on the subject, and the real structural characters,

in consequence, overlooked. About a dozen so-called

species are here sunk as synonyms or varieties, but the

deficiency is nearly made up by the forms now added,

bringing the number to 40, one (Chauliognathus morv,

Gorh.) having to be erased as not belonging to the region.

No attempt, it may be observed, seems to have been

made since Leconte’s time to revise the N.-American

Chauliognathini, two more of which (C. marginatus, F.,

and C. discus, Lec.) are here added to the Mexican

list. The group, or subfamily, may be characterised

thus :—mentum elongate; gular sutures confluent; tarsal

claws simple; dorsal segments 1-7 of the abdomen each

with a circular pit at the outer apical angle of the reflexed

lateral margin, 8 simple; aedeagus of g with a very stout

twisted median lobe, and asymmetric rigid lateral lobes

(one of which is sometimes wanting), covered by an oval

convex cap, which (as seen from the ventral aspect) is

more or less emarginate on the left side, the last ventral

segment broadly cleft down the middle for its reception.

The subfamily Chauliognathinae as thus defined includes

Chauliognathus, Hentz (type Telephorus pennsylvanicus,

De Geer), Xenismus, Waterhouse (type X. nigroplagiatus,

TRANS. ENT SOC, LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE)

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 129

from Ecuador, the male of which is unknown), and

Daiphron, Gorham (type D. lyciforme), and so far as at

present known is mainly confined to the New World, a

few species from New Guinea, Australia, and Lord Howe

Island excepted.

The Lyciform Tropical American insects placed by

Gorham under Daiphron mimic some of the Lycids of the

same regions; but in one of them the mimicry is confined

to certain varieties of the female only. Then again,

amongst the Chauliognath, with which D. protewm

must be placed, there are forms mimicking, in one (C.

corvinus) or both (C. morio) sexes, various Lampyrids of

the genera Photinus. These divergences from the Chau-

hognathid type (which are even better illustrated, as

regards the Lampyriform facies, in Discodon, of the sub-

family Telephorinae), in one or both sexes, are of particular

interest, considering the abundance of the feeble sluggish

Lycids and Lampyrids in the same country ; the predatory

Chauliognathinae, however, to judge from the special glands

along the margins of their abdomen, may be equally dis-

tasteful to certain enemies. C. procerus, Bourg., from

New Guinea, and the Australian species, including Tele-

phorus pulchellus, MacLeay, referred to Chauliognathus by

Bourgeois,* as well as the allied 7’. apterus, Olliff, from

Lord Howe Island, differ from the American forms in

having the median lobe of the aedeagus much less twisted

and the asymmetric lateral lobes peculiarly shaped, the

left lobe (as seen directed forwards) being greatly developed

in C. procerus, etc. The general structure of the aedeagus,

therefore, indicates that the Australian and New Guinea

insects (seven species of which have been dissected)

should be treated as generically distinct from Chaulio-

gnathus. The circular pit at the outer apical angle of each

dorsal abdominal segment (not to be confused with the

transverse spiracles, which are placed near the inner edge

of the reflexed portion of the same segment, or on the

membranous space connecting the two surfaces) is the

outlet of a secretory gland, from which a liquid or offensive

odour is doubtless emitted by the insect in life. In certain

American genera of Telephorinae with greatly abbreviated

* Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1910, p. 126. Females only were known of

the two New Guinea insects described by him. Additional species

from that Island have since been described by Pic (op. cit., 1911,

pp. 197-199).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTI. (JUNE) K

130 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

elytra, Maronius and Belotus, the walls of this pit are

drawn out into long oblique tubular processes, and in

Maronius the aedeagus is asymmetric, and covered by a

convex cap; but these genera differ from the Chaulio-

gnathinae in the form of the terminal abdominal segment,

etc.

The aedeagus* of the males of the Chaulvognathinae is

very different in structure from that of the Telephorinae,

and owing to the twisted median lobe and the asymmetric

lateral lobes copulation must of necessity be lateral. The

very stout median lobe and the tegmen appear to be

soldered together, but the basal portion of the former is

membranous (figs. 1, 9a, 22a), allowing a certain amount of

movement when coition takes place. The left lateral lobe

(as seen dissected and directed forwards) is usually longer

than, and always differently shaped from, the right lobe,

the latter being occasionally wanting (C. tripartitus, etc.) ;

and its apex together with that of the spoon-shaped

terminal portion of the median lobe forms a pair of claspers

for grasping the female during the prolonged copulation.

The median orifice is on the distal aspect of the main

central lobe, and the more or less evaginated soft internal

sac is frequently visible in dried specimens. The im-

movable lateral lobes vary in structure according to the

species, and one or the other of them is sometimes bi-

or trifurcate at the tip. When the form of these lobes,

which can be seen by lifting the aedeagal cap (= last

ventral segment of Leconte and the valvular plate of

Gorham), is taken into consideration, it affords in many

cases a ready means of discrimination between closely

allied species. Figures of these structures are appended

to the present paper (Plates [V—VIII), that of C. procerus

(figs. 44, 44a) being added for comparison with the

American forms.t They are taken, and described, from

the dissected aedeagus mounted on its ventral surface,

with the lobes directed forwards and thus reversed. This

is actually the dorsal aspect of the organ, the convex

ventral portion, on which aspect the median lobe is mem-

branous at the base, fitting into the concavity of the oval,

convex, aedeagal cap.

* Of. Sharp and Muir, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1912, pp. 481, 484,

485

+ Cf. Sharp and Muir’s figure 139, showing the aedeagus of an

unnamed Chauliognathus ? from New Guinea,

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 131

DAIPHRON.

Daiphron, sect. I, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, pp. 66 (1881), 277 (1885).

This genus, type D. lyciforme, is provisionally retained

for the species with the elytra greatly widened posteriorly

in both sexes, the head feebly developed, and the antennal

joints 3-11 more or less widened or serrate. The male of

D. proteum, Gorh., cannot possibly be separated generically

from Chauliognathus corvinus, which has simple antennae

in the male and dilated subserrate antennae in the female.

D. lyciforme and D. personatum, again, have these organs

formed very much as in Chauliognathus sodalis, so that

the antennal structure alone cannot be used to distinguish

Daiphron from Chauliognathus. In addition to the four

Central American forms, there are various others from

Tropical South America in the Fry collection at the British

Museum and in the University Museum at Oxford. The

former represent two sections :—

Antennae, ¢, very elongate, gradually tapering

towards tip, joints 3-10 moderately widened

Grr iecmmabe 0) 2 OE ay et wpeetes 1,2.

Antennae, ¢ 9, much shorter, rapidly tapering

towards tip, the intermediate joints greatly

widened and serrate . ...... =... ~~. Species3, 4

1. Daiphron lyciforme.

Davphron lyciforme, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11,

2, p. 66, pl. 5, fig. 2 (2) (1881) (nec C. lycrformas,

Bourgeois, 1887).

Hab. Mexico, Chinautla (Sallé); Guaremata, Alta

Vera Paz; NICARAGUA.

Var. a. Elytra, prothorax and scutellum ochreous.

Daiphron ochraceum, Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 67, 277 (excl. var.).

Hab. Guatemata, Alta Vera Paz; Costa Rica; PANAMA.

6. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, emarginate on the

upper edge before the apex, the apex itself produced into a long,

spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe long, feebly sinuate, nar-

rowed to the tip, the latter straight; right lateral lobe stout, longer

than the left, curved upwards from about the middle, and produced

into a sharp slender tooth at the tip. Plate IV, figs. 1, la.

132 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

D. lyciforme and D. ochraceum simply differ in the

colour of the upper surface, like many other Chauliognathnae,

and they cannot be treated as distinct. A male of each

has been dissected, and they prove to have the aedeagus

precisely similar in structure. Twelve examples have been

examined, and there are others from S. America in the

British Museum that probably belong to the same species.

The so-called variety of D. ochraceum, from Bugaba, noted

by Gorham (loc. cit. p. 277), is a perfectly good species,

and it has recently been named D. laneatum by Pic.

2. Daiphron personatum, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 2, 3.)

g. Elongate, widening posteriorly, black, the prothorax (two

sinuous mesially coalescent vittae on the disc excepted) and the

elytra to beyond the middle (an oblong spot near the suture at

the base excepted) reddish-ochraceous, the apical portion of the

latter nigro-violaceous, the abdomen ochreous, with the aedeagal

cap infuscate, the femora above and the tibiae in part fusco-tes-

taceous. Head rather small, obliquely narrowed behind the eyes,

the latter rather prominent; antennae long, tapering towards the

tip, joints 4-10 moderately widened, 3 barely half the length of 4.

Prothorax opaque, transverse, rounded at the sides and sinuate

at the base, the angles completely effaced, the lateral and apical

margins broadly, and the basal margin narrowly reflexed, the disc

sulecate down the basal half and deeply excavate towards the sides.

Elytra somewhat shining, at the base of about the same width as the

prothorax, and widened from a little below the tumid humeri to

near the apex, the apices broadly rounded; densely, rugulosely

punctate, with two distinct dorsal costae and a similar raised line

towards the outer margin.

g. Aedeagus : median lobe long, strongly curved ; left lateral lobe

long, broad at the base, and then abruptly narrowed and arcuate

to the tip, the latter slightly hooked; right lateral lobe much shorter

than the left, compressed, bent outwards, and distinctly hooked at

the tip. Plate IV, figs. 2, 2a.

Length (excl. head) 134 mm.

Hab. Honpuras (Dyson, in Mus. Brit.).

One male, received by the British Museum in 1845. A

remarkably distinct form, separable at once from D.

lyciforme by the strongly rounded sides of the prothorax,

the rather shining, distinctly tricostate elytra, and the

more slender antennae. The black mark on the disc of

the prothorax is H-shaped.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 133

3. Daiphron lineatum. (Plate ITI, fig. 1, 3g.)

Daiphron ochraceum, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ui, 2, p. 277.

Daiphron ochraceum, var. lineatum, Pic, Mélanges exot.-

entomologiques, fasc. iv, p. 6 (Sept. 1912).

Very like D. lyciforme var. ochraceum, Gorh., but much smaller ;

the prothorax with a narrow black median vitta (as in typical

D. lyciforme); the antennae much shorter in both sexes, the inter-

mediate joints greatly widened and more strongly serrate (as in

D. crassicorne); the prothorax narrow, subparallel in g, sub-

campanulate in 9, the margins narrowly reflexed.

Length (excl. head) 113-12 mm. (¢ 9.)

¢. Aedeagus : median lobe obliquely bent, simply sinuate on the

upper edge towards the apex, the latter feebly produced ; left

lateral lobe very elongate, slender, almost straight, feebly hooked

at the tip; right lateral lobe nearly as long as the left, compressed,

rather broad, angularly dilated just beyond the middle, and with

the apex sharply bifurcate, the inner angle produced into a strongly

curved, acute hook. Plate IV, figs. 3, 3a.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba.

The above description has been taken from a pair in

the “ Biologia” collection, one or two others having now

passed into the hands of M. Pic. The sharply bifurcate

shorter right lateral lobe of the aedeagus is characteristic,

separating D. lineatum at once from the same sex of

D. lyciforme.

4. Davphron crassicorne.

Daiphron crassicorne, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ill, 2, p. 67, pl. 5, fig. 24 (9).

g. Aedeagus : median lobe curved, feebly produced at the apex;

left lateral lobe extremely elongate, slender, sinuate, narrowed at

the tip; right lateral lobe short, compressed, obliquely bent, slightly

hooked at the apex. Plate IV, fig. 4.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Zapote, Pacific slope.

Described by Gorham from a pair from Zapote. The

great disparity in the length of the lateral lobes of the

aedeagus brings this species near Chauliognathus proteus.

CHAULIOGNATHUS.

Chauliognathus, Hentz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., new series,

134 Mr. G, C. Champion’s Revision of the

il, p. 460 (1830); Leconte, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1x,

p. 43 (1881); Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i,

2, pp. 68 (1881), 277 (1885).

Daiphron, sect. II, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 68.

Chauliognathus includes a large number of American

forms, the species from New Guinea and Australia referred

to it by Bourgeois and Pic probably requiring a separate

genus for their reception. It is apparently replaced in

the Antilles by Tylocerus. The forty species here enumer-

ated (including C. morio, which is Brazilian) may be

grouped thus :—

A. Species Telephoriform in 3, Lyciform in some

of its varieties in 9; head large in 3, small

in 2; antennae rather short, the intermediate

joints broadly widened and subserrate in

both sexes. [DareHron, Gorh., part.] . . Species 1.

B. Species Telephoriform in g, Lampyriform

(Photinus or Photuris) in 2; antennae in 3

subfiliform, gradually tapering towards tip,

in 9 shorter and with intermediate rig

widened and subserrate. . . . . Species 2.

C. Species Lampyriform (Photinws) in both SEXES ;

antennae, ¢ 9, short, and with intermediate

joints broadly widened and subserrate* . [Species 3.]

D. Species Telephoriform in both sexes [=CHAv-

LIOGNATHUS, 8. str. ].

a. Elytra long, ample, subparallel or slightly

rounded at sides, usually covering the

abdomen.

a, Antennae very elongate, tapering towards

tip, the intermediate joints much

widened : species very large . . . . Species 4.

b!. Antennae very elongate, slender, sub-

filiform, joints 9-11 widened in 3;

head and prothorax shining, the latter

large; aedeagus of gd with one of the

lateral lobes wanting: species larget . Species 5.

cl. Antennae filiform or subfiliform in both

sexes, sometimes narrowed towards

the tip gee ae Fe te ae RSs Species 6-18.

x One or two other Brazilian forms belong to this section.

+ C. luctuosus (Latr.) and some other S.-American forms belong

to this section.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 135

b. Elytra gradually narrowed posteriorly,

lanciform or subulate, usually not quite

covering the abdomen; antennae filiform

or subfiliform, often longerin g . . Species 19-33.

c. Elytra somewhat abruptly subulate, feially

covering the abdomen; antennae filiform

or subfiliform . . . : . Species 34-38.

d. Elytra subulate, short, nae atic cee

the abdomen in either sex; antennae

filiform or subfiliform . . . . . . . Species 39, 40.

1. Chauliognathus proteus. (Plate III, figs. 3, 3, 4, 9.)

Daiphron proteum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, pp. 68, 277, pl. 5, figs. 14, 15, 16; Pic, Mélanges

exot.-entomologiques, fasc. vi, p. 9 (July, 1913).

g. Aedeagus : median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe very

elongate, sinuate, acuminate and slightly hooked at the tip; right

lateral lobe short, compressed, obliquely bent at about the middle,

and produced into a rather long curved hook at the apex. Plate

IV, figs. 5, 5a.

Hab. Mexico, from Durango southward; British Hon-

DURAS; GUATEMALA; Costa Rica; VENEZUELA (ez coll.

Fry).

iti abundant insect in Central America, but not yet

received from Nicaragua or Panama, and extremely vari-

able in the colour and markings of the elytra, the pro-

thorax, too, wanting the median vitta in some examples,

similar variations in colour amongst certain Chauliognatha

having been given specific rank by Gorham and others.

The male has the subparallel general shape of a Telephorid

and the female the facies of a Lycid, this being especially

noticeable in the form of Daiphron proteum selected by

Gorham as the type, 7. e. the one with uniformly brick-red

elytra, of which, to judge from the series before me, the

male is rare and the female common. The male of the

var. nigripennis, Pic, is extremely like the same sex of

Chauliognathus corvinus, Gorh., and the two were found

mixed in the “ Biologia” collection. The following

varieties, all noticed by Gorham, who selected the ochreous

form as the type, have recently been named by Pic :—

1. Elytra black, with testaceous oblong humeral

patch of variable extent (fig. 16 of

Cronearsnyerrs a) S.A Ahr Gee ors er ae CES:

136 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

2. Elytra black fasciated with testaceous, or

testaceous fasciated with black (fig. 14 of

Gorham) CS anne diols: piel en bifasciatus.

3. Elytra testaceous maculated with black along

the suture anteriorly . . . . . . . « wmapicalis.

4, Elytra testaceous, with a common anterior

fascia and an isolated ante-apical mark

black: -..:2nsyrem eareens - 2 « « » btrimaculatus.

5. Elytra entirely black, . . » » + «© © « migripennis.

These definitions scarcely include the common form

with about the apical third of the elytra black, or the

one (from Cuernavaca) with a broad transverse black

patch on the disc below the base. A male of each form

has been dissected, showing no variation in the structure

of the aedeagus, and the accurate specific diagnosis of the

author.

2. Chauliognathus corvinus. (Plate ITI, figs. 5, J, 6, 2.)

6. Chauliognathus corvinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 281.

Q. Telephorus (Chauliognathus ?) haereticus, Gorh., loc. cit.

p. 289.

¢o. Head large, broad; antennae moderately long, rather stout,

slightly tapering towards the tip; prothorax subquadrate, usually

with a very broad median vitta, and sometimes a small spot on

each side of it, black; elytra rapidly narrowing posteriorly, varying

from wholly black or fuscous to ochraceous with the tip more or

less infuscate, rarely fuscous with the sutural and outer margins

flavescent; legs usually black, rarely in part testaceous.

9. Head small; antennae shorter, the intermediate joints

broadly widened, rapidly tapering towards the tip; prothorax

broader, transverse, more rounded at the sides, usually with a large

subtriangular, dark patch on the disc; elytra broader, often dilated

towards the middle, nigro-fuscous, fuscous, or fusco-testaceous, the

sutural and outer margins often yellow; femora and tibiae testa-

ceous, the tarsi infuscate.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe ex-

tremely elongate, slender, bisinuate, feebly hooked at the tip;

right lateral lobe very short, compressed, produced into a rather

long, narrow, curved hook at the apex. Plate IV, figs. 6, 6a.

Hab. GuatEeMAtA, San Isidro; Nicaracua; Costa Rica;

PANAMA.

A common insect in Chiriqu. There can be no doubt

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 137

as to the Lampyriform females being the sexual complement

of C. corvinus, notwithstanding their different general

facies. Gorham, moreover, had placed a similarly coloured

pair from Chontales under his C. haereticus ; and amongst

the males referred by him to the former there was one

Daiphron proteum (from San Isidro), showing the close

resemblance between one of the forms of that variable

insect and typical C. corvinus, 3. The antennae in the

females are nearly as broad as in his D. proteum. A male

from each country has been dissected; they have the very

long left lateral lobe of the aedeagus more slender, and

the median lobe less produced at the apex, than in the

Daiphron. Discodon chiriquense, Pic, may be a female

of this insect.

[3. Chauliognathus morio. (Plate III, fig. 7, 3.)

Chauliognathus morio, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii,

2, p. 77 (Q) (1881) (nee Darphron moro, Kirsch, 1888).

¢. Aedeagus: median lobe very stout, curved, produced at the

apex into a broad spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe rather

short, broad, compressed, convex at the base externally, concave

within, subangularly dilated at a little beyond the middle, and

feebly hooked at the apex; right lateral lobe longer than the left,

tortuous, abruptly curved from about the basal third, and obliquely

acuminate at the tip. Plate IV, figs. 7, 7a.

Hab. Brazin, Santa Catharina.

This species, the female only of which was known to

Gorham, must be erased from the Central American list;

it is an inhabitant of Brazil, as proved by the presence of

a pair from Santa Catharina, and other allied forms from

Brazil, in the Fry collection. The type (2), from the

Sturm collection, is labelled “‘? Mexico.” C. morio bears

an extraordinary resemblance to a large elongate Photinus,

of the family Lampyridae, as stated by Gorham. The

antennae in both sexes are rather short, and have the

intermediate joints broadly widened and _ subserrate,

tapering rapidly towards the tip. The three specimens

before me (one male and two females) are similar in shape,

nigro-fuscous in colour, with the margins of the prothorax

and the sutural and outer edges of the elytra flavescent.

The prothorax is transverse, narrowed anteriorly, deeply

impressed down the middle behind, and with the margins

broadly reflexed. A male from Brazil is figured.]

138 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

4. Chaulvognathus sodalis.

Chauliognathus sodalis, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1878, p. 326; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in,

2; p. O9> (pl. Oise ons).

g. Aedeagus: apical portion of the median lobe very broadly

and obliquely produced; lateral lobes stout, moderately long, the

left lobe concave, broadly and obtusely dilated beyond the middle

within, and with the short, curved, narrow apical portion hooked

on the inner side at the tip, the right lobe shorter than the left,

constricted on the dorsal aspect before the apex, the apex itself

obtuse. Plate IV, figs. 8, 8a.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca.

There are three forms of this fine species: the form,

selected as typical by its describer, with the elytra wholly

ochreous (fig. 8 of Gorham); var. 1, with the apex of the

elytra broadly black; var. 2, similarly coloured, except

that the basally dilated black prothoracic median vitta

is extended on to the base of the elytra (fig. 9 of Gorham).

The antennae are long, dilated, compressed, and taper

towards the tip, very much as in the type of the genus

Daiphron, D. lyciforme. The narrow yellow “ pygidial

plate ’’ mentioned by Gorham is, of course, peculiar to the

female.

5. Chaulvognathus tripartitus.

Chauliognathus tripartitus, Chevr., Col. Mex., Cent. ii,

fasc. 5, no. 106; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iti,

2, pp. 71, 278, pl. 5, fig. 4 (3).

Hab. Mexico; GUATEMALA; PANAMA.

Var. a. Elytra with an ante-median fascia of variable width,

rarely interrupted at the suture, yellow. (3 9.) (Gorham’s fig. 4.)

Chauliognathus janus, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1878, p. 329 (2); Gorh., loc. cit. p. 71.

Hab. Mexico; GuaATEMALA; Panama; ECUADOR.

Var. 8. Elytra as in a, but with the apex yellow.

Chauliognathus tripartitus, Chevr., var., Waterh., loc. cit.

p. 32

Hab. Mexico; GUATEMALA.

Var. y. Elytra wholly black. (3.)

Hab. Mexico; PANAMA.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 139

gd. Antennae very elongate, with the last three joints wider than

those preceding.

9. Antennal joints 3-11 narrow, equal in width.

g. Aedeagus : median lobe short, very stout, slightly produced

at the apex; left lateral lobe short, rather stout, hooked at the

apex within; right lateral lobe altogether wanting. Plate V,

figs. 9, 9a.

This species differs from all the other Central-American

Chauliognathi in having the three apical joints of the

antennae widened in the male, and in the complete absence

of one of the lateral lobes of the aedeagus; the prothorax,

too, is very shining and has the margins broadly reflexed.

The colour of the elytra is variable, the yellow portion

(extending over the basal half in the type of C. tripartitus)

being sometimes absent. C. luctuosus (Latr.) is an allied

form, with one of the lobes of the aedeagus also wanting.

6. Chauliognathus heros.

Telephorus heros, Guér., Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 18.

Chauliognathus heros, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu,

2, p. 277 (9).

Chauliognathus dimudiatus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 69 (part.) (3).

Hab. Costa Rica; Panama; CotomBia; Ecuapor;

PERU.

Var. a. Elytra with about the apical third black.

Chauliognathus rex, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 68.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca; GUATEMALA, Vera Paz.

Var. 8. Elytra narrowly margined with black at the apex.

Hab. Costa Rica, Volean de Poas, alt. 2,000 metres

(Pittier, in Mus. Brit.).

Var. y. Elytra wholly ochreous or flavous.

Chauliognathus nitidicollis, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 69.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Var. 5. Elytra wholly black.

Chauhognathus heros, var., Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1878, p. 326.

Hab. Ecuapor, Quito.

g. Aedeagus: apical portion of the median lobe produced

140 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

into a long, spoon-shaped process; lateral lobes long, sinuous, the

left lobe narrowing to the tip, the right lobe longer, broader,

and more sinuate than the left, bifid at the apex, the inner produced

apical portion acute and claw-like. Plate V, fig. 10.

The type of C. heros has the apical half of the elytra

black, the black being a little less extended in the northern

C. rex and altogether wanting in the var. y (nitzdicollis,

Gorh.); var. 8 is intermediate between the latter. At

Quito, Ecuador, as noted by Waterhouse, a form with

uniformly black elytra occurs. The abdomen in the type

is yellow, spotted with black along the sides; but the

ventral segments, the last excepted, are often more or less

nigro-fasciate in all the forms. The relatively broader

prothorax of C. heros, mentioned by Gorham as a dis-

tinguishing character, is simply a female peculiarity. The

prothorax itself is always ochreous, with a small, rounded,

black central spot; and the surface is shining in some

examples and opaque in others, possibly according to the

maturity of the insect. One of the dark males before me

from Ecuador has subparallel elytra. The structure of

the aedeagus is precisely similar in the male of each form,

7. Chauliognathus dimidiatus.

Chauliognathus dimidiatus, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1878, p. 330 (9); Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 69, pl. 5, fig: 3 (g) (exclud. Costa

Rican specimen) (nec Dej. Cat.).

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz; Nicaragua, Chontales.

Var. a. The elytra wholly black, the prothorax fuliginous, paler

along the reflexed margins.

Hab. Ecuapor, Paramba.

3. Aedeagus: apical portion of the median lobe produced

into a long, spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe very elongate,

feebly sinuate, and armed with a short tooth at the apex within;

right lateral lobe shorter and more strongly sinuate than the left,

angularly dilated before the apex, and armed with a stout hook on

the dorsal aspect just before the bifid tip (the apex thus appearing

trifid, when viewed from in front). Plate V, figs. 11, 11a.

This species has the entire upper surface duller than in

(. heros, and the prothorax (which varies a good deal in

shape, irrespective of sex) wants the central spot. The

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 141

abdomen is variable in colour. The Central American

specimens (seven females and three males seen) are simi-

larly coloured above; but in Ecuador an almost wholly

black form is not uncommon. Of this dark variety there

is a long series in the British Museum, found by Mr. Rosen-

berg, at Paramba, alt. 3,500 feet, in April, 1897, during the

dry season. The male of this dark form has the aedeagus

shaped exactly as in the three Nicaraguan specimens of

the same sex of typical C. dimediatus.

8. Chauliognathus faustus.

Chauliognathus faustus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, p. 278, pl. 12, fig. 14 (9).

g. Aedeagus: apical portion of the median lobe produced

into a long stout process; lateral lobes very elongate, sub"

equal in length, the left lobe sinuate, blunt, and closely ciliate

at the tip, and armed with a very minute tooth at the inner apical

angle, the right lobe strongly sinuate, bowed inward at about the

middle, and armed with a sharp claw towards the tip, the latter

entire and somewhat pointed. Plate V, figs. 12, 12a.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

This insect, at first sight, would appear to be nothing

more than a form of C. dimidiatus (corresponding to the

var. nitidicollis of C. heros) with entirely pale elytra and a

rosy-red. prothorax ; but, as the lateral lobes of the aedeagus

are differently shaped in the two males examined, C. faustus

must be retained as a distinct species. The prothorax is

transverse in both sexes (ten females and two males seen) ;

but as it varies in shape in C. heros, no reliance could be

placed on that character alone.

9. Chauliognathus distinguendus.

Chauliognathus distinguendus, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1878, p. 328.

Chauliognathus tabulatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

its 2, per (Os

Hab. Guatemata; Nicaracua; Costa Rica.

Var. a. The elytra with the black discoidal subapical patch

nearly reaching the outer margin, and coalescent anteriorly with

the common scutellar mark, the outer limb to beyond the middle

and the prothorax also (the large black patch on the disc excepted)

sometimes rosy-red.

142 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

Chauliognathus tricolor, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 70, pl. 5, fig. 6 (9).

Hab. Nicaracua; Costa Rica.

Var. g. Elytra black, with the outer limb narrowly or broadly

to about the middle (the marginal stripes rarely connected by a

narrow median fascia), and sometimes the apical margin also,

flavous.

Chauliognathus gucundus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 70, pl. 5, fig.

5 (9).

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Hodge) ; GUATEMALA,

San Geronimo and Cubulco in Baja Vera Paz.

Var. y. Elytra with a large, common, subcordate or subquadrate

patch at the base (extending outwards to the humeri), and a very

broad subapical fascia, black.

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco and Chilpancingo in Guerrero

(Hoge, H. H. Smith).

Var. 5. Elytra as in y, but with the broad subapical black patch

extending to the apex.

Chaulrognathus distinguendus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 71 (nec

Waterh.).

Hab. Mexico, Huanchinango (Truqut), Oaxaca.

6. Aedeagus : median lobe long, stout, curved, the apical portion

obliquely produced and narrowed towards the tip; lateral lobes

sinuate, the left lobe long, concave, somewhat dilated on the ventral

aspect towards the apex, curved inward at the tip, the tip itself

truncate and armed on each side with a short hook, the right lobe

much shorter than the left, compressed, curved outward, and

obtuse at the tip. Plate V, fig. 13.

The numerous specimens from Durango, Guerrero, Vera

Paz, etc., show all the gradations between C. distinguendus

and the forms named by Gorham: C. tabulatus differs in

no way from the type; C. tricolor is based on freshly emerged

examples with the outer limb of the elytra rosy-red;

C. jucundus included a series from Vera Paz with the

black portion of the elytra more extended than in C.

tricolor, a similar series from Durango only differing from

it in having the apical margin narrowly yellow; the forms

y and 6 have a broad ochreous or flavous median fascia

extending upwards at the sides to the shoulder. The

bihamate apex of the left lateral lobe of the g-aedeagus

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 143

(which is similarly shaped in all the forms) is characteristic

of the present species. This character at once separates

C. distinguendus from similarly coloured examples of C.

limbicollis, which, moreover, is a-much smaller insect.

10. Chauliognathus profundus.

Chauliognathus profundus, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. 1858,

p. 71 (nec Crotch, Horn, Gorham).

Chauliognathus togatus, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 278 (1885).

Chauliognathus ineptus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xu,

p- 150 (1885).

Var. a. Elytra with a common transverse fascia, or a spot on the

disc of each, at about the apical third, or a transverse scutellar

patch at the base, black; the three transversely placed black spots

on the disc of the prothorax sometimes united into a large patch.

Chauliognathus togatus, var., Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1878, p. 327.

Chauliognathus togatus, Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 71, 278, pl. 5,

figs. 10, 11.

Var. 8. Elytra wholly rufo-fulvous.

Chauliognathus togatus, type, Waterh., loc. cit. p. 326;

Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 71, 278.

6. Aedeagus: median lobe large, strongly curved, produced at

the apex into a very broad spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe

long, broad, concave, subangularly dilated on the dorsal aspect

towards the tip, the latter feebly hooked; right lateral lobe much

shorter and narrower than the left, compressed, obliquely bent

outward from about the middle, the tip rounded. Plate VI, figs.

15, 15a.

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona; Mexico, Sonora, Chi-

huahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Morelos,

Guerrero, Oaxaca.

Two species, each with about the apical third of the

elytra black, were confused by Leconte under the name

C. profundus—one, the type, from Sonora, with the head

black, the other, from Arizona [described in Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. ix, p. 43 (1881)], with the head red. The first-

mentioned is not rare on the table-lands of Mexico, but

the typical form of it is scarce, two examples only (from

144 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

Chihuahua and Guanajuato respectively) having been seen

by me. Hége has sent a long series of the other forms

from Tacambaro, Michoacan. The prothorax has three

transversely placed spots, or a trapezoidal patch, on the

disc in all of them. The femora are sometimes red at the

base.

11. Chaulrognathus leconter, n. sp.

Chauliognathus profundus, Crotch, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. v,

p. 78; Lec., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 43 (nec Proc.

Acad. Phil. 1858, p. 71); Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 278; Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.

xu; p. 150:

Rufous, the palpi, two elongate streaks on the disc of the pro-

thorax (sometimes reduced to two small spots or altogether wanting),

the apex of the elytra broadly, the apex of the abdomen, and the

legs (the base of the femora sometimes excepted) black, the antennae

(as in C. profundus) usually with joints 3-11 in part testaceous, and

for the rest black.

Length (excl. head) 123-14 mm. (3 9.)

6. Aedeagus: median lobe stout, strongly curved, produced at

the apex into a long spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe long,

abruptly angulate at about the middle, the basal portion oblong,

spoon-shaped, the apical portion much narrower and strongly

hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe much shorter than the left,

compressed, obliquely bent outward from about the middle, the

tip rounded. Plate V, figs. 14, 14a.

Hab. Norte America, Arizona; Mexico, Chihuahua.

The above description is taken from a long series sent

by Hoge from Chihuahua city and various examples re-

ceived from Morrison as from Sonora. There is no variation

in the colour of the elytra, but the two elongate streaks

on the prothorax are sometimes reduced to small spots

or are altogether wanting. C. leconte: is smaller and

redder than C. profundus, the head is not black as in that

species, and the abdomen (except the aedeagal cap of the

male and the tip to a greater or less extent in the female)

is almost wholly red. The aedeagus of the male does not

differ greatly from that of its near ally. Mr. Wickham

[Bull. Lab. Iowa, tu, p. 342, pl. 60, fig. 17 (1893)] has

described the metamorphoses of the present insect at some

length.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 145

12. Chauliognathus nigrocinctus.

Chauliognathus nigrocinctus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 12 (3).

Var. a. The common black post-median fascia of the elytra

reduced to a rounded spot on the disc of each.

Chauliognathus distinguendus, var. ?, Waterh., Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 328.

Chauliognathus signatus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 72 (Q).

Var. 8. The black basal fascia of the elytra wanting, the post-

median fascia reduced to a transverse streak on the disc of each; the

prothorax immaculate; the head flavous at the sides in front. (@.)

Chauliognathus bilineatus, var. 2, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 279.

6. Aedeagus : median lobe moderately curved, the apical portion

short; left lateral lobe very long, concave, compressed and dilated

at the base, the long apical portion curved, hooked at the tip;

right lateral lobe short, compressed at the base, and obliquely

directed outward from about the middle. Plate VI, fig. 16.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Ja-

lisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca.

A common insect in Mexico and sent in abundance by

Hége from Sayula in Jalisco and by H. H. Smith from

Rincon in Guerrero. There is not the slightest ground for

treating C. nigrocinctus and C. signatus as separate species.

C. mgrocinctus is smaller and less elongate than C. profundus

(= togatus, Waterh.), ochreous or flavous above, the

black head excepted; the prothorax with from 2-5 trans-

versely placed spots on the disc, which are often united

into a transverse fascia; the elytra with a narrow complete

basal fascia, and a transverse fascia of variable width

beyond the middle, which is reduced to a rounded spot

on the disc of each in the var. signatus, black; the legs,

antennae, and abdomen in great part, black, the anterior

tibiae sometimes testaceous along their inner edge. The

differently shaped lateral lobes of the aedeagus separate

C. mgrocinctus from all the varieties of C. dastinguendus,

which, moreover, never has a common narrow black basal

fascia to the elytra. The var. f is represented by a single

female from Pinos Altos in Chihuahua.

13. Chauliognathus bilineatus.

Chauliognathus bilineatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) L

146 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

iii, 2, pp. 72, 279, pl. 5, fig. 13 (2) (exclud. the var.

from Chihuahua).

Hab. Mexico, precise locality unknown.

Var. a. Elytra with the apical third black.

Chauliognathus bilineatus, var. 1, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 279,

pl. 12, fig. 16 (3).

Hab. Mexico, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe strongly curved, the apical portion

produced; left lateral lobe short, sinuate, stout, widened at the

base, narrowing outwards, hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe much

shorter than the left, compressed, bowed outward from about the

middle. Plate VI, fig. 17.

The type form described by Gorham is ochreous, the

head transversely marked with black between the eyes

and at the base, the prothorax with two long narrow black

streaks on the disc, the elytra with or without a small

black spot on the disc beyond the middle, the femora

broadly testaceous at the base, the rest of the legs and

the antennae black, the ventral segments sometimes

spotted with black. The variety from Saltillo in Coahuila

and Monterey in Nuevo Leon, with broad black apex to

the elytra, and the prothorax bilineate or immaculate,

comes near C. lecontev.

14. Chauliognathus collaris.

Chauliognathus collaris, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

iii, 2, p. 76 (3).

3g. Aedeagus : median lobe long, broad, obliquely bent, produced

at the apex; left lateral lobe stout, concave, very abruptly bent

from near the base, the long apical portion strongly curved, narrow-

ing outwards, and hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe much shorter

than the left, stout, compressed, pointed at the tip. Plate VI,

figs. 18, 18a.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Sallé, Boucard).

Var. ? Elytra ochraceous, with a common transverse patch at

the base black; the abdomen wholly black.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Oxon. : 9).

Described by Gorham from a single specimen incorrectly

stated to be from Cordova. The type (3) is labelled

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 147

““ Oaxaca,” and there are three females in the “ Biologia ”’

collection from the same source. C. collaris is larger than

C. aterrimus, differmg from the similarly coloured form of

that species in having the prothorax rounded at the sides

posteriorly, very shining, and nigro-bipunctate on the

disc; the antennae extremely elongate, and the eyes more

prominent, in the male; and the abdominal segments very

narrowly bordered externally with yellow. The aedeagus

is very similarly shaped in the two insects, that of C.

collaris having a much longer median lobe and the longer

lateral lobe more strongly curved from the abruptly

twisted basal portion. The single (2) specimen with pallid

elytra (a transverse patch at the base excepted) seems to

belong to the same species.

15. Chauliognathus vestitus, n. sp.

Black, the abdomen ochreous spotted with black; thickly, the

head and prothorax sparsely, clothed with rather long cinereous

pubescence, the elytra dull, the rest of the upper surface shining.

Head in ¢ triangular and with large prominent eyes, smaller in

2; antennae long, filiform, joint 3 a little more than half the length

of 4. Prothorax subquadrate in ¢, broader and transverse in Q,

strongly rounded at the sides anteriorly and with rather prominent

hind angles, the margins broadly reflexed, especially in 9; the

surface uneven, very shining, and almost smooth, the disc foveate

in the middle towards the base. Elytra long, broader than the

prothorax, gradually narrowed from about the basal fourth.

3g. Aedeagus : median lobe long, curved, produced into a spoon-

shaped process at the apex; left lateral lobe extremely elongate,

sinuate within, and produced at the apex into a long curved hook;

right lateral lobe much shorter than the left, compressed, rounded

at the apex. Plate VI, fig. 19.

Length (excl. head) 10-104 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Oxon.), Oaxaca (Boucard).

One pair, left undetermined by Gorham, and three

others (¢Q) in the Oxford Museum. A wholly black form,

the abdomen excepted, with a very shining, almost smooth

prothorax, and rather coarse cinereous pubescence, which

is sufficiently dense on the elytra to give them a grey

appearance. The structure of the aedeagus, too, is char-

acteristic. C. vestitus may be placed near C. collaris, the

four known specimens of which were obtained by Boucard

at the same locality.

148 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

16. Chauliognathus aterrimus.

Chauliognathus aterrimus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

Im, 2, palo ka):

Var. a. Prothorax rufous or flavous, rarely with various coalescent

marks on the disc, or two sinuous vittae and an oblong mark between

them, or three small transversely placed spots, black.

Chauliognathus sp.? (no. 25a), Gorh., loc. cit. p. 282 (9).

g. Aedeagus : median lobe obliquely bent, produced into a rather

long, broad, somewhat curved, spoon-shaped process at the apex;

left lateral lobe moderately stout, concave, broad at the base,

abruptly bowed before the middle, and with the longer apical

portion curved and feebly hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe

much shorter than the left, rather broad, compressed, pointed at

the tip. Plate VI, figs. 20, 20a.

Hab. Mexico (Truqut), Puebla (Sallé : types), Cuerna-

vaca in Morelos, Matamoros Izucar in Puebla (Hége), Venta

de Zopilote in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

The two insects seen by Gorham were both from Puebla,

but he does not seem to have suspected their affinity, as

the female with a red prothorax was compared by him

with C. collaris, a very different insect. Amongst the

series of twenty-five examples now available for exam-

ination, most of which are from Cuernavaca, five only

have the prothorax black, and in one of these there are

two small transverse red marks on the anterior part of

the disc. This species has the entire upper surface opaque ;

the head rather small, the eyes somewhat prominent; the

antennae long and slender in the male, shorter in the

female; the prothorax subquadrate, with rather prominent

hind angles and broadly reflexed margins; the body (the

flavescent lateral margins of the abdomen excepted),

antennae, and legs black, the prothorax often wholly, or

in part, rufous. A male of each form has been dissected.

The single example (2) from Guerrero is larger and more

elongate than the rest. In one of the two males in the

Oxford Museum the prothorax is red, with various coales-

cent black markings on the disc, such as in C. hieroglyphicus. .

17. Chauliognathus exiguus. (Plate III, fig. 8, 3.)

Chauliognathus exiguus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

li, 2, p. 283.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 149

g. Aedeagus : median lobe very stout, abruptly curved, slightly

produced at the apex; left lateral lobe very slender, long, sinuate,

dilated at the base, feebly hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe

short, compressed, slightly hooked at the tip. Plate VI, fig. 21.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui; Cotompra, Santa Marta (Mus.

Brit.).

Described from three specimens, one, from Bugaba,

having the prothorax immaculate, as in a Colombian ex-

ample (2) in the British Museum. The pair retained for

the “ Biologia’ collection are very similar, the female

simply being broader than the male, and the rather short,

stout, filiform antennae do not reach the middle of the

elytra in either sex, tapering a little towards the apex in

the female. The elytra are parallel and have their sutural

and outer margins flavous. The prothorax has two

prominent callosities on the disc, separated by a deep

groove. C. exiguus is one of the smallest known species of

the genus.

18. Chauliognathus limbicollis. (Plate III, fig. 9, 3, var.

scapularis.)

Chauliognathus limbicollis, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. 1858

[1859], p. 71; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 44; Crotch.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, p. 78; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 283.

Chauliognathus opacus, Lec., New Sp. N.-Am. Col. p. 90

(1865).

Chauliognathus hastatus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 77, pl. 5, fig. 7

(2).

Hab. Nortu America, Southern United States; Mexico;

GUATEMALA.

Var. a. Prothorax opaque, wholly black; elytra with the apical

black space extending broadly forward along the suture to the

base, and usually widening anteriorly, leaving the sides to beyond

the middle to a greater or less extent, and the apical margin,

yellow. (3 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Pascoe), Morelia in

Michoacan (Hége).

Var. 8. Prothorax shining, ochreous or rufo-testaceous, with two

or three transversely placed spots on the disc, which are sometimes

confluent, black; elytra black, with a humeral patch or stripe

(sometimes reaching to about the middle), and the apical margin

150 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

rarely, ochreous ; apices of the femora, the anterior and intermediate

tibiae in great part, and the base of the posterior tibiae, testaceous.

(3 $.)

Chauliognathus scapularis, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 77 (9).

Hab. Mexico (ex coll. Sturm; Truqum), Zapotlan in

Colima, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége).

g- Aedeagus: median lobe long, obliquely bent; left lateral

lobe long, broad and concave to about the middle, and then abruptly

narrowed and arcuately bowed to the tip (the apical portion varying

in length and breadth in the ten specimens dissected), the tip more

or less hooked; right lateral lobe much shorter than the left, com-

pressed, obliquely bent. Plate VI, figs. 22, 22a.

An abundant insect in Mexico and varying greatly in

colour, C. limbicollis itself being probably yet another form

of C. pennsylvanicus, De Geer; but amongst the very large

number of specimens before me there are none from

Mexico or Guatemala with the elytra marked as in typical

examples of the latter, 7. e. with an oblong subapical black

spot or vitta on the disc. C. scapularis has been received

from the same localities (Zapotlan and Chilpancingo) as

C. limbicollis (the latter sometimes having the knees broadly

testaceous), and cannot be separated fromit. The variety

a, with wholly black prothorax, is represented by a series

of nine specimens from Morelia. Leconte’s type of C. lambi-

collis has a triangular scutellar patch and the apex of the

elytra broadly black (this form being not uncommon at

Orizaba), the dark markings being usually broadly coalescent

along the suture in the Central American material examined.

The aedeagus varies in the development of the curved

apical portion of the longer lobe, but the general structure

is similar. The antennae of the male are very long, dis-

tinctly widened outwards, with the apical joint a little

narrower than the preceding; but in one Mexican example

of this sex (apparently belonging to the same species)

they are slender throughout.

19. Chauliognathus mundus, n. sp.

Chauliognathus scutellaris, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 283 (nec Lec.) (the Mexican examples from the

Sallé collection only).

Chauliognathus mundus, Chevr. in litt.

Opaque, black; the prothorax rufo-testaceous, sometimes with

a transverse or M-shaped black mark on the disc; the elytra ochre-

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 151

ous, with a black discoidal vitta extending from a little below the

base to near the tip, the base sometimes transversely fuscescent

on either side of the scutellum; abdomen ochreous, the apical

segment and aedeagal cap more or less infuscate; anterior and

intermediate tibiae testaceous. Head moderately large, the eyes

not prominent; antennae very elongate in 3, shorter in 9, tapering

slightly at tip, joint 3 about half as long as 4. Prothorax large,

broader than long, in 9 almost as wide as the elytra, rounded at

each angle, the margins rather broadly reflexed. Elytra subulate.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

long, concave, angularly dilated at about the middle, the apical

portion abruptly curved, acuminate, hooked at the tip; right

lateral lobe much shorter than the left, twisted and angularly

dilated inwards near the base, the apical portion curved and com-

pressed, blunt at the tip. Plate VII, figs. 23, 23a.

Length (excl. head) 93-10 mm. (3 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Orizaba in Vera Cruz (Salle).

Three males and two females, apparently distinct from

the similarly coloured northern C. pennsylvanicus, De

Geer *; differing from it in the relatively larger prothorax

(especially noticeable in 2), and the more subulate elytra.

From similarly coloured varieties of C. scutellaris the

broader and more transverse prothorax will serve to dis-

tinguish C. mundus. The aedeagus exhibits the same

general structure in all these nearly related forms.

20. Chauliognathus scutellaris.

Chauliognathus scutellaris, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p.

230 (1853); Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 44 (1881);

Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 283 (part.).

Chauliognathus basalis, Lec., Col. of Kansas and E. New

Mexico, p. 13; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 44.

Chauliognathus lewisii, Crotch, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v,

p. 78 (1874).

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

long, angularly dilated at about the middle, and abruptly and

arcuately bowed thence to the apex, the basal portion stout, the

apical portion much narrower and hooked at the tip; right lateral

lobe about as long as the basal portion of the left lobe, compressed,

and obliquely bent. Plate VII, fig. 24.

Hab. Norts America, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, etc. ;

Mexico, Monclova in Coahuila (Dr. Palmer), Saltillo in

* The life history of this species has been fully described by Riley.

152 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

Coahuila, Villa Lerdo and San Isidro in Durango, Monterey

in Nuevo Leon (Hége).

The series of fifty specimens (varying from 73-10} mm.

in length, exclusive of the head) sent by Hége from

Northern Mexico connect the various forms of this species,

which is separable from C. limbicollis by the more shining

prothorax and base of the elytra; the anteriorly narrowed,

less transverse prothorax (at least in g), and the more

subulate elytra. The black patch on the prothorax varies

in extent, and is sometimes wanting; and the elongate

discoidal subapical streak on the elytra is often united to

the triangular scutellar mark (the suture remaining yellow),

the latter becoming gradually shorter and shorter (C.

lewisii) as the streak extends forwards till at last they are

united into a continuous stripe. Three males have been

dissected, including one from Kansas, and the aedeagus

proves to be formed very much as in C. limbicollis and

C. pennsylvanicus. C. vittatus, Schaeffer, from Nogales,

Arizona, must be very closely related to the present species.

21. Chauliognathus discus.

Chauliognathus discus, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 230

(1853); Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1x, p. 44 (1881); Crotch,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, p. 78.

2 Chauliognathus misellus, Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.

xu, p. 150 (1885).

Ochreous, the head between and behind the eyes, and sometimes

along the middle anteriorly, the antennae, two or three transversely

placed spots on the disc of the prothorax, often united into a common

fascia or dilated into an M-shaped mark, a small transverse patch

at the base of each elytron and a large spot on the disc at about

one-third from the apex, black; the femora with the basal half or

more testaceous and the rest of the legs black; beneath pale flavous,

the metasternum and ventral segments nigro-fasciate in 9, the

aedeagal'cap slightly infuscate in gj. Head rather long, the eyes

somewhat prominent; antennae slender, fully as long as the body

and perceptibly thickened towards the apex in ¢ (joints 3-8 slender

and 9-11 a little wider), shorter and filiform in 9, joint 3 about half

the length of 4 in g. Prothorax shining, broader than long,

rounded-subquadrate, the margins broadly reflexed, the dise with

an oblong sulciform impression in the middle. Elytra much wider

than the prothorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly, rather coarsely

punctate, and often obsoletely costate on the disc, shining at the base.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 153

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely curved, produced at the

apex; left lateral lobe stout, long, concave, compressed and sub-

angularly dilated at about the middle, hooked at the tip; right

lateral lobe much shorter than the left, compressed, somewhat

spoon-shaped at the apex. Plate VII, figs. 25, 25a.

Length (excl. head) 93-12 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Norta America, Texas, Arizona; Mexico (Mus.

Brit., ex coll. Fry), Villa Lerdo in Durango (Hége).

The fifteen specimens from Durango from which the

above description is taken vary in the development. of

the markings on the prothorax and in the size of the dis-

coidal spot on each elytron; but they all have the base

of the femora to a greater or less extent testaceous, whereas

the N. American forms are said to have the legs black.

This character, however, is scarcely of specific value, and

in the absence of material from north of the Mexican

frontier for comparison the Durango insect is best treated

as a form of C. discus, of which C. misellus would appear

to be a variety. Leconte first gave “‘ Mexican boundary ”

as locality, later (and apparently from other specimens)

substituting “Texas.” ~Horn’s C. misellus was from

Arizona.

22. Chauliognathus marginatus.

Cantharis marginata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 206.

Chauliognathus marginatus, Hentz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.,

_ n.ser., il, p. 460; Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. v, p. 388

(1851); Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 44; Crotch, Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. v, p. 78.

Cantharis ligata, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. v, p. 166.

Chauliognathus hentzir, Lec., loc. cit.

gd. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

extremely elongate, strongly sinuate, acuminate and hooked at the

tip; right lateral lobe short, compressed, obliquely bent and hooked

at the apex. Plate VII, fig. 26. c

Hab. Nortn America, New York to Florida; Mexico,

Monterey in Nuevo Leon (Hége).

This common N.-American insect 1s now known to extend

into Mexico. It has a broad V-shaped mark on the head,

a broad median vitta on the prothorax, and a discoidal vitta

on each elytron (sometimes reduced to an oblong subapical

spot), black, the rest of the upper surface being testaceous

154 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

or rufo-testaceous; the femora are broadly testaceous at

the base; the antennae are moderately long, tapering

outwards in both sexes; and the prothorax is oblong

subquadrate, with narrowly reflexed margins, the surface

opaque. The allied C. obscwrus, Schaeffer, from Nogales,

Arizona, is stated to have a longer third antennal joint,

and the elytra, except basal part of margin and anterior

part of suture, black.

23. Chauliognathus sulphureus.

Chauliognathus sulphureus, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1878, p. 331 (Q).

Chauliognathus pallidus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, pp. 73, 279 (nec Waterh.).

g. Aedeagus: median lobe strongly bowed, the apical portion

obliquely produced; left lateral lobe long, rather convex, feebly

sinuate within, hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe much shorter

than the left, compressed, the apical portion somewhat spoon-

shaped. Plate VII, figs. 27, 27a.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz; GUATEMALA; NICARAGUA;

PanaMA; AMAZONS.

The type of this insect is an immature discoloured female,

from Nauta, in the Amazon valley; but there can be no

doubt as to the identification of the species. C. sulphureus

may be readily distinguished from C. pallidus, Waterh., by

its larger size, the uniformly sulphur-yellow or ochreous

upper and under surfaces, the black antennae and legs,

and the dark wings; the somewhat attenuate elytra do

not quite cover the abdomen or wings (this being especially

noticeable in the female), the eyes are relatively smaller

and less prominent in the male, and the lateral lobes of

the aedeagus are very differently shaped.

24. Chauliognathus pallidus.

Chauliognathus pallidus, Waterh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1878, p. 330 (g) (nec Gorh.).

Chauliognathus oedemeroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, pp. 73, 279.

Chauliognathus fuscescens, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 73.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz; British HonpurAs; GUATE-

MALA; Nicaracua; Costa Rica; Panama; COLOMBIA

(Mus. Brit.), ete.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 155

Var. a. The base of the head, a patch on the disc of the pro-

thorax, the elytra (the sutural, apical, and lateral margins excepted),

the outer half of the femora, the antennae, tibiae, and tarsi infuscate.

(?-) :

Hab. Mexico, Teapa.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe stout, curved, moderately produced

at the apex; left lateral lobe short, broad, compressed, subtruncate

at the tip, and armed with a sharp tooth at the upper apical

angle; right lateral lobe (fig. 28a) much longer than the left, the

outer portion widened and oblique, the apex sharply hooked at the

inner angle and toothed at the outer angle. Plate VII, figs. 28, 28a.

An immature-looking, elongate insect, testaceous in

colour, with the antennae, knees, and tarsi, and sometimes

the extreme base of the elytra also (C. oedemeroides), in-

fuscate or black. The wings are slightly infuscate. The

eyes are very large and prominent in the male, a little smaller

in the female. The variety is represented by a single

female from Teapa. A common insect in Central America,

represented by 70 examples in the collections before me.

Five males have been dissected, showing no variation in the

form of the lateral lobes of the aedeagus: the tooth at the

apex of the broadly expanded left lobe (not shown in the

figure) can only be seen when the aedeagus is viewed in

profile.

25. Chauliognathus exsanguis. (Plate III, fig. 10, g, var.)

Chauliognathus exsanguis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, p. 74 (part.) (nec p. 279).

Opaque, testaceous, the antennae, the apices of the femora,

the tibiae and tarsi, some markings at the base of the head, an oblong

patch on the disc of the prothorax (sometimes divided down the

middle, or altogether wanting), and rarely a posteriorly evanescent

streak on the basal half of each elytron near the suture, more or

less infuscate. Head faintly punctulate, in g¢ much narrowed

behind and with very prominent eyes, smaller in 2; antennae in ¢

reaching to a little beyond the middle of the elytra, shorter in 9,

joint 3 about twice as long as 2. Prothorax narrow, oblong,

slightly sinuate at the sides posteriorly, broader in 9, the margins

feebly reflexed. Elytra incompletely covering the abdomen,

narrowed posteriorly. Aedeagal cap of 3 very elongate.

Var. a. The head between and behind the eyes, entirely or in

156 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

part, a broad median vitta or two streaks on the disc of the prothorax,

the elytra (the inner, apical, and outer margins excepted), and the

legs in great part, infuscate or black.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe strongly curved, produced into a

thin spoon-shaped lamella at the tip; left lateral lobe rather convex,

very long, slender, sinuate, slightly hooked at the tip; right lateral

lobe a little more than half the length of the left, curved and feebly

hooked at the apex. Plate VII, fig. 29.

Length (excl. head) 5-9} mm. (3 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Tuxtla (Sallé), Teapa (H. H. Smith); —

GUATEMALA, Langquin [type], San Juan, and Panzos in

Alta Vera Paz (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt),

The pair labelled by Gorham as the types are immature

and almost immaculate, and the name exsanguis, therefore,

is misleading. A series from Teapa includes all the above-

mentioned forms. The present species is very closely

related to C. lituratus (= emaciatus), Gorh., from which

it mainly differs in its more prominent eyes in both sexes,

and the narrower body. The aedeagus is very similarly

formed in the two species, and is different in structure

from that of the other forms (one of which is also from Alta

Vera Paz) included by Gorham under C. exsanguis. The

single dark male from Panzos has stouter antennae,

and the left lateral lobe of the aedeagus shorter and more

sinuate, and it may therefore belong to yet another species ?

An immature pallid male from Chontales has the sides of

the prothorax deeply sinuate. Eight males have been

dissected, the figure of the aedeagus being taken from the

Lanquin type.

26. Chauliognathus decolor, n. sp.

Chauliognathus exsanguis, and var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 279 (nec p. 74).

Pale testaceous, the antennae (except the basal joint in some

examples) and a fine line along the base and outer margin of the

elytra (wanting in immature specimens) fuscous, the elytra often

becoming more or less infuscate to near the apex and with the tip

yellowish (the variety described by Gorham), the eyes black; finely

pubescent, shining, the elytra duller towards the apex. Head

much narrowed behind, the eyes prominent; antennae very long

and slender, nearly reaching the tip of the elytra in J, shorter in 9,

joint 3 nearly three times as long as 2. Prothorax narrow, longer

than broad, wider in 9, more or less suleate down the middle and

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 157

with the margins moderately reflexed. Elytra long, incompletely

covering the abdomen in 9, somewhat attenuate posteriorly.

¢d. Aedeagus: median lobe stout, curved, obliquely cut off at tip;

left lateral lobe long, slender, abruptly and arcuately twisted from

about the middle, and blunt at the apex; right lateral lobe broader

than the left, compressed, moderately long, armed with a rather

long, curved, ciliate, tooth-like prominence at the base, and feebly

bidentate at tip. Plate VII, fig. 30.

Length (excl. head) 65-10 mm. (3 9.)

Hab. PanaMA, Bugaba, Tolé, Los Remedios (Champion).

Seven females and two males, the latter immature.

This is the insect referred by Gorham in his “ Supplement ”

to C. exsanguis, under which he originally included two

Guatemalan forms. The present species is closely related to

C. submarginatus (the male having a very similarly formed

aedeagus), from which it may be distinguished by the

longer second antennal joint, the immaculate shining pro-

thorax, etc. The antennae are longer than in C. exsanguis.

27. Chauliognathus evanidus, n. sp.

Chauliognathus exsanguis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 74 (part.) (nec p. 279).

Opaque, testaceous, the antennae, and in one specimen the knees

and tarsi also, infuscate. Head much narrowed behind, the eyes

large and prominent; antennae very long and slender, joint 3 about

three times the length of 2. Prothorax rounded-subquadrate, nar-

rowerin gthanin9. Elytra elongate, nearly covering the abdomen.

g. Aedeagus : median lobe very stout, not produced at the apex;

left lateral lobe moderately long, compressed, blunt at the tip, with

a strongly curved, long, stout hook abruptly projecting from the

inner edge at some distance before the apex; right lateral lobe*

about as long as the left, broad at the base, the longer apical portion

becoming abruptly narrower and compressed, feebly bidentate at

the tip. Plate VII, fig. 31.

Length (excl. head) 8-10} mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Guatemata, Panima [3], Panzos [2] (Champion).

One pair. This insect is very like C. decolor, but has

longer elytra, a broader head and prothorax (especially

noticeable in g), and a differently formed aedeagus, the

left lateral lobe bearing a twisted, projecting, hook-like

* Accidentally broken off after the description was written.

158 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

process towards the tip. This last-mentioned structure

separates C. evanidus from C. exsanguis, ete.

28. Chauliognathus lituratus.

Chauliognathus lituratus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, pp. 74, 280.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca; GUATEMALA;

NICARAGUA; PANAMA.

Var. a. The black horseshoe-shaped patch on the dise of the

prothorax more extended ; the elytra testaceous or fuscescent. (¢ 9.)

Chauliognathus emaciatus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 75, pl. 5,

fig. 17 (9).

Hab. GUATEMALA.

Var. B. The elytra almost entirely infuscate, the prothoracic

marking obsolete. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, Tabasco; GUATEMALA.

Var. y. The head rufescent or testaceous, nigro-bivittate at the

base; the prothorax with an oblong black patch on the disc; the

elytra pale. (9.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa.

g. Aedeagus : median lobe long, obliquely bent, spoon-shaped at

the tip; left lateral lobe extremely elongate, more or less sinuate,

feebly hooked at the apex; right lateral lobe one-half or one-third

shorter than the left, twisted, compressed, distinctly hooked at the

tip. Plate VIII, figs. 33, 33a.

A very variable insect, and not uncommon in Southern

Mexico and Guatemala. In the form described by Gorham

as C. lituratus the elytra, which do not completely cover

the abdomen, are testaceous or yellow, and often have the

whole of the disc (the sutural and lateral margins excepted)

infuscate, and the prothorax has a_horseshoe-shaped

black patch (sometimes divided into two spots) on the

disc. The head usually has the basal half almost entirely

black; it is gradually narrowed behind, and is large and

elongate in the male, but the eyes are not prominent in

either sex. Four males have been dissected, showing little

variation. The structure of aedeagus is extremely like that

of C. exsanguis.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 159

29. Chauliognathus pardalinus. (Plate ITI, fig. 11, g.)

es pardalinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, p. 280.

¢. Aedeagus : median lobe obliquely bent, produced into a spoon-

like process at the apex; left lateral lobe extremely elongate, slender,

sinuate, slightly hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe about one-

third shorter than the left, curved and acuminate at the apex.

Plate VII, fig. 32.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba.

Gorham’s description of this species was taken from the

unique male, which has an enormously developed, elongate

head and abbreviated lanciform elytra, the head being

comparatively small and the elytra much more elongate

in the female, both sexes having four spots on the head and

an M-shaped mark on the prothorax black. The eyes are

not prominent. The aedeagus is formed much as in C. litur-

atus and its allies. In immature examples the black mark-

ings are obsolete.

30. Chauliognathus submarginatus.

Chauliognathus submarginatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. i, 2, p. 279, pl. 6, fig. 16 (9).

g. Aedeagus: median lobe short, curved, stout, not produced

at the apex; left lateral lobe long, slender, abruptly and arcuately

twisted from about the middle, the apical portion oval; right lateral

lobe a little shorter than the left, strongly bowed, angularly dilated

towards the base within, and armed with a small tooth at the tip.

Plate VIII, fig. 34.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales; Panama, Chiriqui.

A close ally of C. decolor (= exsanguis, Gorh., part.),

with some markings on the base of head, two lines or vittae

on the prothorax, a small humeral spot or a faint marginal

line on the elytra, the apices of the femora, the tibiae,

tarsi, palpi, and antennae fuscous. The head of the male

is considerably elongated behind and less constricted at

the base than in the same sex of C. decolor. The third

antennal joint is only about twice as long as the second.

31. Chaulrognathus sticticus.

Chaulognathus sticticus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

li, 2, p. 280.

160 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

dg. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, rounded at the tip,

and with a curved spoon-shaped projection on the ventral aspect

at the base; left lateral lobe short, compressed, obliquely truncate

and pointed at the tip, the apex feebly tcothed at the upper angle ;

right lateral lobe a little longer than the left, compressed, curved,

produced at the apex into a stout curved hook, and angularly

dilated externally before the tip. Plate VIII, figs. 35, 35a.

Hab. Nicaragua, Granada and Chontales; Panama,

Chiriqui.

A long series, showing very little variation in colour.

The head has a V-shaped mark towards the base, and the

prothorax three transversely arranged spots across the

middle of the disc (often united into an undulate fascia),

infuscate or black, and the elytra are uniformly dilute

fuscescent, like the antennae and knees. The median

prothoracic sulcus is deep. Gorham omitted to notice

the Nicaraguan habitat, though he labelled a specimen

from that country, C. sticticus. The form of the aedeagus

is characteristic, the median lobe having a spatuliform

projection at the base beneath (not visible in our figures),

and the lateral lobes are peculiarly formed.

32. Chauliognathus sagittarius.

Chaulrognathus sagittarius, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ii, 2, p. 280 (9).

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiniqui.

Described from three females, the male being still

unknown. Very lke C. submarginatus, but with the

third antennal joint relatively shorter, it being only a

little longer than the second. The head is small, and the

eyes prominent; the prothorax is opaque, and has a sagitti-

form black streak on the disc; the fuscous marginal line

on the elytra does not extend to the base or apex; the

palpi, antennae, knees, tibiae, and tarsi are infuscate or

black.

33. Chauliognathus hieroglyphicus. (Plate ITI,

fig. 12, 3.) |

Chauliognathus hweroglyphicus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 282.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Sallé and Dugés: types),

Tonila and Zapotlan in Colima, Lagos in Aguas Calientes

and Sayula in Jalisco (Hége).

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 161

Var. a. Nigro-piceous, the prothorax sometimes in part yellow,

leaving the black spots sharply defined. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico, Tonila and Zapotlan.

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

long, strongly sinuate, thickened in its basal half, hooked at the

tip; right lateral lobe much shorter than the left, compressed,

pointed at the tip. Plate VIII, figs. 36, 36a.

Hoge has sent us a long series of this species, including

various varieties, the insect having been described from a

few specimens from Guanajuato. In the type-form the

numerous black hieroglyphic markings on the prothorax

are sharply defined, these gradually becoming more and

more extended till the margins only remain yellow; the

elytra have each a narrow transverse mark or spot at the

base (frequently wanting), and often a rounded spot on

the disc beyond the middle, black; and the legs vary

in colour from almost wholly testaceous to black. The

dark variety is represented by seven examples. A very

distinct species, and recognisable by its shining surface

and peculiar prothoracic markings, which are usually

traceable in the dark form. C. scriptus (Germ.), from

Argentina, is not unlike C. hieroglyphicus, but it has

stouter posterior femora in the male.

34. Chauliognathus terminalis.

Chauliognathus terminalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ill, 2, p. 76.

6. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, produced at the

apex; left lateral lobe extremely elongate, slender, curved (as seen

in profile), feebly hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe a little shorter

and much stouter than the left, sinuous, angularly dilated on each

side at the apex, and armed with a broad, acutely pointed, hook-

like process before the tip above (the apex appearing trifurcate when

viewed from in front). Plate VIII, fig. 37.

Hab. Nicaragua; Costa Rica.

Gorham’s description of this species was taken from

three specimens in bad condition. Three others have

since been received, found by Pittier, at San Carlos, Costa

Rica. C. terminalis may be known by its opaque surface,

long head, with prominent eyes in the male, very slender

antennae, long, subquadrate prothorax, subulate elytra,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTI. (JUNE) M

162 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

black legs, and the black and ochreous general coloration,

the ochreous colour sometimes confined to the basal half

of the elytra and a portion of the under surface (the apical

half of the abdomen being always black) and sometimes

extending to the prothorax and to near the apex of the

elytra. The aedeagus has been dissected in the two males

available, and it exhibits a remarkable development of

both the lateral lobes.

35. Chauliognathus dispar, n. sp.

Callianthia dispar, Sturm in litt. (2).

g. Head, antennae, prothorax, scutellum and legs black, the

head with some markings in front, and the prothoracic margins

narrowly (completely or incompletely) yellow, the femora some-

times testaceous at the base; the elytra varying in colour from

piceous to obscure testaceous, often with an oblique testaceous

streak extending from the humeri downwards, the sutural and

outer margins and scutellum rarely flavous; beneath in great part

ochreous; thickly clothed with fine cinereous pubescence, the pro-

thorax shining and more sparsely pubescent. Head large, broad,

subtriangular, the eyes not prominent; antennae long, filiform,

joint 3 much shorter than 4. Prothorax rounded-subquadrate,

bicallose on the middle of the disc, and with a short deep oblong

groove in the centre. Elytra much wider than the prothorax,

strongly subulate.

2. Head shorter, sometimes wholly testaceous anteriorly, the

antennae less elongate; prothorax rufo-testaceous, margined on

all sides with yellow, transverse, rounded at the sides; elytra

varying in colour from black to fusco-testaceous, usually with a

long, oblique, conspicuous, testaceous streak extending downwards

from the shoulder, the sutural and outer margins sometimes flaves-

cent; femora sometimes wholly testaceous; ventral segments often

broadly nigro-fasciate.

6. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

moderately long, sinuate, subangulate near the base, hooked at the

tip; right lateral lobe a little shorter than the left, somewhat

acuminate at the apex. Plate VIII, figs. 38, 38a.

Length (excl. head) 7-9 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.; ex coll. Sturm),

Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége, H. H. Smith), Tonila in

Cohma (Héqe), Cuernavaca in Morelos (Hége; Mus.

Oxon.).

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 163

A long series of each sex, the single female in the

“ Biologia’ collection having been left undescribed by

Gorham for want of material. The two sexes of this

insect are so dissimilar that they might easily be mistaken

for different species, C. dispar in this respect approaching

C. corvinus, Gorh., which, however, has the intermediate

joints of the antennae much widened in the female. The

male has the facies of a small Leptura. C. flavomarginatus

and C. constrictus are still more nearly allied forms, the

females being sometimes similarly coloured, that of the

present species being separable from C. constrictus by the

more rounded sides of the prothorax and from that of

C. flavomarginatus by the less expanded margins. Two

males have been dissected.

36. Chauliognathus forreri. (Plate III, figs. 13,

14, 4, vars. B, y.)

Chauliognathus forrert, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

i, 2, p. 282 (9).

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango [or Sinaloa] (Forrer :

types), Rincon, Venta de Peregrino, and Tierra Colorada in

Guerrero (H. H. Smith: 39).

Var. a. The elytra with a discoidal fuscous stripe of varying

extent, sometimes leaving only the sutural and outer margins

flavescent, the dark spots on the head and prothorax (as in some

typical C. forrert) reduced in number or altogether wanting. ( 9.)

Chauliognathus subulipennis, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 282 (9).

Hab. Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero (H. H. Smith: 39),

Tehuantepec (Swmichrast : types).

Var. 8. The dark spots on the head larger, those on the prothorax

more extended or confluent (leaving three irregular yellow streaks),

the elytra wholly fuscous, the sides below the humeriexcepted. (<.)

(Fig. 13.)

Hab. Mexico (Coffin, in Mus. Oxon.), Chilpancingo in

Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Var. y. Head with two spots between the eyes, and the prothorax

with 2, 4, 6, 8 or 9 spots on the disc, black, all these markings some-

times obsolete; elytra with the apical half or two-fifths black, for

the rest ochreous. (3 9.) (Fig. 14.)

Hab. Mexico, Huetamo in Michoacan (Hége), Venta de

Zopilote in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

164 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, produced at the tip;

left lateral lobe moderately long, stout, concave, dilated towards

the base within, and sharply hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe

much shorter than the left, compressed, curved and somewhat

pointed at the tip. Plate VIII, fig. 39.

The long series of this insect obtained by Hoge and

H. H. Smith in Mexico connects C. forrert with C.

subulipennis, Gorh., and show that they are forms of one

variable species, C. hieroglyphicus varying in colour very

much in the same way. The present species may be

known by its strongly subulate elytra, dull upper surface,

the rather prominent hind angles and strongly reflexed

margins of the prothorax, the non-prominent eyes in the

male, etc. The type is ochreous above, and pale flavous

beneath, with two small blackish spots on the head and

six others (arranged in two longitudinal series) on the disc

of the prothorax, and the antennae, tibiae and tarsi in-

fuscate. The legs vary in colour, but the femora are

always testaceous at the base. A male of each form has

been dissected, showing no variation in the structure of the

aedeagus. The femora in this sex are stouter than in the

female. The length (excluding head) varies from 9-134

mm.

37. Chauhognathus flavomarginatus, n. sp. (Plate ITI,

fig. 15, 3.)

Opaque, finely pubescent; head rufescent, flavous in front, with

an oblique, sinuous, interrupted stripe on each side between the

eyes, extending to the base and converging posteriorly, and the

under surface in part, black, the markings often obsolete above;

prothorax rufescent on the disc, yellow along the margins; scutellum

black, yellow at the apex; elytra flavous, with a broad, oblique,

black stripe extending from the shoulder to very near the apex;

antennae, apices of the femora, tibiae, and tarsi infuscate, the rest

of the legs testaceous or rufo-testaceous; under surface in great

part pale flavous, the metasternum nigro-fasciate behind, the last

ventral segment reddish. Head very large and elongate in 4,

smaller in 9, the eyes not very prominent; antennae long, rather

slender, joint 3 a little shorter than 4. Prothorax about as long as

broad, slightly shorter in 9, sinuate at the sides and distinctly

narrowed posteriorly, broadly rounded on each side in front, the

hind angles rather prominent, the surface uneven and with a deep

median sulcus. Elytrain 3 a little broader than the anterior portion

of the prothorax, long, strongly subulate.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 165

6. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, produced at the apex

into a rather long spoon-shaped process; left lateral lobe moderately

long, compressed, obliquely truncate at the tip, and with the upper

apical angle produced into a sharp curved hook; right lateral lobe

long, sinuously bent at the tip. Plate VIII, figs. 40, 40a.

Length (excl. head) 83-10} mm. (3 2.)

Hab. Mexico, Huetamo in Michoacan (Hége).

Seven females and three males, scarcely differing inter

se, except in the development of the black markings on

the upper side of the head. This species approaches

C. forreri, but has the prothorax strongly dilated anteriorly,

deeply sulcate down the middle, and broadly flavo-

marginate; the elytra with an oblique dark vitta extending

from the shoulder to very near the tips. The aedeagus

also very similarly shaped. The following is a more nearly

allied form.

38. Chauliognathus constrictus, n. sp.

Dull, finely pubescent; head black, more or less yellow in front;

prothorax and elytra testaceous, the former margined with yellow

and sometimes with a black oblong patch on the disc, the latter in-

fuscate on the disc from a little below the base to very near the tip

(the infuscate portion sometimes becoming bifurcate anteriorly) ;

scutellum testaceous; antennae, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi

infuscate; beneath flavous, the metasternum black across the middle

in Y. Head moderately large in 3, smaller in 9, the eyes not

prominent; antennae rather slender, long, joint 3 a little shorter

than 4. Prothorax slightly sinuate at the sides posteriorly, oblong

in 3, more rounded at the sides in 9, the surface uneven and with

an abbreviated median groove. Elytra considerably wider than

the prothorax in 3, strongly subulate.

3. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, spoon-shaped at the

tip; left lateral lobe moderately long, rapidly widened towards the

base (as seen laterally), sinuous, angularly dilated at about the

middle within, the apical portion narrower, obliquely truncate, and

feebly hooked at the tip; right lateral lobe long, compressed,

distinctly hooked. Plate VIII, fig. 41.

Length (excl. head) 83-9 mm. (¢ .)

Hab. Mexico, Huetamo in Michoacan (Hége).

Three males and one female. Very like C. flavo-

marginatus, and at first sight appearing to be nothing

more than a form of that species; but differing from it

166 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the

in the black head, the less expanded margins of the pro-

thorax, the prothorax itself much narrower and subparallel-

sided in @, the testaceous humeri and scutellum, and

the angularly dilated left lateral lobe of the aedeagus.

Two of the specimens have the prothorax immaculate.

The somewhat similarly coloured C. marginatus, F., has

less subulate elytra and a differently formed aedeagus.

39. Chauliognathus histrio.

Chauliognathus histrio, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

ii, 2, pp. 75, 281.

3g. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent, slightly produced at

tip; left lateral lobe very elongate, sinuous; right lateral lobe about

one-half shorter than left, compressed, curved. Plate VIII, fig. 42.

Hab. Mexico, Durango, Vera Cruz.

Sixteen specimens seen, scarcely varying in colour, the

sexes in about equal proportion. C. histrio is very like

the form of C. lturatus with broadly fusco-vittate elytra,

and has a similar horseshoe-shaped black mark on the

disc of the prothorax; but the elytra in both sexes are

greatly abbreviated, and have the apices rather broadly

yellow. These two insects have the aedeagus formed as

in C. mgriceps, and all three have been received from the

same locality in Vera Cruz, Playa Vicente. As Gorham

states, the present species 1s very like the N.-American

C. marginatus, F., now known to extend southward to

Nuevo Leon in Mexico; but the latter has stouter and

more tapering antennae in both sexes, less abbreviated

elytra, a broadly nigro-vittate prothorax, etc.

40. Chauliognathus nigriceps. (Plate III, fig. 16,

var., -)

Chauliognathus nigriceps, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.

il, 2, pp. 74, 280 ($9).

Hab. Mexico; British Honpuras; GUATEMALA, Vera

Paz; NIcARAGUA.

Var. a. Elytra narrowly margined with black from a little below

the base to near the apex, the black marginal streak often becoming

broader posteriorly, thus leaving an indication of a yellow apical

spot. (4 9.)

Chauliognathus nigriceps, var., Gorh., loc. cit. p. 74.

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae. 167

Hab. Mexico, Playa Vicente and Cordova in Vera

Cruz.

Var. 8. Elytra with an anteriorly dilated sutural stripe, and the

margins from a little below the base to near the apex, these markings

sometimes becoming coalescent beyond the middle, infuscate or

black (the dark bands thus leaving an oblique stripe extending

downward from the shoulder, and a spot at the apex, ochreous).

(5 2.)

Chauliognathus obliquus, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 281, pl. 12,

fig. 15 (9).

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Oxon.), Cerro de Palmas [Plumas]

in Vera Cruz.

Var. y. Elytra black, with about the apical third ochreous;

prothorax infuscate along the middle of the anterior margin; femora

in part testaceous. (9.)

Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.).

Var. 8. Elytra black, each with a small ochreous apical spot;

the legs and a spot on the disc of the prothorax also black. (¢.)

Chauhognathus apicalis, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 75 (4).

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz; GUATEMALA, Vera Paz.

¢. Aedeagus: median lobe obliquely bent; left lateral lobe

extremely elongate, sinuous, slightly hooked at the tip; right

lateral lobe one-half shorter than the left, compressed, narrowed

towards the apex. Plate VIII, figs. 43, 43a.

The numerous examples of this variable insect now

available for examination (including an interesting series

from Mexico in the Oxford Museum) connect the various

forms named by Gorham, so that there can be no doubt

as to their specific identity. He selected the form with

entirely ochreous elytra as the type of C. nigriceps. The

var. y 1s represented by a single example (2), 8 (apicalis)

by three males, and a and £ by long series (¢Q). The

legs vary in colour from almost wholly testaceous to black,

but the under surface of the body is always in great part

flavous. The elytra are greatly abbreviated, leaving the

blackish wings and part of the abdomen exposed. C.

nigriceps comes very near C. histrio (which is a form of

C. lituratus with abbreviated elytra), but the system of

coloration of the elytra is constantly different in the darker

168 Mr. G. C. Champion on Chauliognathinae.

forms, the outer limb always remaining flavous in C. histrio

and black in C. nigriceps. The aedeagus of these insects

is very similar in structure. The specimen figured (Plate III,

fig. 16), from the Oxford Museum, is intermediate between

the C. oblaquus and C. apicalis of Gorham.

EXPLANATION OF Priates IJIJ—VIII.

[See Explanation facing the PLATEs. |

Se :

Af Perec tas

Tt a i Se

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1914, PL I.

\ Pm ( Fp all (6s CHAU LOG] ATH

EXPLANATION OF PuaTeE III

Fra. 1. Daiphron lineatum, Pic. 3.

2 fe personatum, Nn. Ssp., 4:

3. Chauliognathus (Daiphron) proteus, Gorh., 3.

4, - % Me Hae BS

5. Pe corvinus, Gorh., 3.

6. iy bi (= haereticus, Gorh.), 2.

We Pn morto, Gorh., 3.]

8. - exiguus, Gorh., 3.

9. és limbicollis, Lec., var. scapularis, Gorh., 3

10. Hf exsanguis, Gorh., var., 3.

ie 3 pardalinus, Gorh., 3.

Ww = hieroglyphicus, Gorh., ¢.

il3}. - forreri, Gorh., var. B, 3.

14, Ee 55 See ERIS Rae

15: “ns flavomarginatus, n. sp., 3.

T6. $3 nigriceps, Gorh., var., ¢.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

6. GENITAL ARMATURE.

The figures on this and the following plates (all x 20) show

the aedeagus or genital armature (= tegmen and median lobe

united, the portion of the membranous internal sac sometimes seen

extruding from the anterior aspect of the median lobe omitted) of

the males, mainly from the dorsal aspect, or in profile, somewhat

obliquely. The apical portions are placed forwards. The asymmetric

lateral lobes are described from this view in the accompanying text,

and are therefore reversed from their actual position in the insect.

Fies. 1, la. Daiphron lyciforme, Gorh.: 1, profile, showing mem-

branous base of median lobe; la,

dorsal aspect.

Oh Oda 43 personatum, n. sp.: 2, profile ; 2a, dorsal aspect.

3, tin Pe lineatum, Pic: 3, profile; 3a, dorsal aspect.

4 a crassicorne, Gorh. : 4, dorsal aspect.

5, 5a. Chauliognathus proteus, Gorh.: 5, profile ; 5a, dorsal

aspect.

6, 6a. se _ corvinus, Gorh.: 6, profile; 6a, dorsal

aspect.

eAerce AS morio, Gorh.: 7, profile; 7a, dorsal

aspect. |

8, 8a. a sodalis, Waterh.: 8, profile; 8a, dorsal

aspect.

ivans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Pl. TV.

at)

H. Knight, del. C. Hentschel, imp.

GENITAL, ARMATURE OF CHAULIOGNATHINAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Pl. V.

[2a

H. Knight, del. C. Hentschel, imp.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CHAULIOGNATHINAE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

¢. GENITAL ARMATURE.

Fras. 9, 9a. Chauliognathus tripartitus, Chevr.: 9, profile; 9a,

ventral aspect, showing membranous

base of median lobe.

10. = heros, Guér.: 10, dorsal aspect.

VE te: ree dimidiatus, Waterh.: 11, dorsal aspect ;

lla, profile.

1220 5 faustus, Gorh.: 12, profile; 12a, dorsal

aspect.

13: e distinguendus, Waterh.: 13, dorsal

aspect.

14, 14a. = lecontei, n.sp. (= profundus, Gorh.):

14, dorsal aspect; 14a, profile.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

3. GENITAL ARMATURE.

Fras. 15, 15a. Chauliognathus profundus, Lec. (= togatus, Waterh.) :

15, profile, left view; 15a, dorsal

aspect.

16. a nigrocinctus, Gorh. : 16, dorsal aspect.

We 5 bilineatus, Gorh. : 17, dorsal aspect.

18, 18a. a collaris, Gorh.: 18, profile, left view ;

18a, dorsal aspect.

19. e vestitus, n. sp. : 19, dorsal aspect.

20, 20a. mi aterrimus, Gorh.: 20, dorsal aspect;

20a, profile, left view.

Palle a exiguus, Gorh.: 21, dorsal aspect.

22. 220: A limbicollis, Lec.: 22, dorsal aspect ; 22a,

ventral aspect, showing membranous

base of median lobe.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1974, Pl. VI.

H. Knight, del. C, Hentschel, imp.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CHAULIOGNATHINAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1a. PS Vale

28 oe

H. Knight, del. C. Hentschel, imp,

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CHAULIOGNATHING:

EXPLANATION OF PuatE VII.

G. GENITAL ARMATURE.

Fiaes. 23, 23a. Chaulio, nathus mundus, n. sp. : 23, profile, left view ;

24.

25, 25a.

27, 27a.

28, 28a.

29.

30.

31.

32.

23a, dorsal aspect.

scutellaris, Lec. : 24, dorsal aspect.

discus, Lec. : 25, profile; 25a, dorsal

aspect.

marginatus, Gorh.: 26, profile.

sulphureus, Waterh. ( = pallidus,

Gorh.): 27, profile; 27a, dorsal

aspect.

pallidus, Waterh. (oedemeroides and

Juscescens, Gorh.): 28, dorsal

aspect; 28a, right (left) lateral lobe.

exsanguis, Gorh. : 29, profile.

decolor, n. sp. : 30, profile.

evanidus, n. sp. : 31, profile, left view.

pardalinus, Gorh. : 32, profile.

EXPLANATION oF Puate VIII.

G. GENITAL ARMATURE.

Fries. 33, 33a. Chauliognathus lituratus, Gorh.: 33, profile; 33a,

34.

30, oO.

36, 36a.

37.

38, 38a.

39.

40, 40a.

41.

42.

43, 43a.

[44, 44a.

399

dorsal aspect.

submarginatus, Gorh. : 34, profile.

sticticus, Gorh.: 35, profile; 35a,

dorsal aspect.

hieroglyphicus, Gorh.: 36, profile;

36a, dorsal aspect.

terminalis, Gorh. : 37, profile.

dispar, n.sp.: 38, profile; 38a,

dorsal aspect.

forreri, Gorh.: 39, dorsal aspect.

flavomarginatus, n.sp.: 40, profile;

40a, dorsal aspect.

constrictus, n. sp. : 41, dorsal aspect.

histrio, Gorh. : 42, profile.

nigriceps, Gorh.: 43, profile; 43a,

dorsal aspect.

(?) ~procerus, Bourg. (from New

Guinea): 44, profile; 44a, dorsal

aspect. Figured for comparison

with American forms. |

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Pl. VIII.

C. Hentschel, imp.

H. Knight, del.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CHAULIOGNATHINAE.

win Giver

AA, Ae on 0) :

i? ait AC eg

J) ouztyametSies

ervwile Tita eat peg :

‘J eth pee le mitre

a Uy ey aan :

‘ atl cat Berwiag »

iF <n 2o Fe

24 WV] «) ylibrenkole” .

Ute Set

iii), Mieke) 9

asd ale

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t+ i Pay pf; ia}

= °%

( 169 )

IV. A remarkable new genus and new species of Odonata,

of the legion Podagrion, Selys, from North Queensland.

By Kennetu J. Morton.

[Read February 4th, 1914.]

Puate IX.

THE recent appearance of three important memoirs by

Ris * and Tillyard + relating to the Odonata of the Austro-

Malayan region turned my attention to the Zygoptera of

a small lot of dragon-flies which I obtained a few years ago

purporting to come from Cape York, North Queensland.

From the character of the larger species in the collection,

there seems to be no reason to doubt the correctness of the

locality. As far as I have been able to examine the smaller

insects, they appear to belong to described species with the

exception of one example which proves to be of rare interest

in respect that the proximal side of the quadrilateral is

absent in the fore-wing, a pecularity, as far as I know,

hitherto considered unique in the Australian Hemiphlebva

mirabilis, Selys. On sending a short account of this insect

to Dr. Ris, he informed me that he was acquainted with

nothing like it either in nature on in the literature and he

urged its early description. Subsequently when forwarding

some other material to Dr. Ris, I included the Cape York

insect. He confirmed his former view, and kindly volun-

teered to make wing photographs which lighten so much

the work of description.

The species, of course, forms the type of a new genus.

Notwithstanding the important character above alluded

to, it cannot, however, he referred to even the same

Legion (Agrion) as Hemiphlebia, and it seems to find a

more natural place in the Legion Podagrion. The rather

heavy pterostigma, the character of the appendages and the

* “Odonata von den Aru- und Kei Inseln,” ete.: Abhandl. der

Senkenbergischen Naturforsch. Gesell. Bd. xxxiv, pp. 503-536

(1913).

“ Resultats de ’ Expedition Scient. Neerlandaise 4 la Nouvelle-

Guinée,” vol. ix, Zoologie, Livr. 3, pp. 471-512 : Odonata.

+ ‘“‘On some new and rare Australian Agrionidae :”’ Proc. Linn,

Soe. of N.S.W., 1912, vol. xxxvii, part 3, pp. 404-479 (1913),

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE)

170 Mr. K. J. Morton on a

evident relationship with Synlestes and Chlorolestes are

favourable to this association in spite of the absence of

supplementary sectors which have been regarded as

essential features of the Podagrion genera, Perilestes alone

being without them.

CHORISMAGRION, nov. gen.

Nodus about one-third of the distance between the base of the

wing and the distal side of the pterostigma. Basal side of the

quadrilateral absent in fore-wings as in Hemiphlebia. In hind-

wings, anterior side of the quadrilateral about 2 the length of the

posterior.

A* separates from the inner margin distad to Cuq at above the

level of the costo-distal angle of the quadrilateral. The two Anq

placed at nearly equal distance from each other and from the base

of the wing and nodus respectively. Cuq placed nearer 1 Anq,

about 3 of the distance between 1 and 2 Ang. Cu! arched at the

base. M® from or very near the sub-nodus; Rs at about 4 Pnq in

fore-wings, and 3 Pnq in hind-wings. M? three cells further; M™

about two cells still further (but rather unstable ranging from be-

tween one-third and one-half the distance between the nodus and

the proximal side of the pterostigma). Supplementary sectors

absent.

Second joint of antennae rather more than twice the length of the

basal joint, the third longer than the first two together.

Legs slender with rather long and fine spines; claws long with a

well-defined tooth. Superior appendages forcipate. Ligula cleft

for about 4 of its length, the lobes rather narrowly separate, tapering

but blunt at the apex.

Chorismagrion risi, n. sp.

3g. The whole of the head behind the antennae dull black; vertex

frons nasus rhinarium and labrum brilliant metallic green with violet

reflections; genae, base of the mandibles and basal joints of the

antennae yellowish; last joint of antennae black. Underside of

mouth parts mostly yellowish.

Pronotum mostly orange broadly black at the sides. Mesepisterna

orange, slightly infuscated, dorsal carina black; mesepimera,

mesinfraepisterna, metepisterna and a small triangle of metepimera

near the bases of hind-wings blackish with traces of yellow near the

wing-bases. Underside of thorax and the legs, pale yellowish.

Abdomen very dark green or blackish probably becoming bronzed,

first and second segments with the dorsum broadly yellowish, the

remarkable new genus and new species of Odonata. 171

same colour apparently continued narrowly along the dorsum of

3rd segment; 9th segment yellowish or orange above, probably 10th

segment partly marked with the same colour. Proximal ends of

segments 4, 5 and 6 above and 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 beneath marked or

ringed with whitish.

Superior appendages longer than 10 and rather shorter than 9.

Viewed from above they are broadest at the base at first slightly

divergent then rather abruptly they converge becoming flatter

or somewhat concave after the geniculation. About half-way

between the head and the rounded apex, above, an interruption

simulating a joint. Seen from the side these appendages are nearly

straight and void of striking character save the indication of the

false joint. :

Inferior appendages about 4 as long as the superior. Viewed in

profile, they are somewhat triangular with a conspicuous process ;

seen from beneath they are closely approximate for about two-

thirds of their length, each terminating in a divergent curved process ;

between these processes there appear to be blades with spinulose

edge.

Wings hyaline very faintly tinged with brownish, especially

between costa and radius. Pterostigma short and broad, dark

brown or blackish with a large orange spot which touches the costa.

2. unknown.

Length of abdomen, 34 mm. ; hind-wings, 22 mm.

I have pleasure in dedicating this interesting species

to Dr. Fr. Ris, Rheinau, the distinguished Monographer of

the Libelluninae, in recognition of many kindnesses received

at his hands during a friendship of over twenty years.

Of Australian genera, Chorismagrion is perhaps most

closely related to Synlestes, although differing therefrom

in several important respects in addition to the absence

of the basal side of the quadrilateral in the fore-wings.

In Synlestes the anterior side of the quadrilateral is about

one-half the length of the posterior side; M?® separates

from M 1 + 2 proximal to the sub-nodus; Rs at the sub-

nodus; Cut and Cu? more closely approximate at their

origin, Cul more strongly arched. Supplementary sectors

present.

To the South African genus Chlorolestes, the relation of

Chorismagrion is also rather close. In this genus, M?

separates from M 1+2 at the sub-nodus: Rs at Png 2; Cul

less strongly arched than in Synlestes; supplementary

sectors present.

172 Mr. K. J. Morton on a new genus of Odonata.

Prof. Calvert in his recent paper:* “The Fossil

Odonate Phenacolestes, with a discussion of the venation of

the legion Podagrion, Selys,” gives a synopsis of the

venational characters of this legion. The new genus

would fall under—

AA.—MS separating from M 1+2 at the sub-nodus, only two

antenodals, Rs beginning distad to the sub-nodus.

VV.—Area posterior to Cu? with one row of cells, one cubito-

anal cross-vein.

For Chorismagrion a new rubric preceding Chlorolestes

is required, based on the absence of the basal side of the

quadrilateral and the absence of supplementary sectors.

In regard to these latter it may be well to call attention to

the minute rudiment at the edge of the wing between M2

and Rs in the new genus.

The opportunity is suitable for giving a good wing

photograph of Hemiphlebia, which Dr. Ris has also kindly

supplied, as none of the existing figures seems to give a

direct photographic representation of the wing. In sending

this photograph he points out the existence of a minute

cross-vein between A* detached from the anal margin and

this margin, just at the Cugq. This detail, which Dr. Ris

says is not known to him in any other Agrionid, is so

minute in the photograph that it may be lost in repro-

duction. In one of my specimens it is more distinct, but

it does not appear to be constantly present, and Tillyard’s

figure truly represents in this respect the condition of

another example in my collection.

* Proc. Academy Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1913, pp. 225-272.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Wings of Chorismagrion risi (nat. length of h.-w. 22 mm.).

2. Wings of Chorismagrion risi, basal part more enlarged.

3. Apex of abdomen of Chorismagrion risi, from above.

4. Wings of Hemiphlebia mirabilis from Alexandra, Victoria

(nat. length of h.-w. about 11 mm.).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate 1X.

La eS a = ae

Photo, K. J. M. C. Hentschel.

CHORISMAGRION RISI.

“sy

a ¥

7 , ay

pee) gates: beth

;

rT s

‘

V. The Egg-laying of Trichiosoma (Tenthredinidae). By

T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z:S.

[Read February 4th, 1914.]

Piates X—XVI.

In the Presidential Address to the Entomological Society

on January 12, 1912, by the Rev. F. D. Morice, we have a

résumé and critical estimate of all that was known up to

that date concerning the action of the ovipositors (saw,

terebrae) of the sawflies (Chalastogastra), together with

some very careful and important observations by Mr.

Morice himself on one species of the group.

This Address stimulated my interest in the operation

of oviposition in the sawflies, which I had often wished to

observe, but had never succeeded in actually seeing.

It curiously happened that in the spring of 1913 an

extremely favourable opportunity of doing so occurred to

me, and the details observed seem to be worth relating,

because they were so very clearly seen, and for another

circumstance which appeared as a result, viz. that they

differ to some extent in the different species (or genera ?) of

sawflies, and that consequently my observations are not

merely a confirmation of Mr. Morice’s report, but rather an

extension in a new direction.

It was on the 22nd April, 1913, that I saw in the marshes

at Reazzino, near Locarno, a specimen of T'richiosoma

betuleti (%) in the act of laying an egg in a leaf of a small

smooth round-leaved sallow. I watched it lay a second

egg, but not having a lens did not see much of the process.

On the way home I found another specimen of the same

species at rest on a poplar trunk. A good many searches

on later occasions failed to result in the discovery of any

further specimens. These two flies I took home and kept

in captivity for two or three weeks.

I was very much struck by their quiet sluggish behaviour

and by the fact that during the whole time I had them,

neither of them made any attempt to use her wings.

I think it is probable that both had already laid the

majority of their eggs, as they were rather hollow in appear-

ance and only laid a dozen or so eggs each for my benefit.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaARTI. (JUNE)

174 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

I only gave them access to material on which to lay,

when I was at liberty to observe them, so that I was able

to follow the whole operation in the case of every egg that

was laid.

I fed them occasionally on water, neither sugar nor sap

expressed from the sallow seemed to tempt them. They

took the water freely but with extreme slowness, as if it

had to be absorbed rather than swallowed. This was

accompanied by what might be called chewing movements

of the maxillae, labium and palpi. The centre of the

mouth parts could not be well seen during the sucking

process, but seemed to have a bag-like appearance.

What made the examination of the whole process of

egg-laying so easy to observe, and therefore (comparatively)

so easy to understand, depended on the large size of the —

insect, on its very placid nature so that when laying it

could be moved into any position and approached as closely

as necessary with a lens, without in any way discencerting

it. It was further facilitated by the circumstance that

the most satisfactory way of looking at the process, viz.

in profile, was also the most obvious and easiest. The upper

cuticle of the leaves, beneath which the pouch for the egg

is made, is perfectly transparent and the rest of the leaf quite

translucent.

The sallow on which I found the T'richiosoma laying

belonged to the Caprea group, but I do not know its name;

it had a somewhat regular oval leaf, rather small, and in

the young state in which the eggs were laid it is quite

glabrous. This last seemed an important character to

the instinct of our sawfly. Having difficulty in getting

the desired sallow, I tried the flies with other species of

Salix, but they refused all I tried except one that seemed

to me to have nothing in common with the original sallow,

except that its leaves were glabrous; this was a willow,

possibly Salix fragilis, grown in the vineyards at Locarno,

for training the vines on and for supplying withes for tying

them. In describing the leaves of these two species as

glabrous, I am not strictly accurate, they were glabrous

compared with other available species of Salix, and really

seemed so when only the immature leaves that suited the

Trichiosoma were uncritically observed, but they actually

had some hardly visible hairs that were more obvious

when the leaves matured.

The leaves selected by the flies were those that were

the Egg-laying of Trichiosoma. 175

nearly but not quite fully expanded and had very delicate

tissues, younger leaves were several times accepted but

never older ones.

Poplars margined the wayside where I found the insects,

and as the quality of its leaves is very similar to that of

the Salices affected, I think it not improbable that the poplar

is also patronised.

The subject of this paper is the action of the saws, so that the

precise determination of the species of T'richiosoma observed

is of less importance. This is fortunate, as Mr. Morice does

not find it easy to say which species is in question; for my

purpose it will be enough to report that he says, “ I should

feel quite certain that it was betuleti, K1., if only you had

not found it on Saliz—’ ‘‘—betuleti has always been

believed to be exclusively attached to Betula and—mainly

on that account—has long been reckoned as a variety of

the well-known and universally distributed 7. lucorum,

which abounds wherever Betula is plentiful. The only

two species recorded as attached to Salix are latreillu

and sylvatica; yours, I am satisfied, can be neither of these,

unless all Trichiosomas are forms of a single species.”

He adds that the species is almost certainly the betuleti

of Costa, which is placed by Cameron under lucorum,

and is not the species given as betuleti, K1., by Cameron

(“ British Phytoph. Hymenoptera,” Ray Soc. Vol. III,

pp. 22-24).

I have various notes made at the time, some of which

I may quote. I also made some rough diagrams of the

progress of the operation of cutting the pockets, etc.

These I elaborate a little, but they still remain only dia-

grams; I am no draughtsman, but if I were, the operation,

though slow enough for observation, is much too rapid for

any careful drawing.

On April 26, I note that I saw “ 5 eggs laid on the smooth

narrow-leaved willow. The sawfly crawled about in a

haphazard sort of way, much as when moving with no

obvious object. Almost unexpectedly, however, she would

come to a spot with the end of the abdomen against the

margin of the leaf, and there resting, a rhythmical movement

of the end of the abdomen took place; at first this seems to

be a process of the two larger front eminences endeavour-

ing to get a hold of the margin of the leaf or some sort of

fixity in regard to it, so that the saws could properly begin

to operate.”

176 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

These “ eminences ” I take to be what Mr. Morice calls

“the apical plates of the saw sheath,” they remind me

in position and structure of the 10th abdominal segment

of many female Lepidoptera, a pair of rounded plates,

well clothed with hairs, not densely, but spread and especi-

ally marginal, and impressed one that they were for pre-

cisely the same office as the very important one in the

Lepidopterous structure, viz. to verify that the situation

selected, and in fact to select it, is exactly what is required,

in the one case for laying the egg, in the case of the sawfly,

for cutting the pocket.

The insect is resting on the leaf with legs on both sides

of it, and with this fulcrum is able to press the abdomen

sufficiently against the leaf. The two apical plates do not

erip the leaf, but still, with its margin actually or apparently

between them, give the selected place the required steadi-

ness. The one facing the observer covers the actual point

of entry of the saws, but the movements noted above are

really the beginning of their operation and their actual

entry into the leaf. They do so “on the upper surface,

but so close to the margin that I am not quite positive

that the actual margin is not the real or intended place.

When the operation is finished it is practically impossible

to verify any actual opening, but one guessed it to be some

0-1 mm. from the margin on the upper surface. The body

of the insect is so placed that the plane of the leaf coincides

with the median antero-posterior plane of the insect.”

Fuller observations on more specimens of the work, shows

that the incision is on the upper surface, parallel with the

margin and nearer 0°3 mm. from it than the distance

noted above. “‘ When once the saw enters it works very

rapidly and the full extent of cutting is done in from

about a minute to a minute and a half. This is guessed,

as I was too intent on observing the process to note the

watch at the same time; but in one instance, I found that

there was a rest of 10 seconds at the end of the cutting,

and that the laying of the eggs and extraction of the saw

took place in 15 seconds. In observing the action of the

saw, two circumstances made this much more satisfactory

than I had anticipated. One was the absolute trans-

parency of the upper cuticle of the leaf, beneath which

the saw penetrated, the parenchyma of the leaf being below

the saw; the other was that during part of the operation,

a portion of the saw between the leaf and the body of the

ithe Egg-laying of Trichiosoma. 177

insect was free, so that taking the insect in profile, the

whole process was very easily seen, the saw within the

leaf being but little obscured by the translucent leaf

substance below it cutting off the ight. Nothing, however,

could be seen from the lower side of the leaf owing to the

thickness of the leaf substance between, which, though

translucent, was by no means transparent.”

“When the saw is first seen to have really entered the

leaf, the darker posterior (in the then position of things)

portions of the saw (the ‘ supports’) advance slowly,

steadily and uniformly together; whilst the anterior mem-

bers (the ‘ saws ’) are seen to be in rapid motion.”

To understand the method of this movement, it is neces-

sary to remember the structure of the whole terebra.

This, as it exists in T'richiosoma, is shown in the photograph

on Plate XV, and in figs. 11 and 12 of Plate XVI.

Mr. Morice calls attention to the fact that these terebrae

present in different species, different relative developments

of the “saws” and “ supports,’ no doubt in accordance

with slightly different methods of operation according

to the requirements of each species in regard to the material

in which the eggs are laid and their disposition therein.

The justification for my recording my observations is

that in Trichiosoma the details of structure and procedure

do differ from those observed by Mr. Morice in Phymatocera

aterroma, Kl. In that species both saws and supports

terminate together in what forms an acute point to the

terebra, which apparently makes its first entry by a process

of stabbing. In Trichiosoma there are no sharp points,

the saws continue round the ends of the support, so that

the end of the terebra is not a point, but a continuation

of the cutting edge of the “saws,” which even go round

the support so far that the cutting edge at their tips faces

in a posterior rather than an anterior direction.

Mr. Morice tells us that these terebrae are not merely

objects in two dimensions but in three, and have a thick-

ness that in some species probably enables them to act

more or less as wedges. Though an object of two dimen-

sions only is a mere mathematical abstraction, nevertheless

in Trichiosoma the whole cutting action takes place in

such a way that we need not take into account that it

has any thickness, it is indeed so thin that one almost

wonders how it can possess the necessary strength. Hach

saw and support has indeed a structure much like that of a

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) N

178 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

lattice girder, so as to secure much stiffness, and any

buckling is prevented by the instrument being confined

beneath the leaf cuticle at the time when it is subjected

to the greatest strains.

The saw “is curled right round the end of the guide

(support) and goes to and fro rapidly, without however alter-

ing its position. At first glance the movement is rather

a twinkling than a_ to- and- fro movement, but it is soon

realised that, the saw being double, one portion advances

as the other retreats. This is easily seen in the portion

between the leaf and the insect, where there is nothing either

in front or behind the saw.

“The cutting is done by the margins of these two pieces

at the end, and advancement is rapid, steady and uniform,

but the actual alternating movement of the saws across

the line of advance is much more rapid than the actual

advance, perhaps four or five times as rapid.”

The penetration of the leaf is first directly inwards from

the edge, and during this period the cutting is done by the

portions of the saws that curl round the end of the supports.

When the terebra is engaged to its full length directly

inwards, it has cut a space under the cuticle just sufficient

to hold it, or wider by the trifling amount that the saw

curls round to the other side of the support. The twinkling

continues but the cutting is now done forwards by the

front margins of the saws, and continues doing so till the

terebra swinging forward is about parallel to the edge of

the leaf, with its extremity in the same direction as the

insect’s head, and has behind it a free space or pocket

approximately circular. ‘‘ When this position is reached

a short rest takes place, then, after some 10 seconds or

so, some movements hardly affecting the terebra, but of a

similar but rather slower and more heaving character

than when cutting is being done, take place more in the

body of the insect than in the terebra. This is hardly

noticed before the egg begins to occupy the saw, which

resumes movements similar to those used in cutting and

which probably assist the advance of the egg between its

right and left portions, which must now be separated

enough to admit of its passage, though the distension 1s

too slight to be observable. ‘‘ The actual egg when laid

is a fairly large and thick oval body that occupies

practically the whole pocket. In the actual laying the

appearances seem to compel one to believe that in its

—- ~~ =

oe! a Sh er

the Egg-laying of Trichiosoma. 179

passage the egg is drawn out into a long spindle shape.

The egg gradually appears at the anterior margin of the

saw, the saw working as during cutting, not at its base but

along its whole length, and whilst the saw is still in the

position in which it stopped cutting. Gradually the egg

grows larger and, in doing so, the saw passes back into the

lower portion of the space cut, apparently pushed by the

increasing egg, and when the saw is quite pushed back the

whole egg is seen to be present and the saw (terebra) is

in a second or two withdrawn. At the first appearance

of the egg only a narrow margin is occupied by the portion

present, and one can only suppose that the shell is suffi-

ciently extensible for the rest of it to be in the basal portion

of the saw and the body of the insect.” When half laid

it must have quite a dumbbell shape, one rounded end in

the pocket, the other within the body of the insect, the

narrow connecting portion in the neck of the terebra.

It may be observed here that in Phymatocera the terebra

was withdrawn after the pocket was cut and replaced to

lay the egg, but in Trichiosoma no such break occurred,

only a short rest being taken with the terebra still i siti.

Mr. Morice, indeed, relates that the process of rotation

towards the body of the insect, apparently precisely like

that in Trichiosoma, was not as in Trichiosoma stayed when

a pocket was formed, but continued until the terebra cut

its way out, and in the result, the process being repeated,

there was a long clean cut or slit with a succession of eggs,

laid along it. In Trichiosoma, the original incision of

entry is never enlarged, and each egg is laid in a separate

and independent pocket.

“On one occasion the saw came to a vein in the leaf,

which it seemed to find to be an impediment and it was at

once withdrawn. On another occasion the pocket was all

but finished, but the original line of entry seemed to have

been too oblique, with the result that the forward movement

of the saw brought it to the margin of the leaf before the

pocket was quite large enough, though to my eye it was

very close to full size. This was not, however, satisfactory,

and the saw was withdrawn without any egg being laid.”

“April 27th. Sawfly quite refused to experiment with

a slightly rough hairy-leaved willow. Saw two eggs laid

to-day on smooth willow. Timed one of these. From the

fly settling down to the saw actually entering forty seconds

(40”), from this to completion of the straight entry,

180 Dr. T. A. Chapman on

one minute (60”); to the completion of cutting, further

fifty seconds (50”). Then ten seconds (10”) rest, and in

fifteen seconds (15”) more, the egg was laid and the saw

withdrawn.”

On this occasion by giving attention to the point it was

clearly seen that the points of the saw curled round far

enough to cut a narrow portion behind the guide.

I ought to have noted that in captivity at least it seemed

quite immaterial to the flies whether their heads when

laying were directed towards the tip or the base of the leaf,

nor did I notice that the legs were disposed in any constant

manner to secure a correct foothold.

On May 1st the two Trichiosomas were getting rather

exhausted (they had probably been in existence some time

when captured). One could not be got to lay; the other

laid two eggs, but was rather stupid about it, as though her

instincts were failing. She kept getting too much on the

face of the leaf instead of on the edge, so that on three

attempts she failed to penetrate the leaf, the end of the saw

being too vertical to the face of the leaf and not in the same

plane with it, though I would not be positive that she did

not penetrate the cuticle but could then go no further.

On the two successful occasions, either from being out of

proper alignment or simply from exhaustion, after taking

about a usual time, 1’ 20”, to pierce, and 1’ 0” to traverse,

she then rested in one case 3’ 0” and in the other 4’ 0”

instead of the usual 10” or 15”, the actual laying and with-

drawing being as usual. Certainly the day was dull and

cool; for a successful observation a fairly warm day and

suitable fresh Salix were always necessary.

The eggs were laid in leaves on cut branches in water,

so that their not increasing in size may be their usual habit,

or may have been the result of a want of a natural flow of

sap in the plant. The eggs I have had of several species

of sawflies have expanded in this way very notably. I

fancy, however, this species does not do so, as the egg duly

hatched in an apparently normal manner. On May Ist,

eggs laid on April 22nd had shown for several days the

outlines of the contained larva, as a denser circle within the

margin, but all very translucent and free from visible

structure except one small brown spot; at this date the

spot had got larger and more distinct, and had a rhythmical

to-and-fro movement, approaching and receding, by a

small distance, the end of the egg nearest the inlet to the

the Egg-laying of Trichiosoma. 181

pouch (micropylar end?). The movement occurred to

and fro twenty times in a minute in one case in which I

counted it. In another egg it is slower and in a younger

egg, in which the spot is not so well developed, it occurred

only at considerable intervals. On investigation it appeared

that the brown spot is one of the eyes of the larva, quite

distinct, being only under the transparent cuticle of the

leaf; the other is invisible, being on the other side of the

head and can only be glimpsed from below, owing to the

thickness of the parenchyma of the leaf. The movement

is really a periodical rotation of the head of the larva.

The movement in the earliest (April 22nd) eggs ceased

on May 3rd, and on May 4th the first larva hatched. The

young larva is very large for the size of the egg, 7 mm. long,

green, with large brown (or black) eyes and a dark spot

in the middle of the labrum. It escapes by an irregular

tear in the thin cuticle, sometimes of considerable length,

sometimes small, so that it seems the larva could hardly

have got through it.

On the 14th of May the larvae had moulted to 2nd instar,

the largest 15mm. long, but not yet full-grown in that

instar. They are pale, almost colourless, except for

intestinal contents. They become rather white and opaque,

and the interior obscured, by an efflorescence, which is

not present just after moult and easily rubs off. Except

for size these larvae were very like those one is familiar

with on hawthorn. Exigencies of travel led to their being

so ill used that several reached the 3rd instar, but none got

any further.

The egg all but fills up the pouch and measures 2:5 mm.

parallel with the length of the leaf and 2-0 mm. across,

the branch of the pouch towards the opening seems to get

more or less glued together and is sometimes quite visible,

in other cases cannot be made out.

In carefully watching with a good lens the laying of

some two dozen eggs, the question present to me was always

how is the cutting actually done, is it cutting, carving,

tearing or what? I concluded that it was none of these,

but really the action of scissors, something like the action

of a reaping- or mowing-machine, or even more closely

of horse-clippers. Each of the projections of one of the

“ saws ” in passing a similar projection of the other acted

with it as a pair of scissors cutting through the scrap of

tissue caught between them. In making the pocket, 7. e.

182. Dr. T. A. Chapman on Egg-laying of Trichiosoma.

in separating the layer of cuticle, what has to be cut through

is the vertical walls of the cells of the leaf, which being only

the divisions between the cells, have much less area than

the whole of the pocket, and beg very thin and (in these

young leaves) very soft and tender, are easily caught

between the projecting blades of the saws and cut through.

The actual beginning of the process, the entrance of the

terebra into the leaf, was always obscured by the portion

of the sheath referred to already. It always took a time

greater in proportion, one felt, than the cutting of the pocket

afterwards. This resulted, no doubt, from the fact that

cutting had here to take place over the whole line of advance

and not merely at the widely separated dissepiments of

the leaf cells. The flies would only use young and tender

(in fact, not fully grown) leaves, and whilst this would

facilitate the cutting at all stages of the process, it would be

important at the first penetration, as the saws could not

cut unless the cuticular tissue was soft enough for them in

some degree to indent it. This advantage or necessity

would of course be much the same whatever the precise

manner of cutting was. The analogy or rather identity

with scissor action, or multiple scissor action as in horse-

clippers, is perhaps more easily realised when it is called to

mind that the two saws are strengthened lattice-girder

fashion by transverse thickenings on their outer surfaces,

which are thus uneven and irregular, but that their opposed

faces are quite flat, sliding smoothly on each other precisely

as is the case with the opposed faces of scissors or clippers.

Mr. Morice has added to my indebtedness to him in the

matter of this Trichiosoma and its correct position as a

species, by giving me the photographs on a much enlarged

scale of the extremity of the terebra, and still more enlarged

of its cutting edge, which are reproduced on PI. XII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES X—XVI.

Plate X shows T'richiosoma in its relative position to the leaf

when ovipositing. Photograph from a specimen mounted on a leaf

that had an egg laid in it. The pocket from which the larva duly

hatched is seen on left, opposite end of wing. The terebra is in

Explanation of Plates. 183

about the position it occupies when the direct penetration is nearly

completed, but on the leaf instead of in it. Magnified x 3.

The photographs on Pl. XI show the terebra of one of my actual

flies x 25. I have found it impossible to mount for photography

the terebra with the two blades in natural opposition. Here they

are somewhat slid apart, with this advantage, as it happens, that

the two saws are not advanced to precisely the same place in each :

in one it is fully advanced, in the other somewhat withdrawn,

and their actual movement in cutting is alternately from one position

to the other, the one advancing as the other retreats. The other

photograph, from a specimen not taken by me, shows the terebra

separated into its four constituents, two guides or supports and two

saws—a condition to which they are only too easily reduced in

mounting.

Plate XII shows the further enlargements of the extremity and

margin of the terebra, for which I am indebted to Mr. Morice.

It seemed desirable in order that my notes should be capable of

being easily understood that I should present some figures. For

this purpose, I have in some degree improved the diagrams I made

at the time, but they remain only crude diagrams, useful, I hope,

to give greater clearness to my descriptions of what I saw, but

not to be in any way trusted outside this object.* In the first

place I wish to describe movement; this is, of course, quite

absent from the diagrams. But, further, to make them simple,

Ihave used a photograph of one blade only of the terebra. In the

absence of movement, this is unimportant; some day, perhaps,

some one may secure a cinematographic film of the whole operation.

The diagrams are magnified about 18 diameters.

Pl. XIII, figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, attempt to show the progress of the

terebra into the substance of the leaf immediately below the upper

cuticle and practically at right angles to the margin of the leaf.

The whole incision so made is just so much wider than the width of

the terebra, as the tip of the saw curls round the end of the guide and

so cuts a fraction beyond its margin.

Direct movement into the leaf ceasing, the terebra then moves

forward as shown in

Fig. 5, until it reaches the position shown in

Fig. 6,.when the pocket is completed. After a short rest the

laying of the eggs begins.

Pl. XIV, fig. 7. At this early stage a strip of the margin of the egg

* For example I show the pocket, so far as cut, as a blank, but,

in fact, the cuticle returns to its position, and the appearance is

almost the same when the pouch is formed as it was before.

184 Explanation of Plates.

appears to be laid, but as by no conjuring can the rest of the egg be

between the plates of the terebra, it is evident that the egg has

now no spherical form, but that the rest of it is within the body of

the insect, and at this stage and the further one shown in

Fig. 8, the egg is seen to stretch along the terebra as far as the

transparency of the parts allow, up to the thick opaque sheath of

the terebra; in fact, into the body of the insect. In Pl. XV—

Fig. 9, though much of the egg is within the pocket, a portion still

connects this portion with some still within the insect. During

all this time the egg must be in a very soft plastic condition, so as

to be capable of being stretched out and moulded to suit the neces-

sities of the position.

Fig. 10 shows the egg nearly alllaid. As the laying is completed

so the terebra descends to quite the bottom of the pocket, and with

hardly any interval is withdrawn.

Pl. XVI, fig. 11 is the egg some time later (still quite diagram-

matically) to show the positions taken up by the eye of the larva.

Only one eye is seen, but this moves rhythmically between the two

positions shown in the diagram.

Fig. 12 is a pocket after the larva has escaped (this under camera),

showing the rupture by which the larva emerges, in this instance

decidedly smaller than usual. This diagram is on a slightly larger

scale than the others.

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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XII.

Photo, F. D. Morice. C. Hentschel.

TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI, Costa.

1. End of terebra x 70.

2. Margin of terebra x 250.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XII.

C. Hentschel.

TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI, Costa.

Stages in cutting the pocket.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XIV.

C. Hentschel.

TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI, Costa.

Stages in laying the egg.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XV.

C. Hentschel.

TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI, Costa.

Stages in laying the egg.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate X VI.

os 3 Be |

C. Hentschel.

TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI, Costa.

Fic. 11.—Egg in situ. Fic. 12.—Pocket after hatching of larva.

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( 185 )

VI. Culicidae from Papua. By Frank H. Taytor,

Entomologist to the Australian Institute of

Tropical Medicine.

[Read May 7th, 1913.]

Puates XVII, XVIII.

THE mosquitoes of Papua have, up to the present, received

but scanty attention from collectors, only nine species being

recorded.

The fact that there is so little known of Papuan mos-

quitoes has enabled us to describe one new genus and

fourteen new species and record seven previously known

forms as occurring in the Territory.

The specimens taken by Dr. Breinl were collected on

the occasion of a two months’ expedition during July and

August, when several districts were visited.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Giblin we obtained a col-

lection in a perfect state of preservation ; these mosquitoes

were collected by him whilst Medical Officer at the Lake-

kamu Gold Fields.

We are greatly indebted to Dr. Giblin for presenting this

interesting collection to the Institute.

Some of the specimens obtained by Dr. Brein] were bred

from larvae.

We hope, as opportunity offers, to make a complete

mosquito survey of Papua.

Nyssorhynchus annulipes, Walker.

Anopheles annulipes, Walker.

musivus, Skuse.

5. musicus, Giles.

Ins. Saund., I, p. 433 (1850); Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S. Wales, III, 2nd series, p. 1754 (1888); Giles, Hand-

book, Gnats, 2nd ed., p. 313 (1902); Theobald, Mon.

Culicid., I, p. 164 (1903); III, p. 104 (1903); IV, p. 97

(1907); V, p. 57 (1910); Taylor, Bull. 1. Nor. Terr. Rep.

p. 55 (1912).

Additional Localities. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field

(Dr. Giblin), Mekeo District (Dr. Breini).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART I. (JUNE)

186 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

Cellia punctulata, Donitz.

Anopheles punctulatus, Donitz.

2 tessellatum (nom. nud.), Theobald.

Myzomyia punctulata, Donitz—Giles.

Nyssorhynchus punctulatus, Dénitz—Blanchard.

Insekten-Borse, XVIIT, p. 372 (1901); Theobald, Mon.

Culicid., I, p. 175 (1901); Giles, Handbook, Gnats, 2nd

ed., p. 287 (1902); Giles, Revis. Anop., p. 33 (1904);

Blanchard, Les Moust., p. 208 (1905); Theobald, Ann.

Mus. Nat. Hung., III, p. 68 (1905); Mon. Culicid., IV,

p. 109 (1907); V, p. 71 (1910).

Additional Localities. Parua, Mekeo District (Dr. Breinl),

Lakekamu Gold Field (Dr. Giblin).

Time of Capture. Mekeo District, August 1912, Lake-

kamu, 18/10/10.

Observations. The thoracic markings of this species are

somewhat variable, but the position of the dark patches of

scales and the fork-cells remain constant.

NEOSQUAMOMYIA, 0. g.

Head clothed with flat and upright forked scales; clypeus with

loosely applied large broad scales; palpi longer than the pro-

boscis, of 9 about one-fifth as long; proboscis slender, not as long

as body.

Thorax with narrow curved scales, broad flat and narrow curved

ones on the prothoracic lobes; scutellum with flat scales and narrow

curved ones at the base of the lobes. Wings with the first sub-

marginal cell longer than the second posterior cell. Abdomen

clothed with large closely applied flat scales.

This forms a very distinct and marked genus easily

recognised by its scaled clypeus and long ¢ palpi. The 3

genitalia are also peculiar, the basal lobes and claspers

each possessing a comb composed of very stout teeth.

Neosquamomyia breinli, n. sp.

(Plate XVII, figs. 1-3.)

Head dark brown. Thorax dark brown with narrow curved

scales. Abdomen black. Legs black, unbanded.

. Head dark brown densely clothed with flat brown scales

(with a steel-blue lustre in some lights), a fringe of large white

flat scales round the eyes expanding laterally into a patch, a short

narrow line of flat white ones on the occiput, and black upright

forked ones on the nape; eyes black with a thin fringe of black

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 187

chaetae bordering them with two projecting between the eyes;

clypeus blackish with large broad white loosely applied flat scales ;

proboscis clothed with small black scales, slightly hairy ; palpi light

brown clothed with black scales and a few fairly long dark brown

- chaetae to the first and second segments, three-jointed, the second

longer than the first and third together, apical segment very small

and nipple-like; antennae blackish brown, fourteen-jointed, with

long black verticillate hairs and fairly densely covered with short

hairs on the internodes, basal half of second segment pale, basal

lobe brown covered with small dark scales on inner edge and pure

white ones beneath.

Thorax brown clothed with dark brown narrow curved scales,

anterior margin with a thin border of pure white narrow curved

scales and dusky brown bristles, prealar bristles black, fairly dense

above the roots of the wings, a patch of white spindle-shaped

scales above the roots of the wings; prothoracic lobes prominent,

brown, clothed with brown narrow curved scales and white flat

ones with a few dusky brown bristles; scutellum brown clothed

with dusky flat scales and a few narrow curved ones at the base

of the lobes, mid lobe with six brown posterior border bristles,

lateral lobes with seven; metanotum brown.

Abdomen pale brown clothed with blackish scales, first segment

with numerous fairly long brown hairs, posterior border hairs short,

brown, those on the lateral edges of the fifth and sixth segments

moderately long and conspicuous, seventh segment with an apical

band of white scales, eighth with a few grey scales, last two segments

with numerous light brown hairs, segments three to seven with

white lateral spots; venter, first segment white scaled, segments

two to five white scaled with apical blackish brown bands expanding

laterally, segments six and seven white with apical and _ basal

blackish brown banding, last two segments creamy yellow, segments

six to apex fairly densely clothed with brownish hairs.

Legs black, with steel blue reflections in some lights; coxae and

trochanters yellowish brown with numerous closely applied flat

white scales, the former with a line of brown chaetae; femora

densely clothed with white flat scales beneath ; fore and mid ungues

unequal, each with a small tooth, hind equal, each uniserrate.

Wings with the costa black, veins clothed with blackish scales,

border scales lanceolate and linear, median flat; first fork-cell

longer and narrower than the second fork-cell, base of the latter

nearer the base of the wing than that of the former; stem of the

first fork-cell about three-quarters the length of the cell, that of

the second fork-cell almost as long as its cell; posterior cross-vein

scarcely longer than the mid and nearly its own length distant

188 Mr, Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

from it. Halteres with basal half of stalk creamy white, remainder

black scaled.

Length 6 mm.

3. Similar to 9. Antennae plumose, about two-thirds as long

as the proboscis, fifteen-jointed, segments three to thirteen with

apical half pale, basal half and the whole of the last two segments

brown, the apical segment with long dark brown basal hairs, pen-

ultimate segment with the basal third nude; palpi longer than

proboscis, four-jointed, second very long, third and fourth with

short sparse hairs on the inner margin, longer on the third, apical

segment with two fairly long apical chaetae; proboscis slightly

more hairy than in the 9; abdomen with venter densely clothed

with hairs; genitalia heavily clothed with dark brown hairs; the

basal lobes bear, towards the centre of their inner margin, a small

comb composed of strong brown, blunt chitinous teeth, which

become gradually shorter towards the posterior end of the lobe;

the apical half of the clasper also bears a similar comb in which

the teeth gradually increase in length towards the apex of the

clasper; wings not as densely scaled as in the 9; ungues of fore

legs very unequal, the smaller thin, the larger stout, about twice

the length of the smaller, with a fairly large tooth, mid ungues

unequal, slight, each with a small tooth, hind equal and rather

small, the inner with a small tooth.

Length 5°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay (Dr. Breil), Mungana

(Dr. Giblin).

Time of Capture. Suly (Milne Bay), 2/7/10 (Mungana).

Observations. Described from 3 and @ specimens bred

by Dr. Breinl from larvae taken from pools and hollow

logs in the vicinity of native villages. It is a very marked

species, easily distinguished by the scaled clypeus, long 3

palpi, and the ungues of 9.

Stegomyia fasciata, Fabricius.

Syst. Anthatorum, 36, 13 (1805); Rob. Desvoidy, Mem.

Soc. d’Hist. Nat. d. Paris, III, p. 406, 14; p. 407; p. 408

25 (1827); Theobald, Mon. Culicid., V, p. 158 (1910).

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay.

Time of Capture. July 1912.

Stegomyra scutellaris, Walker.

Culex scutellaris, Walker.

» variegatus, Doleschall (nec Schrank).

,, albopictus, Skuse.

Mr, Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 189

Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., London, III, p. 77 (1859);

Doleschall, Naturg. Tijds., V, Ned. Ind., XVII, p. 77

(1858); Skuse, Ind. Mus. Notes, III, p. 5, 20 (1895);

Theobald, Mon. Culicid., V, p. 155 (1910).

Habitat. Parva, Lakekamu Gold Field (Dr. Giblin).

Stegomyia ornata, n. sp.

Head black, clothed with iridescent scales and black upright

forked ones. Thorax yellowish brown. Abdomen pale brown,

unbanded. Legs brown, black, scaled.

3g. Head black with flat black iridescent scales, azure blue in

some lights, and numerous black upright forked ones; eyes black,

border bristles dark brown, two bristles projecting over the eyes

from the centre; antennae brown, with a pale apical ring to the

segments, except the second and last two segments, basal lobe

testaceous; clypeus brownish; palpi black scaled; proboscis black,

long and slender, unbanded.

Thorax yellowish tinged with brown, clothed with brown narrow

curved hair-like scales with a few brown flat ones over the wing

roots; scutellum yellowish, paler than the thorax, clothed with

brown flat scales; metanotum dark brown; prothoracie lobes

yellowish, prominent, clothed with brown flat scales and a few

brown hairs; pleurae yellow with a brown patch above the coxae,

a few scattered white flat scales on the brown area.

Abdomen yellowish brown clothed with dusky brown scales,

penultimate segment brown with its apex and last segment fairly

densely covered with pale hairs; venter darker than dorsal surface

covered with blackish brown scales.

Legs brownish, unbanded, clothed with black iridescent scales,

violet in some lights; fore ungues unequal, the larger moderately

stout with a strong tooth, mid and hind wanting.

Wings with the veins clothed with dark scales, the lateral ones

rather broad; first fork-cell scarcely longer and slightly narrower

than the second, base of the latter nearer the base of the wing;

stem of first fork-cell about three-quarters the length of its cell;

stem of the second about two-thirds the length of its cell; mid

cross-vein parallel to the posterior cross-vein, the latter longer

than and about one and a half times its own length distant from

the former. Halteres with the stalk and knob black.

Length 4°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay.

Observation. Described from a single specimen taken by

190 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

Dr. Breinl. It would come after S. argenteopunctata,

Theobald, in his table of species.*

Stegomyia atra, n. sp.

(Plate XVII, fig. 4.)

Head black with black flat scales. Thorax black with brown

spindle-shaped scales; scutellum grey scaled; pleurae with dense

pure white scales. Legs black.

9. Head black, covered with black flat scales (grey in some lights)

and a patch of creamy white upright forked ones in the centre of

the base and black ones on each side with a narrow border of white

flat ones round the eyes expanding laterally; eyes black, fringe

dusky brown with two brown bristles overhanging the eyes from

the centre; antennae brown, covered with grey pile, second and

third segments swollen, the second more so than the third, densely

clothed with dusky pile, basal lobe black with apical half grey;

clypeus black with the apical half grey; palpi densely clothed with

closely applied black scales, apical third pale scaled above.

Thorax black, clothed with brown and black spindle-shaped

scales with a median patch on the anterior border of mixed white

narrow curved and spindle-shaped scales, and a border of dusky

brown bristles; prothoracic lobes prominent, black, clothed with

narrow curved flat white scales and dark brown bristles, a lateral

row of dark brown bristles densest above the wing roots; scutellum

dark brown with a narrow black basal edge clothed with pale brown

flat scales, in some lights they are mostly blue-black ; pleurae brown

entirely covered with densely packed pure white flat scales.

Abdomen light brown, densely clothed with blue black flat scales,

unbanded, posterior berder bristles pale, very short, those on last

two segments brown, long and dense, the first segment with numer-

ous fairly long pale bristles in addition to the blue black scales;

venter densely clothed with white flat scales.

Legs: coxae and trochanters light brown; femora white scaled

beneath nearly the whole length, blue-black above; tibiae and

tarsi of fore, mid and hind legs clothed with blue-black scales with

violet reflections except tarsi three to five of mid and hind legs

which are brownish with yellowish reflections; ungues equal and

simple.

Wings with the veins covered with dark brown scales, the costa

blue black; fringe brown; veins clothed with lanceolate and flat

scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, base of

* Theobald, Mon. Culicid, V, 144 (1910).

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 191

the former nearer the base of the wing than that of the latter;

stem of the first fork-cell one-third the length of the cell, stem of

the second about half the length of its cell; posterior cross-vein

longer than the mid cross-vein and about twice its own length

distant from the mid; base of the marginal cell comparatively

broad; second incrassation (Austen’s sixth vein) very distinct.

Halteres with base of stem fuscous, rest clothed with blue black scales.

Length 4°5-5°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field, Mungana.

Time of Capture. 29/6/10 (Mungana).

Observations. Described from three 2 specimens taken

by Dr. Giblin. It is a very distinct species owing to the

absence of abdominal and leg banding.*

Scutomyia notoscripta, Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, III, 2nd series, p. 1738

(1888); Theobald, Mon. Culicid., I, p. 286 (1901); III,

p. 145 (1903); IV, p. 198 (1907); Bancroft, Ann. Q. Mus.,

No. 8, p. 24 (1908).

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay.

Time of Capture. July 1912.

Observations. These specimens agree with Skuse’s type

in all details. The ungues of the mid legs are uniserrate

in this species and not simple as stated by Theobald.

Lepidotomyia lineatus, n. sp.

Head with flat scales all over and narrow curved scales bordering

the eyes. Thorax black clothed with narrow curved scales. Ab-

domen with median bands to the segments. Legs unbanded.

9. Head black covered with flat brown scales with a median

line and lateral patches of creamy flat ones, a narrow fringe of

narrow curved ones bordering the eyes, border bristles dark brown,

two golden yellow ones overhanging the eyes from the centre; eyes

black, purple tinted; clypeus black; palpi black scaled and with

short black hairs; proboscis slender, clothed with dusky brown

scales; antennae brown, clothed with whitish pile, verticillate

* It has been suggested to me, since the above was written, that

this insect is most probably Skusea similis, Theobald. In S. similis,

inter alia, the scutellum is clothed with narrow-curved scales, while

in S. atra it is entirely clothed with flat ones. A sufficient character

to render the two insects distinct. The abdomen of S. similis

possesses median white lateral spots, in S. atra it is devoid of all

ornamentation.

192 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

hairs dark brown, second segment basally yellow, long, about one

and a half times as long as the third segment, basal lobe dull golden

yellow. j

Thorax dark brown, paler above the prothoracic lobes, densely

clothed with brown narrow-curved hair-like scales mixed with a

few scattered yellowish ones on the posterior end; a median and

two lateral lines (one on each side) of golden yellow narrow curved

hair-like scales extending the whole length of the thorax, a lateral

border of golden bristles dense in front of and above the roots of

the wings; prothoracic lobes prominent, brown densely clothed

with golden bristles; scutellum clothed with narrow curved brown

scales, the mid lobe black, lateral lobes brown, mid lobe with five

brown border bristles and lateral lobes with seven, four in front

and three behind.

Abdomen black, clothed with densely applied dusky brown scales,

first segment clothed with numerous brown bristles in addition,

second segment with basal, lateral and median pale creamy white

spots with a few scattered basal pale scales, segments three to six

with white median bands, on segments two and three the centre

of the bands is produced into a conspicuous patch, segment seven

with a broad median lateral patch; posterior border bristles pale

and short ; venter fairly densely covered with short pale hairs with

second segment densely covered with white scales, segments three

to seven white-scaled with apical brown bands, penultimate and

apical segments brown scaled.

Legs black, coxae and trochanters brown, femora white scaled

beneath, tarsi of fore, mid and hind legs black except fifth tarsi

of hind legs which are dark brown; ungues of fore, mid and hind

legs equal and simple.

Wings with the costa, subcostal and first longitudinal veins

covered with blue black scales with violet reflections, remaining

veins clothed with short brown lateral lanceolate and small median

broad scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second,

base of the former slightly nearer the base of the wing than that

of the latter; stem of the first fork-cell half the length of its cell,

stem of the second about two-thirds the length of the cell; posterior

cross-vein longer than the mid cross-vein and about its own length

distant from it; second and third incrassations fairly distinct. The

wing has a naked appearance on account of the smallness of the

vein scales. Halteres, stem yellowish brown, knob dusky.

Length 5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field and Mekeo

District.

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 193

Observations. Described: from specimens taken by Dr.

Giblin and Dr. Breinl.

It is easily distinguished from L. magna, Theobald, by

the absence of the white scales on the mesonotum and

the leg banding.

The wing venation, the squamose character of the head,

inter alia, are sufficient to separate this insect from un-

doubted specimens of Skusea funerea, Theob., in the

collections of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine.

Leucomyia australiensis, Theobald.

var. papuensis, var. Nov.

(Plate XVII, fig. 5.)

Head brown, with scattered brown and pale scales and black

upright forked ones; proboscis brown. Thorax ochraceous, the

front two-thirds with silvery white scales, the third with brown

ones. Abdomen with deep brown scales and basal banding to

some of the segments. Legs black scaled and basal banding to

hind tarsi. Wings with dark brown scales.

9. Head brown with scattered brown and creamy narrow curved

scales and black upright forked ones, a patch of white narrow

curved ones in the centre extending between the eyes; eyes black

with a thin fringe of brown hairs overhanging them; antennae

dark brown clothed with fairly dense short brown pile; palpi

clothed with black scales; proboscis black scaled; clypeus black.

Thorax ochraceous with the front two-thirds densely clothed

with white narrow curved scales, the hind third with brown narrow

curved ones and a narrow edge of brown ones to the sides, a row

of dense dark brown hairs on the sides extending from the scutellum

to mid-way between the wing roots and the prothoracic lobes, the

latter with narrow curved brown scales and numerous brown hairs;

scutellum ochraceous with brown narrow curved scales (pale in

some lights); metanotum ochraceous: pleurae brownish with

patches of white flat scales.

Abdomen brownish black scaled with violet tints in some lights,

and white basal banding to most of the segments; first segment

brown scaled with golden brown chaetae ; segments two to five with

white basal banding, segments six and seven with white lateral

patches; penultimate and apical segments black scaled, posterior

border bristles pale golden brown; segments two to seven with

white lateral spots; venter brown scaled; segments five to eight

with white lateral patches, the patch on eighth segment the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) 0

194 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

smallest, a few scattered pale golden bristles mostly on the lateral

edges.

Legs black; femora pale scaled beneath, coxae and trochanters

ochraceous ; knee joint pale; first and second tarsi of fore legs with

narrow white basal bands; first to third tarsi of mid legs with

white basal banding; tarsi of hind legs with broad white basal

banding; ungues of fore and mid legs equal each with a small

tooth; hind ungues equal and simple, straighter than those of fore

and mid legs.

Wings with the veins covered with dark brown scales, lateral

ones linear, median small and flat; costa black; first fork-cell

narrower and scarcely longer than the second fork-cell, base of the

latter nearer the base of the wing than that of the first fork-cell,

stem of the latter about three-quarters the length of its cell, that

of second fork-cell about half the length of its cell; mid cross-vein

longer than the supernumerary, the posterior as long as the mid,

sloping forwards and about half its length distant from it; fringe

brown. Halteres, the stalk pale with the knob black scaled.

Length 5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay (Dr. Breinl).

The above mosquito differs from L. australiensis, Theob.,

mainly in the leg banding, wing venation and the absence

of mottled scales on the wing. Until further material

comes to hand it is proposed to retain it as a variety of

L. australiensis, Theobald.

Leucomyia ? albitarsis, n. sp.

Head brown. Thorax brown with mostly brown scales. Ab-

domen dark brown scaled with basal banding and lateral white

spots. Legs dusky brown with basal white banding.

©. Head brown, clothed with white narrow curved scales in the

centre and brown narrow curved and flat white ones on the sides,

with numerous black upright forked ones at the sides and on the

nape, and dark brown frontal chaetae; antennae brown with dark

brown verticillate hairs and whitish pubescence to the internodes,

basal lobe and basal half of second segment yellowish brown; palpi

pale clothed with dark brown scales; clypeus dark brown; proboscis

black scaled.

Thorax brown clothed with narrow curved brown hair-like scales

and a median line of pure white ones extending from the anterior

margin to the level of the roots of the wings, a lateral border of

brown bristles on each side of mesothorax, densest above the roots

of the wings; scutellum brown clothed with white narrow curved

aap ao. —

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 195

scales, the base of the mid lobe clothed with brown narrow curved

ones with six dark brown posterior border bristles to the mid lobe,

and four to the lateral lobes; prothoracic lobes brown clothed with

white flat scales and brown bristles; pleurae brown clothed with

patches of flat white scales and scattered brown bristles ; metanotum

light brown.

Legs black scaled; coxae and trochanters pale brown with a

patch of white flat scales to each coxa; fore femora brown scaled,

a narrow line of white scales beneath, femora of mid and hind legs

black sealed with the basal half white scaled beneath, fore, mid,

and hind femora each with a narrow basal white band; tibiae black

scaled ; first and second tarsi of fore and mid legs basally banded

white, remaining tarsi black scaled, first to fourth tarsals with white

basal banding, fifth black scaled ; ungues of fore, mid and hind legs

equal, uniserrate.

Abdomen black scaled; first segment clothed with numerous

brown bristles with a patch of brown scales in the middle of which

is a narrow line of pale ones; segments two to five basally banded

white; segments three to seven with lateral white basal patches,

penultimate and apical segments black; venter dark scales with

basal white banding.

Wings with the veins covered with brown scales; the costa and

first longitudinal vein black; fringe brown; first fork-cell longer

and narrower than the second, base of the latter nearer the base

of the wing than that of the former; stem of the first fork-cell

about the length of its cell, stem of the second nearly the length

of the cell; mid cross-vein longer than the posterior cross-vein,

the latter about half its own length distant from the former and

nearer the apex of the wing than the mid cross-vein. Halteres

stems creamy yellow, knobs dusky with a few small white flat

scales.

Length 4°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field.

Observations. Described from a single 2 taken by Dr.

Giblin. Though not entirely agreeing with the generic

description it was thought best to place it in the genus

Leucomyia for the present. It is easily recognised by its

thoracic markings and the position of the posterior cross-

vein.

Culicelsa vigilax, Skuse.

Culex vigilax, Skuse (nec Theobald).

» marmus, Theobald.

196 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, III, 2nd series, p. 1731

(1888); Theobald, Mon. Culicid., I, p. 369 (1901); III,

p. 178 (1903); IV, p. 382 (1907); V,.p. 317 (1910).

Additional Localities. Parua, Mekeo District (Dr.

Breinl); Sabai Island, Torres Straits (7. A. Williams).

Culicelsa annulirostris, Skuse.

(Plate XVII, fig. 6.)

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, III, 2nd series, p. 1737

(1888).

Additional Locality. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field.

Time of Capture. 20/10/10 (Dr. Gablin).

Culicelsa annulirostris, Skuse.

var. milni, var. nov.

(Plate XVIII, figs. 7-8.)

Thorax black with pale narrow scales. Abdomen with black

scales, basal bands of pale creamy white. Legs with dusky brown

scales, femora pale beneath.

9. Head dark brown with creamy white narrow curved scales,

a small lateral patch of flat creamy white ones and creamy yellow

and brown upright forked ones at the base; antennae brown,

second segment dark brown, basal lobe black; eyes purplish black

with a fringe of pale yellowish hairs and a few overhanging them

from the centre; palpi black scaled; proboscis black with a narrow

white band in the middle, in some lights the band appears to be

creamy; clypeus brown.

Thorax black densely covered with mixed creamy white and pale

brown narrow curved scales with three rows of pale yellowish

bristles on each side, brown above the roots of the wings; pro-

thoracic lobes brown, prominent, with pale narrow curved scales

and yellowish bristles; scutellum light brown clothed with whitish

narrow curved scales with five brownish bristles to the mid lobe and

three to each of the lateral lobes; metanotum brown; pleurae

brown with patches of white flat scales.

Abdomen pale black scaled, truncate at apex; the base of each

‘segment with a band of creamy white scales expanding in width

towards the centre of segments two to six; posterior border bristles

pale yellow; venter pale yellowish fairly densely covered with

yellowish hairs and with black scales with broad white basal bands

which expand laterally, last two segments unbanded, the penultimate

with white lateral spots.

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 197

Legs: coxae and trochanters pale brown clothed with white

scales; femora black scaled above, mottled with brown and white

scales beneath, the latter predominating; knee joint creamy; tibiae

black scaled with a narrow apical creamy white band; tarsi black

scaled first and second of fore legs basally banded white with a

trace of banding on the third, first three of mid and hind legs basally

banded white; ungues equal and simple.

Wings densely covered with blackish scales; costa black; first

fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, the base of the latter

slightly nearer the base of the wing than that of the former; stem

of first fork-cell about two-thirds the length of its cell, that of second

fork-cell a little more than half the length of its cell; mid cross-vein

longer than the posterior cross-vein, the latter sloping forwards and

about twice its length distant from the mid cross; fringe dusky.

Halteres with pale stem and dusky knob.

Length 4°5 mm.

g. Head dark brown with white narrow curved and brown

upright forked scales and flat white ones on the sides; eyes black,

fringe dark brown; antennae pale, plumes black With the nodes

dark brown, basal lobes brown, penultimate and apical segments

brown, very long about half the length of the whole; palpi longer

than the proboscis densely covered with black hairs from the apical

third of first joint, black scaled, first joint with a band of creamy

white scales at the base of the apical third, second and apical joints

basally banded creamy white the last joint apically banded also;

proboscis black scaled with a narrow white scaled band a little in

front of the middle. Abdomen with banding less distinct than in the

Q, scales blacker; venter densely covered with pale brown hairs;

wings similar to 2 but less densely scaled; first fork-cell longer and

narrower than the second, stem of the former nearly as long as the

cell, that of the latter about two-thirds the length of its cell; pos-

terior cross-vein longer than the mid and twice its own length distant

from it. Ungues of fore and mid legs very unequal, uniserrate,

hind equal and simple.

Length 4 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Milne Bay (Dr. Breinl).

Culex fatigans, Wiedemann.

Auss. Zweiflug. Ins., 10 (1828); Theobald, Mon. Culicid.,

II, p. 151 (1901); V, p. 383 (1910).

Additional Locality. Papua, Port Moresby (Dr. Breinl).

Observations. The collection contained a single perfect

198 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

3d specimen. It is the first record of its presence in British

New Guinea.

For additional references and synonomy see Theobald, . c.

Pseudotaeniorhynchus conopas, Frauenf.

var. giblimi, var. nov.

Head yellow. Thorax with black spots and lateral patches on

the posterior half with golden yellow narrow curved scales. Abdo-

men brownish. Legs banded.

Q. Head brown; densely clothed with golden yellow narrow curved

and upright forked scales with a narrow line of flat ones on the sides

bordering the eyes; eyes black with red reflections, border bristles

yellow, two overhanging the eyes from the centre; antennae light

brown densely clothed with whitish pubescence, verticillate hairs

brown, basal lobes and second segment orange yellow, the former

slightly the darker; palpi bright orange yellow with brown hairs;

proboscis orange yellow with the tip black; clypeus yellowish brown.

Thorax fuscous densely covered with narrow curved hair-like

golden yellow scales with six rows of golden yellow bristles, the

lateral rows especially dense over the roots of the wings, on the

posterior half of thorax extending towards the scutellum is a

U-shaped blackish brown area with the open end facing the scutel-

lum, the latter lemon yellow (in one specimen it is orange yellow)

with narrow curved golden scales to the mid lobe, lateral lobes black,

nude, mid lobe with five yellow posterior border bristles, the lateral

lobes with a double row, four in front and three behind; pleurae

mottled with light and dark brown with a few pale creamy scales

and golden bristles (most of the scales seem to have been rubbed off) ;

metanotum bright yellow.

Abdomen brown densely covered with rich orange yellow scales,

lateral bristles prominent, posterior border bristles golden; the

first segment greyish densely clothed with golden yellow bristles

and a patch of orange yellow scales in the centre; venter brown

with orange yellow scales and densely covered with yellowish hairs,

Legs golden yellow scaled; coxae and trochanters pale yellow;

femora and tibiae orange yellow the latter in the fore and mid legs

with pale violet brown spots, in the hind legs with violet brown

bands; tarsi golden yellow with apical violet brown bands, the fifth

tarsals of fore and mid legs appear to be only spotted ; ungues equal,

simple, and sickle-shaped.

Wings with the veins covered with golden yellow thick elongated

scales mostly ending diagonally and convexly; first fork-cell about

same length and narrower than the second, base of the latter much

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Pupua. 199

nearer the base of the wing than that of the former; posterior cross-

vein about as long as the mid cross and about one and a half times

its own length distant from the mid cross; fringe golden yellow;

halteres with the stem pale yellow and knob darker.

Length 5°5 to 6 mm.

3$. Head pale yellowish brown, scales paler than in the 2; antennae

pale, nodes brown, penultimate and apical segments brown moder-

ately long, basal lobes orange yellow, plumes brown with their base

orange coloured; palpi longer than proboscis, orange yellow with

the penultimate and apical segments violet-brown scaled, apex of

ante-penultimate, penultimate and apical segments with fairly long

orange yellow hairs; proboscis golden yellow with apex dusky.

Thorax with a blackish-brown 4/-shaped area covering most of

the thorax, the rest lemon yellow, fairly densely clothed with bright

lemon yellow narrow curved hair-like scales; scutellum lemon yellow

covered with golden yellow narrow curved scales, lateral lobes black,

four posterior border bristles to mid lobe and five to lateral lobes

three in front and two behind; pleurae mottled with lemon yellow

and brown with scattered pale scales and golden hairs; metanotum

brown.

Abdomen pale covered with orange yellow scales and with golden

yellow posterior border bristles, with a few violet brown scales in

the centre towards the apex on most of the segments, first sezment

greyish with numerous golden yellow bristles and a small patch of

golden scales in the centre, segments five to seven with apical

lateral nude brown patches; lateral border bristles dense, yellow,

apical segment densely covered with golden hairs; venter clothed

with orange yellow scales, densely covered with golden hairs, the

character of the genitals could not be correctly observed owing to

the dense hairy clothing.

Legs similar to 2; ungues of fore and mid legs unequal, the larger

with two teeth, the smaller simple, hind ones missing.

Wings with the costa and subcostal vein with golden scales,

scales on remaining veins pale dusky brown; fringe pale; first

fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, the base of the latter

nearer the base of the wing than that of the former; stem of the

first fork-cell about seven-eighths the length of its cell, that of the

second about five-sevenths the length of the cell; posterior cross-

vein longer than the mid cross-vein and about twice its own length

distant from it. Halteres with pale stem and darker knob.

Length 5°5. mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field (Dr. Giblin).

Observations. Described from three Q specimens and

200 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

one ¢ and dedicated to its discoverer. It is a very hand-

some variety, easily recognised by the thoracic and leg

ornamentations. The wing clothing of the ¢ is different

to that of the 9; the ground colour of the thorax also

shows some variations.

Chrysoconops brevicellulus, Theobald.

Taeniorhynchus brevicellulus, Theobald.

(Plate XVIII, fig. 9.)

Theobald, Mon. Culicid., II, p. 212 (1901), III, p. 268

(1903): TV,. p. 492 (1900)4) Bec: Ind: Mus.; 1, pts Ti,

No. 30, p. 300 (1908); Mon. Culicid., V, p. 438 (1910);

Summers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 10, No. 56, 223 (1912).

Additional Locality. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field

(Dr. Giblin).

Taeniorhynchus septempunctata, Theobald.

Mansonia septempunctata, Theobald.

Theobald, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., HI, p. 187 (1905);

Mon. Culicid., IV, p. 494 (1907); V, p. 448 (1910).

Additional Localities. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field

(Dr. Giblin), Mekeo District (Dr. Breinl).

Taenorhynchus unifornis, Theobald.

Mansonia uniformis, Theobald.

Panoplites uniformis, Theobald.

Panoplites australiensis, Giles.

Theobald, Mon. Culicid., IT, p. 180 (1901); Giles, Hand-

book, Gnats, 2nd ed., 355 (1903); Blanchard, Les Moust.,

p. 379 (1905); Neven-Lemaire, Archiv. Parasitologie, 10,

p. 266 (1906-7).

Additional Localities. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field

(Dr. Giblin) ; Milne Bay (Dr. Breil).

Taeniorhynchus papuensis, n. sp.

Palpi brown scaled; proboscis yellowish brown with apical third

deep black. Thorax brown. Abdomen dark brown, dark brown

scaled. Legs unbanded. Wings not mottled.

Q. Head brown with pale creamy narrow curved scales and flat

creamy ones on the sides with numerous dusky brown upright

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 201

forked ones over the whole head; eyes purple black, fringe scanty,

brown; antennae brown with very fine pile, verticillate hairs brown ;

proboscis yellowish with basal half covered with loosely applied

brown scales, apical to the basal half is a distinct narrow yellowish

band, the rest black; palpi pale, covered with brown scales; clypeus

brown.

Thorax dark brown, somewhat denuded, covered with yellowish

brown narrow curved scales, a lateral row of dusky brown bristles

extending from the scutellum to the roots of the wings and two short

rows in front of the scutellum; prothoracic lobes brown, fairly

prominent with a few long and numerous short brown hairs (no

scales could be seen); pleurae yellowish (almost denuded) with a

few creamy flat scales; scutellum brown with yellowish brown

narrow curved scales with four dusky brown bristles to the mid lobe

and five to the lateral lobes, three in front and two behind; metano-

tum brown.

Abdomen dark brown, truncate, covered with brown scales,

posterior border bristles golden yellow with brown lateral bristles,

segments three to five with apical lateral creamy spots, not so

prominent on the fifth; venter covered with pale ochraceous scales

and short yellowish hairs.

Legs brown scaled; femora and tibiae with three patches of pale

equidistant ochraceous scales; ungues equal and simple.

Wings with the veins covered with brown scales; costa dusky

brown; fringe pale brown; first fork-cell longer and narrower than

the second, the base of the latter slightly nearer the base of the wing ;

stem of the first fork-cell about half the length of its cell, stem of the

second about one-third the length of the cell; posterior cross-vein

longer than the mid and twice its own length distant from it.

Halteres with stem creamy and knob brownish.

Length 3°5 mm.

Habitat. Lakekamu Gold Field.

Observations. Described from four specimens taken by

Dr. Giblin.

Melanoconion papuensis, n. sp.

Head densely clothed with narrow curved and upright forked

scales. Thorax brown. Abdomen densely clothed with brown

scales. Legs dark brown.

9. Head brown densely clothed with light brown narrow curved

hair-like scales, pale upright forked ones in the centre and dark ones

on the sides, a narrow border of flat white ones at the sides round

the eyes, the latter purple black, border fringe pale brown; antennae

202 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

brown, verticillate hairs dark brown, internodes densely covered

with pale pubescence, second segment clothed with short dark

brown hairs, basal lobes yellowish brown; clypeus pale brown;

palpi dark brown scaled about one-quarter the length of the pro-

boscis, the latter dark brown, the apex covered with short brown

hairs.

Thorax dark brown densely covered with narrow curved brown

hair-like scales, posterior portion of mesothorax yellowish brown;

scutellum yellowish brown covered with very narrow hair-like scales,

six brown border bristles to the mid lobe and four to the lateral

lobes; pleurae pale yellowish brown, denuded, with a few scattered

brown hairs; metanotum light brown.

Abdomen pale creamy densely clothed with brown scales; first

segment pale brown with numerous fairly long brown hairs, posterior

border bristles brown, lateral border bristles brown; venter pale

brown scaled with numerous brown hairs.

Legs dark brown; coxae and trochanters pale yellowish brown;

femora with the basal half greyish white beneath; tarsi of fore and

mid legs pale brown; hind tarsi dark brown; ungues small, equal

and simple.

Wings with the veins covered with very small linear lateral and

median flat scales; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the

second, base of the latter nearer the base of the wing than that of the

former; stem of the first fork-cell slightly more than half the length

of its cell; stem of the second fork-cell nearly the length of the cell ;

mid cross-vein longer than the posterior cross-vein, the latter about

three times its own length distant from the former; fringe dark.

Halteres with creamy stems and dusky knobs.

Length 4°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field.

Observations. Described from one 2 specimen taken by

Dr. Giblin. It is closely related to M. indecorabilis, Theob.,

but can easily be separated from it by its pale pleurae and

pale scaled head, etc.

Finlaya poicilia, Theobald.

Mon. Culicid., III, p. 283 (1903); IV, p. 520 (1907);

Giles, Journ. Trop. Med., VII, p. 366 (1904); Theobald,

Gen. Ins. Culicid., p. 33 (1905); Banks, Philip. Journ. Sci.,

I, p. 9, 990 (1906); Ludlow, Mosq. Philip. 9 (1908).

Additional Localities. Papua, Samarai Island, Mekeo

District, (Dr. Breinl); Lakekamu Gold Field (Dr. Giblin).

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 203

Skusea funerea, Theobald.

Mon. Culicid., HI, p. 292 (1903); IV, 542 (1907); V,

p- 488 (1910); Bancroft, Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 8,

p. 55 (1908).

Additional Locality. Papua, Mekeo District (Dr. Breznl.)

Observations. The abdomen of the specimens are in an

imperfect condition, but there can be little doubt that it is

the above species as it agrees in other details.

Uranotaenia nigerrima, n. sp. .

(Plate XVIII, fig. 10.)

Head brown with white scales. Thorax pale brown. Abdomen

jet black. Legs dark brown scaled.

°. Head brown with loosely applied white flat scales with

numerous dark brown upright forked scales; eyes deep black;

antennae deep brown, verticillate hairs blackish, pile brown;

proboscis black, hairy, apex with a creamy yellow tinge; palpi black.

Thorax pale yellowish brown (in two specimens it is brown)

densely clothed with brown narrow curved scales with a small

median area in front of the scutellum nude, a row of brown bristles

extending from the roots of the wings to the scutellum; prothoracic

lobes brown clothed with flat pale scales and brown bristles;

scutellum pale brown clothed with flat brown scales; metanotum

brown; pleurae yellowish with a central brown patch.

Abdomen pitchy black, unbanded, truncate; venter black.

Legs brownish black; coxae and trochanters yellowish; femora

pale beneath, fore femora swollen; ungues equal and simple.

Wings with the veins covered with dusky brown scales; costa

black; fringe dusky; first submarginal cell three-fifths the length

of the second posterior cell; stem of the former slightly more than

twice the length of its cell, stem of second fork-cell about one and a

half times the length of the cell; posterior cross-vein longer than

the mid cross-vein and scarcely its own length distant from it.

Halteres black.

Length 3 mm.

g. Head similar to 9; antennae pale brown, nodes blackish,

plumes brown; palpi and proboscis as in 9, last two segments of

the former very long; clypeus brown.

Thorax yellowish brown, clothing as in 9; scutellum similar to

lobes; metanotum chestnut brown.

204 Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua.

Abdomen with brownish black scales, hairy at the sides; venter

as in Q.

Legs similar to 9; fore and mid ungues unequal, simple, hind

equal and simple.

Wings with scales similar to 2; stem of first fork-cell about three

times the length of its cell, stem of*second fork-cell about one and

a half times the length of the cell; posterior cross-vein longer and

slightly more than its own length distant from the mid.

Length 3 mm.

Habitat. Parva, Milne Bay (Dr. Breinl) ; Lakekamu Gold

Field (Dr. Giblin).

Observations. This is a very distinct species and would

come next to Uranotaenia atra, Theobald, in his synoptic

table.*

Hodgesia triangulatus, n. sp.

Head clothed with flat scales. Thorax black clothed with narrow

curved hair-like scales. Abdomen dark brown scaled. Legs

unbanded.

9. Head densely covered with white flat scales except on the

nape where they are brown and slightly larger, the white scales

in front form a distinct triangle; eyes purplish black, fringe dusky,

two dark brown bristles overhanging the eyes from the centre;

antennae brown, fourteen-jointed, verticillate hairs black. pubescence

on internodes grey-white, basal lobe black; palpi very short, black

scaled ; clypeus brown; proboscis brown slender, expanded apically,

about the length of the abdomen with a few pale very short hairs

on the apex.

Thorax shining black clothed with dark brown narrow curved

scales and two rows of dusky brown bristles; scutellum dark brown

(denuded of scales), mid lobe with apparently six border bristles,

lateral lobes with three; pleurae black with the remains of white

small fairly broad flat scales; metanotum black.

Abdomen brown, clothed with dark brown scales, segments

seven to the end black scaled, segments six and seven with fairly

large apical lateral white spots, first segment with numerous brown

hairs in addition to the brown scales; venter brown with pale brown

scales.

Legs brown; coxae pallid; undersurfaces of femora densely

clothed with creamy white scales; ungues small, equal and simple.

Wings about twice as long as the abdomen, with brown scales to

the veins; costa, subcostal and first longitudinal veins black

"___* Theobald, Mon. Culicid., V, p. 500 (1910).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate X VII.

Photo, F. H. T. C. Hentschel.

PAPUAN CULICIDAE

Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1914, Plate X VIII.

C. Hentschel.

Photo, F. H. T.

PAPUAN CULICIDAE.

Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Culicidae from Papua. 205

scaled; fringe brown; the basal end of the second long vein carried

well beyond the marginal transverse vein, veins clothed with very

small median flat scales and short linear lateral ones with ragged

ends, the lateral ones dense on the fork-cells; first fork-cell longer

and slightly wider than the second, base of the latter nearer the

base of the wing than that of the former; stems of the fork-cells

about two-thirds the length of their cells; posterior cross-vein

shorter than the mid cross-vein and about twice its own length from

it; second incrossation well marked; halteres with yellowish stems

and dusky knobs.

Length 2°5 mm.

Habitat. Papua, Lakekamu Gold Field.

Observations. Described from one Q specimen taken by

Dr. Giblin. The scutellum was unfortunately denuded of

scales. The basal end of the second long vein is very

marked.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XVII.

Fic. 1. Neosquamomyia breinli, n. sp. 3 head

2. Neosquamomyia breinli, n. sp. 6 wing

3. Neosquamomyia breinli, n. sp. 2 wing

4, Stegomyia atra, n. sp. 2 wing

5. Leucomyia papuensis, n. sp. 2 wing

6. Culicelsa annulirostris, Skuse Q wing

PLATE XVIII.

7. Culex annulirostris, Skuse, var. milni, n.

var. 3 head

8. Culex annulirostris, Skuse, var. milni, n.

var. 3d wing

9. Chrysoconops brevicellulus, Theob. 2 wing

10. Uranotaenia nigerrima, n. sp. 3 head

All figures x 14.

VII. A Revision of the Tipulid genus Styringomyia, Lw.

By F. W. Epwarps, B.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

[Read February 4th, 1914.]

Puates XIX-—XXV.

THE genus Styringomyia is an unusually interesting one

from several points of view. In the first place, several

peculiarities of structure give it a most isolated position

among the Tipulidae : it differs from all the other members

of the family in (1) the largely developed prothorax, which

is less reduced than in any other Diptera with which I am

acquainted, the nearest approach being perhaps made by

Cylindrotoma; (2) the possession of a very definite chaeto-

taxy of the head and thorax, a condition which is extremely

rare among the Nematocera; and (3) the structure of the

genital organs, especially the ovipositor of the female, which

is very short and complicated in structure, and altogether

unlike the ensiform organ characteristic of practically all

other Tipulidae, Cylindrotominae excepted. These struc-

tural features make the genus a difficult one to place; since

no allies can be pointed out it might well be removed from

the Antochini (Limnobina anomala), where Osten-Sacken

located it, and form a separate division of its own.

Styringomyia is also interesting from the point of view of

variation, owing to its great tendency to form local species

or races, but it is also noteworthy that certain species have

attained a wide distribution, and occur side by side with

a number of different local forms. In the notes which

follow these forms have been regarded as distinct ‘‘ species,”’

because it has usually been found that even slight colour

variations are accompanied by structural modifications

in the genitalia, but whether these forms can interbreed

in nature can only be determined by experiment, while

more extensive material is required in order to decide

what characters should rightly be regarded as specific.

The genus was first described by Loew (1846) from a

single female specimen preserved in copal ; subsequently the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE)

Revision of the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 207

same writer found a male specimen, which he regarded as

representing a distinct species, in Baltic amber; this he

named but did not describe in his pamphlet on the amber

Diptera (“ Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna,” p. 38). Subse-

quently Osten-Sacken (1869) gave some notes on a specimen

in his possession in a lump of copal from Zanzibar. These

three specimens seem to be all that are known in a fossil

or subfossil state, and unfortunately they all appear to be

lost. Prof. Meunier informs me that he has made a

number of endeavours to trace Loew’s types, but always

without success, and that in all the large collections of

amber insects with which he is acquainted he has never

met with a specimen. The genus is unrepresented in the

amber collections in the British Museum, and is evidently

very rare in a fossil state, a fact which suggests that its

apparently primitive characters may not be such in reality.

Although Osten-Sacken (1873) mentions having met

with some recent specimens in the Stockholm museum,

the first living species was not described until in 1901

Grimshaw introduced his S. didyma. Since that time nine

additional specific names have been proposed, but two of

these names must be relegated to synonymy. In the pre-

sent paper fifteen new species are described, bringing the

total number of known forms up to twenty-three, all from

the tropics of the Old World. In all probability, however,

this number represents but a percentage of the species

which actually exist.

Of the life-history and early stages of the members of

this genus nothing is known, and the only thing recorded

concerning their habits relates to the attitude of rest,

which is very remarkable, resembling that adopted by the

Phasmidae. Dr. N. Annandale, referring to some specimens

of S. ceylonica taken at Puri, Orissa, says: “ This species

rests on walls with the two anterior pairs of legs stretched

out straight in front and the posterior pair behind, re-

sembling a stray piece of cobweb.” The late Mr. F. W.

Terry made a similar remark to the writer regarding the

resting habits of S. didyma, and de Meijere (1911) has also

recorded a statement of Jacobson’s to the same effect.

It is possible that the enlargement of the prothorax may

have some connection with the peculiar posture adopted

by the insect.

The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to the

following gentlemen for assistance in the preparation of

208 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

this paper: to Mr. C. P. Alexander for the loan of the

type of S. howardi; to Dr. N. Annandale and Mr. F. H.

Gravely for the loan of the types of S. fava and S. obscura

and of other specimens from the Indian Museum collection ;

to Dr. Giinther Enderlein for the loan of the type of S.

solocipennis and for information regarding S. annulipes ;

to Mr. P. H. Grimshaw for specimens of S. didyma; to

Prof. J. C. H. de Meijere for the loan of all the Javan

specimens here mentioned; and to Dr. Yngve Sjéstedt

for the loan of the types of S. crassicosta and S. sjéstedtt.

Characters of the genus StyRincomyia, Lw.

The genus has never been fully described, and as there

is very little variation in general structure among the

different species, a full generic description will save much

repetition in the subsequent part of this paper. It is

possible that a few characters may be mentioned below

which are not applicable to every species, but this has as

far as possible been avoided.

Head roundish or slightly longer than broad, narrowed behind

into a fairly distinct neck; the eyes separated by a broad front,

and with a slightly raised tubercle between them at the base of the

antennae. On the front are three pairs of strong bristles; there

are two pairs of smaller bristles at the back of the eyes and a few

small hairs on the occiput. Proboscis not more than half as long

as the head. Palpi slightly hairy, four-jointed, the first joint not

much longer than broad, the second and third a little longer than

the first, and all three somewhat thicker apically; the fourth joint

cylindrical, thinner than any of the others, and about half as long

again as the second or third. Antennae sixteen-jointed, the first

joint cylindrical and about two and a half times as long as broad,

the second nearly round, a trifle broader in diameter than the first,

the remaining joints oval, slightly decreasing in size apically; the

first two joints are practically bare, the remainder bear a few stiff

hairs about the middle.

Thorax. The prothorax is largely developed, the pronotum being

divided by a transverse suture into two portions, the anterior part

roughly triangular in shape and carrying a row of about ten strong

bristles which project over the occiput; the posterior portion is

more or less broadly horse-shoe shaped, and bears two bristles on

each side. The mesonotwm is much less prominent than in most other

Tipulidae, but has essentially the same structure, being divided by

a V-shaped suture a little behind the middle, though the pair of

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 209

small pits so commonly seen in other Limnobiinae near the anterior

margin is not distinctly noticeable; there are two submedian rows

of small bristles in front of the suture, and a pair of large ones

behind the suture; there are also three strong bristles on each side-

margin, extending outwards, one just in front of and two behind

the suture. The scutellum is separated from the main portion of

the mesonotum by a pair of elongate-triangular depressions; it

bears two strong bristles near the middle. The meso-epimerum

bears a row of three or four bristles, just below the roots of the

wings, and there is also a row of bristles on the meso-sternum.

The Male Abdomen is of a very primitive type. The first segment

is a little shorter than broad; segments 2-7 all about equal in

length, roughly twice as long as broad; segment 8 very short,

but quite distinct and quite disconnected from the hypopygium, its

tergal and sternal plates about equal in size. The ninth segment

(hypopygium) consists of a tergite, two large side pieces and a

sternite, which are connected with one another only by membrane.

The tergite is quite a large plate, shortly pubescent in its apical

portion and terminating in two strong bristles. The sternite is

rather larger than the tergite, rounded or truncate apically, and

has articulated to it a weakly chitinised, various-shaped, very

pubescent plate, which is here regarded as representing the tenth

sternite. The side pieces are rather longer than the tergite or

sternite and are terminated by a long spine; they bear an upper

and a lower appendage, the upper one in nearly all the species being

a membranous, strap-shaped structure terminating in one long

bristle and one short one; the lower one is elaborately divided up

and frequently carries numbers of black spines. The penis sheath

(adminiculum) is highly chitinised at its extremity and affords ex-

cellent specific characters, though it has not been possible to figure

it in every case. Apart from the appendage to the ninth sternite,

which may not have been correctly homologised, there are no

distinct structures representing the tenth segment.

The Female Abdomen is shorter than that of the male, and ap-

parently less primitive, since the eighth and ninth segments are

fused and quite inseparable after boiling in potash. The ovipositor

is very short but extremely complicated; I am not sufficiently sure

of the homologies of the different parts to give a detailed description.

The suture between the eighth and ninth segments is less evident

than in other Tipulidae, but it can sometimes be made out in the

dry specimens, though in microscope preparations it is less evident.

The sternite of the seventh segment is very much larger than the

tergite and serves to cover the terminal segments. I have called it

the operculum; its outline varies according to the species.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTI. (JUNE) P

210 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

Legs rather thickly clothed with long hair and with scattered

stiff bristles; in the male the hairs are much longer than in the

female, and the middle tibiae usually have a small tuft of bristles

close to the tip; femora slightly thickened apically; tibiae without

spurs at the tip; claws simple; empodia distinct, pulvilliform, a

little more than half as long as the claws. Middle legs shorter than

either of the other pairs, the proportions of the joints being roughly

as follows :—

Femur. Tibia. Tarsus. Whole leg.

Front leg 19 18 17 54

Middle leg 18 13 LE 42

Hind leg 20 16 13 49

Wings as long as the abdomen (t. e. in their total length; they do

not reach to the tip of the abdomen) in the male; in the female

slightly longer than the abdomen; costal fringe distinct; subcostal

and radial veins with rows of small bristles; wing-surface micro-

scopically pubescent. Sc just distinct from R, but lying extremely

close to it; base of R dipped downwards; R, lying in contact with

the costa from the origin of R, onwards; Se terminates and R

originates at about one-third of the wing-length. R,+,5 very

short, joining the costa at a high angle just beyond the middle of the

wing. R, +, almost straight, running practically into the tip

of the wing. M, and M, not separated; M, closely approximated

to M, +, at the tip of the discal cell, and occasionally fused with it

for a short distance. Ascending portion of Cu, meets M, at about

one-third of the length of the discal cell, and fused with it for a long:

space; the terminal free portion of Cu, is somewhat indented down-

wards, so that the cell Cu, is slightly contracted beyond the middle,

and expands again a little at the apex; An nearly straight; Ax

curved or bent near its tip, and not reaching the middle of the

wing.

Table of the known living species of StYRINGOMYIA.

1. Wings quite unspotted; tibiae unicolorous . : a2

Wings with fairly distinct though small blackish eats (except

in S. impunctata); tibiae at least with traces of dark rings 4.

. Yellow species, wings hyaline . . . . . flava, Brun.

Blackish species, wings strongly infuscated . . . . 3.

3. Femora yellow with broad blackish rings. obscura, Brun.

Femora blackish except at the base : solocipennis, End.

4. Darker species; anterior half of mesonotum mainly black . 5.

Lighter species; anterior half of mesonotum not black (unless

discoloured) . F ; i : ; : : ‘ fy, 8

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 211

5. A distinct dark patch towards the base of the wing over vein

Cu cab SPAM AS Siiehs Auli dah te | Bs

No any Se Beet Shih ti SB ge wach ps ares

6. Ax sharply bent downwards near ‘ke fs - marshalli, sp. n.

Tip of Ax curved downwards . . ._ . lineaticeps, sp. n.

7. Femora yellow with two black rings . . mahensis, Edw.

The dark rings of the femora so broad as almost to obliterate

the yellow Sr ike . . nigrofemorata, sp. n.

8. No darkening of the inenibraae round the R-M cross-vein,

though many of the veins are dark . _ . impunctata, sp. n.

A distinct dark as on the membrane round the R-M cross-

vein '. : BN hse} Shatter) a

9. The short vein “Ree Be iseele anak (gonteas, also crasst-

costa) . , : =) LO:

R, +3 entirely pale; the petra dave oe bes vi extend into

cells Rj and Ry+3, . . Ae WE ae So neon Weg ieee

10. Joints of are pale at their Gnade ~ - © varvegata, sp. n.

Palpi entirely blackish; all markings much less sharply defined

nigripalpis, sp. n.

11. Tip of Ax angulated, with a stump arising from the angle, and

a more or less distinct dark spot on the membrane round this

stump Se) Le : , PUN ae) Wess ies

Tip of Ax without any ein ae goficeities in S. formo-

sana), and even when darkened the cloudiness does not

extend on tothe membrane. Sy) ha ae

12. Slight but obvious dark clouds sussoiaing the tips of all the

veins A eaves : : . ceylonica, Edw.

No cloudiness on tis siembteichs surrounding the tips of the

veins, even though the tips themselves may be somewhat

darkened .- =. APRs Le eae nas

13. Second joint of sntonnas (normally) considerably darkened,

often almost black. . BEST ere ts

Second joint of antennae wellnwashi or occasionally slightly

darkened 2 s+) se i ea stay bb ead oltre

14. Male abdomen with a tone seein longitudinal dark

stripe . : . . . vittata, sp. n.

Male abdomen without adh bérip . . crassicosta, Speiser.

15. Tenth sternite of male not trilobed - « sp6stedti, sp. n.

Tenth sternite of male trilobed - « « G@nnulipes, End.

16. Tip of Ax distinctly darkened... SA Bes Nat NL.

Tip of Ax scarcely or not at all daskened Manner ol atak ee eo),

17. Hardly a trace of darkening at the apex of the discal cell

formosana, sp. n.

Veins at apex of discal cell obviously darkened . . . 18.

212 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

18. Head bristles yellowish; tip of Ax bent backwards javana, sp. n.

Head bristles black (normal); tip of Ax rounded eee ao:

19. Veins (except Ax) not darkened at their tip . jacobsoni, sp. n.

All the veins darkened at their tips Mee (ocr: year

20. Male abdomen with dark patches on the basal halves of segments

2-6 Bet oc 5s EAD eR ie eee ogy i pup

Male abdomen without dark patches in this position . . 22.

21. Thorax with fairly evident though ill-defined darker markings

bancrofti, sp. n.

Thorax almost unicolorous yellow-ochreous . himalayana, sp. n.

. Vein Cu somewhat darkened . : 4 . nepalensis, sp. n.

Vein Cu not darkened, except at origin of Cu, didyma, Grim.

FOSSIL SPECIES.

1. S. venusta, Lw. (1845).

Although this species has only been imperfectly de-

scribed, it must, if Loew’s figure of the wing is accurate,

be quite distinct from all known living species. According

to this figure, Cu, is not at all indented after leaving Mg,

and Ax runs practically straight to the hind margin, while

in all living species it is curved or bent downwards at its

tip. In addition to this Sc is not shown, but this is probably

an oversight; its presence has also been overlooked in

some of the recently described species. In all other

respects the descriptions of Loew and Osten-Sacken would

apply almost equally well to any of the other species.

Copal (origin not stated).

RECENT SPECIES.

Group I.

Wings without the least trace of dark dots; tibiae quite uni-

colorous; side pieces of male genitalia terminating in three spines.

2. S. flava, Brun. (1911).

Figs. 10 and 11.

There is very little to add to Brunetti’s description. The

second joint of the antennae is dark brown; the posterior

margins of the abdominal segments with brown bands,

narrowed but not quite interrupted in the middle. The

tibiae and tarsi are entirely yellow, except the fifth tarsal

joint, which is dark brown.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Loc. Tenmalai, Travancore, 8. India. 1 ¢.

the Tipulid genus Styringomyra. 213

3. S. obscura, Brun. (1911).

Figs. 46 and 47.

Wings without distinct dark markings, but the whole

membrane slightly infuscated, and there are slightly

darker clouds about the apex of the upper basal cell and

above the base of Cu; all the veins blackish.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Loc. Thamaspur, Nepal. Known only from one female.

(Brunetti was mistaken as to the sex of his specimen.)

4. §. solocipennis, End. (1912).

Figs. 12 and 13.

A very dark-coloured species. Wings rather strongly

infuscated, a little darker towards the costa. Side pieces

of hypopygium with three terminal spines, as in S. flava;

adminiculum with a few hairs at its tip—a most unusual

character.

Type in the Stettin Museum.

Loc. Mapacascar : Ambodimanga (Hammerstein), 3 ¢.

Grove II.

Wings with fairly distinct dark specks (except in S. 1mpunctata)

on the R-M cross-vein and at the base of the ascending portion of

Cu,, usually also at the junction of or the cross-vein connecting

M,+, and M,. Legs with dark rings or spots in the following

positions: on the front and middle femora one just beyond the

middle and another usually a little before the tip; on the hind

femora one in or immediately before the middle and another a

little before the tip; on all the tibiae one just before the middle and

another at the tip; the fifth tarsal joint always blackish. Side

pieces of hypopygium (except in S. sjdstedtv) terminating in one

spine.

5. S. marshalli, sp. n.

Figs. 5, 48 and 49.

Head dark blackish brown, palpi and first two joints of antennae

entirely black; flagellum dark brown. Thorax almost entirely

black; with grey reflections; lower half of pleurae yellow. Abdomen

black (probably discoloured). Legs yellow, the rings very distinct,

black; on the fore and mid femora the apical ring includes the whole

apex, on the hind femora it leaves the apex narrowly yellow. The

tips of all the tarsal joints are dark brown. Wzngs as in the figure ;

214 Mr, F. W. Edwards’ revision of

veins dark, except the costa, R,, R , +, and An, which are yellowish.

There is a slight darkening of the membrane at the extreme base

of the wing in the cell Ax. Halteres yellowish, the knob somewhat

darkened.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. MASHONALAND : Salisbury, March 1900 (@. A. K.

Marshall), 1 9.

6. S. lineaticeps, sp. n.

Figs. 3, 4, 14 and 50.

Head blackish, with a narrow median longitudinal yellowish

line. Palpi black, the joints somewhat lighter at the base. An-

tennae with the two basal joints entirely black, the flagellum brown-

ish, with indications of a darker ring on each joint. Thorax mainly

black dorsally, with light grey patches as in the figure; pleurae

entirely yellowish. Abdomen of male yellowish-brown, with a

rather large dark brown patch at the base of each segment, and

another towards the hind margin; the actual hind margin blackish.

In the female the abdomen is darker and all the markings are

obscured. Legs as in S. marshalli, but in the female there is just a

trace of the yellow ground-colour at the tips of the fore and mid

femora. Wings much as in S. marshalli, but Ax is evenly curved

to the hind margin, and there is no dark patch in the cell Ax.

Type in the British Museum, presented by the Imperial

Bureau of Entomology.

Loc. British Kast Arrica: Mumias district, N. Kavi-

rondo, 3. ix. 1911 (C. W. Woodhouse), 1 g 1 2 taken in

coitu in tent.

7. S. mahensis, Edw. (1912).

This species is not figured, as the genitalia of both sexes

are identical in structure with those of S. annulipes, End.

The difference of colour between the two forms is, however,

very striking. In S. mahensis the mesonotum is mainly

black, and the rings on the legs are black and much broader

than in S. annulipes, though the tips of all the femora

remain yellow. The angle of Ax always carries a distinct

spur, though this varies in length. Otherwise there is no

noticeable variation, even in colour.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. SEYCHELLES Is. : Mahé (H. Scott), 10 3, 2 9.

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 215

8. S. nigrofemorata, sp. n.

Fig. 51.

Head dark brown. Antennae with the first joint dark brown

below, lighter brown above; second joint dark brown; remaining

joints yellowish brown with traces of darker rings. T'horax mainly

black ; light grey areas in the middle of the pronotum, on the middle

of the posterior half of the mesonotum and in the middle of the

scutellum; upper half of pleurae dark brown, lower half orange-

yellow. Abdomen black (discoloured). Legs: femora mainly

blackish brown, light yellowish on the basal fifth, a narrow yellow

ring at the base of the apical third, tip yellow. Tibiae brownish

in ground-colour, with the usual dark rings, which are fairly broad.

Wings slightly infuscated; the dark spot over the R-M cross-vein

does not extend into cells R, or R,+ 3. M,4+4. and Ax are some-

what darker than the other veins; Ax with its tip evenly curved to

the hind margin. Halteres rather dark.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. Mauay States: Taiping (L. Wray, gunr.), 1 9.

9. S. impunctata, sp. n.

Figs. 15, 16, 52 and 53.

Head yellowish, with some small dark brown patches. First

joint of antennae dark below, light above; second dark brown.

Thorax : pronotum dark brown at the sides, yellow in the middle.

Mesonotum yellowish-brown; a narrow median dark brown line

extends from the front half-way back towards the suture; on each

side of this along the line of bristles, is another narrow dark brown

line, nearly reaching the suture, where it bends outwards to the

margin. Scutellum and postnotum dark brown with a yellow

median line. Abdomen dingy yellowish, the basal halves and the

posterior borders of the segments obscurely brownish. Legs (those

of the male missing) dingy yellowish, the rings complete, fairly

narrow, normal in position. Joints of tarsi slightly darker at the

tips. Wings without any dark spots on the membrane, except a

very slight trace round the R-M cross-vein. All the veins dark

except Costa and R,. Ax angulated, the apical portion slightly

recurrent, a very short spur at the angle.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. NortHeRN Nicrerta: Zungeru, Nov. 1910 (Dr.

J. W. Scott Macfie), 1 3,1 9.

216 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ remsion of

10. S. variegata, sp. n.

Figs. 1, 2, 17, 18 and 54.

Whole insect yellow with rather sharply defined dark brown

markings as in fig. 1. Underside of the first and the whole of the

second segment of the antennae dark brown. Segments 2-6 of

abdomen all similarly marked, seventh segment in male with a

continuous median dark stripe; ninth tergite dark brown; side

pieces of hypopygium yellow, brown at the base. In the female

abdomen the basal half of each segment is dark, the apical half

also mainly so. Legs with the usual dark rings, all of them complete.

Wings as in the figure (fig. 2). Knob of halteres dark.

Type in the Paris Museum, preserved in alcohol.

Loc. GERMAN East Arrica: Kilema, 30. i. 1912 (Ch.

Alluand and R. Jeannel), 2 3, 2 2.

11. S. nigripalpis, sp. n.

Figs. 19, 20, 55 and 56.

Head greyish-ochreous. Antennae as usual with the first joint

dark below, light above, the second joint entirely dark ; the flagellum

yellowish, the dark hairs giving a suggestion of darker rings.

Thorax mainly dingy greyish-ochreous dorsally ; margins of pronotum

and mesonotum rather broadly dark brown, and a narrow dark

brown line along the submedian row of bristles. Abdomen rather

dark ; ground-colour dingy ochreous; a pair of dark patches on the

basal half of each segment, and a dark patch on the hind margins,

narrowed in the middle. Legs with the pubescence shorter than

usual; the rings complete; tips of the tarsal joints very little dark-

ened. Wings with the normal venation; Ax curves evenly to the

hind margin; M, touches M, ;, and in two of the three specimens

it is fused with it for a short distance. The dark spots are rather

larger than usual; that over the R-M cross-vein extends into the

cell R, 43. Veins dark, except the costa, R, and R,+;, which are

more yellowish.

Type in the British Museum ; paratypes in Mr. Patterson’s

collection.

Loc. Goup Coast: Aburi, 8.1. 1911, 1 3 (L. Armstrong) ;

1912,1 419 (W. H. Patterson).

12. S. ceylonica, Edw. (July 1912).

Figs. 21, 22, 57, 58 and 59.

The characters given in the key, together with those of

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 217

the genitalia, are quite sufficient for the identification of

this species, so that it is unnecessary to redescribe it.

Brunetti (1912) figures the hypopygium of this species.

His figure is not very accurate, but contrary to my previous

statement (1913) it evidently represents the true S. ceylonica

in dorsal view, as correctly stated by him; moreover, it

does not resemble that of S. didyma. However, although

Brunetti’s figure does represent this species, his elaborate

redescription has proved to have been based on a mixed

series, consisting probably of four species.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. Cryton: Weligama (7. B. Fletcher), 13. Inp1a:

Kankondigee, Sunderbuns, 14. xi. 09 (J. T. Jenkins), 19

at light on board launch; Bhogaon, Purneah district,

N. Bengal (C. Paiva), 19; Puri, Orissa Coast (NV. Annandale),

1g19. Matay Srarzs: Taiping (L. Wray, junr.), 1 g 19.

Java: Pasuruan (Kobus), 1g 19. Formosa: Tainan

(H. Sauter),5 ¢29. As this seems to be the most widely-

spread species of the genus, the name ceylonica is unfortu-

nate. JI have confirmed the identification of all the above-

mentioned specimens; in none of them was there any

noticeable variation from the Ceylon type.

13. S. vittata, sp. n.

Figs. 23, 60, 61, 62 and 63.

Head brownish yellow with some darker patches and indications

of a more yellowish median line. First joint of antennae yellow,

brown beneath, second brown, rest yellow. Zhorax brownish-

yellow with rather indistinct darker markings consisting of four

longitudinal lines, the outer pair being near but not at the margin

of the mesonotum. Pronotum, scutellum and postnotum are as

usual brown at the sides, yellow in the middle. Abdomen of male

yellowish, with a broad, continuous median dark stripe which

broadens out somewhat in the middle of each segment; hind margins

of the segments darker brown; ninth tergite dark brown, rest of

hypopygium yellow. In the female, even when the abdomen is not

discoloured, the median dark stripe is much less distinct. Legs

yellow; the rings narrow, incomplete ventrally and sometimes

rather indistinct; on the hind tibiae the median ring may be absent

altogether. Joints of tarsi of fore and mid legs slightly darker at

their tips, those of hind legs scarcely perceptibly so. Wings with

the veins yellow, except the ascending portion of Cu,, which is

mainly black ; a small black spot over the R-M cross-vein not extend-

ing into cell R.+3; other black spots as usual at the junction of

218 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

M, +. and M, and at the angle of Ax, and smaller ones at each of

the lower angles of the discal cell. Tip of Ax angulated, a distinct

spur arising from the angle. Halteres yellow.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. 8. Ruopesta: Salisbury (G@. A. K. Marshall), 1 3

(type), 19. Narat: Malvern (G. A. K. Marshall), 1 3;

Umhlah (K. H. Barnard), 1 9. Portucursr Hast

Arrica: Delagoa Bay, 1 9. British Hast ArFrica:

Nairobi (R. Ford), 19; Kabete (7. J. Anderson), 1 3;

Wambogo (Alluwaud and Jeannel), 2 9; lower forests of Mt.

Kenya (Alluaud and Jeannel), 13g. Nyasatanp: Mt.

Mlanje (S. A. Neave), 39. N. Niceria: Beri (J. J.

Simpson), 19. Goip Coast: Bibiam (H. G. F. Spurrell),

best S:

From its distribution it is probable that this is the species

referred to by Osten-Sacken (1873) as existing in the Stock-

holm museum. I am informed, however, by Dr. Sjéstedt

that the original Caffraria specimens are lost. This is the

species which I formerly (1912) took to be S. crassicosta

(Speiser), but a more careful comparison of the male genitaha

revealed specific differences, and there is also an obvious

difference in the colour of the male abdomen. The

ovipositor of the female from the Gold Coast is figured in

order to show its appearance when the apical appendages

are more retracted.

14. §S. erassicosta (Speiser 1908).

Idiophlebia crassicosta, Speiser, 3.

Figs.-24, 25, 64 and 65.

A rather light yellowish species. Second joint of antennae dark.

Dorsum of thorax with some darker patches, one just above the

root of the wing being the most conspicuous. Abdomen light

yellowish, except for pairs of brown spots at the hind corners of

each segment; 6th and 7th segments largely dark. Rings on legs

narrow but complete, normal in position. Wings with the usual

dark spots, which are very distinct. Tip of Ax with a rather long

spur.

Speiser’s original series of 2 3 29 really comprised two

species; the male figured by him must be regarded as the

type of S. crassicosta ; the other male and one of the females

are described below as S. sjdstedti, sp. n. The second

female (which is not the one figured by Speiser) may be the

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 219

female of S. crassicosta, and is figured here as such, but it

differs from the male in having the vein R, , , partly black.

Type in the Stockholm Museum.

Loc. KamERunN (Sjéstedt), 1 J 19.

15. S. sjéstedti, sp. n.

Idiophlebia crassicosta, Speiser, 9.

Figs. 26, 27, 66 and 67.

Much resembles S. crassicosta, except in genitalia. Second joint

of antennae all pale yellowish. Palpi yellow, the joints only slightly

darker at their tips. Thorax yellowish brown without any distinct

markings, except that the pronotum has a small pale median patch,

the “collar” has its front margin darker, and the centre of the

postnotum is pale. Legs missing. Dark spots on the wing less

black and distinct than in S. crassicosta and the spur of Ax shorter.

Type in the Stockholm Museum.

Loc. KAMERUN (Sjéstedt), 1 3 (type) 19.

16. S. annulipes (End. 1912).

Pycnocrepis annulipes, End. (Feb. 1912).

Styringomyia howardi, Alex. (March 1912).

Figs. 28, 29, 68 and 69.

Closely resembles S. sjdstedti except in the genitalia.

I have previously (1912) mentioned S. howard? as a synonym

of S. crassicosta; this assumption was made on purely a

priori grounds, and an examination of the type of S. howardi

has since proved it to be incorrect.

Type of annulipes in the Stettin Museum; of howardi in

Ithaca, N.Y.

Loc. Mapacascar: Ambodimanga (Hammerstein), 5 3.

SEYCHELLES I[s.: Silhouette, 6 ¢ 39; Mahé, 1 g; Dennis

I. (A. Scott), 2 3. Portrugurse East Arrica : Quilimane

(C. W. Howard), 1318.

17. S. formosana, sp. n.

Figs. 9, 30, 31, 70, 71 and 72.

Head with two dark brown stripes on the occiput. First joint

of antennae dark on the underside, second all dark. Palpi dark,

the joints very little paler at the base. Thorax: front portion of

pronotum pale in middle; collar pale, with dark front margin.

Mesonotum brown, with a broad darker brown median stripe;

margins pale; posterior humps pale in the middle. Scutellum pale

220 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

in the middle and at the sides. Postnotum with narrow pale median

stripe. Pleurae, sternum, coxae and trochanters orange-yellow.

Abdomen of male with the first two segments mainly dark ; segments

3-6 as in fig. 9; segment 7 with a broad median dark stripe; eighth

segment and hypopygium all yellow. In the female the abdomen is

darker, without any distinct markings, though there are pale areas

on the apical halves of the apical segments. Legs with the usual

narrow dark rings, which are sometimes not quite complete; all

the tarsal joints dark at the tip. Wings nearly clear, but there are

small dark suffusions round the R-M cross-vein, and at the base of

Cu,, though not on R, +, or at the junction of M,;. and M;. The

vein M, ,., the ascending portion of Cu, and the apex of Ax are

dark, but the darkness does not extend on to the membrane. Tip of

Ax variable in form, being either curved, angulated, or with a short

or long spur.

Type in the Deutsch. Ent. Museum; paratypes in the

British Museum.

Loc. Formosa: Tainan, 9 ¢ 59; Koshun, 1g 19

(H. Sauter). The species has previously been identified

by Riedel (1913) as S. crassicosta.

18. S. javana, sp. n.

Figs. 8, 32 and 33.

Head yellowish; bristles yellow. Antennae yellow, with the

first segment dark beneath, the second entirely dark. Thorax

marked much as in S. jacobsoni (fig. 6), but rather lighter. Abdomen

with segments 3-6 as in the figure; second segment yellowish with

a pair of dark spots on the hind margin. Legs with the dark rings

reduced almost to spots on the upper surface; the subapical ring

on the hind femora and the ring in the middle of the hind tibiae

are only just perceptible as a slight darkening. Joints of hind

tarsi not at all darkened at their tips; those of fore and mid legs only

slightly so. Tuft of black bristles at the tip of the middle tibia

not so distinct as usual. Wings with the usual dark spots; veins

not infuscated at their tips; tip of Ax dark, bent backwards; M, +.

scarcely darker than the other veins.

Type in the Amsterdam Museum.

Loc. Java: Nongkodjadjar (£. Jacobson), 1 3.

19. §. jacobsoni, sp. n.

Figs. 6, 7, 34, 35 and 73.

Head as in S. javana, except that the bristles are black. Thorax

marked as in fig. 6. Abdomen of male yellow with segments 3-6

the Tipulid genus Styringomya. 221

marked with brown as in fig. 7; seventh segment with a median

dark brown stripe expanded in the middle; hypopygium all yellow-

ochreous. In the female the abdomen has a continuous, rather

obscure, brown median stripe. Legs with the dark rings incomplete

ventrally ; in the male the ring in the middle of the hind tibia is very

faint; joints of hind tarsi scarcely darkened at their tips. Wings

as in S. javana, except that Ax is evenly curved to the hind margin.

Type in the Amsterdam Museum.

Loc. Java: Semarang, 25 19; Batavia, 1 J (type) 19°

(HZ. Jacobson). Previously determined by de Meijere (1911)

as S. didyma, Grim.

20. S. fryeri, sp. n.

Figs. 36, 37, 74 and 75.

Head yellowish, with darker patches near the neck. Antennae

and palpi coloured as usual. Thorax brownish with some darker

root markings, the most distinct of which is a patch just above the

root of each wing; scutellum not distinctly darker at the sides.

Some of the small admedian bristles are aggregated into a pair of

small tufts towards the front of the mesonotum. Abdomen of

male yellowish-brown, with traces of darker patches on the basal

halves of the segments, most distinct on segments 6 and 7; there

are also pairs of distinct dark brown spots on the hind margins of

each of segments 2-7. Abdomen of female similarly but less distinctly

marked. Legs with all the dark rings distinct and complete, the

tips of all the tarsal joints dark. Wings: R, +. little more nearly

vertical than usual; tip of Ax sharply curved to the hind margin.

The dark spot over the R-M cross-vein just extends over the base of

R, +33 all the veins slightly but distinctly darkened at their tips; a

slightly darker cloud above Cu towards the base of the wing.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. Ceyton: Peradeniya (J. C. F. Fryer), 1 3 (type)

1 2; also 1 2 in the Indian Museum from the same locality.

This is the species referred to rather inaccurately by me

(1913) as “SS. ceylonica, Brun. (nec Edw.).” Brunetti’s

series contained only a single female.

21. §. himalayana, sp. n.

Figs. 40, 41 and 77.

Resembles S. fryeri, but a little smaller and much yellower, all the

dark markings being reduced; thorax almost unicolorous yellow-

ochreous ; terminations of the veins (except that of Ax) not in the

least darkened.

222 Mr. F. W. Edwards’ revision of

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Loc. HK. Himatayas: Sukna (N. Annandale), 13 19

in coitu. Previously included by Brunetti under S. ceylonica.

22. S. nepalensis, sp. n.

Figs. 42, 43, 78 and 79.

Resembles S. fryeri, but wing markings less sharply defined ; vein

Cu uniformly dark, but no suffusion just above it near the base;

darkening of tip of Ax much less pronounced; no perceptible dark-

ening at the tips of the other veins. Basal halves of abdominal

segments of male darkened, but the dark spots on the hind margins

of the segments are not clearly defined.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Loc. Nera : Sukhwani (Mus. Collr.),1 G19. Previously

included by Brunetti with S. ceylonica. The hypopygium

rather closely resembles that of S. himalayana, of which

species S. nepalensis may perhaps be only a variety.

23. S. banerofti, sp. n.

Figs. 44, 45, 80 and 81.

Head yellow; antennae yellow with the second joint brown.

Thorax yellowish brown; the pronotum as usual darker at the sides ;

mesonotum with two darker brown lines, jointed in front, diverging

behind, and extending as far back as the suture; a small dark area

above the root of each wing. Abdomen of male yellow with a dark

patch on the basal half of each segment, broadest at its apex, and

two more or less confluent dark spots on the hind margin of each

segment. Female abdomen similarly marked. Legs with all the

dark rings distinct, complete, the tips of all the tarsal joints dark.

Wings with normal venation and markings; the veins yellowish

except where the dark specks occur; Ax evenly curved to the hind

margin.

In the hypopygium the upper claspers are very much reduced.

Type in the British Museum.

Loc. QUEENSLAND: Burpengary (Dr. T. L. Bancroft),

3 29. Previously included by me (Aug. 1911) in

S. didyma.

24. S. didyma, Grim. (1901).

Idiophlebia pallida, Grinberg (1903).

Figs. 38, 39 and 76.

Differs from S. bancrofti by the characters given in the key, as

the Tipulid genus Styringomyia. 223

well as in the genitalia. In the hypopygium the upper claspers are

modified into strongly chitinised, downwardly projecting hooks,which

make the hypopygium appear very different from that of any of the

other species. I have not examined the type of J. pallida, but

Grinberg’s figures render its identification easy; he has, however,

omitted the ninth tergite, which has a characteristic form.

Type of S. didyma in the British Museum; of J. pallida

in the Berlin Museum; additional specimens in the Edin-

burgh Museum.

Loc. Sanpwicu Is.: Honolulu, Waiahua (Dr. R. C. L.

Perkins) ; CAROLINE Is. : Yap (Volkens).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1845. Brerenpt, G. C. Die im Bernstein befindlichen

organischen Reste, etc. Tom. 1—The name

Styringia, evidently intended for Loew’s genus,

occurs in a list of amber genera, but no character-

istics whatever are given (p. 57).

1845. Lozw, H. Dipt. Beitr., Posen, i, p. 6—The genus

Styringomyia with the type species S. venusta

described for the first time (p. 6).

1850. Lozw, H. Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna.—S. venusta

wrongly referred to as S. pulchella (p. 31);

Styringomyva placed in a table of genera of amber

Tipulidae (p. 36); a second species, represented

by a single male found in amber, mentioned but

not described as S. gracilis (p. 38).

1869. OsTEN-SacKEN, Baron C. R. Diptera of North

America, Part 4.—Loew quoted, and his figure

of the wing copied; a specimen in Zanzibar copal

briefly described but not named (p. 102).

1873. OstEN-SackEN, Baron C. R. Diptera of North

America, Part 3.—The statement made that

recent specimens from Caffraria existed in the

Stockholm Museum (additions to Vol. IV, p. vii).

1887. OsTEN-SacKEN, Baron C. R. Studies in Tipulidae,

II. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.—The statements of 1873

repeated.

1894. ScuppER, 8. H. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special

reference to those of Florissant, Colorado. Proc.

Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXII.—Knowledge of the

genus briefly summarised (p. 13).

224 Bibliography.

1901. GrimsHaw, P. H. Fauna Hawaiiensis. Diptera.—

S. didyma, sp. n. (p.£10).

1903. Grinpere, K. Zool. Anzeiger, XXVI.—S. didyma

redescribed as Idiophlebia pallida, n. g. n. sp.

(p. 524).

1908. Spreser, P. Berl. ent. Zeitschr., LI1—Idiophlebia

crassicosta, sp. n. (p. 132), a true Styringomyia ;

S. cornigera, sp. nu. (p. 130) belongs to the totally

distinct genus Ceratochevlus.

1908. NEEDHAM, J. G. New York State Museum, Bull.

124.—An inaccurate copy of Osten-Sacken’s

copy of Loew’s figure of S. venusta is given.

(pl. xxvi, fig. 6).

1911. De Meters, J. C. H. Tijd. v. Ent., deel. LIV.—

S. didyma recorded (wrongly,as has since appeared)

from Java (p. 42).

1911 (July). Epwarps, F. W. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

VIII.—S. ceylonica, sp. n. (p. 62).

1911 (August). Epwarps, F. W. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(8) VIII.—Identity of S. didyma and Idiophlebia

crassicosta suggested (p. 281); S. didyma recorded

(wrongly) from Queensland (p. 282).

1911. Brunetti, E. Rec. Ind. Mus. VI, Part V.—

Styringomyia placed near Gonomyia (p. 297); S.

ceylonica, Kdw., redescribed (p. 298); S. obscura,

sp. n. (p. 300); S. flava, sp. n. (p. 301).

1912 (February). ENDERLEIN, G. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst.,

XXXII.—Styringomyia redescribed as Pycnocrepis

n. g. (p. 65); P. annulipes, sp. n. (p. 65); P.

solocipennis, sp. n. (p. 67).

1912 (March). ALEXANDER, ©. P. Canadian Ent.—S.

howardi, sp. n. [= annulipes, End.] (p. 83).

1912. Epwarps, F. W. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XV,

Part 2.—S. mahensis, sp. n. (p. 206); S. annulipes

(End.) recorded from the Seychelles Is. (p. 207),

etc.

1912. Rrepet, M. P. Ent. Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Mus., 1—

P. annulipes, End., and P. “ sp. n.” recorded from

Formosa (p. 26).

1912. Brunetti, E. Fauna Brit. Ind., Dipt. Nem.—

Descriptions and notes reprinted from 1911

paper.

1913. ALEXANDER, C. P. Psyche, Vol. XX.—Styringomyia

placed in key to Antochine genera (p. 41).

Explanation of Plates. 225

1913. Rimepet, M. P. Ent. Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Mus.,

II.—‘‘ Pycnocrepis nov. sp.,” Riedel, referred to

S. ceylonica, Edw. (p. 273).

1913. Epwarps, F. W. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XII.—

Additional specimens recorded from Ceylon and

some incorrect statements made (p. 203) [see notes

to S. ceylonica and S. fryeri].

ADDENDUM.

Styringomyia leucopeza, sp. n.

Entirely black, with the following exceptions: the last 8-10

joints of the antennae, joints 2-4 of the front tarsi and joints 14

of the hind tarsi yellowish-white. Front femora and tibiae at the

base, front metatarsi at the apex, middle tibiae and the first four

joints of the middle tarsi at the base, and the hind tibiae at the

base, narrowly yellowish-brown. An ill-defined yellowish-brown

ring near the base of the middle femora. Abdomen and legs some-

what shining. Wings with normal venation; somewhat strongly

infuscated; darker markings in the usual positions, but ill defined

and much larger than usual, the spot over the R-M cross-vein

extending upwards to the costa. Hypopygium : 9th tergite deeply

indented at the apex; side pieces with one terminal spine.

Loc. NyasatanD: Mlanje, Jan.—Feb. 1914, 8 g 1 9

(Dr. J. B. Davey).

Types presented to the British Museum by the Imperial

Bureau of Entomology.

EXPLANATION OF Piates XIX—XXV.

[All the figures of genitalia are magnified 50 diameters, the rest

13 diameters. Except in the case of S. crassicosta, all the figures

of genitalia have been prepared from specimens cleared in potash

and mounted in balsam ; it should be noted that owing to this treat-

ment the apical parts are more exserted and the male hypopygium

appears broader than in the dry specimens. ]

Fia.

1. S. vartegata, sp. n. Head, thorax, and part of abdomen.

De a Wing.

226 Explanation of Plates.

Fia.

3. S. linealiceps, sp.n. Thoracic markings.

4. a rh Wing.

5. S. marshalli, sp. n. 3

6. S. jacobsoni, sp. n. Thoracic markings (¢).

+ Ba Abdominal markings of 3 (4th segment).

8. S. javana, sp. n. A % vi a

9. S. formosana, sp. n. he * x (8rd and 4th

segments).

10. S. flava, Brun. Male hypopygium from above.

Wil fe af 5 , below.

12. S. solocipennis, End. 5 » above.

its}, Re & oe » below.

14, S. lineaticeps, sp. n. a » (outline of

ninth tergite dotted in).

15. S. impunetata, sp.n. Male hypopygium from above.

16. x oi a 7 ,. below.

17. S. variegata, sp. n. 43 iS 5, above.

18. rv 9 ” 5 » below.

19. S. nigripalpis, sp. n. i 29 » above.

20. se 44 F ‘s » below.

21. S. ceylonica, Edw. 5 » above.

22. ; as ~ » below.

23. S. vitlata, sp. n. * a » above.

24. S. crassicosta, Speiser. * e; A -

25. 5 a , partly from side.

26. S. sjdstedti, sp. n. as » from above.

27. a5 a x of , the side.

28. S. annulipes (End.). f 5 » above,

29. ef Hs » below.

30. S. formosana, sp.-n. - “ » above.

ol. - “4 a na » below.

32. S. javana, sp. n. 9 ” » above.

33. ” ” ” ” 9 below.

34. S. jacobsoni, sp. n. is by » above.

35. 4 a ¥ a » below.

36. S. fryert, sp. n. . iS » above.

RW rn . AN “y » below.

38. S. didyma, Grim. “4 i » above.

39. Ny NY » partly from side.

40. S. himalayana, sp. n. ys 5, from above.

41. ¥ ee us sh » below.

42. S. nepalensis, sp. n. 3 a » above.

43. > * As an » below.

50.

. bancrofli, sp. n.

. obscura, Brun.

Explanation of Plates.

9 99

. marshalli, sp. n.

”) 99

. lineaticeps, sp. n.

. nigrofemorata, sp. n.

. impunctata, sp. n.

9° 99

. variegala, sp. n.

. nigripalpis, sp. n.

99 99

. ceylonica, Edw.

”

. villata, sp. n.

9 99

39 39

99 99

. crassicosta, Speiser.

99 9

. sjostedti, sp. n.

99 99

. annulipes, End.

99 99

. formosana, sp. n.

99 99

. jacobsont, sp. n.

. fryert, sp. n.

99 33

. didyma, Grim.

. himalayana, sp. n.

. nepalensis, sp. n.

99 99

bancrofti, sp. n.

Tip of Q abdom

Le)

en from

227

Male hypopygium from above.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

”

above.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

side.

above (Mashona

land).

below “e

above (Gold

Coast ).

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

side.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

above.

below.

JUNE 25th, 1914.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XIX.

F. W. Edwards, del. C, Hentschel.

STYRINGOMYIA.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XX.

F. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel,

STYRINGOMYIA.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate X XJ.

ff, W. Edwards, del. G Hentschel.

STYRINGOMYIA.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXII.

F. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel.

STYRINGOMYIA

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXIII.

FF. W. Edwards, del. C. Hentschel.

STYRINGOMYIA.

—

- a

5 cage 1

= -

. : ve

. _

' i

_ « i

aS :

. >

. ¥ ‘

, al

' 7 ’

- y

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXIV.

F. W. Edwards, del. C,, Hentschel,

STYRINGOMYIA.

Trans. Ext. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XX V.

C. Hentschel.

F. W. Edwards, del.

STYRINGOMYIA.

"a 4 j

, ™ ® rue

- : iA

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i ,

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7 or

math

t % x

u ; A i : joe |

i5.” rao |

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B.A. ae oe xa we bcs Sct 206

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VIII. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera.

By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

[Read April Ist, 1914.]

THE following species all belong to the family Gelechiadae ;

they are principally from the low-lying forest regions of

British Guiana. The types are in my own collection;

17 genera and 106 species are described as new.

Aristotelia paterata, n. sp.

6 2. 9-10 mm. Head light brownish-ochreous. Palpi whitish,

second joint with two brownish-ochreous bands, terminal joint longer,

with four more or less developed sometimes indistinct dark fuscous

bands. Thorax ochreous-brownish sprinkled with dark fuscous.

Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently

arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; 6 separate ;

ochreous-brown; costal edge suffused with dark fuscous; a small

basal patch of grey irroration, edge oblique; two oblique fasciae of

grey irroration edged with ochreous-whitish from 4+ and middle of

costa, first edged anteriorly with some black scales on upper 2,

second suffusedly connected with first on dorsum, its anterior edge

with a central emargination bearing the black first discal stigma;

second discal stigma elongate, black, edged beneath with white,

connecting preceding fascia with anterior angle of an inwards-oblique

rhomboidal pale ochreous blotch on costa towards apex, followed

on costa by a blackish dot; apical and terminal edge marked with

several undefined whitish dots separated with some blackish scales :

cilia pale ochreous, above apex with a dark fuscous patch, on tornus

greyish. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); fourteen specimens. This and the two following

belong to the group of fungworella.

Aristotelia rhodocosma, 0. sp.

?. 10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish sprinkled with dark grey.

Palpi thickened with scales, those of second joint somewhat ex-

panded at apex above, whitish, second and terminal joints each with

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRT II. OCT.) Q

230 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

four rings of dark grey irroration. Thorax whitish mixed with

dark grey and blackish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate,

very narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen faintly

sinuate, extremely oblique; 6 separate; brown; a whitish patch

sprinkled with dark grey occupying basal third, outer edge somewhat

oblique, enclosing an irregular blackish blotch extending on dorsum

from base to } and reaching more than half across wing; an irregular

somewhat oblique median fascia of dark grey and white irroration,

its margins irregularly marked with crimson; apical fourth of wing

irregularly spotted with crimson, surrounded with some dark grey

and white irroration: cilia pale ochreous, on tornus greyish, with

dark brown basal line on costa becoming postmedian on termen,

outer portion of costal cilia dark fuscous, basal third of terminal

cilia crimson-pink barred with dark fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia

dark grey.

British Guana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Aristotelia subrosea, n. sp.

2. 8 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Palpi white,

second joint blackish except apex, terminal joint with three blackish

rings. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 6 separate; dark

slaty-grey; three oblique black streaks from costa near base, at },

and 3 respectively, reaching ? across wing, third strongest, second

and third connected beneath by an irregular subdorsal brownish-

ochreous streak, its extremities terminated with rosy-whitish;

discal stigmata elongate, black, second edged above and beneath by

small round ochreous spots; a spot of blackish suffusion on costa

at 3; a whitish-rosy spot on tornus and a smaller one on costa beyond

it, connected in dise by a longitudinal black dash: cilia pale

ochreous with blackish antemedian and grey postmedian lines,

basal portion spotted on termen with whitish-rosy, on tornus light

greyish. Hind-wings and cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); three

specimens.

ELASIPRORA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 3,

in ¢ serrulate, minutely ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate,

without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint somewhat

thickened, slightly roughened beneath towards apex, terminal joint

as long as second, moderately acute. Maxillary palpi very short,

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 231

filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with long

fine hairs above. Fore-wings with 1b simple, 2 from angle, 3 absent,

7 absent, 11 from middle. Hind-wings under 1, narrow-trapezoidal,

apex somewhat produced, pointed, termen somewhat emarginate

beneath it, oblique, cilia 2; cell rather wide, transverse vein absent,

3 and 4 connate, 5 nearly approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked,

6 to apex.

Probably a derivative of the Recurvaria group.

Elasiprora rostrifera, n. sp.

3°. 7-8 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous, with a

white line above eyes and along inner edge of patagia, face whitish.

Palpi whitish, second joint with black line on outer side and sub-

apical ring, terminal joint with black line on each side. Abdomen

grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa slightly arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded; light ochreous-brown; costa suffused with black, cut by

very oblique white strigulae from before middle and at 3; a slender

black median streak from base to middle, its apex dilated and send-

ing an oblique projection upwards, edged above throughout by a

white line which is extended to join similar margin of an irregular

sinuate black streak from apex of wing to disc about 3, the con-

necting portion also sometimes edged beneath with black irroration ;

a suffused white subdorsal line from base to about middle; dilation

of median streak edged posteriorly with white, and sending a

suffused white streak to lower part of termen, and a suffused white

line surrounded with more or less black irroration to tornus: cilia

whitish, with ochreous basal line sprinkled with blackish, and two

apical black lines round apex and upper part of termen. Hind-wings

grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

April (Parish); twelve specimens.

Ptochewusa hetaera, n. sp.

3. 6-7 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sometimes tinged with

fuscous. Palpi whitish, second and terminal joints each with two

blackish rings. Thorax grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Fore-

wings very narrowly elongate-lanceolate; grey; very oblique white

strigulae from costa about } and middle; a very inwards-oblique

whitish strigula from dorsum before tornus, and a longitudinal one

in disc above this; a round orange patch in disc at ?, touching discal

232 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

and second costal strigulae; an oblique white strigula from costa

at 3, connected with a white dot on termen beneath it by a blue-

leaden mark; a white dot on termen beyond this, and two on costa

towards apex; a round black apical dot: cilia grey, towards tornus

whitish-grey, round apex and termen with a blackish subbasal line

indented beneath apex with projecting blackish apical hook. Hind-

wings grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); four

specimens.

Ptocheuusa thrombodes, n. sp.

3 9. 6-7 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish or whitish-

ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with grey or dark grey. Palpi

whitish, a subapical ring of second joint and two broader rings of

terminal joint blackish, second joint with rough projecting scales

beneath towards apex. Abdomen ochreous-whitish more or less

suffused with grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa posteriorly

gently arched, apex poinicd, termen very obliquely rounded;

whitish-ochreous or whitish, more or less sprinkled with grey or

blackish ; three blackish spots on costa near base, at 4, and %, and

three in disc obliquely beyond these respectively, last two discal

elongate, last largest; a blackish dot on fold before second discal

spot, and a cloudy spot on tornus; a small cloudy black apical spot,

and sometimes a dot on costa above it: cilia ochreous-whitish or

grey-whitish, base sprinkled with blackish, round apex and upper

part of termen with a strong line of black irroration. Hind-wings

rather dark grey, thinly scaled in disc; cilia light grey or whitish-grey.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); eighteen specimens.

Epithectis consociata, n. sp.

3. 8 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish tinged with

grey. Palpi whitish, second joint with basal half and a subapical

ring blackish, terminal joint with two blackish rings. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex tolerably pointed,

termen extremely obliquely rounded; whitish, sprinkled with grey,

and irregularly spotted with light yellowish suffusion; an oblique

blackish dot beneath fold at,4, and a small blackish spot on dorsum

slightly before it ; discal stigmata black, and small oblique-triangular

blackish spots on costa above them; black dots near dorsum beneath

these stigmata, second connected with a small blackish tornal spot ;

a black dot towards termen in middle; some black dots round

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 233

apical portion of costa and termen: cilia grey-whitish, greyer

towards tornus, round apex sprinkled with dark grey. Hind-wings

rather dark grey, in disc anteriorly and towards dorsum subhyaline ;

cilia grey.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, in January (Parish); one

specimen.

Recurvaria nothostigma, n. sp.

3. 7-8 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, more or less

speckled with grey. Palpi whitish, second and terminal joints

each with base and two bands pale ochreous irrorated with blackish.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen faintly sinuate,

very oblique; whitish closely irrorated with grey; markings dark

grey sprinkled with black and indistinctly edged with yellowish

suffusion and posteriorly with whitish; spots on costa near base,

before middle, at #, and a longer one towards apex, first connected

with base by a subcostal dash; dots in disc at + and middle, first

connected with dorsum by an obscure yellowish-grey bar, second

with an indistinct spot beneath and slightly before it; a triangular

spot on tornus opposite third costal spot, followed by a roundish

grey patch including a minute black dot; an irregular suffused spot

within apex: cilia grey finely sprinkled with whitish. Hind-wings

grey, paler anteriorly; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); six specimens.

CoMPSOSARIS, n. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae ?, in g

simple, basal joint long, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,

curved, ascending, second joint above with scales expanded at apex,

beneath with long rough projecting hair-scales throughout and

denser projecting apical tuft, terminal joint shorter than second,

slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to

tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings

with 16 furcate, 2 from towards angle, 3-5 approximated at base,

6 near 7, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-wings ?,

narrow-trapezoidal, apex produced, termen obliquely bisinuate,

cilia 3; 3 and 4 rather remote, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7

nearly parallel, transverse vein very oblique inwards from 6 to 7.

Apparently allied to Recurvaria, notwithstanding the

considerable differences.

234 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

Compsosaris testacea, Nn. sp.

g9. 8-9 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish.

Palpi whitish, second joint with two ochreous bands, terminal joint

with two dark fuscous rings. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa

slightly arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded; ochreous-whitish; three oblique wedge-shaped ochreous-

brown or deep yellow-ochreous patches on costa, blackish on costal

margin, first towards base, less marked, second before middle, third

about 3, sometimes extended almost to termen, and marked in disc

with a fine black dash, two latter edged posteriorly by clear white

strigulae; discal stigmata black; a suffused ochreous spot on fold

at 4, a larger one beneath first discal, and one more elongate and

distinct between first and second discal; a triangular grey tornal

spot beneath second discal, edged anteriorly with some black scales;

apical portion of costa suffused with ochreous: cilia light greyish,

round apex ochreous with three or four fine blackish lines. Hind-

wings and cilia grey.

BritisH GurIANA, Bartica, in January and February

(Parish); nine specimens.

DISSOPTILA, N. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae 4, in

3 simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very

long, recurved, slender, second joint with scales roughened towards

apex beneath, terminal joint much longer than second, slender,

acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue.

Posterior tibiae densely clothed with rough hairs. Fore-wings with

two large scaletufts in dise anteriorly ; 1b furcate, 2 from 3, 4 and &

connate from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle.

Hind-wings under 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex rather produced,

pointed, termen obliquely emarginate, cilia 2; 3 and 4 connate,

5 approximated, 6 and 7 rather approximated towards base, trans-

verse vein inwardly oblique from 6 to 7.

Type D. mutabilis.

Dissoptila asphaltitis, n. sp.

°. 9mm. Head and thorax dark ashy-grey with blue reflections.

Palpi ochreous-whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded; dark violet-grey; a narrow ochreous-yellow

fascia near base, with projections outwards on costa and in disc,

South American Maicro-Lepidoptera. 235

anteriorly blackish-edged on costa; two blackish tufts rather

obliquely placed in dise about 4: cilia dark grey, paler towards

tips. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia as in fore-wings.

British GuIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Dissoptila prozona, n. sp.

g. 7mm. Head dark fuscous, face and palpi ochreous-whitish.

Thorax dark fuscous, sides and posterior margin whitish-ochreous.

Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,

apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; rather dark

fuscous, with faint purplish tinge; a broad whitish-ochreous fascia

near base, edges straight; two large blackish tufts rather obliquely

placed in dise at 4; a whitish-ochreous dot on middle of costa, one

in disc rather beyond this, and an inwardly oblique strigula from

costa at 2; a slender somewhat incurved whitish-ochreous fascia

from 3 of costa to tornus, narrowly interrupted in middle and with

narrow projections inwards on each side of this: cilia lilac-grey.

Hind-wings dark grey, subhyaline in disc anteriorly; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Dissoptila mutabilis, n. sp.

$9. 9-10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi white, faintly

greyish-tinged beneath apex of second and terminal joints. Thorax

whitish-ochreous, shoulders and anterior half of dorsum dark

fuscous, apex of patagia sometimes ferruginous-yellow. Abdomen

grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; pale yellowish-

ochreous or whitish-ochreous, sometimes only faintly clouded with

darker, often more or less wholly suffused with grey or dark grey

irroration; basal area sometimes mixed with ferruginous-yellow ;

two large blackish tufts transversely placed in disc at }; often

longitudinal grey marks on costa before middle and about §; cilia

grey or dark grey, more or less suffused with ochreous-whitish or

whitish-ochreous towards base. Hind-wings rather dark grey,

paler and thinly scaled in disc anteriorly ; cilia grey.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); twenty-eight specimens.

Dissoptila disrupta, n. sp.

3 9. 9-10 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-whitish. Thorax

ochreous-whitish, shoulders and anterior half of dorsum suffusedly

236 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

irrorated with blackish, posterior half of dorsum variably dotted

with blackish. Abdomen grey, sides whitish. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous;

three cloudy grey spots on anterior half of costa and a patch from

beyond middle to near apex; other markings formed of black

irroration, viz. four irregular patches along dorsum, several irregular

variable spots in disc between base and middle, an elongate patch

or streak margining posterior costal patch beneath, and a streak

along upper part of termen: cilia whitish-ochreous more or less

suffused with grey, on termen sprinkled with blackish towards base.

Hind-wings dark grey, thinly scaled in disc anteriorly; cilia rather

dark grey.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); ten

specimens.

Telphusa callitechna, n. sp.

gd. 12-13 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sometimes variably

mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish, irregularly mixed and

suffused with blackish. Thorax brownish-ochreous irregularly

mixed and suffused with black. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded; dark fuscous; extreme base irregu-

larly marked with white, pale ochreous, bluish-grey, and black;

a fine bisinuate white line from + of costa to dorsum before

middle, anteriorly edged with blackish suffusion, posteriorly followed

by a broad band of variable ochreous-whitish, bluish-lilac, and

yellowish suffusion, posteriorly undefined; a transverse tuft of

scales in disc before middle, and one on fold beneath middle; a

blackish pale-edged dot towards costa beyond middle; a bluish-

lilac spot towards tornus, preceded by an ochreous-yellowish tuft ;

an ochreous-whitish subtriangular spot on costa beyond 3; some

pale ochreous and lilac suffusion on lower part of termen: cilia

irregularly barred or spotted with dark fuscous and ochreous-

whitish, towards tornus greyish. Hind-wings dark grey, thinly

scaled and subhyaline in disc anteriorly; cilia grey.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); four specimens.

Parastega ochropis, n. sp.

®. 18-19 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous,

terminal joint dark fuscous except base and apex. Thorax dark

fuscous. Abdomen rather dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 237

dark purplish-fuscous; a narrow-transverse somewhat oblique

white spot from costa at }, nearly reaching fold; plical and second

discal stigmata obscurely darker, approximated, edged laterally

with white dots; a semicircular white spot on costa before }: cilia

dark grey. Hind-wings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

Ecuapor, Quevado; Durcu Gurana, Paramaribo, in

December; two specimens.

Thiotricha argoxantha, n. sp.

369. 7-9 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax silvery-white. Abdo-

men grey, anal tuft large, whitish. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa hardly arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen obliquely

rounded; silvery-white, sometimes ochreous-tinged; an orange

praeapical patch resting on costa but not quite reaching apex,

termen, or dorsum, anterior edge strongly convex and reaching to

‘before ? of wing, preceded by grey suffusion which is stronger and

‘darker towards costa, and indents it just below costa; sometimes

a short orange mark on tornus touching this; a round black apical

dot: cilia whitish, tinged with orange towards termen, above apex

with two dark fuscous hooks, beneath apex with two indistinct

grey lines. Hind-wings with apex very long-produced; grey,

paler towards base; cilia whitish-grey, opposite apex with two

short dark grey lines.

British Guiana, Bartica, Georgetown, and Mallali,

from December to April (Parish); seven specimens.

ANTERETHISTA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae +,

in g simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi

very long, recurved, slender, second joint with scales somewhat

expanded towards apex above, terminal joint longer than second,

acute. Maxillary palpi minute, filiform, appressed. Posterior

tibiae with appressed hairs above. Fore-wings with 16 furcate,

2 from towards angle, 7 absent, 11 from 2. Hind-wings 1, elongate-

trapezoidal, apex tolerably pointed, termen somewhat sinuate

beneath apex, cilia 3; 3 and 4 rather approximated towards base,

5 nearly parallel, 6 absent, 7 to apex.

A development of Commatica.

Anterethista heteractis, n. sp.

362. 7-8 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey, face

whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint streaked with dark fuscous

238 Mr, Edward Meyrick’s Description of

towards apex, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen

very obliquely rounded; dark glossy grey, becoming dark bronzy-

fuscous on posterior ?; a wedge-shaped oblique white streak from

costa beyond middle; a white dot in disc beneath its apex: cilia

grey, with two dark grey shades, on costa white with three oblique

dark fuscous lines converging towards apex. Hind-wings and cilia

dark fuscous.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish) ; four specimens.

Commatica, Meyr.

Apopira, Wals. (Biol. Centr. Am. IV, p. 73) is a synonym

of this, and perhaps Simoneura, Wals. (1. c. p. 72) also.

Commatica acropelta, n. sp.

32. 9-10 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous.

Palpi whitish, second joint very finely ribbed with grey, terminal

joint with anterior edge and extreme base blackish. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; dark fuscous; a fine white oblique strigula

from ? of costa almost to termen above middle, apical area beyond

this light brownish-ochreous, with four white marginal dots: cilia

fuscous with two dark fuscous shades, on costa with two white spots

on marginal dots. Hind-wings dark fuscous, rather lighter towards

base; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); five specimens.

Commatica metochra, n. sp.

3 2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-grey. Palpi

ochreous-grey, apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint

whitish, anterior edge black. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen

slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique; brownish-ochreous

sprinkled with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous streak along costa

from base to subterminal line; stigmata dark fuscous, plical

obliquely before first discal, second discal usually obsolete; a

straight direct ochreous-white subterminal line from } of costa to

dorsum before tornus, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous suffusion ;

apical area beyond this yellow-ochreous, mixed with whitish between

South American M icro-Lepidoptera. 239

veins, and towards margin with some black specks sometimes

forming short dashes; three or four black marginal dots round apex

and termen : cilia fuscous, basal third ochreous. Hind-wings dark

grey; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); eight specimens.

Commatica lupata, nu. sp.

6. 8-10 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous. Palpi white,

second joint ochreous-grey except apex. Abdomen dark grey, anal

tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale ochreous,

brownish-tinged posteriorly, suffused with ochreous-whitish towards

costa anteriorly; costal edge black towards base; a dark fuscous

dot or oblique mark beneath fold before 4; plical and first discal

stigmata blackish, plical very obliquely before first discal, both some-

times merged in a very oblique dark fuscous mark; a thick black

streak along costa from before middle to apex, attenuated anteriorly,

cut by a very oblique fine white strigula from $; sometimes some

fuscous suffusion along fold posteriorly; a fine black dash in dise

about +, sometimes anteriorly extended and rather curved down-

wards; a stronger black dash above tornus, sometimes connected

with tornus by fuscous suffusion; a dentate whitish line just before

termen, terminal interstices speckled with blackish : cilia ochreous-

whitish, towards base pale ochreous, on costa with dark fuscous

subbasal line becoming fuscous or faint on termen, and blackish-

grey shade on tips rather projecting at apex. Hind-wings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base, at apex with subbasal

dark fuscous mark.

British GuIANA, Bartica, from December to April

(Parish); nine specimens.

Commatica nerterodes, 1. sp.

2.9 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, face

lighter. Palpi whitish, second joint finely ribbed with blackish

irroration, anterior edge of terminal joint black. Fore-wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; dark purplish-grey; a thick blackish costal

streak from near base to apex, cut at + by an oblique mark of

ground colour sprinkled with whitish, and by oblique white strigulae

beyond middle and at $, from second of which a fine strongly curved

whitish subterminal line runs to tornus; an oblique mark across

240 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

fold at } and stigmata obscurely blackish, indistinct, second discal

edged with two or three white scales; some whitish irroration to-

wards dorsum beyond middle, and between subterminal line and

termen; a white dot on costa towards apex: cilia grey, paler

towards tips, on costa with two dark fuscous lines separated with

whitish. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Commatica emplasta, n. sp.

6 2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax pale grey. Palpi grey or

dark grey, terminal joint and apex of second whitish. Abdomen

dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; purplish-grey

irrorated with dark fuscous, more or less variably mixed or suffused

with pale greyish-ochreous except towards costa and dorsum, costa

suffused with dark fuscous; a small dark fuscous spot on fold

before }; stigmata represented by similar spots, plical obliquely

before first discal; a fine oblique white strigula from costa at 3;

a black mark along apical part of costa, and four black dots or

groups of scales along termen: cilia greyish, on costa more or less

whitish with two thick dark fuscous lines. Hind-wings grey, darker

posteriorly, with fringe of long hairs from lower margin of cell; cilia

grey, at apex with darker basal dot.

British GuraNna, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); twelve specimens.

Commatica chionura, n. sp.

3 9. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax dark grey, lower part of face

suffused with whitish. Palpi white, second joint suffused with grey

towards apex, hairs largely expanded above, terminal joint with

anterior edge sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex pointed,

termen sinuate beneath apex, obliquely rounded; dark violet-grey

becoming blackish posteriorly; stigmata cloudy, blackish, some-

times more or less absorbed in the blackish suffusion, plical obliquely

before first discal; a very oblique white strigula from costa at 3,

whence a faint interrupted whitish line runs to near termen beneath

apex, thence curved very near termen to tornus; a brown mark

along costa beyond this, terminated by a white praeapical dot :

cilia white, on tornus grey becoming blackish towards base, on

costa dark fuscous with white mark on praeapical dot, at apex

forming a falcate projection with black basal line. Hind-wings 1,

South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 241

apex somewhat produced, obtuse-pointed, termen sinuate beneath

apex; dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); four

specimens.

Commatica parmulata, n. sp.

g. 11 mm. Head and thorax dark grey. Palpi white, finely

ribbed throughout with black. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded; dark violet-fuscous, suffused in disc with

light glossy blue; an oblique blackish mark beneath fold at 4;

stigmata large, elongate, blackish, plical obliquely before first

discal, some white irroration above and below second discal; a

very oblique white strigula from costa before 3, whence a very

strongly curved fine whitish line runs to tornus; a leaden-grey

terminal patch extending to second discal stigma and cut by this

line, marked before apex by a white spot cut by two black dashes

and surrounded by some white irroration: cilia grey, on termen

sprinkled with white and with a fine white median line, on costa

dark fuscous, at apex with a projection formed by two slightly

curved depressed black lines. Hind-wings 1, apex obtuse, termen

slightly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia rather dark violet-grey.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Commatica cyanorrhoa, n. sp.

3 . 14-16 mm. Head and thorax dark indigo-blue-grey. Palpi

dark fuscous, finely ribbed throughout with white. Abdomen dark

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

tolerably pointed, termen somewhat sinuate just beneath apex,

very obliquely rounded; dark violet-fuscous, dorsal half suffused

with glossy blue; stigmata obscure, dark fuscous, plical very

obliquely before first discal; a fine very oblique white strigula from

costa before 2, continued faintly to near apex, costal area beyond

this suffused with blackish; a small blackish apical spot: cilia

dark grey, with subfalcate apical projection formed by three blackish

nearly straight lines suffused beneath with white, on termen

sprinkled with white at base and with a subbasal white line. Hind-

wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia

grey, darker towards base, in § white round dorsal region.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); twenty-four specimens. Extremely like

242 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

falcatella, Wall. (which occurred with it), but larger, apical

projection of cilia of fore-wings formed by nearly straight

hnes (whereas in falcatella they are strongly curved, falcate),

tornal cilia of hind-wings in $ white (in falcatella grey).

ERIPNURA, DN. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue absent. Antennae ?, in 3

simple, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial

palpi long, recurved, rather thickened with appressed scales through-

out, terminal joint shorter than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi

rudimentary. Posterior tibiae with long hairs above. Fore-wings

with 2 from towards angle, 7 absent, 11 from middle. Hind-wings

1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cilia ?; 3 and 4

connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 rather approximated towards base.

Allied to Commatica, but differing in palpi, and apparently

by absence of tongue.

Eripnura criodes, n. sp.

3 9. 13 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark ashy-

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated,

costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather

oblique; dark purplish-fuscous or ashy-fuscous, sometimes slightly

whitish-sprinkled; an elongate brown patch towards apex, reaching

costa above apex, terminated beneath this by a pale leaden-metallic

apical spot edged with a black mark anteriorly and suffusedly

extended along upper part of termen, preceded by a few whitish

scales; a fine series of white scales just below costa from # to the

black mark: cilia dark fuscous, on termen tinged with leaden-

metallic towards base, at apex with a depressed subfalcate brownish

projection suffused with white beneath and containing two dark

lines from costa. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker

towards base, on upper part of termen with outer } whitish.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January and February

(Parish); three specimens.

CALLIPRORA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 3,

in d simple, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten.

Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint somewhat thickened

with appressed scales, terminal joint longer than second, slender,

acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 243

Posterior tibiae with appressed scales, with whorls of projecting

scales on origin of spurs. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from 2 of

cell, 7 absent, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal,

apex pointed, produced, termen concave beneath apex, cilia 1;

3 and 4 connate, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7 connate

Type C. pentagramma. Allied to Commatica and

Eripnura, but differing from both in palpi.

Calluprora pentagramma, n. sp.

$69. 10-12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown with two dark

fuscous stripes. Palpi ochreous-whitish, anterior edge black.

Thorax blackish, with five ochreous-whitish stripes. Abdomen

blackish. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated,

costa slightly sinuate, gently arched towards apex, apex pointed,

strongly produced, termen deeply concave beneath apex, then

rounded, hardly oblique; purple-blackish; basal area crossed by

five longitudinal ochreous-whitish streaks becoming longer up-

wards, uppermost nearly reaching middle but obsolete towards

base, a short ochreous-whitish mark also on dorsal edge about 4;

a rather oblique slightly curved ochreous-whitish streak from

before middle of dorsum, attenuated upwards, reaching 3? across

wing; a transverse series of six short longitudinal ochreous-whitish

lines on veins about ?, becoming longer downwards, and a seventh

on dorsum; a coppery-metallic transverse line from # of costa to

tornus, obtusely angulated above middle, extremities whitish; a

fulvous streak just beyond this, sending a branch into apical pro-

jection, lower portion terminal: cilia on termen purple-coppery-

metallic, on costa dark fuscous with two white marks, at apex

with a blackish basal line edged with whitish, and falcate projection.

Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); eighteen specimens.

Calluprora trigramma, n. sp.

6. 10 mm. Differs from pentagramma in having apex of fore-

wings more strongly and slenderly produced, termen vertical, basal

area with only three longitudinal stripes (two median, one sub-

dorsal), antemedian streak from dorsum enlarged into an acute-

triangular blotch reaching 3 across wing, anterior edge angulated

towards dorsum.

BritisH GUIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

244 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

HAPALONOMA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae

almost 1, in § simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial

palpi very long, recurved, second joint expanded with rough hairs

above towards apex, beneath with fringe of long rough projecting

hairs, terminal joint longer than second, moderate, acute. Maxillary

palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae

clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from

towards angle, 6 to apex, 7 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hind-

wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex rounded, termen hardly sinuate, ~

cilia over 1; 3 and 4 connate, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7 closely

approximated towards base.

Hapalonoma argyracta, n. sp.

369. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi white, towards

base grey. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, some-

what oblique; white or ochreous-whitish, with some scattered dark

fuscous scales; a blackish streak along basal third of costa; elongate

blackish costal marks beyond middle and at ?, latter edged beneath

with ferruginous; a dark fuscous dot above middle of disc, some-

times with some dark suffusion round it; some variable dark fuscous

suffusion or irroration towards dorsum, in one specimen forming

distinct spots at + and middle; a silvery-metallic subdentate sub-

marginal line round posterior part of costa and termen, preceded by

an angulated whitish line and then by a band of light brownish

suffusion, with an interrupted black dash on angle of line, costa

and apex beyond this ferruginous: cilia grey, towards tornus

whitish, round costa and apex with a sharp blackish subbasal line,

base within this light ferruginous. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia

grey, round apex with base whitish.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December and January

(Parish); four specimens.

ETHIROSTOMA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae #4,

in ¢ simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi

very long, recurved, second joint clothed above with dense scales

expanded towards apex, and beneath tufted with long rough pro-

jecting scales, terminal joint as long as second, moderate, acute.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibiae clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 245

towards angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-

wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex obtuse-pointed, termen hardly

sinuate, cilia over 1; a fringe of long hairs from lower margin of cell

towards base; 3 and 4 connate, 5 nearly parallel, 6 and 7 closely

approximated towards base.

A development of Baittaristis.

Ethirostoma semvacma, n. sp.

69. 8-10 mm. Head and thorax in § grey-whitish, in 2 grey,

face more or less whitish-suffused, shoulders marked with dark

fuscous. Palpi white, more or less distinctly barred with grey.

Abdomen in ¢ grey, in 2? dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded;

purplish-fuscous, more or less suffusedly irrorated with white; a

dark fuscous erect mark from base of dorsum; an irregular dark

fuscous spot beneath costa at 1; a dark fuscous transverse streak

from dorsum at 4, reaching half across wing, posteriorly edged with

white; a thick black streak along costa from before middle to near

apex, cut by two very oblique white strigulae from beyond middle

and at 3; stigmata dark fuscous, plical obliquely before first discal,

followed by a raised white spot, first discal indistinct, second en-

larged into an irregular spot followed by a whitish tuft; an irregular

elongate ochreous-white apical blotch, from anterior extremity of

which a faint dentate whitish line runs to tornus; a leaden-grey

spot adjoining apical blotch beneath: cilia dark fuscous irrorated

with white points, beneath apex with a white spot, on costa with a

fine white subbasal line. Hind-wings in ¢ grey, in Q dark grey,

thinly scaled towards base; cilia in 3 pale grey, in Q grey.

BritisH GutIANA, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); eighteen specimens.

BaTTARISTIS, n. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 4,

in ¢ simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi

very long, recurved, thickened with appressed scales, anterior edge

hardly roughened, second joint with scales somewhat expanded at

apex above, terminal joint as long as second, pointed. Maxillary

palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae

clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from 4-8,

6 sometimes to apex, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle.

Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen faintly

sinuate, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART II. (OCT.) R

246 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

7 closely approximated towards base; a fringe of long hairs from

lower margin of cell towards base covering submedian fold.

Type B. ichnota. Allied to Anacampsis, but differing

by the palpi. To this genus belong emissurella, Walk.,

and several of the species referred by Lord Walsingham to

Untomia, as symphora, Wals., and the North American

nigratomella, Clem., and concinnella, Chamb.

Battaristis prismatopa, n. sp.

6. 10 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi with

second joint ochreous finely irrorated with blackish, becoming black

towards apex, apical edge white, terminal joint whitish, extreme

base black. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

whitish-ochreous, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales posteriorly ;

plical and second discal stigmata dark fuscous; a blackish-fuscous

streak along costa from before middle to near apex, cut by a very

oblique white strigula beyond middle; a fine white subterminal

line from # of costa to tornus, rather acutely angulated in middle,

upper half faintly curved outwards, followed by brownish suffusion,

lower straight; a small black rhomboidal spot on termen beneath

apex, edged with some whitish suffusion: cilia grey, whitish to-

wards base, with dark fuscous basal line, and on costa with dark

fuscous posterior line. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

British GuIANA, Bartica, in January (Parish); one

specimen.

Battaristis orthocampta, un. sp.

3. 9-10 mm. Head light greyish-ochreous or grey. Palpi dark

fuscous, extreme apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint

whitish, extreme base black. Thorax greyish-ochreous or grey,

posterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; grey or pale greyish-ochreous, somewhat tinged

with fuscous towards dorsum; a black dot beneath fold at 4; plical

and second discal stigmata blackish; a thick blackish streak along

costa from 2 to apex, attenuated anteriorly, cut by a fine white

very oblique strigula from costa beyond middle; a fine black dash

in disc beyond second discal stigma, not reaching subterminal line;

sometimes a blackish mark on dorsum before subterminal line; a

fine whitish subterminal line from ? of costa to tornus, right-angled

in middle, both portions straight; a white bar connecting angle of

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 247

this line with termen beneath apex, including a fine black strigula

posteriorly; terminal area beneath this fuscous irrorated with

whitish; a minute whitish dot on costa near apex: cilia fuscous

irrorated with whitish, on costa dark fuscous, at apex with a slightly

projecting blackish line. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey,

darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish) ; eleven specimens.

Battaristis ardiophora, un. sp.

3 2. 8-9 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sides of face suffused

with fuscous. Palpi grey, extreme apical edge of second joint

white edged beneath with black, terminal joint white with extreme

base black, anteriorly blackish towards tip. Thorax pale ochreous,

posterior extremity suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale brownish-ochreous, towards

costa anteriorly whitish-ochreous; dorsum dark fuscous towards

base; costal edge black from base to a small fine wedge-shaped

mark at 4; a thick dark fuscous streak along costa from 2 to near

apex, attenuated anteriorly, cut by a fine white very oblique strigula

from costa beyond middle; a small obscure oblique fuscous mark

beneath fold at 4; stigmata minute, obscure, dark fuscous, plical

obliquely before first discal; a fine white subterminal line from ?

of costa to tornus, acutely angulated in middle, both halves slightly

sinuate inwards, its angle just reached or hardly cut by a fine black

dash preceding it, which is connected with second discal stigma by

a suffused whitish dash, beneath this a minute black strigula touching

line and preceded by a short whitish dash; some fuscous suffusion

towards dorsum before this line; tornal area beyond this line

irrorated with whitish and sometimes fuscous : cilia fuscous sprinkled

with whitish, on termen brownish-ochreous towards base, on costa

dark fuscous with row of whitish points and blackish-brown basal

line. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark grey ubbasal

shade.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two

specimens.

Battaristis ichnota, n. sp.

6 2. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous, face

whitish-grey, lateral margins black, shoulders with a small black

spot. Palpi black, terminal joint and extreme apical edge of second

whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa

248 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather strongly

oblique; light ochreous-brownish, towards apex light ferruginous-

ochreous, somewhat mixed with whitish in disc; costal edge blackish

towards base, with a black dot at base; short oblique blackish

marks towards costa at + and 2, and beneath fold at +; stigmata

black, partially edged with whitish, plical and second discal forming

oblique marks, plical rather obliquely before first discal, space

between stigmata suffused with fuscous; dorsum rather widely

suffused with fuscous from base to subterminal line; an elongate

gradually dilated wedge-shaped black patch extending along costa

from 4 to subterminal line, cut by a fine white oblique strigula from

beyond middle of costa; a fine white subterminal line from ? of costa

to tornus, acutely angulated in middle, sinuate inwards on lower half,

angle interrupted by a short blackish dash projecting from dark

suffusion of dorsal half of wing; some light grey dots round apical

part of costa and termen: cilia dark grey finely speckled with

whitish, with black basal line. Hind-wings dark fuscous, thinly

scaled in disc anteriorly; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); thirty

specimens.

Battaristis amphiscolva, n. sp.

3 2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi dark fusvous,

extreme apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint whitish

minutely speckled with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; fuscous, greyer towards costa anteriorly ;

plical and second discal stigmata sometimes obscurely indicated ;

a thick blackish streak along costa from before middle to near apex,

attenuated anteriorly, cut by a very oblique fine white strigula

from beyond middle; a fine white subterminal line from * of costa

to tornus, acutely angulated in middle and nearly reaching termen

beneath apex, both portions curved inwards, angle just cut by a

fine black dash preceding it; terminal space beyond this irrorated

with whitish, apical edge ochreous-whitish : cilia fuscous, with rows

of whitish points, on costa dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); four

specimens.

Battaristis atelesta, n. sp.

$. 10 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey. Palpi dark

fuscous, extreme apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint

South American Micro-Leydoptera. 249

white speckled with blackish, extreme base black. Abdomen dark

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; dark bronzy-grey; a

small blackish spot on base of dorsum; a blackish spot on fold

before }; plical and second discal stigmata black; a thick blackish

streak along costa from 2 to apex, attenuated anteriorly, cut by

a very oblique fine whitish strigula from beyond middle, and by

another somewhat less oblique from 3, terminating in an undefined

patch of whitish irroration near termen: cilia grey sprinkled with

white, on termen with a strong white antemedian line, on costa

blackish, round apex and termen with two blackish-grey posterior

lines separated round costa with whitish. Hind-wings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British GutaNA, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Battaristis melanamba, n. sp.

6: 9 mm. Head and thorax leaden-grey. Palpi dark fuscous,

apical edge of second joint whitish, terminal joint whitish sprinkled

with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa slightly arched, appearing faintly sinuate

beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique;

leaden-grey, finely sprinkled with whitish; black dots beneath

fold before + and before middle; costal edge black from base to a

minute black strigula at 1; two adjacent flattened-triangular black

costal patches extending from about 4 to +, separated by an oblique

whitish strigula; two or three indistinct minute black praemarginal

dots near termen: cilia dark ashy-fuscous, with ferruginous-brown

basal line, on tornus greyish. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey,

darker towards base.

British GuIANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Battaristis stereogramma, n. sp.

~ § 2. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax leaden-grey. Palpi dark

grey, extreme apical edge of second joint whitish, terminal joint

whitish irrorated with grey, extreme base dark grey. Abdomen

dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly

arched, appearing faintly sinuate beyond middle, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, oblique; leaden-grey, sometimes irrorated with

white; a blackish spot or very oblique mark on fold about $; a

blackish dot in middle of disc; an oblique whitish strigula from costa

250 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

before middle, edged on both sides with black, posterior edging

confluent with a dark fuscous fascia preceding subterminal line,

uffused anteriorly and blackish on costa; subterminal line from ?

of costa to dorsum before tornus nearly straight, whitish; terminal

area beyond this more or less whitish-irrorated, especially towards

costa, with three or four more or less indistinct blackish praemarginal

dots: cilia dark grey, with brown basal line, towards tornus paler.

Hind-wings dark fuscous, somewhat thinly scaled in disc anteriorly ;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); four

specimens.

ALSODRYAS, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 4,

in § simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi long,

recurved, second joint densely scaled, with strong triangular pro-

jecting tuft at apex beneath, terminal joint as long as second,

thickened with scales and slightly roughened anteriorly, acute.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibiae clothed with long hairs above. Fore-wings with tufts of

scales on surface; 1b furcate, 2 from towards angle, 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal,

apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cilia 1}; 3 and 4 connate, 5

nearly parallel, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Differs from Agriastis by the palpi.

Alsodryas lactaria, n. sp.

6. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi

blackish, terminal joint and apical edge of second white. Abdomen

grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled

or faintly clouded with pale ochreous; a black dot on base of costa

and small spot at 1, costal edge black between these; a black sub-

basal dot near costa; a slight suffused blackish wedge-shaped mark

on costa before middle, and a larger one beyond middle; a rather

large transverse tuft of blackish-grey scales in disc slightly before

middle, and one somewhat smaller at 3; blackish-grey spots on

tornus and middle of termen, and two or three indistinct blackish

dots on costa towards apex: cilia grey, with a few whitish specks.

Hind-wings grey; cilia light grey.

British GutANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); two

specimens.

South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 251

AGRIASTIS, Nn. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 4,

in ¢ simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi

long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales, more or

less expanded towards apex above, terminal joint as long as second,

moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed

to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings

with tufts of scales on surface; 1b furcate, 2 from towards angle,

7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, elongate-

trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cilia over 1; 3 and

4 connate, 5 nearly parallel, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards

base; a fringe of hairs from lower margin of cell towards base.

Type A. peloptila. Differs from Battaristis by the tufts

of scales on fore-wings. Untomia cenelpis, Wals., belongs

to this genus, and Gelechia viretella, Zell.

Agriastis prasina, n. sp.

9. 15 mm. Head and thorax olive-green, face whitish. Palpi

blackish with a few greenish specks, apex of second joint white,

terminal joint whitish, towards apex yellowish. Abdomen dark

grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; olive-green, irregularly

sprinkled with whitish; black basal dots on costa and in middle;

small black triangular spots on costa at 1, before middle, and before

subterminal line; some raised scales in disc about 1, and towards

dorsum before middle; a small black spot towards costa before

second costal spot; stigmata black, discal approximated, second

larger, plical obliquely before first discal; subterminal line obscure,

whitish-green, from ? of costa to tornus, somewhat sinuate inwards

on upper half; two blackish dots on costa towards apex and termen

beneath apex: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, basal third light

green. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Agriastis peloptila, n. sp.

3 2. 14-15 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous partially

tinged with brownish. Palpi light ochreous more or less sprinkled

with dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second ochreous-

whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; ochreous

irregularly sprinkled or mixed with whitish, with some dark fuscous

252 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

scales; a dark brown dot near base in middle, and an erect mark

on base of dorsum; ochreous-brown or dark fuscous spots on costa

at +, before middle, and before subterminal line, two latter more

or less elongate; an oblique.dark brown mark on fold beneath first

of these, and a spot in disc before it; large subdorsal dark brown

tufts beneath each of costal spots; a somewhat elongate dark brown

spot just beneath second costal, partially confluent with it; stigmata

obscure, rather dark fuscous, discal approximated, plical obliquely

before first discal; a whitish subterminal line from ? of costa to

tornus, sinuate inwards on upper half, preceded in dise by an in-

distinct dark fuscous dash; two or three indistinct dark fuscous

marginal dots round apex: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish,

towards base obscurely barred with ochreous and darker fuscous.

Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); three

specimens.

Agriastis nocturna, 0. sp.

39. 12 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous sprinkled with

light greyish-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous irrorated with whitish-

ochreous, apical edge of second joint whitish edged beneath with

blackish suffusion, terminal joint ochreous-whitish more or less

sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, more or less irrorated with pale

greyish-ochreous; markings obscure, formed by absence of pale

irroration; a subbasal dot in middle, and erect mark from base

of dorsum; an irregular transverse line at +, angulated inwards

beneath costa and outwards in middle; elongate spots on costa

before middle and before subterminal line, and an oval spot beneath

first of these partially confluent with it; stigmata moderate, discal

approximated, plical obliquely before first discal; an obscure pale

greyish-ochreous subterminal line from ? of costa to tornus, sinuate

inwards on upper portion and outwards on lower; several dark

marginal dots round apical part of costa and termen: cilia dark

fuscous irrorated with pale greyish-ochreous points. Hind-wings

dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British GuraANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); two

specimens.

Agriastis scalata, n. sp.

6 9. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax grey, more or less irrorated

with whitish. Palpi white, second joint dark fuscous except apical

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 253

edge, terminal joint sometimes infuscated at tip. Abdomen dark

grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; fuscous, strongly and

suffusedly irrorated with whitish; black basal dots on costa and in

middle; three wedge-shaped blackish spots on costa at }, middle,

and before subterminal line; an oblique dark fuscous mark on fold

beneath first of these, and a small round spot towards costa before

second; stigmata dark fuscous, plical slightly before first discal,

second discal larger; subterminal line obscurely whitish, from } of

costa to tornus, forming a spot on costa, sinuate inwards on upper

half, on dorsum preceded by an undefined spot of dark brown

suffusion; two distinct black dots on costa towards apex and

termen beneath apex, and sometimes two or three other smaller

ones: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, with obscure darker bars.

Hind-wings dark grey, lighter in disc anteriorly; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); thirty specimens.

Agriastis inquieta, n. sp.

6. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous some-

what sprinkled with fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint

with broad bands of dark fuscous suffusion above and below middle,

terminal joint sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous.

Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale greyish-ochreous, more or

less tinged or suffused with brown, and sprinkled with fuscous and

dark fuscous scales; a dark fuscous elongate dot towards costa

near base; elongate dark fuscous marks on costa about middle

and 2; stigmata represented by small tufts of dark fuscous or

blackish scales suffused with reddish-brown, an additional tuft

adjoining first discal obliquely above and before it, plical beneath

first discal, an additional tuft beneath second discal; a spot of dark

reddish-fuscous suffusion on dorsum before tornus; a row of blackish

dots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia light greyish-

ochreous, towards base barred with grey. Hind-wings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); six

specimens.

SOROTACTA, N. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae +,

basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, re-

254 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

curved, second joint thickened with dense scales, considerably

expanded towards apex, somewhat projecting angularly above and

beneath, terminal joint as long as second, with rough projecting

scales posteriorly except towards apex, acute. Maxillary palpi

very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed

with hairs above. Fore-wings with tufts of scales on surface;

1b furcate, 2 from towards angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from

middle. Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen slightly bisinuate, cilia 1}; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat

approximated, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Allied to Agriastis and Alsodryas. It approaches some

forms of Chelaria in structure, but may be distinguished by

terminal joint of palpi not longer than second.

Sorotacta viridans, n. sp.

®. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish tinged or irrorated

with light greenish. Palpi blackish sprinkled with light greenish,

terminal joint and apex of second whitish. Abdomen dark grey.

Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; light dull green, finely

sprinkled with whitish; a small blackish spot on base of costa, and

black subbasal dot in middle; small wedge-shaped black spots on

costa at 4, before middle, and 3, suffused beneath with deep olive-

green and edged posteriorly with whitish; discal stigmata blackish,

raised, somewhat whitish-edged, first rather large, second forming

apex of an irregular dark grey whitish-edged praetornal blotch;

plical stigma represented by a greenish tuft, obliquely before first

discal, preceded by a small blackish dot; an indistinct whitish

line from beyond third costal spot to tornus, obtusely angulated

in middle; two blaekish dots on costa towards apex and termen

beneath apex, and some grey-whitish suffusion along margin: cilia

grey sprinkled with whitish. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia grey.

British Gutana, Mallali, in March (Parish); two

specimens.

Chelaria mundana, n. sp.

369. 18-23 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish, sometimes

irrorated with grey. Palpi grey-whitish, irregularly irrorated with

dark fuscous, second joint much thickened with dense appressed

scales, terminal joint thickened with dense projecting scales

posteriorly throughout except at apex. Abdomen dark grey,

segmental margins whitish. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 255

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique;

6 separate; grey or dark grey, suffusedly irrorated or sometimes

mostly suffused with whitish; a short black dash from base above

middle, beyond which is a large triangular tuft; a triangular blackish

costal blotch extending from 4 to 4, its apex truncate, reaching half

across wing, its margins marked with several small tufts; some pale

yellowish suffusion on fold beyond this; a slender black streak

running from dise at % to termen beneath apex, area round this

suffused with dark fuscous posteriorly : cilia grey sprinkled with

whitish, basal third suffusedly barred with dark grey. Hind-wings

dark fuscous, lighter and thinly scaled anteriorly; cilia grey, with

dark fuscous subbasal shade.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); six specimens.

Chelaria cancellata, n. sp.

3. 9-12 mm. Head whitish, sometimes sprinkled with pale

fuscous. Palpi whitish, irregularly sprinkled or indistinctly banded

with dark fuscous, second joint with short rough apical tuft beneath,

terminal joint thickened with slightly rough scales. Thorax

whitish, irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate

in middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique;

6 to apex, closely approximated to 8 at base, 7 absent; whitish,

sprinkled with dark fuscous; four semi-oval dark fuscous costal

blotches between base and 3, nearly touching on margin, first two

with whitish-ochreous tufts adjoining them beneath; a whitish-

ochreous tuft on fold beneath second costal blotch; dorsum and

dise irregularly blotched with dark grey, with some irregularly

grouped blackish scales, viz. three dorsal blotches, one in dise

before middle, one beyond this beneath middle, two transversely

placed in disc at 3, all these ill-defined and tending to coalesce;

apical fourth of wing irregularly suffused with dark grey and

sprinkled with blackish: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish points.

Hind-wings grey, veins suffused with dark grey, in g paler and

hyaline on basal half; cilia light grey.

BritisH Gurana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); ten specimens.

ANTHINORA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae 3,

in g simple, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten.

Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, in g with second joint very

256 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

long, basal half slender, apical half thickened and roughened with

scales anteriorly, terminal joint very short, pointed, in 2 with

second joint slightly thickened with scales, hardly roughened

anteriorly, terminal joint 3 of second, slender, acute. Maxillary

palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae

clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings with 2 from towards angle,

7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 3, elongate-

trapezoidal, apex somewhat produced, termen obliquely sinuate,

cilia 24; lower margin of cell very near dorsum, 3 and 4 connate,

5 absent, transverse vein absent, 6 and 7 stalked.

An interesting form of doubtful affinity, possibly related

to Anacampsis.

Anthinora xanthophanes, un. sp.

$2. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax orange-yellow. Ab-

domen ochreous-orange, segmental margins more or less sprinkled

with metallic-blackish. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded;

orange-yellow; markings leaden-metallic irrorated with blackish;

a median longitudinal streak from base to }; an oblique streak

from middle of dorsum to disc above middle; spots beneath

costa before middle and at 2; second discal stigma repre-

sented by an oblique transverse mark in disc at #; a group of

scattered scales on tornus; a slender streak from beyond second

discal stigma to costa before apex; some scales along termen:

cilia yellowish, on termen with a greyish basal shade becoming a

grey antemedian band on tornus. Hind-wings in 3 subhyaline,

pale greyish, in 9 rather dark grey; cilia pale yellowish.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two

specimens. ;

Anacampsis lithomorpha, n. sp.

$9. 13-15 mm. Head and thorax glossy dark bluish-grey.

Palpi grey, second joint suffused with whitish, in 2 with a blackish

apical ring. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa hardly arched, towards apex gently, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; glossy dark violet-slaty-grey : cilia concolorous.

Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark

fuscous, in ¢ sometimes thinly scaled in dise towards base; cilia

grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

BritisH Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

April (Parish); thirty specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 257

Anacampsis cassidata, n. sp.

g- 16 mm. Head glossy indigo-blue, side-tufts ochreous-yellow.

Palpi grey. Thorax leaden-grey. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa somewhat sinuate, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; dark violet-leaden-grey; base slenderly

dark fuscous; a dark fuscous transverse streak at 4; a suffused

dark fuscous streak from fold at 2 of wing slightly upcurved to

costa beyond middle; a suffused dark fuscous streak from disc

beyond middle to costa just above apex: cilia leaden-grey. Hind-

wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous;

cilia light grey, darker towards base.

British GutANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Anacampsis orthophracta, n. sp.

6. 12 mm. Head and thorax dark violet-grey. Palpi grey,

Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa faintly

sinuate, apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; dark fuscous;

four dark blue-leaden direct transverse fasciae, first narrow, basal,

sometimes connected with second on dorsum, second at 4, broad,

third postmedian, broad, fourth from + of costa to tornus, narrow;

a slender blue-leaden streak along termen: cilia dark fuscous.

Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark

fuscous; cilia dark grey.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, in January and

March (Parish); two specimens.

Anacampsis ferreata, n. sp.

g- 14-16 mm. Head and thorax dark leaden-grey. Palpi grey,

Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, posteriorly

somewhat dilated, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen

slightly rounded, oblique; dark indigo-blue-leaden; a slender

rather oblique suffused blackish fascia at }, sometimes almost

obsolete; stigmata obscure, blackish, plical somewhat before first

discal; a narrow blackish subterminal fascia nearly parallel to

termen; a blackish streak along termen: cilia grey, with dark

grey subbasal line. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly

sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal

line.

BritisH Gurana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); four specimens.

258 Mr, Edward Meyrick’s Description of

Anacampsis refracla, n. sp.

3 @. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-grey, partially tinged

with brown, Palpi grey-whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa rather

sinuate, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; dark

brown; four very obscure violet-fuscous direct transverse fasciae,

first moderate, subbasal, second broad, antemedian, third very

broad, postmedian, fourth from 4 of costa to tornus, sometimes

slightly incurved, narrow, posteriorly suffused; a small obscure

spot of ground colour in third representing second discal stigma :

cilia pale grey tinged with brown, on tornus brown. Hind-wings

over 1, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey,

with dark grey basal line.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

April (Parish); eighteen specimens.

Anacampsis trimolybda, n. sp.

Q. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax dark bluish-leaden-grey. Palpi

grey. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa rather sinuate, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, rather oblique; dark fuscous; three moderately

broad transverse leaden fasciae, first almost basal, second before

middle, rather oblique, broadest towards dorsum, third about 3,

somewhat curved outwards, not quite reaching costa or dorsum;

a leaden dot in dise beyond middle; a somewhat curved lighter

fuscous subterminal shade from 4 of costa to tornus, extremities

whitish: cilia grey, with dark fuscous antemedian shade. Hind-

wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous;

cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in December and

March (Parish); two specimens.

Anacampsis cistulata, n. sp.

3d . 12-14 mm. Head and thorax dark leaden. Palpi grey.

Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, posteriorly

rather dilated, costa rather sinuate, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, oblique; blackish; three blue-leaden fasciae, first moder-

ate, basal, second and third broad, enclosing a triangular median

costal blotch and confluent on lower half, extending on dorsum

from } to near tornus, sometimes partially whitish-sprinkled; a

similar hardly curved shade from ¢ of costa to tornus, white on

costa, almost confluent with third fascia; a blue-leaden sometimes

whitish-sprinkled streak along termen: cilia leaden-grey, base

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 259

blackish. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate ;

dark fuscous; cilia grey, base dark fuscous.

Britisn Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); four specimens.

Anacanvpsis sporozona, Nn. sp.

$9. 18-16mm. Head and thorax dark grey, face white. Palpi

grey, second joint more or less suffused with whitish. Abdomen

dark fuscous, segmental margins white towards sides. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, posteriorly rather dilated, costa rather sinuate,

moderately arched towards apex, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

rather oblique; blackish; markings formed of white irroration ;

a narrow basal fascia, widest on dorsum; a broad oblique ante-

median fascia, sometimes connected on dorsum with basal, marked

with a more or less distinct blackish spot representing plical stigma ;

a broad postmedian direct fascia, not reaching dorsum, marked with

a round blackish spot representing second discal stigma; a slightly

curved subterminal shade; a slender streak along termen: cilia

white, tinged with grey towards tornus, basal third grey. Hind-

wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; cilia pale grey,

basal third grey, round apex sometimes whitish-tinged towards tips.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

April (Parish); ten specimens.

Anacampsis blepharopa, n. sp.

3 2. 12-14mm. Head and thorax grey or dark grey, face white.

Palpi grey suffused with whitish, second joint with dark grey sub-

apical ring. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa rather sinuate, moderately

arched towards apex, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ;

blackish; markings lilac-grey, sometimes slightly whitish-sprinkled,

more or less marked with white on costa; a narrow oblique subbasal

fascia; moderate antemedian and postmedian fasciae converging

towards dorsum and confluent on lower third, second marked with

a rather large round blackish spot outlined with white representing

second discal stigma; a patch of white irroration or suffusion on

apical portion of costa; a separate semicircular patch of whitish

irroration on termen more or less indicated, sometimes nearly

obsolete: cilia grey, on costa white. Hind-wings over I, apex

obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark

grey subbasal line.

British Guana, Bartica, in January and February

(Parish); five specimens.

260 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

Anacampsis praenivea, n. sp.

9. 12-13 mm. Head dark grey, face lighter. Palpi grey

suffused with whitish, second joint with dark fuscous subapical ring.

Thorax blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex pale ochreous.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa

rather sinuate, gently arched towards apex, apex obtuse, termen

rounded, rather oblique; blackish; a little-marked narrow oblique

subbasal fascia, indicated by some white scales or greyish suffusion ;

undefined broad antemedian and postmedian fasciae of white

irroration, converging towards dorsum and confluent on lower

portion, first more strongly suffused with white anteriorly on costal

half, plical and second discal stigmata represented on these by

obscure small blackish spots; a well-marked white transverse line

at § parallel to termen, sinuate inwards towards costa and dorsum,

curved outwards on median portion; terminal area beyond this

sprinkled with white : cilia white, on tornus greyish, on costa and

tornus with basal third mixed with dark fuscous. Hind-wings

over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia

grey, with dark grey subbasal line, tips whitish round apex.

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); three

specimens.

Anacampsis scopulata, n. sp.

g. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey, lower part

of face and shoulders suffused with white. Palpi white, second

joint faintly greyish-ribbed, terminal joint finely irrorated with

black anteriorly. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa almost straight, towards apex gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale greyish-ochreous suffusedly

mixed with grey and white, costa suffused with white anteriorly;

a large dark grey blotch extending along dorsum from base to ? and

reaching 2 across wing, its edge irregularly projecting and margined

with white, rounded off posteriorly; an oblique white strigula from

costa at %, followed by a triangular dark grey patch; beyond this

a white costal spot, edged beneath by a black mark, from which

a slightly curved narrow silvery-whitish-grey praemarginal fascia

runs to tornus, cut by two black dashes towards middle : cilia grey,

with two or three dark fuscous lines, at apex with dark fuscous pro-

jection, base whitish limited by a dark fuscous line. Hind-wings

over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous, becoming

blackish posteriorly; cilia grey, with dark grey subbasal shade,

round apex with whitish patch on outer §.

British GutanaA, Mallali, in March (Parish); six

specimens.

South American Micro- Lepidoptera. 261

Anacampsis thysanora, Nn. sp.

g. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax dark grey, face suffused with

whitish. Palpi black, second joint finely ribbed with white, terminal

joint finely irrorated with white tending to form ribs, posteriorly

white. Abdomen dark fuscous. TFore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa almost straight, towards apex gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, rather oblique; glossy dark leaden-grey, sometimes

whitish-sprinkled in disc; black subbasal dots in middle and on

dorsum; cloudy blackish dots obliquely placed above and below

fold at 1 of wing; stigmata obscurely darker, partially edged with

some whitish scales; an obscure obtusely curved-angulated sub-

terminal line of whitish irroration from a white dot on costa at ¢ to

tornus, preceded by irregular white irroration tending to form longi-

tudinal marks, and followed by a round suffused black spot towards

costa, and three large dots towards termen, terminal area purplish-

tinged: cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous, with base whitish

limited by a dark fuscous line edged posteriorly with whitish suf-

fusion. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate ;

dark fuscous; a downwards-directed fringe of long pale ochreous

hairscales beneath costa from base to beyond middle, more yellowish

posteriorly ; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

Peru, Pacaya, in August (Mounsey); two specimens.

Anacampsis leucorrhapta, n. sp.

9. 14 mm. Head and thorax dark grey, face suffused with

whitish. Palpi with second joint black finely ribbed with white,

terminal joint blackish finely speckled with white, posteriorly white

towards base. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa almost straight, gently arched near apex, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, rather oblique; dark fuscous, sometimes slightly

sprinkled with whitish; a black dot near base in middle; a suffused

black spot on fold at 1; stigmata faintly indicated; a fine slightly

interrupted white subterminal line from }# of costa to tornus,

angulated in middle; an oval black spot near costa before apex,

and a short black dash above it; a clear white dash towards apex,

several indistinct short whitish marks between this and tornus

more or less indicated, and a black dash before termen in middle :

cilia fuscous, base ochreous-whitish limited by a dark fuscous line,

on tornus whitish-tinged. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen

hardly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasa]

shade.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December and February

(Parish); two specimens.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART II. (OCT.) s

262 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

Anacampsis amaurota, n. sp.

3 °. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax grey, face suffused with

whitish. Palpi white, second joint faintly ribbed with grey, ter-

minal joint anteriorly grey speckled with whitish. Abdomen dark

grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa hardly arched, towards

apex gently, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; dark

fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with white on anterior half; black

basal dots on costa and dorsum and in middle; a moderate oblique

fasciaform blackish spot from 1 of dorsum reaching 3 across wing;

stigmata hardly darker, discal approximated, plical rather obliquely

before first discal; some blackish-fuscous suffusion towards costa

from middle to subterminal line; a fine white slightly curved sub-

terminal line from ? of costa, becoming irregular and broken in dise

and not reaching tornus; an elongate black spot beneath costa

before apex, a very short white dash beneath this, and two black

dashes towards upper part of termen, edged with a few white scales

posteriorly : cilia fuscous, base whitish limited by a dark fuscous

line. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate; dark

fuscous; submedian fold in ¢ forming a deep pale fuscous groove,

its margins clothed with short hairs; cilia light grey, with dark

fuscous subbasal line.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December and January

(Parish) ; two specimens.

Anacampsis halmyra, n. sp.

3 2. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax ashy-grey, face lighter or

whitish. Palpi with second joint black finely ribbed with white,

terminal joint white, anteriorly black finely irrorated with white.

Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa almost

straight, faintly sinuate in middle, towards apex gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark grey, more or less

variably sprinkled or mixed with white on anterior half; small black

subcostal and subdorsal spots at base; a thick oblique black streak

from } of dorsum to disc, apex sometimes expanded; two blackish

dots towards costa above this; stigmata moderate, blackish, discal

approximated, plical rather before first discal; a fine white slightly

interrupted subterminal line from ¢ of costa to tornus, slightly

sinuate inwards towards costa, preceded by a dark fuscous fascia;

a black wedge-shaped longitudinal mark resting on costa near apex,

and two black dashes towards upper part of termen, between these

markings some indistinct suffused whitish dashes: cilia dark grey,

base white limited by a dark fuscous line, towards tornus whitish,

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 263

Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark

fuscous; submedian fold in ¢ filled with long hairs; cilia grey, with

dark fuscous subbasal shade.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); twenty-two specimens. May always be dis-

tinguished from diortha by the want of the defined white

praeterminal blotch.

Anacampsis diortha, n. sp.

6. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax light grey, face sometimes

whitish. Palpi with second joint black finely ribbed with white,

terminal joint white, anteriorly black irrorated with white. Abdo-

men dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched,

towards apex gently, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; grey,

sometimes more or less sprinkled with black and white; a black

spot beneath costa near base; an oblique blackish streak from + of

dorsum reaching half across wing; stigmata moderate, cloudy,

blackish, discal approximated, plical obliquely before first discal ;

a fine white nearly straight more or less interrupted subterminal

line from *# of costa to tornus, preceded by a deep brown fascia

becoming blackish on costa; between this and termen a transverse

whitish sometimes bluish-tinged blotch crossed by two black dashes

and surmounted by a small elongate black spot: cilia brown or

dark fuscous, with base ochreous-white limited by a dark fuscous

line, towards tornus lighter or whitish. Hind-wings over 1, apex

obtuse, termen not sinuate; dark fuscous; submedian fold in g

filled with long hairs; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); twenty-four specimens.

Anacampsis anthracura, 0. sp.

3 9. 14-17 mm. Head and thorax light brown, lower part of

face whitish. Palpi with second joint black finely ribbed with

white, terminal joint white, anteriorly black, finely speckled with

white. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa slightly arched, towards apex gently, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; ochreous-brown, from near base to % irrorated

with blackish and sometimes partially tinged with whitish; an

elongate suffused black patch along posterior fourth of dorsum to

tornus; a fine subterminal line of more or less scattered white scales,

moderately curved outwards; a black dash towards costa above

apex; two black dashes towards termen in middle, more or

264 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

less edged with white suffusion, often forming a transverse white

praeterminal blotch: cilia ochreous-brown, base ochreous-whitish,

limited by a deeper ochreous-brown line. Hind-wings over 1, apex

obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; blackish; submedian fold in

furnished with long hairs towards base; cilia grey, darker towards

base, round apex with a pale brownish-ochreous patch on outer %.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); twenty specimens.

Anacampsis incurva, Ni. sp.

9. 17-19 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Palpi

with second joint black finely ribbed with white, terminal joint

white, anteriorly black finely irrorated with white. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa almost straight, faintly sinuate in middle,

rather arched towards apex, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded,

little oblique; brown, anteriorly or more or less wholly suffused

with dark grey; a narrow dark brown fascia about +, angulated

above middle; second discal stigma obscurely dark fuscous; un-

defined patches of dark brown or dark fuscous suffusion on costa and

dorsum from middle to subterminal line; a fine white subterminal

line from + of costa to tornus, curved inwards on upper half and

slightly outwards on lower; a small black spot suffused with deep

brown near costa before apex, and a short black dash near termen

beneath apex: cilia brown mixed with whitish, base white limited

by a dark fuscous line. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen

hardly sinuate; blackish-grey; cilia grey, basal third darker.

British GutIANA, Bartica and Mallali, in December and

March (Parish); three specimens.

Anacampsis inusta, n. sp.

6: 10 mm. Head and thorax grey, face pale greyish-ochreous,

posterior extremity of thorax blackish. Palpi whitish finely

irrorated with light grey. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa nearly straight, faintly sinuate beyond middle, toward

apex gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; dark

grey, slightly sprinkled with whitish; costal edge blackish from base

to middle, where it is terminated by an oblique spot; a very oblique

thick blackish streak from 4 of dorsum to ? of disc; discal stigmata

obscurely indicated; a very fine hardly incurved subterminal line

from ¢ of costa to tornus, slightly edged anteriorly with dark fuscous,

on costa by a patch of dark fuscous suffusion only separated from

median spot by a few whitish specks; a costal patch of fine whitish

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 265

rroration beyond this; two fine black longitudinal strigulae touching

costa towards apex, and two others touching termen towards middle :

cilia grey, base whitish limited by a brown line mixed with dark

fuscous. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate ;

dark fuscous; cilia grey, becoming darker towards base.

British GUIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Anacampsis brochospila, n. sp.

39. 9-11 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face suffused with

whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint with faintly indicated

greyish ribs, posteriorly fuscous, terminal joint anteriorly dark grey

finely speckled with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Tl ore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa slightly sinuate, towards apex gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; brownish, suffusedly

mixed or wholly suffused with dark grey; basal area usually more

or less distinctly streaked longitudinally with ochreous-whitish; a

blackish subcostal streak from near base to }, and an oblique some-

times sinuate streak from dorsum towards base reaching half across

wing more or less developed; an ochreous-whitish spot on costa

at 4; an oblique ochreous-whitish streak from dorsum at }, some-

times reduced to a spot on fold; a dark fuscous oblique streak from

costa before middle to an elongate whitish spot in disc at % sur-

rounded with dark fuscous; a similar spot on fold before middle,

whence a streak of dark fuscous suffusion runs along fold to its

extremity; some dark fuscous suffusion along costa before sub-

terminal line; a slender whitish subterminal line from 4 of costa

to tornus, slightly or hardly angulated in middle and somewhat

interrupted on angle; several small whitish praemarginal spots

round apical part of costa and termen, followed by more or less

developed dark fuscous marginal dots: cilia pale brown, variably

mixed with fuscous, towards tips whitish. Hind-wings over 1, apex

obtuse, termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

British Gutana, Bartica and Mallali, from January to

March (Parish); four specimens.

Anacampsis eupecta, Nn. sp.

3 9. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi grey, second

joint suffused with whitish towards apex, terminal joint suf-

fused with whitish posteriorly. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa hardly arched, towards apex gently, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; grey; an indistinct dark fuscous

dot in disc at 4; stigmata small, indistinct, dark fuscous, plical

266 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

obliquely before first discal; a grey-whitish slightly incurved sub-

terminal line from + of costa to tornus, edged anteriorly by a narrow

fascia of dark fuscous suffusion; a series of blackish dots round

apical portion of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous tinged

with grey, towards base faintly barred with grey irroration. Hind-

wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen slightly simuate; dark fuscous;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); ten specimens.

Anacampsis percnospila, n. sp.

9. 17mm. Head dark ashy-grey, face lighter. Palpi dark grey,

with a white anterior line edged with black. Thorax pale greyish-

ochreous, anterior margin with four confluent blackish spots.

Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly

arched, more strongly near apex, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,

rather oblique; pale brownish, with scattered blackish scales tending

to form strigulae; costal edge whitish-ochreous, with black spots

at base, middle, and 3, and anterior half dotted with black; stigmata

blackish, discal approximated, plical somewhat before first discal;

a moderate blackish terminal fascia, its edge convex, irregular,

terminating in tornus: cilia dark fuscous on fascia, elsewhere

whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings over 1, apex obtuse, termen hardly

sinuate; dark grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one

specimen.

Anacampsis dicax, n. sp.

9. 15mm. Head pale brownish, face and centre of crown bronzy-

fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint fuscous-whitish, with

dark fuscous line on each side. Thorax pale brownish, shoulders

and posterior extremity blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in

middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; light

brownish; black subbasal dots on costa and in middle; a flattened-

triangular black blotch on middle of costa, reaching 4 across wing;

stigmata hardly indicated; a small cloudy fuscous spot on costa

at #; a row of almost marginal dark fuscous dots round posterior

part of costa and termen, and a row of fuscous marginal dots

between these: cilia light brownish. Hind-wings over 1, apex

obtuse, termen not sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

British GutaNna, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 267

Strobisia regia, n. sp.

39. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax dark leaden-grey. Palpi

grey. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,

costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ;

black; a subdorsal streak of orange suffusion from base to near

tornus; three pale blue-metallic streaks, first from base of costa

along submedian fold to }, second from costa at } to just beyond

apex of first, third from middle of costa nearly to middle of dorsum,

somewhat curved outwards; a postmedian transverse orange fascia,

lower half enclosing a somewhat oblique pale golden-metallic

streak; a golden-metallic spot or mark on costa beyond this; a

curved violet-metallic praemarginal streak along termen: cilia

dark grey, on termen with strong violet-metallic iridescence. Hind-

wings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey.

BritisH GuriANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); three

specimens.

Strobisia sapphiritis, n. sp.

3 2. 12-13 mm. Head metallic-blue. Palpi bronzy-fuscous,

terminal joint darker anteriorly. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous,

with metallic-blue lateral stripe. Abdomen dark iridescent-

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated,

costa almost straight, towards apex moderately arched, apex obtuse-

pointed, termen sinuate beneath apex, somewhat oblique; bronzy-

blackish, markings metallic-blue; a dot near base in middle, a

curved oblique series of three towards base, and one beneath fold

at }; an oblique strigula from costa at 4, and a dot beneath it;

an oblique streak from middle of costa reaching half across wing;

a triangle irregularly outlined on dorsum beyond middle, reaching

nearly half across wing; a curved irregular submarginal streak

running from + of costa to tornus, thickest opposite apex: cilia

whitish-grey, with three dark fuscous lines, on termen suffused

with light metallic-blue, on tornus dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, with two dark fuscous shades. Under-surface

of hind-wings with a slightly curved white transverse fascia at 3.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to. February

(Parish); twenty specimens.

Strobisia ithycosma, n. sp.

3. 10 mm. Head dark grey, face suffused with whitish.

Palpi whitish, terminal joint suffused with grey except towards

base. Thorax dark fuscous, patagia leaden-grey. Abdomen dark

268 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated,

costa almost straight, moderately arched towards apex, apex obtuse,

termen nearly straight, somewhat oblique; dark fuscous; four

blue-leaden-metallic transverse streaks, first towards base, rather

thick, second beyond 4, slender, white on costa, third beyond middle,

not reaching costa, interrupted below middle, fourth submarginal,

slightly sinuate inwards below middle; a white dot on costa before

2, edged beneath by a leaden-metallic dot, whence a fine straight

pale brownish line runs to dorsum at $; a slender pale brownish

streak along termen: cilia dark fuscous, round apex and upper

half of termen with basal half white (imperfect). Hind-wings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Zauituta, Meyr.

I had merged this in Strobisia, but now think it better to

maintain it as a separate genus; restricting Strobisia to

those species in which 7 of fore-wings is always absent.

Zalithia euphracta, n. sp.

39. 11-15 mm. Head and thorax dark green-bronze. Palpi

whitish-bronze, terminal joint dark purplish-bronze. Abdomen

dark fuscous. J ore-wings elongate, narrow, costa hardly arched,

faintly sinuate in middle, moderately arched towards apex, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 7 sometimes absent; dark

fuscous, with green reflections; basal fourth dark green-bronze,

blue towards costa posteriorly, edge rather oblique; white wedge-

shaped marks from costa at + and %, second sometimes prolonged

as a line reaching more than half across wing; an outwardly oblique

submedian leaden-grey mark beneath first of these, sometimes

connected with a projection of lower angle of basal patch; a some-

what oblique narrow median leaden-metallic blackish-edged fascia,

more or less dilated on dorsum, preceded by a variable orange band

extending to preceding markings but sometimes more or less wholly

obsolete; a transverse blue-leaden-metallic line at }, white on

costa, nearly followed by a rather incurved white transverse line,

more or less leaden-metallic in disc, both terminated beneath by a

suffused orange dorsal spot; apical area of wing occupied by a

coppery-purple blotch anteriorly convex and reaching nearly to

preceding line : cilia coppery-purple, on costa dark fuscous. Hind-

wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark grey subbasal line.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); thirteen specimens. Four of these have vein 7

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 269

of fore-wings absent, the other nine exhibiting the normal

structure of the genus. In other respects the species

accords well with Zalithia and not with Strobisia. Strobisia

Walkeri, Wals., is a nearly allied species, differing in the

postmedian markings.

Zalithia callichroma, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head deep glossy indigo-blue, collar yellow.

Palpi yellow, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Antennae

blackish, apical 3 white except tip. Thorax deep metallic green

with purple reflections. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins

in 9 suffused with deep orange. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa

hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; black;

base narrowly metallic-blue-green, extended as a thick streak along

dorsum to middle; slender interrupted yellow transverse streaks

between this streak and costa at } and before middle, and space

between them traversed by a yellow costal line and subcostal and

median streaks, alternating with narrow metallic-blue-green finely

black-edged streaks, the yellow subcostal streak divided by a fine

black line ; a slender violet-leaden transverse median fascia, narrowly

edged with black ground-colour, considerably expanded posteriorly

beneath but not quite reaching dorsum; wing beyond this wholly

orange-red, except a yellow wedge-shaped mark on costa beyond

median fascia, and a bright purple triangular patch extending over

termen with its apex reaching inwards in disc nearly to fascia :

cilia dark fuscous with coppery reflections. Hind-wings dark

fuscous, in g sometimes tinged with orange towards subdorsal

area, in 9 with anterior 3 of wing more or less wholly orange; cilia

dark fuscous.

British Gurana, Bartica, from January to April

(Parish); eleven specimens.

Zalithia sandaracota, n. sp.

2. 15 mm. Head deep indigo-blue, collar yellow on sides.

Palpi yellow, anteriorly blackish on terminal joint and upper part

of second. Antennae purple-blackish, apical half white except

towards apex. Thorax metallic-green, with purple reflections.

Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins orange-ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa nearly straight, slightly arched

posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; black;

base narrowly metallic-blue-green, extended as a thick streak along

dorsum to middle; interrupted yellow transverse streaks between

270 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

this and costa at 4 and before middle, connected by costal and three

other fine yellow longitudinal lines, with metallic-blue-green streaks

between first and second, and between third and fourth; a narrow

transverse violet-leaden median fascia, triangularly dilated pos-

teriorly on dorsum, edged with black; wing beyond this wholly

deep red, except a yellow wedge-shaped mark on costa beyond

median fascia, and an elongate violet-leaden spot in disc at 3: cilia

dark violet-grey. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark

fuscous basal line.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one

specimen.

Zalithia irvantha, un. sp.

9. 12-13 mm. Head deep glossy indigo, face ochreous-whitish,

collar more or less yellow-whitish on sides. Palpi yellow, terminal

joint and upper part of second blackish anteriorly. Antennae

black, apical ? white. Thorax deep glossy indigo-blue, sides of

dorsum metallic-green. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings

elongate, narrow, costa hardly arched, faintly sinuate towards

middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique;

black; from base to middle except on margins the wing is suffused

with metallic-blue on costal half, metallic-green on dorsal half,

with a small yellow subcostal spot near base, and sometimes another

at +; a yellow elongate blotch extending along costa from middle

to #, enclosing a metallic-blue streak; a small irregular yellow spot

in middle of disc; a shining blue-purple trapezoidal blotch on

dorsum towards tornus, reaching half across wing, upper posterior

angle acute, upper anterior angle connected with costal yellow

blotch by a blue mark; wing beyond these markings wholly coppery-

red: cilia rather dark lilac-grey, on costa light yellowish. Hind-

wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line.

BritisH Gurana, Bartica and Mallal, in February and

March (Parish); three specimens.

HELcystoGRAMMA. Zell.

I propose to maintain this also as a distinct genus. In

the forewings 2 and 3 are stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to

apex. The Indian species brabylitis, Meyr., and armata,

Meyr., as well as hebiscz, Staint., are referable here.

Helcystogramma symbolica, n. sp.

$9. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax leaden-fuscous. Palpi light

bronzy-grey, tip ochreous-whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 271

wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate beneath apex, hardly

oblique; violet-leaden-grey, somewhat sprinkled with ochreous-

whitish; a fine irregular dark fuscous streak above middle from

base to near 4, terminated with ochreous-whitish; an irregularly

rounded subtriangular blackish whitish-edged blotch extending on

dorsum from } to 3 and reaching half across wing; an ochreous-

whitish line from costa at + to disc beyond middle, edged posteriorly

with dark fuscous suffusion, and terminated by a crescentic group

of three blackish dots edged with whitish, median largest; an

ochreous-whitish line from % of costa to tornus, slightly bent in

middle and waved on lower half, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous ;

area beyond this dark fuscous, including a thick curved sub-

marginal leaden-grey shade, and marked on costa with two or three

ochreous-whitish dots, and on termen with an ochreous-whitish

praemarginal line: cilia violet-leaden, with a coppery-fuscous

postmedian shade. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia violet-grey.

British GuIANA, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); thirty specimens. Very like obseratella, Zell.

(which I identify with hibiscz, Staint.), but easily distin-

guished by the absence of the three whitish dashes towards

termen characteristic of hibisci, and specially mentioned

by Zeller.

Helcystogramma adaequata, n. sp.

®. 14 mm. Head and thorax dark leaden-fuscous. Palpi light

fuscous, terminal joint whitish speckled with dark fuscous. Abdo-

men dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly

rather dilated, costa gently arched, somewhat sinuate beyond middle,

apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate in middle, hardly oblique;

dark fuscous; a leaden-grey median streak from base to dorsal

blotch; a large semi-oval blotch of ground-colour partially suffused

with ferruginous and finely edged with whitish, extending on

dorsum from } to 2, its upper edge rather prominent in middle and

reaching 3 across wing; a thick blue-leaden-grey streak along costa

from base to 4, thence continued along posterior edge of dorsal

blotch to dorsum, where it coalesces with a narrower slightly curved

transverse streak from costa beyond middle, space between these

in disc occupied by two transversely placed oval spots of blackish-

fuscous suffusion edged with whitish; an oblique ochreous-whitish

strigula from costa at 4, and a small spot on costa at 3, whence a

faint irregular line runs to dorsum before tornus; a blue-leaden-

metallic line from costa before apex to tornus, indented outwards

272 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

and interrupted beneath apex; a black terminal line, edged with

ochreous-whitish : cilia lilac-grey (imperfect). Hind-wings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

THRYPSIGENES, Ni. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 4,

in g rather stout, simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.

Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint

thickened with scales angularly projecting at apex beneath, terminal

joint 2 of second, moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary.

Posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs above. Fore-wings with

16 furcate, 2 from towards angle, 3 from angle, 7 absent, 8 and 9

short-stalked or connate, 11 from beyond middle. Hind-wings

under 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex tolerably pointed, termen

slightly sinuate, cilia 1}; 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 long-

stalked.

Type colluta, Meyr. Allied to Deoclona.

Thrypsigenes colluta, n. sp.

3 9. 10-13 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi

ochreous-whitish, slightly sprinkled with fuscous specks. Abdomen

whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded; whitish-ochreous, faintly speckled with greyish: cilia

whitish-ochreous, with some faint grey specks towards base. Hind-

wings ochreous-whitish or grey-whitish; cilia whitish.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); four specimens.

Thrypsigenes furvescens, 0. sp.

3. 13 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous. Palpi

whitish, second joint grey except apex, terminal joint irrorated

with grey. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded; fuscous; a whitish-ochreous stripe occupying costal

third from base to $: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings rather

dark fuscous; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, from February to April

(Parish); two specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 273

Pachnistis rubentula, n. sp.

6 2. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous, in ¢

rosy-tinged. Abdomen light dull rosy, segmental margins ochreous-

whitish. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat dilated

posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

rather oblique; pale ochreous ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical

obliquely before first discal; some small indistinct dark fuscous

dots round posterior part of costa and termen, and a larger one at

tornus : cilia light dull rosy. Hind-wings and cilia light dull rosy.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December (Parish); two

specimens.

Pachnistis rhodocrossa, n. sp.

2.8 mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi

ochreous-whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous except at apex of

second joint. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, somewhat

dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; light greyish-ochreous; second discal stigma

dark fuscous; a series of small indistinct dark fuscous dots round

posterior part of costa and termen, and a larger one at tornus : cilia

light dull rosy. Hind-wings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one

specimen.

Glyphidocera exsiccata, n. sp.

3 2. 9-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish-ochreous

sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennal notch of ¢ shallow, simple.

Abdomen grey, in § with segments 2 and 3 clothed with modified

whitish-ochreous hairscales, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

rounded, rather oblique; light brownish-ochreous, sprinkled with

dark fuscous; a dark fuscous dot in disc at }; stigmata cloudy, dark

fuscous, plical obliquely before first discal, an additional dot beneath

second discal; some cloudy dark fuscous dots on termen : cilia grey-

whitish, with two dark grey shades. Hind-wings grey or whitish-

grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, with faint greyish subbasal

shade.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); sixteen specimens.

Glyphidocera inurbana, un. sp.

6 2. 12-16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Antennal notch of

3 deep, covered by curved projection from beneath. Palpi rather

dark fuscous, sprinkled with pale ochreous. Abdomen grey, in 3

274 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

with segments 2 and 3 clothed with modified pale greyish-ochreous

hairscales, anal tuft pale greyish-ochreous. TF ore-wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather

obliquely rounded; greyish-ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous ;

a cloudy dark fuscous dot in disc at }; stigmata cloudy, dark

fuscous, plical rather obliquely before first discal, second discal

transverse: cilia fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia grey.

BritisH GUIANA, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); twenty-five specimens.

TEUCHOPHANES, 0. g.

Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed.

Antennae +, in ¢ serrulate, shortly ciliated, basal joint elongate,

without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint

thickened with appressed scales, compressed, terminal joint as long

as second, with projecting scales posteriorly except near apex, acute.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibiae rough-scaled above. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 and 3

stalked from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle.

Hind-wings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate,

cilia }; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 closely

approximated towards base.

Teuchophanes leucopleura, n. sp.

3 2. 14-15 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-fuscous, face paler,

thorax with two fine white stripes from shoulders approximated

posteriorly. Palpi dark bronzy-grey, anterior edge yellow on

second joint, whitish on terminal. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,

termen slightly rounded, little oblique; dark fuscous; broad orange

transverse finely black-edged bands before middle and about 3,

not reaching dorsum, their lower angles produced into short strigulae,

first band rather oblique, its anterior edge white or whitish, second

with both sides more or less variably convex or prominent in disc ;

space between these occupied by a violet-leaden fascia, reaching

dorsum, dilated towards costa; second band followed by a narrow

violet-leaden fascia from % of costa to tornus; beyond this an

orange costal spot, whence a very fine orange or grey praemarginal

line runs round apex and termen: cilia violet-grey, basal third

dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark

fuscous subbasal shade.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); three specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 275

ILINGIOTIS, n. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae

almost 1, in ¢ serrulate, minutely ciliated, basal joint moderately

elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second

joint with scales triangularly expanded towards apex above and

short rough apical tuft beneath, terminal joint as long as second or

longer, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, ap-

pressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above.

Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked, 7 absent, 8 and 9

sometimes stalked, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, trapezoidal,

apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate, 5

approximated towards base, 6 and 7 connate, lower margin of cell

without pecten.

Type sevectella, Walk. A development of T'richotaphe.

Ilingiotis thrasynta, n. sp.

$9. 8-9 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Palpi dark

grey, second joint with apex white, terminal joint white except

anterior edge. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, faintly sinuate towards middle, apex obtuse, termen

rounded, oblique; 8 and 9 stalked; grey, mixed with whitish and

dark fuscous; a blackish dot in disc at 1; stigmata large, black,

pale-edged, plical rather obliquely before first discal, second discal

often connected with dorsum by a transverse mark of dark fuscous

suffusion; a more or less curved whitish line from % or $ of costa

to tornus: cilia grey, with dark grey antemedian line, beneath

tornus grey-whitish. Hind-wings grey, in 3 with margins of lower

median vein hyaline towards base; cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); eight specimens.

Llingiotis vigilans, n. sp.

39. 9-11 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-bronzy. Palp

dark fuscous, second joint with apex white, terminal joint white

except anterior edge. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate,

rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; 9 separate ; light

ochreous-bronzy; a black dot on base of costa; an irregular black

dot in disc at 4; stigmata black, discal large, pale-edged, plical

small, beneath first discal; a whitish-ochreous spot on costa at #,

whence a slightly curved indistinct whitish-ochreous line runs to

276 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

tornus; a row of black dots round posterior part of costa and

termen: cilia light brownish-ochreous. Hind-wings dark grey;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two

specimens.

Ilingrotis sevectella, Walk.

Gelechia sevectella, Walk. Cat. XXX, 1020).

3 ¢. 10-14 mm. Head light grey, sidetufts ochreous-whitish.

Palpi dark fuscous, apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint

whitish except anterior edge. Thorax light grey, shoulders suffused

with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate,

rather narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,

more strongly posteriorly, with cilia rather prominent at 3, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 9 separate; light grey, strigulated

with darker and somewhat mixed with ochreous-whitish; costa

broadly suffused with ochreous-whitish from base to 3, costal edge

blackish towards base; a small black spot towards costa near base ;

stigmata represented by round blackish spots edged with whitish,

plical smaller, slightly beyond first discal; a black dot or mark on

costa at 2; a curved whitish line from costa beyond this to tornus;

an ochreous-whitish line round posterior part of costa and termen,

marked with a series of blackish dots: cilia whitish-ochreous,

obscurely barred with fuscous. Hind-wings rather dark grey;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); twenty-four specimens. Walker’s type

is from Ega, Brazil.

PACHYSARIS, 0. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts roughly spreading; ocelli

present; tongue developed. Antennae nearly 1, in g moderately

ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very

long, curved, ascending, second joint much thickened with dense

scales, above with very long dense projecting hairs on apical half,

expansible interiorly, terminal joint much shorter than second, with

rough projecting scales posteriorly except towards apex, acute.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibiae with rough projecting hairs above and beneath. Fore-wings

with 16 furcate, 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from

middle. Hind-wings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen

faintly sinuate, cilia }; lower margin of cell with pecten of long hairs

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 277

towards base; 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated at base, 6 and 7

connate.

Type rurigena, Meyr. Allied to Trichotaphe.

Pachysaris collina, n. sp.

g- 18 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous, irrorated

with darker. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,

costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat

oblique; fuscous; a small spot of dark fuscous suffusion on base of

costa; stigmata very small, obscure, dark fuscous, plical rather

obliquely beyond first discal : cilia fuscous, base spotted with paler.

Hind-wings dark fuscous, subhyaline towards costa; cilia fuscous.

Peru, Chanchamayo, in January (Mounsey); one

specimen. The fore-wings are obviously narrower than

In rurigena.

Pachysaris rurigena, n. sp.

32. 17-19 mm. Head grey, sides bronzy-tinged. Palpi dark

fuscous, terminal joint more or less white towards apex. Thorax

~ brownish, shoulders blackish. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

somewhat oblique; brown; a small blackish spot at base of costa;

discal stigmata minute, dark fuscous; a faint hardly paler slightly

bent shade from 4 of costa to tornus; a terminal series of minute

dark fuscous dots: cilia grey or brownish, base obscurely spotted

with paler. Hind-wings rather dark grey; cilia grey, with darker

subbasal shade.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); four specimens.

Noeza pyretodes, n. sp.

6. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, patagia

mixed with ferruginous. Palpi whitish, second joint with two

ferruginous-brownish bands, terminal joint with anterior edge dark

fuscous. Abdomen greyish, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, flattened and faintly

sinuate towards middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather

oblique; ochreous-whitish, dorsal % suffusedly tinged with pale

ferruginous; markings suffused, dark ferruginous; a small mark

on base of costa; an irregular patch extending in disc from base to

4; aslender streak along costa from 2? to ?; elongate marks towards

costa about middle and $; a streak through disc from about } to 3,

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—ParT I. ° (OcT.) T

278 Mr. Kdward Meyrick’s Description of

interrupted by a whitish dot representing first discal stigma and

two representing second; a short oblique streak terminating in costa

above apex; a line along apical portion of costa: cilia whitish-

ferruginous. Hind-wings grey; cilia whitish-grey, with darker sub-

basal shade, round apex ferruginous-tinged.

British Gurana, Bartica, in January and February

(Parish); two specimens. The hind-wings in this genus

have a well-developed pecten of hairs on lower margin of

cell towards base.

Noeza zachroa, n. sp.

®. 138-14 mm. Head pale ochreous, crown pale shining bronzy.

Palpi pale yellowish, second joint with a violet lateral stripe, with

long rough hairs above throughout, mixed with blackish, terminal

joint white. ‘Thorax leaden-grey suffused with indigo-blue anteriorly.

Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently

arched, slightly sinuate towards middle, apex obtuse, termen

rounded-prominent; yellow-ochreous, tinged with ferruginous

towards costa; extreme base purple; a deep blue streak along costa

from base to middle, and two other streaks beneath it from base to

a transverse deep blue spot at %, upper interval deep red, lower

orange; a transverse dark indigo-blue blotch in disc beyond middle,

confluent with costal streak, and two small confluent spots between

this and preceding blotch; a series of confluent blackish blotches

along fold throughout, confluent with these markings above and with

a dark grey streak along dorsum from base to tornus; a blue-

blackish curved transverse shade at %, preceding a discal blotch

of ground-colour suffused with ferruginous above and marked with

blue-blackish on veins; beyond this a ferruginous fascia, marked

with blue-blackish streaks on veins; terminal yellowish space

somewhat brassy-metallic, with three transversely placed blue-

black dots: cilia ochreous-yellow, on costa with a blue-black

basal line. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia giey, round apex

ochreous-yellowish with a grey antemedian line,

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two

Specimens,

Tricholaphe porphyrogramma, n. sp.

3 9. 11-16 mm. Head pale ochreous, usually more or less tinged

or suffused with pale blue-leaden-grey. Palpi white, second joint

more or less suffused with violet except apex, with hairs largely

expanded above, more or less suffused with ochreous-yellowish

except towards tips, terminal joint with violet subbasal band.

South American Micro-Leyidopltera. 279

Thorax pale ochreous, variably marked or wholly suffused with

violet-grey. Abdomen dark grey. Tore-wings elongate, rather

narrow, costa gently arched anteriorly and near apex, nearly straight

between these, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; pale

ochreous, more or less variably suffused with bright deep ferruginous

or ferruginous-brown, especially on dorsal half or sometimes wholly ;

all veins and costa marked with well-defined purple-blue or violet-

grey streaks; variable inwardly oblique deep ferruginous or ferru-

ginous-brown sometimes blackish-mixed blotches in dise before

and beyond middle representing stigmata: cilia whitish, usually

with grey or ferruginous median shade, on costa usually suffused

with grey except tips. Hind-wings dark grey, lighter anteriorly ;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

Britrisu Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); ten specimens. Very variable. Also a

specimen probably of same species from Yquitos, Peru, in

May (Mounsey).

Trichotaphe wolaria, i. sp.

® 14-16 mm. Head pale shining ochreous. Palpi whitish,

second joint more or less violet-tinged except apex, with hairs

largely expanded above, more or less suffused with ochreous-yellow-

ish except tips, terminal joint with violet subbasal band. ‘Thorax

pale ochreous more or less suffused with ferruginous-brown, shoulders

dark violet-grey. Abdomen dark grey. lore-wings elongate,

narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate towards middle, apex

obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; pale ochreous or whitish-

ochreous; costal and subcostal deep violet-blue lines from base to

#, meeting posteriorly, space between these ferruginous-tinged; a

violet spot in dise at 4, two smaller ones transversely placed in

middle, and a streak along fold; dorsal half from base to beyond

middle more or less mixed or suffused with deep ferruginous; a

broad deep ferruginous transverse fascia about %, streaked with

dark fuscous on veins, this fascia extended on dorsal half to termen

and there suffused upwards to apex: cilia ochreous-whitish, basal

third ferruginous, on costa suffused with grey. Hind-wings dark

grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

Brivish Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, in February and

March (Parish); eight specimens.

T'richotaphe turrita, n. sp.

$9. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous. Palpi

dark fuscous, second joint with scales expanded towards apex above,

280 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

apical edge white, terminal joint whitish except anterior edge.

Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; pale fuscous ;

a large blackish transverse blotch, edged with whitish, occupying

median third of dorsum, upper edge projecting furthest posteriorly,

where it reaches 4 across wing; second discal stigma round, blackish,

whitish-edged; an indistinct rather irregular ochreous-whitish

line from } of costa to dorsum before tornus, edged with fuscous

posteriorly; a series of dark fuscous dots round posterior third of

costa and termen : cilia light greyish-ochreous, basal third obscurely

barred with fuscous. Hind-wings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

British Gurana, Bartica, in January (Parish); two

specimens.

Trichotaphe caustonota, n. sp.

g.13 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Palpi dark

fuscous, hairs of second joint expanded above on apical half, terminal

joint shorter, with apical half white except anterior edge. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched anteriorly, faintly

sinuate beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ;

yellow-ochreous; costal edge blackish towards base; a moderate

dark fuscous streak along dorsum from base to tornus, somewhat

dilated before middle; a triangular dark fuscous patch extending on

costa from 2 to 4, and reaching half across wing, edged with silvery-

whitish; a roundish blotch of dark fuscous suffusion before termen

beneath apex; some black terminal dots: cilia dark fuscous, on

costa ochreous-yellowish. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey,

with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one

specimen.

Trichotaphe carycina, un. sp.

3 9. 19-23 mm. Head and thorax dark purplish-fuscous.

Palpi dark fuscous, second joint with scales broadly expanded above

towards apex and sprinkled with whitish, terminal joint whitish-

ochreous, anterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous.

Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated,

costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate towards middle, apex obtuse,

termen faintly sinuate, little oblique; light ochreous-brown, strigu-

lated or sometimes much suffused with deep ferruginous; base

deep ferruginous mixed with dark fuscous; costa deep ferruginous

from base to near apex; stigmata suffused, ferruginous, plical

obliquely before first discal, these two often confluent into a suffused

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 281

ferruginous streak extended to dorsum, first discal usually marked

with an irregular, blackish-grey spot; a series of blackish dots round

apex and termen: cilia reddish-ochreous. Hind-wings dark grey ;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); five specimens.

Dichomeris opsonoma, n. sp.

3. 14 mm. Head grey. Palpi dark grey, second joint with

scales roughly triangularly expanded towards apex above and with

short tuft beneath, apical edge whitish, terminal joint whitish with

anterior edge and subapical band blackish. Thorax pale ochreous,

with dark grey dorsal stripe. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen slightly rounded, nearly vertical; pale ochreous-yellow,

whitish-tinged towards costa anteriorly; a narrow brownish streak

along dorsum from base to tornus, becoming dark brown towards

base; stigmata minute, rather dark fuscous, plical beneath first

discal; posterior part of costa and termen somewhat suffused with

yellow-ochreous; a marginal series of minute black specks round

apex and termen: cilia deep ochreous. Hind-wings ochreous-

whitish; cilia whitish-ochreous.

British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one

specimen.

Dichomeris zonostoma, n. sp.

g. 16 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sides of crown brownish-

ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint with scales triangularly

expanded towards apex above and short triangular apical tuft

beneath, with two brown bands, anterior edge of terminal joint

dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, patagia brown. Abdomen

grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

somewhat sinuate towards middle, apex pointed, termen rounded,

rather oblique; whitish-ochreous; a broad irregular brown median

stripe from base to apex, and a narrower one along dorsum from

near base to middle of termen; veins partially marked with suffused

dark fuscous lines on these streaks, and towards costa exteriorly ;

a narrow suffused fuscous streak along costa from before middle to

4; plical and second discal stigmata blackish; a whitish line round

posterior part of costa and termen, marked with a series of black

marks or dots on apex and termen: cilia light brownish, darker

282 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Description of

towards base, tips whitish, at apex with a dark fuscous bar, on costa

whitish. Hind-wings dark grey; cilia grey, darker towards base,

round apex suffused with brownish.

BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, in December (Parish); one

specimen.

Dichomeris aequata, n. sp.

3 @. 13-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-fuscous. Palpi dark

fuscous, second joint with scales strongly triangularly dilated above

and small triangular apical tuft beneath, apical edge white, terminal

joint white, anterior edge blackish. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, faintly smuate towards

middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; light greyish-

ochreous, irrorated with fuscous except towards costa anteriorly ;

a small blackish dot on base of costa; stigmata moderate, blackish,

obscurely whitish-edged, plical beneath first discal; a faint pale

greyish-ochreous slightly curved shade from ? of costa to dorsum

before tornus; a row of blackish dots round apex and termen: cilia

pale greyish-ochreous. Hind-wings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

British Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); four

specimens.

Dichomeris squalens, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous. Palpi

dark grey, second joint with scales triangularly expanded towards

apex above and short rough triangular apical tuft beneath,

‘apical edge white, terminal joint whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous.

Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, faintly sinuate towards middle, cilia slightly prominent

at origin, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; greyish-

ochreous or pale fuscous, sprinkled with darker fuscous; markings

rather dark brown; a small spot on fold at +; stigmata moderate,

plical rather obliquely before first discal, an additional dot more or

less marked before and above first discal; an irregular indistinct

paler line from ? of costa to dorsum before tornus, somewhat curved

outwards and indented above middle, edged with brown suffusion

posteriorly; a series of blackish dots round posterior part of costa

and termen : cilia light brownish-ochreous or fuscous. | Hind-wings

and cilia grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January and February

(Parish); seven specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 283

Dichomeris macroptera, n. sp.

3 2. 15-17 mm. Head pale ochreous, crown sometimes centrally

greyish-tinged. Palpi pale ochreous tinged with greyish, second

joint with scales triangularly expanded above and long triangular

projecting tuft beneath, apical edge whitish, terminal joint whitish,

anterior edge blackish. Thorax ochreous-brown. Abdomen dark

grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; ochreous-brown, with lilac

reflections, somewhat lighter towards disc; dorsal half deep ferru-

ginous, division rather irregular, somewhat whitish-edged in disc;

dorsal edge suffused with dark grey towards base; stigmata elongate,

blackish, plical slightly beyond first discal, sometimes confluent with

it; blackish streaks on veins 4 and 5 towards termen : cilia light

ochreous, somewhat ferruginous-tinged. Hind-wings rather dark

grey, lighter in disc anteriorly; cilia grey, round apex suffused with

pale ochreous.

BritisH Gurana, Bartica, from December to February

(Parish); two specimens.

Dichomeris zomias, n. sp.

6. 13-15 mm. Head and thorax ferruginous-brownish, crown

tinged with grey. Palpi ferruginous-brownish irrorated with deep

ferruginous, second joint with long rough projecting scales above

and moderate somewhat projecting apical tuft beneath, terminal

joint whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate

towards middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique;

ferruginous-brown, with some scattered dark fuscous scales;

stigmata obscure, cloudy, fuscous or darker, sometimes forming elon-

gate spots, dorsal half of wing sometimes much obscured with dark

fuscous irroration partially concealing these; an almost marginal

streak of dark fuscous suffusion just before termen, strongest up-

wards: cilia ferruginous-brown. Hind-wings and cilia dark grey.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to

March (Parish); twelve specimens.

Dichomeris cachrydias, n. sp.

3. 11-12mm. Head pale ochreous, with light grey central

stripe. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint with scales triangularly

expanded above and moderate triangular projecting tuft beneath,

apical edge whitish, terminal joint whitish except anterior edge,

284 Mr. Meyrick’s Description of Micro-Lepidoptera.

Thorax pale ochreous, shoulders fuscous. Abdomen dark grey.

Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched towards extremi-

ties, apex tolerably pointed, termen somewhat rounded, rather

strongly oblique ; ferruginous-ochreous ; costa more or less slenderly,

dorsum rather broadly infuscated; discal stigmata cloudy, dark

fuscous, each more or less surrounded with fuscous suffusion coalese-

ing with a broad streak of fuscous suffusion extending above fold

to tornus; an undefined patch of fuscous suffusion towards costa

about 3, and a streak along termen: cilia ochreous. Hind-wings

and cilia grey.

British GuraNA, Mallali, in March (Parish); four

specimens.

Dichomeris famulata, un. sp.

3g. 13-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi

luscous, second joint with scales triangularly expanded above and

short triangular apical tuft beneath, apical edge whitish, terminal

joint whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex tolerably pointed,

termen rounded, rather strongly oblique; whitish-ochreous, with

scattered dark fuscous scales; costa narrowly suffused with fuscous

from base to +, with more or less indicated darker dots and strigulae ;

dark fuscous dots beneath fold at +, and above fold beyond this; a

blackish dot towards costa before middle; stigmata blackish, first

discal small, plical somewhat obliquely beyond it ; a series of blackish

dots round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-

ochreous. Hind-wings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline anteriorly ;

lower margin of cell with fringe of long hairs towards base; cilia pale

grey, with darker subbasal shade round apex.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December (Parish); two

specimens.

( 285.)

IX. A Contribution to the Life History of Agriades thersites,

Cantener. By T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.ZS.

[Read March 18th, 1914.]

Puates XXVI-LIII.

In presenting my account of this species to the Society two

years ago, I promised myself, all being well, shortly to

learn something about its early stages.

In 1912, however, searching for the larvae on Sainfoin,

I was only rewarded by finding those of A. damon and

P. argyrognomon (Ent. Mo. Mag., 1914, p. 22), and as

regards the imago, though I found specimens, I did not

hit off the correct place and season for success.

In 1913 I was more fortunate. I was unlucky in not

meeting with the spring brood, but in July and August I

obtained specimens and ova. On the 20th July I met

with one specimen only, a very fresh male at Bourg d’Oisans,

and so, concluding that it was only commencing to come

out, I went for a fortnight or so to Le Lautaret, at some

6900 ft. of elevation, and was a good deal surprised to find

thersites there. On the 24th July, at some 400 ft. below

the Hospice, at an actual elevation of about 6500 ft., I

found thersites on the wing amongst wild Sainfoin in full

bloom, some going over, flying with icarus, damon, eschert,

argyrognomon, eros, minima, coridon, and other butterflies.

The minima were nearly over, as judged by numbers and

condition ; the thersites nearly all worn and damaged, with

a few 292 amongst them. By the 29th thersites at this

locality were clearly nearly over. At this date I made a

note of species flying with it, to illustrate that its companions

were really rather of a subalpine type, and not, as I had

supposed to be the rule with thersites, of a less Northern

type than is found in the south of England. It must not

be forgotten that Le Lautaret is in many respects a very

exceptional locality, close to very alpine areas, for the

most part subalpine in its plants and insects, but possessing

many species that one hardly expects to find at such an

elevation. The species noted as more or less common

and flying with A. thersites were Erebia stygne, tyndarus,

' TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRT II. (OCT.)

286 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

P. eros, icarus, A. damon, C. minimus, P. argyrognomon,

A. astrarche, C. phicomone, OC. arcanius, v. darwiniana;

rather less common or scarce, A. niobe, v. eris, B. pales,

M. cinzia (very worn), P. hylas, A. coridon, C. sebrus,

A. escheri, C. semiargus. Not many yards off and at the

same level were M. aurinia, C. virgaureae, P. apollo, S.

carthami. The little Mountain Tortrix, Pamplusia mer-

curiana, was also common. We find these species are

both high and low level species. Tyndarus, eros, phicomone,

darwiniana, pales are certainly mountain species. On the

other hand, cinxia, damon, sebrus, eschert are by no means

high level species.

On the 30th July I met with A. thersites in another place,

a rather extended locality, but with the butterfly more

frequent on certain tops of knolls where Sainfoin grew freely

and was in full bloom. These knolls were at an elevation

of about 500 ft. above the Hospice, or say 7500 ft., or roughly

1000 ft. above the lower habitat of A. thersites, where both

the butterfly and the flowers of Sainfoin were already going

over. On these knolls most specimens were in fair con-

dition, but the butterfly had certainly been on the wing

some days, judging by the proportion of worn specimens.

I estimated that the butterfly was here 10 to 14 days later

than at the lower locality, some 1000 ft. lower.

On descending to Bourg d’Oisans (2360 ft.) again, on

Aug. 5th, weather prevented a successful search for A.

thersites for some days, but from 8th to 21st it was found

almost anywhere where Sainfoin grew, but usually very

rarely in cultivated fields. It was in fair condition and

fresh specimens were found up till the last date. The

Sainfoin was, in the cultivated fields, a well-grown second

crop, with only here and there a few second-crop flowers.

When wild plants had not been cropped they were in seed,

and the seeds were quite ripe up to 1000 ft. above Bourg

d’Oisans.

A day or two at Grenoble (22nd to 25th Aug.) afforded

two specimens of A. thersites in the Uriage Valley at a

point where Sainfoin occurred both wild and cultivated,

but no specimens elsewhere, though a number of P. icarus

were scrutinised. Again, an odd specimen was found

close to Grenoble where Sainfoin seemed to be wild in

meadows, though it may have been a survival from its

cultivation a number of years before. In any other places

where there was no Sainfoin, thersites was not seen.

the Infe History of Agriades thersites. 287

One conclusion arrived at was to confirm the idea that

the food-plant of A. thersites was Onobrychis (Sainfoin) in

its cultivated and wild and alpine forms. The butterfly

was seen to lay on it; it was most numerous where the

plant grew wild in some quantity, and though it was not

found everywhere where Sainfoin was seen, it was never

met with where Sainfoin was absent. Quite possibly it

has other food-plants, but the observations not only gave

no indication of what they might be, but tempted one to

the conclusion that it had no food-plant but Sainfoin.

This conclusion is certainly correct for the portions of

Dauphiny explored, but there may, in other areas, be some

equally acceptable plant that does not occur in these valleys.

The other conclusion arrived at is that A. thersites is

double-brooded throughout most of its range, but at Le

Lautaret it is single-brooded. It was certainly somewhat

of a surprise to find the butterfly at Le Lautaret as high

as 7500 ft., and a specimen or two even higher. The dates

of appearance were only explicable on the idea of a single

brood, as the species at 7000 ft. was going over before the

second brood at 2500 ft. was fully out. At Le Lautaret

the butterflies were contemporaneous with the flowering

of the Sainfoin, as was probably the first brood at the

lower level, the second brood coming out, when the second

crop of Sainfoin (where cultivated) was nearly ready for

cutting.

The specimens, single-brooded from Lautaret, and

second-brooded from Bourg d’Oisans, flying at the same

date, but with a difference in the elevation of their habitats

of 5000 ft. did not in the field, nor do they now in my

boxes, present any differences that I can detect, they are

about the same size. A few measured, selected as large

or small, varied ¢¢ 30-43 mm. at Bourg d’Oisans, 29-

35 mm. at Lautaret, but these Lautaret specimens were

(accidentally) exceptional. The 99 at Bourg 27-35 mm.,

at Lautaret 29-31 mm. The mass of specimens were

between these extremes—about 33 mm. ¢4, 32 mm. 99°

at both places.

At Bourg d’Oisans A. thersites occurred up to about

4000 ft. (still in second brood) in warm corners on the

sunny side of the valley, but, though one can by no means

be certain, I don’t think it occurred at elevations inter-

mediate between this and the single-brooded high level

(6500 ft.).

288 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

My bred specimens (nearly a score in number, more if

the probable result of larvae given away be included) are

of large size ranging up to 38 mm. in expanse, the females

also are large (36 mm.) with much blue marking.

Those of Le Lautaret and Bourg d’Oisans origin were not

kept separate, but the whole lot are very uniform, and

both sets must be represented. They are of course either

of the spring emergence or of the single-brooded race; in

accordance with this I find the androconia are of the eschert

pattern, with a few odd scales intermixed, varying down

to thersites summer form.

Such trifling variation presents itself not infrequently

in other species, but until looked for does not modify the

impression of absolute uniformity.

Mr. Francis I. Ball finds that A. thersites occurs in

Belgium, and has allowed me to examine some specimens.

I submit a separate communication arising out of his

observations of these specimens.

I entertain little doubt that in Belgium, A. thersites is

single-brooded, and is thus brought into relation with my

specimens from Le Lautaret. The specimens are rather

small, ranging from 29 mm. to 35 mm. in expanse, and

very similar in size and appearance to specimens of P. icarus

which accompanied them.

The discovery of a single-brooded form at 7500 ft. and

over at Le Lautaret and of the same form in Belgium

makes my view that A. thersites has somewhat Southern

climatic proclivities untenable. Its rather Southern

distribution is clearly not directly due to climate, but

only indirectly in so far as climate aflects the distribu-

tion of Onobrychis (Sainfoin). When an alpine form of

Sainfoin occurs at a high elevation, A. thersites is able to

accompany it.

In the Entomologists’ Record, A. thersites is reported

from Constantinople by Mr. Graves (vol. xxv, p. 139); by

Mr. Curwen, and especially in a detailed paper of some

interest by Mr. B. C. S. Warren from the portion of the

Rhine Valley about Bex and St. Triphon, thus much

diminishing the long stretch of the valley from which I

previously had no records (vol. xxv, p. 253), and (p. 301).

Messrs. Buxton record the species from Greece (Kpidaurus,

April 21st) (Ent. Rec., vol. xxvi, p. 50); these are rather

small specimens, probably of the spring brood. Commander

J. J. Walker has found a 9 specimen among the remains

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 289

of his captures at Port Baklar, near the Dardanelles, in

1878 (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xv, pp. 193-6).

Mr. Rowland-Brown tells me he finds in his collection

specimens of thersites from Aosta (May), Como (June),

Constantinople, Damascus, Beirut, Mende (Lozere), the

latter a locality more westerly than any previously recorded,

though exceeded in this respect by Mr. Moore’s Poitiers

specimens.

Mr. Roger Verity says he has series of A. thersites collected

near Florence and Leghorn. “It is particularly abundant

in May, becoming very scarce in other seasons of the year.

In fact, I had considered it a seasonal dimorphism of zcarus,

which occurred also at other times of the year when single

individuals developed in particular conditions.”

I find I have a specimen (9) taken at St. Maxime.

Mr. H. Brown, writing on 24th Nov. 1913, says that in

his collecting thersites is commoner in the South than

wcarus. As one goes North, thersites becomes rare in pro-

portion as icarus becomes more abundant. At Fontainebleau

and Lardy, which are, though very near Paris, altogether

Southern localities (one finds there Ascalaphus, Mantis,

Cicada), thersites is almost as abundant as icarus.

Mr. Harry Moore has some examples of Agriades thersies

from Poitiers. These are to be noted as from the most

Western habitat yet reported. They are also remarkable

as occurring along with zcarus, and, as happens elsewhere in

the two species, resembling each other very closely in all

respects. In one point, not they really, but the accom-

panying tcarus are remarkable in having, in a majority

of specimens, the apical orange spot of the hind-wing

advanced basally nearly as in thersites. On the other hand,

the twin spots, of the post-discal series, at the anal angle

are markedly upright in the thersites, typically oblique in

the icarus.

Dr. Anton Schmidt sends me specimens from the neigh-

bourhood of Buda-Pest of thersites and icarus taken to-

gether. On the upper sides the males seem to be identical ;

the expanse is from 30-34 mm. Two females, one of each

species, are practically identical on the upper side. Another

2 of thersites is rather small, only 28 mm., and has all the

appearance of a male medon with somewhat reduced orange

spots. The only difference I can see, is the slight and

perhaps doubtful one, that the faint black centres to the

orange spots of the hind-wing are near the margin as in

290 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

icarus and thersites, not close to the orange spot as in medon.

The underside is definitely thersites. Curiously enough, of

a pair of what are almost certainly thersites (appendages

not examined) from Hungary in the collection of the

Hon. N. C. Rothschild, the 9 has these black kernels dis-

posed very much in the fashion of medon, in neither speci-

men is there any trace of blue scales, that are never present

in medon, frequent in the other two species.

In captivity (at Le Lautaret and Bourg d’Oisans) the

butterflies laid eggs freely on Sainfoin. It was necessary

as with practically all these blues to place the plant on the

bottom of the cage, when they appeared to lay willingly

on the leaflets, especially the undersides, visiting very

sparingly upright leaves and stems, rarely laying on the

calyces, never (or hardly ever) on the corollas. P. icarus

is perhaps the least unwilling of the species I know, in

this regard, to lay on leaves and flowers at some height.

The eggs of A. thersites are of the usual Plebeiid type,

like those of P. zcarus as belonging to this type, but differing

in several definite respects. It is hardly appreciably

smaller. One marked difference is in the size of the

individual cells of the adventitious coat, which are a third

larger in thersites than in icarus, i.e. their diameters at

corresponding zones of the eggs are as 4 to 3. The columns

at the angles of the cells are markedly larger, higher, and

bolder in thersites than in wcarus. The micropylar area is

much larger in zcarus than in thersites. Both these circum-

stances are well shown in the photograph of the eggs

(Pl. XXXV). The structure of the micropylar area is

affected in even a larger degree than the rest of the egg,

in having the cells larger and fewer, as 1s evident in PI.

XXXVI. I present photographs of two specimens of

each species, showing that the difference is not an individual

variation.

I present most of the following notes on the larvae

roughly, as entered at the time. On various points I trust

to plates rather than to lengthy description.

Sept. 2. Some thersites hatching onwards from 8th

August are now in their third skins, some from eggs laid

about August 18th and hatching 26th to 27th are still in

Ist instar.

When newly hatched the larva is less than 1 mm. in length,

nearly colourless, a pale slaty tint, and looking semitransparent, the

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 291

hairs as a line down each side of dorsum, and a lateral series are

very evident and nearly as long as the thickness of larva. As the

larva grows, reaching a length of 1-5 mm., or when stretched nearly

2 mm., it develops some very distinct colouring. The ground-

colour is a very pale olive-green with a nearly white band along the

prominence of the lateral flange. Along the dorsal tubercles (with

black bases), and again just above the spiracles, the ground-colour

remains as pale bands, medio-dorsally is a broad pale brownish

band hardly interrupted at the incisions; between the two pale

bands.each segment has a pale brownish patch of same colour as

the dorsum, as are all the dark portions, or rather four small patches,

one at each corner of the area, the two dorsal ones touching each

other, the other two separate and having the lenticles medially on

a pale area, the spiracles are each on a pale area, but surrounded

by a dark nearly square patch, which is, however, sometimes actually,

at others nearly, obsolete just over the spiracle, connecting the pale

spiracular patch with the pale band above it, the prothoracic plate

is pale and the skin points are everywhere obvious as minute black

points, the hairs are colourless, glistening and spiculate, their bases

and the lenticles are black and conspicuous on the paler skin.

When we compare the armament of hairs, lenticles, etc.,

of the Ist stage larvae of icarus and thersites, it seems at

first impossible to detect any difference; there is, however,

a trifling difference, in that the hairs on A. thersites are

about an eighth longer than on P. icarus. So small a

difference is rather astonishing after the very marked

difference in the eggs, but is not really so when one observes

that these larvae cannot be distinguished from those of

bellargus and coridon and even semoargus, by any greater

differences.

Pl. XXXVII and XXXVIII show the skins of the two

larvae of the two species at this stage.

Sept. 5. In the 2nd instar the larva is about 1°5 mm. long approach-

ing 2°00 according to attitude and age in the instar. In form the

dorsal flanges stand out more prominently, with a flat dorsal plane

between them and very definite side slopes, each rather flat, from the

dorsal to the lateral flange and at an angle of about 90° to its fellow.

The dorsal plane has just a trace of a central depression or valley

emphasised by the large hair bases on the flange, the plane is nearly

twice as wide in front (on mesothorax) as behind (on 7th abdominal),

narrowing from before backwards. The hairs are more numerous,

with large black bases and nearly colourless, much spiculated shafts,

the colour is dark olive green, compounded of faint ochreous (pale)

292 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

pale reddish brown (dark) over greenish contents. The dorsal

trough is dark, the dorsal flanges (apart from hair bases) pale.

The subdorsal and supra-spiracular areas are still separated by a

pale line or band, but this and the pale spaces in the two areas are

smaller and less defined, so that the dark areas much predominate ;

below the spiracle is a dark area, then the pale lateral flange and a

dark area below this, the venter being pale.

The increased armature of hairs, lenticles, etc., is shown

in the photograph of the skin in this (second) instar on

PL XXX

Sept. 5. In 3rd instar it has a length of about 3 mm. (at rest)

or up to nearly 4:00 if stretched; the hairs are more numerous,

but proportionally (and actually ?) shorter than in 2nd instar.* The

outline is much the same, both in this and previous instar it is less

angular and more rounded as the larva feeds up. The colouring is

very similar; there is the pale flange line, and from the posterior

end of this (on each segment) a pale line passes obliquely downwards

and forwards; there is the pale lateral flange line, a pale area round

spiracle, and the pale intermediate line still exists, but is hardly

recognisable as a line, and there is a pale patch between this and

the oblique line, usually attached to the lower margin of the front

end of the oblique line. The honey-gland is distinct as a transverse

line with 8 or 10 hairs and lenticles round it, but not close to it.

The armature of hairs, lenticles, etc., is shown in Pl. XL.

It will be noticed that the hairs of the dorsal and lateral

flanges, and of the minor series half-way up the flange, are

more definitely separated from each other by a considerable

increase of the smaller intermediate hairs.

Pl. XXVI shows larvae at this stage. Figs. 1, 2, 3, of

P. icarus and 7 and 8 of A. thersites.

Sept. 13, 1913. A. thersites. One specimen moulted to

4th instar on 8th and another since (11th?). They are

now very short thick fat larvae; the smaller 4:5 mm. long,

2 mm. wide, 1‘7 mm. high (contracted and sulky); the

larger 6°0 mm. long, 2°2 mm. wide, 1°8 mm. high. Dark

glaucous green, with indications of a yellowish line in each

dorsal flange and a little less indistinct yellow lateral

flange line, a line of rather darker marks above spiracles

and a lighter green (yellowish oblique) line bordering this

above, and a parallel one higher up, starting from dorsal

* Their greater length does not exceed the proportion of 8 to 7,

a proportional increase would be as 5 to 3.

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 293

line (flange) at front of segment, each oblique downwards

and backwards, hair points black, hairs numerous, not

conspicuously longer on flanges, under surface paler,

prothoracic plate deeply recessed, and so conspicuous, but

not by colour, honey-gland not conspicuous, but fans

indicated by a yellowish point. Head black, true legs

have some dark bands on plates, but have a larger green

area.

Pl. XXVI. Figs. 9 and 10 show larvae that attained

this stage before hibernating. Fig. 11 one that reached

this stage after hibernating in 3rd instar.

Sept. 22. The two larvae that had fed up in 4th instar

and seemed to be thinking of another moult, appear to

be in reality laying up for hibernation, these two were

from Lautaret eggs. Three other larvae from Bourg

d’Oisans eggs have also entered their 4th instar.

Sept. 28th. The three last 4th instar larvae are ceasing

to feed, possibly for moult but more probably for hiberna-

tion, the two first are still quiescent ; it would thus appear

that the mass of larvae hibernate in 3rd instar, but that

some 5 per cent. or so do so in 4th instar.

Amongst the last thersites eggs to hatch, a larva emerged

on Sept. 7.

Hatched, Sept. 7.

Moulted for the first time, Sept. 14.

Moulted for the second time, Sept. 22.

Moulted for the third time, Sept. 30.

It then fed on and was found to be lethargic about Oct.

10. It was hoped it was going to moult for a fifth time,

but it turned out that it was taking up the attitude for

hibernation.

The advance of certain larvae to the 4th instar before

hibernation led me to hope that some were going to com-

plete their transformations in the autumn; this proved not

to be the case.

It is worth noting that both Lautaret (7000 ft. single-

brooded) and Bourg d’Oisans (2600 ft. from second brood)

larvae passed on to 4th instar in autumn and hibernated

so. In putting them in refrigeration for the winter I did

not keep the two sets of larvae any longer separate, but

when brought out and fed up, there were no differences

observed to cause regret at this oversight.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART II. (OCT.) U

294 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

It is very probable that other Lycaenid larvae hibernate

in more than one instar, and this may account for dis-

crepancies between the reports of different observers, but

I think this is the first instance in which the fact has been

unmistakably proved.

When settling down for hibernation the larvae spin a

ttle carpet of silk, to which they hold very firmly, so

that if an attempt be made to remove them, it is more

usual for the silk to come up with the larva than for it to

be left behind. I was no doubt rather unkind in the

matter of providing hibernacula, so can only report gener-

ally that they seemed to desire to get as low as possible

and under some cover, as inside a curl of a dead leaf. I

imagine that naturally they settle down on some dead

material still attached to the root stock of their plant.

Of some larvae placed on living plants and left out of

doors several survived and must have been in some such

place, as they duly appeared on the leaves of the plant

when it was brought indoors.

When the larvae had settled down for hibernation I

placed them (towards end of September) in a refrigerator,

with temperature from 34° to 36° (Fah.). There was a

considerable mortality (vastly less, however, than amongst

eros in precisely the same circumstances), but I got a good

share through. I brought them up about the end of

December and beginning of January, and found they

became active and began feeding in a few days.

I pursued this course to diminish the loss during hiberna-

tion and was encouraged by the mild winter that made it

possible to get Sainfoin in satisfactory condition. Luckily

no hard frost set in after I had committed myself to this

course.

Sainfoin 1s not now cultivated in the immediate neigh-

bourhood of Redhill or Reigate, and I have to thank

gratefully several friends who assisted me in finding the

plant and for supplying me with it, until I had ascertained

such localities.

The following notes were made in regard to the larvae

after their abbreviated hibernation. They were kept in a

room usually about 60° to 66°, but sometimes down to

55° at night; under these artificial circumstances dates are

of little account, though affording some indication of rate

of growth, etc.

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 295

Thersites.

Dec. 18, 1913. Brought up from refrigerator two larvae hibernat-

ing in 3rd instar.

Dec. 21. One of these has commenced eating.

Dec. 25. The first has been feeding regularly and has eaten the

parenchyma of a good share of 3 or 4 small leaves about 5 mm. long;

it does not show any very definite difference in size and appearance.

The second began to eat yesterday in the same sparing manner as

the first began; they leave the upper cuticle of the leaf. Brought

up a 4th instar larva from refrigerators yesterday.

Dec. 26. Two first larvae feeding, the third does not look very

happy, but moves about a little; it has not commenced to eat.

Dec. 27. No. 3 began to eat last evening and has by this evening

made a considerable mark (4 to 4) on a leaflet over half an inch

long, it leaves the upper cuticle. ‘The other two are quiescent (for

moult ?).

Dec. 30. One of the two did some further eating on 28th. The

4th instar specimen made inroads on two small leaves last night;

so far as appears this evening all are resting.

Jan. 2, 1914. 10 a.m. One of the smaller larvae has moulted

into 4th instar. The larger specimen (laid up for moult) is very

cryptic. J have not been able to see it for several days. To-day

removed leaves from box one by one and couldn’t see it, nor on

going over them again; but finally saw it under a small leaflet, with

which it agreed in size, and with the adjoining ones in tint and

colour.

Jan. 4. 4th instar larva found this morning moulted into 5th

instar, colour dark greyish or olive green, with longish pale silky-

looking hairs rather abundant along dorsal and lateral flanges, also

below flange and some rather shorter ones extending down slope

a little way from dorsum, rather in the incisions. No definite dorsal

or lateral lines.

Jan. 9. 4th instar larva is now a good size, when contracted

11 mm. long, 4°3 mm. wide, and 3°5 mm. high. Very uniform in

colour, a deep blue green, a barely darker dorsal line, and a very

fine yellow thread deeply placed as lateral line; the silvery hairs

are still a feature of the larva, but are now spread enough not to be

conspicuous.

The second larva appears to be laid up for last moult.

Jan. 11. Large larva seems nearly full grown, it is at least large

and skin tight and shining. The yellow lateral line is more visible

than it was (more so from below), and is very slender. The colour

is a bluish green, it is 11 mm. long (retracted) and about 5 mm.

296 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

broad, and quite 5 mm. deep. Many of the hair bases are black,

but the long hairs are conspicuously white, on lateral view, the

dorsal prominence of each segment has a crest of these silvery hairs.

The prothoracic plate is well marked out and shows conspicuously

black hair-bases. The fan-positions are white spots, the honey-gland

looks like a small smooth area surrounded by a close line of hairs

or lenticles, on a darker ground the dorsal view shows a fringe of

silvery hairs laterally similar to the dorsal crest. There is a third

range of such hairs half-way between lateral line and prolegs.

Jan. 12. Seems to be looking for a place for pupation. No. 2

still laid up for last moult.

Jan. 14. No. 1 has settled (?) in a corner of box.

No. 2 moulted last night into 5th instar, prothoracic plate dark

from hair-bases, hairs very bright and silvery.

Dec. 30, 1913. Brought 14 3rd instar larvae from refrigerator

into warm room (54°-56° night, 66°-68° day temperature, sometimes

near 70°).

Dec. 31. Two larvae have already made marks on the leaves

provided, one having an area of quite two square mm.

Jan. 1, 1914. About 7 or 8 appear to be feeding.

Jan. 7. One larva has moulted into 4th instar.

Jan. 12. There are now 12 of these larvae, nearly all in 4th instar.

Jan. 13. Several of these larvae show a distinct yellow line down

each dorsal flange.

Jan. 6. Brought up 3rd instar thersites and two 4th instar.

Jan. 7. One (at least) of 3rd instar is feeding.

Jan. 12. All above grown, and most now laid up for moult.

Jan. 14. One of 4th instar moulted to 5th, hairs very silvery

and white.

4th instar. Description from a larva reaching this stage after

hibernation. Length 7 mm., width 3 mm., height 2°5 mm. Is

very like full-grown, last-skin larva in dark green colour, more or

less obscure yellow lines; when laid up for moult shows the same

flattened plateau ranging over segments to 6th abl. on slopes,

level and polished, and with the hollows within on each segment.

It differs from the last skin in the hairs, including a good many

dark ones especially on dorsal ridges, and in the black hair-bases

being more conspicuous.

Last instar, half grown.

Length 12:5 to 13-0 mm., width 4 mm., height 3°8 mm. Colour

bluish green, with indications of yellow dorsal and lateral (very narrow)

sunk lines, a faint indication on each segment of 3 pale lines obliquely

downwards and backwards. Hairs white, except on thorax,

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 297

where they are somewhat fuscous, the hair-bases are black on some

of them, some appear to be white or the effect is of the short white

hairs, which are very noticeable on lower parts of slope and on last

four segments; head black, legs pale with black marginal line to

joints. The upholstered hollows are without the raised flat margin

seen when quite full grown.

When first moulted to last skin the white hairs are massed

together and have a very brilliant silvery look, at first all

are very white, but after, say, twenty-four hours, those

on thorax are shaded with fuscous.

In some specimens the prothoracic plate looks dark, but

this is due to dark hair-bases.

Side by side the green colour is very similar to that of

warus, but in icarus is slightly paler and yellower.

Jan. 24. Full grown.

Length 11:5 mm. when contracted, 4 mm. high, 5 mm. broad,

rather dark bluish green, with faint suggestion of yellow sunk in

dorsal ridges and more distinct very narrow lateral line yellow,

but so sunk as to be almost greenish. Mesothorax projects hood-

like over prothorax (when contracted), with 7 following segments

it forms the 8 dorsal humps (as seen laterally), seen endwise the

dorsal furrow is shallow, but hairs make the ridges look higher and

the furrow consequently deeper than it is. On each segment to

6th abl. the “slope ” has a raised centre from dorsal ridge to below

spiracle, in this are three depressions, an upper, a middle (rather

behind them) and a lower, in which is the spiracle. The depressions

(“upholstered ” hollows) are connected together sufficiently to give

the raised area rather the appearance of a marginal cincture. This

condition is often exaggerated when the larva is quite mature

(Pl. XXXII, figs. 7,8.) The honey-gland is an obscure narrow line,

the positions of fans obvious, spiracles hardly different from ground-

colour, white of hairs less brilliant than before being full fed.

In the last skin some specimens as they get full grown

show a slight rufous tint on the white hairs and specimens

differ a good deal in the visibility of the yellow dorsal and

lateral bands. In the last skin, they are fond of eating

the petioles of the leaves.

The feature of the larva in the last instar is the white or

silvery haze round it and over it from the whiteness of the

hairs, which remains so till the larva is quite half grown

in this instar, when growth separates the hairs and

diminishes the effect, and as it gets full grown, the hairs

298 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

become faintly rufous. The light aspect of the larva is

assisted by the greater abundance of medium-sized hairs

as will be seen in Pl. XLVI. (Pl. XXVI, fig. 12, and Pl.

XXVIT.)

Mr. Main’s photographs of the larvae and pupae of

A. thersites and P. icarus are very instructive in some

points, and so I present them. They are in several

instances stereoscopic, and the figures are placed close

enough to be easily combined without the aid of a stereo-

scope. They are all x 2.

They bring out very distinctly the much brighter appear-

ance of A. thersites (larva) owing to the absence of dark

hairs on the abdominal segments and the greater abundance

of the larger secondary hairs. The pupae of the two

species are very much alike, the larger size of the icarus

pupa shown is an individual not a specific difference.

When first moulted into last instar P. icarus has white

hairs except on thorax (like thersites mature plumage),

but in a few hours, some 7 or 8 hairs on either side of each

segment on the dorsal ridge become black, and most of the

long hairs on the lateral flange become nearly black, often

in both cases remaining pale close to the body. The pale

spiracles are more conspicuous, and the yellow dorsal and

lateral lines are barely to be detected. (Pl. XXVI, figs.

5 and 6.)

The photographs of the honey-gland region of thersites

and icarus, Pl. XLVI, are from specimens that agree with

several others of each species in showing certain differences

that may be taken to be constant in the last instar.

In thersites on the dorsum of 6th abdominal segment are

5 long hairs on each side, in zcarus at least twice as many,

on 7th icarus has two strong hairs above spiracle that are

wanting in thersites, which also has none on dorsum of 8th

where icarus has a pair. On the other hand, icarus has a

very moderate supply on these segments of medium and

small hairs, compared with their abundance in thersvtes.

The photographs of dorsal hairs (Pl. XXII) are difficult

to compare, for it so happens that the skin of ¢carus is

spread or stretched nearly twice as much as that of thersies ;

so that only the posterior half of the segment is shown of

acarus, the whole width of the segment in thersies.

They show, however, that the long hairs of tcarus are

longer than those of thersites (about 0°6 mm. to 0°48 mm.),

that smaller hairs are much more abundant in thersies,

the Infe History of Agriades thersites. 299

and that in thersites the bases of the smaller hairs are

much more stellate in this region, differences that other

specimens support.

The other photographs probably explain themselves as

well without as with a description.

Pl. XLV is perhaps interesting as showing how much

clearer a cast skin (when it can be unravelled) may be

than a prepared one.

Perhaps the very good presentment of the special

angular hairs of the prothorax on Pl. XLII and XLIII are

worth noting.

Jan. 31, 1914. Newly moulted pupa.

Length 10°5 mm., a slight waist at Ist abl. 4°5 mm. from anterior

end, height at mesothorax 4:0 mm. and to waist, thence rising to

45mm. at 4th abl. Thoracic width 4:0 mm., increasing from waist

to 4°3 mm. at mid abdomen (8rd and 4th segments). Colour

rather olive green, darker dorsal line, which is really dorsal vessel,

and can be seen to pulsate about 27 in a minute, actual darker

spots occur half-way between dorsum and spiracles, associated with

a slight hollow; one of this series occurs just above wing-base on

mesothorax, head, wings and appendages are a paler more pure

green, rather transparent, the wings very much so, all the tracheae

being very distinct.

The larval skin adheres to last segment, the pupa is

otherwise free and the skin happens to have retained no

hold.

Feb. 3. There are now three pupae and the most of

the remaining larvae are quite full fed or fixed up. Saw

one specimen completing its moult to pupa. This one and

another larva had a “ girth’ consisting of apparently only

one strand of silk; several had some traces of silk on

adjacent leaves, as for an abortive cocoon; one or two

were placed where no material for a cocoon was available,

and one or two appeared to spin no silk at all. Some

remain a slightly darker duller green up to pupation, one

or two assumed quite a dark tint.

Feb. 3. Of half a dozen larvae placed on plants in the

open, three are found alive, two in 3rd and one in 4th

instar.

Feb. 9. All the indoor larvae have pupated, except

one or two that are laid up for pupation, There is, how-

300 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

ever, one exception, this is a larva that is at rest on a leaf

of Sainfoin and has been so for over a week, and was

possibly more or less at rest for some time before, but was

only noticed as failing to grow. It seems to be in 4th

instar, and its procedure seems to suggest that it thinks

it ought to hibernate. It is in same room as others 59°—

61° night, 61°-70° day temperature.

Nine days later this larva died. It probably wished to

hibernate, but the temperature was too high.

Feb. 13. Examining a number of pupae shows some

little variation in colouring, to some extent due to differences

in maturity, the tint is usually a very light olive green,

verging to pale ochreous, with the head almost always

pale brownish, contrasting with the rest of the pupa; the

wings are paler, or rather more colourless, at first trans-

parent with greenish contents, later looking more solid and

white, one specimen has quite a pink shade along all

incisions. The dorsal vessel in mature pupae is narrower

and looks more deeply sunk in more solid tissues and

contractions are not evident, the mature pupa does not

show the subdorsal spots noted in the newly changed pupa.

In most but not in all specimens the larval skin is adherent

to the last segments.

Some trace of cocoon is usually present. The larva gets

beneath some leaves or paper (these were the only materials

provided), and attaches these together with a good many

threads, but really a trifling amount of silk altogether,

and usually several threads may be called a girth; these

are more evident when the larva is more exposed and “a

cocoon’ is absent, even four or five threads occur, but

all separate, mostly only one or two. No feature evident

to the unaided eye or even by aid of a hand lens distinguishes

the pupa from that of ccarus, or except size from coridon

or thetis.

Feb. 26. A pupa that had turned practically black, as

all do as the period of emergence approaches, showed a

series of ochreous marks along the wing margins exactly

suggesting the orange spots of the 9, this was yesterday ;

this morning it has emerged, a ¢.

Feb. 28, 11 a.m. A pupa close on emergence shows the

orange spots of the 2 unmistakably and must necessarily

be a Q, in places the black colour has given place to a pale

and greyish tint, chiefly over the abdomen and wing-bases,

this change is due to the hairs and scales more or less

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 301

parting from the pupa case and some air being present

between; this pupa shows the abdominal incisions 2-3

—, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6 and 6-7 (distinctly) open dorsally,

4-5 and 5-6 all round. By “open” I mean the stretching

that occurs at this stage, when the adjacent segments

are “ free.”’

This pupa,emerged at 11°55.

Another pupa (3 p.m.) shows very evidently the under-

side spotting of the upper wing, two others very dark,

about same stage, show only uniform black colouring.

For 24 hours before emergence the ends of the antennae

are seen to recede about 0°3 or 0°4 mm. from the extremities

of their cases.

Feb. 22. First butterfly (4) emerged. This not from

the earliest larva, as it died when laid up for pupa, probably

from being kept too dry.

Feb. 23. Two larvae that passed the winter out of doors

are now full grown; one has very distinct and bright, but

slender yellow lines along the dorsal and lateral flanges,

as usual looking like threads sunk some way beneath the

surface.

The dates of emergence are (not including larvae started

at later dates) as under. These are only of interest as

showing relative proportions and dates of emergence of

the sexes.

Ce: é

Emerged Feb. 22 1 Emerged March 1 | |

§ Nae 1 Ms Pa) rd

i Ay eoAGRON) 2 a Pye 1

i: pee 28 1 i 5 3

6 Bend

After these I had two males emerge and from larvae

given to friends 1 male and 3 females appeared, making 15

males and 8 females.

Feb. 28. 11.55 a.m. Observed the emergence of a butter-

fly, a 9. The thorax split dorsally, and by the usual

vermicular movements of the abdomen, the abdomen

progressed forwards, pushing the thorax in front of it,

but the head remained capped by the pupal headpiece, so

that the effect was to bend the butterfly in such a way

that the thorax protruded dorsally, the pupal thoracic

pieces being forced widely to each side, until the wings

302 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

became largely exposed on either side, and the forward

segments of the abdomen; during the later part of this

evolution, the wings several times at intervals made jerking

movements, as if the butterfly thought it could fly.

The bending back of the butterfly was during this same

later stage accompanied, or one might say relieved, by a

bending forward of the front of the. pupa, made easier by

the wide dorsal opening of the thorax. Suddenly the

object of the wing jerks became evident, as on one of

them the head slipped clear of the pupal headpiece, as a

result of the sudden shake, and the legs at once came

out and in a couple of seconds the butterfly was clear of

the pupa, and in about 7 minutes more the wings were

fully expanded. If I have made the effect of the bending

process clear, it will be realised that it had only to go a

certain length, for the head to slip out of the cup-like

pupal cover; the jerking process obviously made this occur

distinctly earlier but it would have happened without

it. The wide dorsal opening of the thorax was very

striking in view of the empty pupa case taking so closely

the form of the living pupa.

There is considerable variation in the time taken in

expanding the wings, from 7 or 8 to 15 minutes, and also

in the method of escaping from the pupa. As the pupa

matures the wings assume an ivory opacity with a some-

what yellow or sallow tint, and the head, thorax and

abdomen become dark, gradually the whole pupa becomes

nearly black, but the blue tint of the wings is often visible

and the rings of the antenna; this condition exists for

about 24 hours, when air begins to show itself between

the insect and the pupa case, first usually about the wing-

bases, then spreading down the wings, but usually leaving

the hind margins of the wings touching the pupa case

after all other areas are practically separate from the case.

The presence of air is quite obvious, the dark pupa becomes

much paler where air is present and shows the ochreous

pupa case separate from the darker underlying insect; this

condition may be some further 24 hours in establishing

itself. Then for perhaps as much as two or three hours

before emergence, the incisions between the segments

become extended.

The emergence of a specimen was again noted at noon

on March 6. The pupa showed the case as pale, somewhat

separate from the insect beneath, the hairs over the ab-

the Life History of Agriades thersites. 303

domen and the wing colours being evident. The incisions

behind abdominal segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were ex-

tended, the last not quite so evidently as the others. This

extension is no doubt achieved by inflation of some internal

spaces with air. The pupa was stimulated by placing it

in the sun and at 12.10 the mesothorax slit down the back

and some blue hairs, apparently quite dry, appeared.

These showed some jerky movements as if the insect were

trying to flutter its wings, but no sign of peristaltic move-

ment was observed, the hairs of the abdomen maintaining

their positions within the pupa case quiescent and un-

changed. At 12.14 the prothorax was obviously slit, and

the line of hairs was rather wider, occasional fluttering

movements continued, and at 12.15 the head was free, the

dorsal slit not widening as in the emergence previously

observed, and the head freeing itself before the thorax had

made any very obvious advance, and whilst the terminal

segments had in no degree left the hinder segments of the

pupa. At 12.15 the legs were free and the insect had

quite left the pupa case at 12.17. Up till the freeing of

the legs, which then assisted the emergence, the process

seemed to be entirely by expansion of the bulk of the

insect and not as a result of segmental or peristaltic

movements; more air being secreted inwardly, or that

already there expanding under increased temperature.

At 12.27 the wings were fully expanded. Some small

drops of turbid, but not thick fluid were expelled shortly

after emergence and again after the wings were expanded,

but there was no deposit in the pupa case, nor in any

other pupa examined.

A 3 emerged on March 3rd that varies by having the

spots beneath very weak, of the first discal row of hind-

wing, the 2nd is a mere dot, and the 4th and 5th (in white

dash) and the 7th and 8th are absent. (PI. LI, fig. 1.)

I had given up the pupa of this specimen as ill or dead

some days previously. Several days before, when the

wings were in the ivory stage, one wing-base, about a

fourth of the wing, became nearly black, when one would

have expected both wings to become so all over in ordinary

course, and things remained so for at least two days, and

the blackness was attributed to one of the fatal disorders

with such change of colour beginning at one place, to

which larvae and pupae of Lycaenids are liable; then quite

the wing-base on the other side became black, and next

304 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to

day the whole pupa darkened, but one could not guess

whether owing to the extension of ailment or to the ordinary

progress of development before emergence, the latter proved

to be the case. The original black patch must therefore

have been a precocious maturing of the one portion of

wing, owing to some cause that also produced the variation

noted in the imago.

The presence in the pupa of a dorsal headpiece is evidence

that the pupa is not highly evolved, but the opening for

emergence of the abdominal incisions before the 4th shows

a more primitive condition than occurs in any obtect pupa

of the Heterocera.

The pupa of A. thersites presents at least as great an elaboration

of the maxillary pocket as I have noticed in any other pupa, which

has led me to observe certain facts in connection with it that I

ought to have seen before but overlooked. (Pl. LII. and LIII.)

I first called attention to this “pocket” in Tutt’s “ British

Lepidoptera,” vol. x, p. 226, and in the Ent. Rec., vol. xxv, p. 165,

I related how it is formed as observed in the pupal moult of Agriades

coridon.

The overlooked circumstances are, that the intersegmental

membrane of the two following incisions presents certain involu-

tions and persistences in some species, that do not seem directly

associated with the present development of this pocket; these are

well marked, for example, in the pupa of A. bellargus, in which

there is a very definite and symmetrical fold in the next (5-6)

incision just below the pocket and a longer but shallower one in

the following incision (6-7, abdominal segments), and similar

involutions, on a slightly smaller scale in the same three incisions

half-way between the mid-ventral line and the spiracles. It is

not easy to suppose these latter have any direct relationship to the

pocket.

In my original figure of the pocket in P. argus (@gon),* the

extremity of the pocket and two obvious folds in the next incision,

suggest a strong approach to the condition in A. thersites.

In A. thersites the involutions of the membrane, as what may be

called subsidiary pockets, are almost exactly the same as described

above in reference to A. bellargus, where the development of the

pockets between segments 5 and 6 is very easily seen.

Though I call these pockets they are really merely folds, 7. e. the

two walls touch one another and contain no cavity. This second

pocket in A. thersites is very large and looks at first glance as if

* Tutt’s Br. Lep., vol. x, Pl. XX XIII, reproduced Ent. Ree. /. c.

the Infe History of Agriades thersites. 305

the end of the true pocket entered it, since the pocket is so long as

to overlap it. In A. thersites the extremities or extreme tips of the

antennae also enter the pocket. This is probably the case in other

pupae of this group in which the ends of the antennae terminate,

not in a point, but by a square end as seen on the pupal exterior.

I do not know how the imaginal skin over the venter of the fifth

abdominal segment frees itself from this pocket, no trace of this

condition exists in the imago, unless the circumstance that the

ventral plate of the fifth abdominal segment is the smallest of the

series has some relation to it.

EXPLANATION OF PLatEsS XXVI, XXVII.

[See Explanation facing the PLATEs.]

EXPLANATION OF Piates XXVIII-LIII.

PuatE XXVIII. Top of the Valley of the Guisane, just below Le

Lautaret, showing (++) habitat of

A. thersites at about 6400 ft.

Puate XXIX. Looking down on Le Lautaret from the west, where

A, thersites occurs at about 7000 ft.

Puate XXX. One of the low ridges west of Le Lautaret where

A. thersites occurs at about 7500 ft.

Prate XX XI. Photographs of larva by Mr. H. Main.

Fie. 1, P. icarus; figs. 2,3, 4, 5, A. thersites; x 2.

The most striking difference between the last stage larvae of

thersites and icarus, as seen by the naked eye or with a low power

hand lens, is that the dorsal hairs on the abdomen of thersites are

colourless, and often glisten like silver, whilst those of icarus

include many black hairs.

In this and the following plates, the white hairs distinguish

A. thersites, and give P. icarus a dull dingy aspect in comparison.

Puate XXXII. Photograph by Mr. H. Main.

Fias, 1 and 2, as also 3 and 4, are stereoscopic

of A. thersites larva (full grown) x 2.

306 Explanation of Plates.

The pupae are also stereoscopic by pairs X 2.

Fires. 5, 7, 9, Dl Ptearusy figs. 678,103

12, A. thersites.

The different size of these pupae is an individual accident.

PuatE XXXIII. Fias. 1, 2. Larvae of P. icarus, stereoscopic.

4. Larvae of P. icarus.

5,7. P. icarus, pupa.

7. <A. thersites, pupa, stereoscopic,

in pairs, all x 2.

Photo by Mr. H. Main.

PuaTE XXXIV. Fics. 3. Imago of A. thersites from life.

12,

4,6. Pupae of P. icarus.

5, 7. Pupae of A. thersites, x 2.

Photo by Mr. H. Main.

PuaTE XXXV. Left side of Plate. Eggs of A. thersites x 60 and

x 30.

Right side, P. icarus similarly magnified.

PuatE XXXVI. Micropyles x 350.

Fics. 1, 2, A. thersites; 3, 4, P. icarus.

Puate XXXVII. Skin of Ist stage larva of A. thersites x 60.

Pirate XX XVIII. Skin of Ist stage larva of P. icarus x 60.

Prats XXXIX. Skin of 2nd stage larva of A. thersites x 60.

PuatE XL. Skin of 3rd stage larva of A. thersites x 30.

PuatEe XLI. Skin of 4th stage larva of A. thersites x 16.

PuatE XLII. Fie. 1. Skin of prothorax of last stage larva of

A, thersites x 35.

2. Prothoracic plate of same specimen further

enlarged x 100.

Puate XLII. Fia. 1. A. thersites, last five segments of larva

in 4th stage x 35.

2. A proleg of full-grown larva x 100.

Puate XLIV. Fic. 1. P. icarus. Prothoracice plate last instar

(to compare with Pl. XLII, fig. 2)

x 100.

2. Last four segments of 4th instar, from

a cast skin. The 4 spiracles will give

the correct orientation.

Explanation of Plates. 307

PuatTe XLV. A. thersites. Honey-gland region x 100.

Fic. 1, from a skin cast at pupation.

2, from a prepared skin.

Prate XLVI. Honey-gland region, last instar x 35.

Fia. 1, A. thersites.

2, P. icarus.

Many more small hairs and lenticles are present in thersites than

in icarus, but various large hairs present in icarus are wanting in

A, thersites.

Puate XLVIL. Dorsal hairs of 3rd abdominal segment x 100.

Fic. 1. A. thersites, whole width of segment.

2. P. icarus, posterior half (only) of

segment.

The comparison is difficult by the skin of A. thersites having been

less extended than that of P. icarus.

Puate XLVIII. Pupa of A. thersites.

é Fig. 1 shows the dorsal headpieces consisting

of two fusiform portions attached

to front of head x 44. In other

specimens these pieces are attached

to prothoracic piece, as is in other

species the rule.

2. Portion of sixth abdominal segment

showing rosettes, which are not

abundant on this pupa x 200.

Puate XLIX. Pupa of A. thersites.

Region of (Fig. 1) fifth and (Fig. 2) sixth

abdominal spiracles x 100.

Puate L. Pupa of A. thersites.

Fie. 1. Cremastral area of pupa (g) x 44.

Shows sundry hairs but no trace

of hooks.

2. Scar of honey-gland x 100.

PuateE LI. Photograph by Mr. Hugh Main.

Upper- and undersides of four bred

specimens of A. thersites and of two,

3 2, of P. icarus from the same

locality as the thersites,

No. 1 3 thersites is a variation on the underside by diminution of

spots (p. 303).

308 Explanation of Plates.

No. 2 ¢ is a variety of upperside by paleness towards wing

margins, and prominence of veins between pale patches. These

four specimens are now in B. M., South Kensington.

Puate LIT. Fie. 1 shows the pocket in A. thersites as well as

the one opposite its apex in the following incision, the lateral folds

of the membrane, in both incisions, happen to be folded upwards,

which demonstrates that they are free from the pupal wall both

above and below them. They may be compared with Fig. 2, which

shows the same folds in the pupa of A. bellargus (thetis). The

pocket in this specimen happens to be folded upwards and not

well in focus; the lateral folds and those of the following incisions

are well seen. xX 25.

PuaTE LIII is a view of this portion of the pupa of A. thersites

from the inner surface taken stereoscopically, and so viewed shows

these structures very clearly. I have numbered the abdominal

segments, and have placed a letter (a) pointing to the pupal mem-

brane lining the inner wing surface, which might puzzle one not

used to these pupal details.

Though the greater width of these folds in one position than in

another, suggests that it must be so, actual observation shows that

the opening of the incisions, which occurs on the dorsum of the pupa,

already referred to, does not occur ventrally, and that these folds

are in no way related to such extension of the segments at dehiscence.

Trans. /nt. Soc. Lond.,1914, Pl. XXVI.

\ Z if tha

elif YY > Se

at és - "A ~~ *

a ao . fc os > —- 77> * 2 SZ3

. an P ei j sa rae sf

as = pe MY, y

- =S=>— = — = :

C3) De. oi Sah 8 8 Da

7) VINNY

bh nei sete op use 3 eat Ra ER

6 lz

£.C. Knight del West, Newman chr.

LARVAE OF PLEBEFIUS ICARUS AND AGRIADES THERSITES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Fries. 1, 2, 3. P. icarus in October before hibernation (1913) in 3rd

instar.

. icarus in last stage in January 1914 (forced).

oe AMET Ome

wi 7, 8. A. thersites larvae in 3rd instar.

,» 9, 10. A. thersites larvae in 4th instar before hibernation.

ll. A. thersites larvae in 3rd instar after hibernation in

3rd instar.

12. A. thersites larvae after hibernation recently moulted

into 5th (last instar).

EXPLANATION OF Piate XXVII.

Frias. 1-6. Various aspects and colourings of larvae of A. thersites

in last stage.

,. 7,8. Larva when quite full fed and ready to seek a place for

pupation, the “slope ’’ becomes as if smoothed down

to a level surface, cut into by the incisions and with

a hollow of somewhat figure-of-8 form on each

segment.

The figures in Pl. XXVI and XXVII are much enlarged, but

nearly the same in each case, about 4 or 5 diameters or (in the

younger larvae) rather more.

Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond.,1914, PL. XXVI/

£.C.Knight del. Wes

79YIS]UIFT

“LAUYVLNVT AT MOTAP AATIVA ANVSIND

79Y9SQUIFT *“D

“LSUM AHL WOUA LAYVLNVI AT

“XIXX vq CIOL “puoT "205 yugy “SULT,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXX.

C. Hentschel.

LE LAUTARET, HABITAT OF A. THERSITES AT 7,500 FT.

‘SHLISUAHL ‘V S-% GNV SNUVOI ‘d I HO AVANVT

22Y259UIHT “D MIDI “HE ‘020

pi ete

Fi Seco

IXXX #vq FIOI “puoT *205 *yuq “suv

‘SHALISUAHL ‘V GNV SNUVDI ‘d AO AVdNd ‘SHLISNAHL -V HO AVAYNVI

‘wm “Hy '0f0Yc]

oS .

‘7aYyISJUaTT “Dd

i OL

TIXXX #0jq FIOL “ puoT "205 "uy ‘suvsz

“SHLISUHHL ‘V GNV SNUVOI ‘d AO AVdNd ‘SNUVDI 'd AO AVAUVT

JAY ISPUITT *D "uIpyy "HT ‘070Yq

TWIXXX Ud ‘F101 “puoT 'I0S *zuq Suva

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXXIV.

Photo, H. Main. C. Hent

A. THERSITES FROM LIFE. PUPAE OF P. ICARUS

AND A. THERSITES.

Lrans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1914, XX XV.

hoto, F. N. Clark, C. Hentschel.

EGGS OF A. THERSITES AND P. ICARUS 60 AND x 30.

‘SE X SNUVOI ‘d GNV SALISHAHL ‘V AO SODA AHO SATAdCONDIN

72YISJUIET “2 "Y4OID °N “HL '070UT

—

Photo, I

N. Clare.

Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1914, Plate XXX VII.

C. Hentschel.

GPHERSIDES, FIRST SLAGE << Go:

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XXX VIII,

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

PGARUS, BIRST STAGE Go:

trans, Lomesoc. Lond., £014, Llate XXXTX,

C. Hentschel.

F. N. Clark.

* Photo,

60.

A. THERSITES, SECOND STAGE

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 19174, Plate XL.

if eae >, 2. - eee:

Sa. bag ‘ ne a

By eS IS age ee teean ame

Photo, I’. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

AS RHERSITES: THIRD STAGE. <- 30;

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLI.

C. Hentschel.

aN Clark.

Photo, £

SLO:

| FOURTH STAGE

AC THERSITES

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLII.

el.

LHentsch

Clark.

Photo, fF,

LARVA OF A. THERSITES; PROTHORAX

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLII.

C. Hentschel.

rk,

N. Cla

Photo, F.

LARVA -OF A. THERSIGDES:

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror4, Plate XLIV.

Photo, Fe N. Clark. (On ey

LARVA OF P. ICARUS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLV.

Photo, F. N. Clark. as C. Hentschel.

LARVA OF A. THERSITES, HONEY GLAND REGION

100.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLVI.

: te ye ke o ~ my ae

5 i 73 < rN %

Sah vit ov Lee are Bey 4

Photo, F. N. Clark.

LAST INSTAR, HONEY GLAND REGIONS OF A.

THERSITES AND P. ICARUS FOR COMPARISON x 35.

C. Hentschel.

Photo, Ff. N. Clark.

DORSAL HAIRS,

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XL VII,

. C. Hentschel.

A. THERSITES AND P. ICARUS ~» Io.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLVIIT,

Photo, A. E. Tonge. ; GC, Honea

PUPA OF AY THERSIGES:

Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XLIX.

Photo, A. E. Tonge. C. Hentschel.

PUPA OF A. THERSITES, SPIRACULAR REGION.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate L.

C. Hentschel.

PUPA OF A. THERSITES.

Photo, A. E. Tonge.

Photo, H. Main. C. Hentschel.

FOUR BRED SPECIMENS OF A. THERSITES, TWO

P. ICARUS FOR COMPARISON.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1914, Plate LI.

Photo, A. E. Tonge. C. Hentschel.

‘““POCKETS” OF PUPAE: OF A. THERSITES AND

BELLARGUS x 25.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LILI.

Photo, A. E. Tonge. C. Hentschel.

STEREOSCOPIC VIEW OF INNER SURFACE OF

PUPA-SKIN TO SHOW “POCKET” x 8.

( 309 9)

X. On a new form of seasonal (and heterogoneutic) di-

morphism im Agriades thersites, Cant. By T. A.

CuapMan, M.D.

[Read March 18th, 1914.]

Piuate LIV.

Tue facts reported in this short communication came to

light in my investigations of Agriades thersites, and might

quite reasonably have found their place in my paper on

that insect.

It occurred to me, however, that the few who would

care to be informed of these observations, would probably

regard my notes on that species as matter rather to be

avoided, and possibly wice versa.

In my first paper on Agriades thersiles communicated

to the Society on June 12, 1912, amongst other details by

which A. thersites might be distinguished from P. icarus,

I described and figured the androconia (battledore scales)

of the two species, as well as those of A. escheri, the species

to which thersiles, despite its resemblance to P. icarus,

seemed to be most nearly allied. This spring, however,

I received a letter from Mr. Francis I. Ball, from the

Royal Museum of Natural History at Brussels, telling me

that he had been examining the Lycaenids in the Museum ;

he found some South European A. thersites, which agreed

at all points with my diagnosis of the species, but also

some Belgian specimens which did not, but which yet

seemed to be thersites.

The first point of interest was whether A. thersites was

a Belgian insect, if so, its range to the North was further

than the information I had collected two years ago,

pointed to.

The point to which Mr. Ball called most attention, and

which interested me greatly, referred to the androconia.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART II. (OCT.) xX

310 Dr. T. A. Chapman on a new form of seasonal

He says “I find two very distinct forms of scale according

as I examine the thersites-looking insects, or the undoubted

warus specimens. The icarus scales seem to me to be

longer with straighter lateral margins, with the rows of

spots much closer together; these rows, too, seem to

extend nearer to the proximal end of the scale. In the

specimens I take for thersites the scales are shorter, the

lateral margins more rounded and the rows of spots

further apart, and ending further from the proximal end;

that is to say, leaving a larger triangular space without

spots and giving the whole scale a much more transparent

facies than in wcarus. All this agrees well with your

figures and description, but I have not been able to find

that the general number of rows for thersites is 4 or 5,

though for icarus it is certainly 5 or 6. It may be from

a difference in the part of the wing from which I have

taken the scales or from a difference in the race of thersites

here, or perhaps even they are not thersites at all; but I

find a large number of scales with 6 or 7 rows, almost

identical with what I find in escheri.”

Mr. Ball sent me certain specimens for examination ;

they were undoubtedly thersites in every respect except these

eschert-like androconia.

There was also the habitat, which was further North

than I had supposed thersites to inhabit.

This extended Northern range led me to suppose that in

Belgium the species must be single-brooded (monogeneutic).

Thad already at Le Lautaret (7000 ft.) found a single-brooded

race of A. thersites in a locality that extended its range in

elevation to an equivalent to a northern latitude perhaps

even greater than that of Belgium. It occurred to me to

examine some of my Lautaret specimens, and I was at once

pleased and puzzled to find that they possessed the same

escheri-like androconia that Mr. Ball described. Examples

captured and flying at practically the same date at Bourg

d’Oisans, down the valley only some 20 miles from Lautaret,

had what I held to be typical A. thersites androconia.

Had we then two species, flying so nearly together,

and undistinguishable except by the androconia? Though

this seemed rather absurd, still, in view of the closeness

of A. thersites to P. icarus, it could not be dismissed as

impossible.

It then occurred to me that at Le Lautaret I had, for

some reason, regarded the brood there as corresponding to

(and heterogoneutic) dimorphism in Agriades thersites. 311

the first or spring brood of A. thersites, although it appeared

at much the same date as the second brood lower down.

All the specimens of which I had previously examined the

androconia belonged to the summer brood; I had in fact few

specimens of the spring brood (7. e. the one that passes the

winter as a larva), however, I had some, and, on examining the

androconia of one of these, they proved to be of the eschert

form of the Belgian and Le Lautaret examples. This

made definite and exact my somewhat hazy and imaginative

idea that the monogeneutic race corresponded to the spring

brood of this digeneutic one.

This result is remarkable in several aspects. JI am not

aware of any obvious difference between the specimens of

the two broods of A. thersites. The spring brood 1s usually

smaller, but not markedly so, except in occasional examples,

and the summer brood is often small. Yet we have,

between the two broods, in this difference in the andro-

conia, a difference that is probably of a more profound

character than any colour difference of the wing surface,

and yet it seems to be the only difference between the

broods.

Another aspect is that these androconia have always

been held to be very constant characters, but slightly

variable in any species, and therefore trustworthy as

marking differences between species. It is, of course,

highly probable that many of those who have examined

these scales have been satisfied with examining one or two

examples of a species, and therefore conclusions, however

commonly accepted, are not very trustworthy if founded

on so narrow a basis.

It is also of much interest to find that this new, but

probably really much older form of scale so closely resembles

those of A. escheri, to which species A. thersites is more

closely allied than to any other, and that neither form

of scale associates itself in any way with those of P.

wcarus.

In this connection it may be observed that A. eschera

is essentially single-brooded. I do not know any place

where it is double-brooded, so far as my observation goes,

or so far as J can gather from records, though it Just pos-

sibly is so in some southern localities.* Assuming the

* Mr. H. Powell tells me he believes it is single-brooded along the

Riviera, and so far as he knows everywhere.

312 Dr. T. A. Chapman on a new form of seasonal

first-brood (spring emergence) and the single-brooded form

of A. thersites to be most nearly related to A. eschert, 7. e.

having with it a not very remote common ancestor, it

follows that the second (summer) brood is of more modern

evolution. Whether in this brood the androconia are fol-

lowing the general facies in approaching P. icarus, involves

discussion for which data are too scanty.

The identity in the genitalia and again in these andro-

conia of the first brood and especially of the single brood of

A. thersites with those of A. escheri suggests strongly, if it

does not prove, that A. thersites and A. escheri have a common

origin and are nearly related, and, on the other hand, that

the close resemblance between A. thersites and P. icarus

is superficial and of the nature of convergence, due perhaps

as much to actual mimicry as to other circumstances such

as habits and habitat.

I have examined a few specimens of P. zcarus and of

A. coridon and A. thetis, in search of a similar seasonal

dimorphism in the androconia. It is certain that if there

be any such dimorphism, it is not abundantly obvious as in

the case of A. thersites, and would require a much larger

number of observations than I have made to establish; at

the same time there is a certain amount of variation that

may be individual, but sufficient to prevent my asserting

that no such dimorphism exists, though I am almost inclined

to assert that there is no trace of it in P. icarus.

To sum up, A. thersites has so close a resemblance to

P. icarus that for 50 or 60 years no one has chosen to question

their identity, yet A. thersites has genitalia in both sexes

identical with those of A. escheri except in size, and very

different from those of P. zcarus; it has also androconia

practically identical with those of A. escheri, this is true only

of first-brood (when digeneutic) and single-brood specimens.

Second-brood specimens have a very different form of

androconium, more like (but still abundantly different from)

that of P. ccarus.

So far as I know this is the first record of seasonal (or

other) dimorphism in these battledore scales.

That this more primitive and more typical scale of thersites

was unknown to me till my attention was called to it by

Mr. Ball, is due to the circumstance that the monogeneutic

race of A.thersites was unknown till I discovered it last summer

at Le Lautaret, and that the first-brood specimens are

probably much less numerous than those of the summer,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LIV.

Photo, F. N. Clark. G& Fraboneh:

ANDROCONIA OF A. THERSITES 500.

(and heterogoneutic) dimorphism in Agriades thersites. 313

but at any rate are very decidedly so in collections and

especially amongst my material.

The figures of the androconia of A. thersites, A. escheri

and P. icarus on Plates LX XXII, etc.,in the Transactions

for 1912 may be referred to.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Androconia of A. thersites > 500.

Fie. 1. First (spring emergence) brood from a Digne specimen.

» 2 and 3. Single-brooded specimens; 2 from Lautaret,

3 from Belgium.

» 4. Bred 1914. These are either “ first’? brood or single-

brood specimens.

These four figures present a close resemblance to escheri (see

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1912, Pl. LXX XV, fig. 1). It may be noted that

Fig. 2 from Lautaret happens to have been selected as a rather

narrow specimen ; it has, however, five (and part of a sixth) rows of

dots, others on the same specimen would compare closely with

Figs. 1 or 4. These four figures are to be compared with Fig. 5,

examples from Bourg d’Oisans (1913), or similar specimens figured

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1912, Pl. LX XXII and LXXXIII upper figures,

showing the form of the androconia of A. thersites in the second

brood.

( B1ay

XI. Notes on the Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in

Lepidoptera. By G. T. Bernune-Baxer, F.L.8.,

E.Z.8:

[Read May 6th, 1914.]

Pirates LV—LXV

In that valuable contribution to our knowledge of these

organs in Coleoptera by Dr. Sharp and Mr. Muir (Trans.

Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. 477 et seq.) the following sentence

occurs on page 613 :—

“Tt has been supposed that the copulatory structures

are bad guides in classification, although they are generally

admitted to be of the first importance for the discrimination

of species. If, however, the extreme importance of the

genital conduit be seized, it will appear that its structure

must certainly be of very great assistance in taxonomy.”

Inasmuch as these organs in Lepidoptera are not alto-

gether similar to those in the group that were being dealt

with in that able memoir, I would substitute for “ genital

conduit ” ‘‘ sexual armature,” and then I would adopt the

whole paragraph for my own purpose. I am led to do this

for two reasons, the first because there are still eminent

systematists among us who for all practical purposes have

no belief in the value of these organs, whilst the second

reason is that extended investigation of these structures

in Lepidoptera has convinced me that they are of very great

value in taxonomy as well as in phylogeny. Of recent

years my researches have gone much further afield than

five-and-twenty years ago when I first began this branch

of work, and the more I have seen the more do I feel the

value of them for the systematist from every point of view.

It appears to me that they are necessary characters not

only in the discrimination of species but of genera also ;

I do not say that they are infallible in every genus—there

may be, indeed we should expect there would be, exceptions.

We consider neuration to be—shall I say—absolutely

necessary for correct generic classification, yet there are

genera where it is quite unstable, but that fact does not

at all impinge on the value of that character for general

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART II. (OCT.)

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 315

classificatory purposes, so it is with the sexual armature of

Lepidoptera, and my desire is, in this paper, to lay before

“my fellow systematists, at least those of them who are

sceptics on this point, some facts illustrated by figures to

enable them to see that there is very much more value to

be found in these organs than they have hitherto been

willing to admit.

I will begin my evidence with that group of the Rhopa-

locera that I have made my special study—the Ruralidae,

2. €. the Lycaenidae, Auct., but it will of course be necessary

to consider other families as well. I will first compare

Plebeius argus, L., and Polyommatus icarus, Roth. ; if the

figures are compared it will be seen that the clasps, Pl. LV,

fig. 1, of argus are much broader than those of icarus,

Pl. LV, fig. 2; that the aedoeagus, Pl. LV, fig. 1, of

argus is rouch larger (especially longer) than that of icarus

and is quite a different shape, and that the laterals of the

tegumen in argus, Pl. LV, fig. 1, are decidedly slighter than

those of zcarus, Pl. LV, fig. 2. Now these are not specific

variations; there is a considerable section of Staudinger’s

“omnibus genus ”’ Lycaena that follows the general “ build ”

or form of the armature of argus, and there is another

considerable section that follows the general build of zcarus.

The question then arose, Is there any other character

confirming their separation, inasmuch as the neuration is

practically the same? This character is forthcoming, the

eyes of the argus group, 7.e. the genus Plebeius, are glabrous,

whilst the eyes of the icarus group, 7.e. the genus Polyom-

matus, are hairy. I am aware that certain workers, even

of my personal friends, would disregard this character, but

I cannot follow them; the character persists in each genus

and it does not seem to me to be reasonable to ignore it,

especially when it is a confirming point. Over twenty

years ago in these Transactions (1892, p. 27) I was induced

by these characters to remove tengstroemi and its allies from

that same “omnibus genus” Lycaena to another almost

equally ‘omnibus ”’ genus Thecla, since when de Nicéville

has created another genus for that little group, viz. Neoly-

caena, naming for its type sinenis, Alph. Staudinger and

I think nearly all others have accepted the transference

without a question.

The genus Habrodias was created by Scudder in 1876

(Bull, Buff. Soc., iii, p. 186) for grunus. The male

armature was not taken into considerat on, the neu-

316 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

ration differs from its near allies, whilst the genitalia

abundantly justify its separation, the sternite and the

tergite sections being very unusual in structure (for

Ruralidae) ; the clasps are composed of an ovate portion,

truncated at the front apex and angled off at the lower

part, it is open fore and aft but closed above and below

and on each side are the clasps proper, somewhat ham-

shaped with the knuckle end bent slightly downwards,

both portions are very sparingly supplied with fine bristles.

The aedoeagus is very large (this organ is an important

item in generic differentiation), shortish, for its family, but

very wide, tapering somewhat for the basal four-fifths,

where it is obtusely angled, from whence the apex expands

into a large florescent trumpet-shaped orifice. The girdle

is erect, expanding suddenly forwards below the tegumen,

which is funnel-shaped, deeply excavated in front with the

dorsum terminating in a blunt point. Whilst the lower

part is bifid also terminating in blunt points, below these

are the falces broad and strong, suddenly curved upwards

near their tips with one or two sharp teeth near the bend;

the apices of the lower part of the tegumen are furnished

plentifully with bristles, but the dorsum very sparingly.

The genus Hypaurotis was separated off—again by Scudder

(J.c., p. 112)—on what I thought were very fine grounds

for the species Chrysalus, but having examined the armature

I do not think copulation would be likely to take place

with species even within its own family. The clasps are

quite different in shape to any other American species

or any near ally, and the aedoeagus is very peculiar; it is

bottle-shaped in its tubular section, tapering wider up to

its terminal third, where it is suddenly constricted like the

neck of a wine bottle, expanding but slightly at its apex—

about as much proportionately as a champagne cork does.

The tegumen, however (again a very important generic

character), 1s perhaps the most specialised, the dorsum is

broad and ample, the front apex being very highly ex-

cavated, the two laterals being reduced to two long deeply

curved strong hooks, the front edge below the hooks being

deeply excavated also and produced downwards into a

lobe at the bottom of which the falces are attached and are

very unusual, they are strongly curved upwards from the

base where they are very broad and strong, their upper or

dorsal part being broadly covered with strong sharp teeth

extending along up to the point where they are sharply

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera 317

recurved, this recurving being much finer and tapering

downwards to the apex. The girdle is bent forwards, not

erect, and has a broad lobe directly behind the lobed

portion of the tegumen.

Two other allied genera Ialmenus and Pseudalmenus

are very close to each other, but their separation is quite

justified by the armature ; in the former, Zalmenus evagorus,

the tegumen is hood-shaped and all in front; in the latter,

Pseudalmenus myrsilus, it is very largely truncated in

front with a considerable backward projection, whilst the

clasps are formed absolutely diversely in their whole char-

acter. On this latter point it should always be borne in

mind that clasps may differ and show merely specific

differences, but a total change in form and outline, whilst

of secondary taxonomic importance to the tegumen, yet

has a real value when taken with other details.

In the Gerydinae the male armature at once shows

marked generic differentiation. In this group is found a

complete inversion of the usual characters. In Gerydus leos

and all other species of the genus the clasps are relatively

quite insignificant, not that this has been developed so much

by a reduction in size of these organs (though in comparison

with other families they are rather small), but by the im-

mense development of the tegumen; this section of the

armature is very unusual, the dorsal bridge is reduced to

, an extremely narrow ridge, whilst the two lateral cheeks

or lobes are produced and enlarged into two long razor-

shaped blades that when withdrawn into the abdomen

occupy more than two-thirds of the abdominal length;

the falces or hooks are placed beyond the middle of the

blades rather nearer the apex, they are long and strong with

a sharp robust S hook at their extremity, their action is

secured by a strong chitinous muscular attachment with

the front apex of the blade which is specially strengthened

for this purpose. The aedoeagus is a short plain tube,

tapering to a fine point, the orifice extending backwards

for nearly half its length and partaking of the taper already

referred to, the clasps are small and shortish somewhat

boat-shaped tapering to a blunt point, with the upper

apical edge densely fringed with long hairs for nearly half

its length, with a patch of hairs on its lower part also.

The internal area of the blades of the tegumen is likewise

clothed thickly with soft hairs. The African genus

Megalopalpus belongs to this family and not to the

318 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

Lipteninae with which it has generally been placed. The

armature proved this conclusively. The same great

development of the tegumen has taken place, though in

this genus the tegumen is wedge-shaped with the lower

fore edges well excavated and curved, thus ending in fine

points; the falces are quite different, being of the usual

Ruralid shape. Both the aedoeagus and the clasps differ

from Gerydus though they are of equally simple form, both

are, however, rather longer, though slighter. It is quite

evident, however, that the genus belongs to the sub-

family Gerydinae. Let me take another section of the same

great order, and let us consider one or two examples from

among the Lipteninae. The genus Pentila needs a good

deal of revision; I will take two species out of that genus

as it stands in “ Rhopalocera Aethiopica,” viz. muhata and

abraxas, Hew. In many respects the armature of the

former reminds me of that of the Hepialidae; it seems to

have an additional pair of clasps in the centre of the girdle.

As a general rule the tegumen is in the tergite and the clasp

in the sternite sections of the abdomen (and we thus have

the anal orifice quite distinctly separated from the genital

orifice), these being united by the girdle, which in a sense

completely amalgamates the tergite and sternite. In

muhata, however, 1t would almost appear as if a pair of

clasps had been developed at the base of the tergite, as well

as in the sternite; to grasp the point fully it is almost

necessary to refer to the figure, where it is seen that the

tegumen has a slight hood with two long robust arms that

are well provided with long strong bristles; below these

jointed to the girdle (which in this species is not a simple

collar of chitine but is definitely divided near the middle),

but stillin the tergite, are two broad arms highly excavated

at the apex and strongly hooked; they are provided with

fine longish bristles. The sternite section of the girdle is

attached to the base of the tergite section (Pl. LVIII, fig. 10)

and forms quite a distinct section (with the clasps and

aedoeagus), though it is jointed on to the tergite portion ;

the girdle is highly concave and broad developing directly

into the two longish clasps with a broadly spatulate apex,

the clasps not being separate organs jointed on to the

girdle, as is usually the case, they are provided with long

fine bristles. The aedoeagus is longish, very broad indeed,

of almost equal width, with the orifice the full width of the

tube, which is obliquely truncated at the apex; the vesica

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 319

is furnished with a central very strong spine surrounded by

smaller ones in a bunch of hairs. This species I have taken

out of the genus Pentila and made the type of the genus

Ornipholidotos. I have selected Pentila abraxas for com-

parison with it, as it in many respects is nearer than others

and is a well-known insect. The tegumen (very different

from O. muhata) is very ample and broad with a joined apex,

which is a very close approximation to the uncus of Gosse,

so well known in the genus Papilio. It terminates in the

shape of a robust horn, well excavated below, from which

are developed at the rear two longish heavy lobes, which

with the uncus-like extremity are furnished sparingly with

fine bristles; the tergite clasps are reduced to two short

strong horn-hke projections well supplied with strong

bristles, whilst the anal orifice opens out on to the surface

in a somewhat trumpet-shaped organ. The sternite girdle

is expanded backwards and is jointed on to the tergite

section, which seems to form an additional covering hood

over the organs just described, the sternite portion de-

veloping into a broad hollowed long groove below the

sternite clasps, and expanding right in front into a heavy

clubbed apex furnished plentifully with strong bristles ;

the clasps form part of the girdle by fusion rather than

otherwise and are very broad, terminating in a longish horn

strongly bristled. The aedoeagus is very long, of fairly

uniform width, very highly curved ; the “vas deferens”

being highly developed, with the vesica very large and

furnished copiously with robust curved teeth, the apical

one being extra large and prominent. Here again the

alliance of the two insects is evident, but the important

parts of the armature from the taxonomic point of view

would certainly lead us at once to look for other characters

to enable us to separate them, and these we find. Telipna

acraea—using the genus as is done by Aurivillius—is closely

allied to the two species we have just considered in the de-

velopment of the tergite and sternite sections, see Pl. LIX,

fig. 12, but parva should come out of the genus. This

little species is very interesting, inasmuch as it probably

forms the connecting link between the Pentila group (in

sens. strict.) and the Liptena group; this species, as will be

seen from the figure, is without the usual form of girdle,

it has none in the sternite section, it has its origin in the

rear of the upper edge of the clasps with which it is fused,

from whence it rises to and fuses with the tegumen, which

320 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

is a fairly simple hood excavated on the dorsum with two

well-curved cheeks excised on their upper margin, at the

rear of which are the robust well-curved falces ; the aedoeagus

is very close to O. muhata, short, very broad, of uniform

width, with an obliquely truncated orifice; the clasps are

robust, ham-shaped, with the knuckle end moderately

long and deeply excised in the middle so as to be like the

nose of a pair of hollowed nippers; the two clasps are joined

together near the rear by a broad bridge of chitine on the

upper edge, and by a narrow strong ridge on the lower

margin near the rear also; this unusual method is no doubt

necessitated by the fact that the girdle does not exist in

the sternite.

The genus Hptola is seen to be rightly placed among the

Inpteninae by the development of the girdle and the tegu-

men (PI. LIX, fig. 15), by the general “‘ build” of the clasps

and markedly by the aedoeagus ; if we compare this latter

organ with that of Pseuderesia trvpunctata the alliance

is at once apparent, as also the form of the clasps; the

prominent saccus, 7.e. the extension rearwards at the

base of the girdle, is also a somewhat important generic

character. The general outline of this genus (Pseuderesia)

and species is rather beautiful in the bold even curve of

the girdle, with its broad fine lateral curtains, each fusing

so neatly into the long elegant tegumen. The tegumen

shows its Ruralid root in the short strong falces at the

base of its small cheeks; it will be noticed that the apex of

the tegumen is evenly excised to aslight extent. The girdle

in this genus seems to be peculiarly strongly developed ;

there is an inner girdle (so to speak) consisting of a hollowed

and specially strengthened “ stay ” extending upwards from

the base to the back of the tegumen, and over this there

appears to be stretched a further outer girdle fitting like a

glove, fused with the tegumen and developing the delicate

lateral curtains already referred to.

I have considered hitherto an ancient family, very large

and predominant but not generally speaking very highly

specialised, let us now examine a family that is perhaps

one of the most recently specialised of groups, viz. the

Nymphalidae. Take the small but widely-spread genus

Apatura and the great genus Charaxes. If we look at the

figure of the former (Apatura iris) two points will at once

be evident : the form and development of the girdle with

its considerable enlargement of the saccus, and also the

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 321

peculiar and prominent “ uncal ”’ projection of the tegumen

with its development of a special tubular anal orifice.

These are Nymphalid characteristics. Both these points

are better seen in the figure of Charazes tiridates, but I

consider they have reached their highest stage of develop-

ment in that genus, and therefore I refer to Apatura as

the more typical; it will also be noticed that the clasps are

very large. The difference between the two genera is

observable at a glance; the long uncus-like tegumen with a

similar but smaller formation at the base of the anal

orifice, the narrow girdle with its long and narrow saccus,

and the large broad and heavy clasps contrast strongly

with the short tegumen of Charaxes, where the under

projection of the anus is longer than the tegumen itself; the

girdle with its very copious and long and broadish saccus

and its highly receding position, whilst the clasps though

large are of quite a different build to those of Apatura.

In both the genera the aedoeagus is very long, but in

Charaxes it is unusually long, and we find rising from the

clasps a support for it to rest on which is lacking in Apatura.

If we compare Limenitis with Neptis the same Nymphalid

characteristics are apparent, and equally good differences

between the genera exist. In Limenitis the girdle and the

tegumen are highly developed, the latter is very long and

has two arms, so to speak, as an attachment to the girdle, for

in this group they are not wholly fused ; the lower extremity

of the fore arm is the base of the anus, there being no

frontal projection in these cases; the saccus is but poorly

represented, whilst the clasps are very large. In Neptis

lucilla the tegumen has a much fuller and more copious

hinder formation, whilst the uncal position is much less

prominent; the clasps are different and have a cleft bifid

extremity almost reminding one of the Ruralidae. The

saccus is more prominent, and the girdle is a modified

formation of Limenatis.

In Pararge maera the girdle remains fairly typical and

the anus still remains with a separated orifice (this marked

separation is, I believe, a vestige of a very primitive char-

acter); the tegumen is very copiously developed in the

rear, whilst added to the uncal apex are two small but

straight spikes, almost after the manner of the Hveridae

only longer and finer but not jointed; the clasps are long

and narrow with toothed and finely serrated lower edges.

The aedoeagus is very small with two formidable spikes at

322 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

its lower front extremity; itis also furnished with rows of

short sharp strong teeth.

Pararge hiera bears out entirely these differences, but

the aedoeagus and the straight spikes of the tegumen

differ in certain particulars, as a glance at the figures

will demonstrate.

Aphantopus hyperanthus is thoroughly Nymphaline and

shows its alliance to Pararge in the tegumen with its long

uncus and stout straight falces (spiked hooks in the

Ruralidae); the falces might possibly have been evolved

first in this genus, inasmuch as they form a solid part of

the uncus-hke extremity of the tegumen, there being no

joint as in Pararge; the clasps and aedoeagus are quite

different in structure, as will be seen easily from the figure.

Epinephele, as shown in jurtina, is more advanced than

any of those generally placed near it; the uncal extremity

of the tegumen is exceedingly long, and the falces (these

show it is rightly placed where it is) are also unusually

long; the girdle and the very large clasps are of the

advanced Nymphaline type; the aedoeagus, however, is of

only moderate length. In addition to these there arise

from the lower edge of the last tergite two quite peculiar

rather long blackish barbs with deeply serrated apices,

placed one on each side the girdle. I am at present unable

to conjecture what their use can be.

With Coenonympha I will close the Nymphalidae, having,

I hope, proved my point with the genera I have figured,

and I might say I have not “selected” these. I have

merely taken what I had by me and what had not to my

remembrance been figured before. In Coenonympha the

uncal extremity is even longer, proportionately, than in

Epinephele; the falces are long and stout, very different

from the fine falces of that genus; the girdle is typical of

the group, but the clasps are long and narrow and are

furnished with long tufts of fine hairs in addition to the

ordinary hairiness of the clasps—these have been cleared

away in the figure unfortunately.

In oedippus, the type of the genus, the uncal extremity

is very large and stout, whilst the arched falces follow suit

but are jointed on to the tegumen (thus approaching the

articulated joints of the Lycaenidae only more primitive) ;

the girdle is narrow with a short “saccus,”’ whilst the

aedoeagus is a simple tube, waved, of very moderate

width and moderate length.

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 323

The Danainae show strong characters of theirown. The

genus Danaus, if we are to revert to Latreille’s original

spelling, has phlexippus as its type, but it is the least

developed of the group in certain particulars. This we

might expect from its almost world-wide distribution, and

also if in it we have the origin of its family. Its Nymphaline

connection is shown in the shape of the girdle and its

saccus. Danaida has priority over Danaus by four years.

In Tirumala petiverana the tegumen is but weakly de-

veloped, that is to say, that the chitinous structure is

thinner and finer than usual; the tegumen is ample and is

developed at its front apex into two ears fairly well excised

along the dorsal line; the girdle is copious and has a very

large and prominent saccus. The aedoeagus is very large,

with a sharp and highly curved downwards bend at a

third from its tip, whilst at the lower margin of its tapered

orifice is a very large strong tooth edged on its inner side

by ashort series of strong short teeth; the vesica, also large,

is likewise armed with teeth and clothed heavily with fine

spines; the clasps are large and highly excavated near the

lower front apex and produced into a large horn extending

downwards. The end segment of the abdomen proper is

fairly evenly terminated without teeth or spines, but having

the usual fine hairs. If we compare this with Danaida

phlexippus we at once see strong differences, so that the

armature alone at once suggests the need for another

genus; the tegumen is more copious and much more de-

veloped in its fore lobes or ears as I termed them in the

previous case; the girdle is stronger and the saccus changed

from a very broad and large sack, to a long moderately

wide cylinder; the aedoeagus, however, is totally dis-

similar, it is an exceedingly long narrow tube of equal

width for its entire tubular portion, and it has no spines

or teeth at all, whilst the vesica has no armature at all;

the clasps also have lost the formidable curved hook at

their lower extremity, but have a long stout horizontal

spike at their upper margin, the two spikes (7. e. the one

on each clasp) being bridged over by a chitinous collar,

whilst the whole of the sternite section is covered over by

a broad apron (as it were) of chitine. The other Danaine

genus I would refer to is Amauris. This again, from its

armature only, suggests at once the necessity of dividing

it off from either of the others; it has alliances to both

of the preceding genera, but differs markedly from each.

324 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

The tegumen is quite different in some respects, it is much

less ample, is divided into two portions, the terminal or

uncal position having almost lost the bifid character; this

part is developed into a small triangular hood, attached

to the rear of the tegumen by a narrow ridge, and incised

at its pointed extremity to a very slight extent; the forma-

tion of this has quite a different appearance to those just

referred to. The girdle is slight with the saccus smaller

and shorter than in Danaida; the aedoeagus is similar to

Tirumala but smaller; whilst the clasps are quite solid

and broad, more or less oblong, with no excrescences : in

some cases they are squarish at the front edge, and in others

quite rounded; the interior of the clasps is furnished with

an ample supply of long strong hairs, especially at the lower

margin—these hairs are present in all to some extent, but

in Amauris they are quite a special feature. There is

another quite peculiar character, the end segment of the

abdomen proper is provided with a formidable series of

strong sharp spines of moderate length, this feature being

absent in the allied genera. It is a character that I have

not found in any other of the Rhopalocera that I have

examined. I must not omit to mention another important

point, all these three genera are furnished with, viz. a pair

of long brushes that are protruded from directly below the

dorsum on each side of the anus. In Tirwmala and in

Amauris they are longish and when extended are prominent ;

in Danaida they are very much smaller, each is placed in a

fine membranous case, which is turned inside out on the

extrusion of the brushes. Aurivillius in Seitz’s work

adopts the long-overlooked name Danaida, and sinks both

Tirumala, Moore, and Melinda, Moore, to it. I quite

agree with him in thinking Melinda must fall to Tirwmala,

but the male armature made me at once separate Tirumala

from Danaida, and I find this is borne out by the neuration,

for in the primaries of Moore’s genus veins 7, 8, 9 and 10

are stalked from a common base, whilst in Danaida 7, 8 and

9 are stalked, but 10 rises from the cell.

The valves and the peculiarly bent aedoeagus of a large

number of the Pieridae indicate a relationship, perhaps,

with the almost universal valves of the Papilionidae,

though the organs within these valves are decidedly less

complicated as a rule, whilst the entire absence of them

(the valves) in some of the older families—Colias and

Leptidia—to name only two, might seem to suggest that

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera, 325

they are not in reality closely allied, but that the more

specialised genera (we cannot say dominant, for Colias is

a decidedly dominant group), which are now so numerous,

may have developed along somewhat parallel lines. Under

both sets of circumstances and conditions, however, we

have characters of great Taxonomic value.

If we now turn to the Heterocera we shall find our con-

tention demonstrated yet more. We will go low down

and examine that interesting family so long called the

Sesiidae; the prominent character of the group is that the

male armature (it 1s confined to the male sex) is provided

with copious brushes of long hairs, fixed into the organs

exactly after the manner of a hair brush except that the

bristles are attached individually to the chitinous wall.

In Trochilium apiforme, these bristles are confined to

the edges of the clasps—instead of being spread evenly

over the whole inner surface—and the bristles are different ;

in T. apiforme they are long large spikes, attached directly

to the chitine, not on a tubercle, constricted at the attach-

ment, but immediately expanding very shortly and then

tapering gradually to a point; they are confined to the

front apical edge, and extend in considerable numbers

around the fore half of the upper edge of the clasp. Another

character of the group (possibly pointing to the persistence

of the original type of these organs) is that the armature

is practically in two sections, viz. sternite and tergite, the

former being angled rearwards, whilst the latter is slightly

fused on to the fore extremity of the angled apex; the

tegumen thus loses the typical girdle, becoming practically

a separate section (forming the anus with its own separate

channel), but being just fused as already mentioned with

the sternite at the one point only. In this case the tegumen

is almost tubular, the apex of the dorsum being well

excavated, whilst the cheeks are furnished with the spikes

already referred to; below these are two prominent wedge-

shaped falces. The clasps are large and broad, and are

curtained over at the front apex, leaving only a deeply

hollowed circle for the extrusion of the aedoeagus, which

is very large; the vas deferens is densely covered with

minute teeth, and the vesica furnished apparently with a

rosette of the large spikes previously described. The

juncture of the clasps with the girdle is very shght, again

indicating the primitiveness of the structure.

. These organs are very different from Aegeria, where we

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PART I. (OCT.) Y

326 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

find the separated anus has apparently disappeared, though

the fusion of the tegumen, 7. e. the tergite section, with

the short girdle, viz. the sternite section, remains as in

Trochilium. Aegeria doryliformis has quite a_ typical

armature, and it differs so much from 7’. apiformis that the

systematist would at once conclude that it must represent

a different genus, and the conclusion would be borne out

by further investigation. In addition to the anal orifice

just mentioned, the tegumen is quite different in shape;

it is deeply bifid on the dorsum, and carries on.each side

an extraordinary brush; it might quite well be called like

—and very like—unto a carpet brush, long and tapering,

with long bristles having split spatulate extremities ; there

is a large cavity in the tegumen within which these brushes

can evidently be withdrawn, whilst at the rear of the cavity

is a broad hollowed apron of chitine that would completely

fit over the aperture and fall on to the front apex of the

tegumen; the whole arrangement is most peculiar and

wonderful. The clasps are large, wedge-shaped in this

species, with the inner surfaces covered with long fine

bristles with split extremities; with the exception of the

lower hinder portions of the clasps, these bristles cover the

whole surface. The fulcrum, in Rhopalocera generally only

a furcate fine stem, is here developed into a broad copious

hollowed support for the aedoeagus, with a fringe of

formidable spike-like bristles on the upper edges of each

side; this fringe is evidently capable of entire inversion

- in a forward direction, and might well act as an exciting

agent to one or both sexes during mating. I do not know

an organ to compare with this at all in other groups; the

figures I give will, I hope, enable the reader to understand

the action of these unusual developments. The aedoeagus

is a long narrow tube very diverse from that of 7. apiforme.

The saccus, an important character, is long and is fused

with both the girdle and the clasp, the latter being rather

unusual, and these organs are generally distinctly jointed

on to the girdle, which is short erect but quite defined.

Paranthrene tineiformis again differs from Aegeria in

very essential details; the eighth segment as in that genus

is provided with great tufts of long hair in both sections of

the segment, which arise from two closely tubercled cushions

two in each section. The separated anus in this genus

is as marked as in T'rochiliwm, though different. The

tegumen has a long uncal extremity totally at variance

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 327

with the two preceding genera; the lower tubular portion

is very simple, the mere tube being entirely visible in the

figure (Pl. LXII, fig. 30). The clasps are bluntly ovate with

long fine hairs in fair abundance, but quite different from

Aegeria, being arranged as is generally common to these

organs. The aedoeagus is long and thick, with a vesica

that is heavily clothed with fine bristles. The girdle is

more primitive than in Aegeria, whilst the saccus is almost

absent.

If we compare Orenaia and Titamo we still find differ-

ences of sufficient importance to at once separate them,

with the expectation of their belonging to different genera.

Orenaia has the tegumen—as represented by rupestralis

and alpestralis—with the uncal extremity produced for-

wards in a long narrow horn, with a second miniature horn

below it sharply serrated on its upper edge, the anal tube

lying between these two horns; the tergite armature is

thus complete, but it is strongly attached by a short girdle

to the sternite section, which consists of clasps and aedoeagus,

the former being broad, of uniform width, the apical

third being densely provided with very long hairs; the

aedoeagus is a long tube of even width obtusely angled at

a third from the apex; the vesica is almost entirely covered

with fine short teeth, which are horizontally placed as it

lies at rest, but would of course be at once elevated under

excitement. In Tvtanio schrankiana the tegumen becomes

(by fusion) almost a part of the girdle, as it does generally

in the higher orders, viz. the Rhopalocera; the dorsal area

(of the tegumen) is broad and long with a distinct dividing

line along the centre, though it is not apparently split

into two divisions; the front apex being slightly incised

in the centre, within the hollow thus made lies a broad

horn-like structure serrated at its apex. The clasps are

exceedingly broad, broad enough to envelope the whole

armature, and furnished with long hairs at the apical end;

the aedoeagus is a highly curved broad tube.

It will thus be seen that though the two armatures are

closely allied (the insects were put in the same genus until

comparatively recently), the great difference in the tegumen

would at once lead one to suspect that they belonged to

different genera.

The genera Cossus and Duomitus are very closely allied

indeed; the tegumen in general shape and structure is

quite similar; it is not tubular, but is divided into two

328 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

sections vertically, which are not separated from each

other but are attached, the hind section to the short girdle

and the fore section to the upper part of the clasps, and to

hind section by very similar chitinous arms that hang down

almost vertically, through which the anal orifice passes

high up just below the dorsal plate. The sternite portions

differ, however, in some important characters. The clasps

in each genus are curtained over on the fore part of the

upper margin. In Cossus cossus the fulcrum is replaced

by a large organ attached to the base of the clasp and to

the juncture of the girdle and tegumen, consisting of two

erect broad rounded and shagreened chitinous plates, the

lower part of which is produced forwards into two long

strong horns, whilst the upper part extends in a sort of

chitinous muscular extension and gradually fuses with the

clasp, forming a hollow resting-place for the aedoeagus,

which is a moderately broad somewhat curved tube of

fairly even width expanding slightly towards the orifice.

In Duomitus leuconota the curtain of the clasps is in the

rear of the upper margin, not in the forepart as in Cossus,

and it is a fine membranous curtain, not a strongish bridge

as in that genus. The organ replacing the fulcrum is a

very large recurved outer tube extending well to the rear

of the girdle and terminating about a third from the apex

of the clasp, the front aperture being the full width of the

tube; in this lies the aedoeagus, which is by no means large

for the size of the insect ; it 1s ribbed for most of its length,

and has a long tapered extremity. From the armature

one would surmise that in both these genera we have the

persistence of a primitive type of genitalia.

Turning now to the Psychidae, inasmuch as the females

are apterous to all intents and purposes, we should expect

to find that the male armature is modified, and so it is to

some extent, but we find nevertheless quite decided differ-

ences between the genera. The marked character of the

group is the very simple large tegumen forming a simple

covering or hood over the greater part of the organs.

In Psyche viciella, Schiff., the hood is very large, covering

about two-thirds of the segment (this does not come out

adequately in the figure), the hind part of the tegumen

extending on to the ventral surface; below this is a small

ventral plate to which the clasps are attached; these are

quite small and primitive, almost finger-shaped, but rather

wider at the rear. The aedoeagus is long and curved, with

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 329

a very ample vesica, that is provided copiously with fine

short bristles. Comparing this with Scioptera plumistrella

(a fairly close ally) the difference is marked; the tegumen

is quite small, equally simple; the ventral plate is strongly

bifid; the clasps are small, but by no means so primitive,

being incised at the fore extremity into two lobes, some-

thing after the manner of the Plebeidae; the aedoeagus is

much shorter, and much broader; the vesica must be very

weakly developed as I cannot trace it in any of my prepara-

tions. In Oreopsyche atra, L., the tegumen is quite different

in shape, being produced forwards along the middle dorsal

line; it is almost double the size of Scioptera, though not

nearly so large as in Psyche, being confined practically to

the tergite, whilst the sternite is wholly occupied by a

very large ventral plate covering the whole sternite and

having a long saccus at the rear; within this lie the two

clasps something similar to Scioptera, but with the upper

lobe much produced, whilst the aedoeagus is a small simple

tube. In addition to these very marked characters the

seventh and eighth segments are clothed with a collar of

formidable spines.

Pachytelia unicolor is closely allied to Oreopsyche as to

the tegumen and ventral plate, but both are very large;

the clasps are large also with apices very similar to the

lobster’s claw, whilst the aedoeagus is unusually large, both

long and broad and with a rather extraordinary globular

vesica. I would draw attention to the fact that there is

no girdle in this group. It will be seen that even here

where we might have looked for great modifications the

armature gives very valuable Taxonomic guidance. It was

necessary, of course, to confirm this by reference to other

groups with what we term, somewhat loosely perhaps,

apterous females, I therefore referred to Heterogynis

penella, Hb.

In this family the tegumen is again the strongly developed

portion, but here it is more than a mere covering hood;

the tegumen is developed as the tegumen, but without the

girdle proper, though there is what may be the first sign

of it in the narrow ventral collar at the base of the tegumen.

It (the tegumen) is well developed laterally and dorsally

and has a peculiar uncal process that is strongly hooked,

there being one strong short hook at the apex with two

shorter ones at the back; the clasps appear to be absent,

but I think are not so in reality, but have merely altered

330 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

their position, and in this case lie alongside the tegumen,

having shifted themselves to an almost vertical position ;

they are two curved long broad plates and lie along the

fore edge of the tegumen somewhat obliquely, forming a

continuous collar with each other ventrally. The place

of the clasps, however, is occupied by a finely membranous

trough which apparently acts as a support for the aedoeagus,

which is of an excessively fine membranous character, and

were it not for the unusually large and heavily shagreened

vesica, might have passed almost unobserved. I hope I

have now brought forward sufficient evidence, both among

the higher groups of the Lepidoptera as well as among the

lower genera, to prove that the male armature is generally

speaking of as much value in the Taxonomy as in the

Phylogeny of the families. I recognise there may be cases

where the value should be discounted, as there are cases

of neuration where it also is at a discount ; generally speak-

ing, however, neuration is one of our most valuable char-

acters, and inasmuch as it is present in both sexes it is

a more reliable character than the male armature; but

these organs will not infrequently settle a disputed point

of generic affinity, as I have shown more than once in

these Transactions, and the more deeply I become ac-

quainted with them, the more am I impressed with the

fact that they are of the utmost value, not only for

differentiation of species but also of genera.

Whilst I am discussing the male armature I am desirous

of drawing attention to a few genera of the Ruralidae with

somewhat abnormal male organs. The smallest species of

the group, omitting Zizula gaika perhaps, are two African

and two American species, 7. e. should the latter really

prove to be distinct from each other. These must, I think,

be classed under the same genus. In 1876 (Bull. Buff.

Soc. iii, p. 124) Scudder proposed the name Brephidium

for the American ones, viz. evilis, Boisd., and isophthalma,

H.S. The African insects are metophis, Wllgr., and

barberae, Trimen, which must certainly belong to the same

genus as the others or a closely allied one, and as they have

hitherto been placed in the “‘ omnibus genera” Lycaena

or Cupido I accept Scudder’s name for three out of four.

The male armature is on entirely similar lines, the neuration

is similar and the superficial facies is likewise similar on the

whole. The principal character of the armature is the

enormous development of the tegumen, which occupies

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 331

two-thirds of the lateral area, and is excised along the

dorsum up to the girdle or nearly up to the girdle, the

lateral cheeks being exceedingly large and broad, their

fore apex being edged with a cluster or short line of long

erect formidable spines, which are carried on a long arm

from the rear of the tegumen that encircles the lower and

front margin, lying on it so closely as to appear to form

an integral part of it; whilst there is another peculiar

process in the rear of these, the clasps are pyriform in all

species, and the aedoeagus in metophis and ezilis is quite

extraordinarily similar, but in barberae it differs. In the

two former it is bulbous with a small curved tapering

extremity at the rear and a straight narrow wedge-shaped

tip, below which from near the middle of the bulb a longish

narrow horn is developed with its lower apical edge

serrated, this extends almost as far in front as the tip itself.

In barberae the aedoeagus is so totally different in shape

and in most of its details, that it constrained me to think

that it must belong to another though very closely allied

genus. Itherefore looked up its other structural characters

and found they confirmed my first impressions; the

neuration of the costal area is quite different from

Brephidium. It certainly needs another genus for its

reception, and I propose for barberae the name Oraidium

in contrast with Scudder’s name. In Oraidium barberae

veins 6 and 7 rise from the upper. apex of the cell, and 7

is not stalked, 8 and 9 are absent, 11 is bent up to almost

or quite touch 12. In Brephidium 8 and 9 are stalked,

rising from the cell well before the apex, whilst 7 is absent

and 11 is a short obsolescent bar anastomosing with 12.

The armature of Oraidium differs in that the arms,

bearing at their tips the great spines, rise from the lower

front angle of the tegumen and are projected straight for-

ward obliquely, not encircling the lateral cheeks; the

aedoeagus is saddle-shaped at the rear, descending abruptly

from the ridge vertically downwards, and then near the

lower edge the tip is produced forwards in a very long and

very narrow tube for quite double the length of its saddle

portion, whilst from the lower base is projected forwards

a similar equally long and yet narrower tube. The alliance

of the two genera will be seen in the lower long horn-like

processes which are very unusual emanating from the

position of these organs. From the smallest Ruralid we

will go to the largest, viz. Liphyra brassolis, Westw.

332 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on the

The life-history of this extraordinarily specialised insect

is now fairly well known, its entire immature life is spent

in ants’ nests—Aecophilla virescens, I believe; its larva

is covered with an excessively hard chitinous coat of mail,

quite impervious to the attacks of its enemies on whose

larvae it feeds, and it pupates absolutely within its chitinous

skin, whilst the imago when it emerges, soft and weak,

is so enveloped with fugitive scales that the ants smothered

with them are entirely baffled thereby. The armature is

quite Ruralid but pecularly developed; its great size will

be seen from the figure which is magnified, x 30, as are

the other figures. The tegumen is not large for the size

of the armature, but it has a quite peculiar hindward pro-

cess; the tegumen is continued to the rear for two-thirds

of its forward length, two longish crescentic arms then

descend, which are entirely excavated on their inner side,

giving the appearance of a great hooked extension at the

back of the girdle, there are the usual falces of the order,

large and strong: the girdle is copious but simple, and

the clasps are small, ham- -shaped, with the knuckle end

(7. e. the apex) well furnished with strong short teeth; the

fulcrum is very strong, rising from two pyramidal bases

with a common foundation, and consist of two erect strong

straight spikes; the aedoeagus is a large and broadish tube,

with the usual basal extension and a large shagreened

vesica, which is seen in the figure as apparently part of

the apical orifice of the tube.

In the genus Mimacraea we might perhaps expect to

find, as we do, very specialised armature, the short

anal orifice (or very short tube) is apparent practically on

the underside of the dorsum, there being no tegumen

proper (as to its dorsum at least), the anus taking its place

and being fused on to the two lateral lobes or cheeks of the

tegumen at their upper rear margin; the lateral part of

the tegumen consists of two large spherical lobes (one on

each side) whose upper front margin is produced forwards

into two long curved horn-like processes, the apices of

which have a short row of very fine minute setae. The

girdle is narrow and simple in its main support, but is

provided with fine lateral curtains from the base of the

tegumen to near the fore part of the clasps; this curtain

is furnished with strong spines on its lower portion, as

also is the inner surface of the clasps; these are of unusual:

shape, difficult to describe, and are furnished at the ex-

Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 333

tremity with a stout downward curved hook; the fulerum

is absent doubtless because the very unusual shape of the

aedoeagus would render it useless unless it were enormously

developed. The aedoeagus is angled sharply near its

rather ample base at right angles, where it ascends and in

a deep bold curve is then bent over and produced forwards

as a long strong tapering horn and terminates in a pointed

tip.

The only genus with which I am yet acquainted that has

any resemblance in its tegumen to Mimacraea is Arrugia;

in basuta the tegumen somewhat approaches the shape of

its lateral lobes but is very dissimilar in its other parts ;

its fore lobes are somewhat like those just described, but

the rear portion of the tegumen is normally constructed,

being entirely hooded over. In this genus, however, the

tergite and sternite have their own organs; beneath the

lobes at their inner extremity the falces rise and are two

powerful horns deeply curved, whilst directly below them,

more or less parallel as to position, are a pair of shorter

curved arms edged on the upper margin with short sharp

teeth, these form the lower margin of the tergite section.

The clasps are large and broad, roughly Plebeid in shape,

but without the apical incision; the fulcrum is long

straight and oblique; the aedoeagus is a shortish broad

tube straight on its upper margin, waved on its lower

margin, slightly tapered at its apex, with a finely shagreened

vesica; there is a broad collar fixed in the girdle through

which it passes; the girdle is very narrow and irregular

with fine lateral curtains and with a prominent saccus. It

will thus be seen that whilst the armature points to a strong

Liptenine origin there is yet something apparent in the

clasps and saccus of a Ruraline character.

The American Fenisca tarquinia, as also the Hastern

Spalgis epius, have carnivorous larvae and_ peculiar

facies of their own, both however have Ruralid

armature, though developed on lines of their own in some

respects.

Fenisca tarquinius, Fab. (Pl. LXV, fig. 46).

This has the tegumen hooded and strongly developed

forwards, its front apex having a slight rounded excava-

tion; it has the usual falces; the clasps are subtriangular

and are bridged over by a narrow elevated chitinous collar

from the apex of the triangle; the front tip is strongly

334 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s Notes on Lepidoptera.

but very shortly toothed. The aedoeagus is very long,

narrowish with the apex finely toothed; the girdle is fairly

ample, erect with a very long narrow saccus. It very

frequently follows that a very long aedoeagus is accom-

panied by a very long saccus.

Spalgis epius, Westw. (Pl. LXV, fig. 47).

Here the tegumen is also hooded, but quite differently

from Fenisca; it forms a distinct hood, being only slightly

attached to the girdle at the rear of the dorsum, the develop-

ment is entirely forwards again; the falces are quite short

and broad; the clasps are subovate with constricted and

hollowed and toothed fore edges ; two strong deeply curved

horns drop forwards from near the centre of the clasps

which may possibly take the place of the fulcrum, it is,

however, an unusual formation; the girdle is fairly erect

but curved in the middle, and is without any saccus; the

aedoeagus is longish with the tube tapering somewhat

smaller for its apical half.

In closing I will compare two genera somewhat widely

separated, viz. Horaga type onyx and Loxura type atymnus,

in order to show a somewhat unusual development in each

case, but a development that has gone on along parallel

lines, though the genera are not at all closely related. It

is not, of course, surprising that this should be so, but it is

none the less interesting.

In Horaga onyx the tegumen consists of a saddle which

is very deeply bifid, the two extremities being hoof shaped ;

the falces are attached at the back and on to (as it

were) the fetlock joint; the girdle is broad, inclined

well forwards and has no saccus, whilst the clasps are

scymitar shaped, with an abundant supply of long coarse

bristles. The aedoeagus is of moderate size, both as to

length and width, with the vesica highly developed, being

covered with short teeth.

In Loxura atymnus the tegumen has the saddle ridge

much reduced, whilst the highly bifid extremities are

decidedly increased in length, terminating in two finger-

like appendages; the falees are long and fine and deeply

curved; the girdle is very broad and ample, very much

depressed and inclined forwards and over the clasps;

the knife-shaped clasps, have the basal half decidedly

wider than the fore part, there are no long bristles, but

instead the edges of the clasps have a few very short fine

Explanation of Plates. 335

hairs; the aedoeagus is wide at its basal attachment, but

the fore half is a simple narrow tube with the vesica

scarcely developed at all. It will thus be seen that the

clasping and general armature of the two genera has

developed along closely similar lines.

EXPLANATION oF PLates LV—LXV.

PLATE LV.

. Plebeius argus * 30.

. Polyommatus icarus * 30.

. Hypaurotis chrysalus * 20.

a. Hypaurotis chrysalus * 30 (to show the formation of the

tegumen and falces and the aedoeagus).

No.

PLATE LVI.

3. Neolycaena tengstroemi.

4. Habrolis grunus.

6. Lalmenus evagorus.

7. Pseudalmenus myrsilus (fulerum accidentally eversed).

All magnified « 30.

PLATE LVII.

No. 8. Gerydos leos * 30.

PLATE LVIII.

No. 9. Megalopalpus gigas * 15.

9a. Megalopalpus gigas * 15 (to show the wide angle of

vertical motion).

10. Ornipholidotos muhata * 30.

ll. Pentila abraxas * 30.

PLATE LIX.

No. 12. Telipna acraea.

13. Liptena parva.

14. Pseuderesia tripunctata.

15. Epitola posthumus.

All magnified x 30.

336

No. 16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Pail

No. 22.

. Coenonympha oedippus x 20.

. Danaida phlexippus x 6.

. Tirumala petiverana x 6.

26.

. Amauris angola x 6.

No. 42

Explanation of Plates.

PLATE LX.

Apatura iris < 10.

Charaxes tiridates x 6.

Limenitis camilla « 10.

Neptis lucilla x 10.

Pararge maera x 10.

Epinephele jurtina 10.

PLATE LXI.

Aphantopus hyperantus x 10.

Amauris dannfeldti x 6.

PLATE LXII.

. Trochilium apiformis x 15.

. Aegeria doriliformis x 30.

. Paranthrene tineiformis x 30.

. Orenaia rupestralis x 30.

. Litanio schrankiana x 30.

. Cossus cossus < 10.

. Duomitus leuconota x 10.

PLATE LXIII.

. Psyche viciella x 30.

. Scioptera plumistrella x 30.

. Oreopsyche atra x 30.

. Pachytelia unicolor x 30.

. Heterogynis penella x 30.

. Brephidium exilis x 30.

. Oraidium barberae x 30.

. Mimacraea fulvaria x 10.

PLATE LXIV.

Liphyra brassolis x 30

Explanation of Plates. 337

PLATE LXV.

No. 45. Arrugia basuta x 20.

46. Fenisca tarquinnius x 30.

47. Spalgis epius x 30.

48. Horaga onyx < 30.

49. Loxura atymnus x 30.

( 338. )

Revision of the Mexican and Central American Chaulio-

gnathinae (Fam. Telephoridae), based on the genital

armature of the males: a correction. By GEORGE

CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

Too late for correction in the proper place, a mistake has

been detected in the name of one of the species of Chaulio-

gnathus figured in the “ Revision” (antea, pp. 128-168),

due to the printed label-number, 1665, attached to the

separately-mounted preparation having been misread 1655.

The dissection (1665) of a dark variety of C. limbicollis was

thus, by accident, selected for the figure (Plate V, figs.

14, 14a) and description (p. 144) of the aedeagus of the

male of C. lecontec; the corresponding structure of the

first-named insect was correctly illustrated on Plate VI,

figs. 22, 22a. Figures of the aedeagus of C. leconter are

appended herewith, and the following description must

replace that given on p. 144. As might be expected, the

general structure of the organ in question is very similar

to that of the allied C. profundus, except that the left

lateral lobe is very much shorter.

C. lecontei, Ch. 3. Aedeagus: median lobe stout, strongly curved,

produced at the apex into a broad, spoon-shaped process ; left

lateral lobe moderately long, stout, angulate at about the middle,

the basal portion broad, the apical portion narrower, spoon-shaped,

abruptly hooked at the tip ; right lateral lobe much shorter than

the left, compressed, obliquely bent outwards from about the middle,

the tip scm2what pointed.

C. lecontei, Ch.

OcroBER 8TH, 1914.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LV.

= a a - ae

, ¥ . |

; “iis ie Ger GS Pee:

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF SOME RURALIDAE.

‘AVGITVANA ANOS AO SNVDAO IVNXAS ATIVAN

“ay mspuazy *D

TAT #4Vid ‘FIOL “puoy I05 "jug ‘suvsyz

‘SOHUT SNGANAD AO SNVONO IVNXHS)'AIVN

"Jay mszUuary “2D ‘ASU, “YW ‘0,0YT

TIAT Wid bIO1 “puoT ‘0S "yuy ‘Suva

‘AVNIGANAD ANV AVNINALdIT HO SNVDNO IVNXAS AIVN

L394 ISPUAT be ‘9SU0 I, Ee at oe ‘0J0Yq

TIIAT #vjq FIO6r “puoT 705 yu “suvayz

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LIX.

C. Hentschel.

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF THE LIPTENINAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LX.

Hentschel,

6G;

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF NYMPHALIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LX.

C. Hentschel.

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF NYMPHALIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXI.

: C. Hentschel.

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF VARIOUS HETEROCERA

GENERA.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXTI11.

E NSF AE. : ay 1

C. Hentschel.

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF VARIOUS GENERA OF

HETEROCERA AND RHOPALOCERA.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXIV.

C,. Hentschel,

MALE SEXUAL ORGANS OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS.

‘AVCITVaNA ANOS HO SNVDYO IvVNxXaS AIVIN

‘70y2squazy *D

AXT 4g ‘FIOL “puoT 205 "jug ‘suvaz

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VIII. Descriptions of South American Cet aid Hi bik EDWARD

Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. ot 229

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T. A. Coapman, M.D. ... 285

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Proceedings _—_... os aes eae ae ae ioe .. XXXili-Ixiv

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(> 3387

XII. The authorship and first publication of the

“Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera: Being a

reprint of a long-lost work by Panzer, with a

translation into English, an Introduction, and

Bibliographical and Critical notes. By the Rev.

F. D. Morice, M.A., and Jno. HartteEY DuRRANT.

[Read December 8rd, 1913.]

This paper deals with a problem, which must first be solved, before

any attempt to fix the Generic Nomenclature of Hymenoptera according

to the principle of “ Priority” can be accepted as final. The problem

is simply this—when were a number of Genera accredited by some

authorities to Panzer, and by others to Jurine, first technically ‘“* pub-

lished”, and who was their real *‘ author’ ?

We believe that a complete answer to both questions is supplied by

a long-forgotten Article, which is here reproduced by photographic

processes from the only copy of it whose existence we have been able to

discover. This Article was published at Erlangen in May 1801, and

contains inter alia a Synoptic List of the Panzer-Jurine Genera in

which they are compared with the Genera adopted by Fabricius in

Ent. Syst. Vol. 2 (1793) and its Supplementum (1798). We shall

refer to this Synopsis in future as the * Erlangen List,” and give

reasons why Jurine is to be considered the author of any Generic Name

made valid by i.

This Article appeared anonymously in two instalments in a weekly

publication. But in a footnote on p. 7 of Krit. Rev. (1806) Panzer

acknowledges himself to have been its author, and his statement is

entirely borne out by internal evidence contained in the Article itself.

This, however does not apply to the Synoptic List above mentioned.

What Panzer claims in Krit. Rev., and what he manifestly has a

right to claim, is not the first publication of any Names at all (!) but

to have explained in this Article the method first devised by Jurine

Sor classifying Hymenoptera, viz. the so-called “ alary system” adopted

in Jurine’s Nouvelle Méthode (a work first announced for publica-

tion in 1799, submitted to Panzer for inspection at some tume previous

to May 1801, and ultimately published at Geneva in 1807).

The present writers were led to make the investigations which have

enabled them to republish these long-forgotten documents as follows—

They were in correspondence as to the probable correctness or other-

wise of certain conclusions arrived at by Mr. Rohwer in his recent

publications dealing with the Genotypes of Sawjlies, and had arrived,

by different lines of argument, at the same result: viz. that while

Mr. Rohwer’s conclusions generally seemed to follow logically from

his premisses, certain of those premisses had been arrived at without

examination of all available evidence, and had therefore been accepted

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTSIII, IV. (FEB.} Z

340 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

somewhat prematurely. Conspicuously this appeared to them to

be the case with Mr. Rohwer’s treatment of the ‘* Jurinean”’ Genera.

For various reasons they felt convinced that there was some

mystery involved here, and that Mr. Rohwer had not succeeded in

getting to the bottom of it. And it suddenly struck them both simul-

taneously (their letters on the subject actually crossing each other in

the Post!) that the mystery might possibly be solved by ascertaining

what exactly it was that Panzer had said in the Articles alluded to

by him on p. 7 of Krit. Rev. Vol. 2. They determined therefore, if

possible, to search out and examine those Articles.

For a long time, however, it seemed that this search was doomed to

failure, and that the Articles had disappeared beyond hope of recovery.

Enquiry was made after them in all possible quarters, but not a trace

of them could anywhere be found. At last, on a happy suggestion of

Dr. K. Jordan, application was made to the authorities of the University

at Erlangen ; and, through the most kind and courteous assistance of

Oberbibliothekar Dr. Heiland, it was ascertained that a copy of the

Erlangen Litteratur-Zeitung for 1801, containing the Articles in

question, still existed in the Library of the University. It was too

rare (perhaps even unique ?) to be sent abroad for any purpose what-

ever; but we were most kindly provided with photographs (paper

negatives) of the documents themselves, and from these negatives Messrs.

André and Sleigh have made *‘ blocks” from which our facsimile

reproductions are now being printed. It has unfortunately been

necessary to cut wp the blocks, and thereby somewhat alter the appear-

ance of the Articles, which were printed originally in 4to with double

columns (in the style of the Isis, Societas Entomologica, etc.). Such

an arrangement could only have been employed in the Pages of these

Transactions, by making our reproductions copies on so reduced a scale

of the negatives sent to us, that for any practical purpose they would

have been almost, if not absolutely, useless. Except as above, we have

tried to lay before our readers not only the substance but the actual form

of the original publication. As a preliminary to this we have thought

it may be worth while to put together a few notes—as follows—on the

period in which Panzer and Jurine flourished, and the circumstances

under which their chief works were produced.

Tue Year of Grace 1793 was politically and socially one

of the most eventful in European history. Nine of its

months fall within: Year I of the French Republican

Calendar. It began with the trial and execution of Louis

XVI (in January), and ended with the hideous massacres,

etc., at Nantes (in December). It witnessed the first

appearance in actual warfare of Napoleon Bonaparte, and

the assumption of practical Dictatorship by Robespierre ;

also the guillotining of Marie Antoinette, Madame Roland,

Charlotte Corday, and Philippe Egalité; the fall of the

Girondins; the establishment of the ‘‘ Reign of Terror ”’ ;

the overthrow ‘of the French Church and the deifying of

Reason, etc., etc. In this year also commenced the long

series of duels between France and Monarchical Kurope,

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 341

in which Republics, Kingdoms and even Empires rose and

perished, and the very foundations of the world seemed

to be breaking up.

Yet amid all this distress of nations and perplexity, a

more peaceful revolution—or rather evolution—quietly

pursued its course. The scientific movement which we

associate with the name of Linné was spreading and

progressing in a manner which, considering the_ unrest

and preoccupation in other matters of educated EKurope

in that age, cannot but seem to us surprising. Simultane-

ously Kirby in England, Lamarck and Latreille in Paris,

Jurine in Switzerland, Klug in Germany, Fabricius in

Denmark, Schrank in Austria, Rossi in Italy, and many

other able men, continued to devote their best abilities to

one and the same object, viz. a revised classification of the

Linnean “Classis” Insecta. Many of these men had

nothing else in common. Schrank was a Jesuit; Kirby

a country clergyman; Lamarck and Latreille called them-

selves (perforce or voluntarily) “ Citoyens,” and worked

under the aegis of the French Republic. Yet all con-

sidered themselves colleagues, and disciples of one master,

the incomparable Linné (ob. 1778).

The present paper proposes inter alia to consider how

certain of these men handled respectively one particular

Ordo of the Linnean Insecta, viz. the Hymenoptera.

These at that date had been divided into twenty genera,

one of which was Apis. About a century later, the late

E. Saunders was able to publish a list, from Britain alone,

of twenty-eight genera, universally recognised as distinct,

which in 1793 were still all included in the single genus Ais.

It was in this year (1793) that there appeared at

Nuremberg, with a Preface dated the 21st of August,

twelve sets of coloured figures with short diagnoses of

German insects. ach figure, and each description,

was on a separate sheet, and the sheets were not

bound together, but packed in a sort of wrapper or

envelope of coloured paper, bearing the date of its

publication and a list of the insects figured therein.

Corresponding titles were engraved on the plates, and

printed as headings to the descriptions. This was the

first instalment of a highly successful serial publication,

which (with occasional intervals of suspension for a year

or more at a time) continued to appear till 1813, certainly,

and perhaps a little longer, under the direction of its first

342 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

editor, Dr. G. W, F. Panzer. Afterwards (at Regensburg)

the work was continued by another editor; and it was

finished, or left unfinished, about 1844. At present we are

concerned only with Panzer’s share in this work; and have

nothing to say about its continuation in a later generation.

We purposely did not include Panzer among the

systematists enumerated in a former paragraph, because

his work was in no sense intended to be a contribution to

systematics, but, simply, as an assistance to collectors

in naming their insects according to the system adopted

(at the time of his publication) by one particular author—

viz. Fabricius, whom—to put the matter shortly—he

treated as infallible. The title he gave to his work, which

we shall cite hereafter as F'n. Ins. Germ., was Faunae Insec-

torum Germanae Initia—it was a book for beginners, and

dealt only with one local Fauna. He publishes as “ new ”

many species; but he neither characterises, nor intends

to introduce as new to science, a single genus—at any

rate when dealing with Hymenoptera. His own speciality,

so far as he had one, was the Coleoptera; and he does not

seem to have taken any considerable interest in Hymeno-

ptera till some years after he commenced publication of Fn.

Ins. Germ. Nor did he even attempt to make any con-

tribution of his own to the systematics of that Order till

1806 (in a work to which we shall presently refer). It

may be taken, therefore, that if, according to any of our

present Codes, the mention of a generic name by Panzer

in Fn. Ins. Germ. before 1806 makes Panzer its “‘ author,”

he was its author, not by intention but malgré lua !

Whatever, from a modern point of view, may be thought

as to the scientific or artistic merits of Panzer’s Figures

and descriptions, their publication undoubtedly gave a

great stimulus to work on the Hymenoptera, and also, as

we imagine, on other Orders, not in Germany only, but

also in France and England, and this influence lasted as

long as the publication itself continued. It is constantly

quoted as evidence for the identification of particular

species by such authors as—to take a few names at random

—Kirby, Stephens, Shuckard, F. Smith in England;

Latreille, Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Lucas in France;

Klug, Taschenberg, and many others in Germany. And

even now, it is occasionally necessary to consult it for

the above purpose; though, for any other, it is practically

obsolete. But it was never intended, nor thought to

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 343

be intended, as a contribution to the systematics of

Hymenoptera.

Consultation of Panzer’s Fn. Ins. Germ. is attended by

several difficulties : (a) the plates are arranged in no order—

one may represent a Bee, the next a Spider, the next a

Beetle, etc.; (b) they were published with no Index, nor

even List of Species for the whole work, only with a list

on each envelope of the species figured in it; (c) the

generic names used by Panzer are often no longer used in

Panzer’s sense, and he sometimes gives the same insect

one name in an earlier fascicule (Heft) and another in a

later; (d) the date of any particular Figure or diagnosis

can seldom be ascertained without examining the wrapper

which contained it, and not always then—besides,

bound copies of the work often do not include these

wrappers. Many of these difficulties may be to a large

extent overcome by using the excellent Index published

by the late E. Saunders, F.R.S. (Gurney and Jackson,

London, 1888), to which the present writers desire to own

their great obligation. But even this Index does not help

us as to Panzer’s obsolete and varying use of certain

names: e.g. a Hymenopterist would suppose that Macro-

cera lutea cited in Saunders’s Index must be a Bee, but it

is in fact a Dipteron! And many of the species listed in

the Index under Tiphia would not have been referred by

Saunders himself to that Genus: one is a Bee, another

some small parasitic species akin to the Proctotrupids, etc.,

another a Fossorial-wasp which Saunders would have called

Astata boops. The addition to the Index of Saunders’s

own identification of each Panzerian species would have

made the work not only invaluable, but almost unimprov-

able !

The particular authority invoked by Panzer to settle

all questions as to the proper naming of Genera was (at

any rate up to, and including, 1801) Vol. 2 of Fabricius’s

Entomologia Systematica, 1793; a Supplement to this work

appeared in 1798, and thereafter Panzer follows the

Supplement also. (N.B. Entomologia Systematica must

not be confounded with the earlier Systema Entomologiae

of the same author, 1775, though it 7s, more or less, a re-

casting of it!) The Hnt. Syst. was a very ambitious work,

and intended not merely as a contribution to, but as a

settlement of, the systematics of all Insecta from all parts

of the world, Some of the Generic Names in it appear

344 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

there for the first time; others are repeated from the

author’s earlier works, and of these some were not first

proposed by Fabricius, but by Linné. All these, however,

when cited by Panzer, are accredited to Fabricius; and

when writing of them collectively, he calls them the

“ Fabrician Genera” [Fabriciussche in 1801, Fabriziussche

(sic) in 1806 !]. Every single Generic Name adopted for a

Hymenopteron in Fn. Ent. Germ. up to 1799 is taken

straight from Hnt. Syst. or its Supplement, and is used, or

meant to be used, exactly in the Fabrician sense.

But, about 1799, Panzer began to fall under a new

influence, tending in a measure to draw him away from

his former absolute dependence on Fabricius. He was

getting into more and more frequent and intimate corre-

spondence with an incomparably better Hymenopterist

than Fabricius; with a man, in fact, who was the first

real specialist on that Order; and who already, after many

years’ study of the subject, had practically completed an

independent and highly original revision of the Order,

relying especially on a character which Fabricius had left

unnoticed, viz. the differences in “ neuration”’ of their

wings.

This new friend of Panzer’s lived in 1799 at Bern; but

soon after he removed to Geneva, where he became a

Professor in its University, and there—but not till 1807—

published, in its final form, the magnificent work, which

he had practically completed, and even announced for

publication, in 1799. (Cf. Jurine, Nowvelle Méthode, 1807,

p. 18, foot-note.)

Jurine’s Nouvelle Méthode, as it appeared in 1807, was

(1) incomparably the most beautifully illustrated work

dealing with Hymenoptera in existence, (2) a work intro-

ducing several entirely original characterisations of Genera,

many of which remain to this day as foundations on which

all systematists in dealing with this Order mainly build.

But its real importance in entomological literature depends

on neither of the above facts, but rather upon this—It

ousted altogether (not at once, but within a very few years

after its publication!) Fabricius and his ‘* Systema”

from the supremacy they had held so long. [Fabricius

died in 1808, it is said from grief at the British bombard-

ment of Copenhagen in 1807.] A new “Systema” had

appeared, which on the whole may be said to have

held the field ever since; though some of our best

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 345

Hymenopterists have succeeded in seeing for themselves

and convincing others that the newration-characters must

no more be made an idol than the instrwmenta cibaria of

Fabricius, and that neither Fabricius nor Jurine can claim

to have shown us once for all the infallible “ characteres

essentiales,’’ by which Nature has branded or ticketed all

living creatures in order that Man may be able to dis-

tinguish them! This is what the pre-Darwinian ento-

mologists really meant by a ‘‘ character,” and the notion

which still exists that there is some essential difference

between “‘ generic ”’ and “ non-generic ”’ characters, ‘‘ struc-

tural’ characters and ‘“ colour” characters, “ specific ”

characters and “ varietal” characters, etc., etc., etc., is

really not very different.

But though we now talk of Jurine’s invention as a

System—the “Alary System” and so forth—neither

Jurine himself nor his contemporaries ever called it so.

It was invariably called—not a System, but a Method.

What is the difference? It seems to be this.

A System, or rather The System, is the actual grouping

of existences which makes up the Universe. There can

obviously be only one such System, and this Linné had

called the “Systema Naturae,” never claiming for a

moment that he had made it or devised it, but only that

he had discovered it. But a Method (ué00d0c¢) is something

much humbler. It is simply a “ way-towards” some

desired goal. What Jurine claimed was simply this, to

have devised a new manner of getting to the heart of things ;

—an easier, more rapid method, than that of Fabricius—

but nothing more. This will have to be remembered, if

we try to understand how it was possible for Panzer to

think that Jurine’s “ Method” might be accepted without

abandoning the only possible or conceivable ‘‘ Systema,”

which ‘“‘ systema” to him meant simply—the Fabrician

conception of an Animal Kingdom based on certain essential

differences between Animals which Nature had indicated by

fashioning their “ instrumenta cibaria” differently. Believing

this, and that such characters were the only really infallible

and ‘‘ natural” characters, Panzer could, and did, hold also,

that animals might likewise have other characters, not in

the strict sense ‘“ natural,’ but (as a matter of fact) so

frequently accompanying the ‘“ natural” characters, that

the presence of such and such an “ artificial” character

might give us a useful hint what the natural characters

346 Rey. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

of an animal possessing such an artificial character were

likely to be.

One of the great merits which Panzer found in Jurine’s

wing-characters was just this—that they seemed to

run more or less parallel with the Fabrician mouth-char-

acters, and, in so far as they did so, to be approximately,

even if not really, “ natural.” And Jurine himself either

did not wish, or did not dare, openly to reject the claim

made for the Fabrician characters that they were ‘“ natural.”

On the contrary, by figuring mandibles and antennae, as

well as wings, in his Plates, he managed, very prudently,

if it was done intentionally, to give the impression that,

far from attacking the Fabrician characters, he was re-

inforcing them. And honest Panzer was only too willing

to look at things in so satisfactory a light !

It is interesting to trace—for which purpose see Appendix

A following this Introduction—the steps by which Panzer’s

confidence in Jurine is seen gradually ripening.

(a) First in 1799 we find Panzer telling the world through

his F'n. Ins. Germ. that one Mr. Jurine of Bern was a very

acute entomologist, who had got some “‘ method ”’ of his

own for determining insects by their wings, who had sent

him (Panzer) such and such insects, given him particulars

of their “ habitats,” and was kindly going to give him more

in future.

(6) Then in 1800, a year when the French and Austrians

were cannonading each other under the walls of Nuremberg,

Panzer publishes no instalment of the Fn. Ins. Germ. but

waits for quieter times, and probably finds leisure to go

more carefully into the “ Proofs” and “ Figures” of

Jurine’s forthcoming book, advertised last year, but not

yet out.

Nouvelle Méthode is an excellent idea, very convenient, and

perfectly orthodox. He will give it a start, but in a quiet

way, taking no responsibility for anything. So he gives

it a favourable notice, not at Nuremberg (where his author-

ship would be recognised at once) but at Erlangen, where

a new Zeitung in which he had some sort of interest was

being started. The thing would make good “ copy”’ for

an Editorial; and he could do his friend a good turn

without bringing his own name in at all, or making the

readers of Fn. Ins. Germ. wonder if they were wanted to

rename all their specimens. So he leaves his Articles

publication of ““ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 347

unsigned, and takes care to describe himself vaguely as

‘a German naturalist,’ whereas he gives the greatest

possible prominence to the name of Jurine, and pays him

the highest compliment he can by representing him as

an able new aide-de-camp of the illustrious Fabricius.

Then once more he brings out a new instalment of Fn.

Ins. Germ. containing several Figures contributed by and

attributed to Jurine; mentions him repeatedly as authority

for habitats, etc.; figures certain Jurinean species with

Jurine’s name attached, and even slips in a few Generic

Jurinean names (once at least quite erroneously) in his

Synonymy, while retaining Fabrician names on the corre-

sponding Plates. He does not call these Jurinean Genera

“ ¢nedit’ (by which formula he denotes in all his works

unpublished names of genera or species), because they had

already been published at Erlangen!

(d) Three years pass during which the Fn. Ins. Germ. is

again suspended. In the last of them Fabricius brings out

(1804) his Prezatorum. Panzer girds himself again and

brings out (1805) a new instalment of Fn. Ins. Germ., at

last using Jurinean names quite freely, even on the Plates,

sometimes even where other names were employed for the

same Genera in the Prezatorum. We suspect that this

was accidental. Fabricius himself had introduced certain

Jurinean Generic names into the Prezatorum, and Panzer

may not have realised that he had rejected others, and

thought that the new nomenclature as a whole had received

Fabricius’s imprimatur. [Or perhaps the Plates were en-

graved before the Prezatorum reached Panzer, and it was too

late to alter them; even as Jurine had to explain in Nowvelle

Méthode (1807) that he was obliged to leave certain names

on the Plates, simply because the latter had been engraved

long ago and could not now be altered. |

(e) Next year (1806) again no Fn. Ins. Germ., but instead

of it Panzer’s first serious attempt to grasp and compare the

nomenclature of Jurine and Fabricius (the latter as

amended in the Piezatorum). This took the form of two

small Volumes printed in Nuremberg, and entitled Kritische

Revision der Insektenfauna Deutschlands—suggesting that

it was meant inter alia as a sort of Guide-book to accompany

the Plates, etc., of Fn. Ins. Germ. This title sufficiently

describes its first Volume, which deals with Coleoptera.

But Vol. 2 is devoted to Hymenoptera, and this Volume

has an alternative title, which shows that Panzer had more

348 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

in his mind than a simple revision of his past work. The

alternative title is as follows—

ENTOMOLOGISCHER VERSUCH

DIE

JURINESCHEN

GATTUNGEN

DER

LINNESCHEN HYMENOPTERN

NACH DEM

FABRIZIUSSCHEN SYSTEM

ZU PRUFEN: etc.

This is followed by a sort of Essay, written exactly in

the style of the Erlangen Articles, and evidently a

composition of the same writer. Like those Articles it

maintains the thesis that the Jurinean Genera, far from

upsetting the Fabrician system, really support it. Jurine’s

characters are excellent and practically most useful.

They are easy to see and to distinguish. They indicate

just the same divisions which Fabricius has discovered and

Nature established in the Animal Kingdom. Really and

essentially Animals are separated, and ought to be dis-

tinguished, by the differences in their mouth-parts, the

instrumenta cibaria. This is the high-road to Truth, and

Fabricius has shown it to us. But the high-road is long

and sometimes rugged and difficult. We may shorten it,

and make it easier, if we can, by taking side-paths and

short-cuts, provided that we come back ultimately to the

high-road, and own (even while we stray from it) that it is

the one and only “ Natural” method of approaching the

Truth. Jurine’s Method is such a short-cut. It is not the

high-road itself, but it runs parallel with it, leads to the

same goal, and is easier to follow. Therefore Jurine’s

‘““method”’ is lawful, as long as it does not lead us to abandon

the Fabrician “ system”; and that it in fact does not do

so, is one of its principal merits.

(The above is not a translation, nor even a condensation

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 349

of Panzer’s actual language, but we believe it represents

fairly the thesis which he is maintaining.)

This Essay, then, to which the secondary Title really

refers, is a sort of Apologia—minimising the differences

between Jurinean and Fabrician methods, and showing

that no one need feel any scruple or difficulty in using the

former, so long as he retains his belief in the essential

‘“ naturalness ” of the latter.

The rest of the book is mainly occupied with classifying

the Hymenoptera previously figured and described by Panzer

without order in the Plates of Fn. Ins. Germ. It only

professes, as did the Fauna itself, to deal with German

species. These are now arranged under Fabrician Generic

names for the most part, but now and then with a

Jurinean Genus upheld as a convenient receptacle for

species which it was difficult to bring under Fabrician

categories, or mentioned as synonymous with some section

of a Genus, indicated by Fabricius, but not yet provided

by him with a name of its own.

The Fabrician Genera of Krit. Rev. are, however, no

longer taken solely from Ent. Syst. Fabricius in 1804 had

revised his own classification and nomenclature in a new

work dealing with Hymenoptera only, the Systema Pieza-

torum. It is this revised list of Genera which Panzer now

adopts, and it is into these revised Fabrician Genera that

he tries as far as possible to fit the species known to him,

and often figured and described by him in the past under

names which Fabricius once used but has now abandoned.

In short the Syst. Prez. 1804 is to the Krit. Rev. 1806

exactly what Ent. Syst. 2.1792 was to Fn. Ins. Germ. 1793-

1798, the source of its nomenclature, and the ultimate

authority to which all enquirers are to be referred. There

is, however, this difference in the situation—that Panzer

has now undertaken not only to cite Generic names, but

to distinguish Genera. And he has also a more difficult

task before him than in 1793-8: (a) because he has to

reconsider a previous nomenclature to which he had com-

mitted and accustomed himself, part of which is to be

retained, and part abandoned; to do which he must

ascertain for himself what Fabricius’s recent changes in his

nomenclature really amount to; (b) because he now re-

cognises that some of the Jurinean Genera deserve names of

their own, with which Fabricius apparently has not provided

them; (c) because in the Fn, Ins, Germ, of the preceding

350 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

year, probably having then not thoroughly assimilated the

substance of Fabricius’s new proposals, he had done his

best to popularise at least one Jurinean Generic name, for

which Fabricius was now proposing another; (d) because

Jurine was a friend whom he admired, to whom he was

under great obligations, which he had tried to repay by

doing all that he could to get Jurine’s views a hearing from

the “entomological public”; and he naturally did not

wish to withdraw from his support of Jurine, if he could

support him without rebelling against Fabricius.

It would require a very long and minute examination of

the Krit. Rev. Vol. 2 to discover exactly how far Panzer

succeeds in reconciling these conflicting motives, and

carrying out the complicated programme which he has

set himself, in this, his first attempt to come before the

public in the character of a systematist.

It may be said, however, at once, that the Revision is

a book in which it is often difficult to realise what are the

author’s own views, or whether he has any view of his own

at all, on the merits of the nomenclature which he is dis-

cussing. The book is made also very puzzling by the

author’s eccentric way of quoting synonyms. First, in

capitals, he gives the names which are to be sunk, and

afterwards, in small italics, those which he intends to be

adopted—thus exactly reversing the usual habit of authors !

As a sort of Key to the scattered Figures, etc., of Fn. Ins.

Germ. and a definition—such as it is—of the Fabrician,

and a few of the Jurinean Genera, the book was probably

more or less helpful to the German collectors for whom

the Fn. Ins. Germ. had been intended. But it con-

tributes absolutely nothing that can be called original

to the systematics of its subject. At that we may leave

it, adding only (if anything need be added) that the

book is printed and generally “‘ got up” in a very odd

and as it were amateurish style, which reminds us that

it appeared when the publishing and printing trade

at Nuremberg was being conducted under disturbing

circumstances, for it was in this same year that Napoleon

was terrorising the Nuremberg booksellers, shooting one

(Palm), and driving others to hide themselves, because a

pamphlet had appeared there, of which he disapproved.

Although we may be blamed for importing into a question

of entomological nomenclature so much of matter which

may be thought extraneous and inadmissible as “ not

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 351

evidence,” we will venture a little further in that direction,

and glance for a moment at the state of things in Switzer-

land, when Jurine, instead of publishing at Bern when his

work was “actually in the press,’ transferred himself

from Bern to Geneva and took his proofs with him. This

we now know occurred between Aug. 1799 and May 1801.

Consulting an Encyclopedia we come across a passage

stating that “‘from 1799 to 1801 Switzerland was the

theatre of the wars between the French, Russians, and

Austrians.” We find too that Geneva had been annexed

by France in 1798, and that in 1801 the Peace of Amiens

and the First Consulate of Napoleon filled mankind with

hopes (which however were soon to be disappointed) that

a new era of peace and prosperity had set in for all Europe,

and more especially for France, now at the height of her

greatness. Geneva, then, in 1801 seemed likely to be a

desirable residence for a student and an author in prospect.

Bern, on the contrary, was still in trouble politically; the

French had upset its old government in 1798, and affairs

there were still in chaos, till Napoleon finished what he

called his “* Mediation” of Switzerland in 1802. May we

not conjecture from this, why it was that Jurine left Bern

at this particular time, and why he did not publish there ?

Further, when arrived at Geneva, he would naturally not

set about publishing at once. He had other things to think

of, a new career to be taken up, new surroundings in which

he had to “ find his feet.’’ Also he had now a new collecting

ground; and in fact he tells us in the Nowvelle Méthode

that he would have published sooner, if he had not formed

exaggerated hopes of increasing his list of new Genera !

We have now seen how, when, and where the Jurinean

Genera were first published: viz. as part of an Article,

the rest of which was certainly written by Panzer, but for

which he was careful to incur no responsibility till 1804

and throughout which he expressly and consistently called

the Genera Jurinean (Jurinesche /) and brought Jurine’s

name to the front on every possible occasion; we know

also now that these names date from May 30, 1801, and

that they were published in a Journal which was

purchasable by all men at Erlangen.

If we next proceed to compare the Erlangen List with

the contents of the Nowvelle Méthode as finally published,

we find that exactly the same Genera, numbered and

arranged similarly, and applied to the same groups of species

352 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

occur in both publications with these differences: (1) One

Genus has changed its name between the two publications

and Jurine mentions that he has made this change, and

says that he has done so deliberately. (2) Many species

are added in the Geneva List to those mentioned in the

Erlangen List. (3) Several new Genera are introduced

in the Geneva List, and these Genera are not numbered at

all, because, as Jurine explains to us, he was not acquainted

with them when he had completed the body of his work and

had also had his original Plates engraved. These therefore

were supplementary—added to the work since 1800 when

Panzer saw it.

We think these facts clearly indicate that though the

Erlangen Articles were written by Panzer, the authorship

of the List should be accredited to Jurine; and we have

ourselves no doubt whatever, that the actual List was

received by Panzer from Jurine, and that round it—so to

speak—he wrote the Articles.

In support of our contention, we quote this Rule of the

Zological Congress (Berlin 1901, p. 951) :—-

—‘ Sil ressort clairement de la publication que ce”

[7.e. celui qui l’a publié] “nest pas lauteur de celle-ci,

mais bien un autre auteur qui est le créateur du nom et de

la définition ou description, ce dernier doit étre consideré

comme l’auteur légitime du nom.”

This Rule seems to express exactly the view which we

venture to take; and we hold accordingly that Jurine and

not Panzer is the “author” of all new names in the

Erlangen List. They are expressly accredited to him there ;

and he unquestionably created and defined them himself.

Panzer did not, and could not (in 1801) do anything of the

kind, his own acquaintance with the characters of Hymeno-

ptera being as yet far too superficial. In 1806, we believe,

he made his first attempt in that direction when he proposed

and defined the Genus Osmua.

It may still be asked—Why, then, did Jurine in the

Nouvelle Méthode, 1807, seem to disclaim his authorship

and accredit names of his own to Panzer? But we do

not think much of this. Jurine could not foresee our

present definitions of publication, authorship, etc., nor the

importance now attached to Priority, Validity, etc., etc.

After all, Panzer had first passed the Names through the

press at Erlangen, and Jurine may have had no particular

desire to take credit for them, just as Panzer had felt

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 353

no scruple about accrediting Linnean names to Fabricius.

Similarly, when in the same work Jurine meets some

criticisms on his method (neuration, etc.) made by Klug

in 1803 with the retort that he had never published any-

thing at that time “sur ce sujet,’ we need not consider

whether or no he here disclaims authorship of the Genera,

for (a) “‘ce sujet’ surely means the neuration-characters,

not the names of Genera; (b) it was quite true that the

remarks on the merits of these characters in the Erlangen

Articles were published by Panzer and not by Jurine;

and (c) if, as a fact, and as ‘“‘ authorship ” is now defined,

Jurine was author of the names, no subsequent disclaimer

can affect the situation in any way. If he was the author,

he was the author, and no more needs to be said !

It is probable that Panzer was not the only colleague

who had a sight of Jurine’s work in its earliest form. But

of this we have no positive proof. It is clear that Klug

knew something about it in 1803; but he says nothing that

he might not have learnt from the Erlangen publication

in 1801.

Several allusions to Jurinean names are made by Latreille

in Paris before the Nowvelle Méthode had appeared, as

for instance when he mentions “ Astatus dans le sens

de Jurine et de Panzer ’’—the order in which he cites

these names suggesting that he accredited the Genus to

Jurine rather than to Panzer. So much, however, and

also his attributing the name Urocére (meaning Urocerus)

to “notre collégue Jurine,’ may merely indicate that he

had seen certain Figures and descriptions in F'n. Ins. Germ..,

viz. 83:12 (published in 1801) and 85:10 (Astatus on the

Plate, Uvrocerus in the Text), 11, and 12 (published in

1801). But he says, also, and this implies more knowledge

of the matter, that “ce savant” (7. e. Jurine) ‘ publera

incessament une nouvelle méthode ”’ (szc) ‘‘ sur les hymeno-

ptéres, qui ne pourra manquer d’étre bien accueilée.”

And in 1807 (the year when the Nouvelle Méthode at last

appeared) Latreille remarks, as he finishes Vol. 3 of his

Gen. Crust. Ins., that just as the first part of his own book

was going to press he received from his “ friend” (ama)

Jurine a copy of the magnificent new work just published

at Geneva by the latter. (Which should be noted inter

alia because it proves that, of these two works published

both in 1807—the Nouvelle Méthode and Gen. Crust. Ins.

Vol. 3—the former was first published !)

354 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Latreille proceeds to describe the form and contents of

Nouvelle Méthode very fully and correctly; does full

justice to the splendour of the illustrations, and the general

excellence of the work; compares its terminology with his

own; and quotes the whole List of Genera as we now find

them there. He does not entirely endorse Jurine’s views,

still insisting that, when all is said, the anstrwmenta cibaria

however minute, however difficult, etc., do yet supply the

primary characters, but his criticism is very temperate and

courteous, and he makes one entirely reasonable objection

to Jurine’s Ordo ITI, viz. that it is a very mixed group and

requires, to make it satisfactory, much further subdivision.

This remark is certainly not unjustified, for the Ordo in

question besides Bees, Fossors, Ants, and Wasps, includes

likewise the Ichnewmonidae and Braconidae, and also

Chrysis, Leucospis, and many minute parasitic groups !

And what did Fabricius himself think of the rival who

was destined to overthrow him ?

Practically he treated him rather badly. Somehow or

other he got knowledge of quite a number of Jurinean

names before 1804, in which year he published the Systema

Piezatorum. And of these names he ignored some silently,

e.g. Bremus, adopting instead Latreille’s later name Bombus.

Others he calmly appropriated to his own use without

acknowledgment, e.g. Prosopis, which he cannot have

invented independently since he uses it in the Jurinean

sense. Others (the most flagrant case being that of Cryptus)

he also appropriates without apology, and commits the

unpardonable sin of deliberately creating a homonym!

The older Cryptus of Jurine was a Sawfly! The new

Cryptus of Fabricius was (and is still) the current name

for an Ichneumonid! and this indefensible act of un-

detected piracy at present vitiates the whole nomenclature

of an immense group of modern Genera. And the rest

of the acts of Fabricius, and the evil that he did, and the

Names that he stole from Jurine, will be discussed in our

critical Notes. But at least he did try to make some kind

of reparation to his victim by paying to him, in the Preface

of Systema Prezatorum, a compliment, which, however

grudgingly expressed, shows that Fabricius did not look

on his rival as a mere ignorant upstart who had to be

brought to his senses by a good shaking, or an obscure

nobody whose claims to be an “ author” were ridiculous,

and who ought to be too thankful that the great Fabricius

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 355

should condescend to use his Names at all whether in his

own sense or in any other.

This is what Fabricius says, enumerating those authors

who had in various ways contributed to the progress of

Entomology, and whose works he advises the “ Lector

Benevolus ” to make use of until (as he amiably puts it)

others produce better ones.

** Auctores hujus classis numerosi.

“« Scientiae heroes systema condunt et characteribus certis

bene elaboratis firmant. Linné, Latreille, et forte Jurine.”

Then he goes on to enumerate lower orders of workers

such as Ichniographi (here including Panzer), Descriptores,

Observatores, Monographi, etc. But these do not now

concern us. The point to be noted is that Fabricius him-

self, who of all men must have been most tempted to

belittle Jurine, had the grace to acknowledge his rival’s

architectonic genius, and to rank him even hypothetically

on a level with Linné and Latreille.

Appendix A. Jurine and Panzer.

The following Plates, or descriptions, of F'n. Ins. Germ.

may be applied to for information as to the relations

between Panzer and Jurine in certain years—

1799. Heft 62. Plates 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19.

1800. Heft 76. TT Al NOT: S420:

1801. Heft 82. 5-10, 11, 12, 13:

83. ee ale 12. be

84. gi EL) 12; 18, 20)-21, 22:

1804. Heft 86. i obs i

90. Ane oe

besides others which we may have failed to notice. The

great falling-off in numbers in the above List after 1801

requires explanation. It was probably due to the publica-

tion in 1804 of the Piezatorwm which recalled Panzer’s

chief attention to his old master and led, inter alia, to the

publication of Krit. Rev. in 1806.

Appendix B. Jurine and Fabricws.

To judge of the real progress in Classification made by

Jurine before 1801 we may notice that—

Fabricius before 1804 had dealt with :—(a) Three (palae-

arctic) Genera of Jurine’s Ordo I, 7. e. Sawflies ; (b) Two of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS II, IV. (FEB.) AA

356 Publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera.

Jurine’s Ordo II, 2. e. Evania, ete. ; (c) Twenty-four of Jurine’s

Ordo III, 7.e. Aculeates, and Parasitica (except Evania, etc.).

== 290m all.

Whereas in 1801 Jurine had named (a) Eleven (palae-

arctic) Genera of his Ordo I; (b) Four of his Ordo II; (c)

Forty-eight of his Ordo III. = 63 in all

—thus more than doubling the palaearctic List of known

Genera! [Fabricius, however, had also dealt with many

Exotic Genera which were unknown to Jurine. |

Appendiz C. Panzer and Fabricius.

The following “ Fabrician’”? names were adopted by

Panzer from Hnt. Syst. Vol. 2 before the appearance of

the Erlangen List and introduced first into Fn. Ins. Germ.

at the dates stated.

Andrena, Apis, Bembex, Chrysis, Crabro, Scolia, Tenthredo

(1793).

Leucospis, Vespa (1794).

Chalcis, Hylaeus, Nomada (1796).

Ichneumon, Mutilla, Philanthus, Tiphia (1797).

Formica (1798).

Cynips, Eucera, Evania, Mellinus, Sirex, Sphex (1799).

Also from the Supplementum of Ent. Syst.

Banchus, Pompilus (1798).

Till after the appearance of the Erlangen List, Panzer

never even alludes to any other Genus of Hymenoptera

except the above. Nor does he, we believe, intentionally

(apart from allusions in his Synonymies) accept and

introduce any others into Fn. Ins. Germ. before 1804.

We now reproduce the Article in its original German

form, and also the Titles (shewing dates, pagination, etc.)

of the two issues of the Zeitung containing it. Three

curious slips of the original editor, or printer, will be

noticed : viz. (a) both Numbers are headed ‘“ N’ 21 ”—

they should be “ N’® 20” and “N° 21” respectively !;

(b) “‘ entomolischen”’ (sic) 1s used for ‘‘ entomologischen” in

the heading prefixed to both parts of the article; (c) most

perplexing of all, the dates given by the publishers are

Saturday May 25th, and Saturday May 30th, 1801, which

is obviously absurd. We imagine that the real dates

were May 23rd, and May 30th, 1801, both of which fell on

a Saturday.

357

Eri. Litt-Ztg. 1. 153-4 (23. V. 1801).

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DZ YOYONGIqsEyA2Alay) Jap yNe sould Zunyiawsg

"r08t Avy ‘Ss wo spusquwruog ‘uaduni,4q

SND LIEZ uo Lvaiadd Lid

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(2 gh 18) “ges

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(BOB)

Eri. Litt-Ztg. 1. 160 (23. V. 18or).

V. Vermifchte Nachrichten.

Nachricht von einem neuen entomoliféhen Werke, des Hru.

Prof. Jurine in Geneve.

Verfehiedene Sffentliche Blatter und Zeitfchriften, hae

ben [chon vorlaufige Nachricht von einem fiir dive Entomoe

logie aufserft Wichtigen Unternehmen gegeben, dem Gch ei-

ner der achtungswardigften und vorziglichften Entomologen,

Hr, Prof. urine ip Geneve unterzieben werde. Gegenware

tig kann man diefe Nachricht nicht nur beflatigen, fondern

fie auch mit der Anzeige dahin erweitern, dafs diefes Unter.

nehmen, wirklich feiner Vollendung nahe, das- Werk felbft

unter der Preffe iff, und bereits freven vorirefflich geftochee

ne Kppfertafeln, iu med. quarto, von dem Hyn, Verf. einem

teutfchen Entomologen, als Probe, zur vorlaufigen Eiaficht

tiberlaffen worden find.

Man kann daher das entomologilche Publikum, nun

einftweilen, bis das Werk felb& fprechen kaun, etwas nie

her mit dem Plane diefes Unternehmens bekannt machen,

und die Abficht des Hrn. Verf., den vorliegenden Blattera

gemals, vorlaufig dejailliren.

Zum Hauptgegenftende feiner entomologifchen Befchaf-

tigungen, wahlte Hr. Prof. cfurine {cit Jahien, faft ause-

{chliefslich und mit Voiliebe, diejenize Klaffe der Infekien,

welche der feel. Archiater von Linne Hymenoptera und Hr

Prof, Fabricius Piezata genannt haben, und kleMfificirte fol-

che wach einer neven vorhin nicht angewendeten Methocde,

Das Fundament derfelben beruhe awf den Fligeln der

darunter gehorigen Arten, vouziiglich aver, auf den difettt

bald mehr, bald minder netzartig fich vertheilenden Gefufsen,

oder den fugenannten Nerven ond Adera.. Jedoch Gnd die

drey Ordnnngen, in” welche diefe Tuafektenklafle von dem

Hern. Prof. Gurine Cubdividirt worden if, lediglich von

dom Sitze und der Anheftung des Unterbeibes (Abdomen),

an das Brufiftiick (Thorax) hergenommen. nimlich fo:

Ordol, Abdomine prorfus fefili. Ordoll. Abdomine fupra

thoracem -infixo. Ordo JII. Abdomine pétiolato: petiolo

pone thoracem infixo.

Unter diefen drey Ordnungen fiehen nun die fammtli-

chen Gattungen (Genera) der hieher gehirigen Ga// «

Schlupf - Blatt Gold u. fC. w. Wefpen, der Wald - Blumen:

Trauwer Bienen, Hummels,’ Mutillen, Ameifes a f, We

( 359 )

£rl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 161-2 (30. V, 1801).

- pusyotainty pun vues ur ‘ozaigeseyD usyojuau2d ajorp

Muu aqoxjuaysea poyeaojduy oq pun Al ‘IU ‘1 Od

"SMII4

Suuney 10p wzwywseyD wop ‘sypyspys wynzyes r9p suvsef

Wjosnty ouaTia OUTS o1m OF : sifhayD Jap woucdie zurB uwop

‘opejduoous sijwsiqns wynjjer orp :wosfhar WOA 30] 4e1¥qD

uayosis9ued wayousnzi0A.uep (etryessed)) ueSjog aresyr

STuL sapeaigns vjMp{2] sthemz otp ayruiyog oy **g'Z

1001 Avy ‘of mop Spusqvuuuos ‘uadunz,sg

*19purur preq sew preq oul aap yoru ef *joSnTy 2p

B19PY PUN UoAIAaNT Nap sapo Noyesog usp me ‘YyOor|sorTyIsuS

yey pun yorFoz10a avaz uoynsoq "¥yQ19) wePunssivD

fp Creurrid sorosoere yg) ssssyounyrsdnvy mG |

"C/nyrfeg) snouen as susanG vfosg

‘MAH Sap ‘aysa yy uaysfijzomojus manou Manta Hoa SYISAYUIONT

“W2IYOUYORN, a7yosturVA +]

ONOLIGZ-UNLVUILIIN

wid

LLIVIGZNIDOITIGALNE

(Tgt IG “OIpy | TOT

( 360 )

Erl. Litt-Zig. 1. 16z (30. V. r8or).

I. Vermifchte Nachrichten.

Nachricht von eivem neuen entomolifchen Werke, des Hrn.

Prof, Gurine in Geneve (Befchlu/s).

pD. Hauptcharaktere (Characterces primar) de

Gattungen felbft, beruhen zwar vorziglich und faft

aus{chlieslich, auf den Gefafen oder den Nerven und Adern

der Fliigel, je nach dem jene bald mehr bald minder,

durch ihre auaftomofenartigen Verkettungen, und netzfor.

migen Verbindungen, fich verflochten, und dadurch ver-

fchiedentlich geformte Cellen, Geflechte und Netzo bil-

den; indeffen, und um diefen ftehenden — durch jene

moglichen grofsen Modifikationen, zur Errichtung natir-

licher Genernm aufserlt pertinenten — Charakter, niche

in eine zwangvolle Einfeiugkeit ausarten zu laffen, Gnd

zugleich Such die verfchiedenen Formen der Fithlhiirner

CAntennae), fo wie die Kinnladen (Mandibulae),

ale Characteres fecundarii , mit in fubfidium genommen

worden, doch find die Anaftomofen der Fligeladern und

Nerven, ftets .die erften oder ftehenden Characteres der

generum.

‘ Indeffen verhilt es fich, bey Errichtung der Generum

mit diefen Anafiomofen doch f0, dafs einige den Charakter

der Gattungen beftimmen, .andere hingegen, und zwar

ftets auf dem n«mlichen Fligel, dew Charakter der Artes

(Species) angeben.

Jeder Flagel, der unter diefe Klafle gehérigen Infek-

ten, wird im Allgemeinen nach feinem Wmrille einge-

theilt: in 1) Bafis , 2.) Apex, und 3, 4) Mar gines.

Jeder Pligt! wird ferner nach feinem Flaicheninhalte

den die fich durchkreuzenden Gefafo, und daher entfte-

hendern: Anaftomofen der Nerven, bilden, abgetheitt: 1)

in das Punctum, 2) den Radiuin, 3) den Cubitum, 4) die

Nervos brachialss, 5) die Cellutas radiales, 6) die Cellulas

subitafes, und 7) in die Nervos recurrentes, Die 5. 6. 7.

geben indcflen gerian nur diejenigen characteres genernm

‘ab, die bey Errichtung der Gattung unentbelirlich find:

fie find daher auf Zad. /, der Inflruktionstafel, rot h: ges

zeishnet, um diefon Charakter fogleioh in das Auge fal-

fex zu konnen,

( “361 )))

Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 162 (30. V. 1807).

Z.B.; fo beftimmt die zweyte Celluta enbitotis mit

ihrem Stielgen (petiofata) den vorziglichen generifchen

Charakter von Nyfson: die cellulla cubitalis incompleta ,.

den ganz eigenen der Chryfis: fo wie eine eigene dineola

fecans der cellula radialis, den Charakter der Gattnng

Bremus.

Die II, If, IV und Vte Kupfertafel verfinnlicht nux

diefe generifchen Charactere, in genau und hinreichend

vergrofsert abgebildeten. Fiige/n, fehr deutlich, Die II,

IiIte, ftellt jede, in 20 viereckigten Fachern, eben fo vie-

le Flagel, oder eben fo viele Genera dar;, auf jeder der

folgenden (IV und V) aber find im 24 etwas kleinern Fie

chern, eben fo viele Fligel oder Genera, mit ihrer No-

menklatur, gezeichnet. -Man kann nun, wenh man den

Clavem methodi beftimmt gefafst hat, fich fehr leicht zu

rechte mndenm, Ueber alles aber gehen, um die Kenntpile

diefer Methode zu erleiclttern, die auf den nachfolgenden

Tafeln (jede zu neun viereckigten Fichern) und zwar,.

nach den unnachahmlich genaven uid fchinen Mahlereyen

des Jtrn. Prof, Furine, von der Meifterhand des Biirgers

Maffol, ganz adsgeftuchenen Arten, fo dals einem jeden

eigenen Genus, auch eine befondere Art gewidmet if,

Nicht nor enthalt demnach,, jedes Fach oder Viereck, das

ganze Iofekt completr, und. wenn es nothig war, anch aus

febnlich vergecfsert, fondern auch befonders ein Fahlborn,

éfters auch diefes nach beyden Gefchlecht-rn, fo wie eine

Rinniade unter ftdtker Vergrufserung, nebft dem Namen

des abgebildeten Infekts. Auf diefem Weg wird es falt

unmoeglioh fich: zu irren, und wenn man bey eigenen Un-

terfachungen, auch von dev nicht vorgeltellten, die Gata

tungerechte aussumitteln fucht, fo wird man, wenn man

rfur vorher, die Fitigeltafeln. confuliren will, fich mit Bey-.

halfe diefer geherifchen Tafeln, fo zu rechie finden, dafs

fodann in der Folge jeder Yerirrung fichen ausgewichen

werden kann.

Die Gattungen felbft, werden durch die iber Frwar-

ten einigen Charaktcre der Flugel, Fiihthormer und Kinn-

laden aufeerfi nattrlich; das {cheinbare, gefachte oder

kinflliche, hést dann ftufenweile auf kanfilich zu feyn,

ar und

( 362 )

En. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 (30. V. 1801).

ud san ficht dann nur, die felbft von der Natur, unter

eine Firma zufammen goftelken Anton, die nach [o sichti-

gen Regeln an einander gerethet find, fo dafs es zu ver:

wundern ift, waram man fie der Natar nicht {chon froher

abgelaufchet hat.

~ Um daher die Freunde diefer Infokten vorliufig felbit

mit den, nach diefer Methods errichtetum Gousridus doe

hannt zn machen, fo. werden hier folcha nicht sux milt~

getheilr, fondern auch den bereits bekannten Fabricinsfchen

gegendber gefiellt, wornach es dean loichte wird, dicfe

Genera des Hrn. Prof. Gurins mit denea vos Hrn. Prof,

Fabricius 2a vergleichen, oder, wenn os amgeht, zi come

biniren.

Ordol. Abdomine provtus /efik.

Serine. Fabricias.

Gen. 1 Tonthreds Tonthredo: xatennis clavatis

Gen. 2 Cryptus Tenthredo: antennie inarticulatis

Gen. 3 Allantus Tenthredo: Scrophul. viridis ete.

Gen. 4 Dolerns _Tenthredo germanica, gonagra etc.

Gen. 5 Nematus Tenthrede caprcac, feptentrio-

nal, ete.

Gen. 6 Preronus Tenthredo: antennis pectinatis.

Gen. 7 Cephalcia Tenthredo: antennis multiatticul,

Gen. 8 Oryffus Oryffas Supplem.

Gen. g Aiaius Sirex pygmaeus. Banchus fpinie

® pes Panzer (Banchus virida-

tor Fabric. inedit.)

Gen. 10 Urocerus | Sirex Camclus, Dromedarius.

Gen. 11 Sirex Sirex Gigas,

Ordo If. Abdomine fupra thoracem infixe.

Gen. 1 Evania 4 Fvania appendigaer, sniaures

Practer utramque nulla,

Gen, 2° Foenus Fosnus Sup plem

Gen. 3 Aulacus

Gen. 4 Stephanus Ichneumon Terrator Sup plem

( 363 )

Ertl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 (30. V. 1802).

Ordo Ill. Abdomine petiolate: petiolo pons shoracem infixes

Gen. 1 /chnesmon Ichneumom,

Gen. 3 Anomaton [chueumon.

Gen. 5 Bracon Ichuenmon delertor, dexigrator

Geo. 4 Pompilus Pompilus Supplem,

-Evania punctum.

Gen. 5 Sphez Sphex.

Gen. 6 Pfern Sphex atYas

Gen' 7 Stigmus

Gen. 8 4pius Sphex figulus.

Gen.g Larra, Larra.

Gen. 10 Dimorpha Tiphia abdominalis Panzer.

Gen. 11 Jiphia . Tiphia,

Gen. 12 Scolia | Scolia.

Gen. 13 Sapyga Scolia Prisma,

Lirl. Litt-Zig. 1."164 (30. V. 1802).

urine,

Gen. 14 Myrmofa

Gen. 15 Ve/pa Vefpa.

Gen. 16 Bembex Bembex.

Gea,17 Ma/faris E

Fabricins.

Hylaeus thoracicns.

Gen. 18 Simblephilus

Philanthus pietas Panzer,

Gen. 19 Meblinus

Mellinus ruficornis, Crabro U

flavum Hellwig.

Mellinus myftaceus, quinquecine-

tus.

Sphex fufcata. Pompitus (pinofus

Panzer, Pompilus tumidug

Panzer.

Gen. 20 Arpactus

Gen. 21 Alyfon

ae ae

En. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 (30. V. r8or).

Gen. 22 Ny fon Crabro {pinofus: trimaculat. Rof:

Mellin. interruptos. Fadr.

Pompil. maculatus. Fabr.

Gen, 23 Philanthus Philanthus laetus, arenarius,

Crabro labiatus Fad.

Gen. 24 Gontus

Gen. 25 Mifcophus

Gen. 26 Dinctus

Gen. 27 Crabro

Gen. 28 Cemonus

Gen. ¢9 Oxybelus

Crabre pictus, Pompitus guttatus,

Crabro.

Crabro unicolor Panzer;

Crabre lineatas, uniglumis, biglus

mis.

Sphex annulata, fionata Panzer.

Hylaeus annulatus Fad,

Mellinus. atratus “ab, imedit.

Gen. 30 Profopis

Gen. 31 Nomada Nomada rukicorais etc.

Gen. 32 Andrena Andrena Luccineta, bicolor,

* Bullae alarum in No-| Andrena (Nomad. Fabr. ines

cre em emcee TUE mee meee

snadis <«t Andrenis ait) lobsta Panzer. Nomada

femper reperiuaturin gibba Fatr, Andrena riulcie

wervis cubitalibus e: form, Rof. (Nomada' Nigriza

securrentibns, Fabr. inedit.)

Gen. 33 Lafius Apis quadrimaculata Panzer.

Gen. 34 Crocifa Apis punctata. Nomada [catellata,

Andrena armata Panzer,

Gen. 35 Apis Apis mellifica: practer hanc nulla.

Gen. 36 7Trashu/:2 Apis maculata, bicornis, fulca,

rufa,

Apis oornigera. Rofl, fronticornis.

(Taurus Fabr. inedit)

- Pamzer, aterrima Panzer, ©

Gen. 57 Bremus | Apes bombinatrices.

Gen. 38 Mutilla Mutilla.

Gen. 39 Formica Formica.

Gen. 40 Cynips Cynips. Ophionw cultellator.

Gen. 41 Chelonus [chneumon oculator.

Gen. 42 Chrifis Chrifis. Jchnewnon auratus. ferai-

auratus.

Gea. 43 Omalus j

( 365 )

Ertl, Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 (30. V. r8or).

165

Surine. Fabricius,

Gen. 44 Ceraphron

Gen. 45 Leucopfis Leucopfis.

Gen. 46 Codrus

Gen. 47 Chalsis Chalcis, Cynips atmata Panzer,

plaresque /chneum. minuti.

Gen. 48° Pfilus. Tiphia cenoptera Panzer. x

Aus voranRehender Parallele bemerkt man leicht, wie

ich die Jurine/chen Gattungen gegen die Fabricius/chen ver-

halien; wie fehr fich munche jener, dicfen nahern; wie 1a-

turtichauch viele Fabricius/che Gattungen find, diefelbft durch

die Anwendung diefer neuen Methode nicht verdrange wer-

den konnten; dafs aber auch diefe InfekrenklaMe durch leis-

tere wieder darum ungemein vieles gowianen mulste, weil

Hr, P. urine neben den Fligeln auch auf diejenigen Thei-

le Bedacht nahm, deren Dignitét Hv. P. Fabricius bey feie

ner KlafMfitikation mie fo viel Scharffian beherzigte.

Ein Mehreres noch Gber Hr, Prof. Jurine’s Unterneh-

men zu fagen, warde zu [ehr die Grenzen etues blofs ver-

Mufigen Anzeige Oberfchreiten. Es fey das bisher Gclagte

hinteichend, bis diefes Werk felb& zu Wort kommen kann.

een Le

TRANSLATION.

When the translation here following was written, we had

not yet decided to reproduce in facsimile more of the

original Articles than the tabulation of the Genera; and

accordingly more pains were taken than now seem necessary

to retain the precise form of the original even in minute

details, such as the use of Capitals, and Italics, the varying

employment of Latin and German in technical terms, the

involved syntax of the author (often making his meaning

obscure to a foreign reader), and the frequently erratic

punctuation. A freer version, under the present circum-

stances, might have been more useful to the generality

of readers; but we think it hardly necessary that the

whole work should be done over again, and therefore rest

content with adding explanatory notes where we feel any

366 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

doubt, either as to what is really meant in certain obscure

passages, or as to whether we have succeeded in expressing

what we believe to be their meaning intelligibly.

(1) Tae First Parr oF THE ARTICLE (23 May, 1801).

(‘‘ Sonnabends am 25 May, 1801’)

V. Miscellaneous Notices.

Notice of a new Entomological Work by Hr. Prof. Jurine

of Geneva.

Several published Papers and Serials have already

given Notice in advance of an Enterprise extremely im-

portant to Entomology, which is to be undertaken by

one of the most estimable and excellent of Entomologists,

Hr. Prof. Jurine of Geneva. We can now not only con-

firm this Notice, but supplement it by the Statement,

that this Enterprise is now really near Completion, the

Work is actually in the Press, and already seven admirably

engraved Copper-plates in med. quarto have been com-

municated by the Author to a German Entomologist *

as Proofs for Inspection in Advance.

Provisionally therefore, until the Work can speak for

itself, we can now make the entomological Public some-

what more closely acquainted with the Plan of this Enter-

prise, and detail in advance the Design of the Author,

according to the Sheets that lie before us.

As Main-subject of his entomological Pursuits, Hr.

Prof. Jurine has for years chosen, almost exclusively and

by Preference, that Class of the Insects, which the late

Chief-physician + von Linne has named Hymenoptera

and Hr. Prof. Fabricius Piezata ; and classified them by a

novel Method t never previously employed.

Its Foundation rests on the Wings of the Insects included

therein, but especially on the Vessels dividing them, some-

times more, sometimes less reticulately, or what are called

the Nerves and Veins. The three Orders, however, into

which this Class of Insects has been subdivided by Hr.

* No doubt Panzer himself.

+ Linné held this appointment in the Court of the King of

Sweden.

t Nouvelle Méthode, it will be remembered, is the title which

Jurine adopted for his book.

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 367

Prof. Jurine, are taken solely from the Situation and

Attachment of the Unterlezb (Abdomen) on to the Brust-

stiick (Thorax), in short as follows: Ordo I. Abdomine

prorsus sessili. Ordo II. Abdomine supra thoracem infixo.

Ordo III. Abdomine petiolato : petiolo pone thoracem infixo.

Accordingly under these three Orders are placed the whole

company of Gattungen (Genera) Gall- Schlupf- Blatt- Gold-

etc. Wespen, the Wald- Blumen- Trauer Bienen, Hummeln,

Mutillen, Ametisen,* etc.

(2) THe Seconp Parr or THE ARTICLE (30 May, 1801).

(‘« Sonnabends am 30 May, 1801.’’)

I. Miscellaneous Notices.

Notice of a new Entomological Work, by Hr. Prof. Jurine

of Geneva. (Conclusion.)

The Main characters (Characteres primar.) of the Genera

themselves, rest indeed chiefly and almost exclusively on

the Vessels or the Nerves and Veins of the Wings, according

as these sometimes more, sometimes less, interlace them-

selves by their anastomosis-like+ Concatenations and reticu-

late Connections, and form thereby variously shaped Cells,

Lattices and Nets; but at the same time, lest this standing

Character—so admirably adapted by reason of these it

may be great Modifications, for the Establishment of

natural Genera—should deteriorate into a cramping One-

sidedness, the various Shapes of the Puhl-horner (Antennae)

and likewise the Kinnladen (Mandibulae) are also taken in

subsidium as Characteres secundarw ; though the Anasto-

moses of the Wing-veins and Nerves are still always the

foremost or standing Characters of the genera.

At the same time it so happens that in the Establish-

ment of the Genera by help of these Anastomoses, some

* Panzer uses these same popular German names, along with

the Latin names cited from Syst. Ent., throughout his Fn. Ins.

Germ. Most of them are still in use colloquially in German; but

we do not know whether this is the case as to the Waldbienen,

Blumenbienen, and Trauerbienen, and have failed to gather from

his work how he distinguished these groups from one another.

Together they seem to include most Anthophila, except the

Humble-bees (Hummeln).

+ By this technical word Panzer’s contemporaries (e.g. Kirby)

were accustomed to express the running of one nervure into another,

as a tributary discharges into a river, cf. (French) déboucher and

(Engl.) disembogue. orédua = bouche, mouth.

368 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

of them indicate the Character of the Genera, while others

on the contrary, and that regularly in the self-same Wing,

declare the Character of the Avten (Species).*

Every Wing of the Insects belonging to this Class is

divided as to its general Outline: into (1) Basis, (2) Apes,

and (3, 4) Margines.

Every Wing is further divided as to the Areas con-

tained in it shaped by its interlacing Vessels, and the

resulting Anastomoses of the Nerves : into (1) the Punctum,

(2) the Radius, (3) the Cubitus, (4) the Nervi brachiales,

(5) the Cellulae radrales, (6) the Cellulae cubitales, and

(7) the Nervi recurrentes.t 5, 6, 7, however, furnish

precisely those characteres generum only, which are abso-

lutely necessary for Establishment of the Genus: they

are therefore marked red { in Tab. I of the Instructionstafel,

to make this Character catch the eye at once.

So, for Instance, the second Cellula cubitalis with its

Stielgen (petiolata) betokens the principal generic Character

of Nysson: the cellula cubitalis incompleta the altogether

exceptional one of Chrysis : just as a pecuhar lineola secans

in the cellula radialis § indicates the character of the Genus

Bremus.

Plates II, III, IV and V bring out very clearly these

generic Characters in exactly || and adequately enlarged

representations of Wings. II and III each represent, in

20 quadrangular Compartments, just so many Wings or

just so many Genera: on each of those following (IV and

* The meaning here may perhaps be made clearer by giving an

example. The Genus Miscophus is known by a peculiar ‘‘ petio-

lated’ cell, and its various Species show, in the same cell, further

characteristic differences of their own.

+ Panzer here and elsewhere, after the old German fashion,

treats the Latin terms which he is quoting according to the rules

of Latin syntax, 7. e. writes them as accusatives. We have thought

it unnecessary to follow the original in this respect.

t This is not the case in the copies of the Nouv. Méth. 1807 which

have been consulted. In these the ‘‘ characteristic ’’ nervures are

indicated otherwise, viz. by dotted lines, and the Plate referred

to by Panzer as the ‘“ Instructionstafel”’ is altogether uncoloured,

as are those following until Plate 6.

S Here Panzer accidentally misrepresents Jurine, who says quite

correctly that the feature in question—a real but very incon-

spicuous one and generally ignored by describers—is found in the

Ist cubital cell (not the radial /).

|| We understand Panzer to mean that the enlargements are

made correctly to scale and to an extent convenient for practical

use.

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 369

V) in 24 Compartments, but somewhat smaller ones, are

shown just so many Wings or Genera with their Nomen-

clature.* One can now, if one has distinctly grasped the

Clavis methodi, very easily guide oneself aright. But what

tends above all to facilitate the Comprehension of this

Method are the figures of Species on the Plates following

(each with nine quadrangular Compartments) reproduced

perfectly in gravure by the Master-hand of Citizen Massol

from the incomparably accurate and beautiful Paintings

of Hr. Prof. Jurine, in such manner that to each particular

Genus there is assigned also one particular species.+

Accordingly, not merely does each Compartment or Quad-

rangle contain the entire Insect complete, and, if needful,

considerably enlarged also: but likewise apart from this

an Antenna, often also one for both Sexes, as well as a

Mandible much enlarged, accompanied by the Name of

the Insect. In this Way it is made almost impossible to

go wrong,{ and if in one’s own Investigations, it is desired

to ascertain the Generic-rights, even of unpublished insects,

by merely first consulting the Plates of Wings, one will be

so put in the right way by help of these Generic Tafeln,

that all error can in consequence be avoided with certainty.

Since the Characters of the Wings, Antennae, and

Mandibles are uniform beyond all Expectation, the Genera

themselves become extremely natural: the apparent,§

forced or artificial, ceases consequently by degrees to be

* If this account of the Plates is compared in detail with the

actual Plates 1 to 5 of the Nouvelle Méthode as published it will be

found that they agree exactly.

+ The statements in this last sentence do not quite agree with

what seem to be the facts of the case. On the (coloured) Plates VI

and VII of the Nowy. Méth. as published, and also on all those

following (except the last, which is unsigned and was evidently

added later), appear the names of Mile. (sic) Jurine as artist and

Gaister (or ? Gaisler) as engraver. And it is stated by Klug (Mon.

Siric., p. 5, 1803) that Jurine’s Figures were produced by his

(Jurine’s) daughter. We must leave these discrepancies of

evidence as they stand. Possibly further facts may come to light

which will account for them.

The words “to each particular Genus there is assigned also one

particular species ’’ deserve attention as indicating that the author

had a more or less distinct conception of what are now called Geno-

types—the fixation of a Genus by a species selected ad hoc /

t Panzer, however, did go wrong in certain cases when he tried

to apply the Method himself.

§ We suppose this to mean “merely apparent ’’—(unreal or

superficial ?).

370 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

artificial, and one then sees simply the Species actually

combined by Nature into a single Association, arranged

among themselves according to Rules so precise, that it

is wonderful why one has not learnt them from Nature

long ago.

To make Lovers of these Insects acquainted in advance

with the Genera established by this Method, the latter

shall be here not only communicated, but also placed over

against the Fabrician genera published already, so that it

will then be easy to compare these genera of Hr. Prof.

Jurine with those of Hr. Prof. Fabricius, or, if it seem good,

to combine them.

[ Here follows the (Latin) Tabulation of the Genera, which

need not be repeated, and the Article then proceeds as

follows |—

From the above Parallels one can easily see, how the

Jurinean Genera are related to the Fabrician ; how very

closely many of the former approximate to the latter;

how natural too are many Fabrician Genera, not liable to

be superseded even by the Employment of this novel

Method; and yet that this Class of Insects was bound to

profit * in its turn enormously thereby, since Hr. Prof.

Jurine, as well as the Wings, took also into consideration

those Parts, on whose Importance Hr. Prof. Fabricius

insisted with such Acuteness of perception.

To say more of Hr. Prof. Jurine’s Enterprise would be

too much of a transgression over the Limits of a merely

preliminary Announcement. Let the above Statement

suffice, till this Work can tell its own Tale.

The following works will be continually referred to in

our notes :—

FABRICIUS, J. C.—Ent. Systematica 2 (1793): Suppl. (1798)—

Systema Piezatorum (1804).

PANZER, G. W. F.—Fauna Ins. Germaniae 1-9 (Heft 1-109)

(1793-1810)—[73-80 (1800): 81-4 (ante 3. IX. 1801): 85 (1801) :

86-96 (ante 1. X. 1804)].

LATREILLE, P. A.—Précis Caract. Insectes (1796)—Hist. Nat.

des Fourmis (IV. 1802)—Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24 (1804)—Hist.

Nat. Crust. Ins. 8 (V-IX. 1802): 13 (1804-5): 14 (1804-5)—Genera

Crust. Ins. 3 (1807) : 4 (1809)—Concid. Générales (1810).

LAMARCK, J. M.—Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres (I. 1801).

JURINE, L., éd. PANZER, G. W.F.—Erlangen Litteratur—Zeitung

1. 160 (23. V. 1801): 161-5 (30. V. 1801)—JURINE, L.—Nouvelle

Méthode de classes les Hyménoptéres (1807).

* Panzer means, no doubt, the Study of this Class of Insects, etc.

Publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 371

“Ordo I. Abdomine prorsus sessili’’ (Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1.

163 no. 1-11).

* Jl. TENTHREDO (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 1 Tenthredo—Tenthredo : antennis clavatis.’’

[t.e. TENTHREDO L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 555-9 no. 214 sp.

1-40 (1758); F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. iv, 104-7 no. 138 sp. 1-11 (1793):

Sppl. 214 (1798)—lutea L., etc.]

CIMBEX Olvr. (1790)

= TENTHREDO (p.) L. (1758) Jrn.; = CLAVELLARIUS Olvr. (1789)

MN.; = }CLAVELLARIA (Olvr.) Lmk. (1801).

Type: Tenthredo lutea L. ([Zmk. 1801]; Ltr. 1802, 1804, 1810).

CIMBEX Olvr. [= CLAVELLARIUS Olvr. Enc. Meth. HN. 4. (Ins.

1) 22 no. 33 (1789) MN.]. CrmBEx Olvr. Enc. Meth. HN. 5. (Ins. 2)

760-72 sp. 1-16 (1790)—{sixteen species including lutea L.]: 6. (Ins.

8) 18 (1791); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 107-8 no. 4 (1796). fCLAVELLARIA

Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 264 no. 116 (1801)—[Type: lutea L.].

*TENTHREDO Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 1 (1801). CIMBEX Ltr.

HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 300 (1802)—[Type lutea L.]: 13. 119-23 no.

325 sp. 1-11 Pf. 99:1 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24, 172, 199 no.

370 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. vii, 15-18 no. 1 sp. 1-12 (1804);

Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 15 (1806). *ZENTHREDO Jrn.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 45-8 no. 1 Pf. 2:1, 6:1 (1807); F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882). CIMBEX Ltr. Gn. Crust-

Ins. 3. 225-8 no. 425 (1807): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 293, 435 no. 380

(1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 1. expl. Pl. 41 (1824); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br.

Ins. 51 (1840); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 77, 95 (1911).

[Olivier substituted Cimbex in lieu of Clavellarius Olvr. MN.,

considering the latter too close to CLAVARIA (Borany)].

[nec *CLAVELLARIA (Lmk.) Crt. Br. Ent. 2. expl. Pl. 93 (1825)—

amerinae L. (PSEUDOCLAVELLARIA Schulz) |.

Jurine intended to apply the name Tenthredo L. to the

species included by that author and Fabricius in the group

“ Antennis clavatis.’ That group had at an earlier date

(1790) been separated from T'enthredo by Olivier under the

name Ovmbezx, the author at the same time withdrawing a

name (Clavellarius) which he had suggested, but without

including in it any species, in the previous year.

The Type of Cimbex Olvr. (= Tenthredo Jrn.) is lutea

L., which was designated by Latreille in “An. X” (7. e.

between 22 Septr. 1801 and 21 Septr. 1802), and again in

1804, and 1810.

Already, in 1789, Thiinberg had recognised that some

distinction might be drawn between such species as lutea

L., obscura L., ete. (.e. the group with clavate antennae),

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) BB

372 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

and suggested the introduction of a new genus Corynis

(xoovvn = a club).

This appears to be a valid publication of a new generic

name, and therefore either Cimber Olvr. or Amasis Leach

must sink as a synonym of Corynis Thnbg.; the latter

(viz. Amasis) can be the better spared, and we propose

therefore to designate obscura L. as the Type of Corynis

Thnbg. (1789) = Amasis Leach (1817).

Corynis Thnbg. (1789)

n.syn. = AMASIS Leach. (1817).

Type: Tenthredo obseura L. (M. & D. 1915).

CoRyNIs Thnbg. Peric. Ent. Char. Gn. Ins. p. 13 (1789): Diss.

Ac. 8. 260 (1801).

“CoryNIS h). Antennae capitatae. Abdomen fornicatum.”

**h) Sub hac denominatione innuimus T'enthredinem luteam obscuram,

& hisce similes, quae alias iisdem notis insigniuntur, ac Genus in-

sequens, T'enthredo.”

[This generic name is omitted from Rohwer’s list. ]

1-2. Cryptus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 2 Cryptus—Tenthredo antennis inarticulatis.’’

i.e. TENTHREDO L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 555-9 no. 214 sp. I-

40 (1758): F. Ent. Syst. 2. 108-10 no. 138 sp. 12-22 (1793)—rosae

L.; coerulescens F.; etc. |.

TENTHREDO L. (1758)

= {TENTREDO Lmk. (1801), {7HENTHREDO Ltr. (1810); =

CRYPTUS Jrn. (1801), ;CRUPTUS Jin. (1807); = Hytoroma Ltr.

(1802); = ARGE Schrk. (1802).

Type 1: Tenthredo rosae L. (Lmk. 1801).

TENTHREDO L. [Fn. Suec. (ed. 1) 282-9 sp. 923-50 (1746)

MN.]: Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 213, 555-9 no. 214 sp. 1-40

(1758)—]2. lutea L.; 12 scrophulariae L.; 21 rosae L.; etc.|: Fn.

Suec. (ed. 2) 388-95 sp. 1533-72 (1761); Poda Ins. Mus. Graec.

102-3 sp. 1-6 (1761) [nitens L.; rosae L.|; Slzar. Knnz. Ins. 141-3

no. 44 Pf. 18°109-13 (1761); Gfir. Hist. Ins. 2. 266-89 sp. 1-38 (1762) ;

Sep. Ent. Carn. 274-81 sp. 719-38 (1763); Miller Fn. Ins. Fridrichs.

pp- xxi, 69-70 no. 44 sp. 599-612 (1764); L. Syst Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2).

359, 920-8 no. 242 sp. 1-55 (1767); Brkht. NH. Gt. Brit. 1. 162-3

(1769); Frstr. Nov. Sp. Ins. Cent. 1. pp. viii, 78-80 sp. '78—80 (1771) ;

Sep. Ann. HN. 5, 120-1 sp. 142-3 (1772); Yeats Inst. Ent. 173-8

(1773); Miller L. Syst. Nat. 5 (2), 819-36 no. 242 sp. 1-55 (1775) ;

Schrk. Beytr. Naturges 83-6 sp. 41-7 (1776); F. Gn. Ins. 112 no. 105

(1777); Blmbch. HB. Naturges. 1. 378 (1779); F. Sp. Ins. 1. 405-17

no. 108 sp. 1-61 (1781); Schrk. Enum. Ins. Austr. 322-43 sp. 648-93

——\__ my

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 373

(1781); Retz. De Geer Gn. et Sp. Ins. 71-4 no. 22 sp. 293-323 (1783) ;

Leske Anfang. Naturges. 518-19 no. 54 (1784); Schmiedl. Einl.

Kennt. Ins. 354—60 (1786); F. Mant. Ins. 1. 252-6 no. 112 sp. 1-64

(1787); Gmel. L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 18) 1 (5) 2653-71 no. 242 sp. 1-36,

38-66, 66-122, 122-6, 128-42 (1788); de Vill. Ent. Fn. Suec. 3. 78—

126 no. 2 sp. 1-138 (1789); Brahm Ins-Kal. 1. pp. lxxix—lxxx

(1790); Petagna Inst. Ent. 1. 345-53 no. 111 sp. 1-32 (1792); Pzr.

Fn. Ins. Germ. 5°21, 7°9 (1793): 17°14-17 (1794): 26°20-1 (1796) :

45°13, 46°1 (1797): 49°12-18, 52:2-14 (1798): 62-°6-11, 641-11,

65°1-11, 71°6-10, 72°1-2 (1799): 76:11 (1801): 81°10-12 (1801):

82°10-13, 84°11-13 (1801): 88°17 (1804): 98°9-13, 100°10, 10514,

107°6—-7 (1809); F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. iv. 104-23 no. 138 sp. 1-78

(1793); Forst. Enchirid. NH. 154 no. 60 (1794); F. Sppl. Ent. Syst.

214-8 (1798); Cuvr. Tb]. Element. HN. An. 503-5 (1798); Cdrhlm.

Fr. Ins. Prodr. Petrop. 145-53 no. 81 sp. 443-71 (1798). {Z’ENTREDO

Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 263 no. 115 (I. 1801)—[Type rosae L.].

CRYPTUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 2(V. 1801). HyLoromMa

Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 302 (1802)—|Type: rosae L., F.|: 13. 1383-5

no. 327 sp. 1-8 Pf. 99°2 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Meth.

172-3, 199 no. 371 (1804). TenTHREDO Trtn. Syst. Nat. 3. 411-26

no. 82 (1802); Schrk. Fn. Boica 2 (2) 209, 230-52 no. 232 sp. 1993-

2039 (1802); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins-Deutsch. 2. 15-53 (1806). CryPTUs

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 49-51 no. 2.({CRUPTUS) Pf. 2°2, 6°2 (1807);

F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882). HYLOoTOMA

Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 81, 97 (1911).

Type 2 :—Tenthredo coerulescens F. (Ltr. 1810).

*HYLOTOMA Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 293-4, 435 no. 381 (1810)—

[Type: eoerulescens F.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 2. expl. Pl. 65 (1825).

[Hylotoma Ltr. (1802) was a monotypical genus founded on

rosae L., F.].

Type 3: Cryptus segmentarius Pzr. 88:17 (Rwr. 1911).

*CRYPTUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 88°17 (1804)—[1l. enodis L.;

2 segmentarius Pzr.]: 102°15-16 (1809): 109°8-10 (1810); Rwr.

Ent. News 22. 219 (1911)—[Type: segmentarius Pzr. ].

Type 4: Tenthredo dimidiata F. (Crt. 1838).

*TENTHREDO (L.) Crt. Br. Ent. 15 expl. Pl. 692 (1838)—[Type:

dimidiata F.]

[Curtis cites dimidiata F. as Type—this was not one of Linné’s

exponents of T'enthredo /|

[nec *TENTHREDO (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 1 (1801):

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 45-8 no. 1 Pf. 2°1, 6°1 (1807)—lutea L. (CIMBEX

Olvr.)].

[nec *7’ENTHREDO (L.) Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 300-2 (1802): 13.

123-33 no. 326 sp. 1-43 (1804-5): Gn. Crust-Ins. 3. 228-31 no. 426

(1807): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 294. ({7HENTHREDO) 435 no. 382

(1810); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 90, 97 (1911)—

scrophulariae L. (ALLANTUS Jrn.)].

[nec *CRYPTUS (Jrn.) Crt. Br. Ent. 2. expl. Pl. 58 (1825): Rwr.

US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 77, 94 (1911)—/furcata Vill.

(SCHIZOCERA Lep.)].

374 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

[nec *§CRYPTUS F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix, 70-92 no. 10 sp. 1-103

(1804); Crt. Br. Ent. 14. expl. Pl. 668 (1837); Vrek. Bull. US.

Nat. Mus. 83. 38, 185 (1914)—Type: viduatorius F. (Genus ?)].

The name Cryptus Jr. was first applied to the second

Fabrician section of Tenthredo L., viz., “‘ Antennis i-

articulatis ’—five of its species however do not possess

this character and cannot therefore be types of Cryptus Jrn.

In the Nouv. Méth. Hym. Jurine omits these, as also two

other species which are South American.

But, before Jurine’s Cryptus was published, Lamarck, in

the month ‘ Pluviose An. IX” (= January 1801), had

already selected a species of this group as the Type of

Tenthredo L.—Cryptus Jrn. can therefore only be regarded

as a synonym of Tenthredo L., as defined by Lamarck.

Although itself a synonym, the publication of this name

Cryplus, in 1801, makes illegal the action of Fabricius in

applying (Syst. Piez. 1804) the same name to a totally

different group of Hymenoptera.

Cryptus F. (1804) is therefore a homonym of Cryptus

Jr. (1801) and the nomenclature of the Ichneumonidae

will require considerable revision in consequence.

Jurine proposes to restrict Tenthredo to the section

“ Antennis clavatis,’ but Lamarck had already (January

1801) cited as Type for Tenthredo a species not belonging

to that group, viz. rosae L.,F. What was this rosae?

There is strong reason to think that Linné confused

under the name rosae two, if not more, quite different

insects, viz. Réaumur’s ‘“‘ Saw-fly of the Rose,” in which

the antennae are not clavate, but inarticulate (“ exartecu-

latis’’), and Athalia rosae Auctt., in which also the antennae

are not clavate, but 9 to 10-jointed (“ septemnodis ” in

Linné’s classification).

In the Systema Naturae (editions 10, and 12), and also

in Fauna Suecica, Linné describes his species as having

seven-jointed antennae, and at Burlington House the only

specimen ticketed in Linné’s own hand as “ rosae,”’ with

a reference to the 10th edition, is a specimen of Athalia

rosae Auctt., but with this insect are placed, without

labels, specimens of Réaumur’s species, and the well-

known passages and figures of Réaumur, etc., are referred

to by Linné himself in his synonymy.

Authors (e.g. von Dalla Torre, in his Catalogue) fre-

quently recognise both an Athalia rosae L. and a Hylotoma

rosae L., which, as shown by their references to Syst. Nat.,

publication of “‘ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 375

etc., are both founded on the “‘ Tenthredo rosae’’ of Linné.

This being a composite species a choice must be made

between the two insects, indicated on the one hand by

Linné’s expression “‘ antennis septemnodis,’ with which

a specimen in his collection agrees, and, on the other

hand, by Linné’s citation of Réaumur’s species and his

adoption in a Latinised form of Réaumur’s vernacular

name. Réaumur’s insect zs attached to the Rose, the

Athalia is not, so the name rosae should be restricted to

Réaumutr’s species, which, by the way, is congeneric with

that selected by Curtis as the Type in 1838 (viz. dimadiata

F.), which, however, is not one of Linné’s original types.

Lamarck describes the antennae simply as “ filiformes,”

which tells us nothing, but there can be no doubt that in

his view Tenthredo rosae L. meant Réaumur’s well-known

insect, the “ Saw-fly of the Rose,” and this selection of a

Type, whatever may be the consequences, was apparently

legitimate and irrevocable. Tenthredo Jurine is therefore

a homonym of Tenthredo L. (see Lamarck), and the group

“antenms clavatis’” cannot be so called. Lamarck’s

selection of “ Tenthredo rosae L.,¥.” (7. e. of Réaumur’s

‘« Saw-fly of the Rose ’’) as the Type of Tenthredo reduces not

only Cryptus Jurime, but also Arge Schrank, and Hylotoma

Ltr. to synonyms of that genus.

Other species have been suggested by other authors as

types of Tenthredo, e.g. dimidiata ¥., by Curtis (1838), which,

though congeneric with rosae L. is not a Linnéan species

and cannot be Type of a Linnéan genus.

Latreille’s designation (1810) of scrophulariae L., which is

accepted by Mr. Rohwer, is anticipated by Lamarck’s

selection of rosae L. in January 1801 (scrophulariae L. is

the Type of the next Jurinean genus, viz. Allantus).

1-3. ALLANTUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 3 Allantus—Tenthredo: Scrophul. viridis, ete.’’

ALLANTUS Jrn. (1801)

= * TENTHREDO (L.) Ltr.

Type: Tenthredo secrophuiariae L. (Crt. 1839).

ALLANTUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 163 no. 3 (V.1801)—{1. serophulariae

L.; 2. viridis L.; etc.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 88:18, 90°9, 91°13-19

(1804): Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 10, 15 25-40 (1806): Jrn. Nouv,

376 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Méth. Hym. 52-6 no. 3 Pf. 2°3, 6°3 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT.

Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882). *7HNTHREDO Ltr. Cons. Gén.

Crust-Ins. 294. (}7HRENTHREDO) 435 no. 382 (1810)—[Type:

scrophulariae L.]. ALLANTUS Crt. Br. Ent. 16. expl. Pl. 764

(1839)—[Type: serophulariae L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 52

(1840); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 73, 97 (1911).

[nec * ALLANTUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 82°12 (VII. 1801); Rwr.

Ent. News 22. 73 (1911)—togata Pzr. (EMPHYTUS Klug)].

The Erlangen List (1801) enumerates under Allantus

only two species, and one of these, scrophulariae L. was

designated by Curtis (1839) as the Type of Allantus.

Latreille (1802) whom Rohwer (1911) follows, cited this

species as Type of T'enthredo L. (see preceding note, p. 373),

but as Tenthredo L. had been previously furnished by

Lamarck with rosae L. as its Type (I. 1801), Latreille’s

action was invalid and Curtis’ selection should be accepted.

Panzer 1 in September 1801 (Fu. Ins. Germ. 82:12) figures

“ Tenthredo togata Fabricius,” adding in the synonymy,

te not on the plate,

“ Tenthredo togata. Fabric. inedit.

Allantus Taurine.

Legi saepius in dumetis.””

Fabricius in 1804 (Syst. Piez. 32) describes a Tenthredo

togata, adding “ Habitat in Germania Dr. Panzer.” In his

diagnosis he describes a spot on the first segment, and the

whole fifth segment of the abdomen as red.* In the de-

scription he says that a spot on the first segment, and the

whole fifth segment are white—Panzer’s figure shows no

red on the body at all. The diagnosis Clearly does not

refer to the species taken “im dumetis”’ and figured by

Panzer—the description however seems to do so.

Rohwer [Ent. News 22 p. 218 (1911)] makes “‘ Tenthredo

(Allantus) togata Panzer ”’ (sic) Type of Allantus, accrediting

this genus to Panzer, not Jurine, and calling it “ mono-

basic ”—but Al lantus Jurine, May 1801, has precedence over

“Allantus Jurine”’ Panzer, July—Septr. 1801—and_togata

was not included among Jurine’ 8 types; nor do its char-

acters agree with those of the other insects figured and

described as Allantus by Panzer in Fn. Ins. Germ., and in

the Krit. Rev., so that evidently Panzer’s reference of togata

to Allantus Jrn. was a mere mistake.

* In Fallén’s copy of the Syst. Piez., which is in the Ent. Soc.

Library, “‘rufis” is corrected to “ albis,”

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 377

Tenthredo togata Pzr. (82°12) belongs really to the second

division of Jurine’s Dolerus, and this division was raised

into a new genus, Emphytus, by Klug in 1813 (Type:

cincta L.; Crt. 1833)—this name should therefore be

restored.

Panzer reconsidered this question, in Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch., and included togata among the Dolert of Jurine,

saying that it is very like cincta, which is the species figured

by Jurine to illustrate Dolerus, second family [= Emphytus

Klug].

In Nouv. Méth. Hym. (p. 58) Jurine also includes togatus

Fabr., Panzer, in Dolerus, second family, but doubtfully,

saying that he does not possess the species, and that if it

belongs to this genus the cubital cells are not drawn

correctly.

The above facts seem to necessitate : (1) the attribution

of the genus Allantus to Jurine (Erlangen List, 1801), and

not to Panzer (Fn. Ins. Germ.); (2) the rejection of togata

Pzr. (and equally of togata F.) as a possible type for Allantus ;

and, (3) the retention of Hmphytus Klug (Type: cinctus

L.) as a properly applied name for the second family of

Jurine’s heterotypical genus Dolerus.

In 1911, Rohwer accepted Latreille’s designation (1802)

of gonager F. as the Type of Dolerus Jrn., but later in the

same year (Ent. News 22. 219) he withdrew this, accrediting

Dolerus to Panzer, and treating it as a monotypical genus

with Type pedestris Pzr. This view we must reject, for

pedestris Pzr. is not one of the species included in Dolerus

of the Erlangen List—this was published in May 1801,

while Panzer’s figure appeared later in the year (before

September).

1-4. DoLERvsS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 4 Dolerus—Tenthredo germanica, gonagra, etc.’’

DOLERUS Jrn. (1801)

Type 1: Tenthredo gonagra F. (= gonager Jr.; Ltr. 1810).

DoLERvUs Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 4 (30. V. 1801)—{1.

germanica F.; 2. gonagra F.; efc.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 82°12

(VII. 1801): Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 15, 40-4 (1806); Jrn.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 57-8 no. 4 Pf. 2°4, 6°4 (1807); F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882); Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins.

294, 435 no. 383 (1810)—|[Type: gonager Jrn.]; Rwr. US. Dp. Agr.

(Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 78, 94 (1911).

378 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Type 2: Tenthredo pratensis L. (= pedestris Par. 82°11; Rwr. 1911).

* DOLERUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 82°11 (VII. 1801); Rwr. Ent.

News. 22. 219 (1911)—[Type: pratensis L. ( = pedestris Pzr.).

Latreille, in 1810, cited gonager Jrn. as the Type of

Dolerus Jrn., and Rohwer accepted this species as the

Type of Dolerus Pzr. (Krit. Rev., 1806) in his Genotypes of

the Sawflies (1911); later in the same year, however, Mr.

Rohwer (Ent. News 22. 219) traced the genus back to 1801

(Panzer, Fn. Ins. Germ.) and designated pratensis L.

(= pedestris Pzr. 82:11) as the Type. Jahrgang 7 of the

Fauna Ins. Germ. is dated 3 September, 1801, but we now

know that Dolerus Jurine was first published in the

Erlangen List, 30 May 1801. Latreille’s citation of

Tenthredo gonagra F. will therefore remain valid.

I'5. NEMATUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 5 Nematus—Tenthredo capreae, septentrionalis, etc.’’

NEMATUS Jrn. (1801)

= CROESUS Leach (1817).

Type: Tenthredo septentrionalis L. (Ltr. 1810).

NEMATUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 5 (30. V. 1801) [1].

capreae L., F.; 2. septentrionalis L.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. [82°10

(VII. 1801)]: 90°10-11 (1804): Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 15,

44-6 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 59-60 no. 5 Pf. 2°5, 6°5 (1807);

F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882); Ltr. Cons.

Gén. Crust-Ins. 294, 435 no. 384 (1810)—[Type: septentrionalis F.,

Jrn.]; Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 84, 97, 99 (1911).

[nec * NEMATUS (Pzr.) Rwr. Ent. News 22. 219 (1911)—lucida

Pzr. (HOLCOCNEME Knw.)].

Latreille cited septentrionalis L. as the Type of Nematus.

This is a well-identified species, and being one of the

original types of the Erlangen List should be accepted.

Rohwer [US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 84, 97, 99

(1911)] adopted Latreille’s designation of septentrionalis L.

as the Type of Nematus Pzr., but later [Knt. News 22. 219

(1911)] retracts this and makes Tenthredo lucida Pzr.

[Hn. Ins. Germ. 82:10 (VII. 1801)] the Type of the ‘‘ mono-

basic” genus Nematus Pzr., sinking accordingly Holcocneme

Knw. (whose Type crassa Fallén is congeneric with lucida

Pzr.) as = Nematus Pzr., but this figure was published

subsequently to the appearance of the Erlangen List

(30. V, 1801), and lwezda is not one of Jurine’s original types

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 379

—Holcocneme Knw. may therefore still be used for the

group which includes lucida Pzr. and crassa Fallén.

Croesus Leach, with Type septentrionalis L. [cited by

Rohwer US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 77, 97, 99

(1911)] must therefore sink as synonymous with Nematus

Jrn.—*Nematus Knw. is a different genus, and has accord-

ingly been renamed by Rohwer Nematinus, with Type

abdonunalis Par.

[The second Nematus of the Erlangen List 1s capreae.

In Systema Naturae (ed. 10) we find Linné describing a

larva as capreae, saying that he did not know the imago;

in the 12th edition Linné repeats his description and adds

a reference to Tenthredo salicis Fn. Suec. 1752. This

Tenthredo salicis we now find is the well-known and

very remarkably coloured larva of a very common

Pteronidea, which has been admirably figured, together

with its imago, by Goedart, and these figures, and

also others representing the same species in_ other

works, are referred to in the synonymy of the Fauna.

Now, reverting to the 10th edition, we find an imago

described as salicis, evidently the imago of the same species,

and here again Goedart’s and the other figures are referred

to; the imago is no doubt the species universally known as

T. salicis L., this is attached to Salix, and has the character

mentioned by Linné of a black stigma, which is exceptional

in Pteronidea. We infer from these facts that capreae L.

is a synonym of salicis L., and that the Pachynematus re-

ferred by many authors to *capreae L. (=trisignatus Forst.),

chiefly on the authority of a figure in Panzer, is a different

species. Panzer’s figure (65°8), from its very short an-

tennae and other characters, appears to represent, not

a Pachynematus Knw., nor a Pteronidea Rwr., but

an Amauronematus Kunw. (perhaps A. vittatus Lep.).

The mistake appears to have been partly due to

the omission by Linné (in ed. 12) to repeat his remark

as to the black stigma. Fabricius and Gmelin, under

capreae, describe an imago with pale stigma, parti-

coloured mesonotum, and other characters which agree

with Panzer’s figure, but are quite inconsistent with

Linné’s own account of salicis. Also, the true salicis is

attached to Saliz, but Fabricius and Gmelin add a state-

ment that this larva devastates the Red Currant (ap-

parently confusing it with ribesw, or some such species.

380 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

The capreae of Cameron, etc., feeds on sedge and grasses,

and naturally it has never been suggested that this form

has anything to do with T. salicis L.]

I'6. Preronus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 6 Pteronus—Tenthredo: antennis pectinatis.’’

[ie. TENTHREDO F. Ent. Syst. 2. 111-12 sp. 23-8 (1793): Sppl.

Ent. Syst. 214-5 (1798)—pini L., etc.]

PTERONUS Jrn. (1801)

= Diprion Schrk. (1802); = § LoPHYRUS Ltr. (1802); = ANa-

CHORETA Gistel. (1848); = CRISTIGER Gistel. (1848).

Type: Tenthredo pini L. (Pzr. 1804; Ltr. 1802; RKwr. 1911).

PTERONUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 6 (V. 1801).

§ LOPHYRUS Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 302 (1802)—[Type: pini L.]:

13. 135-7 no. 328 sp. 1-4 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. 173, 199

no. 372 (1804): Gn. Crust-Ins. 3. 232 no. 428 (1807): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 295, 435 no. 387 (1810). DrPrRron Schrk. Fn. Boica 2 (2).

209, 252-4 no. 233 sp. 2040-2 (1802). PrrRoNuS Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 87°17 (1804)—|{Type: pini Pzr.]: Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch.

2. 10, 15, 46-8 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 61-4 no. 6 Pf. 2°6,

6°6 (1807); F-G. K & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882).

DIprRIon Rwy. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 78, 82, 88, 96,

98 (1911)—[Type: pini L.]. PrERONUS Rwr. Ent. News 22. 219

(1911).

[§ Lophyrus Ltr. is homonymous with LopuHyrus Poli (1791) Moll.]

Pieronus Jrn. in the Erlangen List is defined as the

equivalent of Fabricius’ third section of Tenthredo (An-

tennis pectinatis). That division includes nominally four

(really three) species of the genus commonly called Lophyrus

Ltr. [this name however is preoccupied in Mollusca by

Poli (1791)]—one Monoctenus, and one Megalodontes, to

these, in the Supplement, Fabricius adds another, furcata

Vill., but Panzer (Krit. Rev., 1806) states that the ‘peculiar

structure of the antennae in furcata gis not a real pecti-

nation, and that they are ciliated as in ustulata and enodis

C e. as in Tenthredo L. as employed in these notes), and in

fact, furcata is much nearer to rosae L. than to any species

of the group under consideration. The commonest and

best-known of the possible types is pini L., and this species,

together with two others (also possible types, but not

congeneric with it), have been called by Schrank Diprion,

which name Rohwer has adopted with Type pint L.,

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 381

sinking Pteronus Pzr. as a synonym of it. Pteronus Jrn.,

however, has precedence by a year over Diprion Schrank,

and the former name with Type pini L., designated by

Rohwer, should be restored. Pteronus Knw., founded on

Jurine’s third family of Pteronus in the Nouv. Méth.

Hym., which would not be a Pteronus according to the

Erlangen List, becomes a homonym and is to be replaced

by Pteronidea Rwr. (1911).

1-7. CepHatcta Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 7 Cephaleia—Tenthredo: antennis multiarticul.’’

[i.e. TENTHREDO F. Ent. Syst. 2. 121-3 sp. 66-78 (1793): Sppl.

Ent. Syst. 218 (1798)—signata F., efc. Jurine included under

**Cephalcia”’ Fabricius’ sixth section “ Antennis filiformibus : ar-

ticulis plurimis’’—each species in this section is described by

Fabricius as “ T'enthredo antennis multiarticulatis.”’ |

CEPHALEIA Jrn. (1801)

{| CEPHALCIA Jrn. (1801), {CEPHALEIA Pzr. (1806), Jrn. (1807).

Type: Tenthredo signata F. (Rwr. 1911).

CEPHALEIA Jrn. = {| CEPHALCTA Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no.

7 (V. 1801); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 86°8-9, 87°18 (1804). CEPHALEIA

Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 15, 48-50 (1806); Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 65-7 no. 7 Pf. 2-7, 7.7 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT.

Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech.

Ser. 20. 76, 97 (1911) —|Type: signata F.].. | CepHaAxcrA Rwr. Ent.

News 22. 218 (1911).

“ Cephalcia”’ in the Erlangen List must be a mere

misprint, for on two of the Plates (Pl. 2 and 7 no. 7) which

were seen by Panzer, and are described correctly as to all

details in his paper, the word is engraved Cephaleia.

Panzer afterwards repeated the mistake three times in

the Fauna Germanica (86°8, 86°9, and 87:18), but in the

Kritisch Revision he restored the spelling Cephaleia, print-

ing the e in a somewhat larger type than the other letters

of the word—evidently therefore intending to correct his

former spelling. Jurine himself throughout the Nouvelle

Méthode, both in the text and on the plates, invariably

writes Cephaleia. This name one cannot doubt was

meant to be derived from xemady, and if so, such a form

as Cephalcia is an absolute impossibility. Cephaleia is not

irreproachable, but the objections to it are not so obvious,

382 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

and Jurine, who was at most only a fair classical scholar,

may have failed to recognise them. .

Rohwer in 1911 cited signata F. as the Type of Cephaleia

Pzr., and since Panzer attributes this genus to Jurine,

we may take the citation as applying also to Cephaleia

(tCephalcia) Jrn.

I'8. ORyssus (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 8 Oryssus—Oryssus Supplem.’’

[t.e. ORYSSUS F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 209, 218-9 sp. 1-2 (1798)—

abietina Scp. ( = vespertilio F.; = coronatus F.)]}.

ORYSSUS F. (1798)

= fORUSSUS Ltr. (1796) MN.

Type: Sphex abietina Scp. ( = vespertilio F.; = coronatus F.;

F. 1798).

Oryssus F. [ = Orussvus Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 111 no. 10 (1796)

MN.). Oryssus F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 209, 218-9 sp. 1-2 (1798)—

[Type: abietina Scp. (=1. coronatus F.; = 2. vespertilio ¥.)]

Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 264-5 no. 118 (I. 1801); Jrn. Erl. Litt-

Ztg. 1. 163 no. 8 (V. 1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 305 (1802): 138.

157-60 no. 334 sp. 1 (1804-5) ; Klug Mon. Siric. Germ. 1-8 Pf. 1°1-3,

8-1-8 (1803); Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. 173 no. 378 (1804); F

Syst. Piez. pp. vili., 47 no. 6 sp. 1 Ind. 21 (1804) ; Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 54 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 68-9 no. 8

[tf OrussUS] Pf. 2°8, 7°8 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz.

Ent. Ges. 6. 390 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 3. 245-9 no. 434

(1807) ; Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 296, 486 no. 392 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent.

10 expl. Pl. 460 (1833); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 55 (1840); Rwr.

US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 85, 93 (1911).

This genus was proposed by Fabricius, in 1798, for two

supposed species coronatus F. and vespertilio F., but as

these are both identical with abietina Scp. the genus was

monotypical in its inception. Latreille had previously

published Orussus, in 1786, but without exponents—on the

Plates of the Nouvelle Méthode the name also appears as

Orussus, but this was corrected to Oryssus in the text, as

also in the Erlangen List—this suggests that Jurine’s plates

were engraved before the publication of Fabricius’ Ent.

Syst. (1798) in which the name first appeared as Oryssus.

I-9. AstatTus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 9 Astatus—Sirex pygmaeus. Banchus spinipes Panzer

(Banchus viridator Fabric. inedit.).”?

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 383

ASTATUS Jrn. (1801)

= CEPHUS Ltr. (1802); = T’RACHELUS Jrn. (nn. 1807).

Type: Sirex pygmaeus L. (Jrn.; = spinipes Pzar.; Jrn. 1801;

Ltr. 1810).

ASTATUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 9 (30. V. 1801)—[Type :

pygmaeus L. ( = spinipes Pzr.; = viridator F., LN.)]; Par. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 83°12 (1801): 85°10-11 (1804). CzPHus Ltr. HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 303 (1802)—[Type: pygmaeus L.]: 13. 141-5 no.

331 sp. 1-4 Pf. 99°3 (1804-5). AsTatTus Klug Mon. Siric. Germ.

45-56 sp. 1-8 Pf. 7°1-3, 8°26-30 (1803). CzPHUS Ltr. Nouv. Dict.

HN. 24 Thl. Méth. 173, 199 no. 375 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. vii,

250-2 no. 47 p. 1-6 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2.

143-5 (1806) [ = Trachelus Jrn.|. TRACHELUS Jrn. Nouv. Meth.

Hym. 70-2 no. 9 Pf 2°9, 7°9 [nn. = Astatus Jrn.—(Type: pygmaeus

L.)]; F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882). CEPHUS

Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 296, 435 no. 390 (1810) ; Crt. Br. Ent.

7. expl. Pl. 301 (1830); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 55 (1840); Rwr.

US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 76, 96 (1911).

[nec *AsTATA Ltr. [Préc. Car. Ins. p. xiii., (ASTATUS) 114-5

no. 14 (1796) MNN.] HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 336-7 (1802) 13. 297 no. 394

sp. 1 (1804-5); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 67-9 no. 490 (1809); Cons-

Gén. Crust-Ins. 322, 438 no. 480 (1810)—Type: boops Schrk.

(= abdominalis Ltr.) (DIMORPHA Ltr.)].

[nec * ASTATUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 83:12 (VII. 1801)—{troglodyta

F.]: 85°11-12 (1801); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20.

74, 79, 97 (1911): Ent. News 22. 218 (1911)—Type: troglodyta F.

(EvmETABOLUus Schulz)].

[nec * TRACHELUS (Jrn.) Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser.

20. 91 97, (1911)—Type: tabidus F. (= TracHELASTATUS nn.)].

[nec *CEPHA Blbg. Enum. Ins. Blbg. 98 (1820) ; Rwr. Ent. News 22.

218 (1911)—Type: tabida F. (+ tibida Rwr.) (TRACHELASTATUS nn.)].

Latreille (Préc. Car. Ins. p. xii) proposed the name

Astata for a genus which he promised to describe later,

stating, at the same time, that he had intended to call it

Astatus, but wished not to do so to avoid confusion with

his genus Astacus (Crust.)—in the body of the work (p. 114-5)

the genus is described as Astatus.

Having no exponents Astata (Astatus) Ltr. had no

scientific status until 1802, and could not in the mean-

time preoccupy the same name used in another sense by

another author—Astatus Jurine (proposed in May 1801)

for a genus of Tenthredinidae, with properly designated

exponents, is therefore a valid name, and its exponents

being all synonyms of one species (pygmaeus L.) the genus

is virtually a monotypical one.

In 1807 Jurine proposed a new name Trachelus in lieu

of Astatus Jrn., remarking (Nouv. Méth. Hym. 72):

384 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

“ Javais Vabord donné a ce genre le nom dastatus, qui

a été adopté par MM. Panzer et Klug; mais des considéra-

tions particuliéres m’ont engagé a lui substituer celui de

trachelus’’—but this alteration of a name published six

years previously in the Erlangen List cannot be accepted.

The Type of both Astatus Jr. and Cephus Ltr. 1s

pygmaeus L.—this species is also the type of T'rachelus

Jm. (nn.).

Konow made Astatus, Trachelus, and also Cephus, etc.,

distinct genera, and Rohwer, apparently following him to

some extent, gives to Astatus Jrn. the Type: troglodyta

F., to Cephus Ltr. the Type : pygmaeus L., and to Trachelus

Jrn. the Type: tabidus F. These divisions are probably

of generic value, but the names proposed are unavailable

in these senses—also troglodyta and tabidus are species not

included in the Erlangen List. Rohwer also revives the

name Cepha Billberg (with Type: tabidus F.), calling it

isogenotypic with T'rachelus Jrn.; it may be proved that

the name Cepha Billberg is valid, but owing to its similarity

to Cephus Ltr., Cepha Billberg would be a very undesirable

name in the H ymenoplera and TRACHELASTATUS (nn.) is here

suggested in its place.

*Astatus Knw. has been renamed by Schulz [Spolia

Hym. 211 (1906)] Humetabolus—with Type: niger Harris

(v. e. troglodyta)—the identification of niger, however, with

the Type-species of a genus which is almost certainly not

British at all, rests on very sandy foundations. The niger

of British collections = satyrus Par.

1-10. §URocERUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 10 Urocerus—Sirex Camelus, Dromedarius.’’

XIPHYDRIA Ltr. (1802)

= § UrocERUS Jrn. (1801) nec Geoffr-Fourer.; = HY BoNOTUS Klug

(1803); = }XIPHYDRA (Ltr.) Pzr. (1806).

Type 1: Iehneumon ecamelus L. (Ltr. 1802; 1804).

XIPHYDRIA Ltr. = §URocERUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 10

(1801)—[camelus L. ; dromedarius L.]. XIPHYDRIA Ltr. HN. Crust-

Ins. 8. 304 (1802)—[Type: eamelus L.]: 13. 145-6 no. 332 sp. 1-3

Cee HY BONOTUS Klug Mon. Siric. Germ. 9-16 sp. 1-2 Pf. 1:4—7,

89-15 (1803)—[Type: eamelus L.] XipHypDRIA Ltr. Nouv. Dict.

HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 173, 199 no. 376 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix,

52-3 no. 8 sp. 1-3 (1804). §UROCERUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 85° 10

(1805) +XzpHypDRA Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 56-7 (1806).

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 385

XIPHYDRIA Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 3. 237-8 no. 432 (1807). §URoczERUS

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 73-5 no. 10 Pf. 2°10, 7°10 (1807); F-G. K.

& K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882); Rwr. US. Dp. Agr.

(Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 81, 92, 93 (1911).

Type 2: Sirex dromedarius F. (Ltr. 1810).

*XIPHYDRIA (Ltr.) Ltr. Cons. Gén. Crust-Ins. 296, 436 no. 391

(1810)—[Type: dromedarius L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 55

(1840).

[Having described the monotypical genus Xiphydria for

camelus L., i 1802, it was not open to Latreille to cite

dromedarius F. as the Type in 1810!].

[nec URocERUS [Gffr. (1762) MN.] Gfir-Fourcr. Ent. Paris 2.

362-3 no, 84 (1785)—|[Type: gigas L. (SIREX L.)].

SUrocerus Jrn., represented in the Erlangen List by

camelus L., F., and dromedarwus F. is homonymous with

Urocerus (Gfir. 1762) Gfir-Fourer. (1785) a monotypical

genus with Type: gigas L. SUrocerus Jrn. must be re-

placed by Xiphydria Ltr. (1802) whose Type is camelus L.

Urocerus Gfir. is synonymous with Sirex L., consequently

Urocerus is invalid in either sense.

T-11. SrrEx (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1:163.

“Gen. 11 Sirex—Sirex Gigas.’’

[t.e. SIREX L. Fn. Suec. 396 sp. 1573-7 (1761); F. Ent. Syst. 2.

pp. iv, 124-32 no. 139 sp. 1-16 (1793)—gigas L., etc.]

SIREX L. (1761)

= URroceRrvus [Gfir. (1761) MN] Gfir-Fourcr. (1784).

Type: Sirex gigas L. (Blmbch. 1779; Lmk. 1801).

SIREX L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) pp. [41], 396-7, sp. 1573-7 (1761).

[UrRoceErRvS Gffr. Hist. Ins-Paris 2. 264-6 (1762) MN.] SIREX L.

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) 539, 928-30 no. 243 sp. 1-7 (1767) Blmbch.

HB. Naturges. 1. 378-9 no. 55 sp. 1 (1779) [gigas L.]; Leske

Anfangs. Naturges. 519 (1779, 1784). Urocerus Gfir-Fourcr.

Ent. Paris 2. 362-3 no. 84 (1785)—[Type: gigas L.]. SIREX F.

Ent. Syst. 2. pp. iv, 124-32 no. 139 sp. 1-26 (1793); Ltr. Préc.

Car. Ins. 106 no. 2 (1796); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 52°15-21 (1798);

Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 264 no. 117 (1801)—[Type: gigas L.]

Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 11 (1801). Urocerus Ltr. HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 304-5 (1802): 13. 147-57 no. 333 sp. 1-6 Pf. 99-4

(1804-5): Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 173 no. 377 (1804). Srrex

Klug. Mon. Siric. Germ. 17-44 sp. 1-7 Pf. 2:1-5, 31-5, 4-1-6,

51-5, 8°16-25 (1803); F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix, 48-51 no. 7 sp. 1-15

(1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 54-6 (1806); Jrm. Nouv.

386 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Méth. Hym. 76-9 no. 11 Pf. 2°11, 7-11 (1807). Urocervs Ltr. Gn.

Crust-Ins. 3. 238-45 no. 433 (1807): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 297,

436 no. 393 (1810); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 55 (1840). SIREX

Rwr. US. Dp. Agr. (Ent.) Tech. Ser. 20. 89, 91, 94 (1911).

Type 2: Sirex noetilio F. (= * juvencus Crt.; Crt. 1829).

* STREX (L.) Crt. Br. Ent. 6. expl. Pl. 253 (1829)—[Type : nocetilio F.

(=* juvencus Crt.)].

Lamarck (1801) cited gigas L. as the Type of Szvex L.—

this was the only exponent of that genus in the Erlangen

List, as also in Blumenbach (1779), Leske (1779) ete.,

Curtis cited ‘‘ jwvencus” (i.e. noctilio F.) as the Type in

1829, but gigas has always been regarded as the Type of

Sirex L.

“Ordo II. Abdomine supra thoracem infixo *’ (Jrn. Erl. Litt-

Ztg. 1. 163 no. 1-4).

Neither of the present writers having studied any insects

belonging to Jurine’s Order 2, nor the first three genera of

his Order 3 (Ichneumon, Anomalon, and Bracon) they are

unable to do more than to collect evidence as to the early

history of these names.

Ill. Evanta (F). Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 1 Evania— Evania appendigaster, minuta: praeter

utramque nulla.’’

[i.e. EVANIA F. Syst. Ent. 345 no. 108 sp. 1-2 (1775) : Ent. Syst. 2.

pp- v, 192-4 no. 141 sp. 1-6 (1793): Sppl. 241-2 (1798)—appendi-

gaster L., etc. ].

EVANIA F. (1775)

Type: Iehneumon appendigaster L. (Limk. 1801; Ltr. 1802-1810).

Evania F. Syst. Ent. [25], 345 no. 108 sp. 1-2 (1775)—{l.

appendigaster L.; 2. maculata F): Ent. Syst. 2 pp. v, 192-4 no.

141 sp. 1-6 (1793); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 114 no. 13 (1796); F.

Sppl. Ent. Syst. 241-2 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 62°12 (1799):

7710 (1800); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 267 no. 123 (1801)—

(Type: appendigaster L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 1 (1801);

Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 8. 330 (1802)—[Type: appendigaster L., F.]:

13. 193-4 no. 340 sp. 1-2 Pf. 101°1 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN.

24. Tbl. Méth. 175 no. 385 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix, 178-80

no. 28 sp. 1-8, Ind. 11-12 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2.

105 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 84-5 no. 1 Pf. 2°1, 7-1 (1807);

F-G. K. & K. MT Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882); Ltr. Cons-

Gén. Crust-Ins. 297, 436 no. 395 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 6 expl.

Pl. 257 (1829); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 56 (1840); Viereck US.

Nat. Mus. Bull. 88. 58, 160 (1914).

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 387

II-2. Fornvus (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 2 Foenus—Foenus Supplem.”’

[i.e. FOENUS F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 210-11, 240 sp. 1-2 (1798)—

jaculator L. and assectator L.]

FOENUS F. (1798)

= GASTERUPTION Ltr. (1796) MN.; {GASTERYPTION Smnv.

Type 1: Iechneumon assectator L. (Ltr. 1802; Crt. 1832).

ForEnus F. [= GAsTeRuPTION Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 113-4 no. 12

(1796) MN.]. Fornus F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 210-11, 240 sp. 1-2

(1798)—{1. jaculator L. ; 2. assectator L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163

no. 2 (1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 329 (1802)—[Type: assectator

L., F.]: 18. 194-5 no. 341 sp. 1-2 (1804-5): Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN.

24. Tbl. Méth. 175 no. 386 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. viii, 141-2

no. 19 sp. 1-3 (1804); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 86-8 no. 2 Pf. 22,

7-2 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882);

Crt. Br. Ins. 9. expl. Pl. 423 (1832)—[Type: assectator L.]. @aAs-

TERUPTION Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 83. 60, 61, 161 (1914).

Type 2: Iehneumon jaculator L. (Pzr. 1804-6; Ltr. 1810).

*FOENUS (F.) Par. Fn. Ins. Germ. 96°16 (1804)—[jaculator L.]:

Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 90 (1806); Ltr. Cons-Gén, Crust-Ins-

298, 436 no. 396 (1810)—[Type: jaculator L., F.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn-

Br. Ins. 56 (1840)—[Type: jaculator L.]; Viereck US. Nat. Mus.

Bull. 83. 60, 171 (1914).

Latreille described Gasterwption in 1796 without ex-

ponents, and in 1802 he sunk this generic name as

synonymous with Foenus F., giving as the common ex-

ponent of both assectator L., F.—Latreille’s subsequent

citation (in 1810) of jaculator L., F. as the Type of Foenus

F., though accepted by Westwood (1840) and Viereck

(1914) is invalid, and assectator L., F. (= taffectator

Viereck) must be adopted as the Type of both Foenus L.

and Gasteruption Ltr. (teste Ltr. 1802).

II'3. Autacus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 3 Aulacus.’’—[No types—a mere logonym. |

AULACUS Jrn. (1807)

AULACUS Jrn. (1801) LN.

Type: Aulacus striatus Jrn. (Jrn. 1807; Ltr. 1810).

AvuLacus Jrn. [Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 3 (1801) LN.] Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 89-90 no. 3 Pf. 2°3, 7°3 (1807)—-[Type: striatus Jrn.

Pf. 7°3]; F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882); Ltr.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTS III, IV. (FEB.) CC

388 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 298, 436 no. 398 (1810); Viereck US. Nat.

Mus. Bull. 83. 18, 183 (1914).

Aulacus is merely mentioned as a Jurinean name in the

Erlangen List (1801) without exponents, and only became

validated in 1807.

IJ-4, STEPHANUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 4 Stephanus—Ichneumon serrator Supplem.’’

STEPHANUS Jrn. (1800)

Type: Ichneumon serrator F. (=coronatus Jrn.; Jrn. 1800;

Jrn: 1801, 1807).

STEPHANUS Jrn., Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 76°13 (1800)—[Type:

serrator F. (= coronatus Jrn.)]: Jm. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163

no. 4 (30. V. 1801)—[Type: serrator F.]: Prz. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 75 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 91-3 no. 4 Pf. 2°4,

7:4 (1807) F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882) ;

Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 88. 138, 182 (1914).

“Ordo III. Abdomine petiolato: petiolo pone thoracem in-

fixo °? (Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1, 163-5 no. 1-48).

IlI-1. IcHNEvmoN (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1, 163.

“*Gen. 1 Ichneumon—Ichneumon.’’

[i.e. ICHNEUMON L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 843 no. 214, 560-8

no. 215 sp. 1-69 (1758); F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. iv, 132-92 no. 140 sp.

1-246 (1793): Sppl. 219-32 (1798)—persuasorius L.; comitator L. ;

uctatorius L.; manifestator L.; etc.].

ICHNEUMON L. (1758)

= ICHNEUMON L. (1746) MN.; = RHYSsA Gravenh. (1829).

Type 1: Iehneumon persuasorius L. (Lmk. 1801).

ICHNEUMON L. [Fn. Suec. (ed. 1) 289-97 sp. 951-87 (1746) MN.)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 214, 560-8 no. 215 sp. 1-69 (1758)

[14. luctatorius L.; 17. persuasorius L.; 23. comitator L.; 30.

manifestator L.; etc.]: Fn. Suec. (ed. 2). [41-2], 397-411 sp. 1578-

1647 (1761): Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 539, 930-41 no. 244 sp. 1-77

(1767); Blmbch. HB. Naturg. 1. 379 no. 56 sp. 1-2 (1779); Leske

Anfangs. Naturg. 519-20 no. 56 sp 1-4 (1779, 1784); F. Ent. Syst.

2. pp. iv, 132-92 no. 140 sp. 1-246 (1793): Sppl. 219-32 (1798) ;

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 19°16-21 (1794): 45°14-15, 47°19 (1797) : 52°1-2

(1798): 70°21, 71:11-17, 72°3-5 (1799): 73°11-15, 76°12, 78°8-14,

79°8-14, 80°7-15 (1800), 81:13, 83°13, 8414-15 (1801): 92°5-7,

94°13-14 (1804): 98°14, 100°11-12, 102-14 (1809); Ltr. Préc. Car.

Ins. 112-113 no. 11 (1796); Lmk. Syst. An. sans. Vert. 265 no. 119

publication of ‘“‘ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 389

(1801)—[Type: persuasorius L.]: Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 1

(1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 319-27 (1802): 18. 178-88 no.

337 sp. 1-36 Pf. 100°2-3 Bie Nouv. Dict. HN. 24, Tbl. Méth.

174-5 no. 382 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix, 54-69 no. 9 sp. 1-85

(1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Tne. Deutsch. 2. 57-67 (1806); Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 98-113 no. 1 Pf. 3°1, 871 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT.

Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882).

Type 2: Iehneumon bidentatorius F. (Crt. 1828).

*ICHNEUMON Crt. Br. Ent. 5. expl. Pl. 234 (1828)—([Type:

bidentatorius F.]; Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 83. 75 (1914).

[This species was not an original Type of the genus. |

Type 3: Iehneumon comitator L. (Crt. 1829; Wstwd. 1840).

*ICHNEUMON (L.) Crt. Br. Ent. 16. expl. Pl. 728 (1829)—

(Type: comitator L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 57 (1840); Viereck

US. Nat. Mus. 83. 75, 165 (1914).

Type 4: Iehneumon luctatorius L. (Ashm. 1900).

*ITCHNEUMON (L.) Ashm. Pr. US. Nat. Mus. 28. 17, 175 no. 40

(1900)—Type : luetatorius L.; Viereck US. Nat. Mus. 83. 75 (1914).

[nec. *ICHNEUMON (L.) Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 299-300, 436

no. 401 (1810); Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 83. 52, 75, 117, 174

(1914)—Type: manifestator L. [PIMPLA F. (= Ephialtes Gravenh.)]

Viereck (1914) accepts manzfestator L. as the Type of

Ichneumon I.., following Latreille (1810), he however over-

looks Lamarck (1801) who had already cited persuasorius

L. as the Type—neither manifestator L. nor persuasorius

L. belong to the genus I[chnewmon, nor even to the Ichneu-

monimae of modern authors! Both are Pumplinae:

manifestator L. an Ephialtes Gravenh., and perswasorius L.

a Rhyssa Gravenh.—the latter therefore is synonymous

with Ichneumon L.

Viereck sinks Pimpla F. as synonymous with [chneumon

L., but as manifestator L. is now shown not to be the

earliest cited type of Ichneumon L., Pimpla F. becomes

available for manifestator and Hphialtes Gravenh. will sink

as a synonym. It is evident that the whole question will

require very careful study by those interested in the

Ichneumonidae since the facts to which attention is directed

in the present paper appear to aflect the validity of such

important generic names as Ichneumon, Cryptus, Pimpla,

etc., Auctt., and also of the groups higher than generic

which have been named from them.

III-2. ANomaton Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 2 Anomalon—Ichneumon.’’

390 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

ANOMALON Pzr. (1804)

= ANOMALON Jrn. (1801) LN.

Type: Anomalon cruentatus Pzr. (Pzr. 1804).

ANOMALON Pzr. [Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 2 (1801) DN.];

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 94°15 (1804)—[Type: eruentatus Pzr.]: 95:13

(1804)—{alvearius F. (= aphidum Pzr.)]: Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch.

2. 67, 72, 75, 84, 88 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 114-16 no. 2

Pf. 3-2, 82 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391

(1882).

[nec *ANOMALON (Jrn.) Crt. Br. Ent. 5. expl. Pl. 198 (1828);

Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 83. 12, 46, 172 (1914)—Type: Jaetato-

rius F. (Crt. 1828) (Bassus F.)]

Viereck (1914) follows Curtis who cited laetatorius F. as

the Type of Anomalon Jrn. (1807) in 1838. This species

was included by Jurine in his section 1, while cruentatus

Pzr. and alvearius F. (= aphidum Pzr.), the types of

Anomalon Pzr., 1804, were included by Jurine in his

section 2. Curtis had overlooked the earlier use of Ano-

malon by Panzer, in Faun. Ins. Germ.—either cruentatus

Pzr., or alvearius . must be taken as Type of Anomalon

Pzr. (= Anomalon Jrn., sect. 2)—cruentatus Pzr. was the

first species associated with the generic name Anomalon,

which on the publication of Panzer’s 94:13 was a “ mono-

basic ” genus.

III'3. BRacon Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 3 Bracon—Ichneumon desertor, denigrator.’’

BRACON Jrn. (1801)

Type: Iehneumon desertor L. (Crt. 1825; Wstwd. 1840).

BRACON Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 3 (1801)—{1. desertor, L.,

F.; 2. denigrator F.]; F. Syst. Piez. pp. ix, 102-10 no. 12 sp. 1-40

(1804); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 92:8 (1804); Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch.

72, 75-8 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 117-18 no. 3 Pf. 3°3, 8°3

(1807); Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 300-1, 436 no. 403 (1810); Crt.

Br. Ent. 2. expl. Pl. 69 (1825)—[Type: desertor L.]; Wstwd. Syn.

Gn. Br. Ins. 64 (1840); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6.

391 (1882); Viereck US. Nat. Mus. Bull. 83. 23, 166 (1914).

Fabricius (teste Jurine Nouv. Méth. 117) adopted the

genus and generic name Bracon from Jurine himself. The

same is the case with several other genera introduced in the

Systema Piezatorum. This being so it seems clear that

Fabricius either had the Erlangen Article before him, or

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 391

had seen (like Panzer) Jurine’s actual text and plates

before he published the genus Bracon in the Systema Pieza-

torum (1804). This would sufficiently explain the compli-

ment paid to Jurine by Fabricius on p. vi (Syst. Piez.) by

placing him, even dubiously (“forte ”), in the highest rank

‘‘ heroes ” of scientific authors (vide ante, p. 355).

Curtis cited desertor L. as the Type of Bracon Jrn. in

1825; this citation has been accepted by Westwood, 1840,

and Viereck 1914.

III-4. §Pompinus (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 4 Pompilus—Pompilus Supplem. Evania punctum.”’

[i e POMPILUS F. Sppl. Syst. Ent. 212, 246-52 sp. 1-37 (1798), and

Evania punctum F. Ent. Syst. 2. 194 sp. 6 (1793)—thirty-eight

species including viatieus F.]

PSAMMOCHARES Ltr. (1802)

= PSAMMOCHARES Ltr. (1796) MN.; =§PoMPILUS F. (1798).

Type: Sphex viatica L. (Ltr. 1802, 1810).

PSAMMOCHARES Ltr. [Préc. Car. Ins. 115-6 no. 16 (1796) MN.)

= §POMPILUS F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 212, 246-52 sp. 1-37 (1798) [4.

viatica L., etc.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 65°15-17, 71°19, 72°8-9 (1799) :

76°16-17, 77:12-13, 80°17 (1800) : 81°15, 84-19-20 (1801): 86°10—12,

87°21 (1804): 106-12 (1809); Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 4 (1801).

§POMPILUS F. (= PSAMMOCHARES Ltr. MN.) Ltr. H.N. Crust-

Ins. 3. 334-5 (1802)—[Type: Viatiea L., F.]: 18. 279-83 no. 378

sp. 1-9 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180 no. 422

(1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 110, 112-19, 120, 188, 191

(1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 119-22 no. 4 Pf. 3:4, 8:4 (1807);

Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 317, 437 no. 464 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 5.

expl. Pl. 238 (1828); Fox Ent. News 12. 267-8 (1901).

[SPomertus F. (1798) is homonymous with PomPitus

Schneid. (1784) Ceph. |

Psammochares Ltr. (Préc. Car. Ins., 1796) was published

without exponents, but in 1802 (Crust-Ins. 3. 335) Latreille

sunk Psammochares as a synonym of §Pompilus ¥., citing

viatica L., F., as the Type. Psammochares then received

as an exponent viatica L., and since §Pompilus F. has

been found to be invalid as a homonym, its earliest

synonym has been revived to replace it.

Latreille having indicated watica L. as the Type of

Psammochares Ltr., Sustera [Verh. ZB. Ges. Wien 62 : 1912

Abh. 210 (1912)] cannot be followed in making plumbeus F.

the Type of Psammochares Ltr., nor in referring viatica L.,

F. to a different genus (viz, Anoplius Lep.).

392 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

TII‘5. SPHEX (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 5. Sphex—Sphex.’’

[i.e. SPHEX L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 569-72 no. 216, sp. 1-25

(1758); F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 198-220 no. 143 sp. 1-92 (1793)—

sabulosa L., etc. ]

SPHEX L. (1758)

= AMMOPHILA Kby. (1798) = AMMOPHYLUS (Kby.) Ltr. (1802).

Type: Sphex sabulosa L. (Blmbch. 1779; Lmk. 1801; Ltr. (1804).

SPHEX L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 215, 569-72 no. 216 sp.

1-25 (1758): Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [42], 411-4 sp. 1648-64 (1761): Syst.

Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 5389, 941-7 no. 245 sp. 1-38 (1767); Blmbch.

HN. Nat. Ges. 1. 379-80 no. 57 sp. 1-2 (1779)—[Type: sabulosa

L.]; Leske Anfangs. Naturges. 520-1 no. 57 (1779, 1784); F. Ent.

Syst. 2. pp. vi, 198-220 no. 143 sp. 1-92 (1793); Ltr. Préc. Car.

Ins. 115 no. 15 (1796). AMMOPHILA Kby. Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond.

4. 195-210 Pf. 19:1 (1798)—[Type: sabulosa L.]. SpHEX F. Sppl.

Ent. Syst. 211-12, 243-5 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 51:3-4,

52°22—4, 53°1—2 (1798) : 65°12-14, 72-7 (1799) : 76:15, 80°16 (1800) :

100°18 (1809); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 269-70 no. 128 (1801)

—[Type: sabulosa L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 5 (1801);

Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 332-3 (1802): 13. 292-4 no. 390 sp. 1-3

(1804-5); Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 424

(1804)—[Type: sabulosa L.]; F. Syst. Piez. pp. xii, 205-7 no. 35

sp. 1-4 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 122-4, 220 (1806) ;

Jr. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 125-9 no. 5 Pf. 3:5, 8°5 (1807); F-G. K.

& K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 393 (1882). AmMOPHILA Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 53-5 no. 480 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 318,

437 no. 467 (1810). SpHex H.T.Frnld. Ent. News 16. 163-6 (1905) ;

Kohl Ann. KK. Hofmus. Wien 21:1907 228-9 (1907).

[nec *SPHEX Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 55-6 no. 481 (1809): Cons-

Gén. Crust-Ins. 318, 438 no. 468 (1810)—flavipennis F, (CHLORION

Ltr.)].

The Type of Sphex L. was fixed as sabulosa L., F., by

Blumenbach (1779), Lamarck (1801), and Latreille (1802,

1804), but subsequently (in 1809 and 1810) Latreille pro-

posed to reverse what he and others had already decided,

specifying sabulosa (L.), F. as the Type of Ammophila

Kirby, and flavipennis F. as the Type of Sphex L.—but

flavipennis was a Fabrician species unknown to Linné and

therefore not a possible type of Sphex L. Dr. H. T. Fernald

[Ent. News 16. 165 (1905)| has pointed out that Ammophila

Kby, must sink as a synonym of Sphewx L., the Type of both

being sabulosa L., and that consequently “the subfamily

Ammophilinae will become the Sphecinae ’—Chlorion Ltr.,

should replace *Sphex Auctt. This view is opposed by

Kohl (1906), but we think that Fernald proves his case,

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 393

TII-6. PsEN Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 6 Psen—Sphex atra.’’

PSEN Jrn. (1801)

= PSEN Ltr. (1796) MN.; = MIMESA Shuck (1837) = DAHLBOMIA

Wissm. (1849) = *PELOPOEUS (p.) F.

Type 1: Sphex atra IF. (Jrn. 1801; Ltr. 1802, 1804-5, etc.).

PsEN Jrn. [Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 122-3 no. 24 (1796) MN.]; Jrn.

Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 6 (1801)—[Type: atra F.]; Ltr. HN. Crust-

Ins. 3. 338 (1802)—[Type: atra F.]: 13. 309-10 no. ‘‘ ceexexi”’ sp. 1

(1804-5); Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 435 (1804) ;

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 96°17 (1804); 98°15 (1809); Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 10, 107-10 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 135-7 no.

6 Pf. 3°6, 8°6 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 393

(1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 91-2 no. 507 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 322, 438 no. 479 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 1. expl. Pl. 25

(1824)—[Type: atra F. (= compressicornis F., Crt.)]; Wstwd. Syn.

Gn. Br. Ins. 79 (1840); Kohl Ann. KK. NH. Hofmus. Wien 11.

289-93 no. 9 tf. 9-10 (1896).

Jurine in the Erlangen List (1801) gave “ Sphesx atra F.”

as the exponent of Psen, anticipating Latreille’s citation of

the same species as Type, in 1802.

Kohl has examined Jurine’s Types of Psen serraticornis

Jrn. Pf. 8°7 3, and Psen atrata 9, and states [MT. Schweiz.

Ent. Ges. 6. 393 (1882)] that these are sexes of the same

species—Dahlboma atra ¥F. Jurine was of the same

opinion, for (Nouv. Méth. Hym. 137) he suggested that

compressicornis F. (= serraticorms Jrn. Pf. 8:7) and atra

¥., Par. (atratum ¥., Jrn. 2) should be united.

In 1896, Kohl (Ann. KK. Hofmus. Wien 11. 289-95)

discusses the genera Psen and Psenulus, adopting Psen for

atra ¥. and Psenulus for Psen Auctt.

IL-7. Stremus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 7 Stigmus.’’—[ Published without description and without

types—a mere logonym. |

STIGMUS Par. (1804)

= STIGMUS Jrn. (1801) LN.

Type: Stigmus pendulus Pzr. (Pzr. 1804).

Stiamus Pzr. [Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 7 (1801) ZN.]: Par.

Fn. Ins. Germ. 86°7 (1804)—{Type: pendulus Pzr.]: Krit. Rev.

ins. Deutsch. 2, 271 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 138-9 no. 7

394 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Pf. 3°7, 9°7 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 393

(1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4, 84 no. 502 (1809).

[nec *S7I@MUS Ltr. Cons. Gén. Crust-Ins. 325, 438 no. 491

(1810)—Type: minutus F. (DIODONTUS Crt.).]

Stigmus was first introduced in the Erlangen List (1801),

but without exponents, and did not become validated until

1804, when Panzer (Fn. Ins. Germ. 867) published “ Stigmus

pendulus Mihi,” without citing any author for Stigmus—

it seems therefore that Panzer must be treated as author

and the genus as “monobasic.” In the following year

(1806—Krit. Rev. 271) Panzer stated that he no longer

possessed a specimen of Stigmus pendulus and therefore

could say nothing about its mouth-characters—a full de-

scription was furnished by Jurine in 1807, Latreille, in

1810, cited Pemphredon minutus F. as the type of Stigmus

—hbut this was not an original type, nor was it congeneric

with pendulus, being in fact a Diodontus Crt.

III-8. Aprus Jrn. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 8 Apius—Sphex figulus.’’

APIUS Jrn. (1801)

= TRYPOXYLON Ltr. (1796) MN.

Type: Sphex figulus F. (Jr. 1801; Ltr. 1802).

Apius Jrn. [= TRYPOXYLON Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 121-2 no. 23

(1796) MN.). Appius Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 8 (1801)—

Type: figulus F.] 7ryPoxy ton Ltr. HN. Crust. Ins. 3. 338-9 (1802)

—|[Type: figulus F.]: 13. 310 no. “ ccexexii’’ sp. 1 (1804-5) ; Nouv.

Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180-1, 199 no. 436 (1804); F. Syst.

Piez. pp. ix, 180-2, no. 29 sp. 1-6, Ind. 29 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev.

Ins. Germ. 2. 106-7 (1806). Aprus Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 140-

2 no. 8 Pf. 3:8, 9°8 (1807). TRryPoxyYton Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins 4.

75-6 no. 497 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 323, 438 no. 487 (1810).

The two genera Apius Jrn. and Trypoxylon Ltr. are

absolute synonyms and Apius being the first published

with a type must be adopted.

TIT-9. LaRRa (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 9 Larra—-Larra.’’

[i.e. LARRA F. Ent. Syst. 2. 220-2 no. 144 sp. 1-7 (1793)—

founded on seven species, including sp. 4 anathema Rossi (=

ichneumoniformis F.)]

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 395

LARRA F. (1793)

Type: Sphex anathema Rossi (= ichnewmoniformis F.; Ltr.

1802, 1810).

LARRA F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v. 220-2 no. 144 sp. 1-7 (1793)—[seven

species including anathema Rossi (= ichnewmoniformis F.)|; Ltr.

Préc. Car. Ins. 116 no. 17 (1796); F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 252-3

(1798); Jm. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 9 (1801); Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 76718 (1800), 89:13 (1804), 106°13-17 (1809); Ltr. HN.

Crust-Ins. 8. 335-6 (1802)—[Type: anathema Rossi (= ichneu-

moniformis F., Ltr.]: 13. 295-7 no. 393 sp. 1-2 (1804-5): Nouv.

Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180 no. 427 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xi,

219-22 no. 38 sp. 1-14, Ind. 17-18 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 127-9, 129 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 143-5 no. 9

Pf. 3°9, 9°9 (1807); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 70-1 no. 491 (1809):

Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 322, 438 no. 482 (1810); F-G. K. & K. MT.

Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 393 (1882).

III-10. Dimorpua Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 10 Dimorpha—Tiphia abdominalis Panzer.”’

DIMORPHA Jrn. (1801)

= ASTATA Ltr. (ASTATUS Ltr.) (1796) UN.

Type: Sphex boops Schrk. (= abdominalis Pzr.; Jrn. 1801;

Ltr. 1802-10).

DIMORPHA Jrn. [= As7a7a Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. pp. xiii (AS-

TATUS Ltr.) 114-5 (1796) MN.]. DimMorpHA Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg.

1. 163 no. 10 (1801)—[Type: boops Schrk. (= abdominalis Pzr.;

Jrn.)]. AsvTara Ltr. H.N. Crust-Ins. 3. 336-7 (1802)—[Type:

boops Schrk. (= abdominalis Pzr.; Ltr.)|: 18. 297 no. 394 sp. 1

(1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 428 (1804).

DIMORPHA Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 126-7 (1806); Jrn,

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 146-7 no. 10 Pf. 3°10, 9°10 (1807)—{Type:

boops Schrk. (= 2 abdominalis Pzr., Jrn.; ¢ = ocularis Jrn. Pf.

9°10) (1807)]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 107:13 (1809). Asrvarva Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 67-9 no. 490 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 322,

438 no. 480 (1810).

The case of this genus is exactly parallel to that of Apius

and Trypoxylon. The name Astata (or Astatus) was pub-

lished without exponents by Latreille in 1796, before

Jurine’s genus Dimorpha, founded on “ Tiphia abdomi-

nalis” [v. e. boops Schrk.] in May 1801. Panzer (Fn. Ins.

Germ.) was the first author to associate species with

Astatus,* also in the year 1801, viz. troglodyta F. (83°12),

tabidus F., and spinipes Pzr. (85°11), satyrus Pzr. and

* Jurine (nec Latreille)—i,e. the Sawfly, not the Fossor, vide

pp. 393-4.

396 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

pygmaeus ¥. (85°12)—these plates with their accompanying

text were issued in Jahrgang 7 (Hefts 73-84), the preface

of which is dated 3 September 1801. The date of Heft 83

may be assumed to be July 1801; Heft 85 was also

issued in 1801. In 1802 Latreille designated boops Schrk.

(= abdominalis Pnzr., Ltr.) as the type of Astata Ltr.,

but Dimorpha Jurine had already been published with

the same type some months earlier, in May 1801 and the

name Dimorpha employed by Panzer (Krit Rev.) and

Jurine (Nouv. Méth. Hym.) should be adopted.

[nec ASTATUS Jrn. (1801) (nec Ltr.) with the Type pygmaeus L.

vide ASTATUS Jrn. ante, p. 383.]

IIT‘11. Treuta (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 11. Tiphia—tTiphia.’’

[c.e. TIPHIA F. Ent. Syst. 353-4 no. 110 sp. 1-8 (1775)—founded

on eight species including 1. femorata F.]

TIPHIA F. (1775)

Type: Tiphia femorata F. (Ltr. 1802; 1810) [? = villosa F.;

Lmk. 1801].

TIPHIA F. Syst. Ent. [25], 353-4 no. 110 sp. 1-8 (1775)—{]1.

femorata F., etc.]: F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 223-8 no. 145 sp. 1-29

(1793); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 117-18 no. 18 (1796) MN.; Pzr. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 47°20 (1797): 58°3-6, 55:1 (1798): 77:14, 81°14 (1800) ;

F. Sppl. Syst. Ent. 254-5 (1798); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 269 no.

126 (1801)—[Type: villosa F. (? = femorata F.)]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg.

1. 163 no. 11 (1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 348-9 (1802)—[Type:

femorata F’. — Ltr. includes also maculata F. which was not a type]:

13. 267-8 no. 372 sp. 1-3 (1804-5): Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl.

Méth. 179 no. 416 (1804): F. Syst. Piez. pp. viii, 282-5 no. 42 sp.

]—23, Ind. 28-9 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 133 (1806);

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 148-9 no. 11 Pf. 3:11, 9°11 (1807); Ltr. Gn.

Crust-Ins. 4. 116-7 no. 520 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 315, 437

no. 455 (1810)—[Type: femorata F.]

Lamarck [Syst. An. sans Vert. 369 (1801)] selected

Tiphia villosa F. as the Type of Tiphia F.—this was not

one of the original types, unless, as seems probable, it can

be identified as the 3 of the well-known femorata F., which

was cited as the Type by Latreille in 1802 (HN. Crust-

Ins. 3. 348-9), and 1810 (Cons. Gén. 437)—femorata was

ba of the original species and must be accepted as the

‘ype.

| Tephia villosa is said to have abdomen nigrum, immacu-

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 397

latum, scanty pilosity, and to be of the size of femorata. A

3 specimen, named by Fabricius himself as Tiphia villosa,

was seen by Latreille and is stated by him to differ from

femorata only in the colour of the legs. This makes it

certain that Saussure and Sichel were mistaken in applying

the name villosa F. to a species of Elis.]

TII-12. Scorta (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

‘Gen. 12 Scolia—Scolia.’’

{t.e. SCOLIA F. Syst. Ent. [26], 355-6 no. 111 sp. 1-10 (1775)—

founded on ten species including 3 flavifrons F. and 8 quadri-

punctata ¥.).

SCOLIA F. (1775)

Type 1: Seolia flavifrons F. (= hortorum F., Ltr. 1802; ? =

haemorrhoidalis ¥., Lmk. 1801).

Scotia F. Syst. Ent. [26], 355-6 no. 111 sp. 1-10 (1775)—{3

flavifrons F.; 8 quadripunctata F., and eight other species]: Ent.

Syst. 2. pp. vi, 228-38 no. 146 sp. 1-38 (1793): Sppl. Ent.

Syst. 255-7 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 3°22 (1793): 62°13-14,

66°18 (1799); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 269 no. 127 (1801)

—[Type: haemorrhoidalis F. (? = flavifrons F.)]; Jrn. Erl.

Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 12 (1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 347

(1802)—[Type: flavifrons F. (= hortorum F., Ltr.)]: 18. 273-6

no. 376 sp. 1-5 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180 no.

420 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xii, 238-45, Ind. 25-6 no. 44 sp. 1-

39 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 11, 137-40, 220 (1806);

Jrm. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 155-8 no. 12 Pf. 3:12, 9°12 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins.

4. 105-7 no. 513 (1809).

Type 2: Scolia quadripunctata F. (Ltr. 1810).

Scout (F.) Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 316, 437 no. 459 (1810)—

[Type: quadripunctata F.}.

Lamarck, in January 1801 (Syst. An. sans Vert. 269)

selected Scolia haemorrhoidalis F. as the Type of Scolia F.

This is a well-known form, but was not one of the original

types, unless with Dalla Torre we regard it as a variety of

the common Scolia flavifrons F. (= hortorum F.). Latreille,

in 1802 (HN. Crust. Ins. 3. 346) cited as Type: flavifrons

F. (= hortorum F., Ltr.)—his Type being therefore con-

generic and very probably conspecific with Lamarck’s.

In 1810, Latreille (Cons. Gén. 437) selected another

species, quadripunctata ¥. as Type, but this later citation

can have no effect as the type of Scolia was already fixed.

398 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

TII‘13. Sapyea (Ltr.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163.

“Gen. 13 Sapyga—Scolia Prisma.”’

[i.e. SAPYGA Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 134-5 no. 37 (1796) MN.]

SAPYGA Jrn. (1801)

= SAPYGA Ltr. (1796) MN.; = HELLUS F. (1804).

Type 1: Apis elavicornis L. (= prisma F.; Jrn. 1801).

Sapya@a Jrn. [Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 134-5 no. 37 (1796) MN.];

Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 163 no. 13 (30. V. 1801)—[Type: elavicornis

L. (= prisma F.; Jrn.)]; Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 13. 271-3 no. 375

sp. 1-2 (1804-5); Klug Mon. Siric. Germ. 57-64 sp. 1-2 Pf. 7-4-8,

8°31-8 (1803). HeLLUS F. Syst. Piez. pp. xiii, 246-7 no. 45 sp. 1-3

(1804)—[Type: elavieornis L. (= prisma F.)]. SApyGa Pzr. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 87:19-20 (1804): 100°17, 106:18 (1809). HzLLUS Pzr.

Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 140-2 (1806). SapyGa Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 159-61 no. 13 Pf. 3:13, 9°13 (1807); F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 108-9

no. 514 (1809).

Type 2: Seolia quinquepunctata F. (Ltr. 1802).

SapyGa Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 346 (1802)—[Type: quinque-

punctata F.]: 13. 271-3 no. 375 sp. 1-2 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN.

24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 419 (1804): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 316,

437 no. 460 (1810)—[Type: quinquepunctata F. (= sexpunctella F.,

Ltr.)]

The name Sapyga was first published in 1796, by Latreille,

but without exponents. In 1801 the Erlangen List appeared

and Sapyga was validated by Jurine’s citation of elavicornis

L. (= prisma F., Jrn.). Latreille, in 1802 (HN. Crust-

Ins. 3.), and in 1804 (Nouv. Dict.) specified quinquepunctata

F. as Type, and again in 1810 he cited the same species as

Type under the name ‘“ Hellus sexpunctatus F.’’—but as

all Latreille’s citations are subsequent to the Erlangen List

clavicornis L. must be accepted as the Type.

TII-14. Myrmosa (Ltr.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 14 Myrmosa—Hylaeus thoracicus.’’

[¢.e. MYRMOSA Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 118 no. 19 (1796) MN.)

MYRMOSA Jrn. (1801)

= MYrmosa Ltr. (1796) MN.

Type 1: Tiphia ephippium F. (= thoracicus F.; Jrn. 1801).

Myrmosa Jrn. [Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 118 no. 19 (1796) MN.];

publication of “‘ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 399

Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 14 (1801)—[Type: ephippium F.

(= thoracicus F.; Jrn.)]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 85°14 (1804): Krit.

Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 136-7 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym.

162-3 no. 14 Pf. 3°14, 9:14 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz.

Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 119-20 no. 523

(1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 314, 487 no. 452 (1810)—[Type:

ephippium F.}.

Type 2: Mutilla melanocephala I’. (= nigra Rossi; Ltr. 1802).

MykMosA Ltr. [Préc. Car. Ins. 118 no. 19 (1796) MN.]: HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 349-50 (1802)—[Type: melanocephala F. (= nigra

Rossi; Ltr.)]: 13. 266—7 no. 371 sp. 1 (1804-5)—[Type: melano-

Aon F.]: Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbhl. Méth. 179 no. 415

(1804).

This is another of the genera published without types by

Latreille in 1796, and with Type by Jurie in the Erlangen

List. Jurine, in 1801, gave as its exponent Hylaeus thora-

cicus ¥'. only—this species is identified as Tiphia ephippium

F. (1775) both by Dalla Torre and by André [Sp. Hym. 8.

441-2 (1899)]. Jurine in the Nouvelle Méthode figures the

same species under the name ephippium F’., and in the text

gives Hylaeus thoracicus ¥. as a synonym of it—ephippium

¥. is therefore the Type of the genus.

Mutilla ngra Rossi, which Latreille cited as the Type in

1802, is, according to the same authorities, synonymous

with the more common species melanocephala F., but

Jurine’s designation has priority, and was adopted by

Latreille himself in 1810.

TIT-15. Vespa (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 15 Vespa—Vespa.’’

[t.e. VESPA L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 216, 572-4 no. 217

sp. 1-17 (1758)—founded on seventeen species, including 1. erabro

L. and 2. vulgaris L.]

VESPA L. (1758)

Type |: Vespa erabro L. (mk. 1801; Ltr. 1804, 1810).

VesPA L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 216, 572-4 no. 217 sp. I-

17 (1758)—[{1. erabro L., 2. vulgaris L., and 15 other species]: (ed.

12) 1 (2). 539, 948-52 no. 247 sp. 1-28 (1767); F. Ent. Syst. 2.

pp. v, 253-83 no. 151 sp. 1-102 (1793); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 17:18

(1794): 47:21 (1797): 49°19-24, 53°7-10 (1798): 63°1-8, 6412

(1800): 81°16-18 (1801); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 271 no. 131

(1801)—[Type: erabro L., F.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 15

(1801); Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 181, 199 no. 447

(1804)—[Type: erabro L., F.]; F. Syst. Piez. pp. xii, 253-68 no.

400 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

49 sp. 1-78, Ind. 29-30 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2.

148-60 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 164-72 no. 15 Pf. 415,

9:15 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882);

Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 142-3 no. 537 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins.

330, 438 no. 504 (1810).

Type 2: Vespa vulgaris L. (Ltr. 1802, 1804).

VESPA (L.) Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 364 (1802)—Type: vulgaris

L., F.]: 18. 350-2 no. 403 sp. 1-5 (1804-5).

Lamarck’s selection of Vespa crabro L. is the earliest,

and unexceptionable; it was accepted by Latreille in 1804

and 1810, although previously (1802-4) he had cited

Linné’s second species, vulgaris L.

JII-:16. BEMBEX (F.) Jrn. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“*Gen. 16 Bembex—Bembex.”’

[i.e. BEMBEX F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 247-52 no. 150 sp. 1-16

(1793)—founded, in 1775, on 1. signata L.; 2. punctata F.; 3. ros-

trata L.]

BEMBIX F. (1775)

= +BemByx F. (1775); *tBeMBEX F. (1777)—([{BEMBIX F.—

BéuBié (a whipping-top)].

Type: Apis rostrata L. (Rossi 1790; Ltr. 1802-10).

BEMBIX F. Syst. Ent., Char. Gen. [27], no. 115 (1775). +BemByx

F. Syst. Ent. 361-2 no. 115 sp. 1-3 (1775)—1. signata L., F.;

2. punctata F.; 3. rostrata L., F.] BrMBEx F. Gn. Ins. 122 no.

115 (1777): Sp. Ins. 1. 457-8 no. 118 sp. 1-4 (1781): Mant. Ins. 1.

pp. xvi, 285-6 no. 123 sp. 1-9 (1787); Olvr. Enc. Meth. HN. 4 (Ins.

1). 286-92 sp. 1-12 (1789); Roemer Gn. Ins. L-F. 60 no. 123 Pf.

27°9-10 (1789); Rossi Fn. Etruse. 2. 81-2 no. 123 sp. 857-9 (1790)

[rostrata L., F.]; F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 247-52 no. 150 sp. 1-16

(1793): Sppl. 259-60 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 1°10 (1793)—

[rostrata L.]: 8421-2 (1801): 86°13 (1804); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins.

130-1 no. 33 (1796); Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 16 (1801); Ltr.

HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 345 (1802)—|Type: rostrata L., F.]: 13. 299-

302 no. 395 sp. 1-2 (1804-5): Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth.

180 no. 429 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xiii, 222-7, Ind. 4-5, no. 39

sp. 1-21 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 130-2, 220 (1806) ;

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 173-5 no. 16 Pf. 4°16, 10°16 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-

Ins. 4. 97-9 no. 510 (1909): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 320, 488 no. 474

(1810)—[Type: rostrata L., F.].

[nec *BEMBEX (L.) Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 272 no. 132

(1801)—signata F. (MONEDULA Ltr.)].

Rossi, in 1790 (Fn. Etruse. 81-2), enumerated three

species of Bembex F., only one of which, rostrata F., was an

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 401

original type. In 1793 Panzer figured and diagnosed

Bembex rostrata, and in 1801 Lamarck (Syst. An. sans

Vert. 272) enumerated two other species, only one of

which, signata F., was an originaltype. We come next to

Latreille’s definite revision of the genus in 1802, when he

separated Monedula Ltr., (n. g.), with Type carolina ¥., Coq.

(teste Ltr. 1804) from Bembex F., citing as Type rostrata F.

This is rather fortunate, for if Lamarck had definitely

chosen signata as his Type it might have been necessary to

call Monedula Ltr. a Bembix, and to find another name

for the present genus Bembex Auctt.

III-17. Masaris (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 17 Masaris—Masaris.’’

[i.e. MASARIS F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 283-5 no. 152 sp. 1-2 (1793)

—founded on two species, 1. vespiformis F. and 2. dubia Rossi

(= apiformis F.)]

MASARIS F. (1793)

Type: Masaris vespiformis F. (Ltr. 1802, 1804, 1810).

MASARIs F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 283-5 no. 152 sp. 1-2 (1793)—

[l. vespiformis F.; 2. dubia Rossi (= apiformis F.)|; Pzr. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 47:22 (1797): 76°19 (1800); Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164

no. 17 (1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 368 (1802)—[Type: vespi-

formis F.]: 13. 353 no. 404 Pf. 102°8 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN.

24. Tbl. Méth. 181, 199 no. 448 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xii, 292,

Ind. 18, no. 53 sp. 1 (1804); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 182-4 no. 17.

Pf. 4°17, 10°17 (1807); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 144 no. 538 (1909):

Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 330, 438 no. 505 (1810).

The Fabrician genus Masaris was founded on two species,

vespiformis F. (from Barbary) and apiformis F. (from

Italy). In 1802, Latreille revised the genus, restricting

Masaris F. to vespiformis }'., and proposing the new genus

Celonites for apiformis F. When describing Masaris

apiformis, in 1793, Fabricius correctly gave as a synonym

Chrysis dubia Rossi (1790)—Rossi’s name must be restored,

and the species should be known as Celonites dubia Rossi

(= amformis F.).

Fabricius accepted Latreille’s restriction, in 1804 (Syst.

Piez. 292), but Jurine (Nouv. Méth. Hym. 182-4) 1807,

still continued to call apiformis F. a Masaris, stating that

he had not seen vespiformis F., and that he did not know

whether its differences from dubia Rossi (= apiformis ¥.,

402 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Jrn.) were generic—“ Masaris”’ of the Erlangen List was

therefore really Celonites Ltr. No true Masaris has, we

believe, been recorded from Europe.

III-18. StmsLEPHILus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 18 Simblephilus—Philanthus pictus Panzer.’’

SIMBLEPHILUS Jrn. (1801)

= *PHILANTHUS (nec F.) Ltr.

Type: Vespa triangulum F. (= pictus Pzr.; Jrn. 1801).

SIMBLEPHILUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 18 (1801)—[Type :

triangulum F. (= pictus Pzr.)]. *PHILANTHUS Ltr. HN. Crust-

Ins. 3. 366-7 (1802): 13. 313-4 no. “ ccexexiii” sp. 1-2 (1804-5) :

Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 181 no. 437 (1804). SIMBLEPHILUS

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 185-8 no. 18 Pl. 418, 10°18 (1807).

*PHILANTHUS Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 95 no. 510 (1809) : Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 326, 438 no. 496 (1810)—[Type: triangulum F. (= pictus

12vAw))Ip

The application of the generic name Simblephilus Jrn.

is discussed under Philanthus F. (no. 38, pp. 408-10).

TI1-19. MEtiinus (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 19 Mellinus—Mellinus ruficornis. Crabro U-flavum

Hellwig.’’

[t.e. MELLINUS F. Skr. NH. Selsk. Kjobnhavn. 1. 226 no. 8 sp.

1-5 (1790): Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 285-8 no. 153 sp. 1-7 (1793)—

founded on three species, including arvensis L. (= U-flavum

Hiwg., Jrn.)].

MELLINUS F. (1790)

Type: Vespa arvensis L. (= U-flavum Hlwg.; = bipustulatus F.)

(Ltr. 1802).

MELLINUS F. Skr. NH. Selsk. Kjobnhavn. 1. 226 no. 8 sp. 1-5

(1790)—[arvensis L. (= 4. arvensis F.; = 5. bipustulatus F.) and two

other species]: Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 285-8, no. 153 sp. 1-7 (1793);

Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 124-5 no. 26 (1796); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ.

53°11—-13 (1798): 72°13-14 (1799): 73°19, 77:17-18, 80°18 (1800):

98-17-18 (1809); Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 19 (1801)—{1. sabu-

losus L. (= ruficornis F., Jrn.); 2. arvensis L. (= U-flavum Hlweg.,

Jrn.)]; Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 339 (1802)—[Type: arvensis L.]:

13. 318-20 no. ‘‘ cecxexv”’ sp. 1-5 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 14.

281-2 (1804): 24. 181 no. 439 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. viii, 297-

300 no. 56 sp. 1-13 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 167-9

publication of “ Jurinean”’? Genera of Hymenoptera. 403

(1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 189-91 no. 19 Pf. 419, 10°19

(1807); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 85-6 no. 503 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 325, 438 no. 493 (1810).

The two species cited by Jurine as exponents of Mellinus,

viz. ruficornis and U-flavum, are synonyms respectively of

two species assigned practically by all authors to this genus,

viz. sabulosa L., and arvensis L.

III-20. Arpactus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 20 Arpactus—Mellinus mystaceus, quinquecinctus.”’

ARPACTUS Jrn. (1801)

*+Harpactus Shuck. (1837); tHarpactes Dhlb. (1843)

— CEROPALES Ltr. [1796 MN.] (1802); =Gory7es Ltr. (1804);

= HOPLISUS Lep. (1832).

Type 1: Sphex mystacea L. (= Mellinus mystaceus F.; Jrn.).

ARPACTUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 20 (1801)—[Types:

1. mystaceus L., F.; 2. quinquecinctus F.]; Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 10, 164-6 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 192-4 no. 20

Pf. 420, 10°20 (1807) [1. mystaceus L.; 4. quinquecinctus F.];

F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882). *GoRYTES

Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 321; 4388 no. 477 (1810)—[Type: mys-

taceus F.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 11. expl. Pl. 524 (1834).

Type 2: Mellinus quinquecinetus F’. (Ltr. 1802, 1804).

CEROPALES Ltr. [Préc. Car. Ins. 123-4 no. 25 (1796) MN.]:

HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 335, 339-40 (1802)—[Type: quinquecincetus F.];

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 193 (1807). Gory7ezs Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN.

4, 541 (1803-4): 24. Tbl. Méth. 180 no. 434 (1804)—[Type: quin-

quecinectus F.]: HN. Crust-Ins. 13. 308-9 no. “ ccexex.” sp. 1-2

(1804-5). HopLisus Lep. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1. 61-6 sp. 1-3 (1832)

—[Type: quinquecinctus F.]

[nec *CEROPALES Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180 no.

423 (1804)—[Type: maculata F.]: HN. Crust-Ins. 13. 283-4 no.

379 sp. 1-3 (1804-5): F. Syst. Piez. pp. viii, 185-7, Ind. 7, no. 31

sp. 1-9 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 110-12 (1806);

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 123-4 (1807); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 106712

(1809); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 62-3 no. 488 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust.-Ins. 317, 487 no. 465 (1810)—[Type: maculata F.]; Crt.

Br. Ent. 16. exp]. Pl. 786 (1839); Dalla Torre Cat. Hym. 8. 340-6

(1897)—[Type: maculata F. (HYPSICERAEUS nn.].

The genus Arpactus Jr. was first published in the

Erlangen List (1801) with two exponents mystaceus L.,

F., and guinquecinctus F. Ceropales Ltr. appeared in 1796

(Préc. Car. Ins.), but without included species, and was

not validated until 1802, when Latreille (HN. Crust-Ins. 3)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) DD

404 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

cited quinquecinctus F., associating with it a doubtful

species “campestris? F.” Von Dalla Torre treats cam-

pestris (L.) F. as a synonym of mystacea, but most authors

have used the name for a different though closely allied

species. If von Dalla Torre is right Arpactus Jrn. and

Ceropales Ltr. were both founded on the same two species,

and as Ceropales was not validated until after the publica-

tion of Arpactus, the latter must hold the field.

In 1804, Latreille (Nouv. Dict. HN. 24) specified Hvania

maculata F. as the Type of Ceropales, and proposed Gorytes

as a new genus with the Type Mellonus quinquecinctus F.—

it is therefore evident that Ceropales Ltr. [1796 MN.|

(1802) = Gorytes Ltr. (1804) the Type of both being the

same species quinquecinctus F.—another synonym with

the same Type is Hoplisus Lep. (1832).

In 1807, Jurine (Nouv. Méth. Hym.) added several

species to his genus Arpactus, figuring one of these (Arpactus

formosus) and remarking “ M. Latreille avait dabord donné

aux insectes de ce genre le nom de Ceropales qu'il a changé

dans la suite contre celui de Goryte.”’ Most recent authors,

supposing that Gorytes was the oldest valid name for

mystaceus, etc., have adopted it, but have still retained

Arpactus (or Harpactus) in a restricted sense for another

group which includes the Arpactus formosus figured by

Jurine in Nouv. Méth. Hym. 1807 (which however was not

one of the original exponents of Arpactus Jrn. 1801). But

Handlirsch, who is the chief authority on this question,

does not consider the differences between the groups of

mystaceus, formosus, etc., to be generic or even subgeneric,

and places them all in one genus, which he calls Gorytes.

Of the original exponents of Arpactus 1801 (mystaceus L.,

F., and quinquecinctus F.), one, mystaceus, belongs to the

division now commonly known as “Gorytes Ltr. (sens.

strict.),” the other to Hoplisus Lep. If these are to be

maintained as genera, or subgenera, the name Arpactus

could be limited to either of them, since it contained an

exponent of each, but not to the group of formosus, whereas

the name Ceropales Ltr. (= Gorytes Ltr.) could only be

apphed to the section containing its original Type (7. e. to

Hoplisus Lep.).

A further difficulty has been created by an extraordinary

lapse of memory of Latreille, for after publishing quinque-

cinctus as a Ceropales in 1802, he again published it in 1804

under the name Gorytes, giving maculata as the Type of

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 405

Ceropales. In 1810 (Cons-Gén.) Latreille still cited

Evania maculata F. as the Type of Ceropales Ltr., but he

designated a different Type for Gorytes Ltr., viz. Mellinus

mystaceus F'.! Hvana maculata F. (and the species

associated with it in the new Ceropales) belong to a totally

different group of the Hymenoptera—these are not Sphegidae

at all but Psammocharidae (Pompilidae) !

Actually therefore Latreille has erected two genera

called Ceropales—the earlier a Sphegid, the latter a Psam-

mocharid, and it is in the latter sense that the name is now

universally employed—while two different Sphegids were

cited by the same author at different times as types of

Gorytes !

. Sphex mystacea L. (= Mellinus mystaceus F.) should be

adopted as the Type of Arpactus Jrn. (= *Gorytes Ltr.,

1810); Mellinus quinquecinctus F. as the Type of Ceropales

Ltr. 1802 (= Gorytes Ltr. 1804; = Hoplisus Lep. 1832);

and Evania maculata F. as the Type of HypsicERAEus (y=

high, xega/a = antenna) nn. (= *Ceropales Ltr. 1804-10).

[Certain precisians will doubtless insist that

Shuckard’s Harpactus is an improvement on Jurine’s

Arpactus, and such ought logically to go further and

demand that both should give place to Dahlbom’s Har-

pactes. But those who would emend every scientific

name which they think open to objection, as an usher

corrects the mistakes in a boy’s exercises, do not seem

to be aware how complex and often difficult of application

to special cases the so-called Laws (or rather Principles)

which determined the actual formation of new words in

Greek and Latin really are, and how endless will be the

alterations required in our present Nomenclature if every

blemish, or even such blemishes only as any intelligent

schoolboy can detect, must be corrected out of hand.

“Aemaxtdcs (Arpactus) may not be good Greek, it may

even be impossible, at least in the sense which Jurine

meant it to bear. But a Greek would not have felt it to

be otherwise than euphonious in itself: and if a neologism

satisfies Greek phonetic taste, we need surely ask no more.

It might even be pleaded, that, if we accept the probably

exaggerated statements of ancient grammarians, one whole

large section of the Dialects which made up “ classical

Greek” rejected the spiritus asper altogether, and that in

these, therefore, Arpactus would be right. and Harpactus

actually -wrong! But, apart from special pleading, we

406 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

believe that Entomologists will generally be wise, if they

are content to keep their own new names as free as

possible from glaring eccentricities (e.g. the reckless com-

bining in one word of Greek and Latin elements and

inflexions), while accepting names published by older

authors—unless in the case of obvious misprints—in the

forms (whether philologically correct or otherwise)

which were given to them when they first appeared in

scientific literature from 1758 onwards. ]

111-21. Atysson Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 21 Alysson—Sphex fuscata. Pompilus spinosus Panzer.

Pompilus tumidus Panzer.’’

ALYSSON Jrn. (1801)

= tALYSON Jrn. (1807).

Type: Pompilus spinosus Pzr. (Pzr. 1806; Jrn. 1807; Crt. 1836 ;

Wstwd. 1840).

ALYSSON Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 21 (1801)—[l. spinosus

Pzr. (= *fuscata [nec F.] Pzr., Jrn.; = spinosus Pzr., Jrn.) and

2. tumidus Pzr.]; Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 169-71 (1806)

[Type: spinosus Pzr. (= */fuscata [nec F.] Pzr. 51°3; = §bimaculata

Pzr. 51°49; = spinosus Pzr. 80°17 3)—tumidus Pzr. 81°15, removed

to Mellinus (Pzr. |. c. 169)]. tALYson Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym.

195-6 no. 21 Pf. 4°21, 10°21 (1807)—[Type: spinosus Pzr., Jrn.

(= tfucata Jrn.)—tumidus Pzr. removed to Arpactus (Jrn. l.c. 194)];

F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394 (1882); Ltr. Gn.

Crust-Ins. 4. 86-7 no. 504 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 325, 438

no. 494 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 13. expl. Pl. 584 (1836)—[Type:

spinosus Pzr. (= §bimaculatus Pzr.; Crt.)]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br.

Ins. 80 (1840)—[Type: spinosus Pzr. Jrn.].

In the Erlangen List (1801) Jurine enumerates under

Alysson three exponents—Sphex fuscata, Pompilus spinosus

Pzr. and Pompilus tumidus Pzr. In 1806, Panzer (Krit.

Rey. 169-71) removed tumidus Pzr. to Mellinus, restricting

Alysson to fuscatus Pzr. and spinosus Pzr., and adding

bimaculatus Pzr.—fuscatus Pzr. and bimaculatus Pzr. are

synonyms of spinosus Pzr. which thus became the Type.

In the Nouv. Méth. Hym., Jurine also removed tumidus

from Alysson (Alyson) referring it to Astatus (p. 194);

he united bimaculata Pzr. (51:4, 2) and spinosa Pzr. (80.

17 ) as sexes of the same species; and stated that he

only knew fuscata Pzr. (tfucata Jrn.) from Panzer’s figure

(51. 3), “et que les cellules des ailes soient mal rendues

dans le dessin qu’il en a donné, je placerais néanmoins cet

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 407

insecte dans ce genre ’—Jurine clearly indicates that the

Type of Alysson Jrn. is spinosus Pzr. g (= § bimaculata

Pz o),

Two insects have been described as “ Sphex fuscata,”’

viz. Sphex fuscata F. (1793—a Psammocharid, = rufipes L.)

and “ Sphex fuscata F.,” Pzr. 51:3 (1799). Jurine (Nouv.

Méth. Hym. p. 196) shows that he intended the latter—

but this *fuscata Pzr., though adopted by Handlirsch,

must sink as a homonym erroneous in adoption. In 1798

Panzer described as a new species Sphex bimaculata,

without reference to Sphex bimaculata Fuessly (1775)—

the name § bimaculata Pzr., though employed by most

authors, including Curtis who cited it as the Type of

Alyson in 1836, must also sink as a homonym and spinosus

Pzr. (1801: Pompilus) should be taken as the name of the

species.

[This Alysson spinosus Pzr. (= Pompilus spinosus Pzr.,

1801) must not be confounded with the Crabro spinosus F.

(1775), which is the Type of our next genus Nysson Jrn.|

Latreille (Cons. Gén., 1810) includes under Alyson, with

Juscata, a further species, viz. lunicornis F. (1798 : Pom-

pilus)—but this is a Didiners.

[The original spelling of the name of the genus was

Alysson (Erlangen List, 1801), not tAlyson. In the Nouv.

Méth. Hym. the name was altered to Alyson, but need-

lessly, not to say incorrectly, for it is evidently formed

from addoow (to fidget), as the following name ‘“‘ Nysson ”

from vioow (to prick), while fadvowy is no Greek word

at all.

It will be seen, from the references given below, that

Nysson first appeared (without type) in the form ‘‘ Nysso”’ !

—but it is to be hoped that this was a mere misprint, and

not a blundering attempt to Latinize the participle yicowr. |

III-22. Nysson Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 22 Nysson—Crabro spinosus: trimaculat. Ross. Mellin.

interruptus. Fabr. Pompil. maculatus. Fabr.

NYSSON Jrn. (1801)

= {NyYsso Ltr. (1796) MN.

Type: Sphex spinosus Forst. (1771) F., (= tricinctus F.; Ltr.

810).

Nysson Jrn. [={NyYsso Ltr, Préc, Car, Ins. 125-6 no. 27

408 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

(1796)]. Nvysson Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 22 (1801—{spinosus

F., maculatus F., and two other species]; Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3.

340 (1802): 13. 305-7 no. 398 sp, 1-4 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN.

24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 432 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 188-90 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 197—9 no. 22

Pf. 4°22, 10°22 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6.

394 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 90-1 no. 506 (1809) ; Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 321, 438 no. 478 (1810)—[Type: spinosus F .( = tricinetus

F., Litr.]

The type of Nysson was designated by Latreille, in 1810,

as Mellinus tricinctus F. (1793), which is a synonym of

Sphex spinosus Forst. (1771) = Crabro spinosus F. (1775),

one of the species originally included by Jurine in NVysson.

III-23. Purtantuvs Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 23 Philanthus—Philanthus laetus, arenarius. Crabro

labiatus Fab.’’

[i.e. PHILANTHUS F. Skr. NH. Selsk. Kjobnhayn. 1. 224-5 no. 7

sp. 1-8 (1790): Ent. Syst. 2. 288-92 no. 154 sp. 1-13 (1793)—

arenarius L. and five other species. |

PHILANTHUS F. (1790)

= |PHILANTHNS F. (1793); ={PHILANTUS F. (1793); =CERCERIS

Ltr. (1802).

Type 1: Sphex arenaria L. (Jrn. 1801).

PHILANTHUS F. Skr. NH. Selsk. Kjobnhavn. 1. 224-5 no. 7 sp.

1-8 (1790)—{1. coronatus F.; 2. triangulum F. (2. triangulum F. ;=

3. diadema F.); 3.(4) rufipes F.; 4. rybyensis L. (= 5. ornata L., F.) ;

5. arenarius L. (6. arenarius F.; = 8. quinquecinctus F.); 6.(7)

flavipes F.] +tPHILANTHUS F. Ent. Syst. 2. p. v no. 154

(1793). +PHILANTUS F. Ent. Syst. 2. 288-92 no. 154 sp. 1-13

(1793): Sppl. 268-9 (1798). PHILANTHUS Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins.

133-4 no. 26 (1796); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 46°2, 47°23-4 (1797):

63°9-19, 84°23-4 (1801); Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 23 (1801)—

[Type: arenarius L. (= laetus F., Jrn.; = arenarius ¥F., Jrn.)—with

which Jurine associates labiatus F.]; F. Syst. Piez. p. viii, 301-7,

Ind. 22-3, no. 57 sp. 1-25 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2.

171-5 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 200-2 no. 23, ({PHILANTUS)

Pf. 4°23, 10°23 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6.

394 (1882). *CERCERIS Crt. Br. Ent. 6. expl. Pl. 269 (1829).

[Type: arenaria L. (= laeta F., Crt.)]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins.

81 (1840).

[nec *PHILANTHUS Ltr. [Préc. Car. Ins. 133-4 no. 36 (1796)

MN.): HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 366-7 (1802): 18. 313-4 no. “ ecexexiii”

sp. 1-2 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 17. 397-9 (1803): 24. Tbl.

Méth. 181 no. 437 (1804): Gn. Crust-Ins 4. 95 no. 510 (1809):

Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 326, 438 no. 496 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent. 6.

expl. Pl, 273 (1829); Wstwd. Syn. Gn, Br. Ins. 81 (1840)—Type:

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera: 409

“i enh F. (= androgynus Rossi, Crt.) (SIMBLEPHILUS Jrn.), ante

p. 402.

Type 2: Sphex rybyensis L. (= ornatus F.; Ltr. 1810).

CERCERIS Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins 3. 367 (1802)—{1. arenarius L., F. ;

2. rufipes F.; 3. rybyensis L. (=ornatus F.)|]: 13. 315-8 no.

*eeexexiv.”’ sp. 1-3 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 4. 497-8 (1803) :

24. Thl. Méth. 181, 199 no. 438 (1804); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym.

201 (1807): Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 93-5 no. 508 (1809): Cons-

Gén. Crust-Ins. 326, 438 no. 495 (1810)—[{Type: rybyensis L.

(= ornatus F.)|

Philanthus, i Fabricius’ original sense (1790) included

(1) Philanthus Auctt. (nec Jrn.); (2) Cerceris Auctt.

(= Philanthus Jrn.); and (3) Palarus Ltr. (= Gonius Jrn.)

—this will be discussed in the note next following (wide

p. 411).

The composite genus Philanthus F. was revised and

analysed in exactly the same way by Jurine and Latreille,

and both these authors retained the original name of the

genus for one of its divisions, but, unfortunately, not for

the same division, so that Philanthus has three meanings:

Philanthus Jrn. + Philanthus Ltr. 4- Palarus Ltr. (= Gonius

Jrn.) together make up Philanthus F. Jurine applied the

name to the group which contained the greater number of

Fabrician species—Latreille, to the group whose species

stood first in Fabricius’ List. Philanthus, as thus limited

by Jurine, contains all the species with petiolate second

cubital cell; of the rest, he calls one species Gonius and the

other Simblephilus.

Latreille called the species with petiolate second cubital

cell Cerceris; for Gonius he used Palarus, and for Simble-

philus he used Philanthus.

Jurine’s nomenclature being supposed to have first

appeared in 1807 (Nouv. Méth. Hym.) has been universally

held to be later than that of Latreille, and the latter has

consequently been adopted. The facts however are as

follows :—Jurine in the Erlangen List (1801) published

Simblephilus with a single exponent Phalanthus poctus Par.

(i. e. triangulum F.)—Simblephilus Jrn., therefore, is the

Philanthus of recent authors. Gonius shall be treated

under the next heading.

Philanthus of the Erlangen List is published in connection

with three names: Philanthus laetus and arenarius, and

Crabro labiatus Fab.—the last of these is not an original

type of Philanthus F., and may be disregarded nomen-

clatorially—it is however congeneric with the others,

410 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Panzer has figured lJaetus (63°11) and arenarius (46:2)

in the Fauna Ins. Germ., and the two are apparently

identical, equalling Cerceris arenaria Auctt.

Latreille, 1802 (HN. Crust. Ins. 3) characterised his

Philanthus with coronatus F., triangulum F., and apivorus

Ltr. as its exponents—(apivorus 1s a synonym of triangu-

lum, and coronatus a rarer species of the same genus).

In 1802 Latreille (l.c.) characterised Cerceris with ex-

ponents arenarius, rufipes, and ornatus; in 1810 (Cons-

Gén.) he definitely selected ornatus F. (i. e. rybiensis L.)

as the Type of Cerceris.

The results appear to be as follows :—(1) Jurine’s

revision of Philanthus (30. V. 1801) being a year prior to

that of Latreille (after IV. 1802), his restriction of its

possible types to laetus, arenarius, and labiatus, must be

accepted. This means that arenaria L. is the Type, for

laetus is a synonym of arenarius, and labiatus was not

originally included in the Fabrician Philanthus.

Rybiensis L. (= ornata F.), Latreille’s own Type of

Cerceris, is congeneric with arenaria L., and Cerceris Ltr. is

therefore synonymous with Philanthus F., Jrn. (nec Ltr.),

as noted by Jurine (Nouv. Méth. Hvm. 201) :—“ Mr.

Latreille a donné le nom de cerceris & nos philanthes, en les

séparant, avec raison, des autres hyménoptéres.”

*Philanthus (¥.) Ltr. (nec Jrn.) not being available for

the genus including triangulum ¥F., Jurine’s monotypical

genus Simblephilus (Type: triangulum L.) should replace

it.

The effect of the revision of Philanthus F. by Jurie

(1801) and by Latreille (1802) may be shown thus :—

PHILANTHUS F.

asi tes 1790

J ne 1801 Latreille 1802

| | |

| PHILANTHUS (F.) Jrn. = CERCERIS Ltr. |

SIMBLEPHILUS Jrn. = *PHILANTHUS (F.) Ltr. |

| Ra

Gonivus Jr. LN, = PALARUS Ltr,

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 411

III-24. Gontus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 24 Gonius ’’—[a mere logonym, without exponents].

PALARUS Ltr. (1804-5)

= Gonlus Jrn. [1801 Z2N.]; = PaALARUS Ltr. (1802) MN.;

= GONIUS Pzr. (1806).

Type: Palarus auriginosus Eversm. (= * flavipes Pzr. 84°24

(nec F.); Ltr. 1804-5).

PALARUS Ltr. [= Gownius Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 164 no. 24 (1801)

IN.; = PALARUS Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 336 (1802) MN.]

PaLARus Ltr. (= Gonius Jrn.) Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 13. 296

(1804-5)—[Type: auriginosus Eversm. (= * flavipes Pnzr., nec F. ;

Ltr.)]. Gonrus Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch 2. 176-8 (1806)—

[Type: auriginosus Eversm. (= * flavipes Pzr., nec F.)]. PAL-

ARUS Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 1. expl. Pf. 14°1 p. xvi (1806)—[figures

auriginosus Eversm. (= * flavipes Pzr., Ltr., nec F.)]. GONIUS

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 203-5 no. 24 Pf. 4°24, 10°24 (1807); F-G.

K & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 394-5 (1882). PALARUS Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4, 73-5 no. 495 (1809)—|Type: auriginosus Eversm.

(= * flavipes Ltr.)]: Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 322, 438 no. 481

1810).

(181

Jurine, in the Erlangen List (1801) published the generic

name Gonius without explanation, or assignment to it of

species. Latreille, in 1805 (HN. Crust-Ins. 18. 296-7)

stated that Panzer’s figure 84°24 of Philanthus flavipes F.

represented a Gonius Jrn., but added that the real Philan-

thus flavipes F. was a different insect, figured by Coquebert

(Ill. Ic. Ins. 2. Pf. 18-1). No diagnosis of Gonius Jrn. yet

existed, one however was given by Panzer in 1806 (Knit.

Rev. 176-8) and flavipes Pzr. cited as belonging to it. In

1802, Latreille (HN. Crust-Ins. 3°336) characterised, though

without exponents, a genus Palarus, and in 1804-5 (l.c.

13. 296-7) stated that this Palarus was identical with

Jurine’s Gonius, and that Philanthus flavipes Pzr. belonged

to it. Accordingly, the generic names Palarus and Gonius

were provided with a common exponent simultaneously,

and in fact in the same sentence—they are therefore

absolutely synonymous, and one must be employed to the

exclusion of the other. Panzer, in 1806 (Krit. Rev. 176-8)

adopted Gonius, without allusion to Palarus, with whose

existence he was probably unacquainted, but all subse-

quent writers (except Jurine himself, Nouv. Méth. Hym.)

have preferred the name Palarus, following Latreille, and

apparently with reason, since Palarus Ltr. had been pub-

lished with a description as well as a Type by Latreille in

412 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

1804-5, while Gonius Jrn. remained uncharacterised till

1806.

The specific name “‘ flavipes Pzr.” however cannot be

accepted—Philanthus flavipes Pzr. (1801) not being

Philanthus flavipes F. (1790) was a homonym erroneous

in adoption, and could not be revived when the species

was transferred to another genus.

According to Kohl and Dalla Torre, Palarus auriginosus

Evrsm. [Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 22. 384-5 (1847)]

= *flavipes Pzr. (nec F.). Since there are doubtless good

‘grounds for this identification it may here be accepted.

Latreille, when publishing the names Goniws and Palarus,

(HN. Crust-Ins. 18. 296-7), sank both under Larra F., but

this error does not affect the status of Gonius and Palarus.

—Palarus Ltr. should be adopted, with the Type auriginosus

Evrsm. (= *flavipes Pzr., nec F.).

111-25. Mriscopuus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 25 Misecophus ’’—[a mere logonym, without exponents].

MISCOPHUS Jrn. (1807)

= MIscoPpHus Jrn. (1801) LN.

Type: Miscophus bicolor Jrn. (Jrn. 1807 ; Ltr. 1809).

MiscopnHus Jrn. [Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 25 (1801) LN.]: Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 206 no. 25 Pf. 4:25. 11:25 (1807)—[Type: bicolor

Jr. Pf. 11°25]; F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 395

(1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4 72 no. 493 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 323, 438 no. 485 (1810).

This monotypical genus, founded on bicolor Jrn., dates

from 1807, when it was published in the Nouvelle Méthode

—in the Erlangen List it was uncharacterised and contained

no species,

111-26. Dinetus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

‘“©Gen. 26 Dinetus—Crabro pictus. Pompilus guttatus.’’

DINETUS Jrn. (1801)

Type: Crabro pictus F. (Jrm. 1801, 1807; Pzr. 1806; Ltr. 1809-10).

Dinetus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 26 (1801)—[1. pictus I.

(= pictus F., Jrn.; = § guttatus F., Jrn.)]; Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 191-3 (1806)—| Type: pictus F. 3 (= gutattus F. 9)

Pzr.|; Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 207-8 no. 26 Pf. 4°26, 11°26 (1807) ;

F-G. K. & K. MT, Schweiz. Ent, Ges. 6. 395 (1882); Ltr, Gn,

publication of ‘“ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 413

Crust-Ins. 4. 72-3 no. 494 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 323, 438

no. 484 (1810).

Dinetus is a monotypical genus, founded on Crabro

pictus F. (of which Sphea guttata F. is the 9)—Panzer (Krit.

Rev. 193) records that he has, again and again, taken the

two forms paired.

III-27. Crasro (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 27 Crabro—Crabro.”’

[i.e. CRABRO F, Syst. Ent. 373-6 no. 117 sp. 1-13 (1775): Ent.

Syst. 2. p. v, 293-302 no. 155 sp. 1-32 (1793)—cribraria L. etc.]

CRABRO F. (1775).

[nec CRABRO Gfir. (1762) MN.]; = THYREOPUS Lep. (1834).

Type: Sphex cribraria L. (Lmk. 1801; Ltr. 1810; Crt. 1837;

Wstwd. 1840).

CRABRO F. Syst. Ent. [26], no. 117, 373-6 no. 117 sp. 1-13

(1775)—[eribraria L. and 12 other species]: Ent. Syst. 2. p. v,

293-302 no. 155 sp. 1-32 (1793): Sppl. 270-1 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 3°21 (1793): 15°18-24, 17:19-20 (1794): 46°3-12 (1797):

51:13, 538°14-16 (1798): 62°15-17, 64°13-14, 72:10-12 (1799):

73°18, 78°17 (1800): 838:°14-17 (1801): 90°12-13 (1804); Ltr. Préc.

Car. Ins. 129-30 no. 32 (1796); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 270-1

no. 130 (I. 1801)—[{Type: eribraria L. (cribrarius ¥.)|; Jrn. Erl.

Litt-Ztg. 1.164 no, 27(V. 1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 342 (1802) :

13. 322-4 no. “ ceexexvi”’ sp. 1-5 (1804-5): Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN.

6. 467-70 (1803): 24. 181 no. 440 (1804); I. Syst. Piez. p. viii,

307-13, Ind. 8-9, no. 58 sp. 1-25 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 178-84 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 209-12 no. 27

Pf. 4°27, 11°27 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 395)

(1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 80-3 no. 500 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 324-5, 438 no. 490 (1810)—(Type: ceribraria L.

(= cribrarius F., Ltr.)|; Crt. Br. Ent. 15. expl. Pl. 680 (1838)—

[Type: eribraria L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 80 (1840).

[nec * CRABRO Gffr. Hist. Ins. Paris 2. 261-4 sp. 1-3 (1762) MN.

§ CRABRO Gffr-Fourcr. Ent. Par. 2. 361-2 no. 83 sp. 1-4 (1785)—

lutea L. (CIMBEX)].

Fabricius described Crabro, in 1775, for the reception of

thirteen species including cribraria L. which was specified

as the Type by Lamarck in 1801, by Latreille in 1810,

Curtis in 1837, and Westwood in 1840. [As a generic

name Crabro originated with Geoffroy in 1762 (Hist. Ins.

Paris), but being published without exponents was invalid

then and had no definite application until 1785, when

Geoffroy (Fourcr. Ent. Paris) enumerated lutea L. (= lunu-

latus Gfir.; = annulatus Gfir.) and two other species—all

414 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

belonging to the genus known as Cimbex Olvr. Crabro

Gfir. (1785) and Cimbex Olvr. (1790) are synonyms, but

since § Crabro Gffr. (1785) is invalid as homonymous with

Crabro F. (1775), Cumbex Olvr. must be accepted as the

name of the genus of which lutea L. is the Type. |

In recent arrangements of Crabro F. (sens. lat.) eribraria

L. is called not a Crabro, but a Thyreopus Lep. (following

Lepeletier 1834), the name Crabro (sens. strict.) bemg

reserved for another group (formosus Auctt., etc.)—before

saying more we await Kohl’s forthcoming Monograph of

the Crabronidae, merely suggesting that Crabro F. should

not be separated from its Type cribraria L.

T1128. Cemonus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

** Gen. 28 Cemonus—Crabro unicolor Panzer.’’

CEMONUS Jrn. (1801)

= PEMPHREDON Ltr. ({1796, MN] 1802), }PEMPREDON Ltr.

(1804).

Type: Crabro lugubris F. (= wnicolor Pzr.; Jrn. 1801).

CREMONUS Jrn. [= PEMPHREDON Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 128-9

no. 30 (1796) WN.]. CEmonus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 28

(1801)—{Type : lugubris F. (= unicolor Pzr. ; Jrn.)| PEMPHREDON

Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 341-2 (1802)—{1. lugubris F.; 2. lewcostoma

L., F.]: 13. 325 no. ‘‘ceexexvii’”’ (1804-5)—[Type: lugubris F.

(unicolor Pzr. 52°24)]: Nouv. Dict. HN. 17. 222 (1803): ({PEM-

PREDON) 24 Tbl. Méth. 181, 199 no. 441 (1804)—/{Type : lugubris F.];

F. Syst. Piez. p. xi, 314-6 no. 59 sp. 1-9 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 186-7 (1806). CrEMoNUS Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym.

213-4 no. 28 Pf. 4°28, 11°28 (1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz.

Ent. Ges. 6. 395 (1882). PkMPHREDON Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4.

83-4 no. 501 (1809): Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 325, 438 no. 492 (1810)—

[Type: lugubris F. (= wnicolor Jrn.; Ltr.); Crt. Br. Ent. 14.

expl. Pl. 632 (1837). CEMONUS Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 81 (1840).

Panzer, Fauna Ins. Germ. (52:24), figures as Crabro

uncolor (but describes as Sphex unicolor), an insect, which

in Krit. Rev. (186-7), he states to be a Cemonus Jrn., and

identical with Pemphredon lugubris F. (Syst. Piez. 315).

The neuration of his figure is so obviously incorrect that

no conclusion can safely be drawn from it, nor in char-

acterising Cemonus in the Krit. Rev. (186-7) does Panzer

mention the neuration at all. The true neuration of

“unicolor Pzr.,” the Type of Cemonus is correctly given

by Jurine on Plate 4 fig. 28—one of the Plates which had

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 415

been sent for inspection to the writer of the Erlangen Article

—and confirms Panzer’s statement, in the Kritische Re-

vision, that his wnicolor was the lugubris of Fabricius. This

species is at present known as a Pemphredon Ltr., being in

fact the Type designated for that genus by its author in

1804—5, and again (under the name Cemonus unicolor Pzr.)

in 1810. Cemonus and Pemphredon are therefore synonyms,

with the common Type lugubris F. (= wnicolor Pzr.), on

the authority of Panzer, Latreille, and also Jurine. The

name Cemonus Jrn. has validity as against Penvphredon Ltr.,

because it was published as a monotypical genus in May

1801, whereas Pemphredon Ltr., though the name itself

appeared earlier (viz. in 1796), received no species until

1802, when lugubris F. and lewcostoma F. were made

exponents of it.

[The name Cemonus is still sometimes used rather as sub-

generic than as generic, unfortunately in connection with a

group not containing lugubris, but containing several other

species, two of which till lately were not distinguished and

together were called wnicolor. This “ unicolor” was a

homonym of “ Crabro unicolor Panzer” (= lugubris F.),

and should therefore be discarded—as in practice it has

already been. ]

4.4

111-29. Oxysetus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 29 Oxybelus—Crabro lineatus, uniglumis, biglumis.’’

OXYBELUS Jrn. (1801)

= OXYBELUS Ltr. (1796) MN.

Type: Vespa uniglumis L. (Ltr. 1802, 1804, 1810; Crt. 1833;

Wstwd. 1840).

OXYBELUS Jrn. [Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 129 no. 31 (1796) MN]:

Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 29 (1801)—{1. lineatus F. ; 2. uniglumis

L., F.; 3. biglumis L.]; Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 342-3 (1802)—

[Type: uniglumis L.]: 13. 307-8 no. 399 sp. 1-3 (1804-5): Nouv.

Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 180, 199 no. 483 (1804); F. Syst. Piez.

p- viii, 316-8, Ind. 21, no. 60 sp. 1-7 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 190-1 (1806) ; Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 216-7 no. 29 Pf.

4°29, 11°29 (1807); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 101°19 (1809); Ltr. Cons-

Gén. Crust-Ins. 324, 438 no. 489 (1810)—[Type: uniglumis L.]|; Crt.

Br. Ent. 10. expl. Pl. 480 (1833); Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br Ins. 79

(1840).

Oxybelus was published by Latreille in 1796, but without

associated species, and was first validated by Jurine in

1801 (Erlangen List). Jurine gave three exponents, and

416 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

one of these, wniglumis L., was cited as type by Latreille

(1802-10), by Curtis (1833), and by Westwood (1840).

Biglumis L. is more or less a mystery; it is generally

explained as a form of Polistes, but Jurine evidently

interpreted it otherwise.

11130. Prosopis Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 30 Prosopis—Sphex annulata, signata Panzer. Hylaeus

annulatus Fab. Mellinus atratus Fab. inedit.’’

HYLAEUS F. (1793)

= Prosopis Jrn. 1801; +HyLeuS Wlknr. (1802).

Type 1: Apis annulata L. (= Hylaeus annulatus F.; Ltr. 1802,

1804, 1810; Crt. 1831 ; Wstwd. 1840).

HyLakEus F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 302-7 no. 156 sp. 1-16 (1793)—

[Sixteen species, including 12 annulata L. (Apis annulata L. = Hylaeus

annulatus F.|; Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 136 no. 39 (1796); Pzr. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 7°15 (1796): 46°13-14 (1797): 53°17—-18, 55:2-4 (1798) :

64°15 (1799); F. Sppl. Ent. Syst. 272 (1798); Wlknr. Fn. Par. Ins.

2. p. vi, 100-2 no. 24 sp. 1-3 (1802); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 370,

372 (1802)—[Type: annulata L. (= annulatus F., Ltr.)]: 13. 360-1

no. 407 sp. 1-3 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 11. 494-6 (1803): 24.

Tbl. Méth. 182, 199 no. 451 (1804)—[Type: annulata L.]: Gn.

Crust-Ins. 4. 149-50 no. 541 (1809): Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 331, 438

no. 508 (1810)—[Type: annulata L.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 8. expl. PI.

373 (1831)—[Type: annulata L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 84

(1840).

Fabricius [Syst. Piez. 293 no. 55 sp. 1, Ind. 14, 25, (1804)]

removed annulata L. to Prosopis, but Latreille had already

cited this species as the Type of Hylaeus F., in 1802, and

it was again cited by Latreille in 1804—5, and 1810, as also

by Curtis, in 1831, and by Westwood, in 1840.

Type 2: Sphex signata Pzr.

Prosopis Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 30 (1801)—[Sphex signata

Pzr. (= annulata Pzr. 53:1 3; = signata Pzr. 53°22); Apis annulata

L. (= Hylaeus annulata F.); Mellinus atratus F. LN.) F. Syst.

Piez. p. xi, 293-6, Ind. 25, no. 55 sp. 1-14 (1804); Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 89°14 (1804): 105°15 (1809): Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2.

161-3 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 218-20 no. 30 Pf. 4°30, 11°30

(1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 395-6 (1882)—

[signata Pzr. should be taken as the Type].

[nec *HVYLAEUS Cyr. Thl. Elem. HN. 493-4 (1797-8)—glutinans

Cvr. (COLLETES Ltr.)].

[nec *HYLAEUS F, Syst. Piez. p. xiii, 319-21 no. 61 sp. 1-8, Ind.

14 (1804)—sexcinctus F. (HALICTUS Ltr.)].

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 417

The Erlangen List enumerates under Prosopis :—

1. Sphex annulata; 2. signata Panzer; 3. Hylaeus annu-

latus Fab.; 4. Mellinus atratus Fab., inedit.

This “ Sphex annulata”’ cannot possibly be the Fabrician

Sphex annulata I’. [Sppl. Ent. Syst. 245 (1798); Coq. IIL.

Ic. Ins. 2°51 Pf. 12:4 (1801)], which is a highly coloured

Cryptocheilus Par. (= § Salus F.)\—a Psammocharid.

Mellinus atratus may also be set aside as a species then

undescribed. Panzer has figured a Sphex annulata Par.

(53°1) and a Sphex signata Pzr. (53°2)—the former a 4,

the latter a 9, both certainly belonging to Prosopis Auctt.

Neither shows any trace of lateral white hairs on the first

abdominal segment, or of yellow streaks on the pronotum,

etc.—it 1s probably impossible to identify either with

certainty, but there is no reason to say that the former is

not the § of annulata L. (= communis Auctt.), and the

latter the Q of szgnata Auctt. (= bipunctata ¥., sec Dalla

Torre), except that segnata has white hairs on the first

abdominal segment laterally which do not appear in

Panzer’s figure. In 1807 Jurine figures Prosopis bifasciatus

(sic) as representative of his genus, but this was not one

of the species which he listed in 1801.

[It should be noted that the name ‘ Sphex bimaculata”’

is associated with the diagnosis of Sphex signata Par.

(53°2), but evidently by mistake, since Panzer published

Sphex bimaculata as a species 51:4.]

The genus Hylaeus was first published by Fabricius, in

1793, for the reception of sixteen species, including annulata

L. Prosopis hitherto has not been traced to an earlier

date than 1807 (Nouv. Méth. Hym.), but the Erlangen List

carries it back to 30 May 1801—even so, however, Hylaeus

I’. (1793) is by far the older name, and, if the two genera be

identical, Hylaeus having always had priority cannot now

be discarded. We come to this decision with considerable

regret, quite agreeing with Latreille [Gen. Crust-Ins. 4.

149-50 (1809)] that the genus Hylaeus F. was “ char-

acteribus incertis fulcitum et specierum complexione

maxime discordans,” and that the genus Prosopis had

been treated by Fabricius with equal infelicity, to which

we must add that Prosopis Jrn. is a genus, which, apart

from the name, fulfils every requirement of modern science.

The Type of Hylaeus F. was cited by Latreille (1802, etc.)

as Hylaeus annulatus F.; the Type of Prosopis Jin. should

be either the same species, or that which Jurine figured

418 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

: represent it in Nouv. Méth. Hym., viz. segnata Pazr.

= bifasciatus Jen. Pf. 11°30). Jurine agrees that Hylaeus

eA Prosopis are identical—signata Pzr. 53°2 (= bifasciatus

Jrn. Pf. 11°30) should be cited as the Type of Prosopis

Jrn. (1801) which will sink as synonymous with the earlier

genus Hylaeus I. (1793).

III‘31. Nomana (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

«Gen. 31 Nomada—Nomada ruficornis, etc.’’

[i.e. NOMADA Sep. Ann. HN. 4. 44-7 no.3 sp. 1-8 (1770); F. Syst.

Ent. 388-90 no. 120 sp. 1-7 (1775): Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 345-9

no. 160 sp. 1-15 (1793)—ruficornis L., eéc.]

NOMADA Sep. (1770)

Type 1: Apis ruficornis L. (Jrn. 1801 ; Ltr. 1802).

NoMADA Sep. Ann. HN, 4. 44-7 no. 3 sp. 1-8 (1770)—{rufieornis,

L. and seven other species]: F. Syst. Ent. pp. [27], 388-90 no. 120

sp. 1-7 (1775)—{ruficornis L., etc]: Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 345-9 no.

160 sp. 1-15 (1793); Ltr. Prée. Char. Ins. 137-8 no. 41 (1796) ; Pzr.

Fn. Ins. Germ. 32°7 (1796) : 538°20—4, 55°18—24 (1798): 61°20, 62°18,

72°17-21 (1799): 78°20 (1800): 96° 20-2 (1804); Jrn. Erl. Litt- Ztg.

1. 164 no. 31 (30. V. 1801)— —[Type : ruficornis Weeks iselatrs eeN

Crust-Ins. 3. 370, 375 (1802)—[Type: ruficornis L.]: 14°49-50 no.

417 sp. 1-2 (1804-5); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xiii, 390-5, Ind. 20, no. 76

sp. 1-19 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 234-9 (1806) ;

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 221-3 no. 31, Pf. 4°31, 11°31 (1807); Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 169-70 no. 561 (1809) ; Crt. Br. Ent. 9. expl. Pl.

419 (1832)—[Type: ruficornis L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 85

(1840).

Type 2: Apis fabriciana L. (Ltr. 1810).

*NOMADA Ltr. Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 338, 439 no. 528 (1810)—

(Type: fabriciana L.].

[nec *NoMADA Lmk Syst. An. sans Vert. 274 no. 136 (I, 1801)

—variegata L. (EPEOLUS Ltr.)—this was not one of the original types

of Scopoli (1770), but-it was included in Nomada by Fabricius

(1775)].

Nomada was founded by Scopoli, in 1770, on eight

species named as follows :—1l. mparia Sep.; 2. succincta

Sep.; 3. squalida Sep.; ‘4 rufescens Scp.; 5. ruficornis

Sep.; 6. ranunculs Sep.; 7. praecox Scp.; 8. nasuta Sep.

Of these succincta is ate by Fabricius to be gibba

F. (a Sphecodes); squalida is said by Gmelin to be larger

than gibba, with antennae twice as long (perhaps gibba E

was a Q, and squalida Scp. a 3); Gmelin adds that ranun-

cult Sep. has the segments of the abdomen red at the

margin on each side; that nasuta Sep. has an oblong abdo-

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 419

men, porrect, blunt maxillae (7. e. mandibles) and a bristle-

shaped tongue (7.e. probably an Apis in the sense of

Kirby, perhaps a Chelostoma); praecor Scp. is generally

supposed to be the Andrena so-called by recent authors

(sec. Dalla Torre Cat., etc.).

Lamarck, in 1801, (Syst. An. sans Vert. 136) cited Apis

variegata Li. (an Epeolus Ltr.) as the Type of Nomada F.—

this species was included in those enumerated by Fabricius,

but did not occur among Scopoli’s types.

In 1775, Fabricius described a genus Nomada, without

allusion to Nomada Scopoli. Were Nomada F. and

Nomada Sep. the same genus? If not, Nomada F., one

of the oldest and most universally adopted of all generic

names must sink as a homonym—yet it is very difficult

to answer the above question positively in the affirmative.

Fabricius’ original genus consisted of seven species, of

which only two (ruficornis and fabriciana) belong to Nomada

as at present accepted.

There is a ruficornis among Scopoli’s species, but J. L.

Christ [Naturg. Class. Ins. 161 (1791)], after briefly de-

scribing Nomada ruficornis Sep., says that Fabricius

describes a ‘‘ Verschiedenheit’’ (Variety ?) as Nomada

ruficormis, and, mentioning inter alia, that Fabricius’ species

has the thorax marked with red, and the abdomen with

vellow—these characters, apparently, not existing in

Scopoli’s insect. The latter, however, seems to be a

Nomada in the modern sense (not, as might be suggested,

a Sphecodes), since the antennae, labrum, and parts of the

legs are said to be red. If ruficornis Sep. and ruficornis ¥.

are conspecific (7. e. different sexes, or varieties, of the same

insect) the Type of Nomada Sep. is fixed, since Fabricius

includes this species in his genus, of which it is cited as

the Type by Latreille (1802), Curtis (1832), and Westwood

(1840). It is clear at any rate that if any species of

Nomada Sep. can be identified with a Nomada in the

modern sense, that species ought to be treated as the

Type of Scopoli’s genus—otherwise needless and intolerable

confusion will be introduced into our Lists.

II1-32. ANpRENA (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 32 Andrena—Andrena succinecta, bicolor. Andrena

(Nomad. Fabr. inedit) lobata Panzer. Nomada gibba Fabr.

Andrena musciform. Ross. (Nomada Nigrita Fabr. inedit.)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) EE

420 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

* Bullae alarum in Nomadis et Andrenis semper reperiuntur in

nervis cubitalibus et recurrentibus.’’

[i.. ANDRENA F. Ent. Syst. [26], 376-8 no. 118 sp. 1-14

(1775): Ent. Syst. 2. pp. vi, 307-14 no. 157 sp. 1-31 (1793)—

succineta L., bicolor F., etc.]

ANDRENA F. (1775)

Type 1: Apis suceineta L. [nec Ltr., nec Auctt.] (Lmk. 1801).

ANDRENA F. Syst. Ent. [26], 376-8 no. 118 sp. 1-14 (1775)—{4.

bicolor F.; 14. suecineta L., and twelve other species]: Ent. Syst. 2.

pp. Vi, 307-14 no. 157 sp. ei, (1793); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 7°10

(1793) : 713, (2 edn.) 35°22 (1796): 46°15-17 (1797): 53°19,

55°5, 56°1-3 (1798) : 64-16-20, 65:18-20, 70°22, 72°15-16 (1799) :

74:10 (1801): 85°15, 90°14-15, 9410-11 (1804): 97°18-19, 107°14

(1809); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 136-7 (1796); Lmk. Syst. An. sans

Vert. 272 no. 133 (I. 1801)—|[Type: succineta L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-

Ztg. 1. 164 no. 32 (30. V. 1801).

[nec COLLETES Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 372 (1802): 13. 359 no.

406 (1804-5) : Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. 181-2, 199 no. 450 (1804) ; Ltr.

Cons-Gén. Crust-Ins. 331, 438 no. 507 (1810)—Type: glutinans Cvr.

(= * succincta [nec L.] Ltr.)].

Type 2: Apis cineraria L. (Ltr. 1810).

*ANDRENA Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 372-3 (1802): 13. 362-4 no.

408 sp, 1-4 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 24. Tbl. Méth. 182 no. 452

(1804); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 227-31 no. 32 Pf. 432, 11°32

(1807); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 150-1 no. 652 (1809): Cons-Gén.

Crust-Ins. 332, 439 no. 510 (1810)—[Type: cineraria L., F.];

Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 84 (1840).

Type 3: Andrena bicolor F.

* ANDRENA Pzr. Krit-Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 193-204 (1806).

Type 4: Melitta nitida Kby (Crt. 1826).

abit Crt. Br. Ent. 3. expl. Pl. 129 (1826)—[Type: nitida

Ve je

Lamarck, in January 1801, made succincta L. the Type

of Andrena. Latreille, in 1802, also cited succincta L. as

a type, but of another genus, viz. Colletes Ltr. At first

sight it might appear that Colletes Ltr. would consequently

have to become a synonym of Andrena F. (isogenotypic),

but before so deciding it will be wise to consult the orginal

description of succincta L. [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 576].

The character there mentioned which at once arrests

attention is “rostrum subulatum ”’—this in our judgment

makes it perfectly certain, that whatever succincta L. was,

it was not a Colletes. In Colletes the tongue is short, broad,

and bifid at the apex—‘ subulatum ”’ is of all possible words

least applicable to it! Next we note that succincta has

four white bands (presumably four only) on the abdomen,

whereas Colletes species generally have all the segments

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 421

banded. Linné’s description can only refer to one of the

Acutilingues (such as Andrena F., Halictus Ltr., and Crlissa

Leach)—of these, Crlssa has an extremely subulate

tongue; Halictus also one which is distinctly subulate ;

and Andrena one, which as compared with that of Colletes

might be called so. Yet there seems no doubt that Linné

named and placed in his cabinet as succincta a specimen of

Colletes. Kirby, in 1800, saw this specimen, and noticed

at once that the tongue did not agree with Linné’s de-

scription. Nylander also (about 1850) examined the speci-

men, and has stated that it was a Colletes, not however the

insect now commonly called succincta, but a specimen of

fodiens Geofir-Fourcr. Kirby and Latreille were in cor-

respondence about this insect, and it is quite certain that

to both these authors “ succincta’”’ meant the species so-

named in the Linnean cabinet, viz. a Colletes, and not an

Andrena. But Lamarck’s Andrena succincta F. (Apis suc-

cincta L.) was as certainly not a Colletes, for his diagnosis

of the genus states expressly “‘ Machoires et langue fort

allongées ’—plainly, therefore, reckoning it among the

Acutilingues. The designation therefore of succincta L.

as Type of Andrena, in the modern sense, may be accepted

until 1t is shown for certain that the insect really described

by Linné (NB.—not the specimen in his Cabinet!) was

not, after all, a Halictus (such as quadricinctus F.), or a

Cilissa (such as leporina Pzr.).

Colletes Ltr. being a good genus, and not a synonym of

Andrena ¥., therefore stands, but the species which is its

- Type must not be called swccincta. Latreille, as Kirby tells

us, sent the species to him with the name “ glutinosus ’°—

this was published by Cuvier as Hylaeus glutinans (Apis

glutinans)—Tbl. Element. HN. 493-4 (An. VI.= 1797-8),

and is mentioned as a synonym of Colletes succincta by

Latreille (HN. Crust-Ins. 18. 355, 359). The species should

be known as Colletes glutinans Cuvier (= *succincta [nec L.]

Ltr.).

III‘:33. Lasrus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 33 Lasius-—Apis quadrimaculata Panzer.’’

[nec §LAsiuS F, Syst. Piez. pp. xi, 415-8, Ind. 18, no. 78 sp.

1-10 (1804)].

LASIUS Jrn. (1801)

= PoDALIRIus Ltr. (1802); = ANnTHOPHORA Ltr. (1803);

= MEGILLA F. (1804).

422 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Type 1: Apis quadrimaculata Pzr. (Jrn. 1801).

LASIUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 33 (30 V. 1801)—{Type:

quadrimaculata Pzr.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 86:16, 89°15 (1804) ;

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 235-8 no. 33 Pf. 433, 11.33 (1807): F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 397 (1882).

Type 2: Apis pilipes F. (Ltr. 1810).

PoDALIRIUS Ltr. HN. Fourmis etc. 430-1 (LV. 1802)—[1. rotundata

F. ; 2. retusa L. (= acervorum F., Ltr.) ; 3. pilipes F. [ pilipes F. (1775)

3; = hirsuta F. (1787) 2]; 4. versicolor F.; 5. crassipes F. ; 6.lanipes

F.]: HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 371, 378-9 (1802)—[pilipes F.; versicolor

F.; crassipes F.|]. = ANTHOPHORA (nn.) Ltr. Nouv. Dict.

HN. 18. 167-9 (1803): 24. Tbl. Méth. 183, 199 no. 458 (1804)

[‘‘ Voyez Podalirie’’: 1. pilipes F. (= hirsuta ¥., Ltr.) ; 2. versi-

color F.]: HN. Crust-Ins. 13. 375-7 (1804-5) [** Anthophore—mot

substitué 4 celui de podalirie que Lamarck avoit déja donné a un

genre de plante’’]: 14. 45-8 no. 414 sp. 1-3 (1804-5) [anthophorse,

= podalirie, = lasius Pzr.]: Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 174-6 no. 567 (1809) :

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 99°16, 105°18-9; 106-19 (1809): Cons-Gn.

Crust-Ins. 340, 439 no. 537 (1810)—[Type: pilipes F.]. MezGILLA

F. Syst. Piez. pp. xiii, 328-35 no. 63 sp. 1-33 (1804) ; Par. Krit. Rev.

Ins. Deutsch. 2. 198, 207-9, 224~7, 227-9, 246-7, 257, 260 (1806).

Type 3: Apis parietina F. (Ltr. 1804).

ANTHOPHORA Ltr. An. Mus. HN. Paris 3. 251-9 Pf. 22°14-D

(11-1804)—| parietina F.—not an original Type].

Type 4: Apis retusa L. (Crt. 1831).

ANTHOPHORA Crt. Br. Ent. 8. expl. Pl. 357 (1831)—[Type:

retusa L.].

Lasius Jrn. of the Erlangen List (1801) is a monotypical

genus founded on Apis quadrimaculata Pzr. 56°7 (=

§vulpina Pzr. 56°6, Jrn.)—both these names were published

together in 1798. Dalla Torre lists the species as “ Poda-

lirius vulpinus Par.,” treating quadrimaculata Pzr. as a

synonym, but §Apis vulpina Pzr. (1798) is invalid, being

homonymous with Apis vulpina Christ (1791)—the species

should therefore be known as Lasius quadrimaculatus Pzr.*

Later, and therefore unavailable, synonyms of Lasius Jrn.

(1801) are Podalirius Ltr. (1802), Anthophora Ltr. (1804—5)

and Megilla F. (1804)—Panzer adopted the last of these

in the Krit. Rev (1806).

Until recently Lasius Jin. was almost universally called

Anthophora Ltr., but in Dalla Torre’s Catalogue (1896),

and immediately after in Friese’s Monograph of the genus

(1897), Podalirius Ltr. has been restored—Friese applying

* Apis vulpina Christ is utterly unlike Lasius quadrimaculatus Par.

(= Apis vulpina Pzr.)—it may possibly be = parietina F,, if Palae-

arctic (but the locality is not stated).

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 423

the name both to the genus as a whole, and also (sensu

stricto) to a section.

In the Systema Piezatorum Fabricius made use of Jurine’s

name Lasius, but applied it to a genus of Ants which he

separated from Formica L., and later authors have ignored

Jurine’s Lasius, no doubt because the publication of the

Piezatorum (1804) antedates that of the Nouvelle Méthode

(1807). But the real date of Lasius Jrn., as we now learn,

is May 30, 1801 (Erlangen List)—§Lasius F. (1804) there-

fore sinks as a homonym of the earlier Lasius Jrn.

A new name for §Zasius F. is necessary, there being,

apparently, no existing synonym, we therefore propose

that it be called DonistHORPEA in recognition of Mr. H.

St.J. K. Donisthorpe’s careful investigations into the

bionomics of this and other Heterogynous genera.

DoNISTHORPEA, nn.

Type: Formica nigra L. (= Lasius niger F.).

= §Lasrus F. Syst. Piez. pp. xi, 415-8 no. 78 sp. 1-10, Ind. 18

(1804); Auctt.—[nec Lasrus Jrn. (1801)]).

TI1°34. Croctsa Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 34 Crocisa—Apis punctata. Nomada scatellata. An-

drena armata Panzer.’’

CROCISA Jrn. (1801)

= THYREUS Pzr. (1806).

Type 1: Melecta histrionica Illig. (—*scutellaris [nec F.] Pzr. ;

Ltr. 1810—[ =tscatellata Jrn.}).

Crocisa Jrn. Er]. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 34 (30. V.1801). [l. punc-

tata F. (punctata F. 1775, Jrn.; = armata Pzr. 1799, Jrn.); 2.

histrionica Illig. (=*scutellaris [nec F.] Pzr.; tscatellata Jrn.)].

THYREUS Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 263-4 (1806)—[Type:

histrionica Illig. (=*scutellaris [nec F.] Pzr.)]. CRrocisa Jrn.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 239-41 no. 34 Pf. 4°34, 12°34 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 397 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-

Ins. 4. 172 no. 565 (1809): Cons-Gn. Crust-Ins. 338, 439 no. 532

(1810)—{Latreille’s generic description excluded punctata F. (the

Type of MELECTA Ltr.) and consequently restricted CROCISA to

histrionica Illig. (=*scutellaris Pzr.) which thus became the Type—

histrionica Illig. is congeneric with histrio F. which was not an

original type].

[NB. Crocisa histrionica Illiger.—Melecta histrionica Illig. Mag.

Ins. 5. 99 sp. 10 (1806). = Nomada *histrio? (nec F.) Rossi Fn.

Etrusce. 2. 110 sp. 930 (1790). = Nomada * scutellaris (nec F.) Pzr. Fn.

Ins. Germ. 32°7 (1796). = Nomada fscatellata Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg.

1. 164 no. 34 (1801).]

424 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Type 2: Melecta histrio F. (Ltr. 1810).

CrocisA Ltr. Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 338, 489 no. 532 (1810)—:

[Type: histrio F.—this was not an original type, but is congeneric

with histrionica Illig., the Type as shown above.]

The names Crocisa Jrn. and Melecta Ltr. were originally

given to the same generic conception, but as they are now

restricted to different types it will be convenient to print

the history of Melecta for reference.

Metecta Ltr. (1802)

Type: Apis punctata F. (Ltr. 1802-10; Crt. 1826).

MELEcTA Ltr, HN. Fourmis etc. 427 (IV. 1802)—[Type: punctata

F. (with which are associated histrio F. and scutellaris F.): HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 370, 376 (1802)—[punctata F., and histrio F.]: Nouv.

Dict. HN. 14. 249-50 (1803): 24. 183, 199 no. 459 (1803)—[Type:

punctata F.]; F. Syst. Piez. pp. xiii, 385-7 no. 74 sp. 1-7, Ind. 19

(1804) ; HN. Crust-Ins. 14. 48 no. 415 (1804-5)—_[Type : punetata F.

(Pzr. 35°23, 70°22)]: Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 171-2 no. 564 (1809): Cons-

Gn. Crust-Ins. 338, 439 no. 533 (1810); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ.

(2 edn.) 32°7, 35°23 (18102); Crt. Br. Ins. 3. 125 (1826); Wstwd.

Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 85 (1840).

The name Crocisa was first published in the Erlangen

List. Of the three specific names included under it, two

(punctata and armata) are synonyms and denote the species

described by Fabricius (1775) as Apis punctata (= Melecta

armata Pzr., of Dalla Torre’s Catalogue). The third name

** Nomada scatellata’’ (sic) is evidently intended for the

‘“* Nomada scutellaris Fab.” figured by Panzer (Fn. Ins.

Germ. 32°7) as shown by Jurine (Nouv. Méth. Hym. 241).

Illiger (1806) recognised that the scutellaris of Panzer

was not the true scutellaris of Fabricius, and renamed

Panzer’s species histrionica Illiger.

The genus Crocisa then was founded on two species, viz.

punctata F. and histrionica Illig., one of which must be

its Type.

In 1802 Latreille published his genus Melecta for punctata

F., with which he associated histrio F. and scutellaris F.

(HN. Fourmis etc.). Later in the same year he again used

Melecta to include punctata and histrio but omitted scutel-

laris, and in 1803 he cited punctata F. as the Type of

Melecta Ltr.

In 1809-10 Latreille definitely broke up the genus

which he had formerly called Melecta into two genera, viz.

Melecta Ltr. and Crocisa Jrn., distinguishing them on the

same characters by which we still separate them (viz,

publication of “‘ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 425

the number of joints of the maxillary palpi, and the struc-

ture of the scutellum—hbidentate in Melecta, emarginate in

Crocisa. As before he cites punctata F. as the Type of

Melecta; for Crocisa he cites as Type histrio F., which

however was not one of the original exponents of the

genus, though included in it later in the Nouvelle Méthode.

His description of Crocisa so limits that genus as to exclude

from it punctata F., and thereby makes histrionica Lliger

(= ‘“‘ Nomada scutellata”’ of the Erlangen List) its only

possible Type.

Note on Nomada scutellaris F. Sp. Ins. 1. 487 (1781)—nec Pzr.

Fabricius described ‘‘ Nomada scutellaris”’ saying of it

** Habitat in Sibiria, D. Pallas. Mus. Dom. Banks.” The

Banks Collection, now in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

contains a single specimen labelled scutellaris, but this

certainly did not come from Siberia, being in fact an

Australian Crocisa with blue pubescent markings. It has

since been determined as C. lamprosoma Bdv.

It is not very clear from Fabricius’ language whether

the insect described was a Crocisa or a Melecta. His

diagnosis says “‘scutello porrecto bidentato,’ the fuller

description following says “ scutellum postice productum

emarginato bidentatum”’’—no allusion is made to the

maxillary palpi. Whatever this mysterious species really

was, it seems very improbable that it should be identical

with the Central European form figured by Panzer and

cited by Jurine in the Erlangen List.

111-35. Apis (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 35 Apis—Apis mellifica: praeter hance nulla.’’

[i.e. APIS L. Syst Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 217, 574-9 no, 218 sp.

1-39 (1758)—mellifera L., etc. ]

APIS L. (1758)

Type: Apis mellifera L. 1758 (= mellifica L. 1767; Lmk. 1801,

Jrn. 1801, Ltr. 1802-10).

Apis L. [Fn. Suec. (ed. 1) 298-305 sp. 988-1018 (1746) MN.]:

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 217, 574-9 no. 218 sp. 1-39 (1758)—

[Thirty-nine species, including mellifera L.]: Fn. Suec. (ed. 2)

[42-3], 419-26 sp. 1684-1719 (1761): Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 539,

953-61 no. 248 sp. 1-55 (1767) [mellifera L. 1758 (= mellifica L.,

1767) etc.]; F. Syst. Ent. [27], 378-88 no. 119 sp. 1-60 (1775);

Blmbch. HB. Naturges. 1. 382-5 no. 60 sp. 1-6 (1779); F. Ent.

426 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Syst. 2. pp. vi, 314-42 no. 158 sp. 1-123 (1793): Sppl. 273-7

(1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 1°16, 7:11-15 (1793): 35°23 (1796) :

55°6-17, 56°4-24, 59°6—-7 (1798) : 63°20-2 (1799): 74-11-12, 75°19-21,

7818-19, 80°19-21 (1800): 81°19-21, 83°18-19, 85°16-18 (1804);

Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 138-9 (1796); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 273

no. 135 (I. 1801)—[Type: mellifera L. (= mellifica L.; Lmk.)];

Jrm. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 35 (V. 1801)—(Type: mellifera L.

(= mellifica L., Jrn.)]; Ltr. HN. Fourmis etc. 438 (1802): HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 371, 386—7 (1802): 14. 66-8 no. 423 sp. 1-5 (1804-5) :

Nouv. Dict. HN. 1. 2-50 (1803): 24. Tbl. Meth. 184, 199 no. 467

(1804)—Type: mellifera L. (= mellifica L., Ltr.)|; F. Syst. Piez.

xiv, 368-71, Ind. 1-3 no. 71 sp. 1-12 (1804); Pzr. Krit Rev. Ins.

Deutsch. 2. 106-7, 254-7 (1806) ; Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 242-4 no.

35 Pf. 4°35, 12°35 (1807); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 181-2 no. 574

(1809): Cons-Gn. Crust-Ins. 341, 439 no. 543 (1810).

III‘36. Tracuusa Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 36 Trachusa—Apis maculata, bicornis, fusca, rufa.

Apis cornigera Ross. fronticornis. (Taurus Fabr. inedit.)—

Panzer. aterrima Panzer.’’

TRACHUSA Jrn. (1801)

= STELIS Pzr. (1806).

Type: Apis aterrima Pzr. 61:15 (M. & D. 1915; [Pzr. 1806}).

TRACHUSA Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 36 (V. 1801)—

[1. manicata L. (= maculata F., Jrn.); 2. bicornis L. (= rufa L.,

Jrn. ; = cornigera Rossi, Jrn.; = fronticornis Pzr. [Taurus F. ined. |

Jrn.); 3. bicolor Schrk. (= fusca Chr., Jrn.); 4. aterrima Pzr.,

Jrn.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 86°14-15, 96°18-19 (1804): Krit. Rev.

Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 204, 209, 224, 227, 230, 239, 241, 246, 247, 265

(1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 247-53 no. 36 Pf. 4°36, 12°36

(1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 397 (1882).

STELIS Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 246-7 (1806)—[Type:

aterrima Pzr. 61°15]; Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 163-4 no. 554 (1807):

Cons-Gn. Crust-Ins. 335, 439 no. 521 (1810).

Of the seven names enumerated by Jurine in the

Erlangen List (1801) as exponents of the new genus Trachusa,

the first, maculata, denotes an Anthidium F.; the last,

aterruma, a Stelis Pzr.; and all the others are at present

included in Osmea Pzr. It will be observed that the only

species now generally assigned to Trachusa Jrn. (viz.

serratulae Pzr. 86:15) is not one of these seven original

exponents of the genus, although it is enumerated among

the species of T'rachusa in the Nouv. Méth. Hym. (1807).

This, therefore, cannot be accepted as the Type of Trachusa

Jrn. (1801). Neither is the species figured by Jurine in

publication of “ Jurinean”’? Genera of Hymenoptera. 427

the Méthode as representing Trachusa, (viz. cincta Jrn.,

Pf. 12°36—a Dioxys Lep.) one of the original types.

The real Type of Trachusa Jrn. (1801) can only be an

Anthidium F. (1804), an Osmia Pzr. (1806), or a Stelis Pzr.

(1806), and as T'rachusa antedates all these names one of

them must give place to it.

Osmia and Anthidium are both very long genera—

Ducke in 1900 monographed 266 Palaearctic species of

Osmia, and Friese, in 1898, 148 Palaearctic species of

Anthidium, whereas Friese only records 22 forms of Stelis

in 1895 (including varieties and synonyms). Clearly,

therefore, by far the least imconvenience will be caused

by retaining the names Anthidium and Osmia in their

present senses and sinking only the somewhat less familiar

Stelis Pzr. In justification of this method of meeting

the difficulty, we may add that Stelis is a parasitic

genus resembling in habits, and more or less in structure,

Dioxys, and that the figure by which Jurine elected to

represent his T'rachusa in the Nouvelle Méthode (Plate 12)

is the figure of a Dioxys. We do not contend that Jurine

had any idea of restricting the Type of Trachusa to the

parasitic forms included in it, but by choosing one of these

to supply his figure he shows at least that he regarded

them as not otherwise than typical.

Stelis, then, becoming a synonym of T'rachusa, its Type

aterrima Pzr. (the only Stelis included among the original

exponents of Jurine’s genus) becomes the Type of Trachusa

also.

The species maculata F. is a synonym of manicata L.

(cited by Latreille in 1810 as the Type of Anthidium F.) ;

bicormis, rufa, cornigera, and fronticornis are all different

names for one species, viz. bicorms L.; and fusca is a

synonym of Osmia bicolor Schrk. (bicornis L., F., was cited

by Latreille as the Type of Osmea Pzr., in 1810).

[§Taurus F. (ined.), associated with fronticornis Pzr.

in the Erlangen List, 1801, is homonymous with Taurus

Storr (1780) Mamm.|

Dipuysis Lep. (1841)

= *TRACHUSA (nec Jrn.) Auctt.

Type: Trachusa serratulae Pzr. 86°15 (= pyrenaica Lep.; Lep.

1841).

Dreuysis hep. HN. Ins. Hym. 2. 307-9 sp. 1 (1841)—Type:

serratulae Pzr. (= pyrenaica Lep.).

428 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

Panzer figured T'rachusa serratulae Pzr. in 1805 (Fn.

Ins. Germ. 86°15), and this species having been included

in that genus by Jurine, in 1807 (Nouv. Méth. Hym. 253)

has been generally regarded as the exponent of Trachusa

Jrn., but serratulae was not one of the species included in

1801 and cannot, therefore, be accepted as the Type, and

not being congeneric with aterrima Pzr. (the Type of

Trachusa) must be excluded from Jurine’s genus. Le-

peletier erected a new genus Diphysis in 1841 (HN. Ins.

Hym. 2. 307-9 sp. 1) for pyrenaica Lep., which appears

to be identical with serratulae Pzr., and the name Diphysis

Lep. having been adopted by Thomson, H. Miiller,

Pérez, etc., should take the place of *7’rachusa (nec Jrn.)

Auctt. with Type serratulae Pzr.

III°37. BREMus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

**Gen. 37 Bremus—Apes bombinatrices.’’

[i.e. Apis L. Bombinatrices L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10). 1. 578-9 sp. 29-

39 (1758)—terrestris L., etc.]

BREMUS Jrn. (1801)

= BomBos Ltr. (IV. 1802).

Type 1: Apis terrestris L. (M. & D. 1915—{ Ltr. 1802-10; Crt.

1835]).

BREMUS Jrn. (nn.) = APIS L. ‘‘ Bombinatrices”’ L. Syst. Nat. (ed.

10) 1. 578-9 sp. 29-39 (1758)—[eleven species including terrestris

L.].. BREMUs Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 37 (30. V. 1801); Pzr.

Fn. Ins. Germ. 85°19—21, 86°17-18, 89°16-17 (1801): 90°16—17, 94°12

(1804): Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 216, 257 (1806); Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 257-62 [no. 37] Pf. 4°37, 12°37 (1807); F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 397 (1882). Bomsus Ltr. HN. Fourmis

etc. 437 (IV. 1802)—_{Type: terrestris L.]: HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 371,

385 (1802): 14. 63-6 no: 422 sp. 1-9 (1804-5) : Nouv. Dict. HN. 24.

Thl. Méth. 184, 199 no. 466 (1804)—[Type: terrestris L.]; F. Syst.

Piez. pp. xiv, 342-53, no. 67 sp. 1-56, Ind. 5 (1804); Pzr. Krit.

Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 257-63 (1806): Fn. Ins. Germ. 99°17 (1809) ;

Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 180-1 no. 573 (1809): Cons-Gn. Crust-Ins.

341, 439 no. 542 (1810)—[Type: terrestris L.]; Crt-Br. Ent. 12.

expl. Pl. 564 (1835)—[Type: terrestris L.]

Type 2: Apis musecorum L. (Wstwd. 1840).

Bomesus (Ltr.) Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 86 (1840)—[Type:

muscorum L.].

Bremus Jrn. is a new name, proposed in 1801 for a

section of Apis, first indicated by Linné in 1758 as Bombi-

natrices hirsutissimae—this same group was named by

publication of “ Jurinean” Genera of Hymenoptera. 429

Latreille Bombus, in 1802 (HN. Fourmis etc.), but Jurine’s

name antedating that of Latreille the latter sinks as a

synonym. The Type of Bombus Ltr., designated by

Latreille in 1802-10, was terrestris L., F., and this species

should be taken also as the Type of Bremus Jrn. Bremus

(= Bombus) included parasitic as well as industrious

species; the former were removed into a separate genus

Psithyrus by Lepeletier—these therefore are no longer to

be reckoned under Bremus. Panzer figured eight species

in 1805 under the name Bremus and one in 1809 under

Bombus—these, with the exception of aestivalis Pzr., are

all industrious.

T1138. Muritya (L.) Jrn, Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

Gen. 38 Mutilla—Mutilla.’’

[i.e. MUTILLA L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 582-3 no. 219 sp.

1-8 (1758)—occidentalis L., europaea L., etc.]

MUTILLA L. (1758)

= {MOUTELLA L, (1758).

Type 1: Mutilla occidentalis L. (Blmbch. 1779).

MUTILLA L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. (}MU7TELLA) 343, ([MUTILLA)

582-3 no. 219 sp. 1-8 (1758)—{eight species including 1. occidentalis

L., 4. europaea L., 7. acarorum L.]: Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [43], 427-8

sp. 1727-9 (1761): Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 539, 966-8 no.

250 sp. 1-10 (1767); F. Syst. Ent. [26], 396-8 no. 123 sp. 1-12

(1775); Miller Zool. Dan. Prod. An. 166 no. 1938 (1776)—[acarorum

L.]: Blmbch. HB. Naturges. 1. 386 no. 62 sp. 1 (1779)—{Type:

occidentalis L.]; Ltr. Jr. HN. 2. 98-101 (1792); F. Ent. Syst. 2.

pp. v, 366-72 no. 163 sp. 1-28 (1793): Sppl. 281-2 (1798); Ltr.

Préc. Car. Ins. 118-20 no. 20 (1796); F. Syst. Piez. pp. xi, 428-39

no. 83 sp. 1-51, Ind. 19-20 (1804).

Type 2: Mutilla europaea L. (Lmk. 1801, Ltr. 1810, Crt.,

Wstwd.).

MUTILLA L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 582-3 no. 219 sp. 1-8

(1758)—[europaea L., etc.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 46°18—20 (1797) :

55°24 (1798): 62°19-20 (1799): 76°20, 80°22 (1800): 83°20 (1801):

97°20, 106°21 (1809); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 268 no. 125 (I.

1801)—[Type: europaea L., F.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 38

(V. 1801); Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 351 (1802): 13. 262-6 no. 370

sp. 1-6 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 15. 297-8 (1803): 24. Tbl.

Méth. 179 no. 414 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 211-13

(1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 263-8 no. 38 Pf. 5°38, 12°38, 13°7

(1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392 (1882); Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 120-1 no. 524 (1809): Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 314,

437 no. 450 (1810)—{Type: europaea L.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 2. expl.

Pl. 77 (1825)—(Type: europaea L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins, 83

(1840)—[Type: europaea L.].

430 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

The genus Mutilla, which originated with Linné in

1758, contained eight species including occidentalis L.,

europaea L., and acarorum L.

In 1779 Blumenbach cited occidentalis L. as the typical

exponent of Mutilla, while Lamarck (1801) designated

europaea L. as the Type, and was followed by Latreille

(1802-10), Curtis (1825) and Westwood (1840).

It should be noted that Miiller [Zool. Dansk. Prod. An.

166 no. 1938 (1776)], in a merely local list of a limited

fauna, mentions one species only as a Mutilla, viz. acarorum

L., but this, even if 1t were the citation of a Type, could

not be maintained, for acarorum (a Pezomachus) was only

doubtfully included in Mutilla by Linné: (“ Haec differt

a reliquis quod glabra nec tomentosa sit, & videtur potius

Sphex aptera esse ”’).

T1139. Formica (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 39 Formica—Formica.”’

[i.e. Formica L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 579-82 no. 218 sp.

1-17 (1758)—rufa L., fusca L. ete.]

FORMICA L. (1758)

Type 1: Formica rufa L. (Lmk. 1801; Crt. 1839).

Formica L. [Fn. Suec. (ed. 1) 305-6 sp. 1019-23 (1746) MN.]:

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 579-82 no. 218 sp. 1-17 (1758)—{seven-

teen species including 2 rufa L., 3 fusca L.|: Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [43],

426-7 sp. 1720-6 (1761): Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 589 no. 249, 966-8

no. 250 sp. 1-10 (1767); F. Syst. Ent. [26], 391-6 no. 122 sp. 1-27

(1775); Blmbch. HB. Naturges. 1. 385-6 no. 61 sp. 1-5 (1779)—

[rufa L., etc.]: F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 349-65 no. 161 sp. 1-60

(1793): Sppl. 279-81 (1798); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 120-1 no. 22

(1796): Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 541-2 (1798): Lmk. Syst. An. sans

Vert. 268 no. 124 (I. 1801)—[Type: rufa L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg.

1. 164 no. 39 (V. 1801); Ltr. HN. Fourmis etc. 88-296 (IV. 1802):

HN. Crust-Ins. 8. 353-7 (1802): 13. 254-6 no. 362 sp. 1-8 (1804-5):

Nouv. Dict. HN. 9. 20-37 (1803): 24. Tbl. Méth. 178 no. 406

(1804): F. Syst. Piez. pp. xi, 395-414 no. 77 sp. 1-75, Ind. 12-14

(1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 11, 214-6 (1806); Jrn.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 269-73 no. 39 Pf. 5°39, 12°39 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-

Ins. 4. 125-6 no. 528 (1809): Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 311, 437 no. 441

(1810)—[herculanea L., rufa L.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 16. expl. Pl. 752

(1839)—{Type: rufa L.].

Type 2: Formica fusea L. (Wstwd. 1840).

Formica (L.) Wstwd, Syn, Gn. Br. Ins. 83 (1840)—[Type:

fusea L.].

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 431

I1I-40. Cynrps (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 40 Cynips—Cynips. Ophion cultellator.’’

[i.e. CyNIPS L, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343, 553-5 no. 213 sp.

1-14 (1758)—quercus-folii L., etc.]

CYNIPS L. (1758)

Type 1: Cynips quereus-folii L. (Lmk. 1801 ; Wstwd. 1840).

Cynips L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 343 no. 212, 553-5 no. 213

sp. 1-14 (1758)—|fourteen species including 1. rosae L., 5. quereus-

folii L., 13. psenes L.]: Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [40-1], 385-88 sp. 1518-32

(1761): Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 539, 917-20 no. 241 sp. 1-19

(1767): F. Syst. Ent. [25], 315-7 no. 104 sp. 1-15 (1775) ; Blmbch.

HB. Naturges. 1.377 no. 53 sp. 1-3 (1779)—{quereus-folii L., etc.];

F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. iv, 100-4 no. 137 sp. 1-22 (1793): Sppl. 213-4

(1798); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 108-9 no. 6 (1796); Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 51°] (1798): 749, 79°7 (1800): 87°16, 88°10-13, 95°12

(1804); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 266 no. 121 (I. 1801)—[{Type:

quercus-folii L., F.]; F. Syst. Piez. pp. vii, 143-8 no. 20 sp. 1-23,

Ind. 10-11 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 92-3 (1806); Jrn.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 284-6 no. 40 Pf. 5°40, 12°40 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 391 (1882); Wstwd. Syn. Gn.

Br. Ins. 56 (1840)—[Type: quereus-folii L.}.

Type 2: Ichneumon bedeguaris L. (Ltr. 1810).

CyNIPS (L.) Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 312-4 (1802): 13. 221-5 no.

349 (1804-5): Ltr. Nouv. Dict. HN. 5. 480-5 (1803): 24. Tb]. Méth.

175-6 no. 394 (1804): Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 28 no. 454 (1809): Cons-

Gen. Crust-Ins. 303-4, 436 no. 415 (1810)—[Type: bedeguaris

le, Fs]

Type 3: Cynips quereus-radicis I’. (Crt. 1838).

*CYNIPS (L.) Crt. Br. Ent. 15. expl. Pl. 688 (1838)—{quereus-

radicis F. is cited as Type; but this was not one of the species

included in the genus by Linné. ]

[nec *CyNIPS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 40 (I. 1801)—leu-

cospoides Hochenw. 1785 (= cultellator ¥., 1793, Jrn.). (IBALIA

Ltr. 1802 (= SAGARIS Pzr. 1806).

Jurine, Erlangen List (1801) does not affect the genus

Cynips L., for “ cultellator’? was not included in the

genus by Linné.

IIl-41. CHELONUS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 41 Chelonus—Ichneumon oculator.’’

CHELONUS Jrn. (1801)

Type 1: Iehneumon oculator F. (Jrn. 1801 ; Crt. 1837).

CHELONUsS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 41 (30. V. 1801)—

432 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

[Type: oculator F.]; Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 88°14 (1804)—[oculator

F.; dentatus Pzr.]: Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 10, 99-100 (1806) ;

Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 289-91 no. 41 Pf. 5°41, 12°41 (1807); F-G.

K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392 (1882); Crt. Br. Ent. 14.

expl. Pl. 672 (1837)—[Type: oculator F.]; Vrk. Bull. US. Nat.

Mus. 838. 31, 171, 177 (1914)—[Type: oculator F.].

Type 2: Cynips inanita L. (Wstwd. 1840).

*CHELONUS (Jrn.) Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 63 (1840)—[Type:

inanita L.—this species was not included in the genus by Jurine].

Viereck accredits this genus to Panzer (Krit. Rev.

1806), and the designation of its Type to Curtis, but

it now appears that Chelonus was first published by

Jurine as a “monobasic” genus with Type oculator F. in

the Erlangen List (1801).

111-42. Curysts (L.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

**Gen. 42 Chrysis—Chrysis. Ichneumon auratus, semiauratus.’’

[i.e. CHRYSIS L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [42], 414-5 sp. 1665-9 (1761)—

1. ignita L., 2. aurata L., ete.]

CHRYSIS L. (1761)

Type: Sphex ignita L. (Blmbch. 1779 ; Lmk. 1801 ; Ltr. 1802-10,

etc.).

CHRrysiIs L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) [42], 414-5 sp. 1665-9 (1761)—{five

species including ignita L.]: Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2). 539, 947-8

no. 246 sp. 1-7 (1767); F. Syst. Ent. [25], 357-9 no. 112 sp. 1-15

(1775); Blmbch. HB. Naturges. 1. 380 no. 58 sp. 1 (1779)—{Type:

ignita L.]; F. Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 238-43 no. 147 sp. 1-22 (1793):

Sppl. 257-8 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 5°22 (1793): 51°5-12

(1798): 77°15-16, 79°15-16 (1800): 107°11-12 (1809); Ltr. Préc.

Car. Ins. 126-7 no. 28 (1796); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 270 no.

129 (I. 1801)—{Type: ignita L., F.]; Ltr. HN. Crust-Ins. 3. 317

(1802)—[Type: ignita L.]: 13. 237-9 no. 360 sp. 1-7 (1804-5):

Nouv. Dict. HN. 5. 441-2 (1803): 24 Tbl. Méth. 177 no. 405

(1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. x, 170-6 no. 26 sp. 1-33, Ind. 7-8

(1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 100-3 (1806); Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 292-7 no. 42 Pf. 5°42, 12°42 (1807); F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 397 (1882); Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 50

no. 479 (1809): Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 310, 437 no. 439 (1810)—

[Type: ignita L., F.]; Crt. Br. Ent. 1. expl. Pl. 8 (1824)—[Type:

ignita L.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 79 (1840).

[nec *CuRYSIS Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 42 (V. 1801)—

auratus L. (OmaLus Pzr.); semiauratus L. (CLEPTES Ltr.)].

Neither aurata L., nor semiaurata L., (named as repre-

sentations of Chrysis L. by Jurine in the Erlangen List)

belong to that genus as now defined; the first is an Omalus

publication of “ Jurinean”’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 433

Pzr. (= Hlampus Spin.) and the second a Cleptes Ltr.

The Type of Chrysis L. is ignita L. as designated by

Blumenbach (1779), Lamarck (1801), Latreille (1802-10),

Curtis (1824) and Westwood (1840).

111-43. Omatus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164.

“Gen. 43 Omalus.’’—[No types—a mere logonym. ]

OMALUS Pzr. (1804)

= OMALUS Jrn. (V. 1801) LN.; = HLAMPUS Spin. (1806);

+ELLAMPUS Agassiz, Mocs.

Type: Omalus aeneus Pzr. (Pzr. 1804).

OMALUS Pzr. [Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 43 (V. 1801) DN.];

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 85°13 (1804)—[Type: aeneus Pzr.]: 97:17

(1806)—[aeneus Pzr. ¢ 85°13 (= nitidus Pzr. 9 97°17)|: Krit.

Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 95, 103 (1806). CHrysis L. (4. HLAMPUS

Spin.) Spin. Ins. Lig. 1. 10-11 (1806)—[aurata L., aenea Pzr., etc.].

ELLAMPUS Mocs. Mon. Chrysid. 63-113 no. 5. sp. 31-98 (1889).

ELLAMPUS Spin. (3. ELLAMPUS Mocs.) Moes. Mon. Chrysid. 82-107

sp. 59-92 (1889)—[71 aurata L., 76 aenea Pzr.—The latter should

be taken as Type].

[nec *OMALUS Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 300-1 no. 43 Pf. 5°43,

13°43 (1807)—cenopterus Pzr. (Psitus Jrn.) vide no. 63. p. 436].

Omalus in the Erlangen List (1801) is a mere logonym,

but Panzer, in 1804 (Fn. Ins. Germ. 85°13) gave it status

in nomenclature by associating it with a definite species

Omalus aeneus Pzr. (a Chrysid), and in 1806 (Fn. Ins.

Germ. 97:27) added nitedus Pzr., which is identified as the

In Nouv. Méth. Hym., Jurine characterised his genus,

which was evidently that intended by the mere word

‘“Omalus” of the Erlangen List, figuring a species under

the name fuscicornis Jrn., and mentioning other species,

two of which had been figured and described by Panzer

as hemipterus F. (77:14) and cenopterus Pzr. (81°14).

Omalus Pzr. (nec Jrn.) has been sunk by all recent

authors (Mocsary, R. du Buysson, etc.) as a synonym of

Elampus (or Ellampus) Spinola, but it would seem that

Omalus Pzr., though based on an error of identification

was, notwithstanding, potentially a valid name, and,

being older by a year than Hlampus, obtained priority.

434 Rev. F. D. Morice and J. H. Durrant on the

T1144. CreraPHRON Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165.

“Gen. 44 Ceraphron.’’—| No types—a mere logonym. |

CERAPHRON Pzr. (1805)

= CERAPHRON Jrn. (V. 1801) DN.

Type: Ceraphron formiecarius Pzr. (Pzr. 1805).

CERAPHRON Pzr. [Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 44 (V. 1801)

IN|; Pazar. Fn. Ins. Germ. 97°16 (1805)—(|Type: formicarius Pzr.]:

Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 135 (1806).

Edward Saunders (Index to Panzer’s Fauna Insectorum

Germaniae, p. [2]) gives the date of Pzr. “ XCVI” as 1805,

and ‘“‘ XCVIL” as 1809, but since formicarius Pzr. 97°16 is

quoted by Panzer in Krit. Rev. (1806) this plate should be

assumed to have been published in 1805 unless actual

evidence to the contrary can be produced. [Heft 96 was

published in 1804, before October—teste C. D. Sherborn. |*

[nec *CERAPHRON Jrn. [Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 44 (V. 1801)

IN|: Nouv. Méth. Hym. 303-4 no. 44 Pf. 5°44, 13°44, 14-9 (1807)—

[1. frontale Ltr. (= cornutus Jrn.); 2. suleatus Jrn.]; F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392 (1882)—{ frontale Ltr. 3 (= cornutus

Jrn.]; Spinola Ins. Lig. 2 (3). 168 no. 12 sp. 1 (1806)—[Type: sul-

eatus Jrn.|; Ltr. Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 35-6 (1809)—|[Type: suleatus

Jrn.|]: Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 306, 486 no. 427 (1810); Crt. Br. Ent.

6. expl. Pl. 249 (1829)—Type: suleatus Jrn.]; Wstwd. Syn. Gn.

Br. Ins. 77 (1840)—[Type: suleatus Jrn. (MEGASPILUS. Wstwd.)].

Ceraphron Jrn. of the Erlangen List (1801) was a mere

word without description or exponents. In 1805, Panzer

associated formicarius Pzr. with Ceraphron which thus

obtained a status in nomenclature, and when Jurine in

1807 (Nouv. Méth. Hym.) published his description of

Ceraphron with exponents, Ceraphron Pzr. had already

obtained a year’s priority in association with a different

species.

11145. Levcopsis (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165.

“Gen. 45 Leucopsis—Leucopsis.’’

[t.e. LEucosPIs F. Syst. Ent. [25], 361 no. 114 sp. 1 (1775)—

Type: dorsigera F. |

LEUCOSPIS F. (1775)

= tLEUCOPSIS F., Lmk., Jrn.

Type: Leucospis dorsigera F. (F. 1775).

LEUCosPIs F. Syst. Ent. [25], 361 no. 114 sp. 1 (1775)—[Type:

dorsigera F.]: Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v, 245-7 no. 149 sp. 1-3 (1793):

* Mr. Sherborn has very kindly allowed us to collate his notes

with our own.

publication of “ Jurinean’’ Genera of Hymenoptera. 435

Sppl. 259 (1798): Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 15°17 (1794): 58°15 (1798) :

84°17-18 (1801); Ltr. Préc. Car. Ins. 109-10 no. 7 (1796).

LrvcopPsis Lmk, Syst. An. sans Vert. 267 no. 122 (I. 1801): Jrn.

Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 45 (V. 1801). Lerucospis Ltr. HN. Crust-

Ins. 3. 311 (1802): 13. 218-9 no. 347 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN.

13. 111-12 (1803): 24. Tbl. Méth. 175 no. 392 (1804). DEUCOPSIS

F. Syst. Piez. p. x no. 25 (1804). Lrucospis F. Syst. Piez. 168-70

no. 25 sp. 1-6, Ind. 18 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 100

(1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 305-7 no. 45, [LzucopPstis] Pf.

5°45, 13°45 (1806); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392

(1882); Ltr. Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 303, 436 no. 412 (1810).

“ Leucopsis”’ of the Erlangen List is probably a mere

error, but this spelling also occurs on the Plates of the

Nouv. Méth. (not in the text), in Lamarck’s Syst. An. sans

Vert. (1801) and on p. x of Fabricius’ Syst. Piez. (1804),

but in Ent. Syst. 2 (the work cited by Jurine) the spelling

is Leucospis.

II1’46. Coprus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165.

“Gen. 46 Codrus.’’—[No types—a mere logonym. ]

CODRUS Pzr. (1801)

= CopRUS Jrn. (V. 1801) LN.

Type: Codrus niger Pzr. (Pzr. 1801).

CopRUs Pzr. [Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 46 (V. 1801) ZN.];

Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 85°9 (VII. 1801)—[Type: niger Pzr.]; Jm.

Nouv. Méth. Hym. 308-9 no. 46 Pf. 5°46, 13°46 (1806)—[niger Pzr.

and two other species].

Codrus was first published in the Erlangen List (30. V.

1801), but being without description or associated species

must be attributed to Panzer, who gave as an exponent

niger Pzr., later in the same year (VII. 1801). Jurine

described the genus in 1807 including two other species

with niger Pzr.

I11°47. Cuators (F.) Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165.

“Gen. 47 Chaleis—Chaleis. Cynips armata Panzer. pluresque

Ichneum. minuti.’’

[v.e. CHALCIS F. Mant. Ins. 1. pp. xv, 272-3 no. 116 sp. 1-7

(1787)—-sispes L., etc.]

CHALCIS F. (1787)

= SMIERA (Spin.) Crt.

Type: Sphex sispes L., I’. (Lmk. 1801, Ltr. 1802).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) FF

436 Morice and Durrant on “ Jurinean” Hymenoptera.

CHALCIS F. Mant. Ins. 1. pp. xv no. 115, 272-3 no. 116 sp. 1-7

[1787)—{1. sispes L., and six other species]: Ent. Syst. 2. pp. v,

194-8 no. 142 sp. 1-11 (1793): Sppl. 242-3 (1798); Pzr. Fn. Ins.

Germ. 32°6 (1796): 76°14, 77°11, 78:15-16, 84°16 (1801): 88°15

(1804); Lmk. Syst. An. sans Vert. 266 no. 120 (I. 1801)—[Type:

sispes L.]; Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 47 (V. 1801); Ltr. HN.

Crust-Ins. 3. 311-12 (1802)—[Type: sispes L., F.]: 13. 219-21 no.

348 sp. 1-6 (1804-5): Nouv. Dict. HN. 4. 572-3 (1803): 24. Tbl.

Méth. 175 no. 393 (1804); F. Syst. Piez. pp. x, 159-67 no. 24 sp.

1-33, Ind. 7 (1804); Pzr. Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 92, 93, 95,

97-9 (1806); Jrn. Nouv. Méth. Hym. 312-16 no. 47 Pf. 5°47, 13°47

(1807); F-G. K. & K. MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392 (1882); Ltr.

Gn. Crust-Ins. 4. 25-7 no. 452 (1809): Cons-Gen. Crust-Ins. 303,

436 no. 413 (1810). SmZe£RA (Spin.) Crt. Br. Ent. 10. expl. Pl. 472

(1833). CHALCIS Wstwd. Syn Gn. Br. Ins. 65 (1840).

III-48. Psttus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165.

“Gen. 48 Psilus—Tiphia cenoptera Panzer.’’

PSILUS Jrn. (1801)

= *OMALUS Jrn. (1801 LN.; 1807); = *BETHYLUS [nec Ltr.]

Wstwd.

Type: Tiphia cenoptera Pzr. (Jin. 1801).

PsiLus Jrn. Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 165 no. 48 (30. V. 1801)—|Type:

cenoptera Pzr.|. *OmALUS Jrn. [Erl. Litt-Ztg. 1. 164 no. 43 (30.

V. 1801) DN.]: Nouv. Méth. Hym. 300-1 no. 43 Pf. 5°43, 13:43

(1807)—[eenoptera Pzr., and two other species]; F-G. K. & K.

MT. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6. 392 (1882). *BeTHYLUS (nec Ltr.)

Wstwd. Syn. Gn. Br. Ins. 76 (1840)—[Type: ecenoptera Pzr.].

[nec *PSILUS Pzr. Fn. Ins. Germ. 83°11 (1801)—[cornutus Pzr.]:

Krit. Rev. Ins. Deutsch. 2. 93 (1806)—[cornutus Pzr.]; Jrn. Nouv.

Méth. Hym. 317-19 no. 48 Pf. 5°48, 13°48 (1807)—{cornutus Pzr.,

and three other species]—cornutus Pzr. (SPARASION Ltr.)].

Psilus of the Erlangen List (1801) had as Type Trphia

cenoptera Pzr., which was referred to the genus Ceraphron

(Jrn.) Pzr., by Panzer in 1806, while the Pszlus of Panzer

(1801) included only a single species Psilus cornutus Pzr.

(tcornatus Pzr.) now placed in the genus Sparasion Ltr.

Westwood, in 1840, cited Tvphia cenoptera Pzr. as the

Type of Bethylus Ltr., but Bethylus Ltr. (1802) was a

monotypical genus founded on Tiphia hemiptera F.

(487 5h

XIII. New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E.

Brazil. By HK. Duxtyrie tp Jonss, F.E.S., ¥.Z.8.

Part II.

[Read March 18th, 1914.]

Fam. NOCTUIDAE.

Subfam. HADENINAE.

Eriopyga lycophotia, sp. n.

2. Palpi light brown with some darker scales at sides; pectus

and legs dark brown; antennae brown; head and thorax brown

mixed with ochreous; abdomen light brown, darker beneath.

Fore-wings light brown suffused with dark brown; antemedial line

dark brown, straight from costa to median nervure, excurved below

median to inner margin, preceded by dark shade; postmedial line

oblique from costa to discal fold, then bent inwards to near middle

of inner margin, forming a rather rounded right angle on the fold;

an indistinct broken subterminal line; orbicular and reniform

small, indistinctly defined by dark brown; cilia light brown.

Hind-wings ochreous, costa and margins broadly suffused with

brown. Underside of fore-wings; the cell clothed with long silky

hairs lying evenly outwards.

Expanse 36 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parand.

Eriopyga suffusa, sp. n.

Q. Palpi light and dark brown mixed; frons, head, tegulae,

thorax and patagia pinkish brown, the scales tipped with ochreous

white; abdomen brown, dorsally suffused with fuscous. Fore-

wings pinkish brown; a diffused dark spot at base of cell; ante-

medial line indicated on costa, median nervure and vein 1; a very

faint double reddish brown bar below orbicular from cell to vein 1;

a diffused reddish brown medial shade, excurved in cell; a diffused

reddish brown postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 4, then

slightly incurved to inner margin, followed by lighter shade and

indistinct fuscous dots on veins; a diffused lighter subterminal

line, almost straight; the terminal area suffused with reddish brown ;

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.)

438 Mr. HE. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

cilia reddish brown; costa and inner margin light brown; orbicular

and reniform rather large, reddish brown, defined by fuscous

followed by whitish. Hind-wings white, the veins light brown;

costal and apical areas broadly and termen narrowly suffused with

light brown and irrorated with dark brown.

Expanse 32 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parané.

Eriopyga wgmita, sp. n.

g. Palpi inwardly light brown, outwardly purple brown; frons,

head, tegulae, antennae and thorax deep purple brown; abdomen

brown, dorsally suffused with fuscous, the anal tuft lighter, beneath

purplish brown. Fore-wings fiery red; an indistinct dark sub-basal

line excurved below costa, angled inwards on base of cell and out-

wards below cell, followed by a yellow spot on costa and by large

yellow space irrorated with red on submedian area, extending nearly

to medial dark shade; antemedial line dark, interrupted on costal

area, excurved in cell, angled inwards on median nervure, excurved

below across yellow space, angled inwards on vein 1 and strongly

excurved to inner margin; a yellow spot before antemedial on

costa; a diffused dark purple brown medial shade merging into

dark area of cell and beyond cell to postmedial line; postmedial

line strongly dentate, the outward points ending in dark dots on

the veins, followed by yellow spot on costa; an almost straight

very slightly excurved subterminal line followed by lighter shade of

fiery red, the veins across it dark purple brown; a terminal series

of dark lunular spots between the veins; cilia dark brown; four

yellow streaks on costa before apex; orbicular yellow with red scales

in centre; reniform yellow, silvery white at lower end, crossed by

red discocellular, upper end not so distinctly white and crossed by

red bar. Hind-wings dark fuscous brown.

Expanse 24 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Eriopyga paulista, sp. n.

3g. Palpi inwardly rufous, outwardly brown; legs brown, the

hairs rufous; frons, head, tegulae and thorax rufous; abdomen

brown tinged with rufous near extremity; anal tuft ochreous tinged

with rufous. Fore-wings purplish brown: subbasal line purplish

grey followed by indistinct dark shade, strongly excurved at base

of cell; antemedial line purplish grey slightly defined on both sides

by dark lines, nearly straight from costa to vein 1 where it is bent

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 439

inwards to inner margin; postmedial line oblique from costa to

vein 8, then slightly and evenly excurved to inner margin; a wavy

subterminal line slightly angled inwards on vein 8, excurved from

8 to 5, slightly angled inwards on vein 5, excurved to 2, then bent

outwards to inner margin; a wavy terminal line with dark spots

between the veins; terminal area light reddish brown; cilia rufous;

orbicular and reniform very large, well defined by ochreous, the

former oblique, oval, extending well below the cell, a light shade in

centre, rufous towards the edges and a dark shade within the

ochreous ring; reniform excavated on outer side, extending well

below end of cell and including discocellulars; a light shade on

discocellulars. Hind-wings dark brown; cilia rufous.

Expanse 48 mm.

Hab. Autro DA SERRA, Santos.

Subfam, ACRONYCTINAE.

Speocropia mamestroides, sp. n.

9%. Rufous brown; the scales on head and body tipped with

grey; some scattered black scales on tegulae; metathoracic crest

purplish brown; abdomen light reddish brown. Fore-wings rufous

irrorated with purple-brown, the veins dark purple-brown, the lines

rather obscure; an indistinct dark subbasal line; antemedial line

double, more clearly defined on submedian fold, where it is strongly

angled outwards, preceded by dark suffusion on inner margin; a

narrow diffused medial shade; postmedial line wavy, diffused,

dentate, oblique from costa to vein 7, where it is strongly excurved ;

subterminal line dentate, followed by lighter shade; terminal area

dark; termen crenulate, dark purple-brown; cilia purple-brown

with whitish line at base, pale rufous at tornus; orbicular oval

defined by dark purple-brown; reniform rather obscure, some

ochreous scales beyond it. Hind-wings ochreous white suffused

with rufous brown; a large diffused discocellular spot; a narrow

diffused wavy postmedial and broad diffused terminal band ; termen

dark; cilia ochreous white.

Expanse 44 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Theringia, gen. nov.

Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching

to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd long, porrect ;

frons smooth; eyes large, round; antennae of ¢ ciliated; thorax

440 Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

clothed with scales, without crests; tibiae clothed with scales;

abdomen without crests. Fore-wings with the apex slightly acute ;

termen very slightly excavated on discal fold, then excurved to

tornus; costa slightly excurved at base, then straight to close to

apex; vein 3 from well before angle of cell; 5 well above angle;

6 from upper angle; 7 from end of areole; 8 and 9 stalked from end

of areole; 10 from areole; 11 from cell. Hind-wings with veins 3

and 4 from angle of cell; 6 and 7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing

with cell at base only.

Type I. santista, sp. n.

I have named this genus after Dr. von Ihering, Curator

of the National Museum at Sao Paulo, through whose

kindness and courtesy I was enabled to make a fine collec-

tion at the Biological Station at Alto da Serra, Santos.

Theringia santista, sp. n.

g. Palpi light brown mixed with white, a few black scales at

sides, ends of joints white; tibiae light brown mixed with white ;

frons ochreous white with scattered black scales; antennae brown,

grey on upper side at base; tegulae pale olive green ochreous and

white, a black outward spot at base; thorax ochreous white;

abdomen ochreous brown above, lighter beneath with three narrow

black ventral lines and double ill-defined sublateral lines. Fore-

wings ochreous white suffused with pale reddish brown and pale

olive green; costa pale olive green with some white streaks near

apex and a large subbasal black spot crossed by oblique brown line

and followed by whitish; antemedial line black, strongly waved,

oblique at costa, strongly angled outwards in cell, on vein 2 and on

submedian fold, then incurved to inner margin near base; post-

medial line black, dentate, the outward points on the veins, pre-

ceded and followed by white on the veins; a diffused dark medial

shade, oblique at costa, strongly excurved at end of cell and in-

curved to middle of inner margin; an indistinct wavy subterminal

line preceded by black patches above veins 3 and 5, the space beyond

white irrorated with pale olive green; termen black; cilia pale

reddish brown with darker centre line; orbicular and reniform pale

olive green defined by dull orange, the latter confluent with a

similar spot below the cell; a discocellular pale olive green mark

irrorated with orange and slightly defined by black; some orange

irroration beyond the cell; a reddish brown subcostal mark on

inner area and a diffused short fascia in lower half of cell, two longer

ones below the cell separated by double fine lines which run from

subbasal to antemedial line. Hind-wings pale reddish brown

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 44]

outwardly suffused with dark brown; cilia light reddish brown with

whitish tips.

Expanse 35 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Chytonix variegata, sp. n.

6. Palpi light brown with some fuscous at sides; pectus and

coxae dark reddish brown; legs fuscous and light brown; mid-

tibiae light brown with broad fuscous band at distal end; tarsi

ringed with light brown; frons ochreous tinged with reddish brown,

a few scattered darker scales; back of head dark purplish brown;

tegulae olive green with broad fuscous band; patagia pale reddish

brown mixed with darker scales, base olive green; thorax pale

reddish brown, metathoracic crest tipped with purplish brown;

abdomen pale reddish brown suffused with fuscous. Fore-wings :

three obscure dark basal spots above, in and below cell; an in-

distinct wavy dark geminate subbasal line well defined on costa;

a wavy dark geminate antemedial line strongly excurved, preceded

by dark shades on costa and inner margin; a medial dark shade;

a fine black postmedial line, clearly defined and preceded by bluish

grey, from vein 8 to vein 2 and followed by incurved lunular dark

olive mark inwardly rufous and outwardly light olive green; a

terminal series of lunular spots between the veins; a large dark

purple brown spot on vein 3 enclosing clear white spot; a dark

apical shade confluent with the olivaceous lunular mark; costa

olive green from base to postmedial line; short fuscous streaks on

extreme costa; diffused olive green fasciae above veins 1 and 2,

the former from before antemedial to postmedial, the latter from

antemedial to the dark spot on vein 3; orbicular and reniform small,

tawny; lower half of cell on medial area buff, upper half suffused

with bluish grey; a dark discocellular bar outwardly tawny; cilia

reddish brown with dark central line, fuscous at apex and between

veins 2 and 4. Hind-wings brown broadly suffused with darker

brown on terminal area.

Expanse 24 mm.

Hab. AuTo DA SERRA, Santos.

Selambina cuprea, sp. n.

Q. Palpi, head, legs, antennae and body cupreous brown. Fore-

wings cupreous brown; antemedial line dark, sinuous, excurved

above cell, incurved in cell, excurved below cell and slightly incurved

to inner margin; postmedial line dark, broad and diffused, excurved

442 Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

from costa to vein 5, incurved from 5 to near middle of inner margin,

followed by lighter shade to subterminal line; subterminal line

dentate, the outward points ending in black dots on the veins,

followed by whitish ; termen dark, interrupted at veins by yellowish

brown spots; orbicular represented by black point surrounded by

whitish; a pure white sickle-shaped mark on discocellulars; some

white irroration below costa near apex and four yellowish points

on costa; cilia dark cupreous brown. Hind-wings ochreous out-

wardly suffused with cupreous brown. Underside of fore-wings

a black lunular discocellular spot and dentate subterminal line

followed by dark triangular spot on costa; hind-wings black disco-

cellular spot and indistinct postmedial and subterminal lines.

Expanse 31 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Gonodes pallida, sp. n.

6. Palpi light brown, some darker scales at sides; pectus ochreous

white; legs brown; fore coxae whitish with scattered dark scales;

frons ochreous mixed with brown; head, tegulae, patagia and

thorax ochreous white with a few scattered dark brown and black

scales; antennae reddish brown; abdomen ochreous slightly

suffused with light brown. Fore-wings ochreous white slightly

irrorated with fuscous; a faint indication of antemedial line ex-

curved below cell; an oblique light line from costa above middle

of cell through lower angle of cell and below vein 4 to termen; a

dark fuscous triangular patch in upper angle of cell, continued to

costa, the whole patch being surrounded by whitish excepting on

costa; a postmedial line strongly excurved beyond upper angle of

cell and faintly indicated on lower half of wing; subterminal line

indistinct; termen brown; cilia ochreous white; a light brown

space beyond postmedial to termen and to costa just before apex;

costal area between dark fuscous patch and postmedial line grey;

the light portions of wing with slight lilacine reflexion. Hind-wings

white suffused with brown at termen and on discal fold; indications

of postmedial band near inner margin; a diffused discocellular

spot; costai area iridescent.

Expanse 26 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Gonodes lilla, sp. n.

3. Palpi ochreous, some dark brown scales at sides; pectus

ochreous white; coxae ochreous white with brown bar; fore

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 443

femora brown tinged with pink; mid- and hind-tibiae ochreous

irrorated with light brown, a large dark patch at extremity; frons

ochreous with scattered brown scales; vertex of head, tegulae,

patagia and thorax ochreous and light brown tinged with pink;

metathoracic crest tipped with dark reddish brown; abdomen

ochreous brown, anal tuft lighter. Fore-wings greyish brown with

slight lilacine reflexion; subbasal line wavy, black, geminate, en-

closing lilacine; antemedial line diffused black; a diffused dark

medial shade; postmedial line pale, preceded by interrupted black

line and followed by indistinct dark line clearly marked by minute

spots on veins 1 and 2, oblique from costa to subcostal nervure,

strongly excurved beyond cell, incurved to inner margin; a sub-

terminal line of black spots, large on submedian fold and small

above veins 2 and 3; termen dark reddish brown; cilia light at

base, dark at tips; orbicular round, dark, slightly defined by

ochreous line; reniform oval, ringed with lilacine white excepting

at lower end; the space between the spots yellowish with some

brown irroration; a lilacine grey apical spot, preceded by dark

brown on costa. Hind-wings light brown heavily suffused with

dark brown on ‘terminal area; a conspicuous dark brown disco-

cellular spot; basal half of costal area highly iridescent; cilia light

brown with dark central band.

Expanse 21 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Neostrotia ornata, sp. n.

6: Palpi inwardly brown, outwardly fuscous; legs fuscous brown

sprinkled with grey; tarsi light reddish brown; frons dark purplish

brown; vertex of head ochreous white; antennae shaft white;

tegulae, patagia, thorax, and abdomen ochreous white irrorated

with purplish brown; anal tuft golden brown. Fore-wings yellowish

grey, the scales crossed by broad central dark band giving the

appearance of fine striae over the whole wing; subbasal line repre-

sented by a diffused dark spot on costa; antemedial line very

indistinct excepting on costa, where it forms a black spot, fuscous

and yellowish below it, angled outwards in cell and on submedian

fold, preceded and followed by whitish; postmedial line tawny

shading to fuscous below submedian fold, a black spot on costa,

excurved from costa to vein 3, incurved to vein 1, then straight to

inner margin, followed by whitish; a very wavy subterminal line

followed by white space thickly striated with dark fuscous; termen

tawny interrupted by black between the veins; cilia tawny speckled

444 Mr. KE. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

with fuscous, interrupted by white between the veins, wholly white

between veins 6 and 7 and above tornus; three oblique white

streaks on costa beyond postmedial line. Hind-wings light brown,

the striation much less conspicuous than in the fore-wings; a

diffused lunular discocellular spot; termen fuscous more or less

interrupted at the veins; cilia tawny, white and fuscous. Under-

side: fore-wings reddish brown suffused and irrorated with fuscous;

terminal area white striated with fuscous; hind-wings paler,

irrorated, especially on the costal area, with fuscous brown; terminal

area striated; a fuscous lunular discocellular spot; indistinct post-

medial and subterminal dark bands; termen brown interrupted

at veins.

Q. Fore-wings yellower and darker than male, the lines more

distinct; a minute black discocellular spot.

Expanse, ¢ 20 mm., 9 21 mm.

Hab. Castro, Paranié; AtTo DA SERRA, Santos.

Neostrotia linda, sp. n.

3. Palpi inwardly brown, outwardly fuscous; legs fuscous brown

sprinkled with grey, the tarsi light reddish brown; frons dark

purplish brown; vertex of head ochreous white; antennae shaft

white; tegulae, patagia and thorax white irrorated with purplish

brown. Fore-wings yellowish grey, the scales crossed by dark

central band, giving the appearance of fine striae over the whole

wing; subbasal line represented by a diffused dark spot on costa;

basal area suffused with fuscous in and below cell; antemedial line

double, white, filled in with a black spot on costa and fuscous and

yellowish below it, angled outwards in cell and on submedian fold ;

postmedial line double, white, filled in with a black spot on costa

and tawny below, shading to fuscous below submedian fold, ex-

curved from costa to vein 3, incurved to vein 1, then straight to

inner margin, followed by pure white space with a few black irrora-

tions on discal area; a very wavy subterminal line angled inwards

on the veins, followed by white space thickly striated with dark

fuscous; a dark diffused spot on discal fold; termen tawny inter-

rupted by black spots between the veins, indistinct near apex, well

defined near tornus; cilia yellowish grey speckled with fuscous

interrupted by white between the veins, wholly white between

veins 6 and 7 and above tornus; a cluster of black irroration on

discocellulars; a faint indication of a pale reniform; three oblique

white streaks on costa beyond postmedial line. Hind-wings light

brown, the striation much less conspicuous than in the fore-wings ;

a diffused discocellular spot; termen fuscous more or less inter-

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 445

rupted at the veins; cilia brown mixed with white. Underside :

fore-wings reddish brown suffused and irrorated with fuscous, the

terminal area white striated with fuscous; hind-wings paler,

irrorated, especially on the costal area, with fuscous brown; a

fuscous lunular discocellular spot; well defined postmedial and less

decided subterminal dark bands; termen black interrupted at veins.

Q. Basal half of abdomen ochreous white irrorated with dark

brown, terminal half clothed with dark fuscous scales tipped with

white. Fore-wings darker than in the 3; the medial area suffused

with tawny; the lines, except the subterminal, not so well defined.

Expanse, 3 18 mm., 9 17 mm.

Hab. Castro, Paranéi; Sdo Pauto, S. E. Brazil.

Macapta obliqua, sp. n.

9. Palpi, head, legs and thorax dark coppery brown; abdomen

lighter. Fore-wings dark coppery brown, the costal and terminal

areas somewhat lighter in shade; a pure white streak beyond disco-

cellulars widening out at lower end above vein 4; a subterminal

series of minute black dots on the veins. Hind-wings yellowish

brown at base, suffused with coppery brown on outer half.

Expanse 24 mm.

Hab. GuarusA, Santos.

Bryolymnia castrena, sp. n.

3. Palpi fuscous mixed with white; basal third of antennae shaft

white above, banded with fuscous, the remainder fuscous; frons,

head, tegulae, patagia and thoracic crest fuscous, the scales tipped

with whitish; thorax white; abdomen ochreous with fuscous

lateral hairs. Fore-wings white; basal area black from costa to

vein 1, angled outwards on submedian fold; a rufous subbasal

striga on costa and some rufous below vein 1; antemedial line

represented by black point on costa and on inner margin; postmedial

line black, geminate, wavy, oblique from costa to vein 4, incurved

from 4 to 1 where it is angled outwards, then incurved to inner

margin; an indistinct white, wavy, subterminal line; a large black

patch on costa between postmedial and subterminal lines partially

covered with fuscous scales with whitish tips; a smaller oblique

black mark from vein 3 to vein 5 confluent with a black mark

beyond reniform; terminal line dark, interrupted at the veins;

cilia brown, lighter at the ends of the veins; orbicular and reniform

white defined by black, the former large and oblique, the latter

446 Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

constricted at middle and almost covered with fuscous and a few

rufous scales; the space between the spots filled with black, a

black spot above it on costa; medial area slightly and terminal

area heavily suffused with rufous. Hind-wings ochreous white

suffused with fuscous at apex.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Near B. bicon, Druce; but it is easily distinguished by

the white thorax, the black cellular space between the

orbicular and the reniform and the curved black mark

beyond the cell instead of the square one.

Calymniodes lilacina, sp. n.

g. Palpi and legs dark brown; tarsi ringed with ochreous; head,

tegulae, patagia and thorax light reddish brown; metathoracic

crest dark brown; antennae dark brown; abdomen brown. Fore-

wings reddish brown; a wavy, whitish subbasal line from costa to

vein 1; antemedial line white, indistinctly defined on outer side

by black, oblique from costa, a minute outward curve above sub-

costal nervure, oblique and slightly incurved across cell to sub-

median fold where it is acutely angled outwards, incurved on vein 1 ;

an indistinct medial dark shade clearly defined on the veins; post-

medial line white, sinuous, excurved from costa to vein 4, incurved

from 4 to submedian fold, excurved and acutely bent inwards to

inner margin, but not confluent with antemedial line, followed by a

broad lilacine white shade, ochreous grey at costa; a wavy, lilacine

white subterminal line, the veins lilacine white on inner side;

terminal area a darker shade of brown; termen dark brown; cilia

light at base, dark at tips; orbicular and reniform very indistinct.

Hind-wings brown; terminal area suffused with darker brown.

Expanse 32 mm.

In the female the fore-wings are darker and the lines

more distinct.

Hab. ALTO DA SERRA, Santos.

Dantona marginata, sp. n.

g. Palpi light and dark brown mixed; legs brown, tarsi ringed

with ochreous; antennae light brown; head, tegulae, patagia and

thorax light and dark brown mixed; abdomen light ochreous

brown. Fore-wings light brown suffused and irrorated with dark

brown; the lines diffused and indistinct; the subterminal line well

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 447

detined, oblique from close to apex to vein 6, incurved from 6 to 4

and incurved from vein 3 to tornus, followed by light shade to

termen; a terminal series of dark lunular spots between the veins ;

cilia light and dark brown mixed; orbicular and reniform diffused

dark brown indistinctly ringed with light brown. Hind-wings

light ochreous brown.

Expanse 26 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Erocha wrrorata, sp. n.

3. Palpi dark brown mixed with white and black; pectus white ;

legs fuscous irrorated with white, the fore femora and tibiae with

long white hair; head, tegulae, thorax and patagia dark fuscous

mixed with white; a white spot behind the eye; abdomen dark

fuscous, a lateral orange stripe. Fore-wings dark fuscous irrorated

with white; central area dull green from close to base below cell,

along submedian fold, in cell and on discal area, the latter containing

large white spot irrorated with green from costa to vein 2, the whole

of the green being limited by narrow black diffused line; antemedial

line green, visible only on inner margin, outwardly curved, confluent

with central green area on vein 1; postmedial line green, visible

only at inner margin, inwardly curved, confluent with green area on

submedian fold; costa black irrorated with white; median nervure

to vein 2 and a bar across cell at this point black irrorated with white ;

an indistinct subterminal and a terminal line of white irrorations ;

cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia white. Underside

dark fuscous, a large white spot beyond the cell on the fore-wing.

Expanse 40 mm.

Hab. AragatuBa, W. Sao Paulo.

Subfamily ERasTRIANAE.

Trogoblemma serralis, sp. n.

3g. Palpi, legs and antennae light brown; frons ochreous white

with brown at sides; head ochreous white; tegulae ochreous white

outwardly suffused with brown; thorax ochreous white with a few

scattered dark brown scales; patagia light brown; abdomen

ochreous with some scattered brown scales. Fore-wings light brown

sparsely irrorated with black and suffused with purplish on costa

and terminal area; a faint indication of antemedial line of irrora-

tion and medial shade represented by black spot in middle of cell;

a black point on discocellulars; an indistinct, diffused, wavy post-

448 Mr. B. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

medial line oblique from costa to vein 7, outwardly curved to vein 3

and slightly incurved to inner margin, more distinctly defined on

the veins, especially on 6 and 7, followed by darker subterminal

shade and lilacine terminal area which is broad at apex; a terminal

line of black points between the veins; cilia dark purple brown.

Hind-wings ochreous white slightly suffused with light brown on

margins; a terminal series of dark spots between the veins; cilia

light brown.

Expanse 16 mm.

Hab. AuTo DA SERRA, Santos.

Trogoblemma lilacina, sp. n.

9. Palpi lilacine mixed with brown; fore- and mid-femora and

tibiae thickly clothed with lilacine and brown scales, the tarsi

pinkish brown banded with ochreous; hind legs entirely ochreous ;

head, tegulae and thorax lilacine and brown irrorated with darker

scales, the latter posteriorly suffused with lilacine pink; patagia

lilacine and brown outwardly suffused with pink; abdomen

ochreous. Fore-wings lilacine graduating to rose pink at apex,

thickly irrorated with light brown and sparsely with black, the

outer half heavily suffused with chestnut brown not extending to

apex; the whole of the wing covered with lilacine and pink striae ;

a small diffused dark spot in cell; a pink discocellular streak; a

well-defined lilacine pink postmedial line oblique from costa to

vein 7, thence nearly straight to middle of inner margin; a terminal

series of black points between the veins; cilia dark purple brown

tipped with buff on excavated portions of the wing. Hind-wings

ochreous; a dark lunular spot on discocellulars and a terminal

series of lunular spots between the veins; cilia ochreous.

Expanse 23 mm.

Hab. ALTO DA SERRA, Santos.

Angitia fuscosa, sp. n.

6. Palpi lst and 2nd joints pale reddish brown, 3rd fuscous ;

legs reddish brown, the tarsi ringed with fuscous; head pale reddish

brown mixed with white; patagia, tegulae and thorax fuscous brown

mixed with white; abdomen brown irrorated with white, dorsal

crests fuscous and white, anal tuft ochreous white. Fore-wings

reddish brown heavily irrorated and suffused with fuscous, the apex

and tornus paler; subbasal line ochreous brown only visible on

costa; antemedial line ochreous brown, indistinct, wavy, excurved

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 449

on subcostal nervure and above vein 1; postmedial line double,

diffused, black, dentate, oblique from costa to vein 6, strongly

angled outwards on veins 1, 2 and 3, followed by broad ochreous

white streak from costa to vein 6; orbicular and reniform black

irregularly defined by ochreous brown, the interspace black; some

rufous suffusion on inner margin before tornus and on termen above

tornus; cilia fuscous mixed with ochreous. Hind-wings fuscous ;

cilia fuscous interrupted by white at the veins.

Expanse 30 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Mictochroa costiplaga, sp. 1.

2. Ochreous grey; palpi with some fuscous on 2nd and 3rd

joints. Fore-wings ochreous grey; antemedial line pale, broad,

preceded and followed by darker narrow diffused lines, the pale

space very broad at costa where it encloses a conspicuous purple

brown spot; a pale discocellular bar; postmedial line pale, broad,

excurved below costa, slightly incurved from vein 4 to middle of

inner margin, preceded by darker shade; subterminal line pale,

parallel with termen; some pale marks on costa near apex; in-

distinct dark terminal spots between the veins; cilia uniform

ochreous grey. Hind-wings ochreous grey with diffused pS

medial, postmedial and terminal bands.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Mictochroa renata, sp. n.

¢- Palpi ochreous, some fuscous on outer sides; legs ochreous ;

fore-tarsi fuscous ringed with ochreous; head ochreous white;

tegulae ochreous brown; patagia white, brown and fuscous; thorax

ochreous brown suffused with fuscous; abdomen ochreous irrorated

and banded with fuscous black. Fore-wings ochreous white

irrorated with pale ochreous brown and fuscous; a very indefinite

antemedial line of irroration incurved below costa and on submedian

fold, excurved below vein 1; a black bar of irroration across middle

of cell; a V-shaped black mark on middle of costa extending across

the cell; a broad fuscous-black space from vein 3 to inner margin

confluent with postmedial line; reniform large, ochreous brown,

centred and surrounded with white; postmedial line black, in-

distinct at costa excurved below costa, incurved on discal fold,

excurved from vein 5 to 3, incurved from 3 to 1 where it is slightly

angled outwards; a subterminal line of diffused dark irroration ;

450 Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

a terminal series of dark lunular spots between the veins; cilia

ochreous. Hind-wings ochreous irrorated with light brown.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. AtTro DA SERRA, Santos.

Mictochroa rectilinea, sp. n.

6: Palpi inwardly light brown, outwardly fuscous; pectus

ochreous; fore-legs heavily suffused with fuscous, mid- and hind-

legs ochreous brown; frons pale reddish brown, the prominence

darker; back of head pale reddish brown; antennae ochreous

ringed with reddish brown; tegulae, patagia and thorax pale

reddish brown mixed with rufous; abdomen ochreous irrorated

with dark brown, the dorsal crests dark purple-brown. Fore-wings

pale reddish brown; antemedial line oblique, nearly straight, double,

filled in with a lighter shade; postmedial line double, straight from

costa to subcostal nervure, then bent outwards and excurved to

vein 7, incurved on discal fold, excurved above vein 4, bent inwards

to lower angle of cell, then straight to inner margin; the medial

area from the antemedial to a straight line joining the ends of the

postmedial dark purple-brown; an indistinct, wavy, diffused, dark

subterminal line, followed by light shade; orbicular represented

by a few dark scales; reniform very narrow, slightly excavated on

distal side and defined by fine dark line, heavily shaded on proximal

side; a dark patch with whitish streaks before apex. Hind-wings

ochreous lightly suffused with brown, darker on terminal area; a

terminal series of dark lunular spots between the veins; cilia pale

reddish brown, a light line at the base.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Mictochroa fasciata, sp. n.

Q. Palpi fuscous brown; pectus ochreous and rufous; fore-legs

suffused with fuscous and rufous, mid- and hind-legs ochreous

brown; frons, head, tegulae and thorax rufous, the tegulae edged

with light reddish brown; patagia brown with some rufous on the

shoulders; abdomen reddish brown heavily irrorated with fuscous.

Fore-wings rufous irrorated and suffused with fuscous and purplish

brown; antemedial line ochreous, sharply angled outwards on sub-

costal area, straight to vein 1, then slightly bent outwards to inner

margin, preceded and followed by rufous; a slight narrow medial

dark shade; postmedial line double, filled in with ochreous, wavy,

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 451

straight from costa to subcostal nervure, then bent outwards and

excurved to vein 7, incurved on discal fold, excurved above vein 4,

bent inwards to lower angle of cell, then straight to inner margin ;

the medial area, from the antemedial line to a broad whitish fascia

joining the ends of the postmedial and crossing reniform, dark

purple-brown irrorated with fuscous; a wavy subterminal line

preceded by light rufous from costa to vein 3, preceded and followed

by fuscous below vein 3; a terminal row of minute dark spots

between the veins; cilia brown, tipped with rufous except at tornus.

Hind-wings dark brown; cilia rufous.

Expanse 27 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Bryocodia altina, sp. n.

®. Palpi inwardly ochreous brown, outwardly roseate brown;

pectus ochreous; fore-coxae roseate brown; fore- and mid-femora

and tibiae ochreous suffused with roseate brown and fuscous; tarsi

black with ochreous at ends of joints; head and tegulae pale reddish

brown, the latter with some scattered dark scales; antennae brown;

patagia pale purple-brown, purple-fuscous at extremities; thorax

purplish and reddish brown; abdomen ochreous irrorated with dark

brown. Fore-wings reddish brown suffused and irrorated with

fuscous and various shades of brown; antemedial line wavy,

diffused, double, filled in with olivaceous, angled outwards on sub-

costal and in cell, excurved above and below vein 1; postmedial

line double, diffused, the inner line rufous, the outer fuscous brown,

filled in with olivaceous on costal area, angled inwards on discal

fold, evenly excurved from vein 4 to inner margin, the outer line

nearly obliterated below vein 4 by a large white mark suffused with

pink from postmedial to subterminal line; some rufous before the

white patch; subterminal line obscure, wavy, angled outwards on

vein 4, incurved to tornus; termen dark brown interrupted at

the ends of the veins; terminal area and cell rufous brown; cilia

olivaceous brown; medial area above and below cell purplish grey

irrorated with fuscous and rufous; reniform pale, defined by darker

rufous brown, a few white scales at lower end; a dark patch on

costa before apex, surrounded by white slightly suffused with pink.

Hind-wings light brown; cilia ochreous with broad rufous brown

band.

Underside: fore-wings light brown; a very pronounced post-

medial line, strongly excurved; costal and outer areas buff heavily

irrorated with roseate brown; hind-wings. ochreous buff sparsely

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS II, IV. (FEB.) G@

452 Mr. EK. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

irrorated with roseate brown; a diffused postmedial line of lunular

spots between the veins.

Expanse 30 mm.

Hab. Auto DA SERRA, Santos.

Bryocodia chlorotica, sp. n.

9. Palpi white outwardly speckled with fuscous; pectus white;

fore-coxae white mixed with reddish brown; fore-femora and tibiae

reddish brown and fuscous; mid- and hind-femora and tibiae white

mixed with reddish brown and fuscous; frons white with some

greenish scales above; vertex of head and tegulae white mixed with

pale olive green; antennae reddish brown; patagia white mixed

with olive green, a large black spot near base and some dark scales

at tips; thorax white mixed with olive brown and fuscous; abdo-

men ochreous irrorated with brown, some white scales on dorsal

crests. Fore-wings pale olive green; subbasal line black from

costa to vein 1, interrupted on median nervure, surrounded with

silvery white and followed by fuscous suffusion on submedian

interspace; some fuscous suffusion below vein 1; antemedial line

double, wavy, filled in with silvery white, the inner member very

indistinct and the outer diffused, black, wavy, straight from costa

to median nervure, angled outwards on submedian fold, inwards on

vein 1, excurved to inner margin; a medial dark shade conspicuous

on costal area; postmedial line silvery white, strongly excurved

from costa to vein 3, incurved from 3 to inner margin, the space on

proximal side suffused with white; subterminal line wavy, ochreous

brown, preceded by broad fuscous suffusion from vein 7 to tornus;

a dark lunular spot on discal fold before termen; a terminal series

of dark lunular spots between the veins; cilia reddish brown and

fuscous. Hind-wings brown; cilia paler. Underside ochreous

white, irrorated and suffused with fuscous brown.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Bryocodia hilaris, sp. n.

?. Palpi ochreous, outwardly fuscous; legs ochreous, fore-legs

suffused with fuscous; frons ochreous with dark ring round the

prominence; back of head ochreous; antennae brown ringed with

ochreous; tegulae ochreous, a dark line near base; thorax and

patagia ochreous with some fuscous-brown scales; abdomen

ochreous, laterally fuscous, the dorsal crests fuscous. Fore-wings

white irrorated with brown and fuscous; a minute black spot on

base and two more distal on costa and median nervure; antemedial

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 453

line black below cell, angled inwards on vein 1, preceded by white;

a very oblique medial shade on costa; a white dentate subterminal

line, the point between veins 6 and 7 reaching to termen, preceded

by dark brown shade; terminal line dark, interrupted at the veins ;

cilia brown with darker central stripe, interrupted by white at the

ends of the veins; subcostal area white, suffused with brown on

costa; a large V-shaped silvery white mark at the end of the cell,

the lower arm extending to the dark shade before the subterminal

line at vein 3 and the upper coalescing with the white subcostal

area, defined by fuscous on inner and outer sides, the space between

the arms dark brown, some rufous irroration on the white V; a

large silvery white space on inner margin from the middle to tornus,

touching submedian fold, some brown irroration on the white.

Hind-wings ochreous; medial area suffused with reddish brown;

terminal area suffused with brown; termen darker brown; cilia

ochreous brown, a pale line at base.

Expanse 24 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Bryocodia castrena, sp. n.

Q. Palpi, legs and head ochreous; antennae light brown; tegulae,

patagia, thorax and abdomen ochreous irrorated with dark brown,

the dorsal crests dark purple-brown. Fore-wings pale ochreous

brown irrorated and suffused with fuscous ; antemedial line obscure,

followed by white irroration in and below cell; postmedial line fine,

diffused, strongly excurved from costa to vein 3, slightly incurved

from 3 to inner margin; a silvery white fascia on basal half of vein 1,

a dark suffusion above it; a broad white space suffused with brown

from vein 1 to vein 3; white streaks on veins 3, 4, 6 and 7 reaching

to termen; a dark streak in upper side of cell and beyond cell

interrupted by the reniform ; a dark suffusion below origin of vein 2;

reniform white suffused with brown and irregularly defined by

fuscous, distally excavated; cilia reddish brown with white streaks

at the ends of veins 3-7. Hind-wings ochreous suffused with reddish

brown; a wavy diffused postmedial line.

Expanse 26 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana.

Subfamily EvTELIANAE.

Eutelia gaquaria, sp. n.

6: Palpi, Ist joint rufous, 2nd and 3rd brown, fuscous above;

pectus and femora rufous; tibiae and tarsi brown; frons and vertex

454 Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones on New Species of

of head light brown, the ends of the scales dark purplish brown ;

antennae purplish brown; tegulae light rufous in front, dark brown

behind; patagia and thorax dark purplish brown mixed with rufous ;

abdomen dark purplish brown, some rufous at base. Fore-wings

rufous; a wavy black subbasal line angled inwards below costa,

incurved below cell, angled outwards on vein 1; a black wavy

antemedial line angled outwards in upper and inwards in lower part

of cell, excurved below cell to vein 1 and below vein 1 to inner

margin; a medial dark shade; post-medial line black, wavy, ex-

curved from below costa to discal fold, where it is obtusely angled

inwards, then inwardly oblique and excurved to submedian fold,

where it is obtusely angled inwards, then excurved to inner margin,

followed by broad pale rufous band to subterminal line; subterminal

line wavy; terminal area fuscous, a dark triangular patch on costa

before apex; termen fuscous; cilia fuscous with light brown line

at base; a large fuscous space from before antemedial line from

costa to vein 1, including cell and space above; orbicular obliterated

by the fuscous shade; reniform rufous defined by yellowish line,

excurved on distal side. Hind-wings white heavily suffused with

fuscous on outer half; traces of postmedial and subterminal lines.

Underside: fore-wings ochreous white suffused with fuscous,

heaviest at termen; a pale patch on discocellulars followed by some

rufous suffusion beyond upper angle of cell; a diffused dark post-

medial line; hind-wings white suffused with rufous and fuscous;

a fuscous discocellular spot; traces of postmedial and subterminal

lines.

Expanse 32 mm.

Hab. JAGUARIAHYVA, Parana.

Paectes viridescens, sp. n.

g. Palpi inwardly ochreous, outwardly purplish on Ist joint,

purplish and brown on 2nd and brown on 3rd; pectus and coxae

white ; legs light brown irrorated with darker brown; frons ochreous

white with dark brown bar; cheeks purplish; head ochreous white

and olive green; antennae and basal tufts purplish brown; tegulae

ochreous and brown suffused with pale olive green in front and a

large purplish brown basal spot; thorax reddish brown mixed with

dark brown and white; patagia white, reddish brown and dark

brown, some olive green on the shoulder; abdomen ochreous white,

dorsally suffused with rufous on segments 3-5, the suffusion broadest

on segment 4, segments 2-5 with irregular distal black rings, con-

fluent with sublateral spots on 4 and 5, underneath white, a central

row of large black spots placed proximally and a double row of

Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S.E. Brazil. 455

minute ones distally on the segments. Fore-wings greyish white,

the basal area to orbicular suffused with olive green including the

antemedial line; a double dark, sinuous subbasal line with confluent

spot on median nervure, angled outwards on subcostal and inwards

on submedian nervure; antemedial line wavy, double, the outer

line indistinct and touching orbicular, incurved in cell, outcurved

below and strongly angled inwards on vein 1; a wavy, fine, dark

medial shade strongly angled inwards on vein 1; postmedial line

wavy, dark, double, oblique from costa to vein 7, strongly excurved

beyond cell, incurved below vein 4, strongly incurved on vein 1,

filled in with green at costa and on submedian and inner areas,

followed by pale olive green suffusion limited on outer side by a

diffused dark line; an indistinct diffused subterminal line expanding

into a spot on vein I and followed by elongated spots above veins

4, 5 and 6; a wavy black terminal line; cilia light brown, a fine

grey line at base and tips, interrupted by fuscous at the ends of

the veins; a rufous triangular spot at costa before apex; some pale

green suffusion on medial area at each side of vein 1, in cell and on

costal area; orbicular round, white, with greenish suffusion, distally

defined by black; reniform white with some green suffusion and a

fuscous discocellular bar, excavated on outer side and defined by

black, followed by strongly excurved black line across discal fold.

Hind-wings light fuscous brown, the veins darker; base ochreous;

inner margin white irrorated with fuscous; cilia ochreous white

interrupted by fuscous at the ends of the veins.

Expanse 28 mm.

Hab. AtTO DA SERRA, Santos.

( 456 )

XIV. Notes on the Infe History of Papilio demolion, Cram.

By Marearet HE. Fountarne, F.E.S.

[Read June 3rd, 1914.]

Pirate LXVI.

I nave, I suppose, at different times, bred some twenty to

thirty species of tropical Papilios, mostly from ova, in various

parts of the globe, but never have I seen anything the least

like the peculiar method of ovipositing adopted by Papilio

demolion, Cram.

We were collecting at Soekaboemi, in Java, on Feb. 6

in this year (1914), when I observed a Q of this species

hovering over a broad-leaved jungle shrub (quite unknown

to me), with the evident intention of ovipositing, and though

P. demolion was common at Soekaboemi, and I had captured

several specimens, not one was ever perfect, so I was glad

to see a possible opportunity of breeding it. She took

some time to make up her mind, as Papilios, and indeed

all 9 butterflies do, when an anxious entomologist is

standing motionless by, watching her movements, on the

tiptoe of expectation; but she settled at last, right in the

centre of one of the large leaves, and then, strange to say,

remained also apparently quite motionless, with wings

outspread lying flat upon the leaf, more as though resting

than with the desire to lay an egg, though the position of

her abdomen suggested that such was her intention. This

in itself struck me at_once as most peculiar, as all the other

Papilios I have ever seen oviposting (including P. erithonius

and P. polytes, which one would suppose to be closely allied

species to demolion) fly from leaf to leaf, laying each ovum

separately, fluttering all the time in the same way that the

members of this genus have the habit of doing when sucking

honey from a flower.

She remained in this position for at least two whole

minutes, apparently motionless, and I remained the same,

watching, till at last she got up and flew away, when to my

astonishment I found, not one egg, but ten, rising in a

vertical column from the centre of the leaf, placed one above

the other, as shown in the Plate (see Plate LXVI, fig. 1).

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1914,—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.)

Notes on the Infe History of Papilio demolion. 457

I now recalled having more than once observed these little

pinnacles of ova on lime and lemon leaves when I had

been searching for the larvae of other Papilios, but attri-

buting them to the eccentricities of some moth, had thought

no more about it. These, however, I, of course, took care-

fully back to the hotel, and on Feb. 14, eight days later (the

usual period with Papilios being five or six days) nine out

of the ten ova became healthy little larvae.

They hatched on the morning of the day I was leaving

Soekaboemi, and the next day I was on board ss. Houtman,

the Dutch steamer, en route for Brisbane; but of course

I was feeding them on lme leaves, which I felt sure

would always be procurable at all the different ports we

were to touch at on the way.

The young larvae were very distinct from other Papilios,

being of a deep bright ochre-yellow all over, very shiny

in appearance, and most sociable in their habits, for always

when not feeding they would sit closely packed together

on one leaf, and if one or two for a short time got isolated

from this family gathering they soon rejoined the group.

These larvae had been slow to hatch, but they had evi-

dently no intention of being slow to grow now that they had

hatched, for once outside their egg-shells they grew rapidly,

the first moult being successfully achieved when only three

days old, and they moulted again three days later, so that

when only a week old they were already in the third skin.

Unfortunately two died, but the remaining seven were

getting on just as well as though they were on dry land, in

fact I think the heat of my cabin was partly accountable

for their rapid progress. They retained their bright ochre

colour, with no white markings of any kind, throughout

the first four stages, and they also retained their preference

for each other’s society, especially just before a moult was

due to take place, when two or three would lie side by side

awaiting the event.

Just before the end of the fourth stage a greenish tinge

was visible beneath the shiny surface of ochre-yellow.

This larvae at the beginning of the fifth moult was one of

the prettiest I have ever seen, the usual green being re-

placed by a soft cobalt blue, only very slightly tinged with

green, which, however, deepened as they grew older, though

the blue tone was always the most prevalent, until the

larva was hanging up for pupation, and then it entirely

gave place to pale green,

458 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Notes on Papilio demolion.

I much regret not to have been able to draw this larva

in its early stages, but on board ship this was impossible,

especially as when the boat was motionless at the various

ports, we were always much too busy on shore, searching

for orange and lemon trees, or indeed any kind of Crtrus,

on which to feed, not only the P. demolion, but some fifty

or sixty large larvae of Papilio memnon,* besides eight

young larvae of some other Papilio, brought in on branches

of lime, at Macassar (Celebes). The first demolion to pupate

was on the very day we arrived at Brisbane, having there-

fore spent the whole of its larval existence at sea; and

the others soon followed its example, but luckily not before

I had had time to make a drawing of one of them. (See

Plate LXVI, fig. 2.)

The pupa of this remarkable butterfly is also very

distinct (see Plate LXVI, fig. 3), especially by the long

projection below the thorax. As usual, those that pupated

on the food-plant were green, and those which selected

the side of the cage were brown.

* I was told by my friend Mrs. Walsh of Soekaboemi that P.

memnon in Java has no less than six different forms in the 9, and

that was, of course, why we were breeding so many of them. Mrs.

Walsh also told me that she was not acquainted with the ova of

P. demolion, but had often found the larvae on lime trees, always,

however singly, which can no doubt be accounted for by the other

members of that group having fallen a prey to their innumerable

enemies.—M. E. F.

EXPLANATION OF PiatEe LXVI.

Fia. 1. Egg-pile of Papilio demolion, Cram.

>» 2 Larva os 5 <5

» 3 Pupa RE" i v

» 4 Imago = 3 ”

All the figures are of natural size.

Trans-fent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LX VT

K ' Engravers Guild, Ltd.

M. E. Fountaine. Hal

H. Knight. ;

LIFE HISTORY OF PAPILIO DEMOLION.

( 459 )

XV. Some remarks on the Coccid genus Leucaspis, with

descriptions of two new species. By EH. ERNEST

GREEN, F.E.S.

[Read October 7th, 1914.]

Prates LXVII, LXVIII.

THE following species have, at various times, been allotted

to the genus Leucaspis :—affinis, Leon.; bambusae, Kuw. ;

candida, Targ.; cockerelli, de Charm.; cordylinidis, Mask. ;

corsa, Lind.; cupressi, Coleman; ephedrae, March.; epi-

daurica, Genn.; gigas, Mask.; indica, Marlatt; indiae-

orientalis, Lind.; gaponica, Ckll.; kelloggi, Coleman; ker-

manensis, Lind. ; leonard, Ckll.; loewr, Colvée ; monophylla,

Murray; pin, Hartig; pistaciae, Lind.; pusilla, Loew;

riccae, Targ.; signoreti, Targ.; stricta, Mask.; and sulev,

Newst.

These twenty-five names have since been considerably

reduced in number, partly by allocation to other genera

and partly by suppression as synonyms. These changes

in nomenclature have been put forward by Leonardi and

Lindinger (not always in complete agreement) in two useful

papers published in 1906, viz. Leonardi “ Saggio di Siste-

matica delle Leucaspides,”’ Anneli di Agr., vi; and Lin-

dinger, “ Die Schildlausgattung Leucaspis,” Jahr. Hamb.

wiss. Anst., Xxill.

L. affinis, of Leonardi, in the opinion of Lindinger, is a

synonym of candida, which—in its turn—is suppressed by

Leonardi as equivalent to pimi. Leonardi distinguishes

his species from pint by its smaller size and the fewer

number of glandular pores outside the anterior spiracles.

Lindinger, however, disputes the authenticity of L. pina

of Hartig.

L. bambusae, of Kuwana, is relegated by Lindinger

to the genus Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis of Signoret).

Kuwana’s figures of his species (Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci., 3, in,

Pl. XIII, figs. 75-81) show unmistakably that it cannot be

included in Leucaspis ; but, in the absence of male puparia,

it might be assigned, with equal justice, to either of the

two genera Lepidosaphes or Chionaspis.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1914,—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.)

460 Mr. K. E. Green’s Remarks on

L. candida, Targ., as noted above, has been alternately

extinguished and rehabilitated, by Leonardi and Lindinger

respectively. The latter author is convinced that, in

describing Aspidiotus pint, both Hartig and Bouché were

dealing with a different insect, and he accordingly adopts

the name candida of Targioni as the earliest definition of

the species attributed by later writers (Signoret, Berlese

and Leonardi) to pind.

L. cockerelli, of de Charmoy (originally described under

the generic name Fiorinia), is a very distinct species about

which there can be no question.

L. cordylinidis, of Maskell, appears to be rightly placed

in this genus. Maskell’s description of the female puparium

as having the “ pellicles terminal, small,” is misleading.

Examples in my collection (received from Maskell himself)

show that the nymphal pellicle has the characters of typical

Leucaspis, being large, concealed beneath the secretionary

covering, and completely enclosing the body of the adult

female.

L. corsa, of Lindinger, was subsequently recognised by

that author as being equivalent to szgnorete.

L. cupressi, Coleman. The author’s description and

figures (Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xi, p. 71) are sufficient proof

that this insect is not a Leucaspis. It is probably correctly

allocated (by Lindinger) to the genus Lepidosaphes.

_ L. ephedrae, Marchal, appears to be a_ well-defined

species.

L. epidaurica, of Gennadius, has been shown by Leonardi

and Lindinger to be equivalent to riccae of Targioni.

L. gigas, of Maskell, originally described as a Frorinia,

has been correctly relegated, by Lindinger, to the present

genus.

L. indica, Marlatt, has characters that sufficiently dis-

tinguish it from all other members of the genus.

L. indiae-orientalis, Lind. Judging by the figures given

by Dr. Lindinger, this species must be very near to his

kermanensis. They both occur in the Oriental region ; but

the striking difference in the food-plant (indiae-orientalis

affecting Pinus, while kermanensis occurs on the Salix

tribe) suggests that the similarity must be more apparent

than real.

L. japonica, Ckll. This is recognised, by both Leonardi

and Lindinger, as a good species; but, after comparison

with typical examples of riccae, it appears to me to be

Se ee Ee eee es ee eee__—_—G_e_—_—Oeeeeee ee

the Coccid genus Leucaspis. 461

rather doubtfully distinct from that species. The charac-

ters of the adult females are, as far as I can see, identical.

The most noticeable difference is in the form of the pygidial

lobes of the nymphal pellicle, which are conspicuously

tricuspid in japonica (see fig. 7), while in riccae—though

varying to a certain extent—the margin of the lobes is

comparatively entire. Originally described from Japan,

the species has since been recorded from Brazil. I have

also received it from India, where it occurs on Ficus

religiosa. (See further particulars below.)

L. kelloggi, Coleman. Coleman’s species, as pointed out

by Lindinger, has none of the characteristics of the genus

Leucaspis and is probably referable to Lepidosaphes.

L. kermanensis, of Lindinger, is characterised by the

comparatively simple margin of the pygidium of the adult

female, which is without either plates or prominent lobes.

As noted above, the same author’s indiae-orientalis

approaches this species very closely. In salicis, mihi

(described below), a similar condition occurs.

L. leonardi, Ckll. This is now recognised, by both

Leonardi and Lindinger, as a synonym of pusilla.

L. loewi, Colvée. Both Leonardi and Lindinger agree in

regarding loewi and sulci as representing a single species ;

but they differ in their opinion as to which of the two names

should be retained. While Leonardi accepts leowi as the

older name, Lindinger disputes its authenticity and adopts

Newstead’s name—sulct.

L. monophylla, Murray. Little seems to be known about

this insect, except that it was recorded as occurring on

pine trees in Europe. Lindinger places it on his list, with

a query. Mrs. Fernald relegates the name to her list of

“species without description or not recognisable,” and

adds a note—on the authority of Cockerell—that it is

“ probably a Monophlebus.”’

L. pin, Hartig. This name—as regards its synonymy

with candida, Targ.—is in the same position as leowi with

sulci. Leonardi accepts pint, while Lindinger rejects that

name and adopts candida.

L. pistaciae, of Lindinger, is well characterised by the

single pair of large median lobes on the pygidium of the

adult female.

L. pusilla, Loew, shows a curious variability of the mar-

ginal fringe. The plates may be either spatulate, or

irregularly serrate, or both conditions may occur together.

462 Mr. E. E. Green’s Remarks on

The lobes may be asymmetrically disposed, one or more

of them being often missing. The median plates are

occasionally fused together, as represented in Leonardi’s

figure.

L. riccae, Targ., is undoubtedly a good species. Even

should it prove to be identical with yaponica, the name riccae

has priority.

L. signoreti, Targ. The authenticity of this name re-

mains undisputed.

L. stricta, Mask. Originally described as a Fiorina,

this insect has been justly relegated to the genus Leucaspis

by Leonardi, in which decision he is followed by Lindinger.

L. sulci, Newst. This species also originally figured under

the genus Fiorinia. It is now recognised as equivalent

to Leucaspis loewi; but, as noted in my remarks upon that

species, there is a question as to which specific name should

be retained.

To the above catalogue I now propose to add two new

names, VIZ. :—

L. perezi, from Pinus, in the Canary Islands ; and

L. salicis, occurring on Salix : Beloochistan.

Detailed descriptions of these two species appear

below.

Eliminating synonyms and disputed names, we have the

following seventeen species remaining in the genus :—

1. indiae-orientalis, Lind.

cotyledons.

2. loewi, Colvée (=sulci, Newst.) six

3. perezi, Green. species,

4. pint, Hartig (=candida, Targ.=affinis, Leon.) | affecting

5. pusilla, Loew (=leonardi, Ckll.) Pinus.

6. signorett, Targ. (=corsa, Lind.)

7. cockerelli, de Charm. dives eaters his wel oan AS

8. cordylinidis, Mask. | P EGS Sa

9. stricta, Mask.

10. ephedrae, March. )

11. gigas, Mask.

12. indica, Marlatt.

13. japonica, kdl. SEL In sb ee

14. kermanensis, Lind. ese aegis

15. postaciae, Lind. eck ‘

16. riccae, Targ. (=epidaurica, Genn.)

17. salicis, Green. )

the Coccid genus Leucaspis. 463

Leonardi divides the genus into three subgenera, which

he defines as follows :—

I. Pygidium furnished with “pectines”’ (= “ plates,” of

Comstock).

A. Pygidium with “ trullae”’ (=“ lobes”’) Leucaspis

(s. str.).

B. Pygidium without “trullae”. . . Anamaspis.

II. Pygidium without “pectines” . . . . Actenasprs.

His Anamaspis was erected to contain the single species

loewi (=sulci), but would now include indiae-orientalis,

kermanensis, pistaciae and salicis.

His Actenaspis was similarly made to contain a single

species—pusilla. He designates the marginal processes

of this species by the term “ appendices,”’ differentiating

them from the “ pectines”’ attributed to the species that

he restricts to Leucaspis. I fail to see in what essential

particular these processes on the pygidium of pusilla differ

from those of pini, or signoreti. They arise in the same

manner and from the same area in all three species, and I

hold them to be strictly homologous structures.

Leucaspis perezi, sp. nov.

Puparium of female narrow, of normal form: consisting of the

blackish larval and nymphal pellicles thinly veiled by a white

secretionary covering which extends as a narrow border surrounding

the nymphal pellicle. Length 1: 25 to 1°8 mm.; the average length

being approximately 1-5mm. Larval pellicle dark brown, brownish-

ochreous at the anterior and posterior extremities. Nymphal

pellicle black or very dark brown, paler at posterior extremity.

Length of nymphal pellicle 1:15 to 15 mm.; average length of

20 examples 1°28 mm.

Male puparium white: larval pellicle dark olivaceous brown.

Length 1°5 to 2 mm.

Adult female (fig. 1) of normal form, narrowing to the rounded

cephalic extremity; widest across abdomen the sides of which are

broadly rounded and constricted rather abruptly at the base of the

pygidium. Rudimentary antennae conspicuous, consisting of a

chitinous tubercle surmounted by from 3 to 4 stout spine-like setae.

Tentorium very large and conspicuous. Anterior spiracles situate

close to tentorium; posterior spiracles at junctions of thoracic and

abdominal areas; the two pairs widely separated. A small group

of from 5 to 6 parastigmatic pores above the anterior spiracles. In

464 Mr. E. E. Green’s Remarks on

many examples there is a well-marked rugose thickening of the derm

on the median dorsal area. Pygidium rounded. Anal aperture

surrounded by a circumscribed thickened area. Dorsal surface of

pygidium longitudinally rugose; with eight irregular oblong patches

of denser chitin. All these denser areas are rendered more con-

spicuous by their taking a deeper stain than the surrounding parts.

Circumgenital glands in a scattered arch, containing a variable

number of (from 30 to 45) pores: the average of twenty examples

giving 39. Margin of pygidium (fig. 2) with six narrow lobes which

taper to a blunt point. Marginal processes long and slender,

spatulate, extending twice the length of the lobes: 2 between

median lobes, 2 between median and first lateral, 3 between

first and second laterals, and from 7 to 10 beyond the second lateral

lobe. There is a long and slender marginal spine after the first

marginal process, in the interspace between the two lateral lobes,

and another after the second or third process beyond the outer

lateral lobe : other smaller spines at intervals, and an irregular sub-

marginal series of about 20 small spines on conspicuous circular

bases. Length 0°65 to 0°8 mm.

Adult male not observed.

The nymphal pellicle (fig. 3) shows the following peculiarities.

The cephalic area is strongly demarked and bears a central scar of

definite and constant form, as shown in figure. The rostrum is

disposed immediately below the centre of the body. The pygidium

has a sharply defined disc separated from the marginal area and

bearing about 14 conspicuous dorsal pores. The margin (fig. 4-a)

displays 4 lobes, widest at extremity. In each interspace between

the lobes is a single large lunate pore from which arises a pair of

broad fimbriate squames, and a varying number of similar pores (of

which 4 are usually larger and more conspicuous) beyond the lobes

on each side. In older examples the marginal characters are

partially obscured.

Habitat, on Pinus halepensis and P. canariensis: Santa

Ursula, Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Collected by Dr. Perez,

to whom the species is dedicated.

Leucaspis perezi most nearly resembles L. pusilla of

Loew. The puparium is of small size, as in that species,

but is much darker in colour, the pellicles being blackish

instead of fulvous. The pygidial processes of the adult

female are of very much the same character in the two

species, but—in perezi—are more constant in number and

more uniformly spatulate in form. The most noticeable

differences occur in the nymphal pellicle, as may be

the Coccid genus Leucaspis. 465

appreciated by reference to figs. 3, 4-a, 4-6, and 5. These

differences are further shown in the annexed comparative

table :—

Nymphal pellicle. perezi. pusilla.

Length : . | 1:15 to 1-5 mm. 1-0 to 1:15 mm.

Average length . | 1°28 mm. 1:06 mm. |

Cepalic extremity | Strongly demarked: | Not demarked: with-

with conspicuous out scar.

scar

Rostrum . . | Approximately cen-| Much nearer pos-

tra] terior extremity of

body. |

Pygidium . . | With sharply defined | Median disc ill-de-

' median disc fined.

The pellicle of pusilla (fig. 5) is shorter but propor-

tionately broader; the large lunate pores and marginal

incisions are conspicuous almost to the base of the pygidial

area, there being usually 9 of them beyond the lateral

lobe; while, in perezi, not more than 4 are clearly notice-

able in the corresponding position, the remainder being

obscured by a thickening of the margin.

Leucaspis salicis, sp. nov.

Female puparium comparatively short and broad. Pellicles dark

brown: larval pellicle exposed : nymphal pellicle thinly veiled by

a greyish-white secretionary covering which extends slightly beyond

the margins of the pellicle itself. Length 1:0 mm. Breadth

0°65 mm.

Male puparium ochreous white, the single pellicle ochreous.

Proportionately narrow. Length 1‘0mm. Breadth 0°45 mm.

Adult female enclosed within the nymphal pellicle: broadly

oval (fig. 10), constricted at base of pygidium. Rudimentary

antennae with 3 or 4 stout setae. Rostrum large and conspicuous.

Anterior spiracles close to the rostrum, one on each side: one or two

isolated pores representing the parastigmatic glands. Pygidium

(fig. 11) with 4 very small and inconspicuous lobes which scarcely

project beyond the margin and are often quite indistinguishable.

There are no fimbriate squames or marginal fringe of any kind; but

a few minute spines, on circular bases, are set at intervals along the

distal half of the pygidium. Anal orifice rather inconspicuous,

central. Circumgenital glands in a scattered row (containing about

466 Mr. E. BE. Green’s Remarks on

24 pores) across the base of the pygidium. An isolated pore on

each side of each of the two preceding segments. Length 0°45 to

05mm. Breadth 0°3 to 0°4 mm.

Nymphal pellicle (fig. 12) rather broadly oval, narrowed behind.

Often with an irregular fold demarking the cephalic area. Rostrum

occupying a position immediately behind the centre of the body.

Abdominal segments well defined by transverse folds. Extremity

of pygidium (fig. 13) with a single median pair of large broad

chitinous lobes of irregular form. Two lunate marginal pores are

noticeable on each side, at some little distance from the median

pores, at which point the series is diverted inwards. Length of

pellicle 0°75 mm. Breadth 0°5 to 0°6 mm.

Habitat, on stems, branches and twigs of willow

(Salix sp.): Mushki, Beloochistan. Collected by Mr. V.

Iyer, of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. The

scales are so thickly massed on the bark that they must

seriously affect the health of the plant.

The character of the pygidium of the adult female

suggests close affinity with L. kermanensis, of Lindinger,

which also occurs on Salix, in Persia; but the pygidial

margin of the nymph of that species (as figured in Lind-

inger’s paper) displays two pairs of comparatively narrow

lobes and many stout conical processes, while that of

salicis is furnished only with a single median pair of ex-

tremely broad lobes. Unfortunately, I have been unable

to procure typical examples of kermanensis, for comparison.

Leucaspis japonica, Ckll.

Cockerell’s account of this species (Psyche, vin, p. 53,

1897) refers to the nymphal insect only.

Leonardi was unable to obtain the adult form, material

received from the author of the name being in bad con-

dition.

Lindinger appears to have been more successful, as he

describes and figures all three stages of the insect. These

figures have enabled me to identify as yaponica a Leucaspis

collected by Dr. Annandale on Ficus religiosa, in India.

The following notes are drawn up from these Indian

examples.

The nymphal pellicle (fig. 6) shows a more or less sym-

metrical division into median and lateral series of chitinous

plates which are more complete on the hinder segments.

The rostrum which, in the example figured, is shown above

the Coccid genus Leucaspis. 467

the middle, is usually displaced to a position much nearer

the posterior extremity of the body. The four pygidial

lobes are conspicuous and prominent, each distinctly

trilobulate (fig. 7). Length of pellicle 1:25 to 1:5 mm.

Lindinger describes the nymph as possessing, on each side

of the pygidium, a small group of pores similar to those

of the circumgenital glands of the adult female. I have

failed to find these organs on the nymphal pellicles of my

Indian examples; but they show a small group of oval

dorsal pores occupying the position indicated in Lindinger’s

figure.

My examples of the adult female show a longitudinal

series of small conical tentacular processes on each side,

on a fold embracing the rostrum and the two pairs of

spiracles (fig. 8). These do not appear to have been noted

by previous observers. The rostral apparatus is unusually

large and conspicuous. In addition to the circumgenital

series of glands, there are two small supplementary groups

(of from 4 to 5 pores) on each side, situated respectively

on the two preceding abdominal segments. The pygidial

lobes are stout and lanceolate: the marginal fimbriate

plates long and slender (fig. 9).

I have examined two separate gatherings, labelled

respectively “on twig of Ficus religiosa, associated with

Lecanium mgrum, Calcutta, Jan. 1896,” and “on Pepul

tree, Rajmahal, Bengal.” In the former, the puparia are

of a dirty greyish-white colour, while in the latter they

(both male and female) are stained of a reddish tint

assimilating them to the colour of the bark to which they

are attached. Cockerell describes his examples as being

“whitish with a strong greyish-ochreous tinge, exactly

the colour of the twig on which they rest.” It would

appear therefore, that the insect has the power of altering

the tint of its secretions to match its surroundings.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) HH

468

Fic.

4—a.

4-b. Leucaspis pusilla,

= =

Explanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXVII, LXVIII.

Leucaspis perezi,

PLATE LXVII.

adult female, x 72.

pygidium of adult female, x 458.

pellicle of nymph, x 72.

posterior margin of nymphal pellicle,

xX 260.

posterior margin of nymphal pellicle,

xX 260.

nymphal pellicle, x 72.

PLATE LXVIII.

Leucaspis japonica, nymphal pellicle, x 58.

Leucaspis salicis,

bed

posterior margin of nymphal pellicle,

X 258.

adult female, x 120.

pygidium of adult female, x 258.

adult female, x 70.

pygidium of adult female, x 258.

- nymphal pellicle, x 70.

posterior margin of nymphal pellicle,

x 450.

E. E. Green, del.

Trans. Ent Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXV1//,

Engravers Guild, Ltd.

LEUCASPIS PEREZI, 1-4a.

e PUSILLA, 4b, 5.

4 i

y. ies Sar

Pe BUT Ah

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LX VILL.

E. E. Green, del. Engravers Guild, Lid.

LEUCASPIS JAPONICA, 6-9.

- SALICIS, 10-13.

( 469 )

XVI. Contributions to the Life History of Polyommatus eros.

By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.

[Read October 7th, 1914.]

Puates LXIX-LXXXIV.

I wap long had a wish to know something of the life-

history of Polyommatus eros and to see its, so far, unknown

larva. The first practical step was, of course, to determine

its food-plant (or food-plants). No satisfactory oppor-

tunity to do this occurred to me until in July 1912, at Val

d’Isere, I found the species not uncommonly. It occurred

most freely where Oxytropis campestris grew, and I suc-

ceeded in observing a butterfly laying its eggs on this

plant.

As I note later, I secured some eggs and got the larvae

into hibernation, but got none past the hibernating (third)

instar.

At Le Lautaret, from the 21st July to the 5th August

1913, P. eros occurred practically everywhere. It was

certainly most abundant at two or three places where

Oxytropis canvpestris grew in quantity, and less so when

the Oxytropis was more scattered in growth. It was

also fairly common in places where Astragalus aristatus

flourished. Its more general distribution in smaller

numbers probably depended on Phaca astragalina, which

was not often abundant but grew almost everywhere.

The butterfly was seen to lay eggs on these plants, and the

larvae ate them readily. There was also a plant, Astragalus

onobrychis, which grew freely in one or two spots at Bourg

d’Oisans, much below the limits of P. eros, but the

leaves and seed pods of which seemed so very much like

those of O. campestris, that I offered it to the larvae of

P. eros and they ate it as readily as the Oxytropis. With

these four plants nearly equally acceptable to the larvae,

it is very unlikely that there are not other allied plants

that they would also readily eat. The butterflies were

seen at various elevations. Nearly as low as 5000 feet

towards Monetier where the food-plant was probably

the Astragalus aristatus, and up to 7500 feet where Oxy-

tropis campestris was abundant. They probably occurred

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.)

470 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contributions to

much higher, but suitable localities, 7. e. areas of food-plants,

did not happen to be met with. The $9 were seen abun-

dantly during the whole period noted, July 21 to August

5, but it was only towards the end of the period that the

22 were seen in any numbers.

Though the larva of P. eros is quite properly described

as hitherto unknown, it is the case, as I learned from

M. Rondou when I saw him this summer (1914), that he

had bred P. eros from larvae found on Oxytropis pyrenaica,

a plant closely resembling Phaca astragalina (or a plant

very close thereto, on which eros feeds at Le Lautaret),

one of the alternative foods on which P. eros larva feeds.

In admitting some haziness as to this plant, I must plead

that there are a good many species, or at least several,

that are so much alike, that I at least cannot distinguish

them when only the leaves are available.

In both 1912 and 1913 I succeeded in getting a fair

number of larvae to go into hibernation, but failed to bring

any through the winter of 1912-1913. The following

winter I was more successful, by means of keeping the

larvae iced during the winter, and bringing them up early

and forcing them, as I found they were beginning to die

off. Of these I succeeded in getting only one into its

last instar, when it also finally died. The unsuccess

was probably facilitated by the food-plant having to be

forced as well as the larvae and was rather drawn up and

succulent.

Eggs were laid at the end of July by females taken on

the Route de la Thouviere, Val d’Isere; the males were

common in many places near Val d’Isere, the females were

however rather scarce. The young larvae hatched during

the first week in August, they were placed on Ozytropis

campestris and eat it readily; the eggs also were laid on

this plant, but not on any other offered them, this was

suspected to be the (or a) food-plant from being present

wherever the butterflies were at all common. They after-

wards eat also a plant that was brought home last year

as Phaca astragalina as food for L. pheretes, but was seen

this spring to be different from other specimens brought

as that plant. It was supposed to be possibly Hippocreprs,

which it very closely resembles, but is seen to possess a

more hairy leaf with a raised midrib below (flowers not

seen). At any rate eros eats it readily, but will not look

at Phaca or Hippocrepis.

the Infe History of Polyommatus eros. 471

At Le Lautaret in 1913 the butterflies in captivity laid

freely on Oxytropis campestris and Astragalus aristatus,

and the larvae eat both these plants with equal readiness.

Phaca astragalina (?) was less welcome to butterflies for

laying, and to larvae for eating, but was obviously quite a

practicable food-plant.

The egg is almost exactly 0°5 mm. in diameter and about 0°26 mm.

high. The top can hardly be called flat, certainly not as it is in

coridon, ete., 1. e. there is not a definite line at which the flat top

ends and the rounded side begins; the curve of the side seems to

be continuous right on to the top, and falls a little into the micropylar

hollow. The micropylar area is about 0°075 mm. in diameter. Its

structure and the sculpture of the egg may be gathered better from

figures 14 to 17 than by long description. The cells of the egg

sculpture maintain their full size close up to the micropyle, where

there is a slight tendency for them to have their dividing walls

arranged radially. The cells are about 0°025 mm. in diameter, there

are distinct but very small knobs at the junctions of the walls of the

cells.

The eggs are laid on the undersides of the leaflets of the

food-plant.

When it leaves the egg, the larva eats approximately

the upper half of the shell, the instances are comparatively

rare in which it does not eat the whole of the top and more

or less of the sides, with some regularity all round.

The newly hatched larva is less than 1 mm. in Jength,

nearly colourless, faint ochreous, hair bases dark, head

black, legs dark. In the 2nd instar it is rather larger,

much the same in colour, but the black hair bases are

very pronounced though less conspicuous after the larva

has grown a little, when it exhibits (differmg a little in

individuals) some traces of darker oblique markings.

The 3rd instar was assumed about 3rd September (some

earlier, some later).

The larva in this instar is at first somewhat featureless. When

somewhat grown it may be noted as on Sept. 10, length 3°5 mm.,

colour pale ochreous, with sufficient green to give an olive tone

especially to the front segments. Head black, legs ochreous like

body; outline (anterior or posterior view) angular, with the

Lycaenid dorsal and lateral flanges, the former rather rounded, but

both accentuated by the more abundant and longer hairs, which

472, Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contributions to

are pale rufous. The markings which are not very strong are a pale

line down each side of dorsum and along each lateral flange and a

rather darker line down mid-dorsum and one half-way down “slope”

outlined paler below. There are paler markings at anterior

extremity.

The clothing of hairs, lenticles, etc., in the 1st instar con-

forms closely to the ordinary arrangement of these struc-

tures in the Plebetids; comparing Figs. 18 and 19 with

those of P. icarus and A. thersites, for example, in Plates

XXXVII and XXXVIII, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1914, a little

difference in the outline of the prothoracic plate appears,

but the only marked difference is in the two hairs above

the spiracles (III ?). In tcarus and thersites the hair points

or bases are present, but any hairs are very minute or

evanescent, in eros the anterior of these has a hair about

0075 mm. long, longer on 6th abdominal segment and

on 7th 0°15 mm. long, quite comparable with the hairs

of tubercle I which are 0:2 to 0°225 mm. long. The pos-

terior of these two tubercles (III ?) has a minute hair about

0:02 to 0:025 mm. long.

In the 2nd instar the disposition of hairs and lenticles

is very similar, though there is some little difference in the

boldness of the hairs.

The larvae hibernate in the 3rd instar; no exception

to this was observed, their appearance at this stage is

well shown in Figs. 1 to 4. At this stage they contrast

with the larvae of P. icarus and A. thersites in being much

browner, hardly to be called green at all, the tone of the

majority being that shown in Fig. 4.

The armament in this stage is apparently of much the

same character as-in icarus, thersites, etc., though the

strength of tubercle IIT is still shown by there being two

moderately long hairs at this position, the other species

having only one.

My 1913 notes say—

February 8.—Brought a larva from refrigerator into

warm room.

February 11.—Larva began to move, and being put on

leat of Oxytropis campestris began to eat.

February 12.—Has mined out a portion of leaflet and

made some half-dozen small pellets of frass.

February 14.—Continues eating; has attacked 5 or 6

leaflets (still small), hardly looks any larger.

the Life History of Polyommatus eros. 473

February 16.—Still eating, looks decidedly larger.

February 19.—Gave a fresh bit of leaf yesterday; has

attacked two leaflets. Brought rest of larvae to warm

room.

None of these larvae reached the 4th instar.

In 1914 it appears that about January 22nd I brought

up some larvae and put them on a growing plant of Ozy-

tropis campestris, they disappeared, but on February 1st

one shows itself.

February 3.—Two larvae are obviously feeding, 3 are

altogether in evidence.

February 9.—There are now five larvae in evidence,

three of those noted above and 2 on a plant that was left

out of doors all winter till 5 days ago. There are still a

few larvae apparently alive in “ cold storage.”

February 19.—Larvae have been brought up and put

on growing plants of O. campestris at various times in

the last fortnight or so. Only a few survive.

One in the 4th instar (moulted since brought up), is when

contracted 3°5 mm., probably 4:0 or over if moving. It is dull

green, which has a rather dirty tint owing to the numerous black

hair bases. There is a yellow tint down each side of the dorsum. The

whole larva has a rough look owing to the comparatively long

hairs, especially those on the dorsal and lateral ridges, which are

of somewhat smoky tint. They are 0°4 or even 0°5 mm. long.

March 8.—A larva (No.1 in 4th instar) 5-5 mm. long,

very difficult to detect as it rests beneath a leaflet of O.

campestris, its green being of much the same shade as that

of the plant, and though it is covered with the minute

black dots of the hair bases these merely help to give an

effect of shadow, not otherwise very strong as both the

leaflets and the larva are quite translucent, even in a

moderate hght. The hairs, which are longer and more

abundant than in other Lycaenid larvae I know, merge

very well with those of the plant, though the latter are

colourless and those of the larva have a distinct brownish

shade.

This larva is now quite green, with a brownish tinge

on the prothoracic plate. Looked at in front the dorsal

and lateral hairs make a very strong appearance, the hairs

are quite 0°4 mm. long, there is a series of hairs of about

half the length and fewer in numbers half-way up the

slope. The larva is by no means fully grown in its present

474 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contributions to

instar, judging from the density of the hairs and the

hollowness of the slope, though no doubt the abundant

dorsal and lateral hairs make the flanges seem higher

and consequently the hollow of the slope greater than they

are in reality. There is a faint indication of a possible

pale lateral line, and less so of a dorsal one.

It still feeds by mining, by means of its long neck, between

the two cuticles of the leaves.

A larva (No. 2) 45 mm. long, possibly in same instar

as No. 1,is much the same, except that it is of a yellowish

or brownish tint overlying the green, as though the skin

colour was dominant over the green colour of tissue or

fluid beneath; it has no indication of dorsal or lateral line,

the hairs seem rather darker and are certainly not quite so

long, suggesting it is really in an earlier instar.

Larva No. 3 is still smaller and apparently laid up for

moult; these are all the larvae of eros that now remain;

they are remarkable as compared with A. thersites, being

at the stages above indicated, whilst thersites brought out

of cold at same date are now emerging as imagines.

Their small numbers prevents one treating them with

any disrespect for examination, etc.

March 17.—A larva of P. eros apparently full-grown

in 4th instar eats half thickness of leaf or even some-

times whole thickness, but these leaves are small, thin and

succulent (forced).

When walking it is just over 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 1°6 mm.

high, of a dull green colour (decidedly a clearer brighter green than

thersitis or icarus at this stage), hair bases of long hairs in flanges and

some at middle of slope black, faint yellow lateral line indicated,

dark dorsal line (vessel), paler along dorsal flanges and of oblique

lines along slope rather imagined than seen. The smaller hairs

have also dark bases, but less dark than those of the larger basis,

or being so much smaller seem to be so. The honey-gland is

surrounded by comparatively few lenticles, ete. The long hairs

are quite 0°5 mm. long, of a faint brown tinge, quite conspicuously

brownish taken together.

March 20.—The yellow lateral line is now quite distinct,

almost bright, it is wanting in the other specimen.

March 26.—The larvae have been eating up to date,

but seem to-day to be settling down for moult.

March 31.—One larva has moulted this morning.

the Life History of Polyommatus eros. 475

April 1—Has commenced to eat after some 6 days’ fast.

April 2.—No. 2 has not yet changed. No. 1 is eating

very deliberately, he eats the whole thickness of the leaflet

(which is however much slighter than the strong leaves

found on the plant in summer).

At rest it is about 5°5 mm. long, 2°3 mm. broad at 1st abdominal,

narrowing just appreciably to 7th abdominal and then rapidly

to the rounded posterior extremity. The colour is a rather dark

apple green, faintly paler, but not approaching yellow along the

dorsal ridges. The hair bases are numerous and rather dark, but

too small to produce much colour effect except along the dorsal

and lateral ridges. The spiracles are conspicuous, brown, the

prothoracic plate is dark and so very visible. The lateral flanges

stand out as very definite “flanges,” as they probably do not do

when the larva is full fed.

The dorsal and lateral hairs look strong and stiff, dark, brown

rather than black, 6 or 8 on each eminence, longest about 0°5 mm.

long. The honey-gland is obvious but not conspicuous. The

fans are rather conspicuous white spots, they have been seen partially

everted and then are very conspicuous.

No. 1.—Died April 3rd.

No. 2.—On April 9th had not changed, remained lethar-

gic till yesterday it eat a little; it has one or two ominous

black spots.

It was dead a day or two later.

My efforts to rear the larva from the egg having thus

failed, the only available resource was to find the larvae

at home in the spring, and so, finding I could manage to do

so, on the 23rd May 1914, I went to Le Lautaret. The 21st

and 22nd had been very fine, warm days, the 23rd looked

doubtful, but for three hours in the afternoon I found it

warm in the sun, although there was a strong wind, at

the locality (7000 odd ft.) where Oxytropis campestris was

most abundant. The first plant I looked at was one of

sainfoin, and on this I found a larva of A. thersites conspicu-

ous about the centre of the plant, leaves 24 to 3 inches

long. The few further plants of Onobrychis I looked at did

not afford another. On Oxytropis I found four larvae all

rather small, so small that one could not be sure what

they were. The 24th it rained all day. On the morning

of the 25th, in a rather cold wind, I again looked for larvae

in the same locality, and found 8 or 10, again rather small,

on Oxytrops.

476 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contributions to

None of the larvae taken on Oxytropis seemed to be

thersites, but whether they were icarus or eros or both was

quite impossible to say. They were found generally

beneath the leaf petioles, usually, however, after having

dropped from these amongst rubbish below. One was

found by searching, after first detecting its cast skin.

Two other cast skins were found, but the corresponding

larvae could not be found; the larvae when so small no

doubt were easily lost by falling amongst the rubbish

below the plants, one was found on a stone beneath a

plant. The larvae were nearly all very small, apparently

recently moulted into the 4th instar.

They eat the interior of the folioles through a small

aperture, like the work of a Coleophora, of which also a

pistol-shaped case was noticed. Small larvae of Hetero-

gynis to the number of a dozen or two were seen on the

Oxytropis, generally very obvious and exposed towards

the ends and uppersides of the leaves.

As they grew these larvae in the 4th instar varied but

little from each other, but were so like zcarus at this stage

(I had no living larvae of zcarus by me for comparison,

and had to trust to memory) that I felt quite uncertain

whether all were icarus, all eros, or a mixture of both, they

were certainly not thersites. These three species all flew at

the locality where I found the larvae in fairly equal numbers.

Their general appearance is well shown in Figs. 5, 6

and 7.

The same doubt continued when the larvae reached

the last (5th) instar, indeed it became intensified by

certain peculiarities.

A note made on June 7th shows that one larva out of 6

that were doing well seemed larger and of much brighter

colour than the others. Had I one larva of one species

and five of another ?

Of the supposed (or hoped-for) eros 5 seem nearly full

grown, one of them looks younger than the others but is

larger, 7. e. it is flatter and wider and more active, eating

freely, the others are perhaps only sulky but are short,

round and bunched.

No. 1 is 12 mm. long, has a bright yellow dorsal and lateral line,

the latter very narrow and defined, but bright enough to make the

lateral hairs look yellow, when seen through them. The dorsal

line seems to diverge a little on each segment, 7. e. the distance is

the Life History of Polyommatus eros. 477

greater between them at the posterior than at the anterior border

of the segments, they cease abruptly with the 6th abdominal seg-

ment. There are two faint oblique yellow lines on each slope,

and a third less plain at the spiracle, equidistant from each other.

The lateral flange hairs are faintly brown, most of the dorsal blackish,

The hair bases are dark but not black and rather inconspicuous.

The ground-colour is a pale almost yellowish grass-green. (Figs.

8 and 9.)

June 7, 1914.—The other 4, or 3 at least, are smaller,

10-11 mm., much darker green, the yellow lines much the

same in position, ete., but dim and obscure, instead of

bright and prominent. The yellow lines on slopes just

visible and only in some lights. All hairs darker than in

the first larva; supra spiracular row of hairs similar to

those of the other except that they are more conspicuous

in last segments. (Figs. 10, 11, 12.)

June 25th.—Of the above 5 larvae all duly pupated,

together with one other (the sixth), between the 15th and

20th inst.

A special note of the variation in the larvae was taken

when the question as to whether they were all of one species

was in doubt.

June 11, 1914.—(1) A larva about full grown with very

brillant narrow yellow lateral line, dorsal line, only a

rather yellower green than grass-green eround- -colour,

oblique lines even less clear, long hairs all rather dark,

one or two nearly black on middle of slope, each

segment.

(2) A similar larva, but hairs nearly colourless and dorsal

yellow lines rather more distinct.

(3) Three smaller larvae with lines more distinct, one with

ground-colour almost a yellowish green.

(4) A smaller larva (in 4th instar) has rather darker

ground-colour and proportionally rather darker and longer

hairs. ? is this the only eros?

(5) A larva like Ist, but dorsal line on 1, 2, 3 and 4

abdominal is wanting on right side.

The remainder were decidedly smaller and rather more

uniform in tint, and fed very slowly. Were these smaller

larvae eros and the first six something else, ccarus probably @

These smaller larvae are represented by Fig. 13.

In the event, there could be no doubt that all my larvae

were eros, and that I had found no larvae but eros on the

478 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contributions to

Oxytropis campestris, the differences in the first six were

mere variations in the larva, and the remainder differed

owing to their being parasitised.

It follows, by the way, that P. ccarus in the locality at

Le Lautaret where I got these larvae does not affect Oxy-

tropis campestris, there are there plenty of other Papilio-

naceae for it, including its favourite Lotus corniculatus. The

six or eight larvae that proved to be parasitised “ never

grew larger, and at about half the size (bulk, not length) of

the others retreated downwards into any available narrow

space and then took a cylindrical form, became fastened

by a little effusion from the mouth and dried up into a

brown cyclinder, in which state they remain, and are almost

certainly the hosts of some ichneumon, size 7:5 to 9°0 mm.

long, 2°5 to 2°8 mm. wide in different specimens. The

roaare te by the head makes one suppose it is the tail

end till specimens are more closely inspected.”

The following notes made on the pupae of eros when it

was supposed more than one species might be represented

in my material, with a view to finding some distinctions

between the (supposed) species, will serve to show the

extent of variation in the pupae of P. eros.

June 20.—No. 1, the largest and most striped (oblique)

larva, has a very transparent pupa, faintly greenish, 11 mm.

long, wings very glassy, showing tracheae; there are a good

many very short hairs over head and prothorax. There is

a waist (seen laterally) about 3°5 mm. high, prothorax and

3rd abdominal about 3°8.

June 26.—Wings are now satiny white, eyes brownish

and whole pupa more solid looking.

June 20.—Pupa of larvae 2 and 3, extremely like No. 1

as to colour, transparency, etc., hairs rather more obvious

especially along abdomen, where they can hardly be seen

in No. 1. They are also a little smaller, 10°5 mm. long,

but about same height. Larval skin covers last segments

in both. No. 1 is nearly free, this one has a “ girth”

consisting of several threads on each side arising from

position of lateral pad, but taking separate directions—

one over prothorax, one over lst abdominal and one

going right back to 6th abdominal segment; there are

also a few oblique and one or two longitudinal threads,

uniting these several strands, so that though the structure

hardly exists still it seems as much entitled to be called a

cocoon as a girth. The larval skin is quite free from any

the Life History of Polyommatus eros. 479

pad or other spinning. Another specimen is quite free

like No. 1, and seems also less hairy.

No. 4 is also free, No. 5 has some spinning and has

abdominal hairs, No. 6 is free.

June 26.—Nos. 2-5 are showing thickening of wings

and darkening of eyes, No. 6 less so.

June 27.—A parasite emerged from a brown (dead ?)

larva.

June 28.—Another parasite emerged.

It is to be noted that the pupae (healthy) were formed

some days before the stung larvae dried up, but the

parasites are emerging whilst the pupae have still some

days to go. (They have now brown eyes and opaque

wings.)

June 28.—These pupae show the fore-wings, with a

wide vacant margin behind them (occupied by hind-

wings ??), and the wings have a broad margin beyond

where the nervures reach to.

June 30.—Ilst specimen (No. 3) emerged, eros 3.

Five of the parasites have emerged, 2 remain unemerged.

July 1—2 g¢ and 29 emerged. No. 1 3,29,49,59.

They emerge between half-past 7 and 8. They leave no

meconium in the pupa case.

It thus appears that all my larvae were eros, and that

there were amongst them no icarus.

July 3.—The last imago (No. 6) emerged—a 9. Another

parasite.

The latter (in pupa) was isolated, and the observation

was thereby verified that though the hole of emergence,

on the back of the last segments of the dry and hard larva

skin, has the appearance of a lid having been cut out leaving

a round hole, there is in fact no such lid and the hole is

made by gnawing away the material. There is no lid

discoverable, but a fair amount of frass-like material

lying about the hole, the chips or sawdust resulting from

the gnawing up of the stuff removed to make the opening.

July 4.—7th and last Rhogas bicolor emerged.

I sent some of the parasites reared from P. eros to

Mr. C. Morley, who writes me that I send him “ Rhogas

bicolor, Spin. It is a common Braconid (not Ichneumonid)

from Italy to England and Scotland, also taken by me in

Mayo. Itis said to have been bred from Zygaena Jilipen-

dulae and Leioptilus tephradactylus, Hubn., only.”

480 Explanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate LXIX, fig. 1, P. eros, larva in third (hibernating) stage

natural size.

Figs. 2, 3, 4. Three figures of third stage larvae enlarged, the

brownish coloration of figs. 3 and 4 is especially characteristic of

P. eros in this stage, in comparison with the same stage larvae of

P. warus and A. thersites, which I was rearing at same time and so

could compare them.

Figs. 5, 6, 7. Fourth stage larvae (after lst spring moult) much

enlarged.

Plate LXX, figs. 8-13, last stage (5th instar) larvae, much enlarged

(about x 5).

Figs. 8 and 9 from the large well-coloured and well-marked larva.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. From duller and more uniformly coloured larvae.

Fig. 13, one of the larvae that ceased growing early and appeared

to be full-grown whilst still much smaller than those figured 8-12.

These larvae being all collected, there was some doubt whether some

of these might be tcarus or some other species, however 8-12 all

proved to be eros, those represented by fig.13 were all ichneumoned

and were also doubtless eros, so that all the larvae found on

Oxytropis campestris were eros.

These figures, as reproduced, do not do full justice to Mr.

Knight’s drawings. They fail especially in making the eminences

of the dorsal flange on each segment smoothly rounded instead of

somewhat angular, in making the eminences of the lateral flanges

similarly rounded instead of flattened except just at the incisions,

and in giving in some cases an appearance of smoothness contrary

to the rough surface due to the hairs and hair-bases. They do

nevertheless give a very good idea of the colour and general aspect

of the larvae.

Plate LXXI, fig. 14. Eggshells of P. eroas* x 40.

Plate LX XII, figs. 15, 16,17. Three examples of the micropyle

of the egg of P. eros x 350.

Plate LX XIII, fig. 18. Skin of first stage larva x 80.

* Selected as least injured by larvae in hatching.

Trans.Ent. Soc.Lond.,1914, FE LXE.

West,Newman chr.

E.C. Knight del.

LARVAE OF P.EROS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond .,1914, Pl. LXX.

E.C. Knight del. West,Newman chr.

LARVAE OF P.EROS.

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXJ.

Pholo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

FiG. 14.

P. EROS, EGGSHELLS ~~ 40.

Trans. Ent Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXII.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

FIGS. 15, 16, 17.

P. EROS, THREE EXAMPLES OF MICROPYLE x 350.

—_—a

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXTLI.

YW.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

PIG. Lo.

P. EROS, SKIN, FIRST STAGE LARVA ~x 80

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXJ/V.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Lid.

Fic. 19.

P. EROS, SKIN, FIRST STAGE LARVA ~~ 80.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXV.

* yt

Jt AL hes

- ef De ees

Engravers Gutid, Ltd.

Clark.

Photo, F.

FIG. 20.

P. EROS, SKIN, SECOND STAGE LARVA x 40.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXX VI.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

BiG 2i-

P. EROS, SKIN, SECOND STAGE LARVA x 40.

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1914, Plate LXX VI.

Photo, I. N. Clark.

Engravers Guild, Ltd.

Fic. 22.

P. EROS, SKIN, THIRD STAGE LARVA = 36.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXX VIII.

Sil

FIGS. 23, 24.

P. EROS, SKIN, FOURTH STAGE LARVA,

PROTHORACIC PLATE x 100. LAST SEGMENTS » 35.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond, 1914, Plate LXXIX.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

FiG. 25.

P. EROS, SKIN, LAST STAGE LARVA x I5.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXX.

Photo, F-. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

FIGs. 26, 27.

P. EROS, PROTHORACIC PLATE AND A DORSAL AREA,

LAST LARVAL INSTAR x Ioo.

ZZ . -

ye igs

whats ‘ ,

Photo, F. N. Clare. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

Fics. 28, 29.

P. EROS, LAST LARVAL INSTAR, HONEY-GLAND

REGIONS x 35. PROLEG x too.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1974, Plate LXX XJ.

Pay

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DASE TT.) h

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te Ss t

Se pa

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Lar? SERS

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4h? ? my Xi

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Tipo A

BUM AY ST NON

(JA

Photo, F. N. Clark.

FIGs. 30. 31.

P. EROS, PUPA, PROTHORAX AND METATHORAX 25

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1914, Plate LXXXITIJ.

+ ong

Photo, F. N. Clark.

Fics. 32, 33.

P. EROS, PUPA, HEAD AND CREMASTRAL REGION «x 25.

Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1914, Plate EAC OER SL

rae a

™,

Ae yes ¢ z - 4 ae 3): ' ay}

. 42 Cal Ga > ANN

Kan

Soro SN

Photo, F’. N. Clark.

Engravers Guild, Ltd.

Fics. 34, 35:

P. EROS, SPIRACULAR REGIONS OF PUPA * 35:

iif ae ;

ae ®

ty. i ie "hi

; Oe ey ‘A

ms 7 ‘ he Oa ae Li

2 7 i

- ' Th au

» * « i

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a j :

Explanation of Plates. 48

Plate LX XIV, fig. 19. Another example.

Plate LX XV, fig. 20. Skin of second stage larva x 40.

Plate LX XVI, fig. 21. Another example.

Plate LXXVII, fig. 22. Skin of third stage larva x 36.

Plate LX XVIII. Skin of fourth stage larva.

Fig. 23. Prothorax x 100.

Fig. 24. Last segments x 35.

Plate LX XIX, fig. 25. Skin of fifth (last) stage larva x 15.

Plate LX XX, fig. 26, prothorax x 100.

Fig. 27. Dorsal hairs x 100.

Plate LXXXI, fig. 28. Honey-gland region of last stage larva

x 35.

Fig. 29. Proleg of same x 100.

Plate LX XXII. Pupa skin.

Fig. 30. Prothorax with dorsal head-piece x 25.

Fig. 31. Metathorax x 25.

Plate LX XXIII, fig. 32. Head x 25.

Fig. 33. Cremastral area x 25.

Plate LXX XIV. Spiracular region of pupa.

Fig. 34, 4th and 5th spiracles x 50.

Figs. 35, 2nd and 3rd spiracles x 50.

Arrows point towards head.

( 482 )

XVII. A Contribution to the Lnfe-History of Plebeius

zephyrus var. lycidas. By T. A. CHapman,

MAD 2 ZS:

[Read November 4th, 1914.]

Puates LXXXV-XC.

On the 28th April 1914 I went to the locality near the

2nd Refuge on the Simplon route where Plebeius lycidas is

found, my object being to find, if possible, larvae of Agriades

eschert. Searching the plants of Astragalus exscapus I

found about a dozen larvae of P. lycidas and two which I

hoped might prove to be A. eschert. Of the larvae of

lycidas, two were nearly full-grown, the others mostly

small; they were always well hidden near the centre of the

plant, the only indication of their presence was sometimes

a white apex to some of the leaflets of a few leaves where

the green material had been eaten away and the cuticle left

when the leaf was smaller.

Their habits in captivity were to burrow deeply into

the central mass of leaves and flower buds, sometimes

almost going out of sight, but leaving a heap of frass beside

the hind segments that remained visible. Their colour and

markings were so very similar to those of the plant, when

viewed together in this relationship, that I several times

overlooked a larva, till I returned to a root stock again

and more carefully examined it, because a larva was not

accounted for.

The habits of A. escherz (? ) in burrowing into the central

mass was very similar to that of lycidas. It may perhaps

be desirable to explain that the plant A. exscapus bears

a mass of flowers entirely sessile on the top of the root

stock, and that, at the season these larvae were feeding,

the flower-buds and young leaves made a somewhat solid

mass in the middle of the plant.

The larvae seemed to be making for, and usually reached,

not the interior of the flower buds, but the growing stem-

material and young budding tissue just below them.

A description of the larva is unnecessary in view of

Mr. Knight’s excellent drawings, and the photographs

showing the structure of the clothing of hairs.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS I, IV. (FEB.)

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Pl. LXXXV.

E.G. Knight del. West,Newman chr.

LARVAE OF PLEBEIUS ZEPHYRUS var. LYCIDAS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXXVI.

Photo, H. Main. Engravers Gutld, Lid.

P. LYCIDAS, LARVA AND PUPA.

SROs Rt

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXX VII.

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

Fic. 4.

P. LYCIDAS, SKIN, LAST STAGE LARVA x 9.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate LXXX VIII.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

P. LYCIDAS, PROTHORACIC PLATE, PENULTIMATE AND

LAST LARVAL INSTAR x Ioo.

‘

Engravers Guild, Ltd.

Trans. Ent. Soc.

<eyt

Lond., 1914, Plate LXXXIX.

TER : ae Ceol)

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Lid.

P. LYCIDAS, LAST STAGE LARVA, A DORSAL AND

A HONEY-GLAND AREA x Ioo.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Plate XC.

veh Pog m

Photo, F. N. Clark. Engravers Guild, Ltd.

P. LYCIDAS, A SPIRACULAR AREA, LAST LARVAL AND

PUPAL INSTARS x 100,

a aie 4) es . ne i

rs by

4 * ~ al

t a Pari i Pry -

4 eee ee ny

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A ‘ ;

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Ps i 7 ’ inde : a Nn

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U y iF %

F; 7 ’ if : 16 i i

= °

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7 . “7 ;

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. i

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aes » ee

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arr?

Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Life History of Plebeius. 483

The larva is of much the usual Lycaenid form, but I

was much struck by the appearance of the larva when viewed

dorsally. In this aspect it seemed quite flat and drawn

out, and very slug-like; this effect is very obvious in Mr.

Knight’s fig. 4, though fig. 5 shows that it really has a very

ordinary thickness. The effect is probably the result of

the coloration; this is very bright and distinct, but when

the larva is on the plant and feeding by burrowing into it,

it conceals it most effectively. I cannot say that the

appearance of flatness is an element in producing this

effect, as it is most conspicuous when the larva is brought

out into the open and so into unnatural conditions.

Apart from the colouring, it may be noted that the

larva has no very long hairs, the longest, very moderate,

being along the lateral flange.

The pupa is of very delicate structure so far as a not

very healthy specimen showed. Several pupae were

obtained, but inability to supply the larvae with proper

food and moving about with them resulted in no imago

emerging.

This imperfect account of the larva seems worth present-

ing, as I am not aware of any figure or description of the

larva having been so far published.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE LXXXV.

Larvae of P. zephyrus, var. lycidas.

Fries. 1, 2 and 3. Larvae in penultimate instar.

4, 5. » », last instar. Much enlarged.

PLATE LXXXVI.

Fic. 1. Larvae of P. lycidas on leaves of Astragalus exscapus.

2. Larva of P. lycidas, nat. size. Stereoscopic.

3. Pupae of P. lycidas, x 2. Stereoscopic.

Photos. by Mr. H. Main.

PLATE LXXXVII.

4. Skin of larva of P. lycidas, x 9.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTSIII,IV. (FEB.) II

484 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE LXXXVIII.

Prothoracic plate of larva, x 100.

5. Penultimate instar.

6. Last instar.

PLATE LXXXTX.

7. Dorsal hairs of larva, last instar, x 100.

8. Honey-gland region, last instar, x 100.

PLATE XC.

9. Spiracular region of larva, last instar, x 100.

10. Spiracular region of pupa, x 100.

( 485 )

XVIII. A revision of the species of the genus Odynerus

(Hymenoptera) occurring in the Ethiopian Region.

By Grorrrey Mrape-Watpo, M.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British

Museum.)

[Read October 7th, 1914.]

Puate XCI.

In the following paper an attempt has been made to bring

together all the species of the cosmopolitan genus Odynerus

known to occur in the Ethiopian Region. Species from

Madagascar are not included. At the same time I have

taken the opportunity of describing a number of new

species and varieties.

The genus would seem to be richly represented through-

out the whole continent, and the number of species must

ultimately prove to be very considerable.

I have listed 132 species, and of these 24 are described

as new; three new varieties of known species are also

described.

Through the courtesy of various correspondents it has

been possible to examine types or at least cotypes of a

number of the species. For these facilities my thanks are

specially due to the following: to Dr. Severin, of the

Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Brussels; to M. Lucien

Berland of the Paris Museum; to Prof. Y. Sjéstedt of

Stockholm and to Prof. K. B. Poulton, F.R.S., each of

whom has most generously loaned me types or cotypes from

their several institutions. All measurements of length

(unless stated to the contrary) are taken from the front of

the head to the apex of tergite 2. The types of all the

new species are in the British Museum.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.)

486 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

List OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF OpyweERUS IN THE

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

(* Types or cotypes have been examined of all species marked

with an asterisk.)

Subgenus Ancistrocerus, Wesm.

*1. massaicus, Cam. *7. neavet, Sp. N.

*2. budongo, sp. n. 8. zebra, Sauss.

*3. lineaticollis, Cam. 9. massanensis, Sauss.

*lineaticollis, var. rufo- (Plate XCI, fig. 1.)

pictus, Var. nov. *10. lufirae, sp. n.

*4, maculiscapus, Cam. 11. inconstans, Sauss.

5. strvativentris, Cam. *12. kaibonotensis, Cam.

*6. gowdeyanus, M.- *13. neuviller, Du Btyss.

Waldo.

Species unknown to the author.

14. heydenianus, Sauss.

Subgenus Laonotus, Sauss.

Division A. Postscutellum truncate posteriorly.

Section 1. Postscutellum laterally tuberculate or sub-

tuberculate.

Group of O. mucronatus, Saussure, scutellum armed.

1. mucronatus, Sauss. *7. conradsii, Schulthess.

*2. katonai, Schulthess. *8. rikatlensis, Schulthess.

*3. bisellatus, Schulthess. 9. metatarsalis, Schul-

(Plate XCI, fig. 2.) thess.

*4. carinatus, sp. n. (Plate | *10. hansi, sp. n.

ACI fig 72) 11. senex, Cam.

*5. quadrituberculatus, 11a. canaliculatus, Sauss.,

Smith. (Plate XCI, described from Ara-

fig. 3). bia, is in this group.

*6. pulchripilosellus, Cam.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 487

e172)

13.

*14,

Sip:

wallce

el hls

~1S.

*19.

‘20.

#22.

mAs.

24.

*25.

*26.

Group of O. silaensis, Saussure, scutellum flat.

rubroniger, Bingh.

cameroni, Schultz (=

tegularis, Cam. (nec

Mor.).

kristenseni, sp. n.

gambiensis, sp. n.

silverlocki, sp. n. (Plate

XCI, fig. 4a, 4b.)

stiraspis, Cam.

sjdstedti, Cam.

pakasae, sp. n.

whiteanus, Cam.

dimorphus, sp. 0.

stlaensis, Sauss.

asmarensis, Schulthess.

armatiscutis, Cam.

arethusae, sp. n.

signatus, Smith.

27.

28.

#29.

+30:

31.

32.

*33.

34.

*35.

*36.

soil:

38.

39.

4(),

4].

metemmensis, Magr.

defractus, du Buyss.

ukerewensis, Schul-

thess.

karibae, sp. n.

jocosus, Gerst.

vulneratus, Sauss.

gomodes, Schletterer.

(Plate XCI, fig. 5.)

pulchellus, Gerst.

solstitialis, Sauss.

fervidus, Sauss. (Plate

XCI, fig. 10.)

tropicalis, Sauss.

schonlandi, Cam.

acanthoaspis, Cam.

dunbrodyensis, Cam.

melanodontus, Cam.

Section 2. Postscutellum laterally without tubercles.

42.

#43.

FAA,

4D.

*46,

carinatulus, Sauss.

rhynchoides, Sauss. (=

pseudolateralis, sp. n.

tectus, F.

meyert, Cam. and var. |

*albolimbatus, Schul-

thess.

| *47. euryspulus, Cam.

' *48. schultzeanus,

saussuret, EK. André). |

Schul-

thess.

| *49. vaalensis, Cam.

*50.

deceptor, sp. n.

Division B. Postscutellum curved posteriorly.

Section I. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 without

conspicuous lateral spots.

Group of O. floricola, Saussure.

1. cnemophilus, Cam.

2. kilimandjaroensis,Cam.

. hottentottus,

Sauss.

(Plate XCI, fig. 8.)

. sesquicinctus, Sauss.

. capicola, sp. n.

. lateralis, F.

. lateralis, F., var. uni-

color, Schulthess.

*58.

750.

*60,

*Gll:

*62.

#63.

lugubris, sp. n.

combustus, Smith.

curvirufolincatus, Cam.

margunipunctatus,

sp.n. (Plate XCI,

fig. 6.)

bothriogaster,

terer.

aureosericeus, Sp. 1.

Schlet-

488 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

Section 2. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 with conspicuous

lateral spots,

Group of O. aethiopicus, Saussure. Clypeus apically

emarginate.

*64. stiraspis, Cam. *70. schulthessi, sp.n. (Plate

*65. scrvpliceps, Cam. (Plate XCI, fig. 11.)

XCI, fig. 9.) *71. wellman, M.-Waldo.

*66. simplidentatus, M.- | *72. aequinoctialis, Sauss.

Waldo. *73. erythrotomus, Cam.

*67. stellaboschensis, Cam. *74. meruensis, Cam.

68. aethiopicus, Sauss. 75. falcatus, Tuller.

*69. 14-maculatus, Schul-

thess.

Group of O. bellatulus, Saussure. Clypeus apically truncate.

*76. spoliatus, Cam. (Plate | *81. harrarensis, sp. n.

XCI, fig. 12.) *82. sheffieldi, sp. n.

*77. indecorus, Cam. 83. macrocephalus, Grib.

78. mutabilis, Sauss. 84. multicolor, Sauss.

79. bellatulus, Sauss. 85. mutans, Sauss.

*80. rotundiscutis, Cam.

Species (subgen. Lionotus) unknown to the author,

86. natalensis, Sauss. 93. penetratus, Cam.

87. meridionalis, Sauss. 94. angustus, Sauss.

88. o’ neili, Cam. 95. caviventris, Kirsch.

89. kloofensis, Cam. 96. guerini, Sauss.

90. frendens, Grib. 97. hyacinthae, Grib.

91. troglodytes, Sauss. 98. interruptus, Sauss.

92. determinatus, Cam.

Division C. Stenodynerus, Sauss.

*99. corvus, sp. n. (Plate \*101. ferrugineus, Schulthess.

XCI, fig! 15:) (Plate XCI, fig. 13.)

100. bairstowr, Grib. 102. politiclypeus, Schulthess.

(Plate XCI, fig. 14.)

Subgenus Hoplomerus, Westw.

*103. spinger, Schulthess. (*105. simplex, Bingh.

104. spineger, Schulthess. |*106. zebrordes, sp. n.

yar. flavus, noy. *107. adonis, sp. n.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 489

Species (subgenus Hoplomerus) unknown to the author.

108. quartinae, Grib. Lilo. rectus, D. T.

109. senegalensis, Sauss. | 111. ferruginosus, Sauss.

Species (Odynerus, sens. lat.) unknown to the author.

112. humbei, Rad. 116. magrettw, Grib.

113. obscurus, Rad. 117. frendens, Grib.

114. raffrayi, Rad. 118. dauensis, Magretti.

115. emeryanus, Grib.

OpyNeERvS, Latr.

KEY TO THE SUBGENERA DEALT WITH IN THIS PAPER.

1, (2) First abdominal segment with at least one distinct trans-

verse carina, sometimes with 2 carinae (div. Hpanci-

strocerus); last joint of antennae (3) bent back to

form ahook. . . . . . . Amncistrocerus, Wesm.

2. (1) First abdominal segment without any carina; antennae

(3) as in Ancistrocerus or with the terminal joints rolled

up in spiral fashion.

3. (4) Antennae (3) as in subgenus Ancistrocerus.

Tionotus, Sauss.

4, (3) Antennae (3) with the terminal joints rolled up in spiral

fashion, species (in Ethiopian fauna) large.

Hoplomerus, Westwood (= Hoplopus, Sauss.).

Subgenus Ancistrocerus.

1. (4) Tergite 1 with 2 transverse carinae. . div. Hpancistrocerus.

2. (3) Mesonotum and scutellum uniformly coarsely punctured ;

clypeus (2) ferruginous. . . . . massaicus, Cam.

3. (2) Posterior half of mesonotum and scutellum shining, almost

impunctate; clypeus (2) yellow, black centrally.

budongo, sp. n.

4. (1) Tergite 1 with 1 transverse carina.

s. g. Ancistrocerus, sens. str.

5. (6) Head and thorax black, abdomen wholly ochraceous yellow,

length 11}mm. . . . . . gowdeyanus, M.-Waldo.

6. (5) Head and thorax black, sometimes with yellow or ferruginous

markings; abdomen black, with at least two yellow

fasciae.

7. (12) Tergite 1 somewhat elongate, subpetiolate, resembling

Nortonia species,

490 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

8. (9) Pronotum ferruginous, wings subfuscous, postscutellum

black. iat as . . .« maculiscapus, Cam.

9. (8) Pronotum black, hanoaily sella along the anterior margin,

postscutellum with a transverse yellow line; clypeus

(2) with considerable pale markings.

10. (11) Sides of pronotum parallel, wings fuscous.

kibonotensis, Cam.

11. (10) Sides of pronotum rounded, wings clear hyaline.

12. (7) Tergite 1 not elongate, at least as broad apically as long.

13. (14) Colours yellow and ferruginous red, lateral angles of median

segment very sharp. - @ . « .Meonstans, Sauss.

14. (13) Colours black, with yellow markings and fasciae.

15. (16) Segments 1 and 2 of abdomen with yellow apical fasciae,

median segment without lateral angles; wings very

amples» say t-84- - . neaver, sp. n.

16. (15) Segments 1-4 with pallor or ceils ch white apical fasciae.

17. (20) Small species. Total length 8 mm.

18. (19) Tergite 2 tuberculiform at base; tegulae and a line on

scutellum yellow. . . . . massanensis, Sauss.

19. (18) Tergite 2 normally rounded aoe ; tegulae ferruginous, no

yellow on scutellum. . . to fa ee. LUjirae, Span.

20. (17) Larger species. Total length ie 13 mm.

21. (24) Tegulae ferruginous, legs for the most part ferruginous ;

anterior margin of pronotum with a narrow yellow fascia.

22. (23) Wings fuscous, scutellum black, head and thorax with a

long pubescence. . .- . . . . Uineaticollis, Cam.

scutellum ferruginous . . . . var. rufopictus, nov.

23. (22) Wings partly fuscous, scutellum with an interrupted

yellow line. ‘ . . neuvillei, du Buyss.

24, (21) Tegulae black, legs noably hime

25. (26) Head and thorax clothed with a long dark pubescence.

striativentris, Cam.

26. (25) Head and thorax clothed with cinereous pubescence.

zebra, Sauss,

Subgenus Lxonotus.

1, (67) Postscutellum truncate, laterally tuberculate or sub-

tuberculate; group of O. dubius, ete.

2. (19) Scutellum bilobed or laterally lamellate (schaiifelformig)

or tuberculate.

3. (8) Tegulae very large.

4. (5) Scutellum with lateral lamellae; colours black, ferruginous

and yellow. . . . , » . » «mucronatus, Sauss.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 491

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22,

. (4) Scutellum with lateral tubercles.

. (7) Colours black; abdominal segments 1-4 with pale yellow

apical fasciae, tegulae black or red and yellowish white.

katonai, Schulthess.

. (6) Colours ferruginous-red, abdomen with pale yellow fasciae,

tergite 2 with a short yellow longitudinal line; tegulae

ferruginous. . . . . . .« bisellatus, Schulthess.

. (3) Tegulae normal.

(O. canaliculatus, Sauss., comes in here.)

. (12) Tergite 2 with a distinct tubercle or longitudinal carina.

. (11) Clypeus with 2 prominent longitudinal carinae, tergite 2

with a longitudinal carina; mesonotum with very coarse

longitudinal striation; prothorax mostly black.

carinatus, sp. n.

(10) Clypeus without carinae, tergite 2 with blunt tubercle near

base; prothorax mostly ferruginous.

quadrituberculatus, Smith.

(9) Tergite 2 normal, no carina or tubercle; colours mostly

ferruginous. Pronotum with anterior margin yellow,

tegulae mostly yellow, pubescence silvery.

pulchripilosellus, Cam.

(14) Head and thorax mostly with ferruginous markings;

abdomen with narrow apical fasciae on tergites 1-4 (9),

1-7 (3g); clypeus broader than long. Small species

44-5i4mm . .. . . . conradsti, Schulthess.

(13) Medium-sized species 7-8 mm.

(18) Sides of median segment almost impunctate.

(17) Ferruginous; postscutellum, post-tegulae and apical

fasciae on tergites pale yellow; mesonotum black, with

coarse longitudinal striation. . rtkatlensis, Schulthess.

(16) Black; abdomen with white apical fasciae; tergite 2 with

large lateral spots, white. . metatarsalis, Schulthess.

(15) Sides of median segment distinctly punctured ; mesonotum

evenly punctured, postscutellum, post-tegulae and

clypeus basally, ferruginous. - « hansi, sp.n.

(2) Scutellum flat, unarmed (except O. dimorphus (3)); post-

scutellum either forming two distinct tubercles or

truncate, crenulate or with lateral tubercles.

(23) Tegulae abnormally large.

(22) Postscutellum forming two distinct tubercles, tergite 2

normally rounded. Lengthl1}mm. _ rubroniger, Bingh.

(21) Postscutellum with slender lateral tubercles, tergite 2 with

alongitudinalcarina. Length 10mm. kristenseni, sp. n.

(O. cameroni, Schultz, comes in here.)

492 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

ol.

39.

40.

41.

42,

coe with three Niner ene fonpitadinal carinae; the

median one not reaching the apex.

. (28) Tergite 2 viewed from above as broad as long; pronotum,

tegulae, scutellum, postscutellum, median segment and

tergite 1 (except yellow apical fascia) ferruginous.

gambiensis, sp. n.

. (27) Tergite 2 viewed from above longer than broad, pronotum

only partly, tegulae, scutellum partly and tergite 1

laterally ferruginous. . . . . ._ stlverlocki, sp.n.

. (26) Clypeus without longitudinal carinae.

. (31) Robust species; black, pronotum totally ferruginous,

tergites 1 and 2 with lateral, ovate ferruginous marks.

stiraspis, Cam.

(30) Slender species; black, pronotum (except anterior margin

medially) tergites 1 and 2 except yellow apical fasciae,

black. . . . sjéstedti, Cam. 2 (= yngvei, Cam. 3).

. (25) Tergite 2 without a longitudinal carina.

. (44) Clypeus (9) distinctly punctate striate, clypeus (3) less

distinctly sculptured.

. (39) Clypeus ($ and 9) pale; yellow or ferruginous, no black

markings.

. (36) Abdominal segment | very short and broad; black yellow

and ferruginous, a robust insect; all the tergites with

yellow apical fasciae. Total length 9 mm.

pakasae, sp. n.

. (35) Abdominal segment 1 more slender, a distinct constriction

between segments 1 and 2.

. (388) Tergites 1 and 2 with narrow yellow apical fasciae ; terminal

segments ferruginous. . . . . whiteanus, Cam.

. (37) No yellow markings; tergites 4-6 entirely black.

dimorphus, sp. n. 9.

tergites 46 orange.. . . . . dimorphus, sp. n. var.

(O. senex, Cam., comes in here.)

(34) Clypeus (2) black, basally yellow; clypeus (3) yellow.

(41) Scape, flagellum basally and tegulae ferruginous; terminal

abdominal segments ferruginous. . stlaensis, Sauss.

(40) Scape beneath yellow; tegulae whitish yellow with centre

black; terminal segments of abdomen black, with

yellow apical fasciae, and fascia on tergite 1 enlarged

laterally.

(43) Median segment black, no yellow markings on surface of

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 493

43.

44,

45.

46.

47.

48.

49,

50.

51.

52.

53.

54,

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

truncation, the yellow very pale; tergites 1-5 with pale

yellow apical fasciae, length 12 mm.

asmarensis, Schulthess.

(O. armatiscutis, Cam., comes in here.)

(42) Median segment with yellow markings on sides; tergites

1—4 with pale apical fasciae. Length 10 mm.

arethusae, sp. 0.

(33) Clypeus with distinct punctures, not striate (¢ 9).

(46) Large species —12 mm. to apex of tergite 2. Black;

pronotum, tegulae, scutellum, postscutellum, laterally,

ferruginous; abdomen yellow, tergites 1 and 2 with

large median marks, black. . . . signatus, Smith.

(45) Smaller species (about 8 mm.).

(54) Thorax and abdomen without any ferruginous markings.

(51) Males.

(50) Seutellum with two linear yellow marks, tegulae yellow

with dark centre. . . . . metemmensis, Magretti.

(49) Scutellum and postseutellum with yellow markings, tegulae

ferrupinous. - 9: 9... . «. @efracius, Buysson.

(48) Females.

(53) Pronotum, tegulae, scutellum postscutellum and abdominal

segments 1 (except basally) wholly and 2-6 with black

apical fasciae, pale yellow; median segment red.

ukerewensis, Schulthess.

(52) Pronotum with the anterior margin narrowly, abdominal

segments 1 and 2 with complete apical fasciae, yellow;

segment 3 laterally yellow; clypeus three coloured,

yellow basally, black medially and red apically. Tegulae

red. . . karibae, sp. n.

(47) Thorax or ‘abdomen panistips both) with profuse ferru-

ginous markings.

(64) Apex of clypeus with a distinct emargination, the lateral

teeth sharp. Males and females.

(57) Sides of median segment alone ferruginous.

jocosus, Gerst.

(56) Thorax and abdomen ferruginous.

(59) Prothorax without conspicuous lateral angles; clypeus

long, pyriform. . . . . . vulneratus, Sauss,

(58) Prothorax with acute lata angles, clypeus as broad as

long. Males.

(61) Anterior margin of pronotum and abdominal segments 1

and 2 with narrow apical yellow fasciae, scutellum

ferruginous, only the sides with small ivory yellow

spots.) <a Raho: ~ ~ «. gontodes, Schletterer.

494 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

6l.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

78.

79.

80.

(60) Anterior margin of pronotum and abdominal fasciae on seg-

ments ] and 2 broad ; scutellum largely marked with yellow.

(63) Vertex ferruginous; abdominal segments 1 and 2 ferru-

ginous with yellow apical fasciae. . pulchellus, Gerst.

(62) Vertex black; abdomen with considerable black markings.

solstitialis, Sauss.

(55) Clypeus apically truncate.

(66) Mesonotum ferruginous; scutellum and_ postscutellum

yellow, anterior a. of pronotum broadly yellow.

Males needy . . fervidus, Sauss.

(65) Mesonotum black; enue: aa postseutellum ferru-

ginous, anterior margin of pronotum narrowly yellow.

Female. . . . . . . tropicalis, Sauss.

(1)Postscutellum without daberal tubercles.

. (140) Median segment without any dorsal area behind the

postscutellum.

. (86) Postscutellum with hind margin transverse, truncate.

. (81) Sides of median segment with carinae, often serrate.

. (72) Upper margin of postscutellum 3-tuberculate, mesonotum

with 2 conspicuous carinae approximating posteriorly.

carinulatus, Sauss.

. (71) Upper margin transverse, usually crenulate.

. (76) Upper angles of median segment separated from sides of

postscutellum by a distinct fissure; colours yellow and

ferruginous.

. (75) Wings hyaline, only the radial cell fuscous, prothorax

yellow on the anterior margin. . rhynchoides, Sauss.

(= saussurei, André).

. (74) Wings fuscous except basal third, prothorax ferruginous.

pseudolateralis, sp. n.

. (73) No fissure separating median segment from postscutellum.

. (80) Larger species, about 13 mm. (to apex of tergite 2); wings

bicolorous.

(79) Abdomen orange, segments 1 and 2 and a dorsal longi-

tudinal mark, black; ask bluish, costal area ferru-

ginous. ‘ SR MP oitectiss Ralbt

(78) Black and feveriginomestid wings paskily flavohyaline, apically

bhaishtit) «hee - . meyert, Cam.

tergite 2 with narrow internipted sihibe apical fascia.

var. albolimbatus, Schulthess.

(77) Smaller species, about 9 mm. (to apex of tergite 2). Wings

unicolorous. Thorax black and ferruginous, tergite 2

with yellow apical fascia, wings fuscohyaline.

euryspilus, Cam. (= broomi, Cam.).

the

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100

101

102

103

104

genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 495

(70) Sides of median segment without any carinae, suboblique.

(85) Abdomen black with apical fasciae ferruginous or yellow.

(84) Apical fasciae ferruginous, postscutellum black.

schulizeanus, Schulthess.

(83) Apical fasciae yellow; postscutellum with yellow marks.

vaalensis, Cam.

(82) Abdomen entirely brick red, thorax obscurely ferruginous.

deceplor, sp. n.

(69) Postscutellum with the hind margin curved, sides of

median segment without any distinct carinae, rounded

or produced to form lateral tubercles.

(111) Abdominal segments 1 and 2 without conspicuous lateral

spots; general facies black, with yellow abdominal

fasciae, or black and ferruginous or wholly black.

(96) Sides of median segment rounded.

(90) Wholly black; mandibles, clypeus, antennae and legs

ferruginous (group of O. floricola). cnemophilus, Cam.

(89) Partly black; with apical margins of tergites yellow, legs

ferruginous.

(92) Clypeus with two longitudinal carinae, pronotum anteriorly,

scutellum laterally and postscutellum, yellow; tegulae

ferruginous. . . . . . . kilimandjaroensis, Cam.

(91) Clypeus without any carinae, longitudinally striate.

(94) Larger, 8-10 mm. (to apex tergite 2).

holtentottus, Sauss. (= erythrospilus, Cam.),

(93) Smaller, 6-7 mm. (to apex tergite 2).

(96) Minutely punctured, clypeus (2) black, yellow basally and

longitudinally striate; tergite 2 with an indistinct

longitudinal carina, apical fascia on tergite | linear.

capicola, sp. n.

(88) Sides of median segment subcarinate or with blunt teeth.

(110) Not wholly black.

(103) Abdomen impunctate.

(100) Abdomen unicolorous fuscoferruginous, without any pale

markings; wings golden hyaline, apically infuscate.

lateralis, Fab., var. uwnicolor, Schulthess.

. (99) Abdomen not unicolorous.

. (102) Abdomen with a broad longitudinal yellow line on each

side along the whole length . . . lateralis, Fab.

. (101) Tergite 1 at least with a pale apical fascia.

lugubris, sp. n.

. (98) Abdomen more or less punctured, the tergites with at

least the apical areae punctured.

. (107) Abdomen wholly punctured; postscutellum yellow.

496 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

105. (106) Colours entirely ferruginous; clypeus, thorax partly and

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

itil

115.

116.

Tay

118.

LES:

120.

abdominal segments 1-3 with narrow apical fasciae.

combustus, Smith.

(105) Colours black, ferruginous and yellow; all the abdominal

segments with yellow apical fasciae.

curvirufolineatus, Cam.

(104) Abdomen punctate only on the apical margin of tergites.

(109) Tergites 2-6 with apical margins coarsely punctured,

tergite 2 with a pale narrow apical fascia; clypeus not

apically emarginate ; dark ferruginous and black insect.

marginipunctatus, sp. n.

(108) Tergites 1-6 with punctate apical margins, head and

thorax black with yellow markings ; abdominal segment

1 black, 2-6 black and yellow; clypeus with broad,

round emargination, with sharp teeth at sides.

bothriogaster, Schletterer.

(97) Wholly black; postscutellum sometimes yellow.

aureosericeus, Sp. N.

(87) Abdominal segments 1 and 2, or one of them, with con-

spicuous lateral spots, sometimes more or less confluent

above, and apical fascia on tergite 2 sometimes much

dilated laterally; general fascies variable, ferruginous

and yellow or black and yellow.

2. (127) Clypeus with the apex emarginate; the emargination

either round and broad with lateral teeth or indistinct,

formed by the approximation of two small apical teeth.

- (120) Emargination at apex of clypeus round and broad.

- (115) Sides of median segment forming tubercles; abdominal

segments ferruginous and black with yellow spots.

stiraspis, Cam.

(114) Sides of median segment rounded, abdomen yellow and

black or ferruginous and black; clypeus yellow or

ferruginous (3).

(117) Abdomen yellow and black, no ferruginous; clypeus

ferruginous(g). . .' . . . . seripticeps, Cam.

(116) Abdomen ferruginous and black, with yellow apical

fasciae.

(119) All the tergites with yellow apical fasciae. Length

10 mm. f - . stmplidentatus, M.-Waldo.

(118) Tergites 1 and 2 only with narrow apical fasciae, Length

7mm, ee: . . . stellaboschensis, Cam.

(113) Emargination at apex of clypeus formed by the approxi-

mation of two small apical teeth.

(Here comes in O. aethiopicus, Sauss.)

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 497

121.

122

125.

126.

(126) Colour mostly black; thorax mostly black or black with

extensive yellow or ferruginous markings.

(123) Median segment concave, coarsely trans-striate, later-

ally subtuberculate; thorax almost entirely black.

Abdomen almost impunctate.

14-maculatus, Schulthess.

. (122) Median segment suboblique, rounded, evenly punctured.

Prothorax ferruginous or yellow.

. (125) Prothorax ferruginous red; all the abdominal segments

black, with interrupted yellow fasciae.

schulthessi, sp. n.

(124) Prothorax yellow; abdominal tergites 5 and 6 red.

wellmani, M.-Waldo.

(121) Mostly ferruginous, prothorax and postscutellum yellow.

aequinoctialis, Sauss.

(Here come in O. erythrotomus, Cam., and O. meruensis,

Cam.)

127. (112) Clypeus with the apex truncate.

128. (133) Postscutellum above a small transverse carina.

129. (132) Species with considerable black markings.

130. (131) Clypeus almost impunctate. Length 12} mm.

spoliatus, Cam.

131. (130) Clypeus distinctly punctured. Length 10 mm.

140.

indecorus, Cam.

. (129) Species without any black markings; ferruginous, with

pronotum anteriorly and abdominal segments | and 2

bordered with yellow. . . . . mutabilis, Sauss.

(O. falcatus, Tullgren, comes in here.)

. (128) Postsecutellum without any transverse carina.

. (137) Abdomen impunctate.

. (136) Clypeus (2) yellow, impunctate, postscutellum and

median segment yellow. . . . bellatulus, Sauss.

. (135) Clypeus (2) red, punctured; abdomen without any

yellow markings... . . . . rotundiscutis, Cam.

. (134) Abdomen more or less punctured.

. (139) Clypeus entirely yellow (3 9) as broad as long, scutellum

(9 specimens) ferruginous.. . . harrarensis, sp. n.

. (138) Clypeus (2) basally yellow, distinctly longer than broad ;

scutellum (12 specimens) with some yellow.

sheffieldi, sp. n.

(Here come in O. macrocephalus, Grib., O. multicolor,

Sauss., O. mutans, Sauss.)

(68) Median segment with a distinct dorsal surface posterior

to postscutellum (div. Stenodynerus).

498 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

141. (142) Totally black species; clypeus (3) clothed with dense

silver pubescence; abdomen evenly punctured.

corvus, Sp. n.

142. (141) Not black; abdomen almost wholly orange or ferru-

ginous, abdomen impunctate.

143. (144) Clypeus densely clothed with silvery pubescence ; clypeus

bidentate at apex; wings fuscous. bairstowt, Grib.

144. (143) Clypeus bare; wings pale, subhyaline or subfuscous.

145. (146) Clypeus convex, punctured; mandibles falciform, very

minutely serrate. - . « ferrugineus, Schulthess.

146. (145) Clypeus flat, shining, impunctate, truncate at apex;

mandibles distinctly 3-dentate.

politiclypeus, Schulthess.

Subgenus Hoplomerus, Westwood.

1. (2) Wings unicolorous.

2. (1) Wings bicolorous, the basal half golden hyaline, apical half

fuscous. Abdomen black, sometimes with obscure

whitish marks on sides of apical margins of segments 3-5.

spiniger, Schulthess.

Abdomen laterally with profuse pale yellow markings.

var. maculatus, Schulthess.

3. (4) Head and thorax with a considerable covering of long,

griseous pubescence. Mesonotum without any distinct

parapsidal grooves. Abdomen black, tergites 1-2 with

pale yellow apical fasciae. Length 13mm. 3.

simplex, Bingham.

4. (3) Head and thorax without conspicuous pubescence. Meso-

notum with distinct parapsidal grooves. Abdomen

otherwise coloured.

5. (6) Median segment hardly concave; clypeus, cephalic and

thoracic markings ie abdominal segments 1-2

mostly ferruginous. . - » « adonts, sp. n.

6. (5) Median segment distinctly concave; clypeus, cephalic and

thoracic markings ferruginous; abdomen black, with

apical fasciae widening laterally, pale yellow.

zebroides, sp. n.

Subgenus ANCISTROCERUS Wesm.

Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) budongo, sp. n.

2. Niger, densissime et brevissime aureo-tomentosus; mandibu-

lis basi, clypeo (medio excepto), linea longitudinali inter antennas,

sinu orbitali, macula post oculos, maculis duabus pronoto, tegulis

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 499

partim, postscutello, segmento mediano lateribus, segmentis

abdominis 1-2 fasciis apicalibus, luteis. Mandibulis apiece, an-

tennis infra, tegulisque plerumque ferrugineis. Segmento primo’

carinis duabus transversis. Capite (vertice excepto), thorace

antice, pleurisque sat crebre rugoseque punctatis; thorace postice

abdomineque vix punctatis. Segmento mediano lateribus acutis.

Alis subhyalinis, cellula radiali fusca. Long. 8 mm.

Black, somewhat shining, densely clothed with a very short fine

pubescence, for the most part golden, but cinereous on metapleura

and sternite 2. Yellow markings as above, with following addition :

Coxae, femora and tibiae beneath yellow; anterior tarsi ferruginous.

Clypeus pyriform, apically bidentate.

The head with the exception of the vertex and the prothorax

and mesonotum anteriorly rather coarsely punctured; the vertex

and rest of the thorax almost impunctate. Propleura bordered

anteriorly by a conspicuous carina, another carina is situated on

the mesopleura ; lateral angles of the median segment forming two

sharp keels; the intervening space trans-striate. Abdomen with

fine, scattered punctures. The first segment of abdomen with two

conspicuous transverse carinae, the intervening space impunctate.

Length 8mm. 1 9.

Ucanpa Protectorate: Budongo Forest, Unyoro,

3400 ft., xi1. 1911 (S. A. Neave). Closely allied to O. (A.)

massaicus, Cam., described from Kilimanjaro. The species

comes in Saussure’s Division EHpancistrocerus.

O. (Ancistrocerus) lufirae, sp. n.

9. Niger, punctatus; scapo infra, clypeo basi, macula frontali,

macula post oculos, duabus maculis margine antico pronoti, seg-

mentis abdominis 1—4 fasciis apicalibus, tibiisque plerumque luteis.

Antennarum flagello, mandibulis, clypeo apice obscure, tegulis,

tarsisque ferrugineis.

Ubique punctatus, capite thoraceque crassissime. Clypeo brevi,

apice bidentato. Segmenti mediani lateribus subrotundatis. Alis

hyalinis, cellula radiali infuscata. Long. 7 mm.

Black, coarsely punctured on head and thorax, less coarsely on

abdomen. Yellow and ferruginous markings as above, covered

_ with a sparse, pale pubescence. Clypeus as broad as long, slightly

convex, narrowly produced towards apex, which is bidentate, the

two teeth forming the termination of longitudinal carinae starting

in the apical half of the clypeus. Ocelli on a slightly raised area

on vertex. Pronotum with lateral angles acute, gradually widening

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTS III, IV. (FEB.) KK

500 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

towards tegulae. Postscutellum and median segment truncate, the

latter concave medially, its lateral angles rounded. First abdominal

segment bell-shaped, widening posteriorly, narrower than second at

base. Wings clear hyaline, slightly fuscous on part of costal arca,

and in radial cell. ¢ differs only sexually, flagellum black.

Length 7mm. 19,2 ¢¢.

S.E. Conco Free State: Lufira R., Katanga, 3500 ft. ;

Lualaba River. v. 1907 (2 $4); Kambove, Katanga, vi.

1907 (4000-5000 ft.), Q (type), (S. A. Neave).

O. (Ancistrocerus) neavei, sp. n.

3g. Niger; clypeo basi excepto, mandibulis, maculis inter antennas

et post oculos, pronoti margine antico plus minusve, segmentisque

abdominalibus 1 et 2 fasciis apicalibus, luteis. Capite, thorace

tegulis exceptis, segmentoque abdominali primo plerumque rugose

punctatis; tegulis segmentisque 2-7 vix punctatis. Allis infuscatis,

ampliatis. Long. 11 mm.

Head, thorax, and first segment of abdomen with a long, somewhat

sparse, covering of griseous pubescence, rest of abdomen with a

dense short silvery pubescence on the ventral surface. Wings very

ample.

Clypeus as broad as long, narrowly produced towards apex, which

is deeply emarginate. Head about as broad as thorax at widest.

Terminal joint of antennae forming a hook. Anterior margin of

pronotum truncate, the pronotum widening towards the tegulae.

Seutellum flat, divided from the postscutellum by a distinct

transverse groove, postscutellum subtruncate, raised; median

segment with a short dorsal area, the sides of the truncation

rounded and produced to form blunt lateral tubercles. Surface

of the truncation finely trans-striate. Head, thorax, except

tegulae, and the surface of truncation of median segment, and

abdominal segment 1 posterior to the transverse carina, regu-

larly and deeply punctured; the rest shining, finely punctured.

Abdomen slender, a slight constriction between segments 1 and 2.

° differs from male only sexually; clypeus black, with 4 yellow

marks, the basal pair minute, medio-lateral, the apical pair elongate

almost reaching the apex, which is truncate; mandibles black,

except for a minute yellow mark at base. The wings in the ¢ very

ample.

Length llmm. 299,14.

Ucanpa Protectorate : N. Ruwenzori (6000-8500 ft.),

Nov. 1911 (type g) and 2 (S. A. Neave); Ruwenzori

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 501

(8000 ft.) 17. i. 1912 (Captain J. Fraser), 1 9. Resembles

O. (A.) neuvillei, Buyss., but differs from it in having only

two yellow abdominal fasciae.

The following species were included as belonging to

this subgenus in Gen. Insectorum (Vespidae); two of

them are referable to the genus Labus and the third to

Rhynchalastor.

Rhynchalastor canthosoma (Schletterer).

Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) xanthosoma, Schletterer. Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 35, p. 24 (1891).

Through the kindness of Dr. Severin I examined the type

of this species. It is an undoubted Rhynchalastor, nearly

related to R. fuscipennis, M.-Waldo.

In his recent paper on Odynerus (Soc. Entom. xxix, No. 14,

p- 73, 1914) Schulthess describes O. (Stenodynerus) ferru-

gineus var. mafiensis, which he says is identical with

Rhynchalastor fuscipennis, at the same time stating that

there is an evanescent fourth joint in the labial palpi.

On a further close examination I am inclined to agree

with him. There remain, however, two characters which

are of sufficient importance to render the genus valid, viz.

the acute apex to the clypeus and the petiolate second

cubital cell.

In any case, if the var. mafiensis is considered synony-

mous with R. fuscipennis (1910), why is a new varietal

name selected? Finally, it would seem that on structural

characters of the clypeus this variety was worthy of specific

rank, since in the type form the clypeus is diagnosed

as follows: “clypei truncatura apicalis aeque longa ac

articulus 3 antennarum,” and in the variety mafiensis

“clypeo g et 2 apice acuto, margine apicali fere nullo.”

Labus bisuturalis (Sauss.).

Odynerus bisuturalis, Sauss. Et. fam. Vesp. 1, p. 127

(1852) ¢.

Through the kindness of Prof. Poulton I have been able

to examine the type of this species from the Westwood

Collection in the Hope Department of the Oxford Museum.

It is an undoubted Labus, a genus created by Saussure in

1867 for the reception of two species caught during the

cruise of the Novara, in Ceylon and Java respectively.

502 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

The type locality of L. bisutwralis is doubtful, but it is

thought to have come from Senegal, which is highly prob-

able, as many Ethiopian species are now known. The

species is stated (/.c.) to have two transverse sutures on

the first abdominal segment, but the most careful examina-

tion has failed to reveal more than one. A specimen

in the British Museum from N.E. Rhodesia (Mid-Luangwa

Valley) is very closely allied to it.

Labus difformis (Sauss.).

Odynerus difformis, Sauss. Et. fam. Vesp.i, p. 145 (1852) 3.

I have not seen this species, but it appears to be a

Labus.

Subgenus Lionorus, Sauss.

O. (Lionotus) earinatus, sp. n. (Plate XCI, fig. 7.)

Q. Niger, luteo variegatus ; clypeo duabus carinis longitudinalibus

conspicue instructis; mesothorace crassissime ac longitudinaliter

striato; tergite secundo carina longitudinali margineque postico

crenulato; pronoti margine postico elevato. Clypeo basi, carinis

clypealibus, pronoto partim, segmentis abdominalibus | et 2 fasciis-

que apicalibus, luteis. Mandibulis, scapo, flagello infra, tegulis,

linea scutellari, segmento primo partim, pedibusque plerumque,

ferrugineis. Alis subfuscis. Long. 10 mm.

6 differt clypeo luteo inconspicue carinato, areaque lutea pronoto

ampliori. Long. 9 mm.

Head and thorax (except pleurae) covered with a medium fulvous

pubescence, pleurae with silvery pubescence. Mandibles long and

slender; clypeus rather longer than broad, narrowly produced to-

wards apex, shallowly emarginate, the area between the two carinae

shining almostimpunctate. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, widening

towards tegulae, lateral angles acute; scutellum with the lateral

expansions rather inconspicuous, postscutellum with two sharp

lateral tubercles; median segment concave, sides of the truncation

forming ridges. First abdominal segment slender basally, second

tergite with a conspicuous median longitudinal carina almost

reaching the apex; apex crenulated impunctate.

Head and thorax coarsely punctured, mesonotum especially with

conspicuous longitudinal striation, surface of the truncation of the

median segment more finely punctured. Wings fuscous.

6 differs from 9 in having the carinae on clypeus less distinct

and the yellow on pronotum more widely distributed.

Length 9-10 mm. 1 g, 1 9.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 503

Carz Cotony: Willowmore, Feb. 1903 and Jan. 1911

(Dr. H. Brauns). Coll. No. 14.

O. (Laonotus) 4-tuberculatus, Smith. (Plate XCT, fig. 3.)

In my earlier paper (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xi, p. 52,

1913) O. pulchripilosellus, Cam., is treated as synonymous

with the above; since then I have come to the conclusion

that they are distinct; Schulthess (Archiv. F. Zoologi,

Bd. 8, No. 17, p. 16 (1913) is of the same opinion.

O. instabilis, Smith.

O. instabilis, Smith. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus., v, p. 73

(1857) 2 3.

The type of this species is missing.

Nortonia ewmenordes (Smith).

Odynerus eumenoides, Smith. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus.,

v, p. 71 (1857).

This species, the type of which is in the British Museum,

is referable to the above genus. It was described from

Natal.

O. (Lionotus) hansi, sp. n.

3. Niger, ferrugineus; segmentis 1-3 fasciis apicalibus luteis;

clypeo basi, antennis infra, macula inter antennas, linea post oculos,

pronoto, tegulis, scutello, postscutello, segmenti mediani lateribus,

abdominis segmentis 1 et 2 plerumque, maculaque pleuris, ferru-

' gineis; pedibus ferrugineis. Alis fuscis. Long. 8 mm.

Head and thorax clothed with a short, dense, fulvous pubescence ;

clypeus convex rather longer than broad, with two small teeth at

apex, the space between truncate; mandibles stout, subtruncate ;

thorax robust, anterior margin of pronotum truncate, almost as

wide as thorax at tegulae; scutellum slightly raised, laterally raised

into expansions, postscutellum with two distinct tubercles; median

segment concave, the lateral angles rounded.

First abdominal segment broad, bell-shaped; second segment

rounded normally above. Head, thorax and median segment

rather coarsely punctured, the abdomen more finely; mesonotum

with some longitudinal striae. Wings fuscous.

Length 8mm. 1 ¢.

ORANGE FREE StaTE ; Bothaville, 20, xu. 1898 (Dr, Hans

504 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

Brauns). Coll. No. 15. Dedicated to the captor and donor.

A stout species, easily recognised by the sculpture of the

scutellum and postscutellum, the general appearance is

ferruginous.

O. (Lionotus) kristenseni, sp. n.

Q. Niger, luteo-variegatus ac fasciatus; mandibulis clypeoque

basi, macula inter antennas, pronoto antice, scutello lateribus, post

tegulis, abdominis segmentis 1—4 fasciis apicalibus completis, seg-

mento 5 fascia apicali mediano, tibiis tarsisque, flavo-luteis; tegulis

maximis; femoribus I et IT plerumque, tegulisque ferrugineis. Alis

subhyalinis, area costali subfusca. Long. 8 mm.

Head and thorax clothed with a short silvery pubescence, most

conspicuous on pleura and median segment; abdomen more spar-

ingly clothed with a similar pile. Clypeus hardly so broad as long,

very finely punctured, narrowly produced towards apex, apex

weakly bidentate. Mandibles rather slender. Thorax about as

wide as head; lateral angles of pronotum acute, the pronotum

gradually widening towards tegulae; scutellum flat, but rather

raised above mesonotum, postscutellum truncate, laterally armed

with sharp tubercles; median segment subtruncate, the lateral

angles rounded. Abdominal segment 1 rather slender, abruptly

widening towards apex; tergite 2 longer than broad, with a distinct

median longitudinal carina which does not reach either the extreme

base or apex of the segment. Tegulae very large, sparsely but

distinctly punctured. Head, thorax and abdomen all punctured ;

the mesonotum rugose and longitudinally striate; concavity of

median segment almost imperceptibly punctate, the abdomen finely

but regularly punctured. The yellow markings on legs grade into

ferruginous, tarsi almost entirely ferruginous.

Wings subhyaline, rather smoky along the costa.

Length 8mm. 19. —

ABYssINIA: Harrar (Gunnar Kristensen), May 1911,

presented to the British Museum by R. E. Turner.

This species is easily recognisable by the abnormally

large tegulae, and longitudinal carina on tergite 2.

O. (Lionotus) gambiensis, sp. n.

2. Niger, luteo-ferrugineoque variegatus; clypeo, pronoti mar-

gine postico, abdominisque segmentis 1-4 fasciis apicalibus

luteis; mandibulis, antennis, sinu orbitali, macula post oculos;

pronoto, tegulis, scutello, postscutello, macula mesopleuris, seg-

menti mediani lateribus, abdominis segmentis primo, et sexto

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 505

maculis, segmento secundo, pedibusque plerumque, ferrugineis. Alis

subhyalinis. Tergite 2 carina longitudinali conspicua instructa.

Clypeo tricarinato. Long. 8 mm.

Clothed with an inconspicuous silvery pubescence on head,

thorax and abdomen. Clypeus elongate, almost twice as long as

broad, with three longitudinal carinae, the median one hardly

reaching the apex; apex very slightly excised. Mandibles acute,

slender, but not abnormally long.

Scutellum considerably raised, truncate laterally; postscutellum

with distinct lateral tubercles. Median segment concave, slanting,

lateral angles blunt, but forming distinct ridges. First abdominal

segment slender basally, but widening abruptly towards apex;

second tergite with a conspicuous longitudinal keel, reaching the

apical yellow fascia. The following segments telescoped, but

certainly with yellow fasciae. The whole coarsely punctured, but

especially the pro- and mesonotum; clypeus shining only sparingly

punctured. Wings subhyaline.

Length 8mm. 1 9.

Gambia : 15. i. 1911 (J. J. Simpson).

The clypeal and abdominal carinae render this species

easy to identify.

O. (Lionotus) silverlocki, sp. n. (Plate XCI, fig. 4a, 40.)

9. Niger, punctatus; clypeo longitudinaliter tricarinato, tergite 2

carinato; clypeo, antennis, macula inter antennas, pronoti margini-

bus, tegulis, scutello partim, tergite 1 lateribus, pedibusque coxis.

trochanteribus, femoribusque, ferrugineis. Maculis parvis sinu

orbitali, et post oculos ferrugineis. Segmentis 1-3 fasciis apicalibus,

tibiis tarsisque, luteis. AJis fuscis. Long. 8 mm.

Head and thorax clothed with pale pubescence. Clypeus twice

as long as broad, with three conspicuous longitudinal carinae, its

surface black at the sides; the apex narrow, truncate. Pronotum

truncate anteriorly, the lateral angles not particularly salient,

ferruginous along both anterior and posterior margins. Both

scutellum and postscuteHum raised, scutellum with lateral expan-

sions, postscutellum truncate posteriorly, armed with small sharp

tubercles on each side. Median segment oblique, rounded laterally,

each side produced to form a distinct tubercle towards the apex.

Segment 1 short, globose; segment 2 distinctly longer than broad.

The whole head and thorax coarsely punctured, the punctures on

the mesonotum especially coarse, and forming striae. Punctures

on abdomen finer, apical fasciae impunctate. Wings fuscous,

Length 8mm. 3 9 9,

506 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

N. Ruopesia: 85 miles west of Kariba Gorge, vi. 1910,

type (O. C. Silverlock), 22; Lower Luangwa River, ix. 1910

(S. A. Neave). 19.

Dedicated to its captor, the late O. C. Silverlock, who

was drowned in the Zambesi River, owing to his canoe

being overturned by a hippopotamus. The species may be

distinguished from O. gambiensis by the different shape

of the second tergite, and distribution of colour.

O. (Lionotus) pakasae, sp. n.

Q. Flavo-ferrugineus; capite plerumque, mesothorace, nigris;

clypeo, scapo infra macula triangulari supraclypeali, sinu orbitali,

macula lineari post oculos, pronoto, tegulis, scutello, postscutello,

tergite 1 anguste, 2-6 late fasciis apicalibus tergite 2 lateribus,

flavis; mesopleuris plerumque pedibusque, flavis; mandibulis»

antennis, segmento mediano, abdominis segmentis 1 et 2 (areis

flavis exceptis) coxis anticis ferrugineis; alis fuscis. Long. 8 mm.

3 similis.

Clothed with a very short, pale pubescence. Clypeus rather

longer than broad, pyriform, very slightly emarginate at apex.

Pronotum truncate anteriorly, rather wider at the tegulae; scutel-

lum and postscutellum raised, the lateral teeth of postscutellum

acute, the space between them not crenulate; median segment

with the lateral angles rounded. First abdominal segment very

short and broad, the second as broad as long, the first segment

entirely ferruginous except for the apical fascia, the second with

a large dorsal bilobed area ferruginous, the sides and apex, yellow,

following segments with a series of fuscous lateral spots. Posterior

coxae with a distinct tubercle behind.

Head and thorax (except clypeus, tegulae and abdominal seg-

ments apically) coarsely punctured; clypeus, tegulae, median

segment and abdomen for the most part finely punctured. Wings

fuscous.

Length 8mm. 5 99,1 ¢.

N. Ruopesta: Pakasa, i. 1911, 3 99 1 4G; Sinapunga,

u. 1911 (O. C. Salverlock), 1 9; PortuaursE East AFRICA:

Rikatla, Delagoa (Junod), Schulthess Coll., 1 9; GERMAN

S.W. Arrica: Grootfontein (Volkmann), Coll. Schulthess.

The specimen from German 8.W. Africa is a colour

variety with the 4-6 segments of abdomen orange instead

of black.

The species is a distinct one, the different sculpture in

the postscutellum of the sexes being interesting.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 507

O. (Lionotus) dimorphus, sp. n.

9. Niger, aurantiacus; antennis basi ac infra, mandibulis, clypeo,

macula supraclypeali, sinu oculorum, macula lineari post oculos,

pronoto, maculis mesopleuris, tegulis, scutello, postscutello, segmenti

mediani lateribus plerumque, abdominis segmento primo, secundo

plerumque, fasciaque apicali tertio, aurantiacis; pedibus (coxis

trochanteribusque exceptis) aurantiacis; alis fuscis. Long. 9 mm.

Gracilis, differt scutello bituberculato, non plano ut in 9,

clypeoque apice emarginato; coloribus similis, sed flagello ; omnino

nigro. Long. 8 mm.

Sparingly clothed with pale pubescence. Clypeus rather longer

than broad, pyriform; the apex truncate (2) distinctly emarginate

with acute lateral teeth ($); mandibles normal; a distinct pit on

the vertex behind ocelli (2); pronotum truncate anteriorly, the

lateral angles not very acute; sides of pronotum widening towards

tegulae. Scutellum raised, but flat (2), postscutellum with sharp

lateral tubercles; median segment concave, the sides rounded.

First segment of abdomen slender at base, second segment

distinctly constricted basally, the black marks on its dorsal surface

large, bilobed in shape, the sides orange.

Whole insect punctured; clypeus (2) and mesonotum with striate

punctate, abdomen more finely punctured, the apical margins of

the tergites more coarsely punctured than the remainder. Wings

fuscous. a

Length 9 mm. (2), 8 mm. (gf). 29,1.

ORANGE Free Stare: Bothaville, in. 1899 (Dr. H.

Brauns); GERMAN S.W. AFRIca.

O. (Lnonetus) asmarensis (Schulthess), Soc. Entomolog.

Xx1x, p. 63 (1914).

This was described by Schulthess as a variety of O.

silaensis, Sauss. ; it is, however, quite distinct.

O. (Lionotus) sjéstedti, Cam.

O. yngver, Cam., described at the same time and from

the same type locality as O. sjéstedti,is certainly the male

of that species. Cameron (Sjéstedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru

Exped., p. 188, 1910) had considered this possibility ; his

reasons for separating them do not appear satisfactory.

O. (Lionotus) arethusae, sp. n.

$. Niger, luteo fasciatus; scapo infra, clypeo, macula supra-

clypeali, sinu oculorum infra, macula post oculos, pronoto antice,

508 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

margine tegularum, axillis, segmenti mediani lateribus, tergitibus 1-4

fasciis apicalibus (quarum 1-2 lateribus dilatae sunf), luteis ; pedibus

(coxis trochanteribusque exceptis) flavis, tarsis subferrugineis ;

mandibulis ferrugineis. Alis subfuscis. Long. 10 mm.

Black, dusted with a griseous pubescence. Clypeus as broad

as long, pyriform, deeply emarginate at apex, the lateral teeth

acute. Prothorax truncate anteriorly. Scutellum slightly raised,

postscutellum with short lateral tubercles, truncate; surface of

median segment concave.

Abdomen with first segment short and broad, the second as broad

as long. Head and thorax coarsely punctured, the clypeus with

distinct longitudinal striation; abdomen finely punctured.

Wings subfuscous, rather darker along costa.

Length 10mm. 634.

NyasaLanp : Mlanje, 2300 ft., Oct. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

This species is dedicated to H.M.S. Arethusa, in recogni-

tion of the conspicuous part played by her in the naval

engagement in the North Sea.

O. (Lionotus) karibae, sp. n.

°. Niger, clypeo tricolorato; clypeo basi, scapo infra, macula

supraclypeali, sinu oculorum infra, macula post oculos, pronoti

margine antico, tergitibus 1-3 fasciis apicalibus, prima lateribus

dilatata, pedibus plerumque, luteis. Mandibulis, clypeo apice,

tegulisque, ferrugineis. Alis hyalinis, cellula radiali fusca. Long.

8 mm.

The whole insect clothed with a short, silver pubescence. Clypeus

as broad as long, convex, the apex with a very shallow emargina-

tion. Anterior margin of median segment truncate, the lateral

angles acute. Scutellum raised, slightly convex, postscutellum with

the lateral teeth inconspicuous; median segment rounded laterally.

First segment of abdomen short, broad. Head and thorax with

coarse, deep, punctures, clypeus with the punctures well separated ;

abdomen more finely punctured. Wings hyaline extreme costa

and radial cell fuscous. Second cubital cell nearly triangular, 7. e.

second abscissa of radius very short.

Length 8 mm.

3 only differs sexually, the clypeus yellow and more finely

punctured.

A long series of 99 and 2 33.

N. Ruopesia: Kariba Gorge and E. of Sijoba, vi. 1910

(O. C. Silverlock) 2 3 (type); Broken Hill, ix. 1912

(Ff. V. Bruce Miller); Lonely Mine, x. 1913 (Dr. H, Swale) ;

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 509

Chilanga (R. C. Wood); Upper Luangwa River, vii.—viil.

1910; Mouth of Lusangazi River, ix. 1910; Niamadzi River,

2000 ft., viii. 1910; (S. A. Neave). S.E. Conco FREE

State: Lufira River, Katanga, 3500 ft., viii. 1907 (S. A.

Neave). Nyasauanp: valley of 8. Rukuru River, 3000 ft.,

x1. 1910 (S. A. Neave). The specimen from Nyasaland is

not quite typical, the scutellum, postscutellum and median

segment on the side being largely ferruginous.

O. (Inonotus) pulchellus, (Gerst).

Rhynchium pulchellum, Gerst., Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

p. 463 (1857) g. Peters, Reise nach Mossambique,

Zool. v, p. 466. Pl. XXX, fig. 5.

This species is certainly an Odynerus, as the fig. (I.c.)

suggests.

In the British Museum there’is a long series from the

following localities :—

N. Ruopesta: 15 miles E. of Sijoba, vii. 1910 (Sdlver-

lock Coll.); Niamadzi River, 2000 ft., Luangwa River,

1910; British East Arrica: Mtito Andei, 2000 ft.,

Masongaleni, 3000 ft., Voi, 1800 ft., mi. 1911; Nyasa-

LAND: Chitala Stream, x. 1910; Valley of N. Rukuru,

Karonga District, 3000-4000 ft., vi. 1910; GERMAN

Kast Arrica: Usagara District, xi. 1910 (S. A. Neave).

Odynerus (Inonotus) rhynchoides, Sauss.

O. rhynchoides, Sauss. Et fam. Vesp. i, p. 174 (1852) g

(Senegal).

O. saussurei, E. André, Hymén. d’EKurope et d’ Algerie, 1i,

p. 682 (1881) 9 (Egypt, Abyssinia).

This species is widely distributed. In the British

Museum are specimens from the Gambia, 2 99, Tajura

(Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb) 1 9 and Biskra, vi. 1897 (E.

Saunders Coll.) 2 99, 1 g. The latter specimens were

identified as O. saussurei, but they agree in every respect

with O. rhynchoides, of which I have examined the type

specimen, through the courtesy of the Paris Museum

officials.

O. (Lionotus) pseudolateralis, sp. n.

Q. Ferrugineus, abdomine nigro, lateribus flavis; segmento sexto

ferrugineo. Tegulis plerumque flavis. Alis basi subhyalinis, apice

fuscis, Long. 12 mm,

510 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

Head and thorax ferruginous, the abdomen black with a broad

yellow line extending along the whole length; terminal segment

ferruginous.

Clypeus convex rather longer than broad, narrowly produced

towards the apex, which is armed with two small teeth. Anterior

margin of pronotum curved, widening towards tegulae; scutellum

flat, not raised above mesonotum, postscutellum truncate poste-

riorly, transverse; upper angles of median segment acute, separated

from sides of the postscutellum by a distinct fissure, truncation of

median segment concave.

Basal segment of abdomen broad and rounded, as wide as second

at base. Head and thorax coarsely and evenly punctured, abdomen

more finely punctured. Wings with the basal third flavohyaline,

and the apical two-thirds fuscous.

d differs only in having the clypeus and mandibles and a large

interantennal mark, yellow. 3 99,1 ¢.

N. Nigerta: Minna, Oct.-Nov. 1910 (J. W. Scott-Macfie

(type) and J. J. Simpson); Gampta, 26. i. 1911 (J. J.

Simpson) 9, and “ West Africa” 3.

The superficial resemblance between this species and the

well-known Odynerus lateralis, Fab. (truncatus, Sauss.), is

very striking. The differences in the structure of the

postscutellum and median segment render their discrimina-

tion easy.

O. (Lionotus) pseudolateralis. O. (L.) lateralis (Fab.).

Postscutellum transverse, truncate Postscutellum rounded.

posteriorly.

Lateral angles of median segment Lateral angles of median seg-

acute. ment rounded.

Abdomen distinctly punctured. Abdomen impunctate.

O. (Lionotus) euryspilus, Cam.

O. euryspilus, Cam. Annals Transvaal Museum, i, p. 166

(1910) 2. Dunbrody.

O. broom, Cam. % M.S. 9. Pearston.

I can find no description of O. broomi, but the type

specimen in the British Museum is certainly referable to

O. euryspilus, the type of which was a 9. Both specimens

are from Cape Colony; there are also specimens (1 3, 1 9)

from Willowmore, Cape Colony (Dr. H. Brauns), in the

collection,

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 511

O. (Lionotus) deceptor, sp. n.

9. Obscure ferrugineus, abdomine rubro;_ alis hyalinis.

Long. 9 mm.

Clypeus longer than broad, pyriform, the apex subtruncate.

Thorax robust; pronotum truncate anteriorly, only slightly widen-

ing towards tegulae; scutellum convex, slightly raised above disc

of mesonotum, postscutellum transverse, truncate; surface of the

truncation of median segment slightly convex, the lateral angles

rounded.

Basal segment of abdomen broad, cup-shaped, without any

constriction between it and segment 2.

Head coarsely and evenly punctured; clypeus and abdomen

(except segments 2-6 apically) impunctate.

Length 9mm. 12°29.

PortucuEsE Hast Arrica: Kola Valley, 1700 ft.;

Nov. 1913 (type); NyasaLanp : Chitala Stream, Oct. 1910;

Mlanje, 2300 ft., Oct. 1913 (S. A. Neave); Port Herald,

Jan. 1913 (Dr. J. HE. S. Old); Transvaat: Pretoria (Miss

J. Brincker); N.E. Ruopesta (Silverlock Coll.): Re-

sembles a small O. carinatulus, Sauss., but differs in

structure of postscutellum.

O. (Inonotus) hottentottus, Sauss. (Plate XCI, fig. 8.)

O. hottentottus, Sauss. Et. fam. Vesp. Suppl., p. 244 (1854)

nom. nov.

O. posticus, Sauss. (nec. H.8.). Ibidem 1, p. 214 (1852) g.

O. erythrospilus, Cam. Rec. Albany Mus.,1, p. 205 (1905) 9.

Cameron’s type is from Dunbrody. There is a good series

from Deelfontein (Col. Sloggett) and one specimen from

Salisbury, Mashonaland- (G. A. K. Marshall). This

synonymy was noticed in a previous paper (Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (8) vi, p. 101 (1910).

O. (Inonotus) spoliatus, Cam.

O. spoliatus, Cam. Annals Transvaal Museum, ui, p. 165

(1910) 3 9.

O. longstafi, Bingham, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912,

p. 378. 3.

Bingham’s species differs in certain points of coloration,

but is undoubtedly only a variety of O. spoliatus, Cam.,

the types of which are in the National collection. A South

512 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

African species: Johannesberg, xii. 1905 (G. Kobrow)

ex. coll. Brauns 3 2 and (A. J. Cholmley) 2; Salisbury,

Mashonaland (@. A. K. Marshall) 2 2 9, 1 3; Kranspoort,

xii. 1900 (type 2 3); Natal (type of O. Longstaffi).

O. (Lionotus) eapicola, sp. n.

Q. Niger, luteo variegatus, pedibus rufis; clypeo basi, oculorum

sinu, maculis post oculos, pronoti margine antico, tegulis plerumque,

scutelli postscutellique maculis lateribus, abdominis segmentis

1-3 fasciis apicalibus, luteis; scapo infra, mandibulis, pedibusque,

rufis; tergite 2 carina longitudinali inconspicua; alis infuscatis.

Long. 7 mm.

General appearance black, segments 1-3 with yellow apical

fasciae, legs ferruginous red. Whole insect clothed with short fine

pubescence, that on face and pleura silvery-pruinose. Clypeus as

broad as long, flat, truncate at apex, longitudinally striate; man-

dibles long, with a row of distinct teeth. Head broader than thorax,

anterior margin of prothorax truncate, very narrow, but abruptly

widening towards tegulae; scutellum raised; median segment

concave, the lateral angles rounded. Head and thorax coarsely,

abdomen more finely punctured; tergite 2 with an inconspicuous

longitudinal carina. First segment of abdomen short. Wings

smoky.

gd similar to 9, but with mandibles, clypeus and scape beneath

yellow.

Length 7mm. 329,544.

Carpe Cotony: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns).

Odynerus lateralis, F.

Vespa lateralis, F. Spec. Insect. 1, p. 466, no. 49 (1781). 9.

Odynerus truncatus, Sauss. Et. fam. Vesp. i, p. 175 (1852).

Saussure (Et. fam. Vesp. iti, p. 171) quite excusably

misidentified the Fabrician species. Two entirely distinct

insects stand as V. lateralzs in the Banks collection; the first

in arrangement is the large (over 15 mm.) robust form with

shining mesonotum, doubtless the Rhynchium africanum,

Sauss.; the second, a smaller (11 mm.) insect with punctured

mesonotum, compared by Fabricius as equal in size to his

V. tecta (type in B.M.), is the genuine Odynerus lateralis, F.

This species is identical with Saussure’s D. truncatus

(a cotype from the Paris Museum compared). It is evident

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 513

that when working through the Banks collection for

additions and corrections to his Monograph, Saussure fixed

on the first specimen labelled “‘ V. lateralis”? as the true

exponent of the Fabrician species, synonymising the more

recently described R. africanum, F. (1804), with it. Now,

however, the name R. africanum can be reinstated.

O. (Lionotus) marginipunctatus, sp. n. (Plate XCI, fig. 6.)

2. Niger; mandibulis, clypeo, sinu oculorum infra, antennis,

area post oculos, pronoto, tegulis, axillis, postscutello, segmento

mediano, segmentisque abdominis apice ferrugineis; pedibus ferru-

gineis; tergite 2 fascia apicali angusta lutea; alis bicoloribus, basi

hyalinis, apice infuscatis. Long. 11 mm.

Black; with fusco-ferruginous markings; vertex and thorax

with a short golden pubescence, the abdomen clothed with a thick

griseo-pruinose pile. Mandibles medium, with blunt teeth; clypeus

as broad as long, truncate, convex, pyriform ; pronotum rounded

anteriorly, widening gradually towards tegulae; scutellum flat,

postscutellum slightly raised; median segment rounded laterally.

Head and thorax evenly and distinctly punctured, abdomen with

tergite 1 entirely impunctate, tergites 2-6 basally impunctate but

with the apical area distinctly punctured; sternites 2-6 distinctly

punctured on their whole surface. Tegulae impunctate.

Wings with the basal half hyaline the nervures golden, apical

half infuscate.

Length ll mm. 9 9 9.

NyasaLanp: Mlanje, 2300 ft., 4. x. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to

O. lateralis var. wnicolor, Schulthess, but that variety has

the abdomen entirely smooth.

O. (Lionotus) lugubris, sp. n.

9. Niger, obscure ferrugineo-variegatus; capite, thorace, pedi-

busque plerumque fusco-ferrugineis; abdomine plerumque nigro;

mandibulis basi, tergiteque primo fascia apicali, luteis. Alis hyalinis,

subinfuscatis, praecipue area costali cellulaque radiali. Long. 11 mm.

Black, with fusco-ferruginous markings on head and thorax.

Pubescence much as in O. marginipunctatus. Sculpture of thorax

as in that species. First segment of abdomen slender, gradually

widening towards apex. Tergites wholly impunctate, sternite 2

feebly punctured. Wings hyaline, suffused with fuscous principally

along the costa and in the radial cell.

Length 11 mm.

514 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

g. Similar, but with a large triangular mark between the an-

tennae, the lower orbits, the clypeus at base and apex, mandibles

basally, and tergite 2 with apical fascia, pale yellow.

Length llmm. 299,14.

NyasaALAND: Mlanje, 2300 ft., vi.—x. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

Very near O. marginipunctatus, but differs as follows :

Wings unicolorous, suffused with fuscous, abdomen entirely

smooth.

O. (Lionotus) aureosericeus, sp. n.

9. Niger, vix luteo-variegatus; mandibulis basi, postscutello

nonnumquam, segmentique mediani lateribus infra, luteis; abdo-

mine aureosericeo; alis infuscatis. Long. 10 mm.

General appearance black; the mandibles basally postscutellum

more or less and lateral angles of median segment below, pale

luteous. Clypeus rather longer than broad, convex, pyriform, the

apex subemarginate with two small lateral teeth; anterior margin

of pronotum truncate, the lateral angles acute; scutellum flat, not

raised; lateral angles of median segment acute. Punctured as

follows: head, pro- and mesonotum, scutellum postscutellum,

pleura above, and median segment above, coarsely, abdomen both

dorsally and ventrally, with fine punctures; pleura below, tegulae,

axillae, truncation of postscutellum and median segment below

impunctate. Wings infuscate, especially along the costa.

Head and thorax clothed with silver-pruinose pilosity, abdomen

with golden pile.

Length 10 mm. 3 2 9.

Ucanpa: W. of Victoria Nyanza, Buddu, 3700 ft.,

ix. 1911 (type); Bugoma Forest, Unyoro, 3700 ft., xu.

1911; Matiana to Entebbe, i. 1912 (S. A. Neave).

The silver and golden pilosity on the head and thorax

and abdomen respectively in this species is very fine and

only visible in certain lights. The type specimen has a

yellow transverse fascia on the postscutellum, the other

two specimens, both of which are stylopised, have only

the faintest traces of yellow.

O. (Lionotus) schulthessi, sp. n. (Plate XCI, fig. 11.)

9. Niger; scapo, prothorace, pedibus (coxis trochanteribusque

exceptis) ferrugineis; clypeo basi, abdominis segmentis 1 et 2

maculis lateribus, tergitibus 1-5 fasciis apicalibus interruptis,

sternitibus 2-5 margine externo, luteis ; alis infuscatis. Long. 11 mm.

Clypeus as broad as long, convex, pyriform, the apex formed by

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 515

two small tooth-like processes; head as broad as thorax; scutellum

slightly raised, convex; median segment rounded laterally; first

segment of abdomen rounded, narrower than second; abdomen as

a whole rather slender. Anterior margin of prothorax truncate

widening abruptly towards tegulae.

Whole insect covered with coarse, even, puncturing; segments

2-6 basally impunctate. Head, thorax and abdomen with a short

pilosity, that on abdomen pruinose, silvery.

Length ll mm. 29 9.

British East Arrica: Kuja Valley, 8. Kavirondo,

4000 ft., iv.—v. 1911 (S. A. Neave) (type): “ Afrika” 9

(Schulthess Coll.). (Cotype.)

Allied to O. 14-maculatus, Schulthess, but differs in

sculpture of median segment, etc.

O. (Lionotus) sheffieldi, sp. n.

Q. Ferrugineus, nigro- et flavovariegatus; clypeo basi, macula

interantennali, sinu orbitali, linea post oculos, pronoto antice,

tegulis plerumque, axillis, maculis pleuris, scutello fascia interrupta,

postscutello, segmenti mediani lateribus, luteis; tergite 1, 2, maculis

lateribus, fasciisque apicalibus tergitibus 3-5 fasciis apicalibus plus

minusve interruptis, luteis. Clypeo medio, fronte, mesonoto antice,

abdomine plus minusve fasciato, nigris. Alis subhyalinis, cellulé

radiali infuseata. Long. 10 mm.

Chiefly ferruginous, with yellow and black markings. Clypeus

truncate rather longer than broad, narrowly produced towards the

apex; mandibles rather elongate, feebly dentate; head about as

broad as thorax, prothorax truncate anteriorly, hardly widening

towards tegulae; scutellum and postscutellum flat, hardly raised

above mesothorax; median segment concave, the sides rounded.

First tergite as broad as long, the apex as wide as tergite 2 basally.

Head and thorax with coarse, even punctures, abdomen and tegulae

finely and evenly punctured. Wings subhyaline, golden hyaline

along the costa, fuscous in the radial cell.

Length 10mm. 1299,3¢ 2.

NyasaLanp: Mlanje, iii. 1913 (type); N.E. Ruopssta:

Mid-Luangwa Valley, 2000 ft., vin. 1900; PorTuGUESE

East Arrica: Valley of Kola River, 1500-2000 ft.

(S. A. Neave); N. Nigeria: Zungeru, ii. 1911 (J. W.

Scott-Macfie).

This widely spread and variable species is very closely

related to O. bellatulus, Sauss., which it much resembles in

colour pattern; the presence of punctures on the abdomen

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) LL

516 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

at once separates O. sheffieldi from that species, which has

the abdomen quite smooth.

O. (Lionotus) harrarensis, sp. n.

9. Niger, magnopere ferrugineo variegatus, abdomine flavo-

fasciato; clypeo, sinu orbitali infra, pronoti margine postico, tegulis

plerumque, post tegulis, axillis, postscutello, tergite 1 fascia apicali

angusta, segmentis 2-6 fasciis apicalibus latioribus, luteis; coxis

intermediis posticisque, eburneis. Mandibulis, scapo, articulis

flagelli 1-4, macula interantennali, sinu orbitali supra, area post

oculos, pronoto, tegulis macula, mesonoti area mediana, scutello,

segmenti mediani lateribus, segmentisque abdominalibus (fasciis

apicalibus exceptis), ferrugineis; pedibus ferrugineis, tibiis posticis

supra, pallide luteis. Alis hyalinis, area costali subinfuscata.

Long. 11 mm.

Black, largely marked with ferruginous. Clypeus at widest

broader than long, truncate at apex; anterior margin of pronotum

slightly curved, widening abruptly towards tegulae; scutellum and

postscutellum rounded, rather raised above mesonotum, median

segment rounded laterally. Tergite 1 short cup-shaped, tergite 2

rather longer than broad. Intermediate and posterior coxae apically

emarginate. Clypeus with fine longitudinal striae, head and thorax

rather coarsely punctured, abdomen more finely. Median segment

with a rather dense griseous pubescence, abdomen with a golden

pruinose pile.

3 similar to 9, differs only in sexual characters, terminal joint of

antennae forming a hook.

Length ll mm. 999,264.

ApysstniA: Harrar, May 1911 (Gunnar Kristensen)

(type); 62916.

East Arrica: (S. L. Hinde and Shirati), Schulthess

Coll.), 19,1 3.

A conspicuous species ; the broad clypeus and emarginate

coxae are very noticeable.

O. (Stenodynerus) politiclypeus, Schulthess. (Plate XCI,

fig. 14.)

Q. O. ferruginet affinis; ferrugineus; mesopleuris, mesonoto,

fronte, flagelloque nigris; alis subhyalinis, cellula radiali infuscata.

Long. 12 mm.

Head and thorax of exactly similar width, the sides of the thorax

parallel. Anterior margin of pronotum truncate. Clypeus flat,

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 517

shining, impunctate, truncate at apex, mandibles 3 dentate, medium.

Scutellum and postscutellum flat, not raised; median segment with

a distinct dorsal area, concave on the surface of truncation, the

sides rounded. Abdomen linear, the first segment subtruncate at

apex, the second of equal width. Punctured; the head and

thorax coarsely and rugosely; clypeus and abdomen impunctate.

Wings subhyaline, golden hyaline along the costa, fuscous in the

radial cell.

Length 12 mm. 1 9.

NyasaLanp: Mlanje, 2300 ft., Oct. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

Nearly related to O. (S.) ferrugineus, Schulthess, but

distinguished from it by the impunctate clvpeus and dentate

mandibles.

O. (Stenodynerus) corvus, sp. n. (Plate XCI, fig. 15.)

g. Niger; mandibulis, scapo, pedibusque ferrugineis; clypeo

argenteo-sericeo, apice emarginato; alis subinfuscatis, area costali

obscuriore. Long. 13 mm.

Q. Similis, sed elypeo punctato, nudo.

Clypeus convex, emarginate at apex, sides of the emargination

produced to form distinct teeth, the whole about as broad as long ;

mandibles rather long, toothed on the inner side. Anterior margin

of pronotum emarginate, the lateral angles acutely produced.

Thorax massive; scutellum and postscutellum flat, median segment

concave, the lateral angles serrate. Abdominal segment 1 somewhat

elongate, linear, only slightly narrower than second, sternite 2

irregular broadly subtuberculate. Head and thorax coarsely,

abdomen finely and evenly punctured; median segment with a

small impunctate area on the dorsal surface on each side. Clypeus

and coxae clothed with dense silvery pubescence, abdomen with a

dense pale golden sericeous pile.

Length 13 mm.

@ similar to 3, but the clypeus destitute of pubescence, and the

median segment lacking the impunctate area on its dorsal surface.

Sternite 2 flat, not subtuberculate. 4 3 9,899.

NYASALAND : Mlanje, ix. 1913 (type) ¢ 2; Shire Valley

(S. A. Neave) 9.

British Hast Arrica: Masongaleni, 3000 ft., ii—iv.

1911 (S. A. Neave) 9.

Slopes of Mt. Kenia, 11. 1911 (7. J. Anderson). 9. S.H,

Ruopesia: Mount Chirinda, Gaza Land, i. 1907.

(G. A. K. Marshall and David Odendal). ¢ 8.

518 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo’s revision of the species of

A black species, the silvery pubescence on the ¢ clypeus

is very conspicuous.

Subgenus HopLomervs, Westwood.

O. (Hoplomerus) spiniger.

O. (Hoplopus) spiniger, Schulthess. Soc. Entomolog. xxix,

No. 14, pp. 73-74 (1914).

This species has well-developed tubercles on the sides of

the median segment; the male has the antennae rolled in

spiral, as is usual in the subgenus Hoplomerus (Hoplopus).

Typical species of this subgenus, of which O. spinipes, L.,

may be considered the type, have the median segment

rounded posteriorly on the sides, so that it is doubtful

whether the species under discussion is really referable to

the subgenus. Possibly the Ethiopian representatives of

the unwieldy genus Odynerus will eventually subdivide

into further subgenera. For the present it is better to

include them in Hoplomerus, on the strength of the male

antennal characters.

O. (Hoplomerus) zebroides, sp. n.

®. Niger; mandibulis, clypeo, antennis basi, macula inter-

antennali, linea post oculos, pronoto, scutello, postscutello, tegulis,

maculisque mesopleuris ferrugineis; pedibus (coxis trochanteri-

busque exceptis) ferrugineis; oculorum sinu, abdominis fasciis

apicalibus interruptis, lateribus dilatatis sternitibus extremis

lateribus, pallide luteis. Alis flavohyalinis. Long. 13} mm.

A robust species, with the head and thorax broad. Clypeus

convex, as broad as long, shallowly emarginate at apex; mandibles

stout, apically dentate ;- anterior margin of pronotum truncate, the

sides rounded, and slightly widening towards the tegulae; disc of

mesonotum with a series of shallow but distinct sulci (parapsidal

grooves; scutellum on a rather higher plane than mesonotum, post-

scutellum truncate posteriorly ; median segment concave, the sides

produced to form prominent tubercles. First segment of abdomen

broadly rounded, short, following segments of normal sculpture.

Head and thorax with coarse, even punctures, abdomen more

finely punctured. The head and median segment with a thick

covering of pale pubescence, the rest with a fine short sericeous

pile.

Wirgs unicolorous golden hyaline, rather fuscous in radial cell.

Length 134 mm.

the genus Odynerus occurring in the Ethiopian Region. 519

¢ rather slenderer than 9, but coloured similarly. Wings paler

in basal half. Clypeus and labrum pale luteous. 2 2 9,3 3 4.

British Kast Arrica: Ongotta, Nairowa, vil.ix. 1902

(C. S. Betton) (type 2); “ Brit. E. Africa” (S. L. Hinde).

3396.

O. (Hoplomerus) adonis, sp. n.

2. Niger; clypeo, macula interantennali, sinu orbitali, area

post oculos, pronoto, mesonoto antice macula propleuris, scutello,

postscutello, axillis, segment omediano, abdominis segmento primo

plerumque sterniteque secundo plerumque, tergitibus 2 et 3 maculis

apicalibus, luteis; scapo, articulis 3-4, mandibulis, tegulis, post

tegulis, linea mesonoto longitudinali, abdominis segmentis 1 et 2

supra, ferrugineis. Pedibus ferrugineis, femoribus I infra luteis.

Alis flavohyalinis, venis aureis. Long. 16 mm.

Clypeus and mandibles with sculpture as in O. zebroides; pro-

notum narrower than head, rounded laterally, and widening con-

siderably towards tegulae. Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal

grooves, scutellum slightly raised, with a small longitudinal median

carina, postscutellum as in O. zebroides, median segment slightly

concave. Puncturing in general much as in that species, but the

median segment is only feebly punctate. Vertex with golden and

median segment with ivory white pubescence. Wings golden

hyaline.

Length 16 mm.

Conco Free State: Lufira River, Katanga, 3500 ft.,

iz, 1907 (8:4, Neave)., 1 9.

Unfortunately there is only one specimen of this fine

species. Its structure is very similar to O. zebroides, but

the difference in the degree of concavity in the median

segment renders them distinct. The colour differences are

very considerable.

520 Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCI.

Fic. 1. Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) massanensis, Sauss. 3. Abdominal

segments 1 and 2.

2. Odynerus (Lionotus) bisellatus, Schulthess. g. Thorax.

3. O. (Lionotus) quadrituberculatus, Smith. g. Abdominal

segments 1 and 2.

4a. O. (Lionotus) silverlocki, M.-Waldo. 9. Abdominal seg-

ments 1 and 2; 4b clypeus.

5. O. (Lionotus) goniodes, Schletterer. 3. Front view of

head.

6. O. (Lionotus) marginipunctatus, M.-Waldo. 9. Dorsal view

of abdomen.

7. O. (Lionotus) carinatus, M.-Waldo. 9. Clypeus.

8. O. (Lionotus) hottentottus, Sauss. 9. Clypeus.

9. O. (Lionotus) scripticeps, Cam. 9. Clypeus.

10. O. (Lionotus) fervidus, Sauss. 3. Clypeus.

11. O. (Lionotus) schulthessi, M.-Waldo. 2. Clypeus.

12. O. (Lionotus) spoliatus, Cam, 9. Clypeus.

13. O. (Stenodynerus) ferrugineus, Schulthess. 9. Clypeus.

14. O. (Stenodynerus) politiclypeus, Schulthess. 9. Clypeus.

15. O. (Stenodynerus) corvus, M.-Waldo. 92. Clypeus.

Trans. lint. Soc.Lond.,1914. Pi. XCTI.

Horace Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp.

NEWAND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF ETHIOPIAN ODYNERUS.

(i521 |)

XIX. On Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam.

Ichneumonidae). By R. C. L. PERKIns, M.A., D.S8c.,

F.ES.

[Read October 21st, 1914.]

In 1883 two species of Ophionines were described as

belonging to the genus Ophion by Cameron, from four

examples sent to him by Blackburn from the Hawaiian

‘glands. These were treated as representing male and

female of each species. In 1912 Morley adopted the same

view as to the sexes. The four Blackburnian examples,

however, represent four quite distinct species. Blackburn

himself retained specimens that he considered identical

with those sent to Cameron for description, and these

specimens are now in my possession. The 2 labelled

nigricans is the same species as Cameron’s described 2 and

the ¢ is identical with the ¢ type. Of the other species,

Ophion lineatus, Cam., the g and 9 retained by Blackburn

are correctly sexed and belong to the very distinct species

subsequently named Enicospilus molokaiensis by Ashmead.

Only the second example (not marked as the type) of

Cameron’s pair belongs to this species. In the “ Fauna

Hawaiiensis,” vol. i, p. 341 et seq., Ashmead dealt with

all the known Hawaiian genera of Ophionines and described

numerous species. He failed to recognise Cameron’s

Ophion lineatus in the large collection that he examined,

but identified as Ophion nigricans, Cam., a long series of

examples of a very different insect in no way related to

Cameron’s. Itis, of course, no wonder that Ashmead should

have failed to recognise Cameron’s O. lineatus, since it is

entirely misplaced generically, being an Enicospilus or

Henicospilus, as some write it. On the other hand, his

treatment of Ophion nigricans is extraordinary. In his

“ Classification of Genera of Ichneumons,” published a year

before the “‘ Fauna Hawaiiensis ” referred to above, and with

the material collected by me before him, containing a

great series of his 0. nigricans, he constructed a new genus

Pleuroneurophion for this same nigricans, on a single

specimen collected by Koebele, while all the other examples

were considered identical with Cameron’s Ophion. Ash-

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS IH, IV. (FEB.)

522 Mr. R. CO. L. Perkins on Hawawan Ophioninae.

mead did not understand the specific characters of the

difficult Hawaiian Enicospilus, and subsequently I myself

described several species which are mere local forms or

varieties of his. The names of these may well be dropped

unless one proposes to create numbers of new names for

these very variable and difficult insects. On account of

the mixture of species under one name Ashmead’s descrip-

tions are impossible for correct identifications, as a study

of his types and the series of specimens in the British

Museum prove. Thus the eight examples under H. maut-

cola, Ashm., clearly belong to three distinct species. Most

unfortunately Ashmead, when describing the parasitic

Hymenoptera, applied the names of particular islands, on

which they were captured, to various species (even though

they were then known to be widely distributed), but did

not choose his types to suit the specific names. Thus the

type of E. mawicola is from Kilauea, Hawaii, and there is

no Maui example in the British Museum series; that of

E. kaalae is from Kauai and not from Mt. Kaala on Oahu,

and so on.

Morley’s work on the Ophionines does not throw much

light on the Hawaiian species, as he does not include the

peculiar genera characterised by Ashmead, the types of

which have long been in the British Museum. Ophion

nigricans, Cam., he retains in Ophion, though it is obviously

an Enicospilus with the spot of the discocubital cell very

small and-faint or transparent. The variability of these

spots and of the propodeal carina is of the commonest

occurrence in various Hawaiian species. In the example

of O. nigricans, retained by Blackburn, the spot 1s

quite distinct and dark. Ashmead described the large

rufescent form of this species as H#. castaneus, but all sorts

of parti-coloured varieties between this form and one

entirely blackish-fuscous are known, and the variation

in the propodeal carina and the discocubital spot occurs

in all. Both may be seen in all stages of degeneration.

Probably the species parasitises hosts of very different

size, like other Hawaiian Enicospilus, and rufescent and

black forms pair together.

The hosts of the Hawaiian Ophionini are but little

known, though the cocoons are often found in numbers

when one is collecting Coleoptera. Hnicospilus is known

to attack Noctuidae and Goemetridae, and Athyreodon is

bred from Pyralidae, while a large number of immature

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 523

caterpillars of Deilephila blackburni was once found on

the dry fore-hills behind Honolulu, all of them parasitised

by what, no doubt, was a species of Enicospilus, though

the insects were not bred.

The following table of species has been prepared after

the examination of a very large amount of material, in-

cluding the type set of specimens contained in the British

Museum. Excepting very abnormal aberrations, I believe

all the species known to me may be distinguished by it, and

characters that are either noteworthy for their variation

or of use for specific separation are added in brackets.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Enicospilus.

1, (30) First or basal abscissa of radius generally notably thickened

between the base and middle, and a glabrous area always

present beneath the basal part of the radius; mesonotum

normally convex.

2. (5) First recurrent nervure forming a distinct angle at its

meeting with the cubitus, and usually a little thickened

or prominent at that point; hypopygium in the 9 very

strongly prominent.

(4) General colour yellowish or reddish ferruginous, varying

in depth; stigma largely yellow or testaceous; chitinous

spot in the discocubital cell always well developed,

pyriform or with an apical prolongation. -

(Size very variable, 2 from 12 to 19 mm.; transverse

median nervure of front wings interstitial with the

basal or not far separated from it.)

E.. molokaiensis, Ashm.

4, (3) Thorax and abdomen almost wholly black or dark fuscous,

the legs also dark, except some of the tarsi; stigma dark.

(Mesonotum rather distinctly shining, more or less

rufescent at the sides in front; scutellum very finely

and not closely punctured ; propodeum much smoother

in front than behind, and without a transverse carina ;

wings smoky-hyaline except the clear glabrous area;

3rd and 4th abdominal segments brownish-tinged ;

chitinous spot of discocubital cell pyriform.)

EL. melanochromus, sp. nov.

5, (2) First recurrent nervure forming a simple curve with the

cubitus and not angulate ; hypopygium of 2 only strongly

prominent in the next following species (kaalae, Ashm.)

524 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawavian Ophioninae.

6. (7) Thorax wholly black (or at most a little reddish behind

the head) ¢ with the basal abdominal segment dark on the

basal portion,rarely wholly black, its apex (usually) as well

as the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and often the 5th segments rufous, the

apical segments black or blackish; 2 also with the inter-

mediate segments red, the hypopygium very strongly

exserted, so that in lateral view the abdomen becomes

extremely wide beyond the fifth dorsal segment.

(3 9 with one distinct, but not large, chitinous spot in

the discocubital cell; propodeum in the 9 with a dis-

tinct transverse raised line or carina, sometimes as

strong in the 4, or totally absent in the latter sex;

carinae of scutellum seen from in front strongly con-

vergent behind; antennae of 3 extending beyond the

tips of the spread wings for a distance as great as half

the wing-length.) . . . . . .4#. kaalae, Ashm.

7. (6) Coloration not as above; hypopygium of 2 not unusually

prominent.

8. (11) Discocubital cell with two very distinct chitinous spots and

the thorax, as well as the legs, is conspicuously in part

or wholly pale, yellowish or ferruginous. If the thorax

and coxae are dark, then the scutellum is largely yellow

and the mesonotum has definite pale lateral markings.

9. (10) Mesosternum and propodeum reddish or ferruginous, at

most somewhat dusky or suffused with fuscous.

E. longicornis, Ashm.

10. (9) Mesosternum and at least most of the propodeum black.

E. tyrannus, P.

11. (8) Discocubital cell with one chitinous spot or none; or if

with two then the coloration of the insect is quite unlike

the preceding, or the second is so faint as to be scarcely

perceptible.

12. (13) Thorax mostly yellow or yellowish, with a conspicuous

median dark band on the mesonotum extending back

to the middle; propodeum behind the transverse carina

largely or mostly black; legs entirely pale, yellowish

or testaceous; spot of the discocubital cell large, sub-

triangular or pyriform and continued all round the lower

margin of the glabrous area as a faint yellow streak.

E. nigrolineatus, Ashm.

13. (12) Insects without these characters.

14. (15) Legs yellow as in nigrolineatus, but with the apical half (or

nearly) of all the femora black; mesonotum with the

sutures and posterior part yellow, or pale,

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 525

(Face below the antennae nearly wholly ochreous;

scutellum black between the carinae; propodeum

above black, yellow at the base laterally; abdomen

black or dark fuscous with a mediodorsal pale line

extending back from the second segment; discocubital

cell with one large subtriangular chitinous spot, not

drawn out or produced apically; allied to mnigro-

lineatus.) . . . - . . . HH. vartegatus, Ashm.

15. (14) Legs and mesonotum tit coloured as above.

6. (17) Spot of discocubital cell large, the glabrous area above it

unusually small, not much larger than this spot, which

underlies the whole of the apical portion of the glabrous

area (9).

(Thorax mostly black, the seutellum convex, rugulose-

punctate like some large examples of dimidiatus, and

shining between the punctures; carina of propodeum

strong, the latter being notably smoother in front than

behind, the sculpture being much finer; two basal

abdominal segments black or dark, the rest brownish-

ferruginous.) . . . . . « EE. waimeae, Ashm.

17. (16) Discocubital cell without aie above characters.

18. (25) Scutellum behind the transverse impression notably trans-

versely convex, sometimes more or less shining, the

puncturation sometimes close, and rather deep and dis-

tinct, sometimes very fine, feeble or remote. In most

species the propodeum in front is conspicuously smoother

than the posterior portion and often more or less shining.

19. (20) A black species with dark legs, the whole face beneath the

antennae dark, except for an indistinct paler line along

the eye-margins, the labrum piceous; propodeum with a

very strong transverse carina, much smoother in front

of this than behind, the anterior area with somewhat

shining surface under a strong lens; discocubital cell

with a distinct dark chitinous spot; 9 only known.

(Scutellum rather strongly and distinctly punctured,

the spaces between the punctures somewhat shining ;

face very wide, the eyes being strongly rounded out-

wardly; 2nd dorsal segment unusually strongly and

densely punctured compared with allied species.

EH. funereus, sp. nov.

20. (19) Species sometimes largely ferruginous or with the face

beneath the antennae of this colour; if black or dark

insects, the labrum is conspicuously pale and the whitish

orbital lines are distinct down to the cheeks.

526 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawarian Ophioninae.

21. (22) Blackish or dark fuscous species (rarely with parts of the

thorax rufescent) the clypeus, except for the orbital pale

line, the legs for the most part, including the coxae,

black or dark-coloured.

(Thorax usually nearly wholly dark, in the type the

mesonotum is reddish in front, the scutellum rufescent,

as also the propodeum in front of the median tubercle.

Seutellum under a strong lens with very fine surface

rugulosity and fine shallow punctures, remote and

sometimes almost wanting; propodeum normally with

the transverse carina represented only by a median

tubercle orshort curved line, very rarely extending to the

sides, notably smooth in front of the tubercle or carina ;

tarsi, tibiae, and antennae or some of these sometimes

pale in large examples from Hawaii, dark in equally

large ones from Oahu, where a diminutive form dimz-

diatus, P., is dominant; wings sometimes unusually

deeply infuscate and with the discocubital chitinous

spot obsolescent (capnodes, P., from Hawaii), antennae

very long, even in the 2 far surpassing the apex of the

spread wings.) . . . . . . EH. mauicola, Ashm.

22. (21) Ferruginous species, or if the thorax or abdomen or both are

largely dark fuscous or blackish, the legs for the most

part or entirely and the clypeus remain red or ferruginous.

23. (24) Scutellum very finely and feebly punctured, the punctures

remote, the surface more or less microscopically rugulose,

often somewhat shining; chitinous spot of the disco-

cubital cell nearly always distinct (absent in 2 per cent. of

examples examined).

(Face very wide across the eyes, these being very

strongly rounded outwardly, the cheeks short;

antennae in both sexes extending far beyond the apices

of the spread wings. In the 9 the carina of the pro-

podeum is rarely complete in examples from Hawaii,

sometimes altogether wanting; often represented by a

median tubercle, as is normally the case in the g; in

front of the tubercle or carina the propodeum is more

or less smooth and often somewhat shining; neuration

variable, the basal nervure sometimes meeting the

transverse median, sometimes well separated from it,

discocubital nervure varying in curvature so that the

discoidal cell beneath it varies in shape.)

EH. lineatus, Cam.

24, (23) Scutellum comparatively strongly and often closely o

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 527

subrugosely punctured; discocubital cell without a

chitinous spot, at the most with feeble traces of one, as a

hyaline thickening.

(Thorax, legs and abdomen dull reddish or ferruginous,

the thorax sometimes, and the abdominal segments

behind the two or three basal ones usually, suffused

with brown or infuscate; yellow colour of the inner

orbits only continued down into the sinus of the eyes,

not distinct below this; labrum yellow, distinctly pale

compared with the rufescent clypeus; propodeum in

the 3 with the carina usually represented only by a

median tubercle, sometimes distinct, as in the 9;

sculpture in front of the tubercle or carina similar to

and continuing that behind it, the surface sometimes

nearly smooth at the extreme front.)

EH. ashmeadi, sp. nov.

25. (18) Scutellum flatter above, usually very little convex trans-

versely behind the anterior fossa, always dull and very

densely, shallowly punctured or rugose, the lateral carinae

more strongly raised; propodeum in front of the trans-

verse carina (or the position occupied by this, when

present, should it be effaced) dull, densely sculptured,

much as behind the carina, but less coarsely; the carinae

of the scutellum, viewed from in front, usually much

less strongly convergent posteriorly than in most of the

preceding species.

26. (27) Hyaline glabrous area of the discocubital cell abnormally

narrow, its lower side somewhat straight, not well

rounded beneath like other species, without any chitinous

spot, but usually there is a hardly perceptible, faintly

yellow line just beneath the lower margin of the area.

(A dull reddish or ferruginous insect, at most with

the apical abdominal segments and parts of the thorax

more or less suffused with fuscous; the whole face

beneath the antennae yellowish-white or cream-

coloured, except for a median longitudinal area _be-

neath the frontal tubercle, the foveae of the clypeal

sutures and a spot, sometimes obscure, at the middle

of the apical margin of the clypeus; propodeum of @

with a transverse carina, sometimes obscure and then

best seen, when viewed from behind, in the ¢ usually

without a trace of the carina, very densely sculptured

before and behind the carina, the sculpture in front

rather finer. Eyes strongly rounded outwardly, the

528 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawawan Ophioninae.

head wide, the antennae in the 2 reaching beyond the

apex of the spread wings.) . . 4. bellator, sp. nov.

27. (26) Hyaline glabrous area of discocubital cell normal, well

rounded below, often with a distinct chitinous spot;

elypeus not yellowish-white or cream-coloured except

along the orbits. Insects sometimes ferruginous like the

preceding, sometimes blackish or dark fuscous or parti-

coloured.

28. (29) A usually nearly constant species in appearance, nearly

black or dark blackish-fuscous, the discocubital cell

always with two chitinous spots, the outer one small or

minute and sometimes pallid or translucent; antennae

of 9 always extending far beyond the apices of the spread

wings; face in both sexes wider than in the following,

the eyes more strongly rounded outwardly.

(Second and following abdominal segments, or some

of these, obscurely brownish or reddish tinged; Kauai

specimens have the antennae and more or less of the

legs pale, yellowish-brown.) . . . E. dispilus, P.

29. (28) A very variable species ferruginous or castaneous like

E. bellator or blackish like dispilus or parti-coloured and

variegate with red and dark fuscous; discocubital cell

with a distinct chitinous spot or with this faint or totally

wanting, rarely with a minute pallid second spot present.

Face narrower than in any other species, the eyes less

rounded outwardly and the antennae of 9 reach only

to the apex of the spread wings; carina of propodeum

highly variable, usually very distinct and well-developed

in the 9, though sometimes (especially in undersized

examples) wanting, in the ¢ often faint or altogether

absent, but sometimes strongly developed as in the 9.

(Pale orbital markings almost always widened beneath

the sinus of the eyes.) . . . HH. castaneus, Ashm.

30. (1) First or basal abscissa of the radius slightly and evenly

thickened basally, without the somewhat irregular or sub-

sinuate thickening observed in nearly all other species ; no

glabrous hyaline area beneath the radius, but the hairs

are sparser in the part usually occupied by this area.

Mesonotum somewhat strongly compressed at the sides,

in such a way that the middle third of its width appears

elevated.

(Thorax dorsally black, the scutellum and median

elevation of the mesonotum red; sides of thorax

reddish more or less suffused; basal abdominal seg-

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawanian Ophioninae. 529

ment nearly black, its apex and the rest of the abdomen

brown; face apparently without whitish orbital mark-

ings, the space between the ocelli dull and densely,

microscopically granular, unlike any other species.

Wings clear light-fuscous ; propodeum shallowly rugose-

punctate to the base and without a carina; scutellum

dull and very densely sculptured; discocubital ner-

vure not angulate but rounded at its highest point,

sinuated. The 9 is unknown, as is the range of

variation.). . . . . . E. pseudonymus, sp. nov.

The other genera of Ophionines contain few species, the

separation of which presents no difficulties at present, but

the genera themselves are of extreme interest and contain

the most interesting forms of the tribe Ophionini that are

yet known. They may be distinguished by the following

table. I have not seen the typical species of Hremotylus,

Forst., and I think that Ashmead is wrong in attributing

the one variable Hawaiian species to it.

TABLE OF HAWAIIAN GENERA OF Ophionini.

1. (6) Transverse median nervure in the hind-wings angulated

far below the middle, at % of its length from the upper

extremity at least or even much lower than this. Disco-

cubital cell (except in one species of Hnicospilus) with

a distinct glabrous area beneath the radius basally.

2. (5) Abdomen of normal shape not very long and in side view

the 5th segment is not strongly elongate.

3. (4) Cubitus and recurrent nervure distinct, forming a distinct

angle at their meeting, the cubitus continued basally

beyond this point to form a conspicuous thick projection,

the discoidal cell consequently being conspicuously

pentagonal; 9 with ovipositor and sheaths prominently

exserted behind the abdomen.

(Front wings with a glabrous area and usually with a

minute, translucent chitinous spot.)

Pleuroneurophion, Ashm.

4, (3) Cubitus and recurrent nervure usually forming a curve at

their meeting, rarely an angle; in the latter case without

a large thickened projection at the angulation and with

the lower and upper sides of the discoidal cell subparallel,

instead of strongly divergent basally as in the preceding ;

2 with normal ovipositor, not exserted behind the apex

of the abdomen dorsally. . . . . Enicospilus, Auct.

530 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawawan Ophioninae.

5. (2) Abdomen very elongate, and slender in lateral aspect, the

5th segment, so viewed, being strongly elongate.

(Cheeks very short, the eyes nearly reaching the

mandibles, the ocelli large, the rims of the outer ones

almost touching the eyes, radius conspicuously thick-

ened basally, with distinct glabrous area beneath, trans-

verse median and basal nervures usually meeting in

front wings, sometimes a little separated; propodeum

declivous from the front margin or almost so, widely

flattened or slightly impressed almost from base to

apex, and with no transverse carina.)

Eremotyloides, g. nov.

6. (1) Transverse median nervure in the hind-wings angulated

near to or above or not greatly below the middle, never

at 3 of the distance from its upper extremity to the lower.

7. (10) Ocelli large or moderately large, the lateral ones never more

distant from the nearest point of the eye-margins than

the length of the ocellar diameter; cheeks between the

eyes and mandibles very short inwardly.

8. (9) 2 of normal Ophionine shape and structure, the ovipositor

and sheaths not exserted behind the abdomen; hind

part of the thorax in dorsal aspect with the sides only

slightly rounded. . . . . . . . Athyreodon, Ashm.

9. (8) 9 with the ovipositor and sheaths extended far behind the

tip of the abdomen; hind part of the thorax strongly

rounded at the sides rare to the convexity of the meta-

pleura. . . . . « « Pycnophion, Ashm.

10. (7) Ocelli placed rnediealy, on the vertex, the outer ones far

removed from the eye-margins; cheeks extremely long,

the eyes far removed from the mandibular artionlicet

abdomen unusually short and wide.

Banchogastra, Ashm.

Ashmead characterised the endemic Hawaiian genera in

his ‘‘ Classification of the Ichneumon Flies,” but his table

of genera (pp. 86, 87) is very faulty, though the genera are

perfectly valid. His figures in the ‘‘ Fauna Hawaiiensis”’ do

not always agree with his descriptions and are certainly

incorrect in details.

Excluding Pleuroneurophion, he divides the genera

according to whether the “‘ transverse median nervure in

hind-wings is broken above the middle” or “at or above

the middle,” the ‘‘ above” in the latter case being clearly

a lapsus for below.

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 531

Athyreodon belongs to the former division, but on exam-

ining a dozen Hawaiian specimens I find that in four this

nervure is angulated at the middle, in four a little above the

middle and in one only greatly above the middle, as he has

figured it.

In the other division in Pycnophion the transverse median

nervure is said to be “angularly broken at or near the

middle but is figured as angulated far below the middle;

Banchogastra as broken “ much below the middle” but

it is figured as being angulated much nearer the middle

than in Pycnophion and the angle is not “a right angle.”

Of the specimens of Banchogastra that I have examined,

the transverse median is angulated in one example at

about the middle, in the others well below this, but always

before the lower third of its length.

Pycnophion is said to have the ovipositor as long as the

body and the propodeum with a transverse carina, but one

of the species is described as without a carina, and with a

much shorter ovipositor. Similarly Hremotylus is placed

under the genera with “one or two transverse carinae ”’

on the propodeum, while his Hawaiian species has

none.

His use of very slight differences in the position of the

extremity of the first recurrent nervure with regard to the

‘“ discoidal ”’ nervure for defining the genera is worthless.

It is not often a constant character in the genera under

consideration nor even a reliable specific character in some

species.

In the mass of Hawaiian material that I have examined

in Pleuroneurophion, Enicospilus and Hremotylus the trans-

verse median nervure is always angulated lower down than

in any of the other genera, and to this extent the point

of angulation is useful, especially as the genera named,

excepting one remarkable species of Enicospilus, all have

a glabrous area beneath the basal part of the generally

thickened radius, which area is wanting in the others.

Whether the Hawaiian Athyreodon is congeneric with

the type species (which had only a MS. specific name)

must remain doubtful, until more important characters

than those given by Ashmead have been examined. Plewro-

neurophion is clearly related to some of the Hawaiian

Enicospilus and not to Ophion. Morley in his table of

Ophionines places Ophion and Enicospilus next to one

another as having the “ nervellus intercepted below centre,”

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB.) MM

532 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae.

etc., though in all the species of the former that I have seen

the angulation of the transverse median nervure of the

hind-wings is in an entirely different position from that of

Enicospilus. In the figure by Mr. Rupert Stenton in

Morley’s work the angulation is figured as being far above

the middle.

The variability of many of the Hawaiian Ophionini is

so excessive, that if similar variation occurs in other tropi-

cal countries, the group may well prove one of the most

difficult of entomological studies. In Enicospilus these

variations have to some extent been alluded to in the table

of species and for the tribe, as represented in Hawaii they

may be classed as follows :—

(1) Size extremely variable, so that smaller individuals of a species

(of course of the same sex) may be from } to } the size of

the largest. This variability occurs in species of Enicospilus,

Athyreodon and Eremotyloides and possibly in other genera.

(2) Colour often very variable, so much so that possibly nearly

black forms of all the ferruginous Hnicospilus and ferrugi-

nous ones of those usually black may occur. It is possible

that Ashmead’s E. mauicola (dimidiatus, P.) is only a melano-

chroic form of LH. lineatus, Cam. In fact the actual type

of the former is of a somewhat intermediate character and

does not agree with his description. Possibly Hremotyloides

orbitalis may also have a pale form as in some examples the

thorax is red and all the legs pale, while others are blackish-

fuscous insects with dark legs, intermediates occurring.

(3) Neuration very variable in detail, even in points considered

of importance (though much overrated in this respect, both

in parasitic and aculeate Hymenoptera). This variation is

sufficiently alluded to above.

(4) Chitinous thickened spots of the front-wings very variable in

some species, well-developed in some examples of a single

species or totally absent or in all stages of degeneration in

other specimens. The glabrous area itself is more constant

in its character.

(5) Sculpture variable in many species, especially the propodeal

transverse carina. Sometimes this is normally present in

one sex, absent in the other, but examples of these are

found in which the conditions are reversed. In other cases

the carina. may be seen in all stages of obsolescence, from

strong and complete to total absence.

(6) Dorsal fovea of Ist abdominal segment very variable, obsolete

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 533

or distinct in examples of a single species, and varying in

form.

Very useful and comparatively constant characters in some of the

most difficult species are found in the shape of the head, length of

the cheeks and of the antennae, and in the sculpture and form of

the dorsal surface of the raised scutellum.

Cameron’s typical specimens, now in the British Museum, need

to be carefully relaxed and cleaned, two of them indeed are in a

mutilated or fragmentary condition, and but for the fact that they

are the types, all would be better discarded from a collection.

Pleuroneurophion ferrugineus, sp. nov.

Colour ferruginous (like normal Hnicospilus molokaiensis) only

the apical joints of the tarsi, mandibular teeth, etc.,dark. Mesonotum

not shining, hardly visibly sculptured, the scutellum with excessively

minute surface rugulosity. Propodeum with short white hairs.

finely rugulose, without a transverse carina. Neuration dark, wings

with yellowish tinge. Size of P. hawaviensis.

Hab. Maui, Haleakala. Probably common, as it would

be overlooked for the excessively abundant Hnicospilus

molokaensis by any one not wanting the latter.

The following is a list of all the Hawaiian species of

Enicospilus as here described, with synonymy and localities,

as at present known. I am only able to use the localities

given by Ashmead when I have seen the actual specimens.

No doubt many of the species either in typical form or as

slight varieties have a wider distribution than that given.

. E. molokaiensis, Ashm. Common on all the islands.

. E. melanochromus, sp. nov. Maui.

. EB. kaalae, Ashm. Kauai and Oahu.

(=senurufus, Perkins.)

4. EH. longicornis, Ashm. Hawaii.

5. E#. tyrannus, Perkins. Molokai.

. . ngrolineatus, Ashm. All the islands.

. H. variegatus, Ashm. Hawaii.

8. E. bellator, Perkins. Hawaii, Molokai and Oahu

and probably the other islands.

9. HE. funereus, sp.nov. Maui.

10. H. waimeae, Ashm. Kauai and (sec. Ashmead)

Hawaii.

Ope

534 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae.

11. £. mauicola, Ashm. Hawaii, Oahu and probably

other islands.

(=dimidiatus and capnodes, Perkins.)

12. E. lineatus, Cam. Hawaii, Maui, Lanai, Oahu.

(=henshawi, Ashm.)

13. E. ashmeadi, sp.nov. Hawaii.

14. E. dispilus, Perkins. Kauai, Oahu.

15. EF. castaneus, Ashm. Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai.

(=nigricans, Cam., nec Ruthe = nigritulus,

Morley.)

16. EB. pseudonymus, sp.nov. Maui.

The Bibliography (so far as it is of any importance)

concerning the Hawaiian Ophionini is not extensive.

1883. Cameron, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1883, pp. 192, 193.

Ophion lineatus and nigricans described.

1900. Ashmead, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiii, pp. 86-87.

Pleuroneurophion, n. gen., Banchogastra, n. g., Pycno-

phion, n. gen., Athyreodon, n. gen., Enicospilus,

Ophion and EHremotylus.

1901. Ashmead, ‘‘ Fauna Hawauiensis,” I, pp. 341-350.

Ophion nigricans, Cam., and lineatus, Cam., pp. 341

and 342; Pleuroneurophion hawaviensis, sp. n.,

p. 342; Athyreodon hawaiiensis, sp. n., p. 343;

Banchogastra nigra, sp. n., p. 343; Pycnophion

kauarensis and molokaiensis, spp. n., p. 344;

Eremotylus orbitalis, sp. nov., p. 345; Hnicospilus

mauicola and kaalae, spp. n., p. 347; E. warvmeae,

variegatus and nigrolineatus, spp. n., p. 348;

E. castaneus, henshawi, and molokaiensis, spp. n.,

p. 349; #. longicornis, sp. n., p. 350.

1902. Perkins, Tr. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 141-143.

Abanchogastra, gen. nov., debilis, sp. nov., p. 141;

Enicospilus semirufus, sp. n., p. 142; dispilus and

dimidiatus, spp. n., p. 1438.

1910. Perkins, “‘ Fauna Hawaiensis,” IT, pp. 678-680.

Enicospilus kaalae, Ashm. (semirufus, P. a synonym)

and £. tyrannus, sp.n., p. 57; EH. capnodes, sp. n.,

p. 679; Athyreodon, Ashm. (Abanchogastra, P. a

synonym of), p. 679; Banchogastra vitreipennis and

Pycnophion fuscipennis, spp. n., p. 680. (Written

a few years before publication.)

Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on Hawaiian Ophioninae. 535

1912. Morley, “ Revision of Ichneumonidae,” Pt. I, Ophion-

ides and Metopiides. A British Museum Publi-

cation.

Henicospilus, dispilus, P., lineatus, Cam., dimidiatus,

P., semirufus, P., included in table of Australasian

species, pp. 48,49. H.lineatus,Cam., p.52. Ophion

nigritulus, n. nom., for O. nigricans, Cam.

1913. Perkins, ‘‘ Fauna Hawaiiensis,” Introduction to, pp.

Cix, Ge)

General remarks on Hawaian Ophioninae (written

three or four years before publication).

( 536 )

XX. Descriptions of two new genera, and new species of

Mymaridae from Tasmama. By Cuas. O.

WarterHousE, I.8.0., F.E.S., with illustrations

from photographs by F. Enocx, F.LS., F.E.S.

[Read November 18th, 1914.]

Puates XCII.

THE specimens which are the subject of this paper were

collected on Mount Wellington, South Tasmania, in the

spring of last year by Mr. R. E. Turner. They were found

at the high altitude of 2,300 feet. Although there are only

eight specimens, there are four species which are divided

between two new genera. The one for which I propose

the name Selenaeus is remarkable for the great length of

the ovipositor, the projecting part of which is‘as long as

the whole insect. The other three species are closely

allied to the genus Polynema, but differ in having a very

fine vein running for some distance close to the front

margin of the wing; the thickened basal vein is slightly

elongate, whereas it is punctiform in Polynema. The

three species are of great interest as showing three degrees

in the development of the vein. In one species the fine

vein is distinctly emitted as a branch from the thick basal

vein. In the second the fine vein is quite distinct, but it

is separated from the thick vein by a slight interval. In

the third species the vein is so fine and so close to the

front margin that it is seen with difficulty. Fortunately

of two of the species there are two specimens, so that one

can feel quite certain that these differences are not indi-

vidual peculiarities. The wings of the species are of

different shapes. Mr. Turner thinks that these species

may be associated with some Homopterous galls which

were very abundant where they were taken.

SELENAEUS, gen. nov.

Antennae eleven-jointed (including the club which consists of

three joints), the third extremely short. Front wings ample, the

front margin of the apical portion arched, the posterior margin

rather straight; the vein linear, extending a little beyond the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1914.—PaRTS Il, IV. (FEB.)

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s new Mymaridae. 537

level of the posterior dilatation. Abdomen subsessile, apparently

compressed [not in good condition]. Ovipositor extremely long,

the portion projecting beyond the apex of the abdomen as long as

the whole insect. Legs slender, the tarsi four-jointed, the basal

joint very long.

I think this genus may be placed near Anaphes, with

which it agrees in having a very small third antennal

joint, and in the general form of the wings. It differs in

having eleven joints to the antennae and in having long

slender legs and tarsi. The ovipositor is unlike that of

any Mymarid known to me, and is much longer even than

in Hustochus.

Selenaeus Turneri, sp. n.

Q. Pitechy black, the back part of the mesonotum brownish

yellow. Head rather large. Antennae °95 in length; the basal

joint brown, finely rugose; the second joint brown; the third

very small, subglobose, yellow; the fourth, fifth and sixth elongate,

pale yellow; the seventh and eighth shorter and broader, brown ;

the club elliptical, distinctly three-jointed, brown. Front wings

1°35 x *32 mm., hyaline, but all the margins slightly clouded

with brownish yellow, and there is a distinct pale brown shade

across the wing below the vein. The surface hairs are very fine,

rather short, not very close together. The cilia are long, even

those along the front margin, the longest -2 m. The hind-wing

slightly clouded with brownish yellow, not curved forward as in

Anaphes, posterior cilia long, about 42 in number. Legs yellow,

the claws fuscous; the hind tibiae very long, slightly swollen

towards the apex; tarsi rather long, the basal joint not quite equal

to the three following taken together. Ovipositor yellow (the

sheaths light brown), its total length from base of abdomen to apex

about 1:45 mm.

Length 1:1 mm.

Hab. 8. Tasmania, Mount Wellington, 2,300 ft., March

22, 1913.

PALAEONEURA, gen. nov.

General characters and appearance of Polynema. Antennae of

female nine-jointed ; the third, fourth, and fifth joints elongate, the

club consisting of one joint. Front wings ample, the vein slightly

elongate (less punctiform than in Polynema) emitting from its apex

a fine vein (sometimes interrupted) which runs close to the front

538 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s two new genera,

margin and extends for some distance. Abdomen petiolate. Tarsi

four-jointed, the basal joint very elongate.

The species for which I propose this new generic name

may be regarded as a primitive Polynema in which the

wing vein, although evanescent, is still present for a con-

siderable length, the basal thickened portion is moreover

longer than in typical Polynema. The build of the insects

is somewhat different from that of the European Polynema

owing to the thorax being less narrowed in front and

behind.

Palaeoneura Turneri, sp. n.

2. Black, shining, the petiole of the abdomen and the legs dark

pitchy, the knees paler. The tibiae are paler than the femora.

The front tarsi are pale pitchy with the apical joint very dark.

The posterior tarsi have the first and second joints pitchy yellow,

the third pale pitchy, the fourth very dark. The basal joint and

half the second are together equal to the remaining joints. Antennae

with the second joint pale pitchy below, the third, fourth and fifth

joints elongate narrow, the sixth a trifle shorter and broader, the

seventh much shorter, the eighth as long as the sixth, much widened

in the middle, the club equal in length to the eighth, seventh and

about half the sixth together. Front wings very broad 1°45 x °55

mm., the apex rounded, the apical portion of the hind margin rather

straight, and slightly oblique; the surface hairs very close, short

and fine; the longest cilia :16 m. The posterior wing with about

47 cilia to the hind margin.

Length 1°3 mm.

Hab. Tasmania, Mount Wellington, 2,300 ft., March 22

and April 6, 1913.

Palaeoneura interrupta, sp. 1.

Q. Black, shining. Antennae with the second and third joints

pitchy yellow, the second with its upper edge dark. The third

joint very slender, a little longer than the second, the fourth and

fifth much longer, the sixth and seventh each shorter, the eighth

very short, ovate, the club and the eighth joint together equal to

the seventh, sixth and fifth together. Front legs, except the base

of the femora and apical joint of the tarsi, pitchy yellow, shaded in

parts with light pitchy. Posterior legs dark pitchy, the knees and

basal joint of the tarsi pitchy yellow; the second and third joints

rather darker. The basal joint of the hind tarsi very long, a trifle

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror, Plate XCII.

Photo, F. E-nock.

NEW TASMANIAN MYMARIDAE.

and new species of Mymaridae from Tasmana. 539

longer than the remaining joints together. Front wings rather

broad, the width greater than one-third of the length, 1°25 x °375

mm. The surface hairs very short, close and fine. The longest

cilia *26 m., more than half the width of the wing. The vein with

a short space between the thick basal part and the fine branch.

Hind-wings with very few surface hairs, and with about 35 cilia on

the hind margin. Petiole of abdomen pitchy yellow, dark at the

base.

Length 1-3 mm.

Hab. Tasmanta, Mount Wellington, 2,300 ft., March 21

and 25, 1913.

Palaeoneura evanescens, sp. n.

9. Black, shining. Antennae with the second and third joints

pale pitchy below. The third joint elongate, slender; the fourth

and fifth a trifle longer and stouter; the fifth to eighth joints gradu-

ally shorter and stouter; the club comparatively small, about

equal in length to the eighth and seventh together. Legs dark

pitchy, the tibiae paler, the knees, apex of the tibiae and the basal

joint of the tarsi pitchy yellow; the second and third joints a little

darker, the apical joint very dark. The basal joint of the hind

tarsi about equal to the second and third together. Front wings

very broad, 14 x ‘512, very obtusely rounded at the apex, the

vein very fine and very close to the margin. Surface hairs very

close, fine and very short. The longest cilia only ‘075. Hind-

wings with about 46 cilia on the hind margin.

Length 1°325 mm.

Hab. Tasmania, Mount Wellington, 2,300 ft., March 12

and April 6, 1913.

EXPLANATION OF Puate XCII.

Fic. 1. Palaeoneura interrupta, Waterh., type. x 30.

2, Palaeoneura Turnert, Waterh., type. x 30.

3. Palaeoneura evanescens, Waterh., type. x 30.

4, Selenaeus Turneri, Waterh., type. x 30.

re a » , antenna greatly enlarged.

FEBRUARY 27TH, 1915.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

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OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1914-f915.

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Tue Rey. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.

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CONTENTS OF PARTS III anp IV.

Sette LT i RTT? f PAGE

XII. The authorship and first publication of the “ Jurinean” Genera of

Hymenoptera: Being a reprint of a long-lost work by Panzer, with a

translation into English, an Introduction, and Bibliographical and

Critical notes, By the Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., F.E.S., and Jno.

HartLey Durrant, F.E.S. - 839

XIII. New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera “from §.E. Brazil. “By K.

DUKINFIELD JONES, F.E.S., F.Z.S. 437

XIV. Notes on the Life History of Pipil demolion, Cram. By MARGARET

E. Fountaine, F.E.S. 456

XV. Some remarks on the Coccid genus Leucaspis, with descriptions ‘of two

new species. By E. Ernest GREEN, F.E.S. 459

XVI. Contributions to the Life History of Polyommatus eros. By T. A.

Cuarman, M.D., F.Z.8. 469

XVII. A contribution to the Life History of Plebeius zephyrus var. Tycidas.

By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.ZS. 482

XVIII. A revision of the species of the genus Odynerus (Hymenoptera) occur-

ring in the Ethiopian Region. By Grorrrey MEADE-WALDO, M.A. 485

XIX. On Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam. Ichneumonidae). By

R. C. L. Perxins, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S. 521

XX. Descriptions of two new genera, and new species of Mymaridae from

Tasmania. By Cuas. O. Wateruouss, I.8.0., F.E.S., with illustra-

tions from are ite F. Pain F.L. Ss F.ES. Za! 536

Proceedings a Aes See “Yxv-cxii

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1914-1915.

THE

PROCEEDINGS —

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

For THE YEAR 1914.

Wednesday, February 4th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Beruune-BakeEr, President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Miss Maupe Lina West Ciecuory, F.L.S., 57 Ballygunge

Circular Road, Calcutta; and Mr. Witt1am Jonn Forsuam,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa, Bubwith, Selby, Yorks., were

elected Fellows of the Society.

Appointment of Vice-Presidents.

The President announced that he had nominated Dr. H.

ELTRINGHAM, the Hon. N. CHartes Roruscritp, and the

Rev. G. WHEELER as Vice-Presidents for the present Session.

Exhibitions.

PRODENIA LITTORALIS BRED IN ENGLAND.—Mr. B. H. Smitu

exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Forsyth of Weymouth, specimens of

Prodenia littoralis bred by the latter from larvae found feeding

on bananas there.

Prof, Poutron observed that it had been bred on Bugalla

Island by Dr. Carpenter.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1914, A

Cary)

Commander WALKER said that in the Pacific Islands it fed

on tobacco amongst other plants, and Mr. E. E. Green

observed that the same species had occurred as a troublesome

pest in tobacco-curing sheds in Ceylon, but that a remedy had

been found in turning turkeys into the infected sheds; he

added that the larvae also eat ferns.

A SPECIES or PRotuRA AND A New OrpDeER or InsEects.—

Mr. C. B. Wituiams exhibited a specimen of the Genus

Acerentomon of the Order Protura taken from moss in the

New Forest, Hampshire. He also drew the attention of

the Society to the new Order Zoraptera just described by

Silvestri, the first discoverer of the Protura, and said that Mr.

Green’s name was mentioned in connection with the discovery

of the new Order.

Mr. EK. E. Green said that he had found the insects in

question in the hills of Ceylon, associated with Termites,

in decayed wood. Of the original material, nothing remained

but a slide consisting of two or three examples mounted in

Canada Balsam, a tube containing material in alcohol having

completely disappeared. Dr. Silvestri has now recorded and

described two other species of the same Order—from Western

Africa and Java respectively.

Ant Larvae as Sewrnc-Macurnus. — Mr. DonistHorPE

exhibited specimens of the ants Oecophylla smaragdina, F.,

from Ceylon, and O. virescens, F., from North Queensland.

These ants use their larvae to spin threads and fasten the

leaves of their nests together, and the Australian specimens

exhibited each held a larva in their mandibles, having been

killed when using the latter to construct the nest.

Prof. PouiTon said that the same fact had been observed

by Mr. Lamporn in the same genus of Ants in W. Africa.

AN EXHIBITION ILLUSTRATING THE NATURAL HISTORY OF

CERTAIN ALGERIAN DiptERA.— Prof. Poutron exhibited a

collection of Diptera and other insects associated with them,

made by Dr. ApatBert Seirz, F.E.S. The specimens were

chiefly taken at Batna (about 1300 metres) in July 1913, and

were accompanied by an interesting series of notes on the

habits. These had been, as far as possible, epitomised on

the labels. The Diptera had been kindly named by Mr. E. E.

{ a)

Austen and some of the other insects by Mr. N. D. Riley

and Mr. G. Meade Waldo. Dr. Seitz had sent the following

interesting record of observations :—

Asilus barbarus, L., and its model, a small female of Salius

barbarus, F.—‘‘ This Asilid I failed to catch with its prey.

It does not appear before July, and flies in dry places and

settles only on sandy ground. The model, which is found

flying in the same localities, is I think nearly allied to the

American Pepsis, which supplies the commonest models for

insects of all Orders. I unfortunately only secured a very

small specimen—as a matter of fact the smallest I have seen—

of the Fossor, which is shy and difficult to catch. The model

is generally of about the same size as the Asilid.

‘* So far as I remember, the Asilid has the habits and flight

of our Asilus crabroniformis, L., but it does not make the

sound of this European fly. Cvrabroniforniis in its flight makes

exactly the same sound as the common Vespa crabro, L.,—

a very much deeper hum than that made by other large Asilids.

I suppose that this deep sound is also a form of mimicry,

just as it is in Trochilium apiforme, L., which also makes the

sound of Vespa crabro. This is very easy to hear when the

captured insect is humming in the butterfly-net. Another

point of resemblance between barbarus and crabroniformis

is the fact that both appear later in the year than any of

their allies. Thus barbarus does not fly before July in Algeria,

and crabroniformis, near Darmstadt, not before the end of

August, becoming commoner in September.”

Heligmoneura brunnipes, F. (Asilus castanipes, Meigen),

and Stenopogon heteroneurus, Macq. (Dasypogoninae) and

other Asilidae.—Dr. Seitz records that both these large

Asilids begin to fly at the end of June (May in Proc. 1913,

p. xliv). In addition to the butterflies mentioned by him

(in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1913, p. xlix) as the prey of the first-

named species, P. rapae, L., is now recorded together with

nearly all the Satyrinae flying in June and July. Dr. Seitz

also observed the female of the latter species devouring its

own male, having pierced it from the side. ‘“‘ The specimen

exhibited to the meeting was still alive when in my net but

evidently quite disabled and only moving the tarsi. Against

(ar)

the poison of these large Asilids other Asilids are not much

more resistant than flies of other families. There is in the

series of Asilids and their prey now sent a male of H. brunnipes

together with its victim an Anthrax, but the captor was itself

transfixed by another large Asilid, I believe S. heteroneurus,

which escaped. I once saw one of these large Asilids rolling

on the ground struggling with Selidopogon (Dasypogon)

crassus, Macq. I did not catch them, but waited to see the

end of the struggle. After some seconds both flew away

apparently unharmed.

““ T have observed that the prey of these flies is not the same

in every year nor inevery month. In 1904 at the end of June

and during July I noticed that all the Algerian fields were

covered with millions of a Crcada. I have never seen such

swarms since that year. At the time of which I speak there

was hardly an Asilid to be seen without a Cicada on his

proboscis. Last year, 1913, was on the contrary a butterfly

year : until July, Cicadas were rare and Asilids were commonly

seen with butterfly prey. After the beginning of July a small

species of Cicada became abundant, and were the usual

victims of the Asilidae. Three examples are now sent, one

captured by the male and one by the female of S. heteroneurus,

one by the male of a species of Asilinae.”’

Prof. Pounron said that the 3 Cicadas were all males—a

new species of Adeniana (Tibicininae), recently described as

seitzi by Mr. W. L. Distant (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1914,

pp. 182-3). Dr. Seitz found that the hive-bee is the common-

est prey of Selidopogon crassus, just as it is of S. diadema in

Europe (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. 331-5).

The following Aszlidae and their prey, sent by Dr. Seitz,

were exhibited to the meeting :—

DasyPoconinaE. — Stenopogon heteroneurus, Macq. — The

male and female with Cicadas (p. iv), and the female devouring

its own male (p. ii).

Stenopogon, sp.—A male of an unidentified species with the

male of Coenonympha pamphilus, f.g. lyllus, Esp.; a female of

another species with a very small bee. The prey was lost—

blown away by the wind.

Asitinan.—Heligmoneura brunnipes, F.—Four males with

ay)

the following prey—Pyrameis carduwi, L.; female Melanargia

galathea, f.g. lucasi, Rambur; Eristalis tenax, L.; a species of

Anthrax (p. iv). Four females with male and female Pararge

megaera, L.; Sterrha sacraria, L.; a female Sarcophaga (much

greased).

The males of two unidentified species, one with a male

Sarcophaga (much greased), the other with a Cicada (p. iv).

Hippobosca camelina, Leach.—Two specimens— one typical,

the other the dark Algerian form named dromedarina by

Speise. Dr. Seitz sends the note ‘Caught on my back.

Very troublesome to horses. Alights flying on the back of the

horse and then runs very quickly and in a direct line to the

anus, where it rests.”

Ezxoprosopa pygmalion, F.—‘* A curious effect is sometimes

produced by this Anthracine—as if it were flying sideways.”’

Bombylius boghariensis, Lucas.—* This beautiful species

flies in April and May, disappearing in June when the other

Bombylidae become abundant.”’

Physegaster maculatus, Macq. A pair taken in cop.—Con-

cerning this interesting Oncodid (Cyrtid) fly Dr. Seitz wrote :—

“ This fly is not common : it hovers in spider-holes under the

ground. The female, when settled, looks somewhat like a

spider. The head is nearly aborted, so that the thorax

resembles the cephalothorax. The legs too are held like those

of a spider. The male does not bear any such resemblance.”

Further observations on this species by Dr. Seitz will be

found in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1913, pp. xlix—l.

W. A. LAMBORN’S FURTHER NOTES ON THE DRIVER ANTS

(DoryLus) or SourHerN NicERra.— Prof. Pounron read

some further notes received in letters from Mr. LAMBorn, and

exhibited the Diptera (all dated Dec. 10, 1913) referred to,

which had been kindly determined by Mr. E. E. Austen.

The material of the genus Zonochroa, in the British Museum,

was divided into a large number of species, but only three

of these had been as yet determined, and these did not include

any one of the three species sent by Mr. Lamborn. Mr. Austen

had informed Prof. Poulton that nothing was known of the

bionomics of Zonochroa, and therefore the following notes

became of much interest.

Cae)

Rhinia apicalis, Wied., the species sent by Mr. Lamborn

or one closely allied to it, ranged from West Africa to Natal.

Prof. Poutron also exhibited the 7 examples of Bengalia

depressa, Walk., which had been captured by Mr. Lamborn,

Nov. 7, 1913, attacking the driver ants on the march. One

of these specimens had been exhibited to the Society on

December 3 (Proc. 1913, p. exxv). Five of the Bengalia

were accompanied by the pupae they were sucking, together

with the 5 ants, from which they had been stolen. It was

interesting to note that all 7 flies were females.

The workers of Dorylus nigricans, Illig., captured on Nov. 7,

were divisible into 6 sizes although transitional forms were

present. Calling No. 1 the largest and No. 6 the smallest,

two of the ants from which pupae had been taken were

No. 3, while the other three were No. 4. It therefore appeared

probable that pupae were generally carried by workers of

medium size.

‘“On December 10, my colleague, Mr. Farquharson, told

me in the early morning that he had just passed a swarm of

driver ants which he thought were possibly raiding a bees’

nest, on account of a humming noise he had heard coming

from under some fallen palms. He did not stay to make a

close examination, being anxious for me to come at once.

On going to investigate the matter, I found that the drivers

were forming one of their temporary nests and were throwing

up earthworks, piling the earth in cones, between which were

funnel-shaped openings leading into the ground.

“Flying over the drivers were a number of Diptera from

which came the humming sound.

‘* There were three kinds :—(1) A, much the most common

fly, flew to and fro over the funnels, gradually extruding a

white ovum which it dropped when no ants were by. If,

as sometimes happened, ants menaced it, the fly flew off to

another opening and let its egg fall there. Many of these

eggs could be seen on the ground, and the drivers did not

touch them or even examine them as far as I could see, but

in the natural course of their work gradually covered them

with earth.”

[The material labelled A consisted of 6 females of the

t val 7}

genus Zonochroa (Calliphorinae). Of these six, 4 belonged

to one species, 1 to a second, and 1 to a third. |]

(2) B [a single female of Rhinia apicalis, Wied. (Calli-

phorinae), or a species very close to it] oviposited very dif-

ferently. It flew to and fro until it found a spot of recently

piled up soft earth where no driver happened to be working.

It then settled and forced its pointed abdomen into the

earth, remaining without apparent movement for about half

a second, but, as I found later, actually ovipositing. It then

withdrew its abdomen, and, having rapidly shovelled earth

into the hole with its hind legs, flew away and repeated the

action elsewhere on the nest. On digging I found an ovum

at each place.

‘“T took the fly, and, placing it in a glass tube containing

earth from the nest, witnessed its oviposition several times

more, and then, taking it out, again found its ova.

‘* (3) C [the female of a species of Anthomyinae, in a condition

which prevented determination], of which one example only

was obtained, hovered over one particular opening made by

the ants in the ground and then let drop a number of eggs—

as many as six—in rapid succession. f

‘““T found no signs of carrion, excrement, vegetable refuse

or other material in which so many Muscids oviposit, but on

the contrary thought the soil particularly good and sweet.

‘““ Mr. Farquharson has very kindly read this little account

and confirms the observations.

“Dec. 23rd. A large scattered heap of earth has now been

thrown up by the drivers, but I cannot find fly larvae in it,

I will try and dig them out.”

The following note was contained in a letter dated Jan. 14,

1914.

‘* Drivers are a scourge at times. I see that Prof. W. M.

Wheeler gives instances of their attack on Vertebrata. I have

known them raid a fowlhouse and kill a hen and her brood,

and at Oni once an unfortunate guinea-pig, forgotten under

the house, had its eyes eaten out and large holes bitten through

the abdominal wall before any one saw what was happening,

and more than once there we had to vacate the bungalow

until the ants had formed up and cleared off. They approach

(sail)

from several directions in columns, then scatter and forage,

retiring subsequently in column formation again, and when

they have once found food they always return again sooner

or later, following the same paths as before.

“At the present time the plantation drivers, Dorylus

nigricans, are lodged in the bed of a dried-up streamlet where

they are busily engaged in killing and eating the crabs, large

fellows with a body often the size of one’s hand, which live

in holes in the banks. They leave only the empty shell in

the course of 24 hours’ work.”’

THE PigRINE NEOPHASIA TERLOOTI, BEHR., FEMALE, A

NEW Norra AMERICAN MIMIC OF DANAIDA PLEXIPPUS, L.,

(arcHIpPus, L.).—Prof. Poutton showed a male and female

of terloott from Arizona, sent to him by Dr. H. Skinner, of

Philadelphia, who had called his attention to the resemblance

of the female to the common D. plexippus. Dr. Skinner had

stated that he had received an example of the female as a

“little Danais.” Prof. Poulton said that no one could doubt

the reality of the mimetic resemblance when the tints of the

upper side and exposed parts of the under side of terlooti were

compared with the corresponding surfaces of the Danaine

model. It was of great interest to recognise the existence

of a new mimic—and especially of a Pierine mimic—in the

temperate zone.

Dr. F. A. Drxty said, with reference to Prof. Poulton’s

interesting exhibit of Neophasia menapia and N. terlooti, that

he had some years ago drawn attention to the remarkable

mimetic female of the latter insect, though he was not in a

position to show a specimen. His communication would be

found in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. xx and xxi, where,

however, the date 1904 was twice over given in error for 1894.

Many mistakes had been made in respect of N. terlooti female ;

and it was not till some time after its discovery that it was

recognised as the female of a well-known species. When it

was supposed to be an entirely new form, it was the subject

of an amusing contest for priority between certain entomo-

logists. One of these competitors named it princetonia in

honour of his University, whose colours it displayed upon

its wings. Some account of the rather unusual tactics

("ix y

employed in this rivalry had been given by Dr. Skinner in the

Ent. News, Philadelphia, 1900, p. 533. Dr. H. H. Behr, who

had described the male more than forty years ago, was of

opinion that the two species of Neophasia were congeneric

with the curious Mexican butterfly Hucheira socialis, whose

larvae made an elaborate common habitation, in which they

underwent pupation. Dr. Dixey, however, could not avoid

the suspicion that Behr had been misled into attributing a

larval nest which was really that of Eucheira to N. terlooti,

and there appeared to be no other reason for supposing

the two forms to be closely related. He remembered that

Dr. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburg, U.S.A., who was present at

the meeting of the Entomological Society to which he had

referred, agreed in this opinion.

Mr. Cottin congratulated Prof. Poulton on having induced

these entomologists to study the habits of the African Di-

ptera; he commented on those exhibited, and expressed a

doubt whether the three so-called species of Zonochroa were

really separate.

Mr. Buarr observed that the Hippobosca of the New Forest

makes for the soft parts of the skin of horses. In answer

to an inquiry whether the driver ants give out any scent, Mr.

G. A. K. MarsHatt replied that they do so.

Mr. DonistHORPE also commented on the ants.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On the egg-laying of T'richiosoma (Tenthredinidae),” by

T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

‘A remarkable new Genus and Species of Odonata of the

Legion Podagrion, Sél., from N. Queensland,” by KENNE1H J.

Morton, F.E.S.

‘* Lepidoptera-Heterocera from §8.E. Brazil,” by E. Duxin-

FIELD-JONES, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

“The Myrmecophilous Aphides of Britain,” by Prof. F. V.

THEOBALD, M.A., F.E.S.

Wednesday, March 4th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Beroune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the

chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. Wu. J. von Mont&é Prnpiepury, Broadlands;

Shrewsbury, and Keble College, Oxford; Roserr VeErrca,

7 Queen’s Crescent, Edinburgh, and Francis CarDEW

WooprorpE, B.A., Market Drayton, Salop, were elected

Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Potymorpuism In Ants.—Mr, H. DonistHorPe and Mr.

W. C. Craw ey exhibited a number of polymorphic forms in

ants, illustrated by a chart, and read the following notes :—

For our exhibit to-night we have selected one of the very

many interesting problems presented by the study of myrme-

cology, namely Polymorphism in Ants.

For this purpose my colleague Mr. Crawley and I have

constructed a chart, chiefly taken from Wheeler, with some

additions of our own, to show all the different forms which

occur in ants, and to illustrate this chart we have got together

from our collections a number of specimens of most of the

phases included in it.

The chief problem of polymorphism is to account for the

various worker forms, and those such as the soldier, pseudogyne

and ergatogyne, etc., which are intermediate between the

worker and female. Weismann believes that the various

castes are represented in the egg by corresponding units,

fertilisation being the stimulus which calls the female deter-

minants into activity, and meagre feeding the stimulus which

arouses the worker producing determinants in the young

larva from fertilised eggs. This is of course only a restatement

of facts as far as they go.

Herbert Spencer thought that the female castes were not

predetermined, but that they were brought about by differences

in the feeding.

Emery seems to think that a worker-like wingless form was

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the oldest type, but Escherich points out that it is unlikely

that a wingless form which had once acquired wings, would

again lose them, as in the case of wingless females.

The following appear to be the stages in the phylogeny of

social insects :—

1. Pre-social stage with a single kind of 3 and 9.

2. Social stage with a single kind of $ and 9, but the nesting

and nursing instincts have developed.

3. Social stage with one kind of 3 and two or more kinds

of 9, all fertile, but those that build and hunt for food are

becoming less fertile.

4. The present stage with one kind of 3, a fertile form of 9,

and one or more so-called “ sterile” 92 or $%. These % %

are fertile with sufficient frequency to maintain (principally

through the 3¢ 3) a representation of their characters in the

germ-plasm of the species.

Weismann considers the egg-laying of the ¥ 8 as too infre-

quent to influence the germ-plasm of the species. But it is

not so infrequent as he supposed, and not only 3 ¢ but 8%

also are produced from these eggs; so there is no reason why

the transmission of characters acquired by this caste should

be more improbable in ants than in other animals.

It was supposed that unfertilised eggs always produced

males, but the experiments of Mrs. Comstock, Reichenbach,

Crawley, and recently my own, have shown that this is not

always the case, and that unfertilised eggs laid by workers

can produce workers, which considerably complicates matters.

One other point which requires explanation is the fact that

true females are not reared in captivity, the only exception

we know of being recorded by the late Lord Avebury.

I will not take up any more time now, but proceed with the

explanation of part of our chart.

The male (anér) is the most fixed of the three typical phases,

even in genera where the females and workers are most differ-

ent in allied species.

The micranér is smaller in stature than the normal male.

The phthisanér is a pupal male which in the larval or semi-

pupal state has had its juices partially extracted by an Orasema

larva, and is unable to pass on to the imaginal stage.

——

( xm 9

The mermithanér is a male with short wings, caused by the

presence of an internal worm of the genus Mermas.

The ergatanér resembles the worker in possessing no wings,

and in the structure of the antennae, etc. The ergatoid male

probably inherits the worker character.

The ergatandromorph is an individual in which the male and

worker characters are combined.

The macranér is an unusually large form of male which oc-

casionally occurs in populous nests.

The dorylanér is the unusually large form peculiar to the

Driver Ants (Dorylus and Eciton).

The gynaecaner is a male which resembles a female rather

than a worker (Anergates, Epoecus).

The gynandromorph is partly male and partly female.

The normal female (gyne), or a-female.

The macrogyne is an unusually large female, occurring, like

the macranér, in populous nests.

The microgyne is a dwarf female.

The B-female is an aberrant form, occurring either with

or without the normal female, and characterised by exces-

sive development in the legs, and in the pilosity of the

body.

The pseudogyne is a worker-like female, with enlarged

mesonotum, but without wings.*

The phthisogyne arises from a parasitised larva, and has

been unable to reach the imaginal instar.

The mermithogyne is a female with small wings, caused by

parasitization by a Mermis.

The ergatogyne is a worker-like female.

The dichthadiigyne is peculiar to the sub-family Dorylinae,

it is wingless, possesses neither eyes, nor ocelli, and is probably

a further development of the gynaecoid worker.

* Wasmann considers pseudogynes as almost useless in the colony,

but we have found them to work, fight, and tend the young as do the

ordinary $s. Doubt is thrown on Wasmann’s theory that these forms

are caused by the presence of Lomechusa and Atemeles larvae in the

colony by the discovery by Donisthorpe in Scotland of immense flour-

ishing colonies of Formia rufa and pratensis containing hundreds of

pseudogynes and without a trace of the parasitic larvae, and the same

observer has found nests in Lundy Island containing the larvae, but

with no pseudogynes. (W. C. Crawley).

( sy

The worker (ergates) is without wings, the thorax is simple,

the eyes are small and the ocelli are often wanting.

The pterergate is a worker with vestiges of wings on a normal

thorax.

The micrergate is a worker of unusually small size.

The mermithergate is an enlarged worker produced by the

presence of an intestinal worm of the genus Mermis.

The plerergate is a worker which in the callow stage has

acquired the habit of distending the gaster with honey.

The phthisergate is a pupal worker produced in a similar

manner to the phthisaner.

The macrergate is an unusually large worker, often only

produced in populous colonies.

The gynaecoid is an egg-laying worker. In some families

the queen phase has disappeared, and has been replaced by a

gynaecoid worker.

The dinergate, or soldier, is characterised by a huge head

and mandibles, adapted for crushing seeds, fighting, etc.

The desmergate is an intermediate form between the dinergate

and the normal worker.

Mr. DonistHoRPE said that however well they had fed

their ants, they had never succeeded in rearing females in

captivity.

Prof. Poutron asked whether there was any difference

between the workers and the males produced from eggs laid

by workers and those produced from the eggs of normal

females. Mr. Crawtey replied that there was not. In

answer to a question by the PRESIDENT as to the meaning of

the expression “‘ highly or slightly developed ” applied to the

genital armature of the male, Mr. Craw ey replied that he

only meant of large or small size.

Livinc Larvae AND ImacrINEs or AGRIADES THERSITES.—

Dr. T. H. Cuapman exhibited a g¢ and 2 imago of Agriades

thersites, alive, bred from the egg; also two last-stage

larvae. He proposed to offer the Society at its next meeting

a short paper with notes on the Life History of the species;

this exhibit would have been more appropriate then, but the

living material would then possibly not be available.

GYNANDROMORPHIC HRIOGASTER LANESTRIS.—Mr. H. Main

EE ———

( xy)

exhibited a gynandromorphic specimen of Hriogaster lanestris,

right side 9, left side 3, bred last year at Eastbourne by- Mr.

HK. P. Sharp.

Rare GOLIATH-BEETLES.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a

specimen which he believed to be the female of Goliathus

wiset, Heath, hitherto unknown, also specimens of G. kirkz,

Gray, in which the white markings were very perfectly pre-

served; all of these had been recently found by Dr. Baxter in

Usagara, German Kast Africa.

British Eupectus AND OEDEMERA VIRESCENS. — Mr.

CHAMPION exhibited, on behalf of Mr. E. W. Morse, of Leeds,

the second British specimen of the genus Hudectus, probably

a variety of EH. white’, Sharp, from Ingleborough, Yorks., and

a pair of Oedemera virescens, L., from Symonds Yat, Hereford.

SUGGESTED PROTECTIVE VALUE OF THE COCOON OF

LYONETIA CLERKELLA, L.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited, at the

desire of Mr. J. C. Hawxsuaw, F.E.S., a cocoon of Lyonetia

clerkella, L., spun up on a cherry leaf. Mr. Hawkshaw sug-

gested that the fine silken web attached to the leaf on each

side of the supporting strands, and guy lines by means of

which the cocoon is slung up like a hammock, served as a

protection against ants. The webs are very loosely attached

to the leaf, and when touched with a knife become, with the

cocoon, a shapeless mass which sticks to the knife persistently.

Before an ant could reach the cocoon, its head and antennae,

Mr. Hawkshaw thinks, would become hopelessly entangled,

and would carry the whole away on it.

Dr. Drxey thought that a possible objection to Mr. Hawk-

shaw’s suggestion would be that another ant might come to

the rescue of the first, and might succeed in grasping the

cocoon in its jaws without getting entangled in the now

collapsed silken web.

Mr. DonisTHoRPE considered that Dr. Dixey’s suggestion

as to the assistance of another ant was quite likely to be

correct.

Dicnotomy or Anterior Limp in a Coccip.—Mr. KH.

ERNEST GREEN exhibited a Coccid with double anterior limb,

and read the following note :—Many examples of Dichotomy

of the limbs, antennae and other organs of insects have been

(ary, 2)

recorded, from time to time. Prof. Bateson’s well-known

work, “‘ Material for the Study of Variation,’ reviewed all

the scattered information on the subject and added a mass of

fresh material which is now—I believe—preserved in the

Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The phenomenon

of dichotomy and multiplication of organs appears somewhat

frequently in the Order Coleoptera, and instances have been

noted in several other Orders. But I cannot recollect having

Anterior limb of Coccid tone crawfordi) showing dichotomy,

seen or read of any such aberration in the Family Coccidae,

and I am inclined to believe that the instance here described

is unique.

The accompanying figure shows a case of dichotomy of the

anterior limb of the large Australian Coccid—Monophlebus

crawfordi, Maskell. The duplication, in this example, appears

to arise from the trochanter. The supplementary limb,

though somewhat malformed, is fully developed and shows the

normal number of parts. The tarsus, tibia and femur are

Cy xviy .)

all smaller than the respective parts in the normal limb; but

the trochanter of that side is abnormally large. The coxa,

which is common to the two members, is strangely distorted

and plicated, suggesting that the dichotomy may have been

induced by an injury to this part during the nymphal stage

of the insect.

This aberrant specimen was found amongst material sent

to me (for determination) by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, and was

collected at Townsville, North Queensland, where the species

occurs in the arboreal nests of an ant (Cremastogaster sp.).

LastocaMpa ILicirotta.—Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a

fine 2 Lasiocampa ilicifolia taken on the wing at Cannock

Chase, by Mr. G. B. Oliver on May 25, 1913. Mr. Newman

stated that the larvae in captivity took readily to aspen.

A VARIETAL FORM OF CIDARIA SUFFUMATA.—Mr. A. W. MERA

exhibited two specimens of Cidaria suffumata, of an unusual

form, from East Devon, received from Rev. J. W. Metcalfe,

who takes this form in damp woods and finds it not entirely

confined to one wood. The specimens were smaller and the

wings appeared to be more rounded than in the type, sug-

gesting the possibility of another species. Mr. Mera added

that the time of appearance was May. Typical specimens

from various localities were exhibited for comparison.

A SURPRISING FAMILY OF HypoLimMNnas (HURALIA) DUBIA,

BEAUV., AND ANTHEDON, DBL., FRoM Nataut.—Prof. PouLtton

stated that he had just received, from Mr. KH. E. Platt, of

Durban, the male and female parents—both of the wahlbergr

form—caught in coitu, with their large family of about

200 mima and wahlbergi in about equal numbers. These

results were quite unexpected, in view of the fact that the

West Coast anthedon (corresponding to wahlbergi), was shown

by Mr. W. A. Lamborn’s families, to be recessive; so that a

family entirely made up of wahlbergi was to be expected from

the parents captured by Mr. Platt. Furthermore the equality

of the two forms in the family suggested the pairing of a

recessive with a heterozygote, and yet the two parents were

alike; so that the heterozygote, on this hypothesis, bore the

appearance of the recessive. It was of course possible that

the female wahlbergi had previously paired, and that the last

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1914. B

( xvair~)

pairing produced no effect; but this interpretation seemed

rather strained. Mr. Platt’s Huralia family was, so far as

Prof. Poulton was aware, the only one in which both parents

were known. In all other examples the form of the male

was an inference. Prof. Poulton hoped to show the parents

and the whole family as soon as the specimens were set up and

labelled.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

“A Revision of the Central American Chauliognathinae

(Fam. Telephoridae), based on the Genital Armature of the

Males,” by G. C. Campion, A.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Wednesday, March 18th, 1914.

The Rev. George Wueeter, M.A., F.Z.8., Vice-President,

in the chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the

Society :—Messrs. P. R. Awatt, Imperial College of Science,

South Kensington; Rosse Burrerrrerp, Curator of the

Corporation Museum, Keighley, Yorks.; Ropert NEILL

Curystal, B.Sc., 9 Braid Avenue, Edinburgh; E. J. Goprrey,

The Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam; H. BaLpwrn Hupson,

The Ferns, Upper- Highway, King’s Langley, Herts.; Joun

RussELL Mauwock, Office of the State Entomologist, Urbana,

Illinois, U.S.A.; J. R. DE ta Torre BuEno, 14 Dasenbury

Place, White Plains, New York, U.S.A.; Morris N. Wart,

St. John’s Hill, Wanganui, New Zealand.

Exhibitions.

Nest or Lasrus FuLicinosus.—Mr. DONISTHORPE ex-

hibited a large nest of Lasius fuliginosus, Latr., dug up at

Oxshott on September 9th, 1913, which was situated under

the roots of a large Scots Fir. It was made of carton con-

structed of bits of chewed wood and bark mixed with earth,

@ ie rs)

and bound together with the secretion of the maxillary glands

of the ants, and contains a large amount of fungus. The

fungus was named Septosporium myrmecophilum by Fresenius,

but Lagerheim thinks it is Cladotrichum microsporum,

Saccardo. The hyphae of the fungus are said to be devoured

by the ants’ larvae (the whole of the surface of the walls being

covered with a delicate bloom), and the mycelium helps to

strengthen the carton walls. As this fungus is only found

in the nest, and as no other species occurs in the nest, it is

probable that the ants intentionally cultivate it. It was

thought that only L. fuliginosus, Latr., and Liometopum

microcephalum, Pz., made carton in Hurope, but recently

Wasmann has shown that Lasius emarginatus, Oliv., and I

that L. wnbratus, Nyl., also do so.

The nests of L. fuliginosus are found in the earth, at the

roots of trees, in hollow trees and logs, under the floors of

houses, etc. Oudemans found a nest in a turf-cellar, and

Zimmer found a nest in a child’s coffin which had been buried

for about thirty-eight years, the whole of the coffin being

filled with carton. The colour of the carton is lighter or

darker according to the amount of soil mixed with it.

Huber thought these nests were carved out of wood, but

Meinert and then Forel proved them to be made of carton.

The Rev. F. D. Morice said that when it was supposed

that the nests were carved out of the wood, the dark colour

was supposed to be due to a secretion of the ants. Mr. Donis-

THORPE said that it was due to the amount of soil mixed with

it, but that no doubt the acid secretion of the ants does produce

a dark stain also. Mr. HE. E. Green said that these ants left

a dark stain across a light-coloured path in his garden, as

termites do, but that it might possibly have been the effect

of “ honey-dew,” as the ants had been feeding on aphides.

In answer to Prof. Poutron he said that doubtless the tracks

were elsewhere also, but were only readily visible on the path.

Dr, CHapMAN suggested that this fungus, like some others,

might become black when dead. Mr. DonistHorpe added

that larvae of this species had hardly grown in three years in

anest of Mr. Crawley’s, and suggested that this might be due

to want of this fungus as an article of food.

( xx )

RARE VARIETY OF ‘CASSIDA RUBIGINOSA, Miitu.—Mr. C. J.

GAHAN exhibited on behalf of Mr. W. West a remarkable and

very rare variety of Cassida rubiginosa, Mill. (= viridis,

Fab.), the occurrence of which in this country had not, so far

as he knew, been hitherto recorded. One specimen of the

variety had been taken by Mr. West in Greenwich Marshes in

1876, along with several specimens of the typical form. It is

stated by Weise, who described it as var. fuliginosa, to be very

rare on the Continent.

WesTERN AMERICAN Wasp’s NEST.—Mr. A. E. TonceE

exhibited a nest and imagines of Vespa maculata taken in a

church porch at Redlands, California, in April 1913.

LIvING LARVAE OF ARGYNNIS AGLAIA.—Mr. EH. C. Joy

exhibited larvae of A. aglaia which had just come out from

hibernation. The ova were deposited in moss early in August

last year, and the larvae, on hatching, went as usual into

hibernation immediately, without feeding. They wintered

among the moss which was placed in a small bell-jar with

damp sand at the bottom; this was removed to a partially

sheltered situation in the garden. On Saturday, March 14th,

after lightly spraying the moss he had brought the larvae

into a warm room, and within a couple of hours they were

wandering about on the sides of the glass jar, and had since

begun to feed sparingly on young violet. About 80 per cent.

seemed to have survived the winter.

AN EXPEDITION TO THE SARSTOON RIVER.—Mr. A. E. Gress

exhibited a number of Lepidoptera from British Honduras,

and read the following notes :—

In September 1913, Dr. F. L. Davis, one of our Fellows,

who is resident in Belize, British Honduras, arranged a col-

lecting expedition to a village inhabited only by half-civilised

Indians and known as San Pedro, on the Sarstoon river, some

fifty or sixty miles from the dangerous bar at the river’s

mouth. The Sarstoon forms the boundary between our

colony and the Republic of Guatemala. The trip, however,

was not so successful as he anticipated, and particularly was

he disappointed at the absence of Syntomid moths, for which

he kept a special look-out, and which, it will be remembered,

he was so successful in finding last year when he took a holiday

ee, Gee

( ta)

to Castile on the Old River. San Pedro does not appear to

be such an entomological paradise as Dr. Davis fondly hoped,

but he found a number of very interesting species and has

sent home some useful notes about them. On his journey

Dr. Davis noticed that the river twisted and turned about a

great deal, sometimes due east and again due west and all

variations between these points, but the general direction

was more or less north-west. The weather proved about as

bad as it could be, with heavy showers every day, and every

night terrific thunderstorms with torrents of rain. This made

the jungle paths so full of mud and water that Dr. Davis and

his companion were all the time walking well over their

ankles in that unpleasant mixture, varied occasionally by

having to cross small streams which took them up to the

knees. They walked for hours through these paths and

explored all of them, but with very poor results. Collecting

under such circumstances is, of course, far from pleasant, and

the doctor had to put up with many discomforts and attacks

from insects, which resulted in an illness after his return to

Belize, which kept him in bed for three weeks. He maae his

temporary headquarters in an old wooden store-room, built

on posts ten feet from the ground. ‘This was situated on the

river bank, close to where he landed and about a mile from

San Pedro. He found many of the commoner butterflies of

the neighbourhood at this place, but very few—only four—

species that were new to him. At the landing-place Papilio

marchandi was found, not uncommonly, on the muddy bank

by the river, and in company with it were Papilio thoas and

P. androgeus, these two much more commonly, and P. macro-

silaus, rare, with countless hundreds of Callidryas philea,

C. argante, etc. The Papilios were very wary and could only

be captured with great difficulty. Dr. Davis found, towards

the end of his stay, that it was a good plan to put a broken

specimen on a part of the mud that could be conveniently

reached and then to lay in wait for them till they came to in-

spect it. He writes: ‘“‘ In this way I did better, and I wish

I had thought of the plan sooner. There was a big mud pool

right in front of our quarters which also attracted these

Papilios, but | found them very shy and quick to take to the

( xa })

wing. The river banks at the landing-places for boats always

seem to be the best for Papilios.”

Among the specimens Dr. Davis sent me were two, male

and female, of Terias nicippe, a well-known Mexican insect.

Only four specimens in all were seen, and they were flying

on the open savannah. Although 7. neeippe ranges as far

south as Guatemala, this is apparently the first record for

British Honduras. Dr. Davis has not previously met with

it in the colony, nor have I received it in the consignments

sent home by my collector. 7. euterpe, Ménét. (lisa, Boisd.),

was taken in considerable numbers, and Dr. Davis observed

the female depositing eggs on a ‘sensitive plant.”

I have put in the drawer specimens of all the Papilios and

Pierids I received from Dr. Davis, taken on this journey, and

also some insects belonging to other Families.

EARLY STAGES OF CALIGO, MEMNON.—In the drawer is a

specimen of Caligo memnon, an insect which appears to be

rather common in British Honduras. My collector writes

me that he watched a female ovipositing. The eggs were

laid on canna, and he secured eight of them, which he took

home, and in about eight days the young larvae emerged.

They took about two months to reach maturity, and when

fully grown were pale yellow-green, with a brown spot in the

centre of the back. Their length before pupating was ap-

proximately five inches and they were about as thick as an

ordinary lead pencil, tapering at each end. They had two

processes, which he calls “ horns,” at the back of the head,

about one-fourth of an inch long, with two smaller ones

behind them. When touched or otherwise irritated the larvae

would throw their heads from side to side as though threaten-

ing an attack with their “ horns.” He describes the posterior

end of the larva as having two “ horns ” which pointed back-

wards, each point inclined a little to one side. The young

larvae made cuts in the edge of the leaf and rolled the

piece thus freed into a case in which they remained con-

cealed during the daytime. When they got bigger they hid

either in these cases or in the hollows of the stems. He has

found the caterpillars on canna, wild canna and banana.

When fully fed the larva attaches itself by the anal extremity

( xxiii)

to the top of the cage, or to the food-plant, by a thin web,

and remains suspended for about three days before the larval

skin is thrown off. This is accomplished by what he calls

a “writhing movement,” which causes the skin to split, the

rent gradually extending until in about half an hour it is

got rid of. The chrysalis is of a bright green colour, and in

its dangling position resembles the seed-pod of a plant. He

tells me that its shape is difficult to describe, being angled

at the head and rounded at the other extremity, and it has

an indented “ waist.’ The pupal stage lasts about three

weeks. So far as I can learn nothing has hitherto been

written about the early stages of Caligo memnon though the

transformations of other species of the same genus have been

observed, and Mr. Kaye has published in our Transactions

for 1904 some useful sketches and a short note by Mr. J. Guppy

of the larva of C. ilioneus f. saltus, Kaye. I thought, therefore,

these observations, although not written in scientific language

and made by a man with no entomological training, but

who, nevertheless, appears to be an intelligent observer,

might be worth putting on record. Those who have seen

illustrations and read descriptions of the early stages of

Caligos, whose history is known, will, I think, recognise that

these notes, written in homely words, agree very well with

previously published observations on other species belonging

to the same genus. (Trs. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 226,

pl. xvii.)

EROTYLID BEETLES OCCUPYING THE EMPTY CLAY CELLS OF

AcuLEATE HyMENOPTERA.—Prof. Poutron exhibited the

two nearly hemispherical clay cells in which Mr. C. O. Far-

quharson had found the beetles Episcaphula interrupta, Lac.,

as recorded in these Proceedings, 1915, p. exxii. Both cells

were old and disused, and one contained two empty puparia,

probably of parasitic Diptera. Both cells had been found on

the same stump, and it appeared evident that the beetles

had merely entered them, probably for hibernation or aestiva-

tion, as they might have done any other cavities.

ANTS ATTENDANT ON THE LARVAE OF THE LycAENID—

MyrRiNA SILENUS, I’.—Prof. Poutron said that he had received

the following notes from Mr. C..0. Farquharson :—

( say 7)

** Moor Plantation, Ibadan, S. Nigeria,

** February 18th, 1914.

“Just before Mr. Lamborn went away I brought in two

larvae of Myrina silenus, and have been watching the attendant

ants—a form of Camponotus akwapimensis, Mayr.,—at work

on the gland. I have been comparing the behaviour of the

larvae with that described, on p. 488 of the 1913 Trans. Ent.

Soc., for Cupido malathana, Boisd., and have been greatly

interested. I noticed that the tubercles do not apparently

work with such great rapidity as in this latter species. For

considerable intervals they were not out at all; then they

would be thrust out somewhat slowly and deliberately. The

ants in this case did not seem to mind them, but when the leg of

an ant that was sucking the gland secretion happened to touch

a tubercle accidentally, the latter was withdrawn with great

rapidity. Both are not withdrawn simultaneously. It is

curious to note, too, that when one ant is working on the

gland, alternately tapping with its antennae and sucking the

droplet as it appears, another ant or sometimes two would

go on tapping the larva at other parts of the body, apparently

with as great assiduity as if they were on the actual gland.

To the credit of the lucky worker, be it said that it shared, by

regurgitation, its meal with the others. For quite a long

interval no amount of tapping the gland produced any visible

effect, and during this time the tubercles were not inactive

but were thrust out at intervals. The ants seemed in some

perplexity, and three altogether vigorously tapped the larva

_ but with no apparent result. The ants seem, after a short

preliminary alarm, to have no objection to any one looking

on with a low-power lens.

** February 25th, 1914.

“The ants went on tapping the Lycaenids after pupation

had been completed.”

THE MISLEADING RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN MIMETIC BUTTER-

FLIES AND THEIR MODELS.— Prof. PouLTon exhibited examples

from a small general collection of butterflies bequeathed, with

the great British J. C. Dale Collection, to the Hope Department

by Mr. C. W. Dale, and received in 1906. The South American

Papilioninae were classified by pattern, as in all except the

ee ee +

( texv 9

most recently arranged series, and there was the usual mixture

of species belonging to the three separate sections. A more

interesting and instructive association—as shown in the

specimens exhibited to the meeting—was that of model and

mimic under the same species. Of two specimens labelled

Papilio ascanius, Cram. (“ Pharmacophagus” or “ Aristo-

lochia Swallowtails ’’), one was P. lysithous f. mim. platydesma,

Rothsch. and Jord. (“ Cosmodesmus ” or “* Kite Swallowtails’’).

Of three specimens labelled P. agavus, Drury (“ Pharmaco-

phagus”’), one was P. lysithous £. mim. lysithous, Hiibn.,

another form of the same ‘* Cosmodesmus”’ modified by the

mimicry of a second “ Piarmacophaqus”’ model with a

pattern different from that of ascanius. Further evidence of

the misleading likeness between model and mimic was aflorded

by the name Papilio hippocoén, F., given to the Danaine

model Amauris niavius, L., of this mimetic female of P.

dardanus, Brown. The Amauris exhibited to the meeting

was a typical West African form. The unknown naturalist

who was responsible for the arrangement of this little collection

had thus, ail unconsciously, provided a striking proof of the

deceptive resemblance between models and mimics.

SOME DETAILS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MIMETIC

AND THE NON-MIMETIC PATTERNS OF PaprLIo PoLyTES, L.—

Prof. Pouttron exhibited examples of Papilio polytes, L.,

which confirmed the conclusion that the sub-marginal red

spots on the hind-wing of the mimetic forms of female repre-

sent, and may be regarded as developed from, the sub-marginal

red (in the spring broods) or pale spots (in the summer broods),

found upon the under side and occasionally upon the upper

side of the non-mimetic male, and commonly developed to an

intermediate degree in the non-mimetic female. In the male

a single spot in the series—namely that in area 3, below vein 4

—was almost invariably smaller than any of the others, and

was frequently absent altogether. A similar condition was

shown to exist in the non-mimetic females, and also in the

mimetic females, where, although the whole series was more

largely developed, the spot in area 3 was generally smaller

than any of the others. An interesting difference was to be

observed between the two mimetic female forms common in

( =e )

India and Ceylon. In the polytes female, mimicking P.

aristolochiae, F., the sub-marginal spots were smaller, and

exhibited, like those of the non-mimetic female (cyrus, F.), a

far closer relationship to the condition of the non-mimetic

male than that shown by the romulus, Cram., female (mimick-

ing P. hector, L.). When, however, one of the spots of the

romulus series was conspicuously smaller than the others, that

spot was to be found in area 3. The comparison was illus-

trated by males, male-like females, and the mimetic forms of

female of the subspecies polytes, from the eastern Asiatic

mainland and of the subspecies romulus, from the western

mainland and Ceylon.

Livinc MeLér proscaRABAEUSs.—Mr. Cuampion exhibited

two living examples of Melée proscarabaeus found at Guildford

on March 14th last, an unusually early date.

INSECTS FROM THE Briintc Pass.—Mr. H. Main exhibited

a large number of photographic slides taken during a holiday

in Switzerland last summer, mostly illustrating insects found

on the Briinig Pass. These included nests of Vespa norvegica

and Polistes gallica, a number of instances of moths concealed

among their surroundings, and complete life-histories of Ccin-

dela campestris and Myrmeleon formicarius. Amongst the

latter was an illustration of the manner of “ forcibly feeding ”

the imago by holding the wings im a clip.

THE FEEDING OF CAPTIVE BUTTERFLIES.—Mr. C. F. M.

SwyNNERTON exhibited a drawing of a similar method of

feeding butterflies in captivity, and read the following notes :—

When I first attempted to breed from Papilio dardanus

females I found quite a difficulty in obtaining eggs. I tried

all possible food-plants—Teclea, Toddalia, orange, both wild

and cultivated, and Clausena, on each of which plants I had

seen unconfined individuals laying, also lemon and lime.

Fearing my boxes were too small I made a bottomless cage,

measuring nearly five feet in length and height and more than

half as broad and placed it simultaneously over clumps of

Zinnias and young plants, specially transplanted thither, of

Teclea, etc., or over Zinnia clumps growing up against orange

trees, branches of which were drawn into the cage. Yet

entries of the following kind still described my results :—

(. =xvi +)

“March 25th, 1911. Captured P. hippocoén and at once

placed her in new breeding-cage. . . .

“March 27th. Feeble in morning . . . dead by noon. Has

laid nothing.

* April 14th. Since the above was written no less than three

gravid P. hippocoén have been placed in the cage and have

died without laying.

“April 27th. And another since the above. To-day I

captured a hippocodn laying on wild orange ” (and placed her

in the cage, drawing in wild orange branches). . . . “‘ In the

later afternoon I inserted three more, each as captured.”

These, and others, died without laying.

I could get none of my dardanus females to feed freely in

captivity and all in consequence died very soon; but in view

of the success of other breeders I doubted whether this was

the real reason of my own non-success. However, on making

my last attempt, in 1913, to breed the species, I tried holding

the butterflies by the closed wings, between finger and thumb,

over a saucer of sugar-water, at the same time uncurling the

proboscis into the liquid by means of the point of a pin.

Struggling ceased as a rule when the proboscis entered the

liquid and the butterfly fed on the sugar-water as freely as a

held Charaxes does on fruit.

I found feeding in this way a slow process, so, being unable

to give the necessary time to it, I substituted for my fingers

the simple “holder” of which I append a drawing. A

straight-grained twig, a few inches long, was cut off neatly at

the ends and pinned or nailed through its middle on to the

end of an ordinary cork, this being cut to the required height

and stood up on its other end to form a pedestal for the hori-

zontally-laid twig. The two ends of the twig were each slit

for some distance in, vertically, a thread or string being first

wound round tightly between the intended slit and the cork

in order to prevent the former from extending too far. The

butterfly’s wings were pushed, costa foremost, into the slit,

preferably for a rather greater distance than I have shown in

the drawing; a small vessel containing sugar-water was placed

between the insect and the cork—or else the cork was put to

stand in a saucer containing a little of the liquid—and the

€ Gaxsvani: ))

proboscis was drawn down into the latter with a pin-point

Once there it was usually retained there, but individual butter-

flies varied. A few were restive from the outset, some soon

became restive, others gorged to complete distention, and

when allowed to go so far as this, tended—such at least was

my experience—to stop laying.

Since I adopted the plan of putting my butterflies thus in

the stocks for a daily feed I have had far less trouble in obtain-

we a el Ns

BurrERFLY-HOLDER.

A = side view. B = view from above.

ing eggs—even where the box in which the insect was im-

prisoned measured no more than nine inches or a foot each

way. It has, in fact, been my experience that smallish boxes,

in which the butterfly has no great scope for battering and

never gets very far away from the food-plant, are more

successful than very large ones, and I am inclined to put down

my early lack of success in part to my use of too large boxes.

As for early deaths, my one complaint now is that so long

as they are fed the butterflies tend to go on living indefinitely,

even after they have laid their eggs. Where suitable boxes

(| kane”)

are scarce this may be quite a nuisance. One does not care

to kill in case there should still be some eggs to come: a

P. dardanus ° f. cenea that had already laid 77 eggs went for

several days without laying at all and then laid 31, nearly all

fertile. However, the gradual loss of their legs—I have, I

think, not known them to lay after losing them—eventually

ends the career of even the most long-lived.

By means of this ‘“ forcible feeding ” (fruit being in some

cases substituted for the sugar-water) I have been able to

keep the following butterflies alive for additional periods :

Atella phalantha, Dr., Precis archesia, Cr., and Precis sesamus,

Trim., natalensis, Staud., Pseudacraea lucretia, Cram., var.

expansa, Butl., Eurytela hiarbas, Dr., Pyrameis cardu, L.,

Hypolimnas misippus, L., H. wahlbergi, Wilgr., H. deceptor,

Trim., Crenis rosa, Hew., various species of Charaxes (not that

these usually require special measures to make them feed),

Papilio dardanus, Brown, P. demodocus, Esp., P. lyaeus,

Doubl., and, if I remember rightly, Leucerona argia, F.,

Danaida chrysippus, L., Amauris ochlea, Boisd., and one or

two of the smaller Acraeinae. I have found, however, that

even when fed as described the females of P. dardanus appear

to lay badly when more than one is confined in the same cage.

Careful regulation of sun and shade through the day is also of

great assistance towards securing laying.

A point that should be mentioned is that, in practice, I

found it advisable to use only one slit at a time. Where two

butterflies were present, whichever individual first became

restive at once unsettled her companion by the movement

she imparted to the whole. The fastening down of the cork

or the use of a heavier material might obviate this—were it

really at all worth while.

I should imagine that the holder here described represents

no new idea, for it is probable that many breeders of insects

use such devices—many of them doubtless far better than the

particular contrivance I happen to have adopted. It has been

suggested to me, however, by Prof. Poulton that this method of

feeding butterflies ought to be described for the benefit of any

who do not know of it. It could doubtless be used for other

insects too, for I have induced a dragonfly (Anax speratus,

( sme)

Hagen), and Asilid flies of three genera (Alcimus, Microstylum

and another) to feed on insects when held by the wings between

finger and thumb. They had refused to seize and eat their

prey when caged with it.

NorE ON THE LARVAE OF ANAPHE PANDA, Boisp.—Mr.

SwYNNERTON also read the following note on larvae as human

food :—

The nests containing the gregarious larvae of Anaphe panda,

Boisd. (usually, as Prof. Poulton informs me, placed in the

Eupterotidae but considered by Aurivillius to be really one

of the Notodontidae), are collected by the natives of Gazaland

in 8.E. Africa and the larvae eaten.

This is hardly of special interest in itself, for many other

moth-larvae are also eaten by them, but what is perhaps of

some slight ‘interest is their alleged differential effect on

particular individuals eating them. I was first informed of

this by a native skinner and collector in my employ, whose

statements I have in general found to be reliable, and he

specially remarked that even brothers, eating from the same

dish larvae that had been captured and prepared together,

differed thus in their reaction: one brother suffering no ill-

effects whatever, the other being always completely pros-

trated, for as much as two or three days in the more serious

cases.

The statement has been completely corroborated by such

natives as I have since spoken to on the subject. All have

further agreed in saying that the larvae are much liked, and

that their inability to eat them is felt as a misfortune by those

whom they affect unpleasantly. It has not struck me to ascer-

tain specially whether the ill-effects are due to urticating hairs

or to some chemical substance contained in the larva. I have

taken it for granted that it is the latter, seeing that the

preparation of the larvae has been of a kind to destroy such

urticating properties as the growing hairs might otherwise have

exercised, but I may of course be wrong. The natives them-

selves appear to recognise a correlation between food-plant

and degree of virulence, but I will go into this more particularly

at some future time. The statements contained in this note

may be taken as referring more particularly to such of the

)

( ee |)

larvae as have fed on Bridelia micrantha, Baill., their usual

food-plant with us.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“A contribution to the Life-History of Agriades thersites,

Cant.,”’ by T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

“On a new form of Seasonal (and Heterogenetic) Di-

morphism,” by the same.

‘ Lepidoptera-Heterocera from South-East Brazil, pt. 11,”

by E. Duxinrretp-Jongs, F.E.S.

Wednesday, April Ist, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Beruune-Baxker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in

the chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mrs. Maria Ernestina WaAtsn, Soekaboemi, Java; Messrs.

J. P. Ramaxrisuna Atyar, B.A., F.Z.8., The Agricultural

College, Coimbatore, South India; Huchne BrnperirrEr,

11 Rue St. Jaques, Le Mans, France; Rev. Prebendary

Epwarb GrosE Hopas, The Vicarage, Paddington; A. J. T.

JANSE, Ist Street, Gezina, Pretoria, S. Africa; CHARLES

Nicuotson, 35 The Avenue, Hale End, Chingford, N.E.;

FREDERIC DE LA Mare Norris, B.Sc., The Agricultural

Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malay States, were elected

Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

A Point ~y Mimicry.—Dr. T. A. Cuapman exhibited some

specimens of the genus Curetis from the Tring Museum, and

read the following note :—

These specimens struck me as an instance of convergence

of certain races of two species to a third species, that

must have some mimetic element. So far as I know Cwretis

celebensis only occurs in Celebes, but probably has a wider

C sat 4

distribution in the Moluccas, Along with it flies a form of

C. tagalica which closely resembles it, and in Batchian, which is

no doubt some way off, is a form of C. thetis, the 9 of which

was named egena by Felder.

It will be noted that the ¢ ¢ make an extremely close

approach to each other. The 9° of C. tagalica and C. cele-

bensis are in any case not very different. The 9° of thetis

have large white patches, but in var. egena the white is evanes-

cent or absent, bringing it much closer to the others. The most

salient points in the convergence of the 3 ¢ are in the first

place in regard to the upper surface. C. celebensis has the

copper colour towards the apex of the fore-wing broken up

by the dark veins; this I think occurs nowhere else in the

genus, except in the forms of thetis and of tagalica here involved.

Again C. thetis is especially characterised by having a pure

white under surface, very rarely with a little trace of the first

discal lines seen in most species of the genus, but in this var.

egena, the under surface is nearly as fully marked as in tagalica

and celebensis.

PIERINES FROM WESTERN CuinA.—Dr. F. A. DIXEy ex-

hibited specimens of Pierinae from Western China, with

drawings of their scent-scale, and remarked on them as

follows :—

The Hope Collection has lately received, by the kindness

of M. Charles Oberthiir, several specimens illustrating the

interesting butterfly fauna of Central Asia. A few years

since, many of these forms were but little known in this country ;

now, however, that the Elwes specimens and the Leech and

Crowley bequests are available for examination in the National

Collection, they have probably been studied by most of those

who are interested in the Palaearctic butterflies. However,

I bring four of M. Oberthiir’s examples here to-night, because

they help to illustrate one or two interesting points in Pierine

affinities.

If we are to call all these four butterflies Pzeris, we must

use the generic name in a very wide sense indeed, and with

a quite different content from that assigned to it by Mr.

A. G. Butler. But with the help of the scent-scales we need

have no difficulty in ascertaining for each of the four its place

( xxx )

among the white butterflies that have long been familiar to

all entomologists.

The first of these four is the fine butterfly which Leech con-

sidered to be a form of Pieris extensa, Poujade, and to which

he gave the varietal name eurydice. Its aspect at once suggests

that it belongs to the group to which it is convenient to apply

the generic name Ganoris; the group, that is, which includes

our common whites, brassicae, rapae and napi. This genus

or section is characterised by a very peculiar form of plume-

scale, and an inspection of this structure in P. extensa eurydice

at once shows that it is a true Ganoris. As will be seen from

the drawings, the scale is very much like that of G. napi,

though curiously enough it is on the average considerably

smaller.

The next species, P. davidis, Oberth., has been accounted

an Aporia, i.e. a member of the group to which our Black-

veined White belongs. But here again the plume-scale solves

the question of affinity, for it has the unmistakable character of

a genuine Ganoris, and bears no resemblance to that of Aporia.

The third species, P. delavayi, Oberth., is far away from the

former two. It is closely allied to the well-known form

agathon, Gray, for which, with its nearest relatives, Mr. Butler

established the generic name Metaporia. No Metaporia

known to me has any scent-scales at all, though the ordinary

scales of the wing have a distinctive character of their own,

and are distinguishable without difficulty from those of

Ganoris.

The last species on the list, P. goutellei, Oberth., has been

placed, like G. davidis, in the genus Aporia. But its affinities

are clearly with agathon rather than with crataegi, as it has

no plume-scales, and its ordinary scales have the Metaporia

character. Aporia and Metaporia are no doubt closely related,

and without further examination I am doubtful as to how far

the distinction between them will hold.

The Pierine group to which daplidice, Linn., chloridice, Hiibn.,

glauconome, Klug, and some other forms belong, is conveniently

known as Synchloé. I have here added drawings of the plume-

scales of the two first-named species, in order to show how very

distinct they are from the rapae and napi group. As I have

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., II. T914, c

( Smiv j

elsewhere pointed out, they share to a large extent in the

characters of Huchloé.

NEW AND RARE Papitios.—Mr. O. KE. Janson exhibited

both sexes of a new Papilio belonging to the gambrisius group

and apparently most nearly allied to P. ormenus, Guér., also

the rare Papilio gabrielis, Roths., both recently received from

the Admiralty Islands.

An ANT’S NEST AND A MyRmecopHiLous BrETLte.—Mr.

DonisTHORPE exhibited a small nest of the ant Cremastogaster

schenki, Forel, fastened on the stem of a tree. This nest was

brought home from Madagascar by Mr. R. Beck, F.E.S. ;

These nests when older are as big as a football and are ;

situated from 10 to 14 feet from the ground.

Also a small beetle, Semiclaviger sikorae, Wasmann, which

came out of this nest, and is a guest of C. schenkv.

Protura.—Mr. C. B. Witutams exhibited specimens of the

genus Acerentulus of the order Protura, taken, by means of a

Berlese Funnel, in soil at Wimbledon, Surrey.

REMARKABLE ABERRATIONS OF RHOPALOCERA.—Mr. HE. B.

AsuBy exhibited a 9 of Dryas pandora, with darkly suffused

underside hind-wing, very near the ab. lilacina, Obth., from

La Granja; also an aberration of Melitaea athalia, from

Hinterzarten, bélonging to the eos group of aberrations of

this species.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera,”’

by E. Mryricx, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S.

‘A revision of the Tipulid Genus Styringomyia,” by F. W.

Epwarps, F.E.S.

Wednesday, May 6th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. E. W. Aparr, Accolani Gardens, Shubrah, Cairo;

Cuarves Percivat Emmert, 2nd Lieut., Kast Surrey Regt.,

( axv 7}

c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, London; and F. H.

GRAVELY, The India Museum, Calcutta, were elected Fellows

of the Society.

Obituary.

The death was announced of the Rev. E. N. BLooMrieLp,

M.A., one of the oldest Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Tue Revation or Metanic Larvar to Metanic IMAGINES.

—Mr. C. B. Wittt1aMs exhibited the larva, cocoon and male

and female adults of a dark olive-chocolate variety of

Lasiocamvpa quercus, and read the following note :—

“In the spring of 1907, among several larvae of L. quercus

taken on the coast sandhills at Wallasey, Cheshire, I noticed

two much darker than the rest with the hams almost black.

One of these was preserved, the other spun up on June 4,

making a very dark-coloured cocoon, and emerged on July 27

as a dark chocolate-coloured female (? var. olivacea-fasciata,

Tutt). An attempt to pair this with a normal male was not

successful. About the same time Dr. Bell of Wallasey ob-

tained other dark larvae, which however remained in the

pupa over the following winter and emerged in 1908 as the

dark form. He was fortunate enough to obtain a male and

a female on the same day, and from eggs laid after pairing only

dark larvae were produced [wide Proc. Lanc. and Ches. Ent.

Soc., 1908, p. 15]. Unfortunately, on account of the sudden

illness of Dr. Bell none of these survived the winter.

“In the spring of 1910 Mr. E. T. Hskrigge of Wallasey

obtained another dark larva from the same locality, and he

was kind enough to place it inmy charge. It emerged in July

of that year as a dark male, but again I was unable to

obtain a pairing.

“The result of the pairing obtained by Dr. Bell gives us

no definite clue as to the Mendelian relation of this variety,

but indicates a probability of its beg recessive to the type

form. ‘This is further supported by the fact that this form

has turned up occasionally from other localities (chiefly

Yorkshire), but does not seem to have permanently established

itself in any one locality.

( xxeu. )

* Perhaps the most interesting thing about this case is

the correlation of the colour in the larva, cocoon and adult.

Pearce [Entom. XV, p. 254] also records that a 3 of this

form bred at Portsmouth had a dark larva and cocoon.

Although this correlation undoubtedly exists in the above

cases, dark larvae do not always give rise to dark adults, and

dark adults may arise from normal larvae. The only other

case which I know in which there was a similar relation between

the colour of the larva and the adult was in Abraxas gros-

sulariata in a certain garden in Essex, where all the larvae

were almost black and the adults were much darker than the

type. This latter case may, however, have been accidental.”

Mr. Stcu observed that three or four black larvae of A.

grossulariata which he had found had all produced quite

normal imagines.

PAPILIONID SCENT-SCALES.—Dr. F. A. Dixsy exhibited

drawings of the specialised scales from the “ greasy patch ”

on the fore-wing of Ornithoptera priamus {. ewphorion, Gray,

$, and from the fold of the hind-wing of Cosmodesmus

macleayanus, Leach, 3, C. sarpedon f. choredon, Feld., 3, C.

eurypylus f. lycaonides, Rothsch., g, and OC. eurypylus f.

lycaon, Feld., 3.

The PRESIDENT, the Rev. G. WHEELER, and Mr. S1co made

observations on this exhibit.

Arrican Asitips.—Mr. 8. A. Neave exhibited some flies

of the Asilid genus Hyperechia from Mlanje, Nyasaland.

They included a number of bred specimens of Hyperechia

consimilis, Wood, found breeding in the same tree-trunk as a

colony of the model Xylocopa nigrita. Pieces of the tree

showing the burrows of the two insects were also exhibited.

Hyperechia marshalli, Aust., hitherto only known from the

type in the Hope Department, with its model Xylocopa

flavorufa, de G.

Mr. Neave also exhibited 9 examples of 3 species of

Hyperechia captured “ with prey,” and pointed out that in

every case the prey is Hymenopterous.

Messrs. E. E. Green, G. A. K. Marsnwatt, J. E. Coin,

and the Rev. G. WHEELER commented on the exhibit.

TIPULID LARVAE BROUGHT TO THE SURFACE, PROBABLY

( xxxvil )

BY CONTINUED RAINS.—Prof. Poutron drew attention to an

observation sent to him by Miss Margery G. Farnell, writing

April 15, 1914, from Allerford, Somerset :—

“ Suddenly on a rather damp path and flowerbed a wriggling

mass of these larvae appeared. They are there in millions.

Yesterday we swept up two barrows full and gave them to the

trout, hoping they will devour them. Fresh ones wriggle to

the surface every minute.”

Miss Farnell had since stated that larvae came to the

surface after the continued rains, and that they had not been

brought up by the use of weed-killer, artificial manure, ete.

At the date of her last letter, April 23, they were still appearing

daily in thousands. Prof. Poulton said that they hoped

to rear perfect insect from the larvae sent by Miss Farnell,

and thus determine the species. It was evident from the

size of the larva that the Tipulid was one of our larger species.

Many years ago Prof. Poulton had recorded the fact that the

carnivorous shelled slug Testacella was driven to the surface

when the ground was water-logged.

Prof. Poulton also exhibited three Tipulid pupa-cases

found protruding like an Egeriid from a dead beech stem at

Wytham, near Oxford, May 30, 1913, by Mr. Joseph Collins

of the Hope Department. All three were in the same trunk

and near the ground. Mr. EH. EH. Austen had kindly deter-

mined the species as almost certainly jlavolineata, Meig.

A specimen in the Natural History Museum bore the note—

‘* Larva lives in rotten birch wood.”

THE RESTING POSITION OF THE AFRICAN NYMPHALINE

BUTTERFLY HAMANUMIDA DAEDALUS, F.—Prof. Poutron said

that his attention had been called by Mr. W. A. Lamborn to

the following passage on page 316 of ‘‘ Insects, Their Structure

and Life,” by G. H. Carpenter (J. M. Dent & Co., 1899) :—

* Butterflies rest as a rule with the wings folded over the

back so as to expose the lower surface to view, and this is

usually protectively coloured with a mottled pattern of brown

or grey. An observation made on a common African butterfly

—Hamanumida daedalus—shows the importance of the nature

of the wing-markings in relation to the resting-attitude. In

West Africa this insect rests with the wings folded over the

( xxxyan *)

back, exposing the tawny under-surface, but in South Africa

the wings are spread out, showing the brownish-grey upper

side which harmonises with the colours of the rocks in that

region.”

In reference to this subject the author, in the appendix to

his work, quoted W. L. Distant in “A Naturalist in the

Transvaal,” London, 1892, and in “‘ Assimilative Coloration,”

Zoologist (4), ii, 1898. The volume last-mentioned contained

two papers on “ Assimilative Coloration,” but no reference

to H. daedalus could be found in either. The “‘ Naturalist in

the Transvaal” refers on pp. 41, 42, to the resting-habits of

the species which were also discussed by Mr. W. L. Distant

in “An Assumed Instance of Compound Protective Re-

semblance in an African Butterfly ”’—a letter written to

“Nature” (XLIII, 1891, p. 390) from the Transvaal in

January, 1891. Alike in this letter and in his volume

Mr. Distant most carefully guarded himself, saying of the

unconfirmed account of the attitude of the butterfly in West

Africa, “if the reports as to its habits are correct,’ and

‘according to report.” Mr. Distant had good grounds, from

his own experience, to doubt the statement; for he tells us

that, after watching for months in the Transvaal, he had

never seen a specimen with the wings vertically closed, as

described in Wallace’s “‘ Darwinism” (London, 1889, p. 207).

The origin of Wallace’s information was traced by the refer-

ence given in his footnote to a statement by Rutherford in

these Proceedings for Aug. 7, 1878 (p. xlii). We here en-

countered the error at its source. Speaking of the sun-loving

habits of Aterica meleagris, Cr. (H. daedalus), Rutherford

said ‘‘ He had never observed it settle on leaves, but always

on the ground, and with closed wings, the under side of which

have such a resemblance to the colour of the soil that he had

always experienced the oreatest difficulty in detecting the

butterfly when at rest.’””’ He then went on to suggest that

the under sides resembled the colour of the soil in various

parts of Africa, exhibiting specimens from Senegambia,

Calabar and Cameroons, Natal and the Mozambique coast,

Masila (Usambara), and banks of the Atbara.

It was of course excessively unlikely that the same species

- —_—~ 8 ee ee ew

re — <“— <

( exci 4.)

of butterfly would adopt different resting positions in two

parts of its geographical range—attitude depending on the

nervous system and being a far more deep-seated character

than colour or pattern. Mr. Lamborn had fortunately paid

especial attention to the point, and his observations, quoted

below, proved that Rutherford’s statement was an entire

delusion.

‘““T must have now seen hundreds of daedalus, for it is the

most abundant of all butterflies here, and, in my experience,

which Mr. Farquharson can confirm, it never rests on the

ground with the wings over its back; though the few specimens

I have seen at night under leaves, in the attitude of sleep, of

course have the wings approximated. In the resting position,

with expanded wings, the body is inclined at a low angle to

the ground. It is rare to see this butterfly settle at all on

a green leaf: it prefers the ground, or a dead leaf on the

ground.”

It was satisfactory that the resting position of daedalus in

the intervals between its flights, as well as during complete

repose, had been now settled once for all. The colouring of

the under surface—apparently procryptic—was probably of

some value during that part of the period of complete rest

which fell within the hours of daylight.

W. A. LAMBORN’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF THE

WASP, BELENOGASTER JUNCEUS, F., AND THE ATTACKS OF

TACHINID FLIES UPON 1T.—Prof. PouLton read the following

note received recently from Mr. W. A. Lamborn, recording

observations made at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, Southern

Nigeria.

“No. 426. 28th March, 1914. A nest of Belenogaster junceus,

F., was constructed under the verandah of my laboratory

during October, and in November four or five of the wasps

might be seen clinging to the under side, feeding and guarding

the larvae. A Tachinid was noticed one morning poised on

the wing, first on one side of the nest and then on the other,

and making every now and again a feint towards the nest,

sometimes actually coming into momentary contact with it.

“Seeing that the wasps are well armed with a powerful

sting, as I know to my cost, and, moreover, that they have

(a9

strong mandibles with which they can readily pulp up a

caterpillar, I was surprised at their inability to cope with the

little fly. All that they did was to huddle round on the side

at which danger threatened, expanding their wings over their

charges like a mother hen over her chicks; whereon the wily

fly immediately made a lightning rush to the other side,

though, as it had to make a détour, the wasp usually got

into position before an attack could be made. From time to

time the fly tried the same tactics at another nest near by.

Unfortunately I did not manage to take it.

“In order to test whether the attempts at oviposition had

been successful, it was necessary to leave the nest in situ, so

that the wasps could continue to minister to the grubs, but

the nest was torn down by some mischievous person late in

the month. I found, however, the remains of several

Tachinid pupae in its fragments. One wasp hovered about

in the vicinity and ultimately, settling on the stalk of the old

nest, recommenced building operations, the result being that

now there is a large nest again, on the under side of which

seven wasps are hanging. The Tachinid grubs must feed on

the wasp grubs, for these are fed day by day by the wasps,

the food being thrust direct into their open mouths, so that

no store is laid by. I forget whether I mentioned that the

excreta of the grubs are discharged out at the base of the nest

and are removed by the wasps.

“The past week has been very hot, 103° and 104° F.

having been registered as the midday shade temperature,

and on March 25th, the clerk drew my attention to one of the

wasps fanning the grubs. While still clinging to the nest the

wasp set its wings in rapid vibration at such a rate that one

could not see them, though the body was held immobile.

This went on for a considerable time with short intervals

of rest, and the clerk, a more observant man than most

natives in this country, assured me that he had watched this

manceuvre previously and had noticed that, when one wasp

ceased the fanning, others took it wp in turn.”

Prof. Poulton said that so far as he was aware this was the

first record of fanning by a wasp, although it was of course

well known in the hive-bee, and Mr. A. H. Hamm had ob-

(( sli’)

served the Carder Bee Bombus derhamellus, Kirb., cooling

its larvae in this way when the nest had been opened and they

were exposed to the direct rays of the sun.

W. A. LaMporn’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE METHOD BY

WHICH TACHINID FLIES ESCAPE FROM THE MUD CELLS OF

Eumenes.—Prof. Poutron read the following record of

observations, received from Mr. W. A. Lamborn :—

“No. 517. A five-celled nest of Humenes mazillosa, de

Geer, was found on 26th March, 1914, built on to the wall of

a cement tank, but was unavoidably broken in removal.

One cell newly constructed and unsealed contained two green

Noctuid larvae, both of the same species (at bottom of tube

now sent), and a sausage-shaped ovum dangled from the

roof. Another sealed cell contained a half-grown wasp grub

and six Noctuid larvae, of at least two species, and different

from those in the unclosed cell. Two of these had been partly

consumed by the grub. The third cell contained a full-grown

grub, and in the two remaining cells were Tachinidae, pupae

in the one and pupae and one imago in the other.

“The discovery of this Tachinid imago gave me the

opportunity of carrying out an investigation into the means

by which the flies succeed in making their way through a

stout mud wall into the outer world. The Tachinid pupae

were placed in two old cells made by a wasp of the same species,

and these were gummed on the inner side of the glass lid of

a box, the edge having been previously rubbed down so that

there was no possible hole of egress. In this way it was

possible to observe every movement of the contained insects.

“On 27th March, at 7 a.m., it was seen that the flies were

beginning to emerge and soon all were running about aimlessly

over one another, stopping occasionally and then puffing the

ptilinum in and out. Each act of distension of the ptilmum

was accompanied by contraction and elongation of the

abdomen, which was so tumid as to stretch the intersegmental

tissues. The ptilinum itself was dilated to an extraordinary

degree, for it was protruded in advance of the head for at

least double its normal anteroposterior diameter, and, when

thus fully protruded, an expansion from side to side in front

of the eye took place, accompanied by an outward rotation

(xi)

of the eye to such an extent that no part of its outer surface

looked directly forwards.

“The movements of the flies, after a few minutes, became

more active, and they commenced to push their heads against

the walls of the cell, protruding the ptilmum as they did so.

It was then seen that these movements were made for the

purpose of discovering a weakness or depression in the wall,

and when a fly found such a spot all its efforts were concen-

trated there. A fly would push its ptilinum into such a

hollow and then alternately expand and contract it, partly

rubbing away the mud and partly crumbling it back by pres-

sure, and it frequently happened, when one fly gave up the

attempt at a particular spot and moved on, that another

discovered it and recommenced the work. As a result, the

depression became deeper and deeper, and eventually in

about an hour a breach was made. The first fly that escaped

had a very great squeeze to do so, wriggling through by

alternately contracting and expanding its body, and taking a

long time. Two others very soon followed it, enlarging the

aperture so that those emerging later were able to do so

much more readily.

“The flies that had emerged remained still for about a

quarter of an hour, during which the ptilinum was gradually

retracted, and not till then did the wings commence to expand.

Two or three did not succeed in getting out of the cell till

midday, and kept crawling about alternately extruding and

retracting the ptilinum all the time. One individual did

not get out of the cell at all, and by night time its power of

pushing out its ptilmum was very much diminished.”

THE GROWTH OF FUNGI ON THE SHELTERS BUILT OVER

CocciDAE BY CREMASTOGASTER ANTS.—Prof. PouLTON gave

an account of the following correspondence bearing upon

the association between fungi and ants. The first letter

was written to Mr. W. A. Lamborn by Mr. C. O. Farquharson:—

“* Moor Plantation, Ibadan.

“4th February, 1914.

“Tam greatly interested in the ant-fungus which you asked

me to examine, and more than indebted to you for the op-

portunity of studying it along with ‘ Wheeler.’ Let me say

( xin)

to begin with that there are exceptional features about the

Nigerian fungus-farmers. They belong, you say, to the

genus Cremastogaster, and it would appear that those de-

scribed by Wheeler belong exclusively to the great New World

assemblage of the Attiz. Further, so far as I can discover,

most of the Attiines make their cultures under ground, inside

their nests.

“In the case of the Cremastogaster, the fungus is formed

outside and quite apart from the main carton nest, and the

culture is an aerial one, growing on a shelter of chewed wood

which the ants have made over a species of Coccid—surely

a unique case of mixed farming. The ants with their nests

occur on a laticiferous tree, a Ficus most probably, which

has grown, for support, round the large tree on which the

carton nest occurs, and, as you pointed out, they appear to

‘be extremely fond of the latex.

*“* A further exceptional feature is the presence of the fungus

in the form of a definite fructification, which I think I may

without hesitation refer to the Xylariaceae, a sub-family of

Sphaeriales, a sub-group of the Ascomycetes. The small

black growths are the so-called stroma of the fungus, which

may be simple or branched, and on this stroma two kinds

of spores may be produced, first asexual (conidia), produced

superficially over the upper part, and later a sexual ascigerous

stage. It is from this latter stage that the fungus would be

determined specifically, but so far only the asexual stage has

been found. It most probably belongs to the genus Xylaria,

of which there are one or two British representatives. If the

ascigerous stage turns up it will be possible to get the fungus

named.

“In the case of the Attiines the identity of the fungi

appears to be largely a matter of conjecture. The ‘ kohl-

rabi’ growths or ‘ bromatia,’ to use Wheeler’s term, are

nearly always sterile. He mentions that Moeller found on

old nests of a species of Acromyrmex, an Agaric which he

named Rhozites gongylophora, but, for reasons which he goes

into in his book, Wheeler doubts the validity of Moeller’s

conclusion.

“To the fungus cultivated by a primitive Attiine, Cypho-

( sir }

myrmexz rimosus, Wheeler himself has given the name

Tyridiomyces formicarum, which is described, rather vaguely,

as it seems to me, from a systematic standpoint, as having

elliptical cells much like those of the yeast plant (Saccharo-

myces).

“Tt is, I think, important to note that the fungi found by

Moeller were on extinct or abandoned nests. From the

description of Wheeler’s Tyridiomyces, I am tempted to think

that the fungus has been named from asexual spores (conidia).

The sprouting of ‘ yeast-like’ cells from a mycelium is not

uncommon, and these sprouted cells themselves in turn go

on budding off asexual spores; but no ascospores ever occur,

as in the true yeasts. This condition in which asexual

sprouting goes on, and its relation to the substratum in fungi

other than yeasts, is discussed in De Bary (*‘ Comparative

Morphology and Biology of the Fungi and Bacteria,’ English

Edition, 1887, p. 271). It occurs in both Basidiomycetes and

Ascomycetes, the groups in which all investigators have looked

for Ant-fungi. It is quite possible that Wheeler’s fungus is

merely a sprouting stage of a higher form.

“In the case of the Cremastogaster fungus, however, there

is no question of ‘old’ nests, for I notice in one or two cases,

the sporophore is just beginning to break out from a ‘ shelter-

substratum,’ apparently but newly made over the Coccid

which is accompanied by its ant.

“One or two questions seem to me to require answering.

First, what is the precise relationship of the ant to the fungus ?

The sporophore does. not appear to be eaten. It may be,

doubtless is, that the vegetative part of the fungus which

would tend to grow downwards into the shelter, is the part

eaten. Perhaps the Coccid secretion, exerting a chemotropic

influence, would encourage this, which suggests another

question—does the ant utilise the Coccid secretions directly,

as is the usual course, or does it go to the nourishment of the

fungus? This postulates such a very high degree of specialisa-

tion that one hesitates to put the question, but why the mixed

farming at all? It must not be forgotten that we found the

fungus apparently flourishing in the dry season. Marvellous

as are the subterranean fungus-farms of the Attiines, those of

(; xiv. )

Cremastogaster, though on a small scale, appear even more

remarkable, involving, as they do, the growth of aerial pure

cultures, which, if they have become necessary to the ants’

existence, must be maintained over a rigorous dry season,

a wonderful feat of mycological technique. Perhaps with

further study we may be able to throw some light on the

problem.

“In conclusion, let me mention an interesting parallel in

the supposed culture of a Xylaria by Termites. I have not

had time to go into the subject of the fungi of Termitaries,

but last tour I noticed in the Agege district that one or two

fungi occurred with considerable constancy on ‘ ant-hills "—one,

an Agaric, the other a small pink-tipped Xylaria. Un-

fortunately I have not got exact references here, but I have

a distinct recollection of the mention of a Xylaria (if not of a

few species) as occurring on Termitaria in Ceylon. The

subject, from the mycological side, is discussed in a most

full and interesting way by Mr. Petch in some of the

Peradeniya publications.”

Prof. 8. H. Vines, F.R.S., had expressed his concurrence with

the botanical details of Mr, Farquharson’s communication.

Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, D.S8c., had suggested that the fungi were

similar to those with which he was familiar at Honolulu and in

Australia. He thought it probable that they grew on the

secretions of the Coccids and bore no relationship to the ants.

To these suggestions Mr. Farquharson had replied, writing to

Prof. Poulton, April 1, 1914 :—

“Tread Dr. Perkins’ note with interest, but I fear he imagines

that we have indeed landed on a mare’s nest. I think, how-

ever, he has not quite realised the significance of the family

to which the Cremastogaster fungus belongs. Most people

with any pretensions whatever to a knowledge of Entomology

know that Coccid secretions are frequently infested with

fungus mycelium, and ‘ sooty moulds’ are known to many who

do not know the classification of the Perisporiales. The

existence of fungi, pathogenic to scale insects, if their economic

value is not unquestioned, is at least well known. From

what I have seen of sooty moulds here, however, I should say

that if their existence depended on the constant secretions of

( \xdya*)

their hosts, they would be less prevalent than they are, but

the variety of resting spores and chlamydospores which they

produce, gets over the difficulty in which the seasonal preva-

lence of their hosts would otherwise involve them.

“Tn connection with Dr. Perkins’ observations on the

condition of the leaves of trees in Brisbane and elsewhere,

with their black coating of mycelium, it may interest him to

learn that Citrus trees generally, which are notoriously beset

with these fungi, are here extraordinarily free, and it is quite

exceptional to see them.

“ But to return to the Cremastogaster fungus, we were and

are quite alive to the possibility that the fungus may be

exclusively saprophytic on the Coccid secretions, and that

proof is required that the ants actually eat the fungus or rear

it. But pending proof, we laid stress on one or two points.

The fungus is not a sooty mould, but belongs to rather a

remarkable group not generally found in such situations.

Though too much stress cannot be laid on the point, the

curious analogy of fungi of the same family occurring on

Termitaria was pointed out.

“From the outside standpoint of the mycologist I would

put forward this suggestion. Is it not probable, if this

fungus is growing at the expense of the Coccids, and so at the

expense of the ants, that the latter would take measures to

get rid of it? Even a comparatively small stroma such as

the fungus forms would extract a great deal of moisture alone,

apart from the other nutritious matter which the ants are

likely to be after. Such stromata during their formation

can frequently be seen covered with quite large drops of

water—that is in confined spaces. In the open this of course

evaporates, but the drain on the substratum would be even

heavier.

“Further, as I pointed out, the effect of chemotropism

would be to make the vegetative mycelium grow downwards

inside the shelter, and, while interfering with the ants, might

even more seriously impede the Coccids. (This is a point

on which as a mycologist I am not quite clear, that is in what

way the pathogenic fungi on Coccids kill their hosts.)

‘‘Mr. Lamborn, who has had a much wider experience of

éo- eT «’ —-< eI

( axivi )

this particular case than I have, informs me that the associa-

tion of this particular ant with Coccid and fungus is constant.

It appears to me to be a point of some biological interest to

explain how equilibrium came to be established, even if the

fungus is not actually cultivated by the ants. Once the

fungus has got on to even one shelter—and it does so very

early—the ants by passing from one to another could hardly

avoid spreading it even if they tried to abstain from doing

so; and they appear to take no measures to stop the spread.

** One or two other questions I would like to put seem to me

to be quite pertinent. The first is whether Coccids which

are habitually associated with sooty moulds are usually ant-

attended? There are ants of some sort on every tree here,

but the point is whether precise ants are known to associate

with precise Coccids which are at the same time habitually

covered with sooty moulds. I have asked Dr. Lamborn,

who thinks that ants are not thus associated. If this be so,

may it not be because the fungus has the mastery and leaves

nothing to the ants? Is the subsequent getting rid of its

secretion a physiological necessity to the inert Coccid, which

has come to be done in one of two principal modes—either by

a sort of symbiosis with fungi or association with ants ?

“ Tf then the fungus-growths be purely adventitious as Dr.

Perkins suggests, it is not improbable that the Coccid secretion

does not enter into its nutrition. If it does enter into the

nutrition of the fungus it would either be tolerated by the ants

from the ulterior motive of feeding on the fungus mycelium,

which, as I have shown, would tend to grow inwards, or it is

to them consciously or unconsciously a nuisance. The fungus

is then in a sense parasitising the ants; and it is none the less

interesting in that. May it not have been in some such way

that fungus farming originated among the Ants and Termites ?

“T fear I have asked too many questions, when after all

the onus probandi lies here. I fear that my ideas on the

subject too are none too clearly expressed, and if my ento-

mology is weak I hope I may be forgiven for a lamentable show

of ignorance. I mean to go on with the mquiry however,

for I think it is really very interesting and that there is more

in it than may meet the eye.”’

¢ xiviad =)

Mr. W. A. Lamborn also sent a diagram and the photograph,

taken March 28, reproduced below.

Mr. Lamborn remarked in the accompanying letter :—

“You will see that the fungus growth is quite a big thing,

far larger than any sooty moulds, with which I have been

Fungi growing on carton shelters built over Coccids by Cremastogaster

ants. The dark marks are the openings into the shelters. Photographed,

about natural size, March 28, 1914, by W. A. Lamborn, at Moor

Plantation, near Ibadan, 8. Nigeria.

familiar in connection with Coccids, etc., for a very long time.

I will collect a good number of the ants and examine the

interior of nests, as far as possible, as you suggest. The

fungus springs, as you will see, from the shelters, and has no

direct communication with the Coccids or their secretions.”

(i sdixy}

Mr. Farquharson’s letter and the photograph were sent to

Dr. Perkins, who replied April 24 :—

“T only received your letter of the 21st this morning. I

wonder how near the natural size the photograph of the

shelters is.* They look quite small things. The fungi look

extraordinarily like some of the fine parasitic fungi (on

Homoptera) with which we are so well acquainted in Honolulu,

and in Australia, etc. I wonder whether they do not really

spring from the Homoptera themselves. Trees blackened

by fungus on Coccid excretions usually swarm with ants in

the tropics, so much so that they cannot be beaten for insects

without the beater being covered with ants, a most unpleasant

thing in some parts of Australia, as I have experienced !

However, the trees often remain black long after the Homo-

ptera have gone or are quiescent, and in that case of course

the ants no longer affect the trees. I still very much doubt

that the shelters are anything more than the usual sort of

thing I have observed. Sometimes the ants form a closed-in

gallery from top to bottom of a tree, through which they

proceed, carrying the Coccids, or they may be built merely as

isolated chambers over these.

‘““T have published on the remarkable epidemics of these

fungous diseases of Homoptera. It looks extraordinary to

see trees covered with the bugs, each bristling like a hedgehog

with the erect fungous growths (as in the figure sent by you),

or, before the vegetation has proceeded thus far, to see the

Homoptera sitting in hundreds on the bushes, life-like in

appearance, but all dead. We have made cultures of some of

these things in Honolulu. If I remember rightly cultures

can be raised on honey-dew—I mean the mycelium will grow.

We have first-class pathologists in Honolulu (three of them),

but previously I used myself to investigate some of the fungous

diseases of cane, etc. I cannot just now put my hand on our

pathologists’ reports on some of these fungi, but I fancy some

of them belong to the group referred to in Mr. Farquharson’s

letter. I should certainly have suggested this had I seen

the photograph before.”

It was much to be hoped that Mr. Farquharson would be able

* The photograph, reproduced above, is probably very nearly of the

natural size. H. B.P.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Ir. 1914. D

(PME

to pursue these interesting investigations much further. In

the meantime his conclusions received support from Mr.

Donisthorpe’s account of fungus in the carton made by Lasius

umbratus (Ent. Record, xxv (1913), p. 92, and xxvi (1914),

p- 39), and of the observations which were brought before

this Society in March of the present year.

W. A. LAMBORN’S ACCOUNT OF THE LARVAE OF TWO SPECIES

OF THE GEOMETRID GENUS ALETIS IN THE Lacos DistRIcT.—

The following interesting observations were made at Oni

Camp, 70 miles east of Lagos, and were sent to Prof. Poulton

with the date Feb. 18, 1911. The genus Aletis, formerly

included in the Boarmiinae, was now provisionally placed by

Mr. L. B. Prout in the Oenochrominae.

‘““T was much exercised in mind about these Geometer

moths [Aletis erici, Kirby, and A. helcita, Clerck], until, on

looking at your photograph of kindred species, I saw two

Aletis helcita among the others, and then remembered your

reason for putting them in, viz. that you suspected them of

being different species, though at present often mixed in

collections. I think there can be no question about it now,

for the larvae are so very different and there are also other

considerations which favour the conclusion.

‘*The commoner larva [that of Aletis eric?] is characterised

by broad transverse bands of a bluish-black colour, alternating

with white bands (with a trace of blue in them). The bands,

both dark and light, in the tiny thread-like caterpillar (as far

as I remember), and throughout the whole of larval existence

are of the same equal breadth. The less common larva

[that of A. helcita] is coloured the same as the other, but

when it is tiny the bluish-black bands are very much narrower

than the white bands. Furthermore, the early moults are

followed by the appearance of a bluish-black linear and then

diamond-shaped patch in the white band, and at each subse-

quent moult this patch changes its shape. The head and

claspers are yellowish in both species. I just mention these

facts hastily and without looking over specimens.

‘The caterpillars feed on very different food-plants. The

commoner larvae [eric?] are gregarious [as shown in the follow-

ing reproduction of a photograph taken by Mr. Lamborn].

(i)

The less common larvae [helcila] are not gregarious, and I

am sure that each egg is deposited by itself, for on every

occasion on which I have visited the food-plant I have been

able to return with two or three more little larvae—generally

of different ages—gathered off widely separated leaves on

the plant.

“The larvae [of helcita] have always been found on the under

side of leaves.”

Gregarious larvae of Aletis erici, photographed, about natural size,

by W. A. Lamborn. Oni Camp, about 70 m. E. of Lagos.

Dr. G. D. H. CARPENTER’S OBSERVATIONS IN THE ISLANDS IN

THE N.W. or THE Victor1iA NyanzA.—Prof. PouLton read

the following letter recently received from Dr. Carpenter :—

« Wema Island, Lake Victoria.

“* March 1, 1914.

“Since I last wrote to you Fiske and I have moved a good

deal further east, towards Jinja, and we are now two days

by canoe from Entebbe. The old banana plantations on some

of the islands have still got enough food in them for our men.

“The island from which I am writing, Wema by name, is

(ly 4)

about the twenty-fourth we have visited, and it is certainly

the most beautiful. From the Tse-tse point of view it is a

great success, and is of much interest in that Glossina is more

abundant at one locality (a beach in front of thick forest)

than I have ever seen it before. What do you say to one boy

catching 78 in half-an-hour !

“ The island is only a mile or two in greatest diameter, and

we have only worked the south shore where there is a steep

slope covered with forest and old banana plantations leading

down to a beach several yards wide. Never have I seen so

many butterflies congregated anywhere. Patches of this

beach were favourite drinking-places, the sand being moist,

and dozens of butterflies were sitting as closely packed as they

could be, drinking. The long-tailed green Cosmodesmus

[probably policenes, Cr.] was the commonest Papilio, but

several other kinds of forest Papilios came down, many species

of sulphur-coloured and black-and-white Pierids, flocks of

Atella phalantha [Dr.] such as I have never met before, and

many species of Lycaenids! I have got specimens of most of

the species we saw. ‘Then in the forest and jungle at the back,

all sorts of very nice things—half-a-dozen or more species of

Neptis, Charaxes at least nine species, interesting skippers and

blues, and forest Nymphalines whose names I know not.

Kuralias, however, were, curiously enough, absent: neither

Fiske nor I have seen one here. Pseudacraea boisduvali [Dbl.]

I saw once only, and could not catch, but it was, I think, of

western type. Ps. lucretia [Cr.] was extraordinarily common,

and I was much interested by the fact that Fiske, who did not

know it, took it for a Neptis. You remember that I told you

how I thought it was more like a Neptis on the wing than

anything else. Ps. ewrytus f. geogr. hobleyi [Neave] is fairly

abundant, and I have got 6-8 specimens, but all of the type

form hobleyi : I have not seen either terra [Neave] or obscura

[Neave] or transitions on this island. This is the more to

the point because the only Planema models I have seen, or

that Fiske has seen, are those of the hobleyz pattern. Rather

nice, isn’t it!

‘ A curious point about the Lepidoptera of this island is that

Acraeines are very few in species, and those that do occur,

( ii )

‘except egina [Cr.] and a large rosy red one whose name I don’t

remember, are very poorly represented. Thus, the small,

usually swarming ¢erpsichore [L.] and others of that type, are

so scarce that I have only with difficulty found one specimen

of one species !

The egina females vary considerably here, but I have not

taken specimens as pale as some that I got earlier on this trip

on Bulago Isle. A. zetes [L.] is of very varied form on these

islands, and, I think, on the whole much more eastern than

western in appearance. Danaines also on this isle are very

few in individuals. Fiske has seen a male P. dardanus [Brown],

but I have not come across it.

““Lycaenids abound, but the Liptenine -mimetic forms are

very, very few—only a single black-and-white forest species

and Pentila! But the forest seems as if it ought to be very

suitable indeed. It is certainly the richest butterfly forest of

any place I have been to. Fiske and I reckon that at least

there must be 150 species of butterflies in it and on the shore

in front. I shall be sending you the specimens when I return

to Entebbe towards the end of this month, with a map of the

island and localities.

“ Quite apart from the Glossina work there is a great deal

of interest in the comparative study of these various islands,

which present a great variety of conditions. Each one, as

regards Lepidoptera for instance, has certain rather distinctive

points. Thus, one has great swarms of common small Acrae-

ines, on another A. niavius [L.] seems very abundant in pro-

portion to the few other species. Another isle has a large

variety of Hesperidae. I shall never forget one minute well-

forested island, called Sanga, which was very beautiful when

one got into its little forest. The great peacock blue-and-

green skipper [Rhopalocampta chalybe, Westw.] abounded

there, and one would see, with joy unspeakable, several of

these glorious creatures at once, darting about or flirting with

each other, their tints flashing in the sun. On this island

Mimacraea poultoni [Neave] had been very plentiful when

Fiske visited it in November, but I only got one specimen in

February. Then on another island, where there were only

about half-a-dozen species of butterflies (I think four were

¢ digi)

Lycaenids), the woolly legged Lycaenid, I think Uranothauma.

was quite surprisingly common.

“On Sanga also was another feature. A very conspicuous

Geometrid larva (which I suspect to be Aletis) abounded to

such an extent that it had defoliated and killed very many of

its shrubby food-plants. It was orange with black blotches,

and had a curious habit of resting—unusual for a Geometrid.

It just hung vertically downwards, without the aid of any

supporting thread, from a twig or bared leaf mid-rib, absolutely

conspicuously and in crowds together.

“On other islands other features were noted :—great

abundance of a species of slug, of Chrysopsyche larvae, of a

rodent living in thick grass, of Coccids making woolly masses,

etc.

“Several islands have an unpleasantly large number of

enormous spiders’ webs, in which I have seen a sun-bird caught

fast. The webs form sheets, stretching across open spaces from

tree to tree and not in one plane only. Numbers of them are

spun one behind the other so closely that one wonders how on

earth the owners of the middle webs ever get anything to eat !

And indeed many of them look half-starved! Yet on other

islands near by the species seems hardly able to hold its own :

it is just there, and that is all one can say !

‘“‘ The birds also are interesting : there is a small brown fly-

catcher with white throat and belly which seems to prefer only

the tiniest islets, a few hundred yards square, where one finds

it amongst thickets of a mauve Composite weed. It has a song

very suggestive of a nightingale. On another island I heard

a thrush singing so sweetly that it made me feel very homesick.

Its song struck me as very curious, because, although the bird

abounds at Entebbe, I had never heard it sing either there or

on Bugalla! I thought perhaps it only occurred near human

habitations, and yet here it was on just one island out of the

many visited.

‘“‘ There was another extraordinarily interesting thing about

Sanga island. Birds seemed extremely scarce, especially

such as might eat Lepidoptera. Now I quite soon noticed that

some of the butterflies were very much easier to catch than

they had been on Bugalla. Large EKuralias, for instance, were

( Ww )

not particularly difficult of approach, whereas they were

extremely difficult to catch on Bugalla where bee-eaters and fly-

catchers abound. I noticed the same thing with Aterica

galene [Brown], which, on both Damba and Bugalla, I had

always found extraordinarily difficult to approach. On

Sanga it allowed itself to be caught quite easily. This is very

nice, isn’t it? I only hope it was not just imagination on my

part; but I know I had noticed it on one or two occasions at

least before I had thoroughly realised that it was correlated with

absence of birds !

‘“‘ Sanga and other islands near, were also very interesting

for the abundance of the great greenish-pink Salamis, which I

had never seen in abundance before, and it really was a lovely

sight.

‘Fiske has had the luck to see a M. poultont apparently

ovipositing on Sanga island, at a time when they were numer-

ous. It alighted to perform the act at the very tip of a dead

dry branchlet of a certain tree. These dry branches are often

hollowed out by ants for their nests, so that it certainly looks

as if the larva were ant-ophilous (I forget the correct term !).

You may remember that I suggested the explanation of my

catching the butterfly in my house at Bugalla was either that

it had been introduced in an early stage, on the material

used for house-building, or that it passed its larval life possibly

in Belenogaster nests. Fiske’s observation makes the former

quite likely.”

Mr. Bacot commented on the great interest of Prof. Poulton’s

communication regarding a species of wasp “‘ fanning” to

cool its larvae during a period of great heat, in view of Black-

lock’s observation, ‘‘ Annals of Tropical Medicine and Para-

sitology,”’ Vol. iv, No. 4, Dec. 12, that on exposure to 45° C. =

113° F. larvae of Cimez lectularius died within a few minutes

and adults within an hour. An experiment which he had

made showed that the larvae of this species were quite

active after an hour’s exposure to 44° C., but died within

a few minutes at the higher temperature. Heat had been

used by friends of his to kill Lepidoptera in the absence of

the usual poisons. The insects were quite relaxed after

death.

(Teal)

Papers.

The following papers were read, both being illustrated with

the Epidiascope :—

“‘ New species and subspecies of Pierinae,” by F. A. Dixy,

M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.

“On the Taxonomic Value of the Genital Armature in

Lepidoptera,” by G. T. Brraune-Baxer, F.LS8., F.ZS.,

President of the Entomological Society of London.

Wednesday, June 3rd, 1914.

The Hon. N. C. Roruscuitp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Vice-

President, in the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. Recinatp TrEmPERLEY, |’Aurore, Vevey-la-Tour,

Switzerland, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions.

A uivinc Neuvropreron.—Mr. EH. E. Green exhibited a

living specimen of Raphidia xanthostigma, taken at light in

a house at Camberley, on June 1. In captivity it had fed

freely on Aphides.

CoNOPS VESICULARIS, L., FROM CAMBERLEY.—Mr. GREEN

also exhibited an example of Conops vesicularis, L., caught

amongst heather at Camberley on April 29. He observed

that this fly appears to be very local, being principally confined

to the New Forest district.

LIVING SPECIMENS OF Berytus cLAvipes.—Mr. EH. A.

Butter exhibited living specimens of Berytus clavipes, Fab.,

with eggs on leaves of Ononis. Taken on a roadside bank at

Royston, Herts., June 1, 1914.

A SPECIMEN OF PYGOLAMPIS BIDENTATA.—Mr. BUTLER also

exhibited, on behalf of Mr. W. West, of Lewisham, a ¢ of

Pygolampis bidentata, Goeze, swept in New Forest, May 22,

the second recorded British specimen of this insect, the first

— —_— —— ~~ * Se —-— -—— <.——- «ges age > ea aa

( Ava)

having been taken about eighty years.ago under a slab of

sandstone near Bridgenorth, Salop, by Mr. T. Marshall of

Leicester.

ArricaAN TABANTDAE.—Mr. 8. A. NEAveE exhibited some

African Tabanidae bred by him on his recent visit to Nyasaland

on behalf of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, including

Tabanus biguttatus, Wied, T. corax, Lw., T. ustus, Walk.,

T. taeniola, P. de B., T. fraternus, Macq., T. maculatissimus,

Macq., T. medionotatus, Aust., T. obscuripes, Ric., T. nagami-

ensis, Cart., T. laverant, Sure., T. sharpei, Aust., T. variabilis,

Lw., T. atrimanus, Lw., T. gratus, Lw.; Chrysops wellmani,

Aust., C. magnifica var. inornata, Aust., C. longicornis, Macq.,

Chrysops sp. nov., Haematopota decora, Walk., H. crudelis,

Aust., Haematopota sp. nov. He also exhibited the larvae

of most of these species. After making a few remarks on

the conditions under which these were found he also showed

a few of the more striking Tabanids collected on the same tour,

including two new and peculiar species of Chrysops and two

remarkable insects for which new genera would perhaps be

required.

Mines or NEpTicuLA AcCETOSAE.—Mr. Sicu_ exhibited

mines of the larva of Nepticula acetosae, Stt., in a leaf of

Rumez acetosa, L., from Richmond, Surrey.

An IcHNEUMON NEW TO Britarin.—Mr. J. H. Durrant

exhibited an Ichneumon which he had captured in a mill in

Bermondsey on the 5th of December, 1913, and which had

been identified by Mr. Claud Morley as Nemeritis canescens,

Gravenh. (Campoplex canescens, Gravenh.; = Idechthis oahu-

ensis, Ashm.; = Amorphota ephestrae, Cameron). This Ichneu-

mon, which has not been recorded as British, is of economic

importance, being parasitic on Hphestia kiihniella, Z. The

specimen was taken in connection with the Army Biscuit

Enquiry.

FAMILIES REARED FROM THE EGGS LAID BY KNOWN FEMALES

oF PAPILIO DARDANUS, Brown, AT CuHrRINDA, 8.E. RHopEsIA.

—Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerron read the following communica-

tion :—

When I returned to Africa in 1908, and many times since

by letter, Prof. Poulton urged me strongly to breed Papilio

( Iviii )

dardanus at Chirinda. Attempts in 1911 and 1912 failed,

owing, inter alia, to a failure to get the butterflies to feed in

captivity. In 1913, however, I was successful in obtaining

eggs not only from a number of hippocoon females but from

two cenea females, one trophonius, and a female which Prof.

Poulton considers to be nearest to the leighi form, but with

some considerable approach towards the pattern of happocoon-

trophonius.*

At Chirinda the wild females of Papilio dardanus lay on

various Rutaceae—orange and lemon both wild and cultivated,

lime, Clausena: inaequalis, Toddalia acuminata and Teclea

swynnertonit. In captivity they seemed to lay best on the

last-named plant, and, as it was also very common in the forest,

I started all the young larvae on it. Completely spider-tight

boxes were, however, a difficulty, and at that time of the year

(the change from the wet to the dry season) small spiders

swarm. They killed numbers of the newly hatched larvae,

and the time occupied in examining the boxes daily for these

very inconspicuous little spiders was so great that I finally

decided to “‘ sleeve ’’ the families. Lemon-trees were growing

beside the house and the larvae took kindly to the change

of food: but a new difficulty arose. My ground-hornbills

(Bucorax caffer) were discovered going the round of the con-

spicuous white muslin sleeves and jumping or flying up to

them and seizing them with their bills. They had already

done much damage to the inmates when discovered, and,

though the sleeves were put higher, a watch kept, and the

birds continually driven off, they did (as any one who knows

a ground-hornbill’s persistence will readily understand) get

in on subsequent occasions. At any rate, the losses inflicted

by them were, I believe, considerable, and they were responsible

not only for these but, in the main, for an unusually large

proportion of crippled specimens. Hach family is, therefore,

by no means complete.

On one occasion a few labels were found to have been

removed. As the pins by which they were attached had

also gone it is more likely to have been the work of a native

* The notes on the pattern at the end of the present paper were

written by Prof. Poulton (see p. lxiii).

( iz}

than that of the hornbills; but the difficulties raised by the

loss have fortunately proved not to be of a very important

nature. They will be dealt with in the list of families.

All the mothers of the families were captured feeding or

laying either in my garden or at some Zinnias and Tecleas

on the Chirinda Forest outskirts, or else (in a few cases,

among which I think the leighi-like parent was one) between

the two places—a distance of probably 400 yards.

A word about the laying conditions may be worth adding.

I found rather small cages in which the butterfly did not

easily lose touch with the food-plant the most successful.

Flowers (Zinnias, Verbena and Madagascar Periwinkle—

all favourites) were placed in each box, but the butterflies

were so bad at feeding in captivity that I could not trust to

this, and gave each at least one daily “ forcible ” feed of sugar

water by a method that I have described in a previous short

communication. Sun seemed rather important, but was in-

jurious when too hot. I kept all the cages in a verandah and

shifted them with the shifting of the sun in such a way that

they received mixed sun and shade for as much of the

day as possible. On hot days I syringed the whole inside of

the cage three or four times with water. I also in some of

the cages tried lining the bottom with moss in order to hold

the moisture. Using these methods I was very successful

indeed in obtaining eggs. I cannot lay hands on my detailed

notes at the moment, but I believe I am safe in saying that

at any rate one butterfly lived for nearly three weeks. A

point perhaps worth mentioning is that the confinement of

several butterflies together, even in a large cage, did not seem

to succeed. They unsettled each other, a flutter on the part

of one starting the rest off too, and I obtained but few eggs in

the cases (S and T) in which I tried this plan.

It is perhaps interesting that, as I understand from Mr.

Leigh occurs in Natal, larvae of P. dardanus that pupate

in the late rains or early winter remain in the pupal state till

what I call at Chirinda the “ Vernonia-season ”’ arrives—in

August and September. Not only are frosts now over, but

Papilio-haunted flowers are out in abundance. I noticed

in some of the broods that pupated in very cold weather a

efi ®

resemblance of the pupae to the cold-touched leaves of winter

instead of the luscious greenness of the leaves and pupae of

the wet season. This was even more marked in a brood of

P. demodocus, Esp., that I reared at the same time.

At Prof. Poulton’s suggestion that a cross between a Chirinda

insect, with hippocoon predominant in its ancestry and a

Natal individual, bearing perhaps equally strongly a cenea

tendency, would be interesting, I sent to Mr. G. F. Leigh,

packed rather loosely and enclosed in a perforated tin,

a few pupae from (if I remember rightly) Family T. Though

he failed, I believe, to mate them with Natal individuals,

it is interesting to record that those which did not emerge

en route survived the journey. Perhaps we may be more

successful in the actual crossing next time.

Finally I wish to thank Prof. Poulton very warmly both

for putting me on to so fascinating an experiment and for his

continual encouragement. It is an experiment that I intend

to repeat with more material and greater precautions on my

return to Africa. Not only must the experiment be regarded

as purely his, but all work in connection with the butterflies

since they reached England and the work of compiling the

lists that follow, have been done in the Hope Department.

The families are arranged in two tables on pp. 1xi,lxii. In the

first, containing 18 hippocoon parents and their offspring, only

the inclusive dates of emergence from the pupa are given.

In the second table, containing the family of one hippocoon

parent and those of four parents of other forms, the dates

of emergence are set down in detail. It is thus possible to

trace the relationship between the emergence of the different

female forms in the same family. The families included in

the second table also show the tendency of certain pupae in

a family to lie dormant for a considerable period, so that

emergence is postponed, as already explained on p. lix.

The reference letters follow the order in which the female

parents were captured.

Females in some of the families tabulated above possess

vestigial tails to the hmd-wings in an unusual degree. They

are especially well developed in Families D, E, and V. It is

possible that the appearance of these ancestral structures

a Se i Se RR WK SE eS Ce a ——T ha

(Vika

)

arents. All hippocoon. Dates of hateh- Offspring.

ae ae ee OF Tne ing (H) and Pane

Reference letters and dates |'10M. ave Ceath emergence (E) Hippo-

of capture in 1913. ieee: in 1913. Males. coon @.

im , | Pupated Mar.

About Feb. 9. Laid Feb. 10. aan 15. ac :

wet ace H. over by

E. Laying over | Apr. 7. 4(2un- 5

About Mar. 23. by Mar. 29. E. July 7 |e.uerged).

| (about)-29.

~ \) VES eAtpr: (5—17-

; Died Ayr. 3. EK. July 27- 2 —

Mar, 28. : | Aug. 1-2,

G Laid Mar. 29-! 4H. Apr. 7.

M ae 30. E. July 24- 6 3

| ae Died Apr. 1. | Aug. 12.

ul. ri | E. July 28-Aug. 5(1 un- |

| Mar. 30. Died Apr. 12. | 11. emerged). |

I |e: from Apr. 9.

| p Died Apr. 4. EK. Jwy 12- 1 5

| Mar. 30. I “(about) 16.

J. Laid up to| H. Apr. 7. ] 5

Mar. 30. Apr. 2. | H. Aug. 1-6.

| K pad ‘. from Apr. 7. en. het ie id

Mar. 30 Died Apr. 7. | a” July 24-Aug. 2 2

| 31.

| L. Laid at once| H. Apr. 7-9. 4 ‘

| Mar. 30 up to Apr. 3. E. July 23-31.

- E. July 29

Label lest, but almost : a 7| 7 (9 re-

Fontan iveriaht ; Died Apr. 4. | Aug. 11, and 1], 12

certainly Hehaly placed: | 3 Sept. 17-21. corded),

ak Died Apr. 7. | E. Aug. 4-22. 1 3

Apr. 1.

~ i --

O. F E. July 28-

Apr. 2. Died Apr. 11. Aug. 20. y 3 6

128

| Label lost, but parent H. from Apr.

| Probably rightly placed; if, Died Apr. 11. | 12. 7 4

| not, it can only belong to R. | E, Aug. 1-12.

Apr. 4.

Q , H. (many) =

Apr. 5 Died Apr. 13. | Apr. 16. 8 8

ieee E. Aug. 4-15.

R. :

Label lost, but parent [Laid 22 eggs |

| probably rightly placed; if jn 12 days. E. Aug. 1-22. reg eT ()

| not, it can only belong to P. Died Apr. 16.

Apr. 4. |

| ] : E. Aug. 11-26, | |

| 4 females, {abled Apes ieiig-Geptelr=al ian! |» 2S

Apr. 8-12. \ au: 21. |

| = - Le = |

| ne 3 died Apr. |H. from Apr. 24. ey

| 6 females. | 21-May 8. E. Aug. 10-23. 2 a

Vv | ; H. from Apr. |

| Npeay Died Apr. 28. | 28. u 16

EK. Aug. 16-30.

(Saiz

| OFFSPRING.

Reference letters, forms | 5 ron 3 FI

aud dates in 1913 of i) ee of 2 $ : 3 5 : a :

gence a 0+ 2 ZO = OF

parents. in 1913. S & g & =

Bava s

(Of June 7 7 1

Hippocoon @ form, Aug. 11 1 1

Captured about March 4, Aug. 30 1

Escaped. Tein il <O0 > |e cea

W. Aug. 21 1

Trophonius 9 form. Aug. 23 eles a a

Captured April 18. Died Aug. 26

May 6. Aug. 27 2

Aug. 28 1

Sept. 2 i be 9 1

Sept. 2-3 1 1

Sept. 9 1 il in 1

Sept. 17-21 2

Totals 7 3 rene

B. May 4 1

Cenea? form. Captured May 20 il

about February 15. Aug. 13 1

Aug. 28 1

Totals | 1 1 2 ine

105 Aug. 9 1

Cenea? form. Captured | Aug. 22 1

April14, p.m, Died May Aug. 23 1

2. Laid over 100 eggs: Aug, 25 yl Sas

first 77, and then, after

an interval, 31 in one day, | Us: 26 ed 1

mostly on the ground, Aug. 27 ives

Aug. 28 1

Aug. 29-30 | 3 op nt aes

Aug. 30 i i ‘

Sept. 3 3 1

Sept. 7 2 :

Sept. 8 1 i

Sept. 9 il e

Sept. 18 a

Sept. 19 ‘2 nie

Sept. 17-21 | 6 eS 1 na

Totals a | ay

1D: June 15 1

Leighi-like 9 form, | June 22 1 i pe Ts ioayt oe j

Pa ea ed se en Pen a

ee BBs. ‘Aug. 4 mr

by spider March 13. hug 18 7 —_—_. aaa

aa al

SRG le Ira r

INGER) | ae Se

Aug. 26 it

~ Sept. 1 etn eal ine i

Sept. 8 73 4

Undated =n) he La -

Totals 6 3

( Ixiii_)

is connected with the attacks of ground-hornbills or with some

other unfavourable condition; for it is to be noted that the

females captured at Chirinda are on the whole considerably

larger than the bred ones. On the other hand 2 out of 18

captured Chirinda females in the Hope Department bear

distinct traces of “ tails.”” H, I, P and O are other families

which exhibit well-marked vestiges in single females or slight

traces in more than one.

The female parent of Family D was a remarkable form, well-

known, although rare, in Chirinda. The first of its female

offspring to emerge was much nearer to leighi, Poulton, than

the parent or any of the 4 other offspring of this form. The

parent and these 5 offspring resemble leighi in the relative

paleness of the hind-wing patch, but the difference between

this and the other markings is much less than in leight, whose

fore-wing spots and patches are richer and deeper in tint.

The squareness of the hind-wing patch is a peculiar feature,

especially pronounced in the parent and two of the offspring,

in which the angle opposite the end of the cell is drawn out to

aremarkableextent. The pattern of the Chirinda form differs

from that of leighi in the spreading of the principal spot into

a triangular marking with its base along the inner margin of

the fore-wing, resembling but much smaller than the corre-

sponding feature in hippocoon and trophonius. A broad tract

of scattered dark scales indicates the distinction between the

principal spot and the rest of the marking, while thetwo elements

are almost entirely separated in the most Jeighi-like individual.

A FAMILY CONTAINING NINE HIPPOCOON AND EIGHT DIONYSUS

BRED FROM A HIPPOCOON FEMALE OF PAPILIO DARDANUS IN

S. Nicerta By W. A. Lamporn.—Prof. Poutton exhibited

all the female offspring together with 2 of the males and the

female parent, of the form hippocoon, F., captured by Mr. W. A.

Lamborn at Moor Plantation (480-580 ft.), 4 miles west of

Ibadan, 8. Nigeria. The female, taken Nov. 19, 1913, ovi-

posited 19-23 and died Nov. 24. The whole life-history was

passed in the dry season, which began Nov. 5.

Some of the pupae were exposed to cold for the periods

shown in the tabular statement. The conditions were described

by Mr. Lamborn as follows :—

( bay )

‘ The ice came up from Lago each Tuesday, Thursday,

and Saturday, always at the same hour, and was at once placed

ina suitable box. As the quantity never varied to any extent

and as the outer temperature kept fairly constant, the mercury

in the box followed a nearly uniform course, remaining at 5° C.

for about 18 hours after the ice had been put in and then gradu-

ally rising. On the following night at 7 p.m. it averaged 12° C.

and on the third day without a fresh supply of ice, 7. e. on

Mondays, it averaged about 20°C. During the course of the

experiments the mid-day shade temperature averaged 32° C.,

and the midnight temperature about 22° C., although occasion-

ally as low as 17° C. Two pupae were exposed to a moist

atmosphere at normal temperature.”

The results of this most interesting breeding experiment

are shown in tabular form below, pp. Ixv, Ixvi.

It was clear from the above table that, as Mr. Lamborn

recognised, “* these dionysus have not been produced by chilling

the pupae.” Nor was any other effect to be made out when

the imaginal colours and patterns were studied in relation

to the conditions of temperature or moisture to which their

pupae had been exposed. The hippocoon were very constant,

as also were the under surfaces of the males, where some effect

of the varying conditions was perhaps to be expected. On the

upper surface the extremely variable inner black band of the

hind-wing was certainly not more variable than is usual in the

male offspring of the same parents. As regards variability

the 8 dionysus stood in startling contrast to their 9 hippocoon

sisters, especially in the development of the oblique black bar

crossing the fore-wing. Very minute traces of “ tails”’ to the

hind-wing were also present in one or two dionysus but not

in others. It was in every way probable that the constancy

of the hippocoon and the variability of the dionysus were

related to the presence and predominance of an excellent

Danaine model, Amauris niavius, L., for the first form, and the

absence of a model for the second. This interpretation was

confirmed by Mr. Swynnerton’s Family D (p. Ixiii), reared from

a female form related to leight and without any model at

Chirinda. In this family, too, the hippocoon offspring were

constant and the leighi-like offspring highly variable.

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PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., II, Iv, 1914.

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( ‘ievn 4

THE RETENTION OF SPACES FOR THE “ TAILS ” IN THE PUPAE

OF THE TAILLESS FEMALES OF PAPILIO DARDANUS.—Prof.

PouLton read the following observations by Mr. W. A. Lamborn

on the larvae and pupae of the family described in the last

section. The notes had been extracted from a letter dated

Dec. 9, 1913. }

“ They have given me the utmost pleasure, and I have been

constantly inspecting pupae every night for the first indications

as to what they were going to be. This has shown me that the

pupal wing-cases are the same in shape in both sexes, but where-

as, in the male, the tails can readily be seen on either side of

the mid line on the night before emergence, in the female

the space for their reception, though present in an equal

degree, is unoccupied by wing-tissue, a little point which seems

to me to support the contention that more ancestral forms of

the female were tailed. I think you will see what I mean by

an examination of the pupa-cases, but by and by I must put

some pupae in spirit. You see I have not forgotten the text

of your Linnean papers,* on these points.”

Considering the position of the “ tails ” upon the hind-wing,

it seemed, at first sight, strange that these structures should

lie near to the middle ventral line. There were fortunately

present, in Mr. Swynnerton’s Family E (p. lxi), two male pupae

containing fully formed imagines which had failed to emerge.

These were examined by Dr. Eltringham and Prof, Poulton,

who found that the apical angle of the unexpanded hind-wing

was much flattened down, so that the costal margin together

with the hind margin, as far as a broad short projection repre-

senting the “tail,” formed a continuous and only slightly

curved line lying along that margin of the pupal hind-wing

which was nearly parallel with the mid ventral line. The

posterior end of this margin extended beyond the fore-wing so

that the unexpanded “ tail ” could be seen within it.

Tur MENDELIAN RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FEMALE FORMS OF

* Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., 2nd ser., Zool., Vol. V, Pt. 5, 1890, p. 187;

and Vol. V, Pt. 7, 1891, p. 245. Mr. Lamborn’s important and in-

but never published by the late Prof. H. N. Moseley, communicated by

him to Prof. Poulton in 1884, further worked out ‘and made public in

the second of the above-quoted papers.

( Ixvii )

P. DARDANUS.—Prof. PouLTON said, in reference to the breed-

ing experiments of Mr. Swynnerton and Mr. Lamborn, that at

first when we only had before us families of dardanus from the

Durban district, it seemed hopeless to expect that the Mendelian

relationships would be made out. He had shown some of these

families to Prof. Bateson, who agreed that, with three forms of

mimetic female and the unknown potentialities of the non-

mimetic males, the facts were so complex that a solution was

improbable. Some years later Mr. J. C. F. Fryer’s success

with P. polytes, L., in Ceylon, made the problem appear far

more hopeful, and it had occurred to Prof. Poulton that light

might be gained by breeding dardanus in parts of Africa where

one form was extremely predominant over the others. Although

cenea was the commonest form in the extreme 8. and 8.E. of

Africa, hippocoon was even more predominant on the West

Coast and in most of the forested areas N. of Natal. In one of

these areas—Chirinda in §.E. Rhodesia—offspring had been

reared from 19 hippocoon parents by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton,

as recorded on the present occasion (pp. lvii—-lxi). All the off-

spring were hippocoon. Seven families had been reared by Mr.

W. A. Lamborn from the corresponding form in 8. Nigeria, and

in all except the one now recorded, hippocoon offspring and

these alone had been obtained. The uniformity of this result

suggested that hippocoon was a recessive and that a pre-

dominant number of males carried the hippocoon potenti-

ality. The same conclusion was reached with much greater

certainty when we studied the families reared from females

of the rarer forms in the areas where hippocoon was so predomi-

nant. These families—4 in Chirinda and one reared by Dr.

G. D. H. Carpenter in Bugalla Island—always contained

hippocoon offspring as well as offspring of the female parent

form. It is probably safe to assume that the unknown male

parent of these 5 families carried the hippocoon potentiality. If

the male carried hippocoon as a dominant relatively to the other

female forms all the offspring would have borne the appear-

ance of hippocoon. The hypothesis that the male parent

carried hippocoon as a heterozygote was extremely improbable,

because of the great numerical predominance of this form and

the relatively few matings that were likely to occur with any

(¢ igi.

other. We were driven to believe therefore that hippocoon

was recessive and that the rarer forms were relatively to it,

heterozygotes or true dominants. But if the rarer females

were true dominants mated with males carrying the recessive

hippocoon, none of the offspring should have borne the appear-

ance of the latter. If, on the other hand, they were heterozy-

gotes with the appearance of the dominant, the matings should

have given the result obtained, viz. a mixture of two female

forms. The numerical expectation was half of the female

parent form to half of the recessive hippocoon, and approxi-

mately half and half were obtained in 3 out of 4 of Mr. Swynner-

ton’s families from the rarer female parents, although the

numbers were unfortunately very small. The same interpre-

tation held for Mr. Lamborn’s family of approximately half

dionysus and half hippocoon. If we suppose that the recessive

female parent, hippocoon, had mated with a male carrying

dionysus as a heterozygote, the result was in accordance with

Mendelian expectation.

It had been shown that if hippocoon were dominant we

should not expect many of this form to be heterozygotes,

because of the fewness of matings with males carrying the

rarer forms. But the opposite was true of these latter;

for the vast predominance of the recessive would ensure that

nearly all their matings would be with recessives and would

produce heterozygotes. And these heterozygotes would

nearly always mate with recessives producing again a mixture

of heterozygotes and recessives. It might be safely assumed

that these relatively rare forms bearing the appearance of

a pattern dominant to the abundant hippocoon were nearly

always heterozygotes and not true dominants, and the results

obtained were in accordance with this assumption.

Mr. G. H. Hardy, F.R.S., of Trinity College, Cambridge,

had written (Science, N.8., Vol. xxviii, No. 706, pp. 49-50,

July 10, 1908) on the stability of Mendelian populations and

had shown that whatever be the proportion between dominants,

heterozygotes and recessives, equilibrium was reached in the

second generation and would persist unless disturbed by selec-

tion or some other cause. His equations started from known

proportions whatever these may have been. Nowin P.dardanus,

( ‘dcx? )

and probably in a large proportion of cases, it was not hard to

determine the proportion of apparent dominants (viz. true

dominants + heterozygotes) to recessives, although it might

well be laborious to ascertain the numerical relationship

between true dominants and heterozygotes. I therefore

asked Mr. Hardy whether his method would not give this

relationship when the proportion between apparent dominants

and recessives was known. Mr. Hardy had kindly replied :—

‘““ What you say seems to me perfectly correct: viz. that if

the ratio of apparent dominants to recessives is observed and

found to be constant, then my condition enables you to assign

the ratios true dominants : heterozygotes : recessives—and

your numerical illustration seems accurate.”

It was probably safe to assume that on the W. Coast dronysus,

an apparent dominant, was somewhere between 5 % and 1%

of hippocoon, the recessive, and that the rarer forms at Chirinda

also lay between these extremes. Assuming 5 %, Mr. Hardy’s

equations gave almost precisely 1% true dominants, 43 %

heterozygotes, and 95 % recessives. Thus with 5 % apparent

dominants only 1 individual in 20 would be a true dominant.

With 1%, the proportions were almost exactly ;45 %, 1%,

and 99% respectively; and only 1 apparent dominant in

100 would be a true dominant (homozygous).

A LARGE FAMILY OF Hypotimnas (HuURALIA) MIMA, TRIM.,

AND WAHLBERGI, WALLGR., BRED FROM KNOWN PARENTS OF

THE WAHLBERGI FORM AT DuRBAN, BY EK. EK. Piarr.—Prof.

Poutton exhibited a male and female wahlbergi, taken in

coitad, on Dec. 28, 1913, by Mr. E. E. Platt, of 403 Essenwood

Rd., Durban, together with a portion of the family reared

from the eggs laid by the female. This was the first time

that both parents of a family of this species had been secured ;

and the results suggested that the female may also have paired

with another male of the mima form. It was at any rate

probable that wahlbergi was a Mendelian recessive (Proc. Ent.

Soc., 1910, p. xvi, n.), while Mr. W. A. Lamborn had in 1911,

by breeding a large all-dubia, Beauv., family from a female

of the anthedon, Doubl., form (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. iv),

rendered it almost certain that the latter—the western repre-

sentative of wahlbergi—was recessive. Hence from a male

( Ixxi )

and female wahlbergi, nothing but wahlbergi was to be ex-

pected, and yet Mr. Platt’s family contained 104 mama to

94 wahlbergi. If therefore the previous conclusions as to the

Mendelian constitution of the parents were correct, it was

clear that the female must have also paired at some earlier

date with a male mima. The emergences from the pupa,

which took place on the following dates, showed a pre-

dominance of males at the beginning of the series and a

predominance of females at the end :—

" Dates of emergence. Walberg: | Mima,

1914 aw ha opie ee 2

January a1 0 pit . 1 is 2

Februaryl]. . . 13 aie 17 i in

February2. . . i ou in Pion Ui il]

February3. . . it 12 ' 1 | 6

February4. . : 7 Te. | ei: 10

February 5. ’ : A if 5 3 a 6

~ February ® ¢ | 2 ee | Hy i 6

February 7. . : “ 1 2 1

"February Sit, Sane *, 1 c

ney date’ ewes re le apa, | 1

nn ean aes 4

The whole of these offspring had been set and were now in

the Hope Department with the exception of a male and two

females of each form, emerging Feb. 2, two pairs kept for

breeding and two females accidentally destroyed.

Mr. E. KE. Platt had kindly written the following account

of the breeding experiment :—

** Durban,

‘““The parents were captured on the Bluff, which as you

will remember is a very well wooded locality across the Bay,

and bounded on the other side by the ocean. The Euralias

( i=)

had, I believe, fluttered down, paired, from an overhanging

tree, and I only saw them just as they were reaching some

grass, on which they rested. I put the net over them, and

removed them from the grass into the box. When I closed

them up they were still paired. I did not open the box until

I reached home, an hour or two later, and then I found they

had separated. I put the female in a cage with some food-

plant, and when I looked at her perhaps a couple of hours

after (about 5 p.m.) I found she had commenced laying. It

struck me at the time I took the parents, that they had been

disturbed on the tree, as they seemed to drop, rather than fly

down, and there only appeared to be sufficient movement of

the wings to ensure a safe landing. I consider the pairing

was quite definite and effective, but I was rather surprised

that the eggs should be laid so soon after. It is a fact which,

as it seems to me, lends colour to your suggestion that the ova

may be the result of a previous pairing, if such a thing occurs.”’

‘* Feb. 7, 1914.

“The female commenced to lay on the day of pairing,

Dec. 28, 1913, and continued until Jan. 3, when J killed her,

as the young larvae were coming out, and the parent was

getting badly battered. Some of the young larvae escaped, as

some eggs were laid on the perforated cylinder. Considering

this, and the fact that the parent was killed before the whole

batch was laid, I think the brood might have totalled nearly

300. There were 205 young larvae (in first skin), and I have

sent you the whole family with the following omissions: One

each male and female wahlbergi, one each male and female

mima kept for breeding purposes, and one female each wahl-

bergi and mima accidentally crushed before wings were ex-

panded. These six emerged Feb. 2.

“The first larva pupated Jan. 21, the larval state thus

lasting 18 days, and it was 10 days in pupa. The food-plant

has been identified by Mr. Medley Wood as Fleurya capensis.

“Emergence took place between the hours of 7 a.m. and

5 p.m.: the majority came out between noon and 3 o’clock.

The butterflies always rested in a vertical position at night;

head downwards. [March 24, 1914.]

( lex)

‘“My previous breeding experience with the species has

been as follows :—From 27 larvae from a mima female I bred

13 mima and 13 wahlbergi; while 17 larvae from a wahlbergi

female resulted in 15 imagines, all of the wahlbergi form. In

each case the male parent was unknown.”

Mr. Platt also sent the following interesting notes of his own

and of Mr. H. A. Green on the habits of these Euralias. The

observations differ in some respects from those recorded by

Mr. G. F. Leigh (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. lii—lvii).

“T believe that both forms mima and wahlbergi appear

throughout the year, and in about equal numbers. My

experience, however, only covers the months Jan. to April

on the Bluff, as I have not visited that locality in the winter

months (dry season). I have, however, obtained the followmg

dates of captures from Mr. H. A. Green, F.H.S. :—

EL. wahlbergi. BE. mima.

January 1904. June 1903.

April 1904. April 1904.

May 1904. June 1904.

December 1904. May 1904 (var. A).

February 1905. December 1904.

March 1905.

‘““ Mima is certainly the more likely to be overlooked, as

species with a similar pattern are socommon. Wahlbergi also

always appears to court observation, and is visible at a dis-

tance. But of course we should have to inspect closely a

suspected wahlbergi to make sure it was not Huralia deceptor,

Trim., or Amauris dominicanus, Trim., which latter is rather

a rare species except on the Bluff, where, however, it is out-

numbered by wahlbergt.

* Wahlberg: flies more than mima. It floats about in the

sunshine exactly in the manner of dominicanus, while mima

is often found settled in shady places, and, when disturbed,

flies a short distance rapidly and settles again. It appears

to use its wings as a means of locomotion only, while wahlbergi

seems to fly for the pure love of the thing.

(; beavis)

“Mr. Green is of opinion that both forms occur in practically

equal numbers throughout the year, and he has given the

following record of some gatherings of wahlbergi that he has

witnessed.

“‘*Mr. Harold Millar told me to-day that he saw, towards

sundown, a large batch at Isipingo last August (before the

15th). He was out buck-shooting and so could not capture

any. The butterflies were apparently newly emerged, settled

in little groups under the leaves of bushes. Both forms were

represented and in about equal numbers. The food-plant

was near, and larvae were seen. I mention this all fully, as

it does not seem to be an assemblage of the same character

as that mentioned by Mr. Green, comprising wahlbergi only.’ ”

Mr. H. A. Green, of 168 Point Road, Durban, kindly supplied

the following information upon the habits of wahlbergi and

mima. His observations were made in the Durban district,

and the note is dated March 31, 1914.

“As far as my observations regarding predominance of

either form, during the seasons in which they appear, have

carried me, I can only say that wahlbergi, being far more con-

spicuous, is apparently the more numerous. Mima, owing

to its greater resemblance to such species as Papilio brasidas,

the cenea 2 of P. dardanus [and their Danaine models], is not

so noticeable, but I have taken them in almost equal numbers.

I may mention regarding EH. wahlbergi that sometimes on the

Bluff when out collecting, I have seen them congregate in

large numbers on one tree, sometimes as many as twenty or

thirty sunning themselves together. On one occasion out

of curiosity I tried to see how many could be taken in

one sweep of the net, and I captured ten. Mima I have

never seen congregate in this way.”

The assemblages recorded by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall

(Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, pp. 491, 492) contained both forms

as shown in an exhibition to the Entomological Society in

1906 (Proceedings, pp. lii, liv). In conclusion Prof. Poulton

hoped that it would soon be possible to breed either the

eastern or the western Huralias through some generations

and thus settle finally the Mendelian relationships. It was

all the more necessary that this should be accomplished

(. lexvt))

because of the doubts raised by Mr. E. E. Platt’s striking

results as well as by Mr. W. A. Lamborn’s observation that

the West African forms were largely seasonal in appearance.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY STAGES OF THREE 8. AND HE.

AFRICAN DANAINE BUTTERFLIES.—Prof. Poutron exhibited

bred imagines and pupal cases of Amauris ochlea, A. echeria,

and A. albimaculata, and blown larvae of the first- and last-

named. Mr. EH. HE. Platt, to whom we owed the following

descriptions, had kindly sent these specimens for exhibition

to the meeting.

Amauris ochlea, Boisd.

Ovum.—Straw-colour, upright, ribbed longitudinally. Laid

generally singly, but sometimes two or three, on underside

of leaf.

Adult larva.—Velvety black, spotted with white. On

segments 3*, 4, 6, 11, and 12 five pairs of long black filaments,

bearing a whitish wedge-shaped streak on each side of the

base. The terminal hooks are directed outward and forward.

The filaments of the first pair are slightly longer and less

hooked than the others. A dorsal series of white spots,

commencing as an interrupted line on segment 3. The

remainder of dorsal area peppered with small white spots

of irregular shape and varying size. A superior lateral irre-

gular line of white spots. Each spiracle preceded and followed

by a white spot. A sub-spiracular festooned series of white

spots. Ventral surface light brown with whitish markings.

Head shining black. Legs light brown.

Amauris echeria, Stoll.

Adult larva.—Dull black with pale blue and yellow spots.

Dorsal line bluish bordered with brown-black and succeeded

by a line of yellow spots intersected with blue spots. Sub-

dorsal area black, with a pale blue spot on segments 5, 7, 8, 9, 10.

Superior lateral line of yellow and blue spots. Spiracles more

or less lunulated with white. Inferior festooned mterrupted

yellow line. The blue spots occurring in the yellow lines

and in subdorsal area are placed over each other to form a

* The head being counted as the first segment.

(¢ ‘seed ”)

transverse series. The filaments on segments 3, 4, 6, 11, 12,

are of about the same length as in ochlea, but gradually

decreasing posteriorly. They are black, with a bluish white

line at each side of the base. The terminal hooks of the first

pair, the longest, point forward, those of the second and third

forward and outward, of the fourth outward, and of the fifth

backward. The ventral surface is dirty greenish. Head

black, with inner margins of lobes edged with grey.

An adult larva taken Jan. 10, 1914, pupated Jan. 14, and

emerged Jan. 27.

Amauris albimaculata, Butl.

Ovum.—Ochreous, upright, ribbed longitudinally. On the

two occasions on which I have found these ova, they have

been laid, in batches of about 20, along the midrib on the

underside of the leaf.

Adult larva.—Velvety black, with a very narrow bluish

median dorsal line, running between the two dorsal series of

yellow and greenish spots. Subdorsally black. (The white

streaks on the abdominal segments of a blown specimen do

not show in the living larva.) Superior lateral line of small

blue and yellow spots. Spiracles outlined with blue. Inferior

festooned line of yellow markings. Ventrally grey-brown

with yellowish spots and lines on segments 5-10. Head

black. Filaments on segments 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 are short (in

comparison with ochlea and echeria) and black. Terminal

hooks of first four pairs bent forward, the last pair almost

straight and hookless.

A larva which hatched Dec. 30, 1913, pupated Jan. 18, and

emerged Jan. 25.

VARIETIES OF THE CANTHARID BEETLE MYLABRIS FASCIATA,

OLIV., CAPTURED TOGETHER IN SOUTHERN NiGER1a.—Prof.

Poutron exhibited 36 Mylabris fasciata taken on Sept. 24

and 26, 1913, at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, by Mr. W. A.

Lamborn. The series was sharply divided into a light section

containing 28 individuals and a dark section containing 8.

The light section —The lightest individuals were black with

a broad orange zone across the centre of the elytra, occupying

about half their total length. From these, of which there

( hewn 9)

were only 2 without any trace of median black, there was the

most gradual transition in the development of a central black

band which, if complete, would have divided the orange

zone into two bands, one anterior and one posterior. Nine

examples exhibited a very faint trace of this median black

band, especially developed, and often only developed in a

very slight degree, in the median dorsal region or at the lower

margins of the closed elytra, or in both these situations. In

the remaining 17 specimens the development was stronger,

and, in many, the median dorsal mark extended to a varying

distance downwards over the surface of the elytra. In some

individuals this lateral extension was in part represented by a

detached spot. In none was the central black band complete.

The dark section.—The pattern of these examples might be

explained by so great a development of the central black

band that only traces, more or less distinct, of the orange

zone were left, indicating the position of its anterior and

posterior border or one of these. In 2 examples the posterior

border of the zone was represented by a roundish orange

spot on each side of and near the middle line, in one by a larger

spot and a detached curved orange mark rather lower down

on the surface of the elytra. In these 3 beetles there was

no trace of the anterior border of the orange zone. In a

fourth specimen, otherwise similar to that last described, the

anterior border was represented by a small spot on each side

near the mid-dorsal line. In the fifth and sixth specimens

these anterior spots were larger than the posterior, which

latter were minute in one, and small in the other. A minute

lateral spot was seen below the anterior marking on the right

side of one specimen and two on its left side, where the small

posterior spot was also double. In the seventh and eighth

specimens both borders of the orange zone were represented

by well-marked bands, which, however, did not reach the

lower border of the elytra.

There was thus great and transitional variability at each

end of the scale, aithough there was no transition connecting

one end with the other. Interesting results might be obtained

by observations directed to test the existence of selective

pairing.

(evar)

A FAMILY RAISED BY W. A. LAMBORN FROM PARENTS

BELONGING TO TWO FORMS OF West AFRICAN PYRRHOCORID

BuGs.—Prof. Povutron exhibited two Pyrrhocorid bugs

captured in cop. by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, Nov. 19, 1913, at

Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, 8. Nigeria. The male was

the uniform, patternless, dull ochreous insect known as

Dysdercus melanoderes, Karsch, while the female exhibited the

conspicuous pattern of D. superstitiosus, F. Mr. Lamborn

had informed him that all the 11 offspring which he had

succeeded in rearing were of the same form as the female

parent, viz. swperstitiosus. The eggs began to hatch on Nov.

26. Nine out of the 11 had been received from Mr. Lamborn

and were exhibited to the meeting. Three of them had been

sucked dry by the others, one having been attacked while

changing its skin, while the other two had apparently fallen

victims when in a soft condition soon after ecdysis. The first

specimen reached maturity on Dec. 23, the last died on

Jan. 20. All 9 offspring were females. The sexes of some

of the specimens were rather difficult to determine with

precision and Prof. Poulton had therefore submitted the

series to Miss Foot, who has had a long and intimate experi-

ence in the breeding of Hemiptera.

The results described above suggested the possibility that

melanoderes might be the male of swperstitiosus—a conclusion

negatived by the fact that both sexes of each form had been

captured by Mr. Lamborn and were also present in the

collection of the Natural History Museum. Some of these

latter specimens were in very poor condition, but Prof.

Poulton believed that there were 7 males and 4 females

of melanoderes, 3 males and 12 females of superstitiosus. The

reversal of proportions might be significant. Mr. Lamborn

had written Nov. 26, 1913 : “‘ Superstetiosus occurs in thousands

on cotton, but hitherto melanoderes has been comparatively

rare.”

The experiments were well worth repeating on a larger

scale and extending, if possible, over a series of generations.

Until this was done any further discussion of the results was

premature.

EULIPHYRA SJOSTEDTI, AURIV., A CORRECTION.—Prof.

( Aigsax)")

Povutton desired to correct the statement on p. 506 of Trans.

Ent. Soc., 1913, that EH. sjéstedti was “almost certainly a

Southern geographical race of EL. mirifica,” Holl. The de-

scription of figs. 8 and 9 of the accompanying Plate XXVII

also needed corresponding correction. The specimen de-

scribed in the second paragraph on p. 506 had been wrongly

named “ sjéstedti’’ in the collection of the British Museum,

and Prof. Poulton blamed himself for having been misled.

The error had been pointed out to him by Prof. Aurivillius,

who detected it on an inspection of Plate XXVII. The figure

in Ent. Tidskr., 16, p. 204, was almost precisely the same as

figs. 3 and 4 on Plate XXVII, thus showing that sjéstedit was

a synonym for the female of HL. leucyania, Hew.—a conclusion

to which Prof. Aurivillius had come directly he saw the plate.

The above note, prepared for June 3rd, was accidentally

overlooked, so that it was not read to the meeting.

Prof. Poulton also wished to correct an error for which he

was responsible on p. 616 of Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter’s paper

in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1913. Kerinya was not the name of the

isthmus connecting the two sections of Bugalla Island, but

of a small peninsula projecting into the Victoria Nyanza at

Jinja.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

“Notes on the Life-History of Papilio demolion,” by

Marearet KE. Fountaine, F.E.S.

Wednesday, October 7th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Breraunz-Baxker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Dr. Lestre C. CoLreman, D.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture,

Bangalore, Mysore, India, and the Rev. Freperic 8S. F.

JANNINGS, Warmsworth Rectory, Doncaster, were elected

Fellows of the Society.

( lxxx )

Exhibits.

ABNORMAL NEURATION IN MELITAEA AURINIA.—Mr. O. E.

JANSON exhibited an abnormal specimen of Melitaea aurinia,

taken in Kent, in which six of the nervures were almost

symmetrically deficient on either side, causing an alteration

in the usual form of the sub-marginal lunular black markings,

and giving it a very distinctive aspect.

CHLOROPERLA VENOSA, STEPH., AND C. GRAMMATICA, Popa.—

Mr. G. T. Porrirr exhibited a series of Chloroperla venosa,

Steph., taken by Prof. Carr and Mr. Mottram on the river

Trent, near Nottingham; also a series of Chloroperla gram-

matica, Poda, for comparison.

ABNORMAL HyMENOPTERON.—The Rev. F. D. Morice

exhibited a specimen of Crabro (Lindeinus) albilabris, F., 2,

with abnormal ocelli; one wanting, and the others misplaced.

Ova oF ARGE PAGANA.—He also exhibited a photograph,

from nature, of eggs in situ, laid in a rose-stem in a double

row by Vallisnieri’s ‘‘ Mosca dei Rosai,” A. pagana, Panz.,

exactly as in the author’s original figure.

Mr. C. B. WixuraMs observed that there exists a Thysano-

pteron the individuals of which vary between having two and

three ocelli, but that in this case no change occurs in the

position of the other two where one is absent.

GYNANDROMORPHOUS PLEBEIUS ARGYROGNOMON, ETC., FROM

SWITZERLAND.—The Rev. G. WHEELER exhibited a gynandro-

morphous specimen of Plebeius argyrognomon taken by him in

the Val Maggia on July 13 this year. It was exactly halved,

the right wings being Q, the left g. The body was also

halved, the external characters of both sexes being present,

the $ half of the body extending considerably beyond the 9.

Also an extreme example of ab. persica of Polyommatus

warus taken on the marshes at Altmatt, on July 11, and a

3 of Pararge maera with symmetrical deeply concave costa

of both fore-wings, taken on the Via Mala on July 17. He

also exhibited a well-marked series of Pieris manni from

Vernayaz, taken on July 5 this year, the occurrence of P.

manni in Switzerland having been disputed.

RUMICIA PHLAEAS, ETC., FROM NortH Kent.—Mr. PrRIpDEAUxX

( Ixxm )

brought for exhibition a very perfect example of Rumicia

phlaeas, ab. schmidtii, of a pale yellow colour, like the original

ab. schmidti, which was not white; also, a ¢ Polyommatus

tcarus, ab. obsoleta, and some very blue 2° of the latter species,

all taken in the neighbourhood of Brasted, N. Kent.

PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKI, VERRALL, AND AENIGMATIAS

BLATTOIDES, MEINERT, ONE SPECIES.—Mr. DOoNISTHORPE

exhibited specimens of Platyphora lubbocki, Verrall, and

Aenigmatias blattoides, Meinert, which he had reared in a nest

of Formica picea, Nyl., taken in the New Forest in July last.

He pointed out that he believed he had proved that these

two flies were the 3 and 2 of the same species. This had been

suggested by Mik in 1898, but considerable doubt had been

expressed on the point, and indeed Mik did not give any reason

for his supposition. He gave the following history of the

two sexes: In 1877 Verrall described Platyphora lubbocki

(a new genus and species) on a single specimen bred by the

late Lord Avebury in one of his ants’ nests, the host, however,

not being mentioned. On July 6 Dr. Wood captured a

specimen in Stokes Wood near Hereford, and in 1909

J. J. F. X. King took another in the New Forest. In 1913

(on July 11 and 26) I bred two specimens in my F. sanguinea

nest ; these I exhibited at a meeting of this society and said

they had probably been bred from pupae of F. fusca given

to the sanguinea nest as slaves. Mr. Edwards, however,

tells me that they are not the same species as the picea ones

(and they may be P. dohrni the 5 of Aenigmatias dohrni, Ender-

lein, and bred from F. rufibarbis pupae which were also given

to the nest from Weybridge, but we will return to this shortly).

I have bred some twelve specimens from my picea nest this

year. Aenigmatias blattoides was described by Meinert in

1890 from two specimens taken with F. fusca at Copenhagen

in 1908, Wasmann bred two specimens in a Formica exsecta

nest at Luxemburg from F. fusca cocoons (and he also recorded

others from F. rufibarbis nests, but Father Schmitz tells me

these are A. dohrni, Enderlein); on July 21, 1912, I cap-

tured a specimen in a fusca nest at Nethy Bridge, and this year

I have bred some seven specimens from my picea nest.

Aenigmatias dohrni was described by Enderlein in 1908

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., II, Iv, 1914. F

( lxxxii

from a specimen taken in a colony of Polyergus rufescens in

Bayern, and as we have seen Wasmann took specimens with

F. rufibarbis at Luxemburg. It is probable that the slaves

in the Polyergus colony were rufibarbis. On July 4, 1914, I

took a Platyphora in a rufibarbis nest at Weybridge, which

is probably the g¢ of A. dohrni which will now become

Platyphora dohrni.

When investigating the nests of Formica picea in Matley

Bog in July I noticed a number of small Dipterous pupae

which I collected and brought home, introducing them into

my nest of F. picea (which I had obtained in June in the same

locality and had fixed up a very large glass bowl with a large

block of growing sphagnum) with more picea queens, workers

and brood. On July 14 I captured an Aenigmatias in this

nest and a day or two before I had observed a Platyphora.

This made me think of isolating some of the Dipterous pupae

in a small plaster cell. From these I bred both Platyphora

and Aenigmatias, as well as further specimens in the nest

itself. This seems to me to prove that they are the g and ¢

of the same species.

Mr. J. E. Coury called attention to the great impor-

tance of this piece of work and warmly congratulated Mr.

Donisthorpe on the industry and patience which had accom-

plished it.

Mr. DonisTHORPE also exhibited photographs of the nest of

F. picea.

NotewortHy Lerpipoprrra.—Mr. L. W. NEWMAN ex-

hibited :—(1) A curious gynandromorphic Polyommatus

icarus, the right fore-wing being @ and the remaining three

wings ¢ except for one orange lunule on each of the hind-

wings; this specimen was the property of Lt. T. V. Bartley

Dennis and taken by him some years back. (2) A curious

Zygaenid of doubtful species, being small and having four

spots only, and hairy body, taken on Sept. 3, 1912, in Kent,

by Mr. Grant of Gravesend, who pointed out that Z. filr-

pendulae is the only Zygaenid which he had seen in the

district. (3) A short series of Epienaptera alicifolia, bred from

the wild 2 taken May 1913 at Cannock Chase by Mr. Oliver.

This wild 9 laid many ova, most of which were infertile and

( Ixoon )

very few were reared; of these most were spoilt in trying to

obtain pairings, two pairings were obtained and plenty of ova,

of which only seventeen hatched ; the resulting larvae died off

in all moults, four only reaching the last skin; these also

failed to pupate, so that the race was now extinct. (4) A

pair of beautiful Newria saponariae from the Cork coast, the

ground-colour being a rich pink instead of the usual yellowish

colour.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“ Contributions to the Life-History of Polyommatus eros,”

by T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.

“ Parthenogenesis in Worker-bees at the Cape,” by R. W.

JACK, F.E.S.

‘ Description of New Species of Catasticta,’ by W. F. H.

RosENBERG, F.E.S.

“ Revision of the Species of the Genus Odynerus (Hymeno-

ptera) occurring in the Aithiopian Region,” by G. MEApE-

Watpo, M.A., F.E.S.

“Some Remarks on the Coccid Genus Leucaspis, with

Descriptions of two New Species,” by E. ERNEst GREEN, F.E.S.

Wednesday, October 21st, 1914.

The Hon. N. C. Roruscuiip, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-

President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. L. D. CLeave, Dept. of Science and Agriculture,

Georgetown, British Guiana, and J. R. Menon, B.A., Trichur,

Cochin State, South India, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Obituary.

The death was announced of Mr. Wittiam Warren, M.A.,

Exhibitions.

ABNORMAL ANTHROCERIDS.—Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN exhibited

three abnormal specimens of Anthrocerids, and read the

following notes :—

( Ixxxiv )

I have brought a specimen of Anthrocera anthyllidis taken

this summer at Gavarnie, with the left mesothoracic tarsus

triplicated. Such specimens have not unfrequently been

recorded in Coleoptera, but a considerable search in 1910

failed to find any such instance in Lepidoptera, so that speci-

mens are of extreme rarity. My explanation was then, and

remains so still, that the legs of Coleopterous specimens all

pass under review, but those of Lepidoptera are rarely noticed.

In this specimen, the anterior of the three tarsi is practically

normal, the next two have a broad first jot in common, but

the following four joints are nearly normal. Notwithstanding

the first jomt common to two of the tarsi, the rule of orienta-

tion in such specimen pointed out by Bateson seems to hold.

As the specimen is set the first and second tarsi are venter to

venter, the second and third dorsum to dorsum. I have

detected no other abnormality about the specimen. A

photograph of the tarsus is reproduced on Plate A.

I show with it a specimen of A. exulans taken at Oberalp

some twenty years ago, which has an abortive wing beneath

the left anterior wing, and not only this second but even a

trace of a third anterior wing beneath the second.

Also a specimen of A. achilleae from Zermatt that has

symmetrical depressions of the costa of the same character

as those in the specimen of Pararge maera shown Oct. 7 by

Mr. Wheeler.

The nervures are all present as in a normal specimen. I

had ranged this specimen as of congenital causation and not

as a result of any injury.

VARIATION IN DIANTHOECIA BARRETTIE AND BOARMIA

REPANDATA.—Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a long and varied

series of Dianthoecia barrettii, bred from wild larvae collected

in Co. Cork, and dug pupae from 8. Devon. In the Irish form

melanic specimens were rare, but in the Devon they were

more abundant. A striking point was that the Devon dug

pupae had produced, as a series, smaller specimens than the

Irish. In the Devon series were three specimens showing

an ochreous colour, this form not appearing in the Irish

specimens.

Also a series of Boarmia repandata, all bred from wild

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914. Plate A.

, *

Photo A. E. Tonge. Half Tone Eng. Co., Ltd.

LEFr METATHORACIC LEG OF ANTHROCERA ANTHYLLIDIS.

[x 18]

( Ixxxv )

larvae collected from a very small radius in the Wye Valley,

the range of variation being startling, comprising melanic

specimens equal to the darkest from Sheffield, very pale ones

like some Scotch forms, var. conversarva, and almost every

intermediate form. Accompanying these was a series of the

same insect from wild larvae taken in north Cornwall, showing

considerable variation.

Hyprip AMORPHA POPULI AND SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS,—

Mr. A. E. Tones exhibited a specimen of the hybrid A. populi

3 x S. ocellatus 2, bred ab ovo, which emerged Sept. 11, 1914.

A pairing had been obtained by Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor of

Redhill in May 1913. About 40 ova were laid but only one

hatched, the resulting larva pupating in August 1913, thus

having passed about 13 months in the pupal state. Mr.

Tonge said he was informed that this was the first larva from

this crossing which had hatched normally, the few others

that had been obtained having been released artificially from

the egg-shell.

ABERRANT RuMIcIA PHLAEAS.—Mr. ToncE also exhibited

a specimen of R. phlaeas, taken on Deal Sandhills in Sept.

1914, without the red marginal band on the hind-wings.

SryLopiseD Sanp-wasp.—Mr. G. Meaps-Watpo exhibited

a stylopised specimen of the Sand-wasp, Ammophila tydei,

Guill., from South Africa. There were no less than 7 Stylops

parasitic on it, the result being that the abdomen presented a

very distorted appearance. He drew the attention of Fellows

to the valuable paper on Stylops and stylopisation recently

published by Geoffrey Smith and A. H. Hamm (Quarterly

Journal of Microscopical Science, Sept. 1914) in which some

interesting and important conclusions were arrived at, and

were summarised as follows :—

(1) Despite the existence of active winged males fertilisation

cannot occur and development is always parthenogenetic.

(2) The effect of the parasite on internal genital organs is

slight, leading to a reduction in size of ovaries to } normal size,

while the testes are unaffected.

(3) The effect on secondary sexual characters is slight,

the scopa is generally reduced in the 9, whilst in the ¢ the

punctuation may be increased.

( lxexxvi )

(4) The most striking effect is noticeable in certain species

of Andrena (A. labialis and A. chrysosceles) in which the ¢

normally has a yellow clypeus and the 2 a black one.

Stylopisation may lead in these cases to a 9 assuming a yellow

clypeus as in the ¢, and the ¢ may lose the yellow and acquire

a partially black clypeus.

South European Burrerriies.—Mr. E. B. Asupy ex-

hibited some South European butterflies, chiefly from the

south of France, including Melanargia galathea var. procida

and ab. leucomelas, another aberrant Melanargia from Barcelona

showing characters both of M. galathea and M. lachesis,

Polyommatus admetus, var. ripparti, from Clelles where it

had been taken this year by the exhibitor and Dr. Keynes,

the most northerly locality recorded, and P. meleager with

blue 2 from Digne, whereas all the 2 9 from St. Martin-Vésubie

were of the brown form ab. steevent.

Mr. RowLanp-Brown remarked that as a rule the 9° of

P. meleager were brown at higher elevations, whereas at Digne

the two forms were about equally numerous.

The Rev. G. WureEver observed that farther south at

Roccaraso in the Abruzzi he had found only the blue 9 9, at

a height of over 4000 ft.

Xantuic PsrmurA MonacHA.—Mr. Rippon exhibited a

variety of P. monacha, which, as far as he had been able to

ascertain, had not been previously recorded. The variation

consists in the body being banded with black and yellow

instead of black and crimson. The examples exhibited were

bred by him this year from a strain that he had had going for

two or three years with the object of increasing the black

wing coloration. He judged that possibly one-third of one

brood were of the yellow variety, but unfortunately was unable

to give any exact figures as he did not observe the yellow form

till most of the brood had emerged.

TRIPHAENA Fimpria. — Mr. Rippon also exhibited five

specimens of Triphaena fimbria, bred from Pamber Forest

larvae, one of which showed a tendency to melanism even in

the hind- wings, and the others showing some modification of

the two usual forms.

Sourn Russtan Hererocera.—Mr. A, H, Jones exhibited

(| Ixxxvil )

a number of moths from Sarepta, and read the following

notes :—

Sarepta, where I collected with Mr. W. G. Sheldon from the

middle of May to the end of June, is situated on the Volga

about 300 miles from the Caspian Sea, which lies in a south-

easterly direction. Although in the same latitude as Orleans

in France, the winters are far colder—for the Volga is then

frozen over—and the summers far hotter; these extremes may

have some influence in producing the interesting forms which

are there found, being in some cases larger and more highly

coloured.

In the immediate neighbourhood of Sarepta the ground is

perfectly flat, but as one approaches the railway line about a

mile distant there is a range of hills with an elevation of about

300 ft. which follow the Volga northwards for many hundreds

of miles. They may be described as “sand dunes,” which

they really are, covered with vegetation of a scanty nature,

chiefly a species of Artemisia—the sand, however, in places

comes strongly in evidence. These hills are intersected by

numerous ravines similar to those we are so familiar with in

Spain, formed by the water draining the tableland above.

These ‘‘ dunes ” are known by the Russians as “ steppes.”

On the wind-swept tableland above—from which I may inci-

dentally mention there is a grand view of the Volga with its

numerous channels and islands—there is little lepidopterous

life beyond a few wandering Colas and that beautiful geo-

meter Aspilates mundataria. It is in the sheltered ravines,

in which a more varied flora has established itself, that

lepidopterous life becomes plentiful. The ravines are the

homes of the moths here exhibited—in the woods they are

not so abundant. It was in the forests, the ‘ Tschapurnik

Wald,” for instance, which is some miles in extent, where

butterfly life was so abundant—in the open spaces three or

four species at once were to be seen in the utmost profusion.

For a parallel one must visit a Swiss meadow in June. This

forest gave one the impression of a very ancient one, to judge

from the size of the oak and other trees, and is possibly the

remnant of a forest in the distant past, which covered a large

area of that portion of south-east Russia.

( lxxxwi )

Two factors, I think, may explain in a measure the reason

of the amazing abundance of lepidopterous life; first, com-

plete hibernation, and secondly, the comparative scarcity of

small birds, owing to the number of birds of prey,—buzzards

in particular, and day-flying owls.

The moths I have brought here were taken chiefly in the

ravines, and the long stretch of uncultivated land bordering

the railway line. Out of the 31 species of Heterocera taken

12 occur in Britain, viz. Malacosoma castrensis, Heliothis

dipsacea, H. scutosa, H. peltigera, Emmelia trabealis (sulphur-

alis), Thalpochares paula, Acidalia similata (perochraria)

commonly, A. marginepunctata (promutaria), Ematurga ato-

maria (an undescribed form), Boarmia consortaria, Phlyctae-

nodes verticalis and P. sticticalis. That rarity in Britain,

H. scutosa, was excessively abundant flying in the hot sun-

shine in marshy ground. That beautiful genus Acontia, of

which we have only one representative in Britain, luctwosa,

was well represented in tetanza and lucida. I took but one

example of that beautiful species Thalpochares purpurina,

and T. parallela, an eastern species, deserves mention, as also

Euclidia triquetra, allied to our Z. mi. One was not surprised,

with the ground carpeted with Artemisia, to find Euchloris

smaragdaria (v. volgaria), a variety according to Staudinger,

but Mr. Prout considers volgaria a good species. Siona

nubilaria v. exalbata, another eastern species, was extremely

local and occurred in only one ravine, where it was very

abundant. Phasiane glarearia and Eubolia arenacearia oc-

curred singly ; Aspilates mundataria was generally distributed ;

Phlyctaenodes sulphuralis occurred singly; but P. verticalis,

P. sticticalis and Cledeobia connectalis were common. That

beautiful Pyrale, P. clathralis, was by no means scarce;

Syntomis phegea occurred singly, and so did that beautiful

species Macroglossa croatica.

LYCAENIDS SHOWING SOME DEGREE OF GYNANDRO-

MoRPHISM.—Dr. HE. A. Cockayne exhibited :—

(a) Thirty-eight gynandromorphous Agriades corydon from

Royston. One, taken in 1910 by the Rev. G. H. Raynor,

has the right fore-wing very minute but thickly sprinkled

with blue scales, and amongst them eight androconia were

(( es)

seen, the right hind-wing has some wedge-shaped white mark-

ings and a few scattered blue scales; the left side is uniformly

dark brown.

Thirty were taken in 1913, all are predominantly female,

but have the wings on one side smaller than those on the

other, and more or less dusted with blue scales, coarse bluish

hair scales and androconia. The right side is smaller in 21,

the left in 9.

One taken in 1913 has scattered blue scales and androconia

on both sides, though predominantly female.

Six taken in 1914 are similar and are fully described in the

Ent. Record, Oct. 1914. The primary and secondary sexual

organs were purely female in character.

(b) Two 2@ of A. corydon from Royston showing streaks of

blue. Neither showed any signs of androconia.

1914), predominantly female ab. caerulea, but with streaks of

male colour on the right fore-wing and both hind-wings.

These showed androconia as regularly arranged and numerous

as in areas of the same size and situation in a normal male.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

“On Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam. Ichneu-

monidae),” by R. C. L. Perxrns, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S.

Wednesday, November 4th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Betroune-Baxker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. AuteYNE Lerecumay, M.A., F.L.S., F.C.S., of Corpus

Christi College, Oxford, and St. Hubert’s, Main Street, George-

town, British Guiana; Dr. T. Miyaxs, the Agricultural

College, Tokyo Imperial University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan;

and Mr. Grorce W. Murray, Dirimu Estate, Binaturi River,

Daru, Papua, were elected Fellows of the Society.

( xe )

Reply to the Declaration of the German Professors.

The PRESIDENT said that he had received a letter from

Prof. Poulton, saying that the reply made by many of the

British University Professors to the declaration against

England issued by German Professors was being brought

before the various Scientific Societies in England, with a view

to its being formally endorsed by them. He read in full

both the Declaration and the Reply, and proposed the following

motion :—

‘*That the Officers, Council, and Fellows of the Enromo-

LOGICAL SociETY OF Lonpon, assembled at their meeting on

November 4, 1914, desire to be associated with the statements

and expressions of opinion by certain scholars and men of

science as published in the Times of October 21, 1914, and

that notice of this resolution be sent to the Press.”

He added that this motion had already been placed before

the Council, which had unanimously recommended it for

adoption by the Society.

Prof. PouLron, in seconding the motion, said that he be-

lieved the reply expressed the almost unanimous opinion

of men of science in this country, and that even if there were

observations contained in it which individual Fellows, or

even Societies, would have preferred to see expressed some-

what differently, it was far better that they should associate

themselves with an already published form of reply, with

which they were in general agreement, than that each Society

should formulate its own reply, and thus lose by diffusion a

part of the weight which would be gained by cohesion. He

also observed that the name of our Honorary Fellow, Prof.

Weismann, was appended to the German Declaration.

Dr. Matcotm Burr asked to be allowed to support the

resolution. Speaking as Honorary Secretary of the Inter-

national Congress of Entomology, and as a student of European

affairs for many years, he was glad to associate his name with

a resolution in support of a manifesto which was as correct as

it was eloquent.

Mr. H. RowLanp-Brown, who had been unable to attend

the Council meeting, also supported the motion, and mentioned

( xer J

the somewhat similar attitude adopted by the Entomological

Society of France.

The motion was carried unanimously.

The Declaration and Reply are here reproduced in full.

Declaration by German Professors and Men of Scrence.

England has declared war upon us under a hollow pretext

which is least of all justified in view of English history, and the

true character of which is laid bare by numerous documents.

Although England is related to us by blood and race it has, out

of a contemptible envy of Germany’s economic success, incited

other peoples against us for years; and, in particular, it has

allied itself with France and Russia to crush us as a world-power

and to endanger our cultural achievements.

It was only because they were able to reckon on England’s

co-operation that Russia, France, Belgium and Japan threw

down to us the gauntlet of war. England bears, foremost of

all, the moral responsibility for this conflagration of the

nations, which will result in frightful suffering for millions of

men and will demand unheard-of sacrifices of blood and

treasure. England’s brutal national selfishness has placed an

indelible blot upon its name.

We are well aware that very eminent English scholars, with

whom German men of science have for years been in friendly

and fruitful relations, were opposed to this war, so wantonly

begun, and spoke against it.

Nevertheless, those of us who have received marks of

distinction from English Universities, Academies, and societies

of scholars do renounce, as a matter of national feeling, all

such honours and the rights attached to them.

Reply to the Declaration of German Professors.

We see with regret the names of many German professors

and men of science, whom we regard with respect and, in

some cases, with personal friendship, appended to a denuncia-

tion of Great Britaim so utterly baseless that we can hardly

believe that it expresses their spontaneous or considered

opinion. We do not question for a moment their personal

sincerity when they express their horror of War and their

( xc )

zeal for ‘“‘ the achievements of culture.” Yet we are bound

to point out that a very different view of War, and of national

aggrandizement based on the threat of War, has been advocated

by such influential writers as Nietzsche, von Treitschke, von

Biilow, and von Bernhardi, and has received widespread

support from the press and from public opinion in Germany.

This has not occurred, and in our judgment would scarcely

be possible, in any other civilized country. We must also

remark that it is German armies alone which have, at the

present time, deliberately destroyed or bombarded such

monuments of human culture as the Library at Louvain and

the Cathedrals at Rheims and Malines.

No doubt it is hard for human beings to weigh justly their

country’s quarrels; perhaps particularly hard for Germans,

who have been reared in an atmosphere of devotion to their

Kaiser and his army; who are feeling acutely at the present

hour; and who live under a Government which, we believe,

does not allow them to know the truth. Yet it is the duty

of learned men to make sure of their facts. The German

White Book contains only some scanty and carefully explained

selections from the diplomatic correspondence which preceded

this War. And we venture to hope that our German colleagues

will sooner or later do their best to get access to the full

correspondence, and will form therefrom an independent

judgment.

They will then see that, from the issue of the Austrian Note

to Serbia onwards, Great Britain, whom they accuse of causing

this War, strove incessantly for Peace. Her successive pro-

posals were supported by France, Russia, and Italy, but

unfortunately not by the one Power which could by a single

word at Vienna have made Peace certain. Germany in her

own official defence—incomplete as that document is—does

not pretend that she strove for Peace; she only strove for

‘the localization of the conflict.” She claimed that Austria

should be left free to “ chastise ’ Serbia in whatever way she

chose. At most she proposed that Austria should not annex

a portion of Serbian territory: a futile provision, since the

execution of Austria’s demand would have made the whole

of Serbia subject to her will.

( xem )

Great Britain, like the rest of Europe, recognized that,

whatever just grounds of complamt Austria may have had.

the unprecedented terms of her Note to Serbia constituted

a challenge to Russia and a provocation to War. The Austrian

Emperor im his proclamation admitted that war was likely to

ensue. The German White Book states m so many words -

“We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of

Austria-Hungary against Serbia might bring Russia upon the

field and therefore mvolve us im war... - We could not,

however, . . . advise our ally to take a yielding attitude not

compatible with his dignity.” The German Government

admits having known the tenor of the Austrian Note before-

hand, when it was concealed from all the other Powers;

admits backing it up after it was issued; admits that it knew

the Note waa likely to precipitate War; and admits that,

whatever professions it made to the other Powers, in private

it did not advise Austria to abate one jot of her demands.

This, to our minds, is tantamount to admittmg that Germany

has, together with her unfortunate ally, deliberately provoked

the present War.

One point we freely admit. Germany would very likely

have preferred not to fight Great Britam at this moment.

She would have preferred to weaken and humiliate Russia;

to make Serbia 2 dependent of Austria; to render France

imnocuous and Belgimm subservient; and then, having

established am overwhelming advantage, to settle accounts

with Great Britain. Her grievance against us is that we did

not allow her to do this.

So deeply rooted is Great Britaim’s love of peace, so m-

fluential amongst us are those who have laboured through

many difficult years to promote good feelimg between this

country and Germany, that, m spite of our ties of friendship

with France, in spite of the manifest danger threatening

ourselves, there was still, up to the last moment, a strong

desire to preserve British neutrality, if it could be pre-

served without dishonour. But Germany herself made this

impossible.

Great Britam, together with France, Russia, Prussia, and

Austria, had solemnly guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium.

( xciv )

In the preservation of this neutrality our deepest sentiments

and our most vital interests are alike involved. Its violation

would not only shatter the independence of Belgium itself :

it would undermine the whole basis which renders possible

the neutrality of any state and the very existence of such

states as are much weaker than their neighbours. We acted

in 1914 just as we acted in 1870. We sought from both

France and Germany assurances that they would respect

Belgian neutrality. In 1870 both Powers assured us of their

good intentions, and both kept their promises. In 1914

France gave immediately, on July 31, the required assurance ;

Germany refused to answer. When, after this sinister silence,

Germany proceeded to break under our eyes the treaty which

we and she had both signed, evidently expecting Great Britain

to be her timid accomplice, then even to the most peace-

loving Englishmen hesitation became impossible. Belgium

had appealed to Great Britain to keep her word, and she

kept it.

The German professors appear to think that Germany has,

in this matter, some considerable body of sympathizers in the

Universities of Great Britain. They are gravely mistaken.

Never within our lifetime has this country been so united on

any great political issue. We ourselves have a real and deep

admiration for German scholarship and science. We have

many ties with Germany, ties of comradeship, of respect, and

of affection. We grieve profoundly that, under the baleful

influence of a military system and its lawless dreams of

conquest, she whom we once honoured now stands revealed

as the common enemy of Europe and of all peoples which

respect the Law of Nations. We must carry on the war on

which we have entered. For us, as for Belgium, it is a war

of defence, waged for liberty and peace.

Invitation to Entomologists of the Allied Nations.

The Rev. F. D. Morice then proposed the following reso-

lution :—

“That all members of recognised Entomological Societies

in the countries of our Allies, residing in or visiting this

( xew )

Country, be invited during the continuance of the War to

attend the Ordinary and Annual Meetings of the Society,

and to make use of the Society’s Library, in the same manner

as though they were themselves Ordinary Fellows, except as

to the right of voting.”

This was seconded by Dr. Burr, and carried unanimously,

the President observing that the suggestion had originally

been made on behalf of the Belgians, for whom Englishmen

must feel that they could not do enough, and that the

invitation had been naturally extended to our other allies.

Exhibitions.

IsoLATED COLONIES OF ANTHROCERA (ZYGAENA) TRIFOLIL,

AND PaRASEMIA PLANTAGINIS.—Commander WALKER ex-

hibited, on behalf of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, specimens of

A. trifolii and P. plantaginis showing the effects of isolation,

and read the following notes contributed by Dr. Perkins :—

The two small series of Zygaena trifolii were captured in

June of this year on Dartmoor. Lach series is from a different

colony, the distance between the colonies being only about

200 yards, and the intermediate ground is untenable by the

species, as also is all the land immediately round each colony.

The ground occupied by each is about 15 square yards and

is very boggy, in both cases covered with rushes and in one

also with Sphagnum moss.

The colonies have been observed for about five years, but

are so weak, that only three or four individuals have been

noticed in some seasons. This year each consisted probably

of about 100 individuals, and those taken were captured on

the first day of emergence. It had been observed in former

seasons that the variation exhibited by these colonies was

very different, but owing to their weakness they were left

alone. It will be seen that the individuals from the Sphagnum-

covered area (series A) are of larger average size, and either

have all the spots distinct or at most the two middle ones

confluent.

Those from the other colony (series B) are mostly of small

size, and most of them have either the three apical spots

(i xevt, }

connected or all are confluent, or the three basal ones. In

some the basal part of the hind-wings is yellowish in day-

light. Although specimens were not collected after the first

visit, the colonies were examined two or three times after-

wards, but no example with even three confluent spots was

observed in the one colony, though these continued to pre-

dominate in the second. One very windy day several speci-

mens were made to fly, but in each case they returned against

the wind to the starting-place. The cocoons were in all cases

formed well up on the rushes, and therefore easily seen. All

imperfections in the specimens are due to the fact that, not

being a Lepidopterist, I was not equipped for collecting

moths.

The series of Parasemia plantaginis was taken on a bare

hill-side near Dorchester, where the species was very abundant

on May 29 over an area of a good many acres, its distribution

exactly coinciding with that of Agriades bellargus, whereas

corydon ranges over the whole hill. Many of the specimens

were worn, and only fresh males were captured, but all the

nine 9 9 that were seen, were taken. The latter are of interest

because probably none are really typical and most of them

have the black colour of the fore-wings much reduced. The

hind-wings appear to have a tendency to resemble those of

3 3, rather than those of typical 2 9. No second colony could

be found either on the same or on the neighbouring hills.

Wincep “ Wera.”—Commander WALKER also exhibited,

on behalf of Mr. Morris N. Watt, of New Zealand, a photo-

graph of a “ Weta ” (Deinacrida sp.) fully winged, the species

being usually apterous. (Plate B.)

CoLIAS ERATE AND HyBRIDS.—Mr. A. H. Jones ‘exhibited

a series of Colias erate, from Sarepta, and its supposed hybrids,

with C. hyale and C. edusa. This hybridisation has long

been suspected. Kane in his manual published close upon

thirty years ago speaks of “ab. Sareptensis, Stgr., hybrid

with erate? from Sarepta, South Russia—of deeper yellow

than preceding (hyale), with darker marginal band extending

longer and wider.”

These hybrids are shown together with the cross between

C. erate and C. edusa, var. chrysodona, Boisd., and the di-

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914. Plate B.

Photo Morris N. Watt. Half Tone Eng. Co., Lid.

WINGED “WETA”,

=te ae RP

Bhi th ste x

{ xevn -)

morphic form of the female erate, ab. pallida, Stgr. Also from

Sarepta a large form of Anthocharis cardamines, with an

expanse of 56 mm., to which Mr. Sheldon has given the name

of var. volgensis, and a diminutive British specimen about

half the size, taken by himself at Burston, Norfolk, on June 8,

1908. Also Plebeius pylaon, showing the two forms of the

male, and Lycaena arion having pronounced black dashes on

fore-wing, also from Sarepta, with the Asiatic form var.

cyanecula, Ev., of the latter species for comparison.

MENERIS TULBAGHIA AND ScaRLeT Fiowers.—Dr. G. B.

LonestarF exhibited a fine series of Meneris tulbaghia, L.,

a large and handsome Satyrine butterfly having much the

appearance and habits of a Nymphaline. He said that the

species was peculiar to South Africa, and was best. known

im the mountainous districts of Cape Colony, where it was

sometimes spoken of as ‘“‘ the mountain butterfly,” but was

also known as “‘ the Peacock,” from the row of blue ocelli

on the hind-wings. According to Mr. Trimen it was the sole

representative of the genus, but Prof. Aurivillius considered

it congeneric with indosa, Trim., and dendrophilus, Trim.,

insects placed by other authors in Lethe, which they resembled

im general appearance and habits. [The same box contained

specimens of dendrophilus from East London.] Trimen called

attention to the decided liking of tulbaghia for red flowers,

mentioning Nerine, Haemanthus, Antholyza and Disa cornuta.

This was well known to Cape collectors, indeed Mr. Lightfoot

had seen the butterfly settle on picked blossoms of Nerine

lying on the ground at his side when he was sitting at lunch

on Table Mountain. Dr. Longstaff had taken it on Nerve

near George, and had seen quite a number of this lovely

butterfly on the gorgeous scarlet flowers of Vallota in Knysna

Forest. There could be no question of protective resemblance

in this case, and he asked the Fellows present whether they

were aware of any other like instances of butterflies showing a

decided predilection for a particular colour.

The Rev. G. WHEELER said that amongst the old records

of Aricia (Polyommatus) artaxerxes, two entomologists. pub-

lished observations on the fondness of this insect for blue

flowers, Stewart particularising Knautia arvensis, blue scabious,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., III, Iv, 1914. 6

« xevan |)

and Buchanan White Lycopsis arvensis, bugloss; in this case

also there could be no cryptic resemblance, since artaxerzes,

though one of the “ blues,” had not a particle of blue about

it on either the upper or under side.

Mr. Smmes said that at Brindisi he had noticed the special

fondness of Melanargia arge for purple flowers.

Prof. PouLTON observed that the fondness of certain Pierines

for yellow flowers might be accounted for on cryptic grounds ;

he also mentioned Lord Avebury’s observations on bees and

the colour of flowers. He further said that it had been

observed by Prof. Meldola that the 22 of several British

butterflies that carried the ¢¢ in the nuptial flight were

more brilliantly coloured than the other sex.

The Rev. G. WHEELER said that he had paid a good deal of

attention to this point for some years, and that the result of

his experience was that in the Lycaenids the $ always carried

the 9, while in other Families, except the Hesperidae, none

of which he had ever seen in flight when paired, the ? carried

the g. Speaking from memory he could say with certainty

that this was the case on the one hand with Plebeius argus

(aegon), P. argyrognomon, Polyommatus icarus, Agriades

corydon, and A. thetis, and on the other with Dryas paphia,

Argynnis adippe, A. aglaia, Pararge aegeria, Lpinephele

jurtina, Aphantopus hyperanthus, Coenonympha pamphilus,

Melanargia galatea, and the common Pierids. What had

specially struck him was that he had never seen a single

exception to the rule. He suggested that it was rather a

matter of weight than of colour, the 2 being generally smaller

than the ¢ among the Lycaenids, whilst in other families it

was usually the larger, often conspicuously so.

Mr. H. J. TurNer said that in all cases that he had noticed

the 2 carried the 3, but that he had never seen paired Lycaenids

in flight.

The PresipENT entirely endorsed Mr. Wheeler’s observa-

tions as to the Lycaenids, having seen the 2 of various species

carried by the 3.

With regard to colour forming an attraction to the 9,

Dr. CockayNE commented on the fact that at Royston,

where the 3 A. corydon was so scarce that every specimen

( txehx: 7)

was surrounded by half-a-dozen 2°, the other 22 also pursued

specimens of ab. semi-syngrapha, which is not uncommon there,

and whose blue colour renders it conspicuous and causes an

approach to the ¢ in appearance.

The Presipent asked whether Dr. Cockayne’s statement

that every 3 was pursued by half-a-dozen 29 was a deliberate

expression of opinion, to which he replied that while of course

it was impossible to speak definitely of each individual speci-

men yet it was certainly true in a general way.

The Rev. G. WHEELER said that according to his experiences

at Royston, extending over several years but not including

the present year, Dr. Cockayne had greatly understated his

case, and that it would have been generally true to say that

the $3 were a source of attraction to something more like

twenty 22 at a time.

THE PROPORTION OF THE FEMALE FORMS OF PAPILIO POLYTES

iN Nortu Kanara.—Prof. Poutron read the following letter

written June 27, 1914, by Mr. T. R. Bell from Karwar, N.

Kanara, in the Bombay Presidency. He pointed out the

extremely interesting difference between the proportions

observed by Mr. Bell and those obtained by Mr. J. C. F. Fryer

in Ceylon (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. ser. B, vol. cciv, pp.

297-254).

“T have got your letter about polytes. I have bred thou-

sands of them, of course; and, among all these, I have never

yet got a single specimen of [the male-lke] female cyrus.

The two other forms of the female, the one like hector and the

one like aristolochiae—they are called romulus and polytes,

I think, are they not ?—are equally common, perhaps the

rvomulus (hector-like) the commoner of the two. I am at

“present breeding some for you; there are about thirty pupae,

and I expect to be able to get you a few hundred as you

desire. I once and only once managed to catch a cyrus female ;

| have got her in my collection as a very rare and desirable

beast. It is funny that these regions should not yield any

cyrus females, but there are funnier things still in connection

with polytes—that the hector-like form should only extend,

or nearly so, as far as the real hector extends, for example.

‘I am always breeding moths and butterflies, but have

(7)

little time for any experiments, as they take time, and one

must have leisure as well as be able to stay in one place for a

certain length of time. Anyway, I'll try and send you what

vou want.”

THE MALE AND FEMALE OF ACRAEA CHILO OBSERVED IN

corru.—Prof. Poutron said that he had received a letter

dated Oct. 6, 1914, from Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers at Sagalla,

near Voi, British East Africa. In this letter he had been

much pleased to read the following interesting and long-

looked-for observation :—

“On Sept. 11 I observed a pair of Acraea chilo, Godm.,

in copula, the female being of the form long known as A.

crystallina, Gr.Sm, Unfortunately they flew into a large

thorn tree, where they were quite inaccessible; but, as it

was entirely leafless, I was able to make quite sure of the

identity of the insects. I could see them only a few feet

away through the branches, although I could not dislodge

them. The female was the active member in the marriage

flight, the male hanging inert behind her. I think you will

be glad to have this confirmation of Neave’s discovery (Ent.

Mo. Mag., 1909, p. 171).”

Maes oF CERATOPOGON MYRMECOPHILUS AND Formi-

COXENUS NITIDULUS ON THE HILLOCK OF FORMICA RUFA NEAR

BourNemoutH.—Pyof. Poutron exhibited the specimens and

read the following note contributed by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of

the Hope Department :—

“The small flies exhibited, which Mr. Donisthorpe has

identified as Ceratopogon myrmecophilus, Egger, were first taken

by him in England a few years ago. I found them m abund-

ance flying and settling on a single nest of the large wood-ant,

Formica rufa, L., near Bournemouth, on Aug. 6 last. I had

no doubt, from the moment I saw them, that they were truly

myrmecophilous, because of the fearlessness with which they

moved about among the ants on the surface of the hillock.

The ants did not attempt to molest them in any way, merely

touching them with their antennae and passing on. Other

small flies which, by way of experiment, I threw among the

ants were immediately seized and carried off. I also enclosed

one of the Ceratopogon with six of the ants in a glass-bottomed

cL)

pill-box. and even in such close quarters the fly remained for

a day and a half quite uninjured.

‘“ While watching these flies I noticed, on the surface of the

same nest, a small ant running about, which I recognised as

Formicoxenus nitidulus, Nyl., a species invariably found in the

nest of F. rufa. I continued to watch the nest and took

altogether thirty-four individuals, all of which I suspected.

at the time would prove to be males, a view subsequently

confirmed by examination of the mounted specimens with a

strong lens. No worker of this ant was seen during the hour

and a half spent in watching the nest. This, I think, is very

significant, and leads one to believe that the apterous males

were in all probability seeking for the winged females, or that

their presence on the surface may possibly attract the females.

Under any circumstances, I feel convinced that their presence

on the nest was related to subsequent courtship and pairing.”

Mr. DontstHorPE said he had found the male of Ceratopogon

myrmecophilus, Egger, in many localities hovering over nests

of Formica rufa, but the female seemed to be very rare. He

had taken one in a rufa nest at Oxshott, bred a second in his

rufa observation-nest, and a third he found in a nest of

F. exsecta which he had brought up from Parkhurst Forest,

Isle of Wight. Formicoxenus nitidulus was, he said, only

found in nests of Formica rufa and F. pratensis; he had

once found the male in some numbers in, and on, a nest of

F. rufa at Weybridge; the day was dull and cloudy, just

such a day as described by Wheeler when he observed the

copulation of this ant in Switzerland, and as soon as the sun

came out the ants all disappeared into the nest. Mr.

Donisthorpe said that no winged females were found with

the males at Weybridge, and he had only once taken the

winged female, at Bournemouth, some years ago. How this

species founded new colonies was not known, but he had

suggested that after copulation the female flew away to

another rufa nest, though some would re-enter their own

rufa nest, which would account for the fact that a number of

deilated females were usually present in the same nest.

Mr. CrawLey remarked that though no marriage flight

was possible in the case of species with apterous 3d, yet an

(><>)

analogous activity occurred, the g$¢ running about in an

excited manner on the surface of the nest.

New Species or RuopaLocera.—Mr. G. Tatzor, on behalf

of Mr. J. J. Joicey exhibited the following :—

(1) Specimens to illustrate a paper, by Messrs. Joicey and

Rosenberg, on new species of Catasticta, viz. :—Catasticta

noakesi, C. fulva, C. grisea, C. huancabambensis, C. talbott,

C. rosea, and Daptoneura nigrocosta.

(2) New species of Lepidoptera in the collection of Mr.

Joicey, viz.:—Ornithoptera joiceyi, $ and 9, Delias nigro-

punclata, Delias fuliginosus, 2 ab. ochraceus, and Charagia

hampsoni, 3 and 9.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“ Notes on the Life-History of Plebeius zephyrus, var.

lycidas,” by T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

‘“ Note on the Manubrium of the ninth sternite in the male

Karwig,”’ by Matcotm Burr, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S.. ete.

“ The Opisthomeres and the Gonapophyses in the Derma-

ptera,”’ by the same.

“On the Male Genital Armature of the Dermaptera ”—

Parts I-III, by the same.

Wednesday, November 18th, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. Harry GEorGE Cuampion, B.A., c/o U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture, Entomological Bureau, Washington, U.S.A. ;

J. J. Lister, St. John’s College, Cambridge, and Merton

House, Grantchester; and Rev. James Warersron, B.D.,

B.Se., 22 Blandford Road, Bedford Park, W., were elected

Fellows of the Society.

( ci )

Honour for Ex-President.

“The Presipent announced that the Royal Society had

awarded the Darwin Medal to Prof. E. B. Poutron, a former

President of the Entomological Society.

Nomination of Officers and Council.

Before announcing the nominations for the next year’s

Officers and Council, the Secretary said that the present

Council desired to put on record their great regret that

Dr. Chapman had again declined to be nominated for the

Presidency. The Council felt that his continued absence

from the Presidential chair would be a lasting stigma on

the Society, unless it were somehow put on record that it

was by his own desire that he did not occupy it.

The Nominations of the Council were as follows :—

President, the Hon: N. Cuartes Roruscuip, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z.8.; Treasurer, A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Comm. J. a

Waker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; the Rev. Gzorcre WHEELER,

M.A., F.Z.8.; Librarian, G. C. Cuampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S.;

Other Members of Council, G. T. Beruune-Baxker, F.LS.,

¥.Z.8S:; E. A. Butter, B.A., B.Sc.; E. A. Cockayne, M.D. ;

J. E. Cotury, F.Z.S.; H. Exrrineuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. ;

C. J. Ganan, M.A.; E. Ernest Green; G. B. Lonestarr,

M.A., M.D.; G. Mrapr-Watpo, M.A.; G. W. NicHotson,

M.A., M.D.; H. RowLanp-Brown, M.A.; A. E. Tones.

Exhibitions.

ANTHROCERA MELILOTI (?) AND PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA

¥ROM CAMBERLEY.—Mr. EK. E. Green exhibited 2 specimens

of an Anthrocera (Zygaena) from Camberley taken Aug. 20,

1914, which appeared to be A. meliloti, though South states

that “‘the only part of Britain that the species inhabits is

the New Forest, Hampshire.” He also exhibited a specimen

of the rare Hypenid Parascotia fuliginaria taken at light at

Camberley, July 21, 1914.

The PRESIDENT said that he should have named the speci-

mens melilotz without hesitation, and Mr. JoNEs concurred.

Mr. Row.anp-Brown hoped that Mr. Green would not

divulge the exact locality.

( cm. )

A REMARKABLE CoLiap.—Mr. KE. B. Asusy exhibited on

behalf of Mr. Dickinson a few butterflies from Hinterzarten

in.the Black Forest and from Pontresina. Amongst them

was a @ Colias palaeno, var. europomene, of the large form

of the lower levels, and another which was regarded by the

exhibitor as an aberration.

The Rev. G. WHEELER expressed the opinion that the

latter was a hybrid between C. palaeno and C. hyale. It was

afterwards pointed out by Mr. H. J. Turner that the

antennae were different, one resembling those of C. palaeno

the other those of C. hyale.

PARASITE IMPRISONED IN THE Cocoon or its Host.—

Mr. Pripeavux brought for exhibition the cocoon described

in the following note, with its contents :—

In 1913, a larva of Bombyx quercus, apparently healthy,

spun its cocoon, but no emergence took place that summer

or next. On cuttimg open the cocoon, the dead, shrivelled

larva was found inside, together with the empty puparium

of a dipterous parasite, which, with the wings unexpanded,

lay beside it, imprisoned within the cocoon of its host. He

inquired whether the case was an unusual one, since in his

experience the parasites as a rule leave the body of this larva

before the very tough cocoon is spun.

BUTTERFLIES FROM CENTRAL Spain.—Myr. Sigs exhibited

a series of Agriades thersites, Plebeius zephyrus, var. hesperica,

and Melitaea desfontaini from Albarracin taken in the end

of May and the beginning of June this year. The 92 of

A. thersites were strongly marked with blue, and amongst

the gd was a specimen the underside of which had only

the discoidal and marginal spots.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

‘A Revision of the Mexican and Central American T'ele-

phorinae (Fam. Telephoridae) with Descriptions of New

Species,” by GEoRGE CHARLES CHAMPION, A.L.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S.

‘“ Descriptions of two New Genera and New Species ot

Mymaridae from Tasmania,” by CHas. O. WATERHOUSE,

1.8.0., F.E.S.

Wednesday, December 2nd, 1914.

Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in

the Chair.

Election of Honorary Fellow.

Prof. LAMEERE of Brussels was elected to the Honorary

Fellowship vacant by the resignation (and subsequent death)

of Dr. August Weismann.

Prof. Poutron read a letter showing the circumstances

under which Dr. Weismann had been persuaded to sign the

declaration of the German Professors.

Appointment of Auditors.

The President announced that he had nominated the

following Fellows to act as Auditors :—

On the Council: Messrs. 8. Epwarps, G. MEaprE-WALpDo,

and H. RowLanp-Brown.

Not on the Council ; Messrs. R. W. Luoyp, H. J. TurNEr,

and C. O. WATERHOUSE.

Kahibitions.

CoLoRATION OF DESERT HYMENOpTERA.—The Rev. F. D.

Morice exhibited a few Hymenoptera of various groups from

Egypt, Algeria, etc., showing the silvery pubescence and pale

colours frequently characteristic of Desert insects. Also a

lantern slide showing the seventh ventral segment in Prosopis

communis 3.

Dark ABERRATION OF ARGYNNIS NIOBE.—Mr. H. J. TURNER

exhibited a striking aberration of an Argynnis with sym-

metrically coalescent dark markings on the upper side and

the silver spots on the under side hind-wing forming a triple

basal blotch and marginal streaks; it was taken this year on

August 2, in the deserted garden of Prince Henry of Prussia

at St. Moritz in the Engadine. The species being uncertain

Mr. Turner showed with it specimens of the three Swiss species

of Argynnis.

The Rev. G. WHEELER observed that in the case of a ¢

( ev )

the species were readily distinguishable by the position of

the androconia on the nervures, and by this test the insect

was shown to be A. niobe.

Prey or an Arrican Asiitip.—Mr, 8S. A. NuAveE exhibited

a large series of insects, 1326 in all, forming the prey of a

common Asilid, Promachus fasciatus, including Lepidoptera

91, Coleoptera 279, Hymenoptera 334, Orthoptera 55, Rhyn-

chota and Homoptera 132, Neuroptera 4, and Diptera 361, of

which no less than 101 were other, or in a few cases, the same,

species of Asilid. H> also exhibited an example of a Mantis,

Polyspilota pustulata, Stal, preying upon the large Asilid,

Hyperechia consimilis, Wood.

Mr. Neave received the thanks of the Society for this

interesting and laboriously collected exhibit.

A scaRCE British NeEvRorreERoN.—Mr. W. J. Lucas ex-

hibited a specimen of Drepanepteryx phalaenoides, Linn.

(Order Neuroptera), taken about the end of July 1914, by

Mr. EK. A. C. Stowell, B.A., at Bexhill. It was found sitting

very quietly on the glass of a street lamp between 10 and

11.30 p.m., on the outskirts of Bexhill about three-quarters

of a mile from the sea. It so closely resembles the Hook-tip

Drepana falcataria that its captor took it for that species.

For a Neuropteron it is fairly large; but still this was only

about the twentieth specimen that had been captured in

Britain. Apparently it seldom flies in the daytime, and may

on that account escape notice. Judging by the date of

capture of various specimens its period of flight is a long one.

A MOVABLE MICROSCOPIC sTAGE.—Dr. H. ELrrincHam

exhibited a little machine of his own invention consisting of

a mechanical stage specially adapted for the microscopical

examination of pinned insects, and so contrived as to admit

ot the insect on its pin being turned completely round on both

a vertical and horizontal axis, without its departing from

centre of the field or the focal plane.

An AUSTRALIAN LYCAENID LARVA RESEMBLING THE FLOWER

OF THE “ WATTLE,” ON WHICH IT FEEDS.—Prof. PouLTon

exhibited the flowers of an Acacia, probably A. baileyana,

F. v. Muell., together with a female Lycaenid, Nacaduba

hiocellata, Feld., and the pupa-case from which it had emerged.

( “evn )

On August 3 Jast Prof. Poulton was collecting Thrips with

Mr. H. M. Giles, at Mundaring Weir, in the Darlmg Range,

near Perth, W.A. While shaking the flowers of a Wattle over

a sheet of cardboard, there fell a Lycaenid larva which bore

the most remarkable resemblance to the yellow fluffy balls

of the inflorescence. The likeness, mainly due to the long

yellow hairs with which the larva was clothed, was increased

by its attitude, the body being rather strongly curved. Mr.

G. A. Waterhouse, to whom he had described the caterpillar,

had told him that no such Lycaenid larva was known in

Australia. The Acacia was a small tree, one of a series

evidently artificially planted by the roadside. The name,

given by Mr. Giles, had been confirmed by Dr. Otto Stapf,

F.R.S., so far as it was possible to determine the species from

the dried flowers alone. A. baileyana was only known wild

in a limited area of New South Wales, but the Mundaring

plant was not wild. The larva pupated without any supply

of food beyond the quickly drying blossoms enclosed with it,

and the imago emerged August 30, on the P. and O. steamer

‘Malwa,’ off Albany, W.A.

Dr. G. D. H. CarPENTER’s OBSERVATIONS ON DoryLus

NIGRICANS, ILLIc., IN DAMBA AND BuGALLA IsLAnps.—Prof.

POULTON read the following record of observations from the

same letter as that quoted in the succeeding note on A. egialea.

Dr. Carpenter’s further conclusions as to the habits of the

Driver ants of these islands in the N.W. of the Victoria

Nyanza had been published in Proc. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913,

CXXVIIL.

“T have got some notes for you on Dorylus, which T think

may be of interest to the Entomological Society. Isend them

because I have recently been interested in reading Lamborn’s

and Farquharson’s notes [Proc. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1913,

exxil-cxxvil; 1914, v—vii]. Of course I constantly meet

them out hunting, and sometimes get them all over me! As

a general rule, in the forest, one can hear them before seeing

them. They run up branches and tall stems, and then when

they get to the top either fall or drop off on to the leaves below,

and the pattering noise thus made (like that of tiny raindrops)

is very distinctive, and often gives one warning. They cer-

( eviii_ )

tainly do eat vertebrates. I once heard pitiful squeaks in

long grass and found they were attacking a baby rodent :

needless to say I freed the infant! One night on Bugalla an

enormous army raided my house—luckily they did not attack

me in my tent, although one small column came through it—-

and devoured a nestful of young swallows. Bones and all

were carried away, and when I got up in the morning I found

the nest full of a writhing mass of these brutes! I know no

more horrid sight in nature than a huge caterpillar rolling

over and over in agony while it is cut up alive. The Drivers

will even manage to cut up slugs, in spite of the slime poured

out which usually overwhelms some of them. However, a

new species of snail like a huge Vitrina, which was not un-

common on Damba, used to escape. It shrank as far as

possible within the shell, and produced a mass of bubbles

of mucus which so completely surrounded it, shell and all,

by a barrier about half an inch thick, that the ants could not

get at any part of its body. It was curious to see them biting

into the foam and of course finding nothing : and the bubbles

were so tenacious that they could not be burst. When an

army of Dorylus had been through the jungle hunting, one

used to see numbers of these snails which had tried to escape

by crawling up tall stems, and then, having come to the top,

had surrounded themselves by foam. Indeed, these were

the only occasions on which I ever found this mollusc, which

probably lives low down among decaying leaves, etc.

“T very often used to see Dorylus hunting on Damba fly

beach, while I was doing observational fly work there. Be-

tween the edge of the forest and the water was a pebbly beach

about ten yards wide, and when the ants were hunting, this

was thronged with lurking denizens of the dark damp places

among dead leaves, etc., which had to flee for their lives from

the forest. Cockroaches ran madly about in all directions—

if only they kept their heads they might have escaped—but

they ran about so wildly that they often tumbled head over

heels and thus fell all the easier victims! I twice saw, hover-

ing over these cockroaches, and occasionally suddenly pouncing

down (apparently for the purpose of ovipositing) several of a

small long-bodied inseect—it might have been a Dipteron or

(G feme®)

an Ichneumon, but the hovering and darting flight suggested

rather a Syrphid. It was so extraordinarily active that I

failed to catch it. At the time I was puzzled by this, for I

couldn’t see the object of laying an egg in an insect which was

destined to be cut up into little bits at once! I was therefore

extraordinarily pleased, when recently re-reading Bates on

the Amazons, to note that he describes a precisely analogous

thing in the case of a fly of genus Stylogaster (Conopidae) and

the foraging ants Eciton. He says ‘the armies of all Ecitons

are accompanied by small swarms of a kind of two-winged

fly . . . these swarms hover with rapidly vibrating wings

at a height of a foot or less from the soil over which the Ecitons

are moving, and occasionally one of the flies darts with

great quickness towards the ground. I found they were not

occupied in transfixing ants, although they have a long

needle-shaped proboscis, which suggests that conclusion,

but most probably in depositing their eggs in the soft bodies

of insects which the ants were driving away from their hiding-

places. These eggs would hatch after the ants had placed

their booty in their hive as food for their young.’

“ Isn't it extraordinarily interesting that two such different

species of ants, but of precisely similar habits, should be

attacked by parasites in the same way in South America and

Uganda? If one thinks of it there is very little chance for

an enemy to attack these ants, which are so active and ferocious

and of wandering habits. So either this method, or the

method of stealing the pupae which Lamborn described

recently, had been evolved as a means of checking such a

formidable species. But what extraordinarily fine adjust-

ment to the habits of the ant! The method of gaining an

entrance into the inaccessible nest reminds one rather of old

stories such as the wooden horse of Troy, etc. !

“T once saw a Hemipterous insect escape being eaten by

Dorylus. It was one of the flat, triangular, vegetable-feeding

type. The ants were all over the bush and frequently seized

an antenna or a leg of the bug, but always let go agam. This

is interesting, because they will eat such distasteful things as

Acraeine larvae and pupae.

* In almost the first column of Dorylus which I saw on the

( cx )

march (not hunting but hurrying along a narrow pathway)

I found amongst the ants a Coprid beetle [probably an aberrant

Onthophagus, or belonging to an allied genus], which I was

informed by the Entomological Research Committee was quite

unlike anything they had in the British Museum. It was—

so far as I remember—about half an inch long, black, highly

polished and flattened, with limbs closely fitting. It ran

along in the midst of the column, with ants all round it and

often hurrying over it. Sometimes it came near the edge of

the column (which was about six ants wide), and had it been an

involuntary inclusion in the army could easily have escaped,

but always went back again amongst the ants. It must

certainly have been myrmecophilous—a bold insect indeed

to attach itself to such ferocious friends! This column was

a particularly large one. When I noticed it first, on the

evening of July 18, 1910, it was crossing a pathway, and the

ants ran between walls formed of others standing as it were

on tiptoe with jaws widely agape. These walls are literally |

made of a meshwork of ants with entangled legs—and

sometimes they roof over the line of march in the same way.

‘* At sunset, then, on July 18, the column of ants was pouring

across the road, coming out of a hole on one side and going

down a hole the other side. My notes, made at the time,

said— I think every ant had a pupa, but not one carried a

jarva.’ It was in this column that I saw the beetle before

mentioned. On the morning of July 19, the column was

still streaming across in the same direction, and flowed con-

tinuously until 3 p.m., when the living walls had broken up.

and the column was formed of a few ants only without pupae :

by sunset they had all crossed over. But for at least twenty-

four hours (for I have no doubt whatever they had been

marching all night) they had been passing in a continuous

stream! This must have been the occasion of a change from

one temporary camp to another.

“The 3 Dorylus is a most objectionable fellow. In the

first place he uses the end of his long and heavy abdomen as

an extra leg with which to push himself along (after the

manner of a Carabid larva). In the second place he is

attracted by light and comes buzzing and banging round, and

(texan 4

crawling everywhere in the objectionable manner I have

mentioned, until one is forced to bottle him—one cannot

get rid of him otherwise. As many times as he is hurled

away with frightful curses back he comes—until one is sick

of him! Before rain is the time,—and I have had as many as

twenty come one after another!”

Dr. G. D. H. CARPENTER’S OBSERVATION OF THE EPIGAMIC

USE OF ITS ANAL BRUSHES BY THE MALE AMAURIS PSYTTALEA,

Pi61Tz.—Prof. Poutron read the following note extracted

from a letter written to him, July 23, 1914, from Kome

Island in the N.W. of the Victoria Nyanza, by Dr. G. D. H.

Carpenter :—

* On July 21 at the edge of the forest here on Kome Island,

about 3 p.m., I saw the courtship of Amauris psyttalea, Plotz.

I noticed two flying about, obviously a male pursuing a female.

Presently the latter settled on an erect dead flower-spike of

an aromatic labiate, about two feet above the ground. : She

sat with head upwards, and body perpendicular, wings out-

spread at right angles. The 3 hovered flutteringly about

four inches over her head, rising and falling a little, but on

the whole at about the same level. His abdomen hung down

a little and every now and then, at tervals of a few seconds,

the two flaps [the ¢ claspers, especially large in Danaines|

at the end of the body were widely separated (so.as to stand

out at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body) and

the brush was quickly protruded and as quickly drawn in

again. I was surprised to see what a large structure it was—

being quite white and visible at a distance of several yards.

In fact, I first noticed it at that distance, and went closer to

see what was going on. The 2 sat quite still, except for an

occasional very slight movement of the wings. I watched

for a minute or so, and it was impossible to doubt that the g

was endeavouring to excite the 9. Just as I thought I would

catch them as records, the 2 suddenly flew away and the 3

followed. I have, however, no doubt of the species.

‘The very sudden protrusion of the brush might easily

cause the peculiar fine hairs of stellate section, described by

Eltringham, to break into sections which would float like dust

in the air.”

( ext }

Prof. PouLTON said it would be remembered that Mr. W. A.

Lamborn had observed the stroking of the hind-wing brands

by the anal brushes of the male Amauris niavius, L. (Proc.

Ent. Soc., Lond., 1911, xlvi, xlvii), and A. egialea, Cram. (1912,

XXXIV, Xxxv; 1913, ]xxxii, Ixxxiv). Dr. Carpenter had now

carried these observations a stage further, by showing the

manner in which the brushes, presumably charged with scent

from the brands, were employed in courtship. The relative

positions of the two insects suggested the possibility that the

antennae of the female were the sense organs stimulated by

the odoriferous powder. It was most satisfactory that these

valuable observations in the field should throw so much light

upon, and receive so much hght from, Dr. Eltringham’s

admirable investigations in the laboratory.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

‘** Further Observations on the Structure of the Scent-

organs in certain Brush-bearing Male Butterflies,” by H.

Ev_Trincuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S.

The paper was profusely illustrated with slides shown in

the Epidiascope.

() can, }

ANNUAL MEETING.

Wednesday, January 20th, 1915.

Mr. G. T. BeTHuNE-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., President, in the

Chair.

Mr. R. W. Lioyn, one of the Auditors, read the Auditors’

Report, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. E. B. Asusy,

seconded by Mr. Tonae.

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, then read the

following

Report of the Council.

During the current year we have again had occasion to

elect one Honorary Fellow in place of Dr. August WEISMANN,

and the choice of the Council, endorsed by the Society, fell

on a Belgian Entomologist, Professor A. LAamMEERE of

Brussels.

Our losses by death among the Ordinary Fellows have been

unusually few, amounting to six only, viz. the Rev. E. N.

BLooMFIELD, and Messrs. B. C. Cuetry, H. T. Dosson,

H. H. Lyman, E. Oxtvrer, and Wm. WarREN, one of whom,

Mr. Lyman, went down with his wife in the Hmpress of

Ireland. Our losses in other directions are, however, some-

- what heavier than usual, nine Fellows having resigned, and

ten being removed from the list. We have thus lost in all

twenty-five ordinary Fellows, while thirty-four have been

elected; our numbers, therefore, still showing an increase,

since we have now six hundred and thirteen ordinary and

twelve Honorary Fellows, reaching a total of six hundred

and twenty-five.

Important as the year 1914 has been in other ways, there

is unusually little to chronicle with regard to the Entomo-

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1914. H

( -txiv.)

logical Society. The Officers, Council and Fellows unani-

mously associated themselves with the forcible yet dignified

Reply published in The Times of Nov. 4th to the Declaration

by certain German Professors on the responsibility of Great

Britain for the War, and the Society has, again by a unani-

mous vote, opened its library and its meetings during the

War to Entomologists of allied nations who are members

of a recognised Society, and temporarily resident in this

country, on the same footing as ordinary Fellows, except for

the right of voting.

The Darwin Medal has this year been awarded by the

Royal Society to an ex-President of our own, Professor E, B.

POULTON.

Our Transactions for this year form a Volume of some

540 pages, containing 20 papers by the following Authors :—

The Prestpent, Messrs. G. C. Campion, A.L.S., F.ZS.,

F.E.S., (2), T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S., (5), E.

DUKINFIELD-JONES, F.Z.S., F.E.S., J. Harttey Durrant,

F.E.S. (in conjunction with the Rev. F. D. Moricr, F.E.S.),

F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S., Miss Marcaret EK. Fountatne,

F.E.S., Messrs. E. Ernest GREEN, F.E.S., Gzorrrey MEADE-

Watpo, M.A., F.E.S., Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.RB.S.,

F.E.S., Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S. (in conjunction with

Mr. J. Harttey Durrant, F.E.S.), Kenneta J. Morton,

F.E.S., R. C. L. Perkins, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S., Frank H.

Tayior, F.E.8., and Cuas. O. WatEernousgE, I.8.0., F.E.S.

Of these, nine refer to the Lepidoptera, five to the Hymeno-

ptera, two each to the Coleoptera and Diptera, and one each

to the Homoptera and Odonata. While the papers are not

so numerous nor the Transactions quite so voluminous as of

late years, they are illustrated by no less than 92 plates,

consisting of 8 chromo-lithographs, 1 three-colour plate, 1 black-

and-white lithograph, 67 half-tone plates, and 14 line blocks.

The entire cost of 2 chromos and 5 line blocks was contributed

by Mr. F. D. Gopman, and the entire cost of 8 half-tones,

as well as the drawings and half the cost of reproduction of

4 chromos and 40 half-tones by Dr. CuapmMan; the drawings

or photographs for 1 chromo were given by Mr. E. DuUKINFIELD-

Jones, for 11 half-tones by the President, for 2 half-tones by

¢ ‘exy>”)

Mr. F. H. Taytor, for 1 half-tone by Mr. Kenner J. Morton,

for 7 line blocks by Mr. F. W. Epwarps, for 2 line blocks by

Mr. E. Ernest GREEN and for 1 half-tone by Mr. C. O. WaTER-

HOUSE.

The Proceedings, which occupy 112 pages, are also illus-

trated by two half-tone plates, the entire cost of one of which

was borne by Dr. CHAPMAN, as well as by several text-figures

and a chart,* and contain, in addition to notices of the exhibits

made at the meetings, an account of several important dis-

coveries, largely contributed by Fellows at work in Africa,

and a report of interesting discussions which have arisen at

the meetings. Notwithstanding the fact that many of the

younger Entomologists are with the colours, the attendance

at these has been well kept up by the older Fellows, and

has never fallen so low as 50, even since the outbreak of the

War.

The TREASURER reports as follows :—

‘“‘The balance sheet compares favourably with that of last

year. One satisfactory result is a record receipt for Annual

Subscriptions, being £5 in excess of last year and £40 in excess

of the average totals five years ago. The other receipts are

less than the previous year, with the exception of the amount

under the heading of ‘ Interest on Investments.’ This sum

steadily increases, and now amounts to nearly £40 per annum—

comparing with £29 17s. 2d. in 1910.

“The cost for printing, £407 3s. 2d., is a heavy item, but

during the ensuing year I have every reason to anticipate

this expense being materially reduced. The cost for plates,

£169 4s. 3d., may appear excessive, but from this item £58

14s. 9d. has to be deducted for the various amounts received

from contributors, and is merged in the total of £65 18s. 6d.

under the head of ‘ Donations.’ The further depreciation of

£41 18s. 1ld. in the value of our securities, since the War,

is not, I think, excessive.

“A. Hucu JONzEs,

* Treasurer.”

* The President’s Address is illustrated by 12 half-tone plates, of

which he gives the entire cost.

(exvi 7}

The LrBraRiAN issues the following report :—

‘““ Twenty-two Volumes of the usual periodicals and publica-

tions of Societies and a large number of Separata have been

added to the Library during the past year, a list of which

will be included in Part V of the Transactions.

‘“‘ Four hundred and forty-nine volumes have been issued

for home use, and the Library has been largely used for

purposes of reference.”

The Report was adopted on the motion of Mr. W. J. Lucas,

seconded by Mr. Hucu Main.

No other names having been received in addition to

those proposed by the Council as Officers and Council for

1915, the following were declared by the President to be

elected.

President, the Hon. N. Coartes Rotuscuixp, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z.8.; Treasurer, A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Comm. J. J.

Wauxer, M.A., R.N., F.L.S8.; the Rev. Gtorcze WHEELER,

M.A., F.Z.S.; Librarian, G. C. CHampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S.;

Other Members of Council, G. T. Breraune-Baxer, F.L.S.,

W258. EA Borier, "BAS, B.Sc, “Hy Ay Cockayne, MAS

M.D., M.R.C.P., J. E. Cotuin, F.Z.S., H. Evtrinesam, M.A.,

D.Sc., F.Z.8., C. J. Ganan, M.A., E. Ernest Green, G. B.

LonestaFr, M.A., M.D., G. Meapr-Watpo, M.A., G. W.

Nicuotson, M.A., M.D., H. Rowtanp-Brown, M.A.,

A. K. Tonce.

The PrestpENnt then delivered his Address, illustrated by

the Epidiascope, after which Mr. MERRIFIELD proposed a

Vote of Thanks to him, remarking on the patience and research

needed for such a paper, and, while asking that it might be

printed as a portion of the Proceedings, expressed the hope

that the illustrations might also be reproduced. Dr. JoRDAN

seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously.

The PRESIDENT in replying said that he was offering twelve

Plates to the Society in illustration of the Address.

Mr. H. J. Turnrr then proposed a Vote of Thanks to the

Officers for their Services, which was seconded by the Rev.

F. D. Morice. The Treasurer and both SECRETARIES

replied, Mr. WHEELER taking occasion to beg all exhibitors

( ‘exvii }

to lighten the work of his office by giving him full notes of

all exhibits at the time, written in ink, on one side of the

paper, in the form in which it was intended they should

appear, and either with a title, or with space left for its

insertion,

( exvin’ ’)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

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ey gealilGeiwae! mi icee ces 2000 00

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found correct, Tuesday, 12th Jan.,

1915—

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GrUFFREY MrapE-WALDO.

STANLEY EDWARDS.

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Less total depreciation of £366 5s. 10d. in the value of Securities.

A. Hucu Jones, 7reasurer.

5th January 1916.

( vex, .)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

Tue year 1914 has pursued its way, so far as the

Society is concerned, very evenly, our meetings have been full

of interest, and our Transactions maintain, I hope, the stan-

dard that has made them valued all over the world. It will

not be out of place here to remark that we have recently

had to defer and also to refuse valuable papers for lack of

the means to publish them—this has been to some extent

by way of precaution on account of the present crisis, but

certainly not entirely so, and the need of a fund that could

be devoted to the publishing of expensive papers is being

greatly felt. The present may not be a suitable time to press

this need, but I cannot refrain from mentioning it.

I must not let my term of office pass away without express-

ing my warm thanks to both our well-tried secretaries, and

to our other officers as well; our genial Senior Editorial

Secretary, Commander Walker, is always the same, kind and

suave, ever ready to help in time of need, and with an ex-

perience on faunistic questions of the utmost value; our

energetic “ Minute ” Secretary, Mr. Wheeler, with his know-

ledge of literature and his large experience of Central European

butterflies, is always “‘on the spot” and equally ready with his |

help, and I believe we have probably never had a Secretary who

has given so much of his time to the Society, for I understand

that he spends some time nearly every day in these rooms,

examining our archives and seeing to our business—to both

these two friends my warmest thanks are tendered, for

they, with the Treasurer and the Librarian, have made the

past two years, years to be remembered by me, years of

(THERON)

much real pleasure, years of work made easy by their thought

and kindness.

The obituary is always a sad necessity—we have lost

by death six Fellows, viz. Edwin Newson Bloomfield, B. C.

Chetty, H. T. Dobson, Henry Herbert Lyman, Ernest Olivier

and William Warren.

It is impossible to close this prologue to the main topic of

my address without any reference to the greatest calamity

that has fallen upon us, and I may say upon the whole civilised

world. Whether this terrible war will be the last great war

among the nations—who can tell? Perchance, when it is

over and in cold blood the instigators of it, as well as all

participators in it, review the frightful tragedy thereof, is it

too much to hope that a higher ideal than “ might is right ”

may yet be reached ?—that is a doctrine that is not admitted

for the individual, even by the nation who would force it on

the world to-day. Surely, however, the nation should be

higher than the individual in its aims, so that after this

madness of greed is past, and all settle down and ponder, as

ponder they must, then perchance the blunt old English

adage “‘ Live and let live” may yet be accepted even by our

foes; and from that may all go on to recognise and build

up, in the common cause of a world humanity, such a comity

of nations as will prevent for all time the possibility of one

country ever obtaining the mastery and control of all with

whom it may come into contact; but for this it will be neces-

sary for each race to act on the principle that honour and

right dealing stand above a nation’s individual claims, in any

case where the two come into conflict.

I will now proceed with the subject of my address.

‘““THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASPING ORGANS IN INSECTS.”

It will without doubt be understood that clasping organs

refer to the more or less external armature at the telum.

It will perhaps be well first of all to point out the positions

of the various organs in the Lepidoptera, with, as far as I can,

their possible homologues in some other orders. We have in

the J.epidoptera, the tergite represented by the tegumen with

( sexx 7)

its falces often articulated to it, this is the main dorsal part

of the armature; in addition to this there is the cingula or

girdle, which really encircles the whole abdomen and is repre-

sented in the sternite also; this is the hindermost portion of

the genitalia, the saccus forming in reality a portion of it;

the cingula is sometimes a mere ring of fine chitin, more often

it is considerably developed, and is fused in the tergite with

the back part of the tegumen; in some cases the cingula is

articulated at the meeting-place of the tergite and sternite.

The anus is emitted directly below the tegumen. In the

sternite the largest organs are the harpagones or clasps, these

being paired; the ringwall of Zander is a chitinous collar

connected with the harpagones through which the edceagus

passes ; the furca, whilst not really homologous with the ring-

wall, yet seems to take its place in most of the Rhopalocera

and in some other cases. The edceagus only needs mention

to explain that it represents the whole organ, and that the

penis, the vesica and the ductus ejaculatorius are parts of it.

In the Trichoptera the superior appendages are, I believe,

homologues to a large extent of the tegumen and the inferior

appendages of the harpagones. In the Diptera the same

applies to a certain extent, but owing possibly to the position

assumed by these organs in this order they are reversed by

some authors. The Coleoptera have not, so far as I can trace,

true homologues to the Lepidopterous external organs;

neither, I believe, have the Hymenoptera, at least so far as

the Aculeata go, though they are provided with intricate

armature. The Odonata are quite distinct in all their char-

acters.

It will probably be well to consider the more lowly orders

first and to work upwards.

I have only been able to examine two species of the Thy-

sanura, which group have no clasping organs, but merely

sensory apophyses; this also is true with the Collembola, and,

I believe, the Thysanoptera.

Petrobius maritimus, Leach,

has an enveloping outer case surrounding the edceagus,

which (case) is slit lengthwise along the dorsum and the

( cxx )

venter, the edceagus is moderately long and straightish; on

each side of it there is a gonapophysis with a large ample

basal joint, at the end of which a long gradually tapering

somite is articulated, whilst through both of these a long sensory

duct is discernible terminating in a fine stylet emitted from

the tapered end of the somite just referred to.

Petrobius brevistylis, Carpenter,

has the edceagus very long, of moderate width for its basal

half, when it gradually expands, and is roughly the shape of

an Indian club; its enveloping case is simple, only covering

half the length, but in addition there are a pair of rather

longer somewhat narrowly elliptical sclerites, forming a

vertical cover to the basal part of the edceagus. The gonapo-

physes (one on each side) have the basal somite less ample

than in maritimus, whilst the terminal somite is shorter but

more robust and almost straight, with a bluntly rounded apex,

from which is emitted the very short stylet that forms the end

of the long sensory ducts running through these organs. I

believe that this whole group of insects has the male organs

developed on similar lines to these.

In the Orthoptera the genitalia have been used in recent

years with much advantage for classificatory purposes. In

the Dermaptera the word “ parameres”’ has been adopted

for parts of the armature that are apparently more or less

homologous to some of the clasping organs in other orders.

Zacher and Burr and Jordan have all dealt with the repro-

ductive organs including these parts, and as Dr. Burr has

ready a valuable work on the subject it is unnecessary to touch

on it here. I may, however, present a single figure of another

section of the order, viz. the cockroaches. Blatta and Peri-

planeta follow closely similar lines; both have thoroughly

asymmetrical organs though they differ in certain minor

characters.

Periplaneta americana

has a pair of large outer cerci in which the asymmetry

referred to is very evident: the length of the one differs from

that of the other, the articulations differ also, both in number

Keo we Jog yn

yrwwhk” ( exxili ) hi

and in size; there are also a pair of smaller inner cercythat

differ in length, but these are simple, not being articulated ;

there are two comparatively smallish lateral organs that are

perhaps homologues of the harpagones of the Lepidoptera,

the one assumes a somewhat “ clasp ’’-like form and is deeply

serrate, the other is twice the size with a longish pointed

apex on one side and a sharply dentate short arm-like apophysis

on the other side; whilst there are also two largish apophyses

on one side, one of which is dentate for a portion of its length,

somewhat ribbon-like in shape, whilst the other ends in a

tubular-pointed and hooked apex; there is nothing on the

other side corresponding with these organs unless we consider

a smallish finely membranous cone-like process as a set-off

tothem. The edceagus is quite small for the size of the insect.

The Odonata are, I believe, an order of insects standing

entirely alone as to their copulatory systems, the anal orifice

is situated at the end of the abdomen, viz. the twelfth abdominal

somite, and here are placed in the male the principal clasping

organs, but inasmuch as the edeeagus is not located at the

end of the abdomen but is placed in the second and third

somites and is furnished with secondary armature also, it is

obvious that a highly specialised development must have

taken place, whilst in addition to these points the orifice of

the ejaculatory duct is on the ninth abdominal segment and

therefore widely separated from the edceagus. In the female

the genital orifice occurs in the ninth abdominal segment, not

in-the twelfth. As a consequence of these facts, it follows that

the copulatory position is entirely different in the Odonata

from that obtaining in all other orders of insects. The primary

clasping organs in the twelfth abdominal segment of the male

seize the head or prothorax, or both, of the female ; the superior

appendages, 7. e. those occupying the position of the tegumen

n the Lepidoptera, clasp the back of the eyes or the pro-

thorax, whilst the inferior appendages, 7. e. those occupying

the position of the harpagones in the Lepidoptera, clasp the

space between the eyes on the face, thus acting as a pair of

pincers over the caput; the abdomens of the two insects then

face each other ventrally, the female clasping that of the male

with her legs and bringing her ninth segment into contact

( exxiv:)

with the second segment of the male when mating takes place,

the ovipositor or possibly the “bursa copulatrix” of the

female being clasped by the secondary armature of the male

that is connected with this area. The origin of this extra-

ordinary development has yet to be discovered, the arrange-

ment being nearer to that obtaining in certain of the Crustacea

than to any other order, if perhaps we except the Araneina.

Bearing in mind these important characteristics, we will

consider the primary clasping organs in a few families of the

Zygoptera and the Anisoptera; in the former space only

permits me to figure three genera in the Calopterygidae and

one in the Agrionidae.*

Calopteryx maculata

has the superior appendages (? = tegumen in Lepidoptera)

of a broadish triangular shape, the apex of the triangle being

hooked and forming the apex of the appendage, this is the

organ that will clasp the back of the head or the prothorax;

the inferior appendages (? = the harpagones in Lepidoptera)

consist of a ventral sclerite that is round, tapering slightly

forwards (i.e. away from the head of the fly), and with a

slight hook at the apex; in addition to which at the base is

a cuneate hairy pad.

Hetaerina americana.

The superior appendages are long, bifurcate, narrower at

the base, becoming heavily notched near the middle, from

whence they are broader up to the rounded apices; the

inferior appendages are short, paired, somewhat cone-shaped,

but abruptly truncated at the apices instead of terminating

in a point; the lateral hairy pads are also present.

Rhinocypha biserrata

has a single tapering superior appendage shortly spined

with the apex expanded; the inferior are paired, somewhat

* T am greatly indebted to Dr. Walker of Toronto for allowing me to

reproduce the figures showing the copulatory position in Odonata; the

figure is taken from his well-known work on the North-American species

of Aeschna (‘‘ Studies Univ. Toronto,” 1912).

—

——— ee

( ‘exxv )

cuneate in shape, dentate and pilose; the hairy, lateral pads

are but little in evidence.

Lestes rectangularis

has a pair of superior appendages that are long, broadish

at the base, rapidly tapering half way, and then fairly uniform

to the bluntly hooked apex; connected with these are a pair

of hairy sclerites whose office I cannot understand, they are

oval, pad-shaped with hairy edges. The inferior appendages,

also paired, are not so long as the superior, and curved down-

wards; the basal parts are fairly broad, and they gradually

taper to a rounded apex fringed with long hairs.

The same variety of organs obtains equally among the

Anisoptera, in the Gomphidae.

Onychogomphus forcipatus

is well named, for its appendages are large and strong, the

superior pair are bifurcate to the base and are markedly

asymmetrical in their apices; they are long, strong and a

third from the end are suddenly curved almost at right angles ;

the one apex is bluntly rounded, the other is longer and

terminates in a fairly sharply pointed tip; the inferior pair,

also bifurcate to the base, are more or less evenly curved,

with a strong projecting tooth near the centre, the apex being

the shape of a bird’s head with a stoutish beak; the ventral

lateral pads are small in comparison, but well developed.

These organs must have a most powerful grasp, and the

central tooth of the inferior pair seizing the face of the female

should produce a deep impression.

Dromogomphus spinosus

has the superior pair of appendages wholly bifurcate,

broadish and terminating in a longish triangular finely hairy

apex; the inferior pair form a deep hood arising just below

the dorsum, extending frontally on the venter into a rounded

pad which assumes a pointed apex in one position; the hood

is entirely cleft on the venter, the lateral pads are well developed

and strongly haired.

Of the Cordulegasteridae and the Aeschnidae I can only

show one genus each.

( ‘exxvi ‘)

Cordulegaster annulatus

has the superior appendages large, entirely bifurcate, they

are strongly notched on their interior margins; the inferior

pair are of moderate width and length with notched apices,

the lateral pads are roughly cuneate in shape with a fine

membranous apophysis of a straight horn shape connected

with each.

Epiaeschna heros .

has the superior pair of great length and size bifurcate to

the base, strongly angled at a third from that point, being

notched bluntly before the angle, then gradually expanding

into long spatulate apices which are fringed below with long

hairs and are shortly spined on their dorsal areas for the

whole length; the inferior pair are rather more than half

the length of the superior, broadish, slightly tapering to blunt

extremities, which are turned down and fringed with hairs;

the lateral pads are somewhat cuneate, with the apex produced

into a blunt tip, a strongly haired lobe being attached to the

inner side of each.

Of the Libellulidae I can but show two genera.

Iibellula quadrimaculata

has the superior appendages deeply bifurcate, hollowed

internally, broadish and gradually tapering to bluntish apices ;

the inferior appendages are decidedly shorter than the superior,

with the upper margin straightish and the lower well curved ;

whilst the apex or apices, as the case may be, are more or

less pointed, they may in other species be somewhat rounded

or squarish. This type of formation obtains in other Libelluline

genera that I have examined also.

Sympetrum sanguineum

has the superior appendages bifurcate to the base, with

somewhat razor-shaped blades; the inferior is bifurcate

basally to a quarter from the apex, when it becomes one solid

organ terminating in a blunt point; the lateral pads are small.

The Trichoptera bear a close resemblance in many characters

to the Lepidoptera. One organ, however, is very different

( texzwi: )

superficially, the edceagus; it almost always emanates from

a short sac, often not half its length, and it bears with it

paired apophyses, which are not infrequently elaborated into

complicated and beautiful structures, sometimes comb-like or

brush-like, or again they may be merely long-pointed stylets.

In very many genera the ninth abdominal segment is per-

fectly obvious, and it is interesting to observe that the develop-

ment of the first tergite is very considerable; I have not yet

discovered any appreciable development of the first sternite

in any orders that have yet come under my notice. The

genitalia, generally speaking, vary very considerably in the

different genera, though the genera appear to run true to their

own form of structure; for instance, in Rhyacophila the

harpagones or (in McLachlan’s terms) the inferior appendages

are large, as also in Philopotamus, whilst the tegumen or superior

appendage is small; whereas in Limnophilus the tegumen is

large and the harpagones are insignificant. In some genera

the structure is very complicated, in others equally simple.

I have found it a difficult task to make a selection of genera

whereby comparison could be made with those of the Lepido-

ptera, but the few I give are quite fairly representative, and

will, I hope, demonstrate some general idea of the similarity

obtaining in the two orders.

Rhyacophila dorsalis, Curtis.

The ninth abdominal segment forms the large and promi-

nent organ quite homologous to the cingula in Lepidoptera;

it is a perfect collar, narrow on the venter, but widening out

very rapidly laterally, and ascending thus to the dorsum or

tegumen, where it projects forwards in a sort of saddle-shaped

process entirely protecting the dorsal portion of the tergite

armature of the anus; this armature, forming in Lepidoptera

a portion of the tegumen, consists of a bifid, horn-like uncal

extremity, connected by narrow short laterals with a process

(somewhat analogous to what I take to be the gnathos of

Pierce) consisting of asciate-shaped horizontal sclerites, the

handle part being the fore extremity; below these lie the

very large harpagones, which are each composed of two broad,

slightly curved plates of chitin, articulated together, the

() oman! (7)

apical one not half the size of the rearward one, and termin-

ating in a setose bluntly pointed lower apex and a somewhat

excised and dentate upper apex; in the rear these are joined

so as to form a short, broad tube, with a hole through which

runs the long narrow edceagus with its pair of long, very

narrow, tapering apophyses.

This species is an excellent example whereby we can trace

the line of development that might take place from these

lower and more complicated structures to the simple forms

that we see in the Rhopalocera, especially in some of the

Nymphalidae and Ruralidae. In the tergite the gradual loss

of the dorsal protection to the uncal arrangement, and its

replacement by the anal armature in a more robust form,

needs absolutely no imagination, and the gradual fusion of

its laterals and of the gnathos into a reduced cingula is equally

obvious, whilst the reduction of the harpago by its end segment

is likewise obvious and very advantageous.

Limnophilus flavicorms, F.

In contrast with the preceding genus Limnophilus has very

large dorsal armature and insignificant harpagones, whilst the

cingula maintains its segmental distinctness in a yet more

primitive manner, for we have the separation of the sternite

and tergite quite apparent. The sternite cingula is very

broad indeed and expanding forwards, whilst that in the

tergite is reduced to a very small hooded structure lying

between the subdorsal armature; the tegumen proper is

absent, its place being taken by broad lateral plates each of

which forms an ample hood with a serrate fore apex, within

which, articulated to its rear, lie two straight tapering horns

ending in a blunt point. The harpagones are exceedingly

small, placed in an upright position parallel with the cingula,

with the apex bent round to the front, terminating in an

irreeular cuneiform apex; the edceagus with its usual short

basal sac is of moderate length, upturned into a sharp rostrate

apex, and having two long straight formidable spines. The

two apophyses are even longer, and terminate in an elaborate,

hollowed comb-like apparatus, that is well haired below the

long terminal pectinations.

i exec)

In Anabolia nervosa, Curtis,

the cingula retains its primitive character in that it shows

the line of union of sternite and tergite, but it is specially

interesting in that its sternite portion is fused into the harpago,

forming practically one organ, which is very large, sub-

triangular in shape with a short digitate process at its front

apex; the tergite portion of the cingula is merely a short

narrow collar. The dorsal organs (the tegumen in sensu

stricto being absent) consist of two ample lateral plates,

subquadrangular, but narrower in the front and somewhat

turned over inwardly on the dorsal line, within which lies on

each side a large, heavy, cone-like process, which is very

slightly curved; the edceagus is of moderate length, narrowish,

tapering to the apex, with the outer covering reaching almost

to the tip; the apophyses are long narrow arms suddenly

expanding at the end into a horn-like apex, as of a fallow-

deer.

Stenophylaz stellatus, Curtis,

has the cingula and the harpago also fused into one large

organ that is almost cordate in shape, but with the outer edges

of the broad part extending upwards, the front one into a

longish arm with a subspatulate apex, articulated to the

interior being a very long, sharp, straightish, tusk-like process ;

the subdorsal organs are two lateral hoods with a crenulate

hollowed terminal process; the «dceagus is longish, lying in

along, very broad tube, the paired apophyses being merely very

narrow, long, waved tubes tapering to a fine point.

Leptocerus aterrimus, Steph.,

shows the cingula as a broadish collar fused into the tegu-

men, the latter developing lateral cheeks that are excised

dorsally; well below these are the gnathoi, consisting of two

arms articulated below the cheeks, that are sharply angled

upwards at their second joint, whilst at the third they are

suddenly reduced, and terminate in a finely tapered hooked

point; the harpagones are of moderate size, broadish near

the base, tapering smaller to the front in a curved lower

margin, with a deeply bifurcate apical jaw; the edceagus is

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1914. I

( exxa |)

short with a bulbous apex, the paired apophyses lying over

the upper margin, being bent at the base and terminating

in suddenly reduced fine apical points.

Brachycentrus subnubilus, Curtis.

The genitalia are very simple, the cingula is irregular,

excurved to the rear, with the dorsum as a broad collar,

attached thereto being the lateral cheeks usually considered

part of the tegumen; the harpagones are rather small, with a

sudden upward curve at the base, after which they project

horizontally and terminate abruptly, but with a curious

small hook on the outer side, below on the lower margin lies

a narrow curved spikelet; the edceagus is a short broad tube

with the paired apophyses much reduced and lying at the

rear as two smallish tapering pointed sclerites.

Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Retz.,

has the cingula simple, open at the rear in the sternite,

but solid for the greater part of the tergite; the harpagones

lie almost vertically along the outer edge of the cingula and

taper slightly wider to their upper apex, which is somewhat

squarish; the tegumen is a short pointed hood with two

small lateral plates attached to its rear, with an upward

projection at their apices, and on the interior le two short

digitate processes; the edceagus is a long tube with an ovate

apex, the paired apophyses being very beautiful, they are

longish, fairly broad arms expanding widely at the serrated

front apex, which is also furnished with very long comb-like

pectinations, whilst lying on the interior is a yet longer

process somewhat pointed and fringed with longish spines.

Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curtis,

has a very remarkable structure, the cingula is confined to

the sternite and encloses the reproductive organs with the

gnathoi; above them appear the anal armature with peculiar

apophyses acting doubtless as sensory organs. The harpa-

gones are broad and hollowed, tapering to a blunt point at

the front apex; arismg from them at the rear are two pro-

cesses, a short digitate one shortly spined and curved down-

wards, and a larger, deeply hooked or curved one somewhat

(. texxxi »)

long and rostrate; the gnathoi are short, finely membranous,

with an ovate termination. The edceagus is a short, simple

tube. The dorsal armature is composed of a bifid hood with

cuneate laterals, above which, under the tegumen proper,

are two pair of fine apophyses with shagreened tips.

Halesus auricollis, Pict.

This is probably a primitive genus, and I bring it forward

here merely to show the segmentation of the abdomen; the

first tergite is unusually well developed—though it is well

developed in a large number of the Trichoptera—whilst the

ninth segment is also very evident as the cingula of the geni-

talia; the harpagones, the tegumen, and other parts at the

extreme termination of the abdomen representing the tenth

segment.

COLEOPTERA.

It is of course quite impossible for any one but a Coleopterist

to deal with the genitalia of this vast order, the anatomy of

which is as yet very imperfectly known; in fact, I suppose I

should be correct in saying that the fringe of it has only been

touched at present. A few friends have, however, kindly

supplied me with specimens of different genera in some of

the families, but they are not sufficient to generalise on satis-

factorily. They are, however, of great interest, and point

to a very wide field of research that would be of the utmost

value to the entomological world. The natural supposition

is that clasping organs are most useful to the most active

and nervous species, we find, however, the genus Psalidura

(Curculionidae) with very large external organs; now this is

a genus that cannot fly and that is very sedentary in its habits,

the inference therefore would be that external organs are not

needed, but the facts are that, needed or not, the external

organs are developed enormously; this, however, is not the

case with other genera in this family, and I am very doubtfu

if they serve any clasping purpose. In the Staphylinidae

and the Clavicornia (to mention only a couple of groups), we

find no external organs at all, or only quite minute and

insignificant developments.

( cxxxi )

It would appear that clasping organs are absent in very

many if not the majority of the genera of Coleoptera; the

reason of this is obvious; primarily the facts that the act of

mating takes place with the male on the top of the female,

that the weight of the insects proportionately is greater,

together with the sedentary habits of the order as a whole,

would seem to account for the lack of these organs—prob-

ably the dominant factor may be the sedentary habits of

the insects, for we find the same position is adopted by the

Diptera, and they have strongly and highly developed ex-

ternal armature; but here we have an excessively active and

highly nervous order, the species of which are light, and very

frequently they are very frail creatures to which a well-

developed interlocking apparatus would be of the greatest

value. Commander Walker, however, informs me_ that

among the Coleoptera he has seen Atomaria mesomelas paired

end to end, though whether this is the rule or not he does

not know, nevertheless the fact is of great interest, for this

species has no trace of any organs except the edceagus, and

the same is the case with other species of this genus. Many

Coleoptera have prominent lateral sensory apophyses, and in

a few genera I have found the terminal segment developing

into a sort of weak lateral hook, but scarcely such as would

form an efficient anchor. Sharp and Muir have shown (Trans.

Ent. Soc. 1912, p. 477 et seq.) the excessive development of

the edceagus throughout the order, and it is very frequently

an organ of great complexity and often of much beauty.

It is, however, a matter of considerable interest to realise

that some Coleoptera have the front leg specially adapted

for clasping purposes. Dytiscus marginalis has been observed

by Mr. Darlaston to use it thus during the process of mating,

the long terminal claws of the tarsus and the peculiar tri-

lobed pad, the upper and largest lobe of which has two cushions

that evidently act by suction, are admirably adapted to this

use.

Ocypus fuscatus, Grav.

The figure shows the lateral apophyses well; these appear

to be sensory organs.

( cexxni ")

Staphylinus erythropterus, L.,

shows the same lateral sclerites equally well, both of these

are quite typical of their genera.

Achenium depressum, Grav.,

has the terminal segment excavated above and _ below,

whilst the laterals are developed into the hooks already

referred to; the hook is very definite, but it forms an un-

interrupted part of the end segment and is not articulated.

Above each hook is a small cone-shaped, shortly pilose sclerite,

which would! appear to be sensory in function. The same

formation of lateral hooks, together with sensory sclerites, is

found in the genus Othius and may be well seen in fulvipennis,

Fab.

I have only time and space to refer to one genus in the

Clavicorna :—

Silpha laevigata, Fab.

The edceagus of this species would appear to be a beautiful

object, if the vesica (as we term it in the Lepidoptera) were

well ejaculated, but I would draw attention to the lateral

sclerites, which in this genus do not appear to be sensory,

but are more likely from their length and structure to be

excitatory organs for use on the exterior of the female abdo-

men; the long, smooth rods do not seem at all likely to be

sensory so far as the male is concerned.

Silpha quadripunctata, L.,

bears out entirely the suggestions of the previous species,

the lateral sclerites are shorter but are more robust—other

species of the same genus have the genitalia on entirely similar

lines of structure.

Ichthyurus pachygaster

represents a genus with a pair of forcep-like sclerites, that

almost remind one of the Dermaptera; the dorsal section is

deeply bifurcate, curved on the upper margin and more or

less cuneate, whilst the ventral section is quite small, also

cuneate and bifurcate. The whole arrangement of these

( cxxgxiv )

organs precludes me from thinking that they are homologues

of the clasping organs of other orders.

Taking into consideration the Lepidoptera I will begin by

examining that most interesting and primitive order, the

Micropterygidae, whose right to be included in the Lepidoptera

has even been disputed. It is especially interesting, among

other things, because in that group we find the whole of the

ten segments of the abdomen quite in evidence; the ninth

segment is most distinct, having, however, lost the division

between tergite and sternite, and become in EHriocrania a

broad solid collar, and in Micropteryx a shaped one; whilst

the tenth segment is represented by the clasping organs

themselves, though both form part of the genitalia as we now

understand them. I find it difficult to say from these organs

which of the two genera is the more primitive, but from the

long penis with its rather complicated and apparently loose

folding sheath, as also from the more intricate and probably

less effective clasping organs, I should judge that Lriocrania

was less advanced than Micropteryx.

In Eriocrania purpurella, Hw.,

the ninth segment is developed dorsally to appear as the

tegumen, and is excavated dorsally so as to be bifid, but its

power of vertical movement must be very limited—it is

vertical action that is specially necessary in this part of these

organs; the tenth segment is confined to the sternite area,

as I believe, and is developed into the small if somewhat

complex and weak harpagones, whilst the edceagus is shown

protruding from the opening with its enveloping sheath below

it; this sheath is a loose, roll-up envelope, in this species

quite copious, but in others very slight, and the edceagus

always rolls out with the least pressure whilst mounting the

preparations.

Eriocrama subpurpurella, Hw.,

has the ninth segment much larger, the harpagones are

more strongly developed with a small process above the

harpago proper, whilst the edceagus is very long and fine

with an equally fine slight sheath.

( epxxy )

EL. fastuosella, Z.,

follows the arrangement of subpurpurella generally, but

has decidedly more complex and useful clasping organs.

Whilst in

E. semipurpurella, Steph.,

we find the genitalia poorly developed, weak and look-

ing very ineffectual, but the adcoeagus is very large with a

very long sheath, the latter no doubt is a compensating

development. Turning to the genus Micropteryx we find a

marked advance. I can only refer to two species at the

present time.

In Micropteryx seppella, F.,

the tegumen is again a part of the ninth segment, being

extended along the dorsal line in the shape of a battledore ;

the harpagones are fully developed as clasping organs, and

are attached to the lower part of the ninth sternite; they

have a highly curved process attached to them, which is

covered for half its length by a small curtain terminating in

a horseshoe of small round tubercles, from each of which

emanates a fine strong spine curved at the extreme apex;

the szdceagus is quite small.

Micropteryzx calthella, L.,

has the tegumen also a part of the ninth segment, but it is

more strongly chitinised; the harpagones (tenth segment) are

very similar to seppella, but the middle process above them

is a large broad lobe with a double row of tubular sensory

organs—I cannot call them hairs or spines for they appear

to be abruptly truncated at their apices; the wedceagus is

rather longer than in seppella. The anal orifice is shown’ as

a short hairily terminated tube just above the mid process.

The Hepialidae, with an independent origin from the previous

group, have retained very complex genitalia, evidencing in this

respect but small advance. With the large size of many of

this family and their restless habit, we are justified in assuming

that the clasping apparatus would necessarily be large and

strong, and I find this assumption is fairly correct. The

( exxxvi )

tegumen is large and very heavily developed laterally (a form

of structure I believe to be very primitive, one that is rarely

if ever found in the highest families of the Lepidoptera), with

no more than a very narrow bridge on the dorsum; the union

of the tergite and sternite organs being quite perceptible

here. In the sternite section the harpagones are largish,

there is a trough, along which rests the edceagus, that is

attached to the laterals of the tergite and is evidently capable

of considerable movement; the cingula is composed of a

broadish membrane with two strong curved arms in the

front, the whole being confined to the sternite; the saccus

is very imperfect, being almost a part of the cingula, with its

development almost entirely frontal instead of rearwards ;

the «dceagus is quite small, generally more or less horn-

shaped. Our common humuli is so typical of European and

American, as well as of many exotic species, that I give a

more detailed description of its organs.

Hepialus humuli, L.

The tegumen consists of two very broad lateral cheeks

occupying the whole of the tergite, and bridged over by an

excessively narrow saddle; the upper part of the lateral

area is wedge-shaped, rapidly tapering to a blunt point, being

deeply excised below and then developed into a broad adze-

shaped frontal projection toothed on its fore edge, the adze

shape necessarily involves a deep excision on its lower edge;

the edeagal trough is attached at the base of the excision, it

is also attached to the rear of the lateral cheeks, and might at

first sight be thought to belong to the tergite section, this,

however, is not in reality the case, as I have no doubt from

the analogy of other families that it really belongs to the

sternite; the harpagones are moderately hairy and are

peculiar, their shape would best be likened to the foot of a

stocking cut off at the ankle and pressed flat, the ankle

portion being affixed to the cingula well above the saccus,

which might almost be described as bag-shaped. Even the

genus Phassodes from Fiji follows closely this line of structure,

though, as would be expected, the shapes of the different

parts differ.

( cxxxvi )

I have already figured in our Transactions the male arma-

ture of Cossus cossus, as also of Duomstus leuconota, but it

may be well to consider another, and IJ will, therefore, take

one widely removed geographically.

Langsdorfia frankiv.

The structure of the tegumen in vertical sections is similar

but it is decidedly smaller, and is without the pendant arms ;

the harpagones are not bridged over but are large, and at the

rear of the upper margin they have a peculiar organ almost

like a pair of callipers in shape, only the lower half is by no

means so long as the upper; it consists of two horn-like

extensions, the upper one curved, the lower one more or less

straight, flexibly articulated at the base and attached to the

margin of the harpago—the harpagones themselves are

beautifully edged with long hair-like fringes; the wedceaga]

trough is prominent and the xedceagus somewhat similar to

that of Cossus. The cingula differs from both Cossus and

Duomitus in that it is developed into a complete collar. In

addition to this there is a peculiar structure on the dorsum

of the eighth tergite, consisting of a dorsal saddle with a

deeply curved and strong hook, which apparently may hook

into the tegumen.

From my description it will be seen that the genitalia o

Langsdorfia form a distinct advance on those of Cossus or

Duomitus, whilst at the same time they are essentially Cossid

in character, the reduced tegumen, however, and the complete

cingula show a decided upward development.

The Zygaenidae are another very primitive group, and

judging from the male organs I am inclined to think

that Adscita as represented by statices or geryon (which are

thoroughly representative in structural detail) is more

primitive than Zygaena, but Heterusia, whilst quite primitive

in its tergite, is highly specialised in the sternite organs;

this, however, is perhaps what might have been expected—

7. €. some specialisation—from other aspects of the genus.

Adscita geryon, Hb.,

has the tegumen consisting of a very narrow dorsal bridge,

from which is emitted a strong hook curved downwards ;

( cxxxvili )

the tergite part of the cingula is composed of two (one on

each side) broadish, subovate, lateral plates; the sternite

portion is merely a narrow collar articulated to a peculiar

organ (there is one on each side), which is developed from its

apex and is attached also to the tergite plates; this organ

(or more or less pair of organs, it being very difficult to say

they have no membranous connection) has a_ triangular

base and is produced upwards in a long, finely hairy, finger ;

the harpagones are large, the hind margin being almost the

ull width of the sternite and tapering but little to the apex,

which is irregularly terminated; they are inclined upwards.

The edceagus lies in a simple trough, is large, slightly bulbous

at the base and expanding somewhat at the orifice, where

the vesica is haired; it terminates in a long spike; there is

also a larger spike at the base. The structure of the tegumen,

the articulated cingula, and the upward inclination of the

clasps are, I believe, primitive characters.

In the genus Zygaena we have evidences of an advance

n the development of these organs; the tegumen is larger

and more specialised; the harpagones retain their upward

position as in Adseita, but the edceagus is large, with the

outer sheath armed with a coat of mail of sharp teeth and

often with a double ridge of formidable spines in addition—

the median organ, so prominent in Adscita and an ancient

character, has been lost in this genus.

Zygaena achilleae, Ksp.,

is a very representative species; the tegumen is some-

what saddle-shaped, with the dorsal line deeply excised and

forming two longish horns; the tergite section of the cingula

is composed of two broadish, chitinous plates, bridged over

on the dorsum and fused on to the tegumen, but tapering

somewhat to meet the sternite part of the broadish irregular

cingula; the harpagones are large and very broadly ovate,

studded thickly with hairs (in some species with long hairs in

parts and with a short brush-like arrangement in other parts) ;

the edoeagus is longish, whilst the outer sheath may be long

or short, in different species armed with strong teeth (in pur-

puralis it is but a short broad collar with a double row of very

( cXxxix, )

formidable spines); in achilleae the sheath is long and has a

similar double row of spines.

In Heterusia the development of the tegumen is very small

and weak, but the whole of the sternite clasping and inter-

mittent organs are extraordinarily specialised, and are so com-

plicated that every part would require an explanation, so that

I have thought it advisable to figure it only.

I have already in our Transactions referred to several

Palaearctic genera of the Psychidae, but it would be well to

confirm those observations, and I have therefore examined

various exotic species and genera. Two will probably suffice

for the present as they are confirmatory of others.

Clana variegata, Snell.

The organs are unusually long in this genus; the tegumen

maintains its large hood-shaped cover, but it does not extend

down laterally quite so extensively as in some genera; the

harpagones are also largish, carrying strong teeth on the

apices; the organ which I believe takes the place of the furca

(a name I gave to a bifurcate process arising from the base

of the harpagones some years ago, and which is almost uni-

versal as a guide and support to the edceagus in the Ruralidae)

encircles the rear of the clasps (or harpagones), lapping over

them internally and extending in a long digitate process along

their upper margin, bearing a certain number of fine teeth on

ts upper edge. The edceagus is long and irregular, with a

swollen apex somewhat bifurcate.

Pseudoclania dinawaensis, B.-B.,

has the tegumen decidedly shorter, though the saccus with

which it is connected by the cingula is equally as long; the

harpagones are of moderate size, broad at the base and then

suddenly tapering to the apex; over the «dceagus and harpa-

gones is a peculiar pseudo-tegumen, which forms a hollowed

curtain of chitin rather deeply bifurcate in a downwards

curve; it lies immediately over the harpagones and well

below the tegumen, and certainly has nothing to do with

that organ, being a portion of the sternite; the edceagus

is very long, irregular in shape, with a trumpet-shaped orifice,

(ox)

the apical third is of a rough external texture caused by a

close covering of minute hairs.

It will thus be seen that the genitalia of these exotic genera

are quite confirmatory in their characteristics of those of the

Palaearctic region.

The Aegeridae must be briefly referred to, though I have

already figured several specimens in these Transactions (1914,

pp. 825-326, Pl. LXII, figs. 28-30), for I was then considering

quite another point of view than that we are now dealing with.

The family retains very primitive characters that are well seen

Aegeria ichneumoniformis, 8. V.

The cingula (and it is quite typical of the genus) has evidently

not progressed at all, except perhaps in the long saccus and

the slight proportions of the cingula itself; the sternite

portion of it is erect from the venter and quite slight, then

suddenly a sharp articulation on a short broadish arm occurs

and the harpago is articulated to the end of this arm; the

cingula then ascends again at the rear in a broader prolongation

to the tegumen, which is ample but decidedly primitive, the

beautiful brush is well developed, together with the recess

into which it can be withdrawn and also its covering mem-

brane; the elliptical harpago is densely furnished with the

spatulate hairs; the edceagal trough is emitted from the very

base of the cingula and is long, forming a support also for the

harpagones to rest on; the edceagus is long and very narrow.

Trochihum crabroniformis, Lewin,

is more advanced in its cingula, which is not definitely

articulated, but the sternite and tergite sections are evidenced

in the recessed arms; the tegumen is an ample hood with a

bifid uncal extremity, which is supplied with strong spines;

the large harpagones with their frontal rows of powerful spines

would appear to show but little progress; the xedeagus is

short and broad.

It will be seen from these two genera that whilst this family

is without doubt specialised in these organs, yet it is a special-

isation that must be of very ancient date, and that apparently

there has been but little development towards simplicity.

( cx)

The Drepanulidae retain a primitive character in maintaining

the tergite and sternite sections of the cingula, and in those

genera where the cingula is more or less complete, 7. e. ad-

vanced in type, the saccus retains its frontal development, a

primitive character; another like character is the retention of

the chitinous anus, which in all the higher families has become

a fine membranous organ, in most cases so soluble as to dis-

appear entirely in many mounts that are finely prepared.

Most of these points appear in the two figures that I show.

Drepana harpagula, Esp.,

has the tegumen well advanced, the dorsum is hollowed and

broadish, well excised so as to form two long fine lobes shortly

haired, below are two long strong arms with a slightly bulbous

termination, copiously if shortly haired; the lateral curtains

are finely shagreened; the tergite part of the cingula is a fine

broad hood fused into and within the tegumen and its laterals ;

the sternite section of the cingula, with the saccus in its higher

form, 7.e. receding development, forms a narrow curved

process articulated to the tergite portion; the harpagones are

composed of a pair of small] elliptical basal appendages, and

rising above them are two large ovate clasps covered with long

strong hairs; the edceagus is simple, a plain waved tube

with a strongly shagreened vesica.

D. falcataria, L.,

has the tegumen of entirely the same type but very much

more ample and larger; the cingula is very narrow in the

sternite, but fused into the broad tergite hood; the saccus

is produced well forwards, whilst the clasps are small, almost

wedge-shaped, directed upwards and strongly spined at the

upper apical angle; the edceagus is shortish and broad with

the vesica very strongly dentate; the anus has maintained its

position in spite of the fact that the preparation from which

the figure is taken underwent an exceptional amount of

reducing and clearing.

The Lithostinae and Arctiinae show in some of the genera

decidedly complicated structures, thus showing their early

derivation, but generally speaking they have advanced a

good deal and have in many cases very simple organs. In

( exir 4

certain genera the tergite section has become a very simple

organ, whilst the sternite retains great complexity. The genus

Euprepia (coscinia) is a good example of this. Hndrosa is a

genus exemplifying the other direction, for we find the tergite

organ retaining a somewhat definitely tubular form with a

large uncus-like termination on the dorsum of the tegumen,

whilst those of the sternite are simple; in neither, however,

has the cingula made much progress in development. In

Tlema we find certain very archaic characters combined with

decided advance in other organs. The cingula is. extra-

ordinarily loose and unattached and is quite unconnected with

the harpagones except at its point of union with the tergite ;

the edceagus is generally large and has frequently complex

cornuti and vesica; the tegumen is fairly advanced. whilst

the harpagones are also more or less, generally more, in an

advanced state of development.

Tlema griseola, Hb.,

shows the cingula in a very loose unattached condition ;

the sternite section consists of two long thin curved arms

attached to a fine membranous ventral plate, which when at

rest no doubt forms a cover to the lower part of the harpagones,

these arms are attached to the lateral plates of the tegumen,

and in higher groups form with them the complete cingula,

which is fused into the tegumen; the uncal projection of that

organ isa longish, strong, curved process with a small terminal

tooth; the harpagones have a basal curved arm attached to

a broad, squarish, large sclerite whose front edge is irregularly

toothed, with a jagged beak-like process at its upper apex;

the large sedceagus lies in a trough and has its vesica copiously

shagreened, together with a cluster of semiglobular cornuti.

Tlema lurideola, Zinck.,

has the cingula much smaller but unattached, the lateral

plates of the tegumen smaller but the dorsal uncal develop-

ment much greater; the harpagones are simpler, large ovate

with a tail-like brush at the upper apex, whilst nearer the

base there is a small shoulder of spines marking, I believe,

the origin of the muscular attachment of the brushes. The

( exlu )

edoeagus though large has a simple vesica and only a couple

of largish cornuti.

Endrosa aurita, Esp.

The cingula is almost normal in the sternite section and has

a well-formed small saccus; it (the cingula) is more or less

jointed (perhaps folded and angled would better describe it)

at the tergite and continued as the cingula up to the rear

of the dorsum of the tegumen, which is large both dorsally and

laterally, the lateral plates being largish and triangular; the

dorsum is in the shape of a broad heavy beak; the harpagones

are of an irregular oblong shape, with a basal arm at the lower

margin cleft almost to the cingula, and curved up around the

harpago to the upper fore apex, which is very hairy, but the

encircling arm is very much less so. The sedceagus lies in a

trough, with a folded tube on each side, each of which ter-

minates in a long horn, the vesica being roughly toothed, the

end of the penis sheath being a hollowed short plate with a

couple of short cornuti.

Euprepia striata, L.,

is placed among the Arctivnae on account of the presence

of ocelli, the genitalia would also confirm this on the whole;

the two subfamilies must, however, have very intimate and

close relations.

In striata the cingula shows affinity with the Lithoswnae as

it is sectioned into sternite and tergite (in the Arctiunae

generally the cingula has advanced to form a more or less

continuous collar), but it is connected with the harpagones

and not unattached; the harpagones consist of two broad

straightish arms terminating abruptly, the front edge being

furnished with a series of short sharp teeth, the uppermost and

lowermost being considerably larger than the others, at the

rear of the clasps (harpagones) two bluntly wedge-shaped

processes arise sharply dentate on their upper margin, these

form part of the trough wherein lies the sedceagus, which has

a formidably spined vesica; the tegumen is smallish (an

Arctiine character), and is attached to the girdle, which

broadens out in the tergite to a simple collar, to which the

uncal projection of the tegumen is connected. If we consider

( ‘exit’ })

the Arctiinae apart from the Lithosiinae, we find perhaps more

diversity in the former; Rhodogastria, for example, appears to

retain several primitive characters, among others the tegumen

appears to be almost undeveloped. The genus Diacrisia

with its type sannio has advanced much, its organs being

very simple, but as represented by such species as turbida,

pratti, dinawa and their near allies, it is decidedly complicated

in its genitalia. It is difficult to say what is primitive and

what is of more recent development; the two sections should

certainly be separated. In Parasemia and in Syntomis we

find remnants of ancient characters in the superdigital pro-

cesses attached to the upper margins of the harpagones, in

Syntomis they are specially interesting in that they are

asymmetrical. Arctia has also these organs, only they are

not finger-like, being decidedly more bulky. Callimorpha

has advanced considerably in its very simple tegumen and

also in the simple structure of the harpagones. The genus

Maenas, so far as I have as yet investigated, would appear to

have the most highly developed genitalia, in that they are the

simplest of all.

Diacrisia sanmo, L.,

the type of the genus, has the tegumen more developed in

the dorsal and subdorsal areas, with a single uncal extremity,

fused with it, not articulated as usual; the harpago has a very

short deeply hollowed ventral plate, and is somewhat irregular

in shape; the xdceagus is elliptical, tapering smaller to the

orifice, with a large vesica very finely shagreened.

It appears to me from other structural characters that such

species as turbida, dinawa and all their allies must belong to

another genus.

Diacrisia dinawa, B.-B.,

is a very good representative for another section of the

genus, probably for a new genus; the cingula, having a simple

hood-shaped saccus, is practically a continuous collar, but it

shows the line of union between the tergite and sternite by

a deepish indentation ; the tegumen is a beak-shaped structure

along the dorsal line, the anus ascending with the girdle and

having its orifice just below and behind the apex of the tegu-

(¢ exlyv, )

men. The harpagones are loosely covered on their lower

margin by a deeply hollowed fine chitinous ventral plate, much

more developed than in Ilema, and except for an excessively

fine membrane practically dissociated from the girdle; in

shape the harpagones are somewhat quadrangular, with a

hollowed finger-like extension at the lower apex, and a largish

and moderately long extension at the upper apex, where it is

suddenly expanded; the sdceagus is a large curved tube, with

the vesica copiously shagreened and furnished with an

armature of spines in the centre.

Parasemia plantagins, L.,

has the cingula and tegumen very similar to Dvracrisia; the

harpagones have no ventral cover plate and are more or less

irregularly wedge-shaped, tapering rapidly to the front apex,

which is upturned into a long powerful hook; in connection

with the harpago is a basal hollowed cuneate organ at the

rear (analagous to the furca in most Rhopalocera), acting no

doubt as a guide to the edceagus, whilst at the upper rear edge

of the harpago is a long finger-like organ, covered on its lower

margin with short spines; the edceagus is a shortish broad

tube with a heavy horn-like extension at its lower apex; the

vesica is large and furnished with a dense coat of mail of spiny

scales, developing at the apex into long spines.

Arctia caja, L.,

has the cingula indented at the tergite, and in this is less

advanced than Syntomis; the tegumen is a large simple

beak-like uncus; the harpagones are large with a moderately

long rounded spatulate extremity; the organs at the rear

of the upper edge of the harpagones are heavy and largish,

irregular in shape, with an upturned hooked extremity; the

eedoeagus is very large, bent near the middle, and expanding

outwards with an enormous vesica roughly shagreened nearly

all over.

Callumorpha dominula, L.,

has the cingula very simple, slightly indented at the tergite,

with the typical tegumen of the group; the harpagones have

a fine membranous hairy ventral plate; the harpagones are

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1914. K

( eivi j

simple but irregular in shape; the edceagus is large and

straight, with the copious vesica heavily shagreened.

Maenas punctatostrigata, B.-B.

This genus seems to me to be very highly developed, so far

as these organs are concerned, in that they are unusually

simple in structure; in each case the cingula and the tegumen

are fused together in the tergite as in the Rhopalocera, though

the uncal extremity retains the typical form of the group;

the harpagones are rounded for the basal half, but have

an elongated arm projected along the upper margin; the

eedceagus is of very moderate proportions with a small and

simple vesica.

Rhodogastria crokeri, Macl.,

has the tegumen very undeveloped, in the present species it

is of the smallest size, slightly hooded with a minute point

along the dorsal line, other species have no more than the

narrow collar of the cingula or girdle; the harpago is large,

pyriform, broad at its narrow end with a long hook shortly

barbed on its outer surface; the edceagus at rest is short,

very broad and somewhat bulbous at the rear, but when

extended it is seen that the vesica is highly shagreened, with

a most formidable termination closely similar in shape to a

pelican’s beak and as powerful looking.

The most interesting feature of the genus is, however, the

development of scent organs on the outside of the harpagones ;

they lie curled up in a hollow on the centre of the exterior and

are protected by fringes of long hair; they consist of a single

long, tapering, very fine membranous sac, one in each clasp,

and are studded with short-pointed setae, terminating in a

fringe of longish hairs. I will do no more than make this

reference to them here as I am describing them more in detail

elsewhere.

Syntomis phegea, L.,

has the cingula somewhat similar to Parasemia, but with

the saccus reduced, whilst the tegumen is extended; it has

heavy laterals, the dorsum is also larger, and the uncal ex-

tremity more heavily built; the harpagones are somewhat

( exlvn )

wedge-shaped and very hairy, whilst the upper edge is fur-

nished with a thick fringe of spines and hairs; at the rear of

the upper edge are the two digital asymmetrical organs

_ previously alluded to, the one being much longer than the

other; the edceagus is an elliptical tapering tube of moderate

length, with a linear series of hooked teeth in its centre.

The Notodontidae retain several very primitive characters ; the

cingula or girdle has advanced but little, in many genera there

is no cingula proper, the laterals having their origin at the

upper edge of the harpagones only, 7. e. almost in the tergite ;

in others it arises lower down in the sternite, whilst in a few

the girdle is more or less complete but with its articulation in

the sternite and quite distinct. Again, the two sets of organs,

7. é. the sternite and tergite, are often prominent. These all

point to there being but little progress comparatively speaking

in these organs.

Notodonta ziczac, L.,

is a very good general representative, even though in the

tegumen it shows decided development; it is in this species

almost separated from the cingula, being a narrow dorsal hood

at the rear, with a considerable frontal extension well excised

at its back, the front edge being strengthened by an irregularly

and sharply toothed collar, which is also slightly dentate on

its mid-dorsal line; in the hollow at the rear of this collar

lie a pair of sclerites united by an exceedingly fine membrane

and forming two lateral chitinous lobes, which are articulated

to the tegumen at their upper apices; the cingula consists

merely of two broad lateral plates articulated to the rear of

the clasps on their upper edge, the fusion of these lateral

plates with the tegumen is but slight and at its extreme rear;

the harpagones are oval, wider at the fore part, with a longish

horn issuing from the middle of the fore edge; the edceagus

is a straight tube having a highly curved apex, almost a broad

hook, with the vesica slightly armed with a few teeth.

Lophopteryx camelina, L.,

shows its near relation to Notodonta both in its cingula,

which is somewhat similar, and also in the other organs; the

tegumen has a front collar similar to Notodonta, but not

( exlvii )

toothed and of a different shape, with a heavy hook below its

lower point, thus forming a pincer-like lower extremity, the

hind fusion to the lateral plates of the cingula is much broader,

and the anus is well under the tegumen; the harpagones are

somewhat spherical with a cone-like protrusion in front, which

is provided with two strong internal lobes; the saccus is

prominent, and there seems to be a pseudosaccus forming the

hind part of the clasp, this being very unusual; the edceagus

is a short broad tube, with the upper extremity sharply and

suddenly excised.

The genus Phalera shows considerable deviation in many

particulars; its tegumen is not excised, as both the previous

genera were, at the frontal edge of the collar; the cingula is

complete, but with the point of articulation with the broad

lateral plates very marked, though low down in the sternite ;

the harpagones are large and somewhat complicated, whilst

there is a deeply hollowed broad trough wherein the edceagus

lies. These points show an interesting combination of

primitive and of markedly progressive characters. So far as

I have as yet investigated the group it would appear to be

exceptional in several points, all of which are very well

shown in bucephaloides, the description which follows being

thoroughly representative of the whole genus.

Phalera bucephaloides, O.

The cingula is practically complete in itself, with traces of

the saccus in the broadish plates at the base of the sternite,

above these it suddenly contracts quite narrowly and is

articulated to the harpagones, as also to the broad lateral

plates which ascend to the tegumen, and are fused thereto

almost on the dorsum itself; the tegumen is most simple,

being merely a long beak-like uncal projection; just below

this attached to the laterals les an apophysis somewhat

difficult to describe, roughly it is very like a Chinese lady’s

foot, with the deep hollow below the instep, through the upper

part of which the anus passes; the harpagones are large, of a

somewhat long quadrate shape, hollowed on the lower edge

and arched on the upper edge, along which lies, as a prominent

part of it, a peculiar trumpet-shaped process; in the hinder

( cxlpcr,)

angle of the clasp lies the trough of the zdceagus, this being

a broad deeply hollowed plate; the edceagus is short, straight,

moderate in width, tapering evenly but slightly to the orifice ;

the vesica is simple with very little armature. Time and

space will, I fear, only admit of one more instance in this

group.

Ichthyura pigra, Hiitn.

The cingula and the harpagones appear to be one continuous

plate, the former quite narrow up to the articulation in the

tergite, which is marked, the latter consisting of a peculiar

almost fan-like structure, the folds (as it were of the fan) being

exceedingly numerous, irregular and waved, with a dentate

outer edge; in addition to this the clasp has a rearward

squarish process quite independent of the girdle, which

ascends to the upper edge of the fan, being completely excised

in the middle, where it terminates in a finely wedge-shaped

outline; the tegumen consists of a moderate hood with a

bifurcate apex terminating in two small spikes, below these

lie two curved horn-like sclerites with a wedge-shaped lobe

attached to their lower margins—the anus protrudes below

these; the sdceagus is a curved tube of moderate size, with

the vesica heavily shagreened and very finely tubercled.

In many of the Lymantriadae the harpagones are sharply

divided into two sections, the lower one occupying the hori-

zontal position as is usual among the higher families, the upper

section often rising at a very considerable angle, similar to some

of the Psychidae and Heterogynidae; this combination is

interesting and is very marked in some species of the genus

Euproctis. The cingula and saccus show extraordinarily

varying degrees of development, in some genera they are

absent for all practical purposes, in others they are large and

prominent, with the saccus very long, whilst in the simplest

forms the saccus, cingula and tegumen form the continuous

collar so well known in some of the dominant genera of the

Rhopalocera. We thus have, as is sure to be the case in a

large and world-wide family, some evidences of ancient origin,

but on the whole the evidence shows decided progress in

development.

( el )

Euproctis faventia, Druce.

The cingula is a continuous collar fused at the rear with the

tegumen, which is rostrate, rather long and tapering to a

blunt point; the saccus is of but moderate size; the harpagones

have a waved vertical hind margin, developing at the lower

margin into a long narrowish toothed frontal tusk, whilst the

upper margin forms a still longer and stronger tusk curved in

the opposite direction, densely fringed with long hairs and

with the shoulder at the rear promiment and sharply and

irregularly dentate; there is a small basal trough with a large

rearward saccus-like process supporting the edceagus, which

is broad, curved, of moderate length, with the vesica but

shghtly armed with teeth.

Heracula leonina, Turner.

This genus is closely related to Huprociis both structurally

and superficially, but the separation made by Moore seems

justified by the genitalia, at least. The cingula has a long

saccus and is a continuous collar expanding into ample cheeks

in the tergite; the tegumen is copious though narrow in depth,

with a large uncal projection precisely the shape in profile of

a duck’s head, with the addition of slight lateral flanges to

the lower part of its bill; the edceagal trough is large and

asymmetrical at the apex, a deeply hollowed shield closed at

the basal end but open and slightly bifurcate at the apex, the

one side terminating in a point, whilst the other side of the

apex is rounded, the frontal third below having long hairs;

the harpago lying in a central position is roughly wedge-shaped,

with a largish, sharply wedge-shaped lower apex deeply

recessed above and a quite small upper apex somewhat

similar in form; the edceagus is large, slightly curved, with

the vesica large, densely covered with robust spatulate spines,

and the apex of the ductus ejaculatorius is also clothed with

similar armature.

Orgyia antiqua, L.

The genus Orgyia is simpler in its armature; in comparison

with other genera having sub-apterous females it would appear

that this special feature had affected the male sexual armature

but little, if at all, and it i8 therefore very interesting to

(eh

find a simple but effective apparatus; it is particularly note-

worthy to see that the specialisation is towards extreme

simplicity, and I think proves a high degree of development.

With the exception of the following genus (Lymantria) we

have here the simplest form of genitalia that I have yet

discovered among the Lymantriadae—of course there are

many genera that I have not at present had the opportunity

of examining.

In antiqua the cingula is a simple collar expanding outwardly

in the tergite; the tegumen is an uncal horn-like sclerite,

curved slightly downwards; the harpagones are broadish

lobes curved and tapering smaller towards the apex, clothed

with fine short hairs, the upper margin being produced for-

wards and upwards into a strong highly curved hook; the

zedoeagus is shortish, somewhat irregular in shape, with the

apical third expanding outwardly.

Lymantria novaguinensis, B.-B.

This is the simplest in form of all the genera I have yet

examined in the Lymantriadae. I figure this species as it

shows best the form and position of the genitalia, and others of

the genus including monacha confirm it.

The cingula is a simple collar with a small saccus; the

tegumen is a large curved horn-like sclerite; the harpagones

are short and broad, produced a little above the middle line

into a longish digital spike; the edceagus is of moderate size,

largest at the base and tapering tothe apex. In some species

the edceagus is comparatively speaking quite a fine tube.

The Lasiocampidae show marked atavism in their armature,

the only progressive character being that the sternite and

tergite sections have not retained their complete set of organs,

such as I consider all primitive forms probablyhad. (‘Complete

set of organs,” this isa descriptive phrase, to expressa drfference

well known to anatomists of these parts, and intended to convey

the distinction between the highly specialised and simple

organs prevalent in most Rhopalocera and some Heterocera,

consisting of the cingula, the tegumen and anus, the harpa-

gones and xdceagus, combined with the complete disap-

pearance of the sternite and tergite; in comparison with the

( chi )

complex organs of the lower orders where the anus in the

tergite has its own armature and the edceagus in the sternite

has its own armature, though of course both must be correlated

with each other.) The separation of the sternite and tergite

sections being articulated generally only at the rear is perhaps

the most evident atavic character.

Lasiocampa quercis, L.

The cingula in the tergite is a broad collar, quite simple,

through which passes the anus; the sternite section is angled

backwards and is developed into two powerful lateral tusk-

like sclerites, evidently movable vertically and to some extent

laterally; these apparently are more or less aids to the harpa-

gones, which are placed more medially and are broadish lateral

plates rounded on the upper costa, but cuneate in front; the

edceagal trough is composed of a deeply hollowed sclerite, with

largish lateral plates (open above), each having a broad digitate

frontal process; in this hollowed area the edceagus rests, it is

a fair-sized straightish tube to a third from the tip, where it is

suddenly excised, the upper portion of the tube being as it

were cut off, though the tip itself is tubular and terminates in a

point ; the vesica is emitted through the excised portion, and is

armed with a certain number of teeth, behind which it is

finely shagreened. 3

Macrothylacia rubs, L.,

has the cingula sectioned as in Lasiocampa, the tergite part

being very ample indeed, narrowly bridged as in the previous

genus at the rear, and produced forwards at the upper fore

apex into curved prominent teeth; the tegumen is absent;

the harpagones, medially placed, consist of two long arms,

below which are two largish lobes whose lower margins are

produced into longish apical digitate processes; the edceagus

is very similar to that of quercds, but narrower.

Epicnaptera ilicifolia, L.,

has the cingula composed of two almost quadrangular

plates at the base of the sternite, with a smallish saccus; the

tergite section is a narrow collar with a long narrow tegumen

tapering to a point and hollowed out below; the harpagones

( cliii_ )

rise at a considerable angle and are somewhat boat-shaped,

with the bows suddenly truncated and extended to a point

at the upper apex, the front edge being sharply dentate, and

the upper margin dentate in front; the edcagus is large,

terminating in a curved point, with the vesica well armed with

spines and the apex of the ductus ejaculatorius ending in a

stout, sharp, horny point.

Gastropacha quercifolia, L.,

has the cingula in the sternite composed merely of two very

narrow long arms (with a small irregular saccus) articulated to

the broad subovate lateral plates of the tergite section—of

the cingula—high up at the rear, these plates are produced

at the front upper apex into stout strong tusks bent downwards,

whilst at the lower front edge they are developed into a curved

flange covered, over the top, by a hairy pad; tegumen absent ;

the harpagones are very unusual in shape and consist of two

long, broad, vertical plates, which might be mistaken at first

sight for part of the cingula, the ventral part is hollowed and

produced forward into blunt points sharply dentate all the

way round their apical edges; two large, strong, curved, tusk-

like sclerites, dentate and largely tubercled, arise from the

cingula near the base in the sternite, they are, I believe, some-

what analagous to an organ J named the “ Furca”’ in 1910, an

organ universal among the Ruralidae and many other families ;

the edceagus is a large simple bent tube, with the vesica large

and finely shagreened, armed with two small clusters of spines.

Taragama rufaria, B.-B.

The cingula has exceedingly broad plates in the tergite

which are not excised on the dorsum in the rear, but are widely

bridged over, and so become practically the tegumen so far as

the dorsum is concerned, with their upper apices produced

forward into strong curved tusks; the harpago consists of a

broad horizontal plate with its front edge produced into a

longish stout horn at the upper apex and a shorter one at the

lower apex, above which is a fair-sized rounded pad covered

with stoutish long hairs; the edceagus is a curved rapidly

tapering tube of moderate length.

{ ieliv .')

In Lambessa staudingeri, B.-B.,

a species most interesting because the female is wingless, 2. e.

the wings are strictly rudimentary, the saccus is very large and

receding, and broad enough at its fore edge to be articulated

in its lower half with the harpago, and in its upper half with

the cingula; this appears to be near Hpicnaptera in its general

design; the harpago has a broad rounded lobe at the base

projecting forward in a long arm along the upper margin;

the edceagus is broadish, curved, moderately even in width and

terminating in a trumpet-shaped orifice, with a long projecting

pointed lower lip; the vesica appears to have no armature.

The Saturnidae are highly developed and generally speaking

are very simple; the cingula is a simple continuous collar with

no sign of sternite or tergite sectionnmg. The tegumen is

obvious and again simple in structure, as also are the harpa-

gones; the edceagal trough is the only atavic feature, this

being fairly large with tusk-like sclerites. Two genera must

be sufficient to illustrate their development at the moment.

In Saturnia pavoma, L.,

the cingula is a very narrow ribbon of chitin, rapidly ex-

panding on the tergite so as to form an ample hooded tegumen,

to which is articulated the deeply bifid uncal-like apex con-

sisting of two very strongly curved scimitar-like arms in the

front, curtained entirely in at the rear; the harpago is rounded,

large, highly excised in the lower front apex, wherein is a

teat-like process near the front; the edceagal trough is a broad

short collar with the upper margin developed into large tusk-

like horns in the front.

Aglia tau, L.,

is very similar to Saturnia in some particulars; the cingula

is very close but is developed more in the rear of the dorsum,

whereas in Saturnia it is frontal; the uncus-like apex of the

tegumen is, however, very much larger, very slightly excised

at the extreme tip and terminating in a blunt point on each

side; the harpago is large and rounded, without the fore

excision, but with a long highly curved arm on the inner sur-

face terminating in a long sharp point that is furnished with

a ridge of fine short spines; the edceagal trough is a simple

( ly)

broad collar with two very long narrow arms of chitin de

veloped into long brushes, and the edceagus is a long narrow

curved tube sharply dentate at the lower apical margin.

The Geometridae are as varied as any family in the general

structure of their genitalia; if we take the oldest subfamilies,

according to Prout, we should consider first the Brephinae

and the Oenochrominae.

Brephos notha, Hb.,

retains the cingula in a well-developed, though not highly

developed, form; it is almost articulated at the upper edge of

the harpagones, from whence it widens and is of moderate

width; the tegumen is articulated to it at the rear and is (at

the rear) two-armed for a short distance, when the arms unite

and become one solid dorsal process, widening outwards at

first and then tapering forwards to the apex; the harpagones

are fairly broad for the basal two-thirds, when they taper

down rapidly in a slight curve on each side to bluntly pointed

apices; the edceagus is moderately broad and straight, with

the vesica armed with a horseshoe-shaped series of powerful

cornuti.

Brephos parthenias, L.,

has the cingula more robust than in notha; the tegumen is

similarly branched at the base, but soon becomes united into

one strong highly curved horn-like uncal extremity, the anus

is below this; the harpagones are two long narrow arms,

decidedly broader at the base but suddenly constricted, and

are furnished for their ventral half with a loose outer case of

very long hairs arising from the harpago near the constricted

area, this half case fits more or less closely all along the narrow

portion; the edceagus is fairly long, narrower for the apical

half, the vesica being furnished with cornuti, somewhat

similar in shape to that in notha, but much finer.

Three examples of the Oenochroninae must suffice, in which

we shall find indications of atavic characters differing, of

course, in degree.

Alsophila aescularia, Schift.,

retains the primitive cingula wherein the sternite and tergite

sections are plainly visible; the articulation of the tegumen

( eve )

with the girdle is evident, the tegumen being ample and broad

at the base, tapering slowly to a pointed apex; the harpagones

are exceedingly broad, slightly reduced at the apex, which is

well and evenly excised, thus making the upper and lower

apices to be somewhat pointed; the harpago is very deeply

excised just below the upper margin forming a longish very

narrow apophysis at that point; the edceagus is of but

moderate size, straight, with the apex shortly tapered.

Dicyclodes hieroglyphica, Warr.,

is perhaps the most interesting Lepidopteron in one respect

that I have yet examined, as it shows the sternite and tergite

sections (7. e. the reproductive and the anal armature) quite

distinct and apparently unconnected with each other—this

appears to be a vestige of a very ancient character. The

cingula is confined to the tergite, being at the dorsum a well-

developed hood, suddenly reduced and descending to the

articulation of the two sections, where a pair of longish cone-

shaped apophyses meet the two lateral arms and appear to

be fused with them, not articulated; the apophyses are

edged with a very short and fine upright fringe of hairs; the

tegumen, articulated to the dorsal hood, is a single strong

curved horn-shaped process; the anus lies between the

laterals of the hood. The harpagones are very large and

broad, irregularly waved in outline, with the upper margin

developed into a fairly long broadish lobe, the two harpagones

are united together along their costa by a deeply hollowed

chitinous curtain that forms the support to the excessively

large edoeagus, which is furnished at its upper apex with two

longish stout curved horns, below and to the rear of which is

the vesica, armed entirely with very short teeth, its internal

area being also armed with a copious covering of teeth, whilst

a long horn-like apophysis, probably in the. ductus ejacula-

torvus, is Very prominent.

Odexa atrata, L.,

has the cingula excessively large and broad with a small

saccus and with no trace of sectional articulation; it is pro-

duced forwards below the dorsum into a pair of broad lateral

lobes, between which the basal part of the tegumen is articu-

( clvii )

lated to it, and is projected forward into a shortish curved uncal

horn; the harpagones are broadish, constricted above and

below medially, but expanding again widely at the apex,

the front line of the apex being slightly hollowed between its

upper and lower extremities—there is a peculiar triangular

ventral plate that is deeply hollowed, tapering off to a pointed

extremity; the edceagus is long and very narrow, being an

almost simple tube, the vesica having but a slight armature.

The Geometrinae are on the whole simpler and more ad-

vanced in structure than the two previous subfamilies, but

space impels certain limits, so that I must content myself

with a single example, the structure, however, varies in almost

every genus.

Tolmera albibasalis.

The cingula is a simple continuous collar with a smallish

horn-like tegumen, from two-thirds up the girdle ; in the tergite

area two lateral arms arise, one on each side, to well above

the tegumen, that terminate in lozenge-shaped elliptical

apices densely shagreened, from which arise long thick

brushes of hair; the harpagones are very long, quite un-

usually so, they are irregularly scimitar-shaped processes ;

the sdceagus is shortish, broad, with the vesica slightly

shagreened and furnished with a formidable horn.

The sexual armature of the Diptera is being used generally

by the present-day systematists. In a highly specialised order

such as this, we should look for well-developed clasping

organs. The general method of mating is asin the Coleoptera,

with the male on the top of the female, but the highly nervous

and extremely active habit of the insects would lead observers

to expect a difference in the development of the armature, and

this is the case. The clasping organs are generally very

complicated and very effective, and for this it became neces-

sary for the armature—the male being above its mate—to be

enabled to be curved round into a position almost vertically

below its own abdomen; this is partly provided for in the

shape of the various organs, but mostly by a fine pliable

extension of chitinous membrane between the terminal ab-

dominal segment and the armature; this membrane is so fine

( clviii_ )

that it folds up and is ordinarily imperceptible, but it is

capable of so long an extension when necessary as to enable

the clasping organs to be emitted almost below the genital

aperture of the female. The organs are extremely varied in

form—one genus differmg from another as is the case in the

other orders; at the same time, even with my own limited

' experience, I think I should know whether I was examining

a preparation from a Dipteron without difficulty and without

being informed of the order. It is only possible for me to

consider one or two species in some of the families in the two

great divisions, the Orthorrhapha and the Cyclorrhapha; in the

former the Tipulidae have the organs large and frequently

complicated.

Tipula paludosa

has the tegumen, or its equivalent, in the form of a very

large and deep bonnet-shaped hood, within which are two

pairs of prominent lobes, the shorter ones pointed, the larger

ones rounded, whilst externally is the probable equivalent of

the harpagones, which are largish, somewhat spatulate processes

with narrow deeply curved hooks above them; on the venter

are two sensory pads furnished with short teeth, these doubt-

less are extended on the venter of the female and probably

act as excitants. The dorsum is provided with clusters of

strong spines; the edceagus is an exceedingly long and very

fine tube.

Pachyrrhina lineata.

The tegumen in the genus is only bridged over very narrowly

on the dorsum, being composed of two largish rounded lateral

plates, to which are articulated the harpagones; these are

smallish with a solid rear, but with the apex deeply bifid, giving

it a pincer-like shape, the upper jaw having a vertical, hollowed,

somewhat spatulate process; the ventral pads are slightly

different in outline from those in the genus Tipula, but are

quite evidently functionally similar.

Psiloconopa meigenia,

as representing the Limnobidae, has its organs enclosed in a

globular case divided more or less centrally. Not having

(clits '}

been able to examine a sufficient series, I am unable to express

an opinion on them, but they are so peculiar and interesting

that it seems worth while to give at least one figure of the

group, though all are not enclosed in an outer case such as this.

The Asilidae, with varied and frequently complex organs,

are a deeply interesting family from other points of view as

well as the one I am considering; their mating habits should

be specially observed. JI must, however, confine myself to

one genus.

Dioctria rufipes

has a fair-sized semi-tubular tegumen elongated into blunt

points at the lower apices, with a somewhat tusk-shaped

apophysis overlapping on each side; the harpagones (or their

equivalent) are well developed, terminating in longish curved

processes; the edoeagal ring is rather complex in its arma-

ture, the edceagus being a simple tapering irregular tube.

The Emprdae are of the utmost interest from the point of view

now under consideration, and some of us who are not Dipterists

are looking forward to Mr. Collin’s classification of this im-

portant group from the anatomical standpoint. He tells

me that the habit of the male is to soar up from below and

seize the female from underneath. In accordance with this

habit the clasping armature is developed to meet it, this

being particularly the case with the wedcagus, which is

upturned instead of occupying the usual position.

Empis tessellata

shows this excellently, the wedceagus being highly curved

with an asymmetrical deeply bifid extremity; the tegumen

is quite small and bifid with a pair of small cuneate apophyses,

whilst a pair of very large lateral plates (reminding one of the

valves of the Papilionidae and of some of the Pieridae) cover

each side. I will not refer to more genera as Mr. Collin will

shortly, I hope, deal with the whole subject of this group.

Of the Dolichopodidae I will only figure the one species

Dolichopus ungulatus.

The tegumen has an extraordinarily developed uncal

apophysis with rather complex armature below its median

( celerd.7)

area, for both of which structures the figure will tell much

more than words. The harpagones are of a fair size with their

lower extremity slightly elongated into short round apices,

from the centre of which a short spine is emitted; the

edceagus is a very long narrow tube curved right round near

its origin. The whole armature is peculiarly interesting,

and a study of the family in this particular should prove of

the greatest value. |

In the Cyclorrhapha

the Syrphidae are provided with a very varied and well-

developed apparatus. If, as seems probable, mating is by

capture, and the hovering habit would seem to point to this,

then it is evident that it would be an advantage to the race to

have very efficient clasping organs.

Chrysotocum cautum.

The tegumen is asymmetrically deeply bifid, the peculiar

feature of this asymmetry being that the left side (looking

towards the telum) is always decidedly shorter, with the curved

apex shorter and heavier. It appears to me that the tegumen

in this and other similar cases must replace the harpagones

functionally, these organs (the harpagones) being so reduced

in size that their power of grasping must be very small, in

this species they are cone-shaped and are articulated to the

basal plates. The girdle as a defined organ is practically

absent in this order; the edceagus is smallish, gradually

tapering to a bluntly pointed apex. At the base of the tegu-

men on the dorsum are two small lobe-like processes covered

with fine short hairs.

Eristalis pertinaz.

This genus also has the tegumen deeply bifid, the lobes

just referred to in the previous description are larger and more

prominent, whilst the bifid arms of the tegumen are spatulate

and not so large; the harpagones are quite insignificant,

close on the venter, and terminate in a fine point.

Sericomyia borealis

retains the small lobes in the rear of the tegumen, which,

however, is not bifid but has a large uncal termination ending

( ek )

in a longish straight horn curved well downwards, as are all

these parts in the Diptera; the harpagones are small rounded

sclerites between which lies the edceagus; this is shown in the

figure projecting below the lower margin of the harpagones.

I have only time to consider three sections of the important

group Schizophora, viz. the Anthomyidae, the Trypetidae and

the Tachinidae. In the former,

Hylemyia strigosa

has quite small armature—the species is of course a small

insect, but even so the armature is small and simple, the

tegumen being deeply bifid, and it quite evidently supplants

the harpagones functionally; the harpagones are quite small,

divided more or less into two sections, the upper one scroll-

shaped and the lower rather cuneate; the venter of the end

abdominal segment is projected forwards into two rounded

sclerites, one on each side, which carry near their upper apex

a long strong curved spinous hair articulated in a definite

socket.

LTephritis miliaria,

representing the latter of the two subfamilies already men-

tioned. In this the tegumen and the harpagones or their

equivalents appear to form one continuous organ, the former

being merely a broad collar quite continuous with the harpa-

gones, which are large and prominent and somewhat cuneate ;

within these latter are a pair of sclerites hanging down more

or less parallel with the harpagones. The edceagus is the

somewhat coiled fine tube as seen in the figure. The Tachi-

midae, if we may judge from the genitalia, must be closely

related to the previous family Anthomyidae.

Pollenia rudis

is close to Hylemyia in the general “ build ” of its armature ;

the tegumen is very similar in shape, but it is slightly bifid,

and it has below it a pair of prominent sclerites larger

than the uncal portion of the tegumen; the ventral sclerites

are reduced to a pair of somewhat cone-shaped pads, of but

moderate size; the edceagus is largish, deeply curved, and is

emitted from a ring of chitin which at its upper margin is

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1914. L

( clxii_)

produced forwards into a longish horn—this may be analagous

to the furca in the Lepidoptera.

Dexiosoma caninum

has very insignificant armature; the tegumen is merely a

small horn-like uncal projection, on each side of which is a

similar-shaped sclerite somewhat larger, whilst the ventral

pads are much reduced in size.

Panzeria rudis

follows the same line of structure; the tegumen is largish

and finely cuneate, below it are a pair of large, prominent,

somewhat cone-shaped sclerites ; the edceagal ring is furnished

with a pair of curved apophyses, rounded at the apex at

its upper margin, and a pair of tusk-like apophyses, the small

eedceagus protruding between the two; the ventral pads on

the terminal abdominal somite are three in number, one on

the venter and one on each side of it, they are small but well

developed.

Eudoromyia magnicornis

differs in some particulars; the largish tegumen has the

long uncal projection terminating in a fine hook, below it

are a pair of large cheeks with an arm-like process bent round

their fore edge; the edceagal ring is of moderate size, and the

ventral pads are fairly prominent.

Phorocera caesifrons -

has a different type of armature; the tegumen is large,

being a very prominent hollowed pallate process curved into

a rounded apex; directly below it at the hinder edge are two

somewhat rounded cheeks with a fine digitate process emanat-

ing from them, whilst the edceagal ring has apophyses of

quite small dimensions.

Sarcophaga carnaria,

In this genus the external organs consist of little more

than the tegumen, which in its uncal apophysis is semi-

cylindrical, the front apex being excised and tapered off into

two cuneate apices; immediately below the tegumen are

@ than: ')

a pair of somewhat cone-shaped pads, below which is the

edoeagal ring with its two pairs of tusk-like apophyses that

appear to be characteristic of the family; the sedceagus is

very irregular in outline with a heavily armatured apex.

The sensory pads on the venter of the terminal abdominal

somite are rounded and furnished with long strong hairs.

The Hymenoptera have these organs developed and

specialised to a considerable extent; the late Edward Sanders

dealt with them in our Transactions as long ago as 1884, and

I only propose to refer to one or two types of the Aculeata

so that I may demonstrate the line of specialisation in Vespa

and in some of the Formicidae.

Vespa germanica,

The organs are developed almost entirely along the lateral

line; they are very ample, indeed so ample that they extend

on to the lower part of the dorsum and also on to the venter

of the female; there are apophyses on each of these margins,

those on the dorsal edges being long, irregular, and thickly

haired; the edceagus is longish with a large basal area, the

apical half being a moderately broad tube with barbed apex,

Vespa sylvestris

is very similar to germanica, as we should expect, but is

simpler, whilst the lateral armature is different in shape;

the sedceagus also is different in small particulars.

Formica rufa, L.,

has the development also almost entirely along the lateral

line, as also have others of the group, it is, however, flat, not

curved, that is to say that the lateral plates are apparently

flat; but to make up for the loss of power involved by being

unable to curve around the abdomen of the mate—as in Vespa

—the internal surface is supplied with strong hooks or saws

or both, so that the grasping capabilities must be great.

Formica fusca, L.,

is very similar indeed to the preceding species, but the

internal hooks are different in shape, as also the lateral plates,

which are also smaller.

(\ ebsivy 3)

Myrmica ruginodis, Nylander,

is quite different in general aspect, though the development

is lateral; the apophyses within the lateral plates are, how-

ever, as prominent as in Formica, though somewhat smaller.

Lasius niger, L.

The organs in this genus whilst still lateral are different in

shape and in various particulars. I refrain from describing

any of these, as | hope my friend Mr. Donisthorpe will be

bringing out his book on this group of insects very shortly,

when no doubt he will deal with this side of the subject.

In summing up, so far as my own observations go, I find

that the lowly orders such as Thysanura and Collembola have

no external clasping organs, there are certain stylets and

sensory gonapophyses that are probably excitants. Lubbock

(the late Lord Avebury) states that he noticed very little

courtship evidenced among them, the most he saw being a

slight caressing with the antennae. I should here say that

I quite expected to be able to present a more complete set

of examples for your consideration, as I had been promised

material especially among the less-known orders, but alas,

the war entirely upset these arrangements, and now some of

my friends are at the front.

Turning to the Orthoptera (one of the orders I have been

disappointed in), there is a combination of primitive with

progressive characters; the cerci are strongly developed,

whilst the clasping organs are present but probably are in-

adequate to be of much functional use.

I believe that the Thysanoptera have their genitalic

characters somewhat on the lines of those obtaiming in the

Thysanura, and that they are confined to sensory gonapophyses

and stylets.

It will have been seen that there are two quite distinct

sets of organs, viz. the edceagus with its various parts, and

the external clasping organs, the latter being modifications

in all probability of the ninth and tenth abdominal segments.

Originally, I have little doubt that the anus had its own pro-

tective armature, whilst the edcagus had its own armature,

the former being confined to the tergite and the latter to the

( clxy }

sternite. The sdceagus is common to all insects, and is

exceedingly varied in its states of development. The clasping

organs do not obtain in all orders, as has been already shown.

In the Odonata the external organs have developed along

entirely different lines, owing no doubt to their quite different

economy, but on the second segment of the abdomen there

are organs for grasping the ovipositor of the female, and

these may be in process of further development; this line

of study, already begun by some American morphologists,

will, I hope, be deeply probed into. The old and vast

order of Coleoptera present a field of research of the very

utmost importance and of the utmost interest. I believe it

is probable that clasping organs, as understood by Lepi-

dopterists, Trichopterists and Dipterists scarcely exist.

There are large external sclerites in certain groups, for in-

stance in the Telephoridae, in some of the weevils such as the

genera Psalidwra and Ichthyurus, as already referred to, but

I am very doubtful if they are homologous with the complex

external organs of other orders. In the Hymenoptera also

comparatively little has been done in this line of study, in

spite of the fact that beautiful and highly complicated struc-

tures are common, and that the aculeate section has the

additional interest of being provided with a sting emitted

from the telum. The Huropean war has prevented me from

getting specimens of several of the less popular and of the

lower orders that I had quite expected to be able to figure,

but as regards the Trichoptera, the Lepidoptera and the

Diptera, it is evident that the external modifications of the

ninth and tenth abdominal segments are very ancient, and

that they have persisted quite as strongly where apparently

there was no special need for their persistence—I refer, of

course, to those species of Lepidoptera with so-called sub-

apterous females. It appears to me to be almost certain

that these organs are modifications of the ninth and tenth

abdominal segments, the Micropterygidae and the Trichoptera

(in many cases) seem to prove this in the formation of the hind

section of these organs, that section being an almost complete

ring, like the other abdominal segments, only being (to-day)

without the division between the tergite and sternite, and I

( olxyi. *)

am quite satisfied that they are of very real value and assist-

ance not only from the phylogenic but also from the taxonomic

point of view.

If we now consider the s«edceagus, it will be necessary to

speak with extreme caution. So far as the Lepidoptera and

the Trichoptera. are concerned I believe it to be as valuable

a character as the external organs, but here I must explain

that I refer in this statement to that part of it defined by

Rothschild and Jordan as the penis sheath, 7. e. the outside

hard chitinous case. I am fairly sure that the ductus ejacula-

torius with its tip which Pierce has named the “ vesica”’ are

by no means satisfactory or safe characters on which to rely.

I do not mean that in some genera they may not be useful,

but I have found quite frequently that whilst one species

of a genus may have considerable armature in the vesica

and also in the ductus ejaculatorius, another species in the

same genus may have none or next to none, and this would to

some extent agree with the view of my friend, G. A. K. Mar-

shall, who tells me that he knows of Coleoptera in which the

eedoeagus is of the very simplest possible form, and that it

would be almost impossible to differentiate one genus from

wother in some such cases. I take it, however, that such

cases would occur only where the organ is extremely simple,

and it would follow almost for a certainty that directly pro-

eressive development began then differentiation would begin

also, and this we see in Sharp and Muir’s valuable treatise,

the senior author of which tells me that he is still finding

marvellous and diverse developments in the vesica of the

order in question, and moreover that he considers this depart-

ment of entomology is destined to become of the first import-

ance; an opinion that I most thoroughly concur in. Perhaps

it may be thought that whilst I have been able to show different

degrees of development in the insects themselves, yet I have

not gone very far in argument, and up to a point this is true,

but the facts of the case lie in the figures presented before

you, and to a large extent may I not say that they speak

for themselves? Nevertheless it appears to me to be correct

—or at least most probably correct—to say that, originally,

the anus and the «edceagus had each its own armature, pro-

( clzvi’ }

bably separated, and that the present more or less simpler

development has been evolved therefrom. Those families,

popularly called the lower or the older groups, have all of them

rather complex organs, with evidences of vestiges of a separated

anus; as development progressed, its progression should be

towards simplicity, for it is hard to persuade oneself that great

complexity in these parts is for the benefit of the race, the

simpler and the more effective the better for the species; in

most of the Heterocera there are signs in this direction. If

we consider the Rhopalocera it is much more in evidence,

but perhaps it is most interesting to find that one of the oldest

families has quite the simplest armature; I refer to the

Ruralidae or Lycaenidae, where the armature and the zedceagus

are, generally speaking, of the simplest pattern I know of,

taking the whole family into consideration, among all the

Lepidoptera, and perhaps next to them come the Hrycinidae.

I am unable to speak with authority on such orders as the

Diptera and the Hymenoptera, but in both of these orders,

where long and sustained flights are the habits generally

obtaining, we must be prepared for deviation from the standard

of the Lepidoptera; in both groups we find the armature

complex and powerful.

Each order must be worked out on its own lines, the economy

of the insects necessarily affecting their structure to some

extent. It may be that those who are not well acquainted

with this line of study will find it difficult at first to fully

comprehend all the structures, this can be, however, remedied

by any one who desires to investigate the subject; the initial

difficulties are by no means great, all that is required is

patience and a more or less delicate touch, with these and good

eyes any one can overcome the difficulty of technique in the

preparation of the necessary microscopic slides. This being

accomplished the field of research is great, and I believe is

destined to become of the utmost importance in the near

future.

Perhaps I should say a word on the best position for ob-

servation of these organs. Without any doubt at all the

natural position should be taken, and in the Lepidoptera, the

Trichoptera and the Neuroptera that is the profile view; in

( elxviil_ )

the Diptera, also, the profile view is almost necessitated by the

organs themselves. I have discussed this question with some of

the best Continental insect anatomists, and they all agree that

the profile position is the essential point of view. It is evident

that in this, the natural position, all the organs are co-ordinated

together as nature made them, as they are used by the insects

themselves, so that the relativity of part to part is at once

apparent to the eyes of the observer. I do not mean to say

that it is never advisable to make other preparations, every

position is necessary for one’s own instruction; vertical and

flat, transparent and opaque are all needed sometimes where

it may be possible, but the educative and natural position is

the profile, and it should be placed in a cell with only sufficient

pressure from the coverglass to enable the mount to retain

its posture.

It only remains for me now to press this line of research

strongly on my brother entomologists, there is a vast field

to be explored which will prove of the greatest interest to the

investigator and of the utmost value to science generally.

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THYSANURA, ORTHOPTERA AND ODONATA.

GENITALIA

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the figures have been magnified x 30, except where on

account of the large size it is otherwise stated, and then reduced

uniformly by a third.

PLATE C.

. Petrobius maritimus.

. Petrobius brevistylis.

. Periplaneta americana.

. Calopteryx maculata.

Hetaerina americana.

. Rhinocypha biseriata.

. Lestes rectangularis.

. Onychogomphus forcipatus.

. Dromogomphus spinosus.

SOQ mo Rone

EXPLANATION OF PLATE D.

j. Cordulegaster annulatus.

k. Epiaeschna heros.

1. Lnbellula quadrimaculata.

m. Sympetrum sanguineum.

n. Micropteryx calthella.

0. Clania variegata.

p. Pseudoclania dinawaensis.

r. T'rochilium crabroniformis.

s. Aegeria ichnewmoniformis.

Plate 1:

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GENITALIA OF ODONATA AND LEPIDOPTERA.

Plate E.

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GENITALIA OF [TRICHOPTERA

EXPLANATION OF PLATE HE.

. Rhyacophila dorsalis.

. Limnophilus flavicornis.

Anabolia nervosa.

. Stenophylax stellatus.

. Leptocerus aterrimus.

. Brachycentrus subnubilis.

. Glyphotaelius pelkucidus.

. Plectrocnemia conspersa.

. Halesus auricollis.

CHAANCR WH

EXPLANATION OF PLATE F.

10. Hriocrania purpurella.

1l. Micropteryx seppella.

12. Hepialus humuli.

13. Ino geryon.

14. Zygaena achilleae.

15. Heterusia pratti.

16. Drepana harpagula.

Plate F.

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GENITALIA OF LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA).

Plate G.

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GENITALIA OF LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA).

18.

ig,

20.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE G.

17. Drepana falcataria.

Tlema griseola.

Tlema lurideola.

Setina aurita.

Euprepria striata.

Maenas punctatostrigata.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE H.

22. Diacrisia sannio.

23. Diacrisia dinawa.

24. Parasemia plantaginis.

25. Arctia caja.

26. Callimorpha dominula.

28. Notodonta ziczac.

29. Lophopteryx camelina,

late TH.

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GENITALIA OF LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA).

Plate I.

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GENITALIA OF LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE J.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

Phalera bucephaloides.

Pygaera pigra.

Huproctis faventia.

Orgyia antiqua.

Lymantria novaquinensis.

Lasiocampa quercus.

Gastropacha quercifolia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE J.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

Saturnia pavonia.

Aglia tau.

Ocypus fuscatus.

Staphylinus erythropterus.

Achenium depressum.

Othius fulvipennis.

later |e

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ENITALIA OF LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA.

Pilate nie

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GENITALIA OF COLEOPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND DIPTERA,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE K.

43. Silpha laevigata.

44. Brephos notha.

45. Brephos parthenias.

46. Alsophila aescularia.

47. Dicyclodes hieroglyphica.

48. Odezia atrata.

49. Tolmera albibasis.

51. Pachyrrhina lineata.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.

50. Tipula paludosa.

52. Psiloconopa meigenii.

53. Dioctria rufipes.

54. Hmpis tessellata.

55. Dolichopus ungulatus.

56. Chrysotoxum cautum.

57. Hristalis pertinax.

58. Sericomyia borealis.

59. Hylemyia strigosa.

Rieter

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GENITALIA OF DIPTERA.

Plate M.

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GENITALIA OF DIPTERA AND HYMENOPTERA

EXPLANATION oF PLaTE M.

60. Tephritis miliaria.

61. Pollenia rudis.

62. Dexiosoma caninum.

63. Panzeria rudis.

64, Eudoromyia magnicornis.

65. Phorocera caesifrons.

66. Sarcophaga carnaria.

68. Vespa sylvestris.

69. Formica rufa.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE N

67.

70.

dae

72.

73.

74.

70.

Vespa germanica.

Formica fusca.

Myrmica ruginodis.

Lasius niger.

Ichthyurus pachygaster.

Cossus cossus (key to organs of Lepidoptera).

Dyltiscus marginalis (leg of the beetle).

Figures c and 75 are magnified x 7. Figures k, 23, 36, 67, 68,

69, 74 x 10. Figures h, j, 1, 25, 29, 30, 35 and 45 x 15. Figures

0, p, 10, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 28, 32, 38, 47, 49, 58 x 20. Figures

r, s, 44, 50, 57, x 25. All the other figures are magnified x 30,

Plate N.

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GENITALIA OF HyMENOPTERA AND OTHER ORDERS,

ALsO Lec or DyrTIscus.

( elat. j ee,

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS,

Aberrations, of Rhopalocera, remarkable, exhibited, xxxiv; of Argynnis

ntobe, dark, exhibited, cv.

Abnormal, Hymenopteron, exhibited, lxxx; Anthrocerids, exhibited, Ixxxiii.

Acraea chilo observed in covtt%, male and female of, c.

Aculeate Hymenoptera, Erotylid beetles occupying empty clay cells of,

exhibited, xxiii.

Aenigmatias blattoides and Platyphora lubbockt, one species, exhibited, 1xxxi.

Africa, Asilids from, exhibited, xxxvi; resting position of Nymphaline

butterfly Hamanumida daedalus from, xxxvii; Tabanidae from, exhibited,

lvii; description of the early stages of three Danaine butterflies from

S. and E., exhibited, xxv; a family raised from parents belonging to

two forms of Pyrrhocorid bugs from West, exhibited, xxviii; prey of

Asilids from, exhibited, evi.

Agriades thersites, living larvae and imagines of, exhibited, xiv; contribution

to the life-history of, xxxi, 285; on a new form of seasonal (and hetero-

goneutic) dimorphism in, xxxi, 309.

Aletis in the Lagos district, account of the larvae of two species of the

Geometrid genus, l.

Algerian Diptera, exhibition illustrating natural history of certain, ii.

Allied nations, invitation to Entomologists of the, xciv.

Amauris psyttalea, observation of the epigamic use of its anal brushes by the

male, cvii.

America, mimic of Danaida plexippus, the Pierine Weophasta terlooti from

North, exhibited, viii; based on the genital armature of the males,

revision of the Chauliognathinae (Fam. Telephoridae) from Mexico and

Central, xviii, 128; wasp’s nest from Western, exhibited, xx; descrip-

tions of Micro-Lepidoptera from South, xxxiv, 229; with descriptions of

new species, revision of the Telephorinae (Fam. Telephoridae) from

Mexico and Central, civ; with descriptions of new species, revision of the

Malachiidae and Melyridae from Mexico and Central, 13.

Amorpha populi and Smerinthus ocellatus, hybrid, exhibited, Ixxxv.

Anal brushes by the male Amauris psyttalea, observation of the epigamic use

of its, cxi.

Anaphe panda, note on the larvae of, xxx.

Asonian

¢ ce}

Aut, larvae as sewing-machines, exhibited, 1i; polymorphism in, exhibited, x ;

attendant on the larvae of the Lycaenid, Wyrina szlenus, xxiii; nest of,

exhibited, xxxiv ; the growth of fungi on the shelters built over Coccidae

by Cremastogaster, xlii.

Anthrocera (Zygaena) trifolzt, isolated colonies of, exhibited, xcv; A. meliloti

from Camberley, exhibited, ciii.

Anthrocerids, abnormal, exhibited, lxxxiii.

Aphides of Britain, myrmecophilous, ix.

Arge pagana, ova of, exhibited, Ixxx.

Argynnis aglaia, living larvae of, exhibited, xx ; 4. niobe, dark aberration of,

exhibited, ev.

Asilids from Africa, exhibited, xxxvi; prey of, exhibited, evi.

Asilinae, exhibited, iv.

Auditors, appointment of, cv.

Australian Lycaenid larva resembling the flower of the “ Wattle” on which

it feeds, exhibited, cvi.

Bees at the Cape, parthenogenesis in worker, lxxxiii.

Beetle, myrmecophilous, exhibited, xxxiv.

Belenogaster junceus, and the attacks of Tachinid flies upon it, observations

on the habits of the wasp, xxxix.

Berytus clavipes, living specimens of, exhibited, lvi.

Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., notice of the death of, xxxv.

Boarmia repandata, variation in, exhibited, lxxxiv.

Bombay, proportion of the female forms of Papilio polytes in North Kanara,

XCiX.

Bournemouth, males of Ceratopogon myrmecophilus and Formicoxenus niti-

dulus on the hillock of Formica rufa near, exhibited, c.

Brazil, new species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from 8.E., ix, xxxi, 1, 437.

Britain, myrmecophilous Aphides of, ix; Ichneumon, new to, exhibited,

lvii.

British, Hudectus and Oedemera virescens, exhibited, xv; Neuropteron, scarce,

exhibited, cvi.

British Honduras, Lepidoptera from, exhibited, xx.

Brinig Pass, iusects-from the, exhibited, xxvi.

Bugalla Islands, observations on Dorylus nigricans in Damba and, cvii.

Bugs, a family raised from parents belonging to two forms of West African

Pyrrhocorid, exhibited, lxxviii.

Butterflies, feeding of captive, exhibited, xxvi; South European, exhibited,

Ixxxvi; from Central Spain, exhibited, civ; further observations on the

structure of the scent-organs in certain brush-bearing male, cxii.

Caligo memnon, early stages of, exhibited, xxii.

Camberley, Conops vesicularts from, exhibited, lvi; Anthrocera meliloti and

Parascotia fuliginaria from, exhibited, ciii.

Cantharid beetle Mylabris fasciata captured together in Southern Nigeria,

varieties of the, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Cape, parthenogenesis in worker-bees at the, lxxxiii.

Cassida rubiginosa, rare variety of, exhibited, xx.

Catasticta, description of new species of, Ixxxiii.

Ceratopogon myrmecophilus and Formicoxenus nitidulus on the hillock of

Formica rufa near Bournemouth, males of, exhibited, c.

(elas)

Chauliognathinae (Fam. Telephoridae), based on the genital armature of the

males, revision of the Mexican and Central American, xviii, 128.

China, Pierines from Western, exhibited, xxxii.

Chloroperla venosa and C. grammatica, exhibited, lxxx.

Cidaria suffumata, varietal form of, exhibited, xvii.

Clay cells of Aculeate Hymenoptera, Erotylid beetles occupying empty,

exhibited, xxiii.

Coccid, Dichotomy of anterior limb in, exhibited, xv; genus Leucaspis, with

descriptions of two new species, some remarks on the, Ixxxiii, 459.

Coccidae, the growth of fungi on the shelters built over by Cremastogaster

auts, xlii

Cocoon of its host, parasite imprisoned in the, exhibited, civ.

Cotta, male and female of Acraea chilo observed in, c.

Coliad, remarkable, exhibited, civ.

Colias erate and hybrids, exhibited, xevi.

Colonies of Anthrocera (Zyaaena) trifolii and Parasemia plantaginis, isolated,

exhibited, xcy.

Coloration of Desert Hymenoptera, exhibited, cv,

Conops vesicularis from Camberley, exhibited, lvi.

Council, nomination of, ciii.

Cremastogaster ants, the growth of fungi on the shelters built over Coccidae

by, xlii.

Culicidae from Papua, 185.

Curetis, exhibited, xxxi.

Damba and Bugalla Islands, observations on Dorylus nigricans in, evil.

Danaida plexippus, the Pierine Meophasia terlooti, a new North American

mimic of, exhibited, viii.

Danaine butterflies, description of the early stages of three S. and E. African,

exhibited, Ixxv.

Dasypogoninae, exhibited, iv.

Declaration of the German Professors, reply to the, xe, xci.

Dermaptera, the opisthomeres and the gonapophyses in the, cii; on the male

genital armature of the, cii.

Desert Hymenoptera, coloration of, exhibited, cv.

Dianthoecia barretti1, variation in, exhibited, Ixxxiv.

Dichotomy of anterior limb in a Coccid, exhibited, xv.

Dimorphism in Agriades thersites, on a new form of seasonal (and heterogo-

neutic), xxxi, 309.

Diptera, exhibition illustrating natural history of certain Algerian, ii.

Dorylus, driver ants of Southern Nigeria, further notes on, exhibited, v;

observations on D. nigricans in Damba and Bugalla Islands, evii.

Durban, large family of Hypolimnas (Euralia) mima and wahlbergt bred from

known parents of the wahlbergi form at, exhibited, Ixx.

Earwig, note on the manubrium of the ninth sternite in the male, cii.

Egg-laying of Trichiosoma ( Tenthredinidae), on the, ix, 173.

England, Prodenia littoralis bred in, exhibited, i.

Eriogaster lanestris, gynandromorphic, exhibited, xiv.

Erotylid beetles occupying empty clay cells of Aculeate Hymenoptera, xxiii.

Ethiopian region, revision of the species of the genus Odynerus (Hymeno-

ptera) occurring in the, lxxxiii, 485.

( séleexai’))

Eudectus, British, exhibited, xv.

Euliphyra sjéstedti, a correction, 1xxviii.

Eumenes, observations on the method by which Tachinid flies escape from

the'mud cells of, xli.

Euralia dubia and E. anthedon, from Natal, surprising family of, xvii; large

family of FE. mzma and wahlberg? bred from known parents of the wahl-

bergi form at Durban, exhibited, Ixx.

Europe, butterflies from South, exhibited, Ixxxvi.

Ex-President, honour for, ciii.

Feeding of captive butterflies, exhibited, xxvi.

Fellows, election of, i, x, xviii, xxxi, xxxiv, lvi, lxxix, lxxxiii, Ixxxix, cii.

Flower of the ‘“‘ Wattle” on which it feeds, Australian Lycaenid larva

resembling, exhibited, evi.

Formica rufa near Bournemouth, males of Ceratopogon myrmecophilus and

Formicoxenus nitidulus on the hillock of, exhibited, c,

Formicoxenus nitidulus on the hillock of Formica rufa near Bournemouth,

males of, exhibited, c.

Fungi on the shelters built over Coceidae by Cremastogaster ants, the growth

of, xlii.

Genital armature, of the males, revision of the Chauliognathinae (Fam.

Telephoridae) from Mexico and Central America, based on the, xviii,

128; in Lepidoptera, on the taxonomic value of the, lvi, 314; of the

Dermaptera, on the male, cil.

Geometrid genus A/etis in the Lagos district, account of the larvae of two

species of the, 1.

German Professors, reply to the declaration of the, xe, xci.

Goliath-beetles, rare, exhibited, xv.

Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera, the opisthomeres and the, cii.

Gynandromorphism, Lycaenids showing some degree of, exhibited, lxxxviii.

Gynandromorphous Plebeius argyrognomon, ete., from Switzerland, exhibited,

lxxx.

Hamanumida daedalus, resting position of African Nymphaline butterfly,

XXXVIi.

Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam. Zchneumonidae), on, lxxxix, 521.

Heterocera, South Russian, exhibited, Ixxxvi.

Honorary Fellow, election of, ev.

Honour for Ex-President, ciii.

Hybrid, Amorpha popult and Smerinthus ocellatus, exhibited, Ixxxv; of Colias

erate, exhibited, xcvi.

Hymenoptera, oceurring in the Ethiopian region, revision of the species of the

genus Odynerus, Ixxxiii, 485; Fam. Zehnewmontdae, on Hawaiian Ophion-

tnae, \xxxix, 521; coloration of Desert, exhibited, cv; being reprint of

long-lost work by Panzer, etc., the authorship and first publication of the

‘¢ Jurinean”’ genera of, 339.

Hymenopteron, abnormal, exhibited, lxxx.

Hypolimnas (Euralia) dubia and anthedon from Natal, surprising family

of, xvii; large family of H. (Euralia) mima and wahlbergi bred

from known parents of the wahlbergi form at Durban, exhibited,

xx.

Ichneumon new to Britain, exhibited, lvii.

( clzxxin )

Ichneumonidae, on Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera), Fam., Ixxxix,

521.

Insects, new order of, ii; from the Briinig Pass, exhibited, xxvi.

Invitation to Entomologists of the Allied Nations, xciv.

Isolated colonies of Anthrocera (Zygaena) trifolii and Parasemia plantagi-

nis, exhibited, xecv.

Jurinean genera of Hymenoptera, being reprint of a long-lost work by Panzer,

with translation into English, etc., authorship and first publication of

the, 339.

Kanara, proportion of the female forms of Papzlio polytes in North, xcix.

Kent, Rumicia phlaeas, etc., from North, exhibited, Ixxx,

Lagos district, account of the larvae of two species of the Geometrid genus

Aletis in the, 1.

Lasiocampa tlicifolia, exhibited, xvii.

Lasius fuliginosus, nest of, exhibited, xviii.

Lepidoptera, -Heterocera from 8. E. Brazil, new species of, ix, xxxi, 1, 437 ;

from British Honduras, exhibited, xx; on the taxonomic value of the

genital armature in, lvi, 314; noteworthy, exhibited, lxxxii.

Leucaspis, with descriptions of two new species, some remarks on the Coccid

genus, lxxxiii, 459.

Lycaenid, Wyrina silenus, ants attendant on larvae of, xxiii; showing some

degree of gynandromorphism, exhibited, Ixxxviii; larva resembling the

flower of the “ Wattle” on which it feeds, Australian, exhibited, evi.

Lyonetia clerckella, suggested protective value of the cocoon of, exhibited, xv.

Matlachiidae and Melyridae, with descriptions of new species, revision of the

Mexican and Central American, 13.

Manubrium of the ninth sternite in the male earwig, note on the, cii.

Melanic larvae to melanic imagines, relation of, exhibited, xxxv.

Melitaca aurinia, abnormal neuration in, exhibited, Ixxx.

Melie proscarabaeus, living, exhibited, xxvi.

Melyridae, with descriptions of new species, revision of the Mexican and

Central American Malachtidae and, 13.

Mendelian relationships of the female forms of Papilio dardanus, lxvii.

Meneris tulbaghia and scarlet flowers, exhibited, xevii.

Mexico and Central America, based on the genital armature of the males,

revision of the Chauliognathinae (Fam. Telephoridae), from, xviii, 128 ;

with descriptions of new species, revision of the Telephorinae (Fam.

Telephoridae) from, civ; with descriptions of new species, revision of the

Malachtidae and Melyridae from, 18.

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, xxxiv, 229.

Microscopic stage, movable, exhibited, evi.

Mimetic, butterflies and their models, misleading resemblance between, ex-

hibited, xxiv; and the non-mimetic patterns of Papilio polytes, some

details in the relationship between the, exhibited, xxv.

Mimicry, point in, exhibited, xxxi.

Mines of Nepticula acetosae, exhibited, lvii.

Mylabris fasciata, captured together in Southern Nigeria, varieties of the

Cantharid beetle, exhibited, lxxvi.

Mymaridae from Tasmania, descriptions of two new genera and new species

of, civ, 536.

( clxxiv’ )

Myrina silenus, ants attendant on larvae of Lycaenid, xxiii.

Myrmecophilous beetle, exhibited, xxxiv.

Natal, surprising family of Hypolimnas (Euralia) dubia and anthedon from,

Xvii.

Neophasia terlootz, a new North American mimic of Danaida plexippus, the

Pierine, exhibited, viii.

Nepticula acetosae, mines of, exhibited, lvii.

Neuration in Melitaea aurinia, abnormal, exhibited, xxx.

Neuropteron, living, exhibited, lvi; scarce British, exhibited, cvi.

Nigeria, further notes on the driver ants (Dorylus) of Southern, exhibited, v ;

family containing nine /zppocoon and eight dionysus bred from a hippo-

coon female of Papilio dardanus in §., exhibited, Ixiii; varieties of the

Cantharid beetle, Mylabris fasctata, captured together in Southern,

exhibited, Ixxvi.

Nymphaline butterfly Hamanumida daedalus, resting position of African,

XXXvii.

Obituary, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, xxxv; William Warren, Ixxxiii.

Odonata of the legion Podagrion from North Queensland, remarkable new

genus and species of, ix, 169.

Odynerus (Hymenoptera) occurring in the Ethiopian region, revision of the

species of the genus, lxxxili, 485.

Oedemera virescens, exhibited, xv.

Officers, nomination of, ciii.

Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam. /chneumonidae), on Hawaiian, lxxxix, 521.

Opisthomeres and the gonapophyses in the Dermaptera, the, cii.

Panzer, ete., the authorship and first publication of the ‘“ Jurinean” genera of

Hymenoptera, being a reprint of a long-lost work by, 339.

Papilio polytes, some details in the relationship between the mimetic and the

non-mimetic patterns of, exhibited, xxv; families reared from the eggs

laid by known females of P. dardanus at Chirinda, 8.E. Rhodesia, lvii;

family containing nine hippocoon and eight dionysus bred from a hippocoon

female of P. dardanus in 8. Nigeria, exhibited, lxiii; retention of spaces

for the “tails ” in the pupae of the tailless females of P. dardanus, \xvii;

Mendelian relationships of the female forms of P. dardanus, lxvii ; notes

on the life-history of P. demolion, \xxix, 456; proportion of the female

forms of P. polytes in North Kanara, xcix.

Papilionid scent-scales, exhibited, xxxvi.

Papilios, new and rare, exhibited, xxxiv.

Papua, Culicidae from, 185.

Parascotia fuliginaria from Camberley, exhibited, ciii.

Parasemia plantaginis, isolated colonies of, exhibited, xcv,

Parasite imprisoned in the cocoon of its host, exhibited, civ.

Parthenogenesis in worker-bees at the Cape, ]xxxiii.

Pierinae, from Western China, exhibited, xxxii; new species and sub-species

of, lvi.

Pierine Weophasia terlooti, a new North American mimic of Danaida

plexippus, the, exhibited, viii.

Platyphora lubbocki and Aeniymatias blattcides, one species, exhibited, lxxxi.

Plebeius argyrognomon, etc., from Switzerland, gynandromorphous, exhibited,

Ixxx ; P. zephyrus var. lycidas, notes on the life-history of, cii, 482.

C (elxxy *)

Podagrion from North Queensland, remarkable new genus and species of

Odonata of the legion, ix, 169.

Polymorphism in ants, exhibited, x.

Polyommatus eros, contributions to the life-history of, Ixxxiii, 469.

Prodenia littoralis bred in England, exhibited, i.

Protective value of the cocoon of Lyonetia clerchella, suggested, exhibited, xv.

Protura, species of, exhibited, ii, xxxiv.

Psilura monacha, xanthic, exhibited, lxxxvi,

Pygolampis bidentata, specimen of, exhibited, lvi.

Pyrrhocorid bugs, a family raised from parents belonging to two forms of

West African, exhibited, Ixxviii.

Queensland, remarkable new genus and species of Odonata of the legion

Podagrion from North, ix, 169.

Rhodesia, families reared from the eggs laid by known females of Papilio

dardanus at Chirinda, 8.E., lvii.

Rhopalocera, remarkable aberrations of, exhibited, xxxiv ; new species of,

exhibited, cii.

Rumicia phlaeas, etc., from North Kent, exhibited, ]xxx ; aberrant, exhibited,

Ixxxv.

Russia, Heterocera from South, exhibited, lxxxvi.

Sand-wasp, stylopised, exhibited, Ixxxv.

Sarstoon River, expedition to, xx.

Scarlet flowers, Wener?s tulbaghia and, exhibited, xcvii.

Scent, -secales, Papilionid, exhibited, xxxvi; -organs in certain brush-

bearing male butterflies, further observations on the structure of

the, exii.

Smerinthus ocellatus and Amorpha popult, hybrid, exhibited, Ixxxv.

Spain, butterflies from Central, exhibited, civ.

Stylopised sand-wasp, exhibited, Ixxxy.

Styringomyia, revision of Tipulid genus, xxxiv, 206.

Switzerland, gynandromorphous Plebeius argyrognomon, etc., from, exhibited,

Ixxx.

Tabanidae, African, exhibited, lvii.

Tachinid flies, observations on the habits of the wasp, Be/enogaster junceus,

and the attacks upon it of, xxxix; escape from the mud cells of Humenes,

observations on the method by which, xli.

Tasmania, descriptions of two new genera and new species of J/ymaridae

from, civ, 536.

Telephoridae, based on the genital armature of the males, revision of the

Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae, xviii, 128; with

descriptions of new species, revision of the Mexican and Central

American Telephorinae, civ.

Tipulid, genus Styringomyia, revision of, xxxiv, 206; larvae brought to the

surface, probably by continued rains, xxxvi.

Trichiosoma (Tenthredinidae), on the egg-laying of, ix, 173.

Triphaena fimbria, exhibited, lxxxvi.

Variation in Dianthoecia barrettit and Boarmia repandata, exhibited, |xxxiv.

Vice-Presidents, appointment of, i.

Victoria Nyanza, observations in the islands in the North-West of the, li.

Warren, William, notice of the death of, lxxxiii.

( elxxvi )

Wasp, from Western America, nest of, exhibited, xx ; Belenogaster junceus,

and the attacks of Tachinid flies upon it, observations on the habits of

the, xxxix ; stylopised sand-, exhibited, Ixxxv.

Weta, winged, exhibited, xcvi.

Winged “ Weta,” exhibited, xevi.

Xanthie Pstlura monacha, exhibited, 1xxxvi.

Zoraptera, new order of insects, ii.

Zygaena trifoliz, isolated colonies of, exhibited, xev,

( telexvii >)

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’ ; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

Abanchogastra, 534

abdominalis (‘Tiphia), 363, 395

abietina (Orussus), 382

(Oryssus), 382

- (Sphex), 382

Abraxas, Xxxvi

abraxas (Pentila), 318, 319, 335

acanthoaspis (Lionotus), 487

35 (Odynerus), 487

Acerentomon, ii

Acerentulus, xxxiv

acetosae (Nepticula), lvii

achilleae (Anthrocera), 1xxxiv

Acidalia, Ixxxviii

Acletus, 41

Acontia, Ixxxviii

Acraea, liii. ¢

acraea (Telipna), 319, 335

Acraeinae, xxix

Acromyrmex, xliii

Acronyctinae, 439

acropelta (Commatica), 238

Actenaspis, 463

adaequata (Heleystogramma), 271

Adeniana, iv

adippe (Argynnis), xeviil

aametus var rippartii (Polyommatus),

Ixxxvi

adonis (Hoplomerus), 488, 498, 519

», (Odynerus), 488, 498, 519

Aecophilla (in error for Oecophylla),

332

Aegeria, 325, 326, 327, 336

aegeria (Pararge), Xcvili

aegon (Plebeius), xeviii, 304

aenea (Chrysis), 433

(Elampus), 433

(Ellampus), see aenea (Elam-

pus).

aeneipennis (Pristoscelis), 106

(Trichochrous), 93, 106,

107, 108

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1914.

aeneopicipennis (Anthocomus), 55

as (Attalus), 44, 55

aeneovirens (Attalus), 49, 74, 75

2 (Ebaeus), 42, 74, 75, 79

aeneus (Listrus), 114, 121

» (Omalus), 433

Aenigmatias, Ixxxi, 1xxxii

aequata (Dichomeris), 282

aequinoctialis (Lionotus), 488, 497

i (Odynerus), 488, 497

aeratus (Listrus), 114, 122

aethiopicus (Lionotus), 488, 496

Ss (Odynerus), 488, 496

affinis (Leucaspis), 459, 462

africanum (Rhynchium), 512

agathon (Metaporia), xxxiii

agavus (Papilio), xxv

aglaia (Argynnis), xx, xcviii

Agriades, xiv, xxxi, Ixxxviii, Ixxxix,

XCVI, XCVill, XCIxX, Civ, 285, 286;

287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293,

295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 304, 305,

306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,

313, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 482

Agriastis, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254

Agrion, 169

akwapimensis (Camponotus), xxiv

| albidus (Listrus), 114, 118, 119

albilabris (Crabro), lxxx

(Lindeinus), Ixxx

_albimaculata (Amauris), Ixxv, Ixxvi

albitarsis (Leucomyia), 194

albofasciatus (Lemphus), 86

albomarginatus (Attalus), 45, 61

albolimbatus (Attalus), 45, 62, 64

albopictus (Culex), 188

Alcimus, xxx

Aletis, 1, li, liv

alica (Sphecosoma), 3

Allantus, 362, 373, 375, 376

alpestralis (Orenaia), 327

Alsodryas, 250, 254

( clxxviii )

altina (Bryocodia), 451

Alymeris, 125

Alyson, see Alysson.

Alysson, 363, 406

Amasis, 372

Amauris, xxv, xxix, liii, lxiv, lxxiii,

Ixxv, Ixxvi, cvii, cxi, cxii, 323, 324,

336

amaurota (Anacampsis), 262

amerinae (Pseudoclavellaria), 371

amictus (Attalus), 67

Ammophila, Ixxxv, 392

Ammophylus, see Ammophila.

Amorpha, Ixxxv

Amorphota, lvii

amplicollis (Collops), 16, 25, 28

Anacampsis, 246, 256, 257, 258, 259,

260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266

Anachoreta, 380

Anamaspis, 463

Anaphe, xxx

Anaphes, 537

anathema (Larra), 394, 395

3 (Sphex), 395

Anax, xxix

Ancistrocerus, 486, 489, 490, 498, 499,

500, 501

Andrena, Ixxxvi, 356, 364, 419, 420,

421, 423

androgeus (Papilio), xxi

androgynus (Simblephilus), 409

Anergates, Xill

Angitia, 448

angola (Amauris), 336

angustus (Lionotus), 488

0 (Odynerus), 488

annulata (Apis), 416

as (Hylaeus), 416

oe (Sphex), 364, 416

annulatus (Hylaeus), 364, 416

annulipes (Anopheles), 185

35 (Nyssorhynchus), 185

be (Pyenocrepis), 219, 224

(Styringomyia), 208, 211,

214, 219, 224, 226, 227

annulirostris (Culicelsa), 196

es var. milni (Culicelsa),

196

Anomalon, 363, 389, 390

Anopheles, 185, 186

Anterethista, 237

anthedon (Euralia), 1xx

5p (Hypolimnas), xvii, Ixx

Anthinora, 255, 256

anthobioides (Attalus), 46, 64, 65, 66

Anthocharis, xevii

Anthocomus, 27, 41, 42, 52, 53, 54, 55,

56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67,

70, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84,

Anthomyinae, vii

Anthophila, 367

Anthophora, 421, 422

anthracura (Anacampsis), 263

Anthrax, iv, v

Anthrocera, 1xxxiv, xev, Cili

anthyllidis (Anthrocera), Ixxxiv

Antixoon, 13

Apatura, 320, 321, 336

Aphantopus, xeviil, 322, 336

Aphides, ix

apicalis (Chauliognathus),

168

i (Rhinia), vi, vii

apiforme (Trochilium), iii

apiformis (Trochilium), 325, 326, 336

Apis, 341, 356, 364, 398, 400, 416, 418,

420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,

427, 428, 429

Apius, 363, 394

apollo (Parnassius), 286

Apopira, 238

Aporia, XxXiii

appendigaster (Evania), 362, 386

5 (Ichneumon), 386

apterus (Telephorus), 129

aracia (Lycomorphodes), 9

», (Pseudosphex), 1

arcanius v. darwiniana (Coenonym-

pha), 286

archesia (Precis), xxix

archippus (Danaida), viii

Arctiadae, 7

arcuaticollis (Trichochrous), 88, 91,

Ys GY

ardiophora (Battaristis), 247

arenacearia (Eubolia), Ixxxviii

arenaria (Cerceris), 408

2 (Sphex), 408

arenarius (Philanthus), 364, 408

arethusae (Lionotus), 487, 4938, 507

FA (Odynerus), 487, 493, 507

argante (Callidryas), xxi

Arge, Ixxx, 372

arge (Melanargia), xcvili

argenteopunctata (Stegomyia), 190

argia (Leuceronia), xxix

argoxantha (Thiotricha), 237

argus (Plebeius), xeviii, 304, 315, 335

argutus (Collops), 33

Argynnis, xx, xcviii, ev, evi, 285, 286

argyracta (Hapalonoma), 244

argyrognomon (Plebeius), 1xxx, xeviil,

285, 286

Aricia, xevii, xeviii, 286

135, 167,

( -elxmix »)

arion (Lycaena), xcvii

s, var. cyanecula (Lycaena), xevii

aristolochiae (Papilio), xxvi, xcix

Aristotelia, 229, 230

armata (Andrena), 364, 423

» (Cynips), 365, 435

» (Helcystogramma), 270

armatiscutis (Lionotus), 487, 493

5 (Odynerus), 487, 493

armatus (Pseudattalus), 79, 80, 81, 84

Arpactus, 363, 403

Arrugia, 333, 337

artaxerxes (Aricia), xcvii, X¢vlii

93 (Polyommatus), xevil,

Xevill

arvensis (Mellinus), 402

- (Vespa), 402, 403

Ascalaphus, 289

ascanius (Papilio), xxv

ashmeadi (Enicospilus), 527, 534

Asilidae, iii, iv

Asilinae, iv

Asilus, iii

asmarensis (Lionotus), 487, 493, 507

3 (Odynerus), 487, 493, 507

asphaltitis (Dissoptila), 234

Aspidiotus, 460

Aspilates, Ixxxvii, 1xxxviii

assectator (Foenus), 387

Ks (Gasteruption), 387

= (Ichneumon), 387

Astata, 343, 395

Astatus, 353, 362, 382, 383, 395, 396

astrarche (Aricia), 286

Asydates, 108

atelesta (Battaristis), 248

Atella, xxix, lii

Atemeles, xiii

Aterica, xxxviii, lv

aterrima (Apis), 364, 426, 427

¥ (Phymatocera), 177

55 (Stelis), 426, 427

38 (Trachusa), 426, 427

aterrimus (Chauliognathus), 147, 148

athalia ab. eos (Melitaea), xxxiv

Athyreodon, 522, 530, 531, 532, 534

atomaria (Ematurga), [xxxvilil

atra (Dahlbomia), 393

,, (Mimesa), 393

», (Oreopsyche), 329, 336

», (Pelopoeus), 393

, (Psen), 393

» (Sphex), 363, 393

», (Stegomyia), 190, 191

,, (Uranotaenia), 204

atratus (Attalus), 47, 69

», (Mellinus), 364, 416

atrimanus (Tabanus), lvii

Attalus, 13, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,

48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,

68695 710; Wl feuds (oe OMGseaae

78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85

Attii, xliii

atymnus (Loxura), 334, 337

Aulacus, 362, 387

aulicus (Collops), 15, 21

aurantegula (Loxophlebia), 4

aurata (Chrysis), 432

auratus (Ichneumon), 364, 432

» (Omalus), 432

aureosericeus (Lionotus),

514

i (Odynerus), 487, 496,

514

auriginosus (Gonius), 411

*% (Palarus), 411, 412

aurinia (Melitaea), xxx, 286

aurivillus (Holomallus), 88, 89

australiensis (Leucomyia), 194

3 var. papuensis (Leuco-

myia), 193

oe (Panoplites), 200

Automolis, 11

bairstowi (Odynerus), 488, 498

As (Stenodynerus), 488, 498

balteatus (Collops), 19, 38

bambusae (Lepidosaphes), 459

es (Leucaspis), 459

5 (Mytilaspis), 459

Banchogastra, 530, 531, 534

Banchus, 356, 362, 382

bancrofti (Styringomyia), 212, 222,

227

barbarus (Asilus), iii

re (Salius), iii

barberae (Brephidium), 330, 331

5 (Oraidium), 331, 336

barrettii (Dianthoecia), Ixxxiv

basalis (Anthocomus), 59, 60, 73, 75

», (Chauliognathus), 151

Bassus, 390

basuta (Arrugia), 333, 337

Battaristis, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,

251

baura (Eumenogaster), 5

bedeguaris (Cynips), 431

i (Ichneumon), 431

Belenogaster, xxxix, lv

bellargus (Agriades), xevi, 291, 304,

308

487, 496,

bellator (Enicospilus), 528, 533

bellatulus (Lionotus), 488, 497

a (Odynerus), 488, 497, 515

Belotus, 130

' Bembex, 356, 363, 400, 401

( (elexx)

Bembix, 400

Bembyx, see Bembix.

Bengalia, vi

Berytus, lvi

Bethylus, 436

betuleti (Trichiosoma), 173, 175

bicolor (Andrena), 364, 419, 420

», (Miscophus), 412

» (Rhogas), 479

bicon (Bryolymnia), 446

bicornis (Apis), 364, 426

bidentata (Pygolampis), lvi

bidentatorius (Ichneumon), 389

bifasciatus (Chauliognathus), 136

biglumis (Crabro), 364, 415

biguttatus (Cephaloncus), 83

PA (Tabanus), lvii

bilineatus (Chauliognathus), 145, 146.

bimaculatus (Temnopsophus), 83

biocellata (Nacaduba), evi

bione (Paranerita), 12

bipunctatus (Collops), 15, 20, 21

BS (Malachius). 20

bisellatus (Lionotus), 486, 491

(Odynerus), 486, 491

bisuturalis (Labus), 501, 502

(Odynerus), 501

blackburni (Deilephila), 523

blanda (Illice), 8

blandus (Collops), 18, 33, 34, 35, 37,

blattoides (Aenigmatias), [xxxi

blepharopa (Anacampsis), 259

Boarmia, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv, ]xxxviii

Boarmiinae, |

boghariensis (Bombylius), v

boisduvali (Pseudacraea), li

bombinatrix (Apis), 364, 428

Bombus, xli, 354, 428, -429

Bombylidae, v

Bombylius, v

Bombyx, civ

boops (Astata), 343, 395

» (Astatus), 395

», (Dimorpha), 383, 395

» (Sphex), 395, 396

bothriogaster (Lionotus), 487, 496

3 (Odynerus), 487, 496

brabylitis (Heleystogramma), 270

Bracon, 363, 390

Braconidae, 354

brasidas (Papilio), [xxiv

brassicae (Ganoris), XXxXili

brassolis (Liphyra), 331, 336

breinli (Neosquamomyia), 186

Bremus, 354, 359, 361, 364, 368, 428,

429

Brenthis, 286

Brephidium, 330, 331, 336

brevicellulus (Chrysoconops), 200

(Taeniorhynchus), 200

brevicollis (Collops), 16, 24, 25

brochospila (Anacampsis), 265

broomi (Lionotus), 494

» (Odynerus), 494, 510

brunnipes (Heligmoneura), iii, iv

Bryocodia, 451, 452, 453

Bryolymnia, 445, 446

budongo (Ancistrocerus), 486, 489,

ds (Odynerus), 486, 489, 498

byssinus (Anthocomus), 54

re (Attalus), 44, 54

Byturus, 88

cachrydias (Dichomeris), 283

calearatus (Anthocomus), 76

5 (Attalus), 41, 42, 81, 84, 85

Caligo, xxii, Xxiii

callichroma (Zalithia), 269

Callidryas, xxi

Calliphorinae, vii

Calliprora, 242, 243

eallitechna (Telphusa), 236

Calymniodes, 446

camelina (Hippobosca), v

camelus (Hybonotus), 384

,, (Ichneumon), 384

» (Sirex), 362, 384

(Urocerus), 384

», (Xiphydria), 384

cameroni (Lionotus), 487, 491

x (Odynerus), 487, 491

camilla (Limenitis), 336

campestris (Cicindela), xxvi

Camponotus, xxiv

Campoplex, lvii

canaliculatus (Lionotus), 486

ae (Odynerus), 486

cancellata (Chelaria), 255

candida (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 461,

462

canescens (Campoplex), lvii

3 (Listrus), 116, 118

(Nemeritis), Iii

Cantharis, 153

capicola (Lionotus), 487, 495, 512

3 (Odynerus), 487, 495, 512

capnodes (Enicospilus), 526, 534

capreae (Nematus), 378

5 (Tenthredo), 362, 378

caraboides (Attalus), 42, 47, 69

cardamines (Anthocharis), xcvii

ne var. volgensis (Antho-

charis), xevil

cardui (Pyrameis), v, xxix

carinatulus (Lionotus), 487, 494, 511

( “cles ~)

carinatulus (Odynerus), 487, 494

carinatus (Attalus), 48, 73

(Lionotus), 486, 491, 502

55 (Odynerus), 486, 491, 502

carthami (Spilothyrus), 286

carycina (Trichotaphe), 280

caseyi (Pristoscelis), 106

Cassida, xx

cassidata (Anacampsis), 257

castaneus (Enicospilus), 522, 528, 534

castanipes (Asilus), iii

castrena (Bryocodia), 453

a (Bryolymnia), 445

castrensis (Malacosoma), Ixxxviii

Catasticta, 1xxxiii, cii

caustonota (Trichotaphe), 280

caviventris (Lionotus), 488

Py (Odynerus), 488

celebensis (Curetis), xxxi, Xxxii

Cellia, 186

Celonites, 401

Cemonus, 364, 414

cenelpis (Untomia), 251

cenoptera (Bethylus), 436

or (Omalus), 436

(Psilus), 436

sa (Tiphia), 365, 436

cenopterus (Psilus), 433

Cephalcia, see Cephaleia.

Cephaleia, 362, 381

Cephaloncus, 83

Cephus, 383

Ceraphron, 365, 434

Ceratocheilus, 224

Ceratopogon, ¢, ci

Cerceris, 408, 409

Ceropales, 403

ceylonica (Styringomyia), 207, 211,

216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226,

227

Chalastogastra, 173

chalceus (Attalus), 48, 74

Chalcis, 356, 365, 435, 436

chalybe (Rhopalocampta), liii

Charagia, cii

Charaxes, xxvii, xxix, lii, 320, 321,

336

Chauliognathinae, xviii, 128, 129, 130,

132

Chauliognathus, 128, 129,

133, 134, 135, 136, 137,

140, 141, 142, 143, 144,

147, 148, 149, 150, 151,

154, 155, 156, 157, 158,

161, 162, 163, 164, 165,

168, 338

Chelaria, 254, 255

Chelonus, 364, 431, 432

130,

138,

145,

152,

159,

166,

chilo (Acraea), ¢

Chionaspis, 459

chionura (Commatica), 240

chiriquense (Discodon), 137

chloridice (Synchloé), xxxiii

Chlorion, 392

Chlorolestes, 170, 171, 172

Chloroperla, [xxx

chlorotica (Bryocodia), 452

Chorismagrion, 170, 171, 172

chrysalus (Hypaurotis), 316, 335

chrysippus (Danaida), xxix

Chrysis, 354, 356, 359, 361, 364, 368,

432, 433

Chrysoconops, 200

Chrysophanus, 286

Chrysops, lvii

Chrysopsyche, liv

chrysosceles (Andrena), 1xxxvi

Chytonix, 441

Cicada, iv, 289

Cicindela, xxvi

Cidaria, xvii

ciliatipennis (Listrus), 114, 120

Cimbex, 371, 373, 413

Cimex, lv

cinctus (Anthocomus), 62, 63

, (Attalus), 46, 63

cineraria (Andrena), 420

| a (Apis), 420

| cinxia (Melitaea), 286

cistulata (Anacampsis), 258

clathralis (Pyrale), xxxvili

clavatus (Trichochrous), 93, 106

| Clavellaria, see Clavellarius.

Clavellarius, 371

clavicornis (Apis), 398

(Hellus), 398

b (Listrus), 118

ae (Sapyga), 398

clavipes (Berytus), lvi

Cledeobia, 1xxxviii

Clemensia, 9, 10

Cleptes, 432

clerkella (in error for clerckella) (Lyo-

netia), Xv

| cnemophilus (Lionotus), 487, 495

a (Odynerus), 487, 495

Coccidae, Xvi ;

cockerelli (Fiorinia), 460

Ee (Leucaspsis), 459, 460, 462

Codrus, 365, 435

coelestinus (Attalus), 42, 49, 56, 76,

(th ve

Coenonympha, iv, xcvili, 286, 322,

336

coerulescens (Tenthredo), 373

Coleophora, 476

} 39

( dex ~)

Coleoptera, xvi, 342, 347

‘Colias, 1xxxvii, xcvi, civ, 286, 324,

325

collaris (Chauliognathus), 146, 147,

148

Colletes, 416, 420, 421

collina (Pachysaris), 277

Collops, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 23; 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30)

31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,

4], 57, 88

colluta (Thrypsigenes), 272

Colotes, 64, 78

combustus (Lionotus), 487, 496

a (Odynerus), 487, 496

comitator (Ichneumon), 389

Commatica, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,

242, 243

Compsosaris, 233, 234

concinnella (Untomia), 246

confluens (Collops), 31

conformis (Trichochrous), 101

conicus (Trichochrous), 94, 111, 112

connectalis (Cledeobia), ]xxxviii

connexus (Attalus), 42, 43, 50, 51

conopas var. giblini (Pseudotaenio-

rhynchus), 198

Conops, Ivi

conradsii (Lionotus), 486, 491

. (Odynerus), 486, 491

consimilis (Hyperechia), xxxvi

consociata (Epithectis), 232

consortaria (Boarmia), }xxxviii

conspicillatus (Collops), 19, 40

constrictus (Chauliognathus), 163,

165

corallipes (Listrus), 114, 121, 122,

124, 125

corax (Tabanus), lvii

cordylinidis (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

coridon (Agriades), 285, 286, 291, 300,

304, 312, 471

cornigera (Apis), 364, 426

+6 (Styringomyia), 224

cornutus (Sparasion), 436

corsa (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

corvinus (Chauliognathus), 129, 131,

135, 136, 137, 163

corvus (Odynerus), 488, 498, 517

», (Stenodynerus), 488, 498, 517

corydon (Agriades), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix,

xevi, xviii

ab. semi-syngrapha

ades), xcix

Corynis, 372

Cosmodesmus, xxv, XXxXvi, lii

Cosmosoma, 4, 5

Cossus, 327, 328, 336

(Agri-

cossus (Cossus), 328, 336

costiplaga (Mictochroa), 449

Crabro, xxx, 356, 363, 364, 402, 407,

408, 412, 413, 414, 415

crabro (Vespa), iii, 399, 400

crabroniformis (Asilus), iii

Cradytes, 90, 91, 95

crassicorne (Daiphron), 133

crassicosta (Idiophlebia), 218, 219, 224

i (Styringomyia), 208, 211,

218, 219, 220, 225, 226,

227

crassus (Dasypogon), iv

», (Selidopogon), iv

crataegi (Aporia), xxxiil

crawfordi (Monophlebus), xvi

Cremastogaster, Xvil, xxxiv, xlii, xliv,

xlv, xlvi, xlviii

crenata (Melyrodes), 126, 127

crenicollis (Listrus), 113, 117, 122

Crenis, xxix

crenulatus (Trichochrous), 91, 96

cribraria (Crabro), 413, 414

» (Sphex), 413, 414

cribrosus (Collops), 41

criodes (Eripnura), 242

Cristiger, 380

croatica (Macroglossa), Ixxxviil

Crocisa, 364, 423, 424

Croesus, 378

' crudelis (Haematopota), lvii

cruentatus (Anomalon), 390

Cruptus, see Cryptus.

| crux-nigra (Attalus), 44, 54, 55, 56, 79

Cryptus, 354, 362, 372, 373

erystallina (Acraea), ¢

Ctenucha, 6, 7

Culex, 188, 195, 197

Culicelsa, 195, 196

cultellator (Ophion), 364, 431

Cupido, xxiv, 286, 330

cuprea (Selambina), 441

cupreonitens (Listrus), 113, 115, 116,

cupressi (Leucaspis), 459, 460

cupripennis (Melyrodes), 126

Curetis, X, XXi, XXXii

curvirufolineatus (Lionotus), 487, 496

x (Odynerus), 487, 496

cyaneus (Attalus), 75

cyanipennis (Trichochrous), 91, 98

Cyaniris, 286, 291

eyanorrhoa (Commatica), 241

Cylindrotoma, 206

Cymbolus, 13

Cynips, 356, 364, 365, 431, 432, 435

Cyphomyrmex, xliv

cyrus (Papilio), xxvi, xcix

( ‘clazen)

daedalus (Hamanumida), xxxvii,

XXXVili, XXxix

Dahlbomia, 393

Daiphron, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,

137, 138

damon (Agriades), 285, 286

Danaida, viii, xxix, 323, 324, 336

Danainae, 323

Danaus, 323

dannfeldti (Amauris), 336

Dantona, 446

daplidice (Synchloé), xxxiii

Daptoneura, cii

dardanus (Papilio), xxv, xxvi, xxvii,

xxix, liii, lvin, lix, Ixvu,

Ixviii, lxix

.cenea (Papilio), Ix, Ixii,

Ixvill, xxiv

. dionysus (Papilio), liv, xv,

Ixvi, ]xix, lxx

hippocoon (Papilio), lviii,

Ix, Ixi, Ixii, Lxii, Ixiv, xv,

Ixvi, Ixviii, lxix, lxx

leighi (Papilio), lviii, lix,

Lxii, xiii, xiv

trophonius (Papilio), lviii,

Lxii, | xiii

Dasypogon, iv

Dasypogoninae, iii

Dasytellus, 13, 112, 123, 124

Dasytes, 51, 52, 72, 97, 118, 124

Dasytinae, 88

dauensis (Odynerus), 489

davidis (Ganoris), xxXxili

» (Pieris), xxxiii

debilicornis (Attalus), 46, 66

debilis (Abanchogastra), 534

deceptor (Kuralia), 1xxiii

> (Hypolimnas), xxix

mh (Lionotus), 487, 495, 511

a (Odynerus), 487, 495, 511

decipiens (Dromanthus), 87, 88

decolor (Chauliognathus), 156, 157,

159

decora (Haematopota), lvii

decorus (Collops), 39

defractus (Lionotus), 487, 493

5 (Odynerus), 487, 493

Deilephila, 523

Deinacrida, xcvi

delavayi (Pieris), xxxili

Delias, cii

demodocus (Papilio), xxix, lx

demolicn (Papilio), Ixxix, 456, 458

dendrophilus (Lethe), xcvii

p (Meneris), xcvii

denigrator (Bracon), 390

xs (Ichneumon), 363, 390

“

. ’

rh Lear

rh leer)

denticulatus (Trichochrous), 91, 94,

95, 96

Deoclona, 272

depressa (Bengalia), vi

derhamellus (Bombus), xli

desertor (Bracon), 390

= (Ichneumon), 363, 390

desfontainii (Melitaea), civ

determinatus (Lionotus), 488

op (Odynerus), 488

Diabrotica, 57

diadema (Selidopogon), iv

Dianthoecia, 1xxxiv

dicax (Anacampsis), 266

Dichomeris, 281, 282, 283, 284

didyma (Styringomyia), 207, 208, 212,

217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227

difformis (Labus), 502

s, | (Odynerus), 502

dilaticollis (Trichochrous), 92, 100

dimidiata (Tenthredo), 373

dimidiatus (Chauliognathus), 139, 140,

141

A (Enicospilus), 525, 526,

532, 534

5 (Henicospilus), 535

Dimorpha, 363, 383, 395

dimorphus (Lionotus), 487, 491, 492,

507

(Odynerus), 487, 491, 492,

507

Dinetus, 364, 412

Diodontus, 394

diortha (Anacampsis), 263

Diphysis, 427

Diprion, 380

dipsacea (Heliothis), Ixxxvili

Dipteron, 343

Diptilon, 5

discimacula (Anthocomus), 42, 55, 56,

53 (Micromimetes), 78, 79

Discodon, 129, 137

discus (Chauliognathus), 128, 152, 153

dispar (Chauliognathus), 162, 163

dispilus (Enicospilus), 528, 534

» (Henicospilus), 535

disrupta (Dissoptila), 235

Dissoptila, 234, 235

distinguendus (Chauliognathus), 141,

142, 143, 145

diversicornis (Trichochrous), 92, 93,

104

dohrni (Aenigmatias), Ixxxi, lxxxii

», (Platyphora), lxxxi, lxxxii

Dolerus, 362, 377

dominicanus (Amauris), lxxiii

Donisthorpea, 423

( ‘clzexay’ }

dorsigera (Leucopsis), see dorsigera

(Leucospis).

aA (Leucospis), 434

doryliformis (Aegeria), 326, 336

Dorylinae, xiii

Dorylus, vi, vill, xiii

Doryphora, 21

Dromanthus, 86, 87, 88

dromedarina (Hippobosca), v

dromedarius (Sirex), 362, 384, 385

A (Xiphydria), 384, 385

Dryas, XXXiv, Xevill

dubia (Huralia), xvii, xx

(Celonites), 401

», (Hypolimnas), xvii, xx

dubius (Odynerus), 490

dunbrodyensis (Lionotus), 487

(Odynerus), 487

Duomitus, 327, 328, 336

durea (Cosmosoma), 5

dux (Collops), 40

Dysdercus, lxxviii

Ebaeus, 41, 42, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82

eburatus (Sphinginus), 83

echeria (Amauris), Ixxv, lxxvi

Eciton, xiii, cix

edusa (Colias), xevi

», var. chrysodona (Colias), xevi

egena (Curetis), xxxii

egialea (Amauris), vii, Cxil

egina (Acraea), lili

Elampus, 433

Elasiprora, 230, 231

Ellampus, see Elampus.

elongatus (Cymbolus), 13

emaciatus (Chauliognathus), 156, 158

emarginatus (Lasius), xix

Ematurga, Ixxxviii

emeryanus (Odynerus), 489

emissurella (Battaristis), 246

Emmelia, 1xxxviii

Emphytus, 376

emplasta (Commatica), 240

Enicospilus, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525,

526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533,

534

Epancistrocerus, 489, 499

Epeolus, 418

ephedrae (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

Ephestia, lvii

ephestiae (Amorphota), vii

Ephialtes, 389

ephippium (Myrmosa), 398, 399

os (Tiphia), 398, 399

epidaurica (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

Epienaptera (for Epicnaptera), [xxxii

Kpinephele, xeviii, 322, 336

Episcaphula, xxii

Kpithectis, 232

Epitola, 320, 335

epius (Spalgis), 333, 334, 337

Epoecus, xiii

Erastrianae, 447

erate (Colias), xevi

» ab. pallida (Colias), xevii

, ab. sareptensis (Colias), xevi

Erebia, 285

Eremotyloides, 530, 532

Eremotylus, 529, 531, 534

erici (Aletis), |

Hriogaster, xv

Kriopyga, 437, 438

Eripnura, 242, 243

Eristalis, v

erithonius (Papilio), 456

Erocha, 447

eros (Polyommatus), Ixxxiii, 285, 286,

469, 470, 472, 474, 476, 477, 478,

479

erythrospilus (Lionotus), 495

(Odynerus), 495, 511

erythrotomus (Lionotus), 488, 497

i (Odynerus), 488, 497

escheri (Agriades), 285, 286, 288, 309,

310, 311, 312, 313, 482

Ethirostoma, 244, 245

Eubolia, lxxxviii

Eucera, 356

Eucheira, ix

Kuchloé, xxxiv

Euchloris, 1xxxviii

Euclidia, 1xxxvili

Eucymbolus, 13

Eudectus, xv

RKuliphyra, [xxix

Eumenes, xli

Kumenogaster, 5

eumenoides (Nortonia), 503

(Odynerus), 503

Eumetabolus, 383

eupecta (Anacampsis), 265

euphracta (Zalithia), 268

EKupterotidae, xxx

Euralia, xvii, xviii, 1xx, lxxi, lxxi,

Ixxiil, xxiv

europaea (Mutilla), 429, 430

eurypylus f. lyeaon (Cosmodesmus),

XXXv1

lycaonides

mus), XXXvVi

euryspilus (Lionotus), 487, 494, 510

x (Odynerus), 487, 494, 510

Kurytela, xxix

eurytus f. hobleyi (Pseudacraea), lil

» f. obscura (Pseudacraea), lil

» f, terra (Pseudacraea), lii

a ie (Cosmodes-

( clzxxy- )

Eustochus, 537

Eutelia, 453

Eutelianae, 453

euterpe (Terias), xxii

evagorus (lalmenus), 317, 335

evanescens (Palaeoneura), 539

Evania, 356, 362, 363, 386, 391

evanidus (Chauliognathus), 157, 158

Everidae, 321

exiguus (Chauliognathus), 148, 149

Re (Trichochrous), 112

exilis (Brephidium), 330, 331, 336

eximius (Collops), 21, 26, 27

Exoprosopa, v

exsanguis (Chauliognathus), 155, 159

exsecta (Formica), |xxxi, ci

exsiccata (Glyphidocera), 273

extensa var. eurydice (Pieris), xxxiii

exulans (Anthrocera), Ixxxiv

fabriciana (Apis), 418

55 (Nomada), 418

facetus (Mecomycter), 124, 125

faleataria (Drepana), evi

faleatella (Commatica), 242

faleatus (Lionotus), 488, 497

» (Odynerus), 488, 497

falli (Attalus), 65

famulata (Dichomeris), 284

fasciata (Mictochroa), 450

», (Mylabris), lxxvi

| s (Stegomyia), 188

fatigans (Culex), 197

faustus (Chauliognathus), 141

femoralis (Collops), 16, 23, 24, 33

- (Pristoscelis), 106

ae (Trichochrous), 88, 93, 106

femorata (‘Tiphia), 396

femoratus (Collops), 18, 33, 34, 35

Fenisca (in error for Feniseca), 333,

337

ferreata (Anacampsis), 257

ferrugineus (Listrus), 112

<3 (Odynerus), 488, 498, 516,

517

es var. mafiensis (Odynerus),

501

3 (Pleuroneurophion), 533

- (Stenodynerus), 488, 498,

517

35 var. mafiensis (Stenody-

nerus), 501

(Trichochrous), 94, 112

ferruginosus (Hoplomerus), 489

ae (Odynerus), 489

fervidus (Lionotus), 487, 494

» (Odynerus), 487, 494

figulus (Apius), 394

» (Sphex), 363, 394

figulus (Trypoxylon), 394

filipendulae (Zygaena), Ixxxii, 479

fimbria (‘Triphaena), lxxxvi

Finlaya, 202

Fiorinia, 460, 462

flava (Clemensia), 10

» (Styringomyia), 208, 210, 212,

213, 224, 226

flavicornis (Listrus), 111, 113, 116

flavifrons (Scolia), 397

flavipennis (Chlorion), 392

flavolimbatus (Collops), 17, 30, 31

flavolineata (Xylocopa), xxxvii

flavomarginatus (Attalus), 49, 75

oe (Chauliognathus),

163, 164, 165

flavorufa (Xylocopa), xxxvi

floricola (Lionotus), 487, 495

s, (Odynerus), 487, 495

floridanus (Collops), 26

Foenus, 362, 387

Formica, xiii, 1xxxi, [xxxii, c, ci, 356,

364, 423, 430

formicarius (Ceraphron), 434

3 (Myrmeleon), xxvi

Formicoxenus, ci

formosana (Styringomyia), 211, 219,

226, 227

forreri (Chauliognathus), 163, 164, 165

forticornis (Attalus), 44, 56

foveiventris (Trichochrous), 94, 109,

110

fraternus (‘Tabanus), lvii

frendens (Lionotus), 488

- (Odynerus), 488, 489

frontalis (Collops), 15, 22, 23, 24, 26

fronticornis (Apis), 364, 426

5 (Taurus), 364

fryeri (Styringomyia), 212, 221, 222,

225, 226, 227

fuliginosa (Parascotia), ciii

fuliginosus (Delias), cil.

5 ab. ochraceus (Delias), cii

55 (Lasius), Xviil, XIX

fulva (Catasticta), cii

fulvaria (Mimacraea), 336

fulvipes (Pristoscelis), 96

», .(Trichochrous), 91, 96

funerea (Skusea), 193, 203

funereus (Enicospilus), 525, 533

fungivorella (Aristotelia), 229

furcata (Schizocera), 373

furvescens (Thrypsigenes), 272

fusca (Apis), 364, 426

» (Formica), lxxxi, 430

fuscata (Sphex), 363, 406

fuscescens (Anthocomus), 76, 84

5s (Attalus), 41, 42, 81, 84, 85

(\ chav? j

fuscescens (Chauliognathus), 154

fuscicornis (Trichochrous), 92, 102

fuscipennis (Pycnophion), 534

ae (Rhynchalastor), 501

fuscosa (Angitia), 448

fuscovittatus (Trichochrous), 91, 92,

101, 105

fuscus (Pristoscelis), 100

,, (Trichochrous), 101

gabrielis (Papilio), xxxiv

caika (Zizula), 330

calatea (Melanargia), Ixxxvi, xeviii

,, ab. leucomelas (Melanargia),

lxxxvi

» £. g. lucasi (Melanargia), v

5 var. procida (Melanargia),

|xxxvl

galene (Aterica), lv

gallica (Polistes), xxvi

gambiensis (Lionotus), 487, 492, 504

S (Odynerus), 487, 492, 504,

505

gambrisius (Papilio), xxxiv

Janoris, XXXili

Gasteruption, 387

Gasteryption, 387

Gelechia, 251, 276

Gelechiadae, 229

geminus (Collops), 19, 35, 38, 39

Ne var. decorus (Collops), 40

germanica (Dolerus), 377

- (Tenthredo), 362, 377

Gerydinae, 317, 318

Gerydus, 317, 318, 335

gibba (Nomada), 364, 419

gigas (Fiorinia), 460

», (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

», (Megalopalpus), 335

(Sirex), 362, 385-

;, (Urocerus), 385

gladia (Diptilon), 5

glarearia (Phasiane), 1xxxviil

glauconome (Synchloé), xxxili

glaucus (Attalus), 47, 67

Glossina, lii, ii

elutinans (Colletes), 416, 420, 421

Glyphidocera, 273

Goliathus, xv

gonager (Tenthredo), 377

gonagra (Dolerus), 377

33 (Tenthredo), 362, 377

goniodes (Lionotus), 487, 493

» (Odynerus), 487, 493

Gonius, 364, 411

Gonodes, 442

Gonomyia, 224

gorhami (Attalus),

Gorytes, 403

9°

43, 51

goutellei (Pieris), xxxiii

gowdeyanus (Ancistrocerus), 486, 489

(Odynerus), 486, 489

gracilis (Styringomyia), 223

grammatica (Chloroperla), xxx

grandiceps (Pristoscelis), 90

grandis (Collops), 15, 20

granellus (Collops), 17, 28, 29

gratus (Tabanus), lvil

grisea (Catasticta), cii

grossulariata (Abraxas), XxXXvi

erunus (Habrodias), 315

», (Habrotis, in error for Habro-

dias), 335

guerini (Lionotus), 488

s, (Odynerus), 488

guttatus (Pompilus), 364, 412

Habrodias, 315

Hadeninae, 437

Haemaphlebia, 11

Haematopota, lvii

haereticus (Chauliognathus), 136, 137

Halictus, 416

halmyra (Anacampsis), 262

Hamanumida, xxxvil, XxXXviil, XxxIx

hamatus (Trichochrous), 91, 95

hampsoni (Charagia), cii

hansi (Lionotus), 486, 491, 503

», (Odynerus), 486, 491, 503

| Hapalonoma, 244

Harpactes, 403

Harpactus, 403

harrarensis (Lionotus), 488, 497, 516

(Odynerus), 488, 497, 516

hastatus (Chauliognathus), 149

hawailiensis (Athyreodon), 534

‘ (Pleuroneurophion), 533,

534

haworthi (Megadeuterus), 29

hector (Papilio), xxvi, xcix

helcita (Aletis), 1, li

Helcogaster, 13

Helcystogramma, 270, 271

Heligmoneura, ili, iv

Heliothis, lxxxviii

Heliura, 6

Hellus, 398

Hemiphlebia, 169, 170, 172

Henicospilus, 521, 535

henshawi (Enicospilus), 534

hentzii (Chauliognathus), 153

hepburnius ( pe AE 55

33 (Attalus), 44, 55, 56

Hepialidae, 318

heros (Chauliognathus), 139, 140, 141

», (Telephorus), 139

Hesperidae, liii, xeviii

hetaera (Ptocheuusa), 231

( clxxxvit )

heteractis (Anterethista), 237

Heterocera, Ixxxviii, 304, 325

Heterogynis, 329, 336, 476

heteroneurus (Stenopogon), iii, iv

heydenianus (Odynerus), 486

hiarbas (Eurytela), xxix

hibisci (Heleystogramma), 270, 271

hidalgoanus (Trichochrous), 92, 103

hiera (Pararge), 322

hieroglyphicus (Chauliognathus), 148,

160, 161, 164

hilaris (Bryocodia), 452

himalayana (Styringomyia), 212, 221,

222, 226, 227

Hippobosea, v, ix

hippocoén (Papilio), xxv, xxvii

histrio (Chauliognathus), 166, 167, 168

», (Collops), 14, 18, 33, 34, 35

», (Crocisa), 424

> (Melecta), 424

histrionica (Crocisa), 423, 424

a (Melecta), 423, 424

Hp (Thyreus), 423

histrionicus (Collops), 18, 34, 35, 36,

37, 40

Hodgesia, 204

Holcoeneme, 378

Holomallus, 88, 89

honestus (Collops), 24

Hoplisus, 403

Hoplomerus, 488, 489, 498, 518, 519

Hoplopus, 489, 518

Horaga, 334, 337

hottentottus (Lionotus), 487, 495, 511

FP (Odynerus), 487, 495,

howardi (Styringomyia), 208, 219, 224

huancabambensis (Catasticta), cil

hudsonicus (Dasytes), 124

humbei (Odynerus), 489

hyacinthae (Lionotus), 488

5 (Odynerus), 488

hyale (Colias), xevi, civ

Hybonotus, 384

Hylaeus, 356, 363, 364, 398, 416

hylas (Polyommatus), 286

Hyleus, see Hylaeus.

Hylotoma, 372

Hymenoptera, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344,

347, 349, 352, 356, 358, 366, 521

Hypaurotis, 316, 335

Hypebaeus, 79

hyperanthus

322, 336

Hyperechia, xxxvi, cvi

Hypolimnas, xvii, xxix, Ixx, 1xxi,

Ixxil, xxiii, xxiv

Hypsiceraeus, 403

(Aphantopus), xcviii,

Jalmenus, 317, 335

Ibalia, 431

icarus (Plebeius), 285, 286, 288, 289,

290, 291, 292, 297, 298, 300,

305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311,

312, 313, 315

», (Polyommatus), lxxxii, lxxxix,

xevill, 315, 335, 472, 474,

476, 477, 478, 479

» ab. caerulea (Polyommatus),

lxxxix

» ab. obsoleta (Polyommatus),

lxxxi

», ab. persica (Polyommatus),|xxx

Ichneumon, 356, 362, 363, 364, 365,

384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 431,

432, 435

Ichneumonidae, Ixxxix, 354, 521

ichnota (Battaristis), 246, 247

Idechthis, lvii

Idiophlebia, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224

ignita (Chrysis), 432, 433

» (Eriopyga), 438

» (Sphex), 432, 433

Theringia, 439, 440

ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 1xxxii

» (Lasiocampa), xvii

Ilingiotis, 275, 276

ilioneus f. saltus (Caligo), xxiii

Illice, 8

illustris (Collops), 17, 31

impressus (Dasytellus), 124

3 (Listrus), 112, 123, 124

impunctata (Styringomyia), 210, 211,

213, 215, 226, 227

inanita (Cynips), 432

inapicalis (Chauliognathus), 136

inconstans (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

au (Odynerus), 486, 490

incurva (Anacampsis), 264

indecorabilis (Melanoconion), 202

indecorus (Lionotus), 488, 497

: (Odynerus), 488, 497

indiae-orientalis (Anamaspis), 463

a (Leucaspis), 459, 460,

461, 462, 463

indica (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462

indosa (Lethe), xevii

», (Meneris), xevii

ineptus (Chauliognathus), 143

inquieta (Agriastis), 253

instabilis (Odynerus), 503

intermedius (Collops), 18, 35, 36

interrupta (Episcaphula), xxiii

=f (Palaeoneura), 538

interruptus (Lionotus), 488

* (Mellinus), 364, 407

- (Odynerus), 488

( “clxxxviir >)

inurbana (Glyphidocera), 273

inusta (Anacampsis), 264

iriantha (Zalithia), 270

iris (Apatura), 320, 336

irrorata (Erocha), 447

Ischnocampa, 11

isophthalma (Brephidium), 330

ithycosma (Strobisia), 267

jacobsoni (Styringomyia),

226, 227

jaculator (Foenus), 387

“e (Ichneumon), 387

jaguaria (Eutelia), 453

janus (Chauliognathus), 138

japonica (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 461,

462, 466

javana (Styringomyia), 212, 220, 221,

226

212, 220,

jocosus (Lionotus), 487, 493

», (Odynerus), 487, 493

joiceyi (Ornithoptera), cii

jucunda (Nodozana), 9

jucundus (Chauliognathus), 142

i (Dromanthus), 86, 88

junceus (Belenogaster), xxxix

jurtina (Epinephele), xcvili, 322, 336

kaalae (Enicospilus), 522, 523, 524,

533, 534

karibae (Lionotus), 487, 493, 508

», (Odynerus), 487, 493, 508

katonai (Lionotus), 486, 491

6 (Odynerus), 486, 491

kauaiensis (Pycnophion), 534

kelloggi (Leucaspis), 459, 461

kermanensis (Anamaspis), 463

5 (Leucaspis), 459,

461, 462, 463, 466

kibonotensis (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

at (Odynerus), 486, 490

kilimandjaroensis (Lionotus), 487, 495

eee), 487, 495

kirki (Goliathus), x

kloofensis (iagactne): 4°8

Pr (Odynerus), 488

kristenseni (Lionotus), 487, 491, 504

(Odynerus), 487, 491, 504

kiihniella (Ephestia), lvii

labialis (Andrena), Ixxxvi

labiatus (Crabro), 364, 408

Labus, 501, 502

lachesis (Melanargia), Ixxxvi

lactaria (Alsodryas), 250

laetatorius (Bassus), 390

laetus (Philanthus), 364, 408

laevifrons (Attalus), 42, 48, 70

laeviusculus (Attalus), 47, 68, 69

lanestris (Eriogaster), xv

Larra, 363, 394, 395

460,

Lasiocampa, xvii, Xxxv

Lasius, xvill, xix, 364, 421, 422, 423

lateralis (Lionotus), 487, 495, 510

5 var. unicolor (Lionotus), 487,

495

» (Odynerus), 487, 495, 510, 512

var. unicolor (Odynerus), 487,

495, 513

»» __ (Vespa); 512; ols

laticollis (Anthocomus), 70

e (Attalus), 47, 48, 70

laticornis (Dromanthus), 87

latreillii (Trichiosoma), 175

laverani (Tabanus), lvil

lebasi (Collops), 17, 31

lebasii (Collops), 31

Lecanium, 467

lecontei (Anthocomus), 60

(Chauliognathus),

338

lectularius (Cimex), lv

Leioptilus, 479

Lemphus, 85, 86

leonardi (Leucaspis), 459, 461, 462

leos (Gerydus), 317, 335

Lepidoptera, 314, 315, 330

Lepidosaphes, 459, 460, 461

Lepidotomyia, 191

Leptidia, 324

Leptura, 163

Lethe, xevii

Leucaspis, Ixxxiii, 459, 460, 461, 462,

463, 464, 465, 466

Leuceronia, xxix

Leucomyia, 193, 194, 195

leuconota (Duomitus), 328, 336

leucopeza (Styringomyia), 225

leucopleura (‘Teuchophanes), 274

Leucopsis, see Leucospis.

leucorrhapta (Anacampsis ), 261

Leucospis, 354, 356, 365, 434

leucospoides (Ibalia), 431

(Sagaris), 431

leucyania (Euliphyra), xxix

lewisii (Chauliognathus), 151

ligata (Cantharis), 153

lilacina (Calymniodes), 446

» (Trogoblemma), 448

lilla (Gonodes), 442

limbatus (Attalus), 42, 45, 62, 64

- (Collops), 29

limbellus (Collops), 29

limbicollis (Chauliognathus), 143, 149,

150, 152, 338

os var. scapularis

gnathus), 149

Limenitis, 321, 336

linda (Neostrotia), 444

144, 146,

(Chaulio-

(Ct. elxogxix!! 7)

linda (Sphecosoma), 2

Lindeinus, Ixxx

lineaticeps (Styringomyia), 211, 214,

226, 227

lineaticollis (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

var. rufopictus (Ancistro-

cerus), 486, 490

(Odynerus), 486, 490

var.rufopictus (Odynerus)

486, 490

lineatum (Daiphron), 132, 133

lineatus (Crabro), 364, 415

(Enicospilus), 526, 532, 534

(Henicospilus), 534

» (Lepidotomyia), 191

» (Ophion), 521, 534

Liometopum, xix

Lionotus, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490,

491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497,

502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508,

509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516

Liphyra, 331, 336

Liptena, 319, 335

Lipteninae, 318, 320

lisa (Terias), xxii

Mistrus: Wo, LOb;-L10; 111,) W12, 113)

114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,

121, 122, 123, 124, 125

lithomorpha (Anacampsis),

littoralis (Prodenia), i

256

lituratus (Chauliognathus), 156, 158, |

159, 166, 167

lobata (Andrena), 364, 419

» (Nomada), 364

loewi (Anamaspis), 463

,, (Leucaspis), 459, 461, 462, 463

Lomechusa, xiii

longicollis (Cradytes), 95

s (Trichochrous), 95

longicornis (Chrysops), lvii

53 (Enicospilus), 524, 533, 534

longstaffi (Odynerus), 511, 512

Lophyrus, 380

Loxophlebia, 4

Loxura, 334, 337

lubbocki (Platyphora), Ixxxi

lucida (Acontia), Ixxxviii

», (Holcocneme), 378

lucilla (Neptis), 321, 336

lucorum (Trichiosoma), 175

lucretia (Pseudacraea), xxix, lii

var. expansa (Pseudacraea),

Xxix

luctatorius (Ichneumon), 389

luctuosa (Acontia), Ixxxviii

luctuosus (Chauliognathus), 134, 139

ludicrus (Collops), 19, 39, 40

lufirae (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490, 499

lufirae (Odynerus), 486, 490, 499

lugubris (Cemonus), 414

(Crabro), 414, 415

Ischnocampa), 11

Lionotus), 487, 495, 513

Odynerus), 487, 495, 513

Pemphredon), 414

Pempredon), see

(Pemphredon).

(

9 if

(

lugubris

| lupata (Commatica), 239

lusitanicus (Attalus), 42

lutea (Cimbex), 371, 373, 413

(Clavellaria), see lutea (Clavel-

larius).

(Clavellarius), 371

(Macrocera), 343

», (Tenthredo), 371

lyaeus (Papilio), xxix

Lycaena, xcvii, 289, 290, 315, 330, 470

Lycaenidae, 315, 322

lycidas (Plebeius), 482

lyciforme (Daiphron), 129, 131, 132,

133, 138

> var. ochraceum (Daiphron),

133

Lycomorphodes, 9

lycophotia (Eriopyga), 437

Lyonetia, xv

lysithous f. mim. lysithous (Papilio),

KXV

mim. platydesma (Pa-

pilio), xxv

Macapta, 445

macleayanus (Cosmodesmus), xxxvi

macrocephalus (Lionotus), 488, 497

(Odynerus), 488, 497

” fis

Macrocera, 343

Macroglossa, ]xxxviii

macroptera (Dichomeris), 283

macrosilaus (Papilio), xxi

maculata (Apis), 364, 426

(Ceropales), 403

(Hypsiceraeus), 403

3 (Vespa), xx

maculatissimus (Tabanus), lvii

maculatus (Physegaster), v

(Pompilus), 364, 407

(Ancistrocerus),

490

maculiscapus 486,

33 (Odynerus), 486, 490

maculosus (Anthocomus), 57

ys (Attalus), 44, 57, 58

maera (Pararge), Ixxx, lxxxiv, 321,

336

magna (Lepidotomyia), 193

magnifica var. inornata (Chrysops),

lvii

magrettii (Odynerus), 489

(+cexel,)

mahensis (Styringomyia), 211, 214,

Malachiidae, 13

malachioides (Attalus), 43, 53

Malachius, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 32, 53, 82

Malacosoma, |xxxviii

malathana (Cupido), xxiv

mamestroides (Speocropia), 439

mancus (Lemphus), 85, 86

manifestator (Ephialtes), 389

aa (Pimpla), 389

manni (Pieris), xxx

Mansonia, 200

Mantis, 289

manuela (Ctenucha), 7

marchandi (Papilio), xxi

marginata (Cantharis), 153

55 (Dantona), 446 .

marginatus (Chauliognathus), 128,

153, 166

marginellus (Collops), 30

marginepunctata (Acidalia),

marginicollis (Collops), 21

marginipunctatus (Lionotus), 487, 496,

513

|xxxvili

<, (Odynerus),487,496,

513, 514

marinus (Culex), 195

Maronius, 130

marshalli (Hyperechia), xxxvi

- (Styringomyia), 211,

214, 226, 227

Masaris, 363, 401

massaicus (Ancistrocerus), 486, 489,

213,

on (Odynerus), 486, 489, 499

massanensis (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

(Odynerus), 486, 490

matta (Sphecosoma), 2

mauicola (Enicospilus), 522, 526, 532,

534

maxillosa (Eumenes), xli

Mecomycter, 13, 121, 124, 125

medionotatus (Tabanus), lvii

medon (Lycaena), 289, 290

Megadeuterus, 29

megaera (Pararge), v

Megalopalpus, 317, 335

megalops (Attalus), 46, 65, 66

Megaspilus, 434

Megilla, 421

melanamba (Battaristis), 249

Melanargia, v, 1xxxvi, xcviii

melanocephala (Mutilla), 399

$5 (Myrmosa), 399

melanochromus (Enicospilus), 523,

533

Melanoconion, 201, 202

melanoderes (Dysdercus), Ixxviii

melanodontus (Lionotus), 487

3 (Odynerus), 487

meleager (Polyommatus), Ixxxvi

» ab. steeveni (Polyommatus),

Ixxxvi

meleagris (Aterica), XXXviil

Melecta, 423, 424

meliloti (Anthrocera), ciii

Melinda, 324

Melitaea, xxxiv, Ixxx, civ, 286

Melitta, 420

mellifera (Apis), 425, 426

mellifica (Apis), 364, 425

Mellinus, 356, 363, 364, 402, 403, 404,

405, 407, 416

Melée, xxvi

Melyridae, 88

Melyrinae, 125

| Melyrodes, 125, 126, 127

memnon (Caligo), xxii, xxiii

a (Papilio), 458

menapia (Neophasia), viii

Meneris, xevii

mercuriana (Pamplusia), 286

meridionalis (Lionotus), 488

s (Odynerus), 488

Mermis, xiii, xiv

meruensis (Lionotus), 488, 497

s5 (Odynerus), 488, 497

Mesothen, 4

metallicus (Listrus), 115, 123

Metaporia, xxxiii

metatarsalis (Lionotus), 486, 491

3 (Odynerus), 486, 491

metemmensis (Lionotus), 487, 493

s (Odynerus), 487, 493

metochra (Commatica), 238

metophis (Brephidium), 330, 331

mexicanus (Attalus), 42, 49, 55, 77, 78

99 (Trichochrous), 93, 98, 104

meyeri (Lionotus), 487, 494

var. albolimbatus (Lionotus),

487, 494.

“6 (Odynerus), 487, 494

var. albolimbatus (Odynerus),

487, 494

mi (Euclidia), xxxviii

microcephalum (Liometopum), xix

Micromimetes, 13, 56, 78, 79, 83

Microstylum, xxx

Mictochroa, 449, 450

mima (Euralia), Ixx, 1xxi, lxxii, lxxiil,

Ixxiv

,, (Hypolimnas), xvii, xx, 1xxi,

Ixxii, lxxiii, xxiv

Mimacraea, liii, lv, 332, 333, 336

Mimesa, 393

”

( exci )

minimus (Anthocomus), 79, 80

(Cupido), 285, 286

(Ebaeus), 80

», (Pseudattalus), 79, 80, 81

minuta (Evania), 362, 386

minutus (Diodontus), 394

Pa (Ichneumon), 365, 435

mirabilis (Hemiphlebia), 169

mirifica (Euliphyra), lxxix

Miscophus, 364, 368, 412

misellus (Chauliognathus), 152, 153

misippus (Hypolimnas), xxix

molokaiensis (Enicospilus), 521, 523,

533, 534 |

a3 (Pyenophion), 534

monacha (Psilura), 1xxxvi

Monedula, 400

Monophlebus, xvi, 461

monophylla (Leucaspis), 459, 461

morio (Chauliognathus), 128, 129, 134,

137

39> |

», (Daiphron), 137

mucronatus (Lionotus), 486, 490

<3 (Odynerus), 486, 490

muhata (Ornipholidotos), 319, 320, 335 |

» (Pentila), 318

multicolor (Lionotus), 488, 497

- (Odynerus), 488, 497 |

mundana. (Chelaria), 254

mundataria (Aspilates),

Ixxxvili

mundus (Chauliognathus), 150, 151

musciforma (Andrena), 364

musciformis (Andrena), 419

muscorum (Apis), 428

ae (Bombus), 428

musicus (Anopheles), 185

musivus (Anopheles), 185

mutabilis (Dissoptila), 234, 235

(Lionotus), 488, 497

a (Odynerus), 488, 497

mutans (Lionotus), 488, 497

. (Odynerus), 488, 497

Mutella, see Mutilla.

Mutilla, 356, 364, 399, 429, 430

Mylabris, Ixxvi

Mymaridae, civ, 536

Myrina, xxiv

myrmecophilus (Ceratopogon), ¢, ci

Myrmeleon, xxvi

Myrmosa, 363, 398, 399

myrsilus (Pseudalmenus), 317, 335

mystacea (Sphex), 403, 405

mystaceus (Arpactus), 403

(Gorytes), 403

(Mellinus), 363, 403, 404,

405

Mytilaspis, 459

IXxxvil, |

”

Myzomyia, 186

Nacaduba, evi

nagamiensis (Tabanus), lvii

nana (Ctenucha), 6

napi (Ganoris), xxxili

natalensis (Lionotus), 488

(Odynerus), 488

oe (Precis), xxix

neavei (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490, 500

(Odynerus), 486, 490, 500

Nematus, 362, 378

| Nemeritis, lvii

| Neolycaena, 315, 335

Neophasia, viii, ix

Neosquamomyia, 186

| Neostrotia, 443, 444

_nepalensis (Styringomyia), 212, 222,

226, 227

| Nepticula, lv

Neptis, lii, 321, 336

| nerterodes (Commatica), 239

| Neuria, lxxxiii

neuvillei (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490, 501

nr (Odynerus), 486, 490, 501

niavius (Amauris), xxv, liii, xiv, exii

nicippe (Terias), xxii

niger (Codrus), 435

» (Lasius), 423

nigerrima (Uranotaenia), 203

nigra (Banchogastra), 534

(Donisthorpea), 423

(Formica), 423

nigratomella (Untomia), 246

nigricans (Dorylus), vi, viii, evii

(Enicospilus), 534

», (Ophion), 521, 522, 534, 535

nigriceps (Chauliognathus), 166, 167,

168

(Collops), 16, 21, 26, 27

», (Malachius), 26

nigricornis (Attalus), 45, 60

nigripalpis (Styringomyia), 211, 216,

226, 227

nigripennis (Chauliognathus), 135, 136

s (Collops), 16, 23

nigripes (Trichochrous), 94, 110, 119

nigrita (Nomada), 364

» (Xylocopa), xxxvi

nigritulus (Attalus), 43, 52, 53, 68, 69

(Enicospilus), 534

a5 (Ophion), 535

nigritus (Collops), 19, 40, 41

nigroaeneus (Anthocomus), 70

(Attalus), 42, 47, 48, 68,

69, 70

i (Pristoscelis), 107,108,111

= (Trichochrous), 93, 106,

107, 109, 110, 112

( exeli )

nigrocinctus (Chauliognathus), 145

nigrocosta (Daptoneura), cii

nigrofemorata (Styringomyia),

215, 227

nigrolineatus (Enicospilus), 524, 525,

533, 534

nigroplagiatus (Xenismus), 128

nigropunctata (Delias), cii

nigrum (Lecanium), 467

niobe (Argynnis), evi

> v. eris (Argynnis), 286

nitida (Melitta), 420

nitidiceps (Attalus), 42, 43, 49

nitidicollis (Chauliognathus), 139, 140,

141

211,

"p (Dromanthus), 87

nitidulus (Formicoxenus), ci

nivaca (Heliura), 6

niveibasis (Nola), 7

noakesi (Catasticta), cil

noctilio (Sirex), 386

Noctuidae, 437

nocturna (Agriastis), 252

Nodozana, 9

Noeza, 277, 278

noiva (Automolis), 11

Nola, 7

Nomada,

425

Nortonia, 489, 503

norvegica (Vespa), XXvi

nothostigma (Recurvaria), 233

Notodontidae, xxx

notoscripta (Scutomyia), 191

nubila (Clemensia), 10

nubilaria v. exalbata (Siona), Ixxxviii

Nymphalidae, 320, 322

Nysso, see Nysson.

Nysson, 359, 361, 364, 368, 407, 408

Nyssorhynchus, 185, 186

oahuensis (Idechthis), lvii

obliqua (Macapta), 445

obliquus (Chauliognathus), 167, 168

oblitus (Pseudebaeus), 81, 83

obscura (Amasis), 372

», (Corynis), 372

» (Styringomyia), 208, 210, 212,

224, 227

,, (Tenthredo), 372

obscuripes (Tabanus), lvii

obscurus (Chauliognathus), 154

es (Odynerus), 489

obseratella (Heleystogramma), 271

occidentalis (Mutella), see occidentalis

(Mutilla).

5 (Mutilla), 429, 430

ocellatus (Smerinthus), Ixxxv

ochlea (Amauris), xxix, xxv, Ixxvi

356, 364, 418, 419, 423,

ochraceum (Daiphron), 131, 132, 133

~ var. lineatum (Daiphron),

133

ochropis (Parastega), 236

oculator (Chelonus), 431, 432

= (Ichneumon), 364, 431, 432

Odynerus, Ixxxili, 485, 486, 487, 488,

489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495,

496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502,

503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509,

510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,

517, 518, 519

Oecophylla, ii

Oedemera, xv

oedemeroides (Chauliognathus),

155

oedippus (Coenonympha), 322, 336

Oenochrominae, |

olivaceus (Attalus), 48, 71, 72

omalinus (Mecomycter), 124

Omalus, 364, 432, 433, 436

o’neili (Lionotus), 488

»» (Odynerus), 488

Onthophagus, cx

onyx (Horaga), 334, 337

opacipennis (Attalus), 44, 54, 71

opacus (Chauliognathus), 149

,, (Dromanthus), 86, 87, 88

opalinus (Anthocomus), 67

# (Attalus), 47, 67

Ophion, 364, 431, 521, 522, 531, 534,

535

Ophioninae, Ixxxix, 521

Ophionini, 529

opsonoma (Dichomeris), 281

Oraidium, 331, 336

orbitalis (Eremotyloides), 532

a (Eremotylus), 534

oregonensis (Attalus), 51

Orenaia, 327, 336

Oreopsyche, 329, 336

ormenus (Papilio), xxxiv

ornata (Neostrotia), 443

5, (Stegomyia), 189

Ornipholidotos, 319, 320, 335

Ornithoptera, xxxvi, cii

orthocampta (Battaristis), 246

orthophracta (Anacampsis), 257

Orussus, 382

Oryssus, 362, 382

ovaticeps (Attalus), 43, 51

Oxybelus, 364, 415

Pachnistis, 273

Pachysaris, 276, 277

Pachytelia, 329, 336

Paectes, 454

pagana (Arge), xxx

pakasae (Lionotus), 487, 492, 506

154,

( “exciit -)

pakasae (Odynerus), 487, 492, 506

palaeno (Colias), civ

> Var. europomene (Colias), civ

Palaeoneura, 537, 538, 539

Palarus, 411, 412

paleatus (‘Trichochrous), 92, 102

pales (Brenthis), 286

pallida (Gonodes), 442

», (Idiophlebia), 222, 223, 224

pallidus (Chauliognathus), 154

pamphilus (Coenonympha), xcvili

Be f.g. lyllus (Coenonympha),

Pamplusia, 286

panda (Anaphe), xxx

pandora (Dryas), xxxiv

ie ab. lilacina (Dryas), xxxiv

Panoplites, 200

paphia (Dryas), xevili

Papilio, xxi, xxil, XXV, xXvi, XXvii,

Xxx, xxxiv, lii, lii, lvii, Iviii, lix, Ix,

Ixi, xii, bxiii, lxiv, Ixv, Ixvi, lxvii,

Ixvii, |xix, Ixx, lxxiv, Ixxix, xcix,

319, 456, 458

Papilionaceae, 478

Papilionidae, 324

Papilioninae, xxiv

papuensis (Melanoconion), 201

z (Taeniorhynchus), 200

paradoxus (Collops), 15, 21, 22, 24, 26,

“3 (Malachius), 22

parallela (Thalpochares), Ixxxviii

Paranerita, 12

Paranthrene, 326, 336

Pararge, v, [xxx, Ixxxiv, xcviil, 321,

322, 336

Parascotia, ciii

Parasemia, xCv, XCvi

Parastega, 236

pardalinus (Chauliognathus), 159

parietina (Apis), 422

parmulata (Commatica), 241

Parnassius, 286

parva (Liptena), 319, 335

parvus (Collops), 16, 27, 41

paterata (Aristotelia), 229

paula (Thalpochares), Ixxxviii

paulista (Eriopyga), 438

pedestris (Tenthredo), 378

Pelopoeus, 393

peloptila (Agriastis), 251

peltigera (Heliothis), lxxxviii

Pemphredon, 414

Pempredon, see Pemphredon.

pendulus (Stigmus), 393, 394

penella (Heterogynis), 329, 336

penetratus (Lionotus), 488

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1914.

penetratus (Odynerus), 488

pennsylvanicus (Chauliognathus), 150,

a (Telephorus), 128

pentagramma, (Calliprora), 243

Pentila, liii, 318, 319, 335

Pepsis, iii

percnospila (Anacampsis), 266

perezi (Leucaspis), 462, 463, 464, 465

perforata (Melyrodos), 126, 127

Perilestes, 170

perochraria (Acidalia), Ixxxviii

personatum (Daiphron), 131, 132

persuasorius (Ichneumon), 388, 389

+ (Rhyssa), 388

petiverana (Tirumala), 323, 336

phalantha (Atella), xxix, lii

Pharmacophagus, xxv

Phasiane, lxxxviii

Phasmidae, 207

phegea (Syntomis), Ixxxviii

Phenacolestes, 172

pheretes (Lycaena), 470

phicomone (Colias), 286

Philanthns, see Philanthus.

Philanthus, 356, 363, 364, 402, 408

Philantus, see Philanthus.

philea (Callidryas), xxi

phlaeas (Rumicia), Ixxxv

» ab. schmidtii (Rumicia), lxxxi

phlexippus (in error for plexippus),

(Danaida), 323, 336

Phlyctaenodes, 1xxxviii

Photinus, 129, 134, 137

Photuris, 134

Phymatocera, 177, 179

Physegaster, v

picea (Formica), lxxxi, Ixxxii

pictus (Crabro), 364, 412, 413

, (Dinetus), 412

» (Philanthus), 363, 402

Pieridae, 324

Pierinae, lvi

Pieris, iii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxx

Piezata, 366

pilipes (Anthophora), 422

» (Apis), 422

», (Podalirius), 422

Pimpla, 389

pini (Anachoreta), 380

,, (Aspidiotus), 460

», (Christiger), 380

,, (Diprion), 380

(Leucaspis), 459, 460, 461, 462, 463

» (Lophyrus), 380

(Pteronus), 380

»» (Tenthredo), 380

pistaciae (Anamaspis), 463

( exeiy 7)

pistaciae (Leucaspis), 459, 461, 462,

463

plagiatus (Anthocomus), 53, 54

ss (Attalus), 44, 53

Planema, lii

plantaginis (Parasemia), xcv, xcv:

Platyphora, Ixxxi, lxxxii

Plebeidae, 329

Plebeius, Ixxx, xcvii, xeviii, cii, civ,

285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,

297, 298, 300, 304, 305, 306, 307,

309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 335,

482

Pleuroneurophion, 521, 529, 530,

533, 534

plexippus (Danaida), viii

plicatus (Attalus), 48, 72, 73

plumbeus (Attalus), 48, 71, 72

plumistrella (Scioptera), 329, 336

Podagrion, ix, 169, 170, 172

Podalirius, 421, 422

poicilia (Finlaya), 202

policenes (Cosmodesmus), lii

Polistes, xxvi

Polyergus, Ixxxii

Polynema, 536, 537, 538

Polyommatus, Ixxx, Ixxxi, Ixxxii,

Ixxxili, 1xxxvi, |xxxix, xecvil, xcviii,

285, 286, 315, 335, 469, 470, 472,

474, 476, 477, 478, 479

Polyspilota,- evi

polytes (Papilio),

xcix, 456

Pompilus, 356, 363, 364, 391, 406,

407, 412

populi (Amorpha), lxxxv

porphyrogramma (Trichotaphe), 278

posthumus (Epitola), 335

posticus (Odynerus), 5F1

poultoni (Mimacraea), liii, Iv

praenivea (Anacampsis), 260

prasina (Agriastis), 251

pratensis (Formica), xiii, ci

9 (Tenthredo), 378

iPr. ecis, XxXix

priamus f. euphorion (Ornithoptera),

XXXvi

princetonia (Neophasia), viii

prisma (Scolia), 363, 398

prismatopa (Battaristis), 246

Pristoscelis, 18, 90, 96, 97,

105, 106, 107, 108, 111

procerus (Chauliognathus), 129, 130

Prodenia, i

profundus (Chauliognathus), 143, 145,

338

Promachus, evi

promutaria (Acidalia), Ixxxviii

531,

TS.Oyy Sear, Iban,

100, 101,

| proscarabaeus (Meloe), xxvi

Prosopis, ev, 354, 364, 416

proteum (Daiphron), 129, 131, 135,

137

proteus (Chauliognathus), 133, 135

Protura, il, xxxiv

prozona (Dissoptila), 235

Psammochares, 391

Psen, 363, 393

Pseudacraea, xxix, lii

Pseudalmenus, 317, 335

Pseudattalus, 13, 79, 80, 81, 84

Pseudebaeus, 13, 81, 82, 83

Pseuderesia, 320, 335

Pseudoclavellaria, 371

pseudoferrugineus (Od ynerus), 488,

498, 516

oe (Stenodynerus),

488, 498, 516

pseudolateralis (Lionotus), 487, 494,

509, 510

a (Odynerus), 487, 494,

509, 510

pseudonymus (Enicospilus), 529, 534

Pseudophex, 1

Pseudotaeniorhynchus, 198

Psilura, Ixxxvi

Psilus, 365, 433, 436

Psyche, 328, 329, 336

Psychidae, 328

Pteronus, 362, 380

Ptocheuusa, 231, 232

pubescens (Pristoscelis), 100

= (Trichochrous), 92, 100

pulchella (Styringomyia), 223

pulchellum (Rhynehium), 509

pulchellus (Collops), 33, 34, 38

o (Lionotus), 487, 494, 509

5 (Odynerus), 487, 494, 509

33 (Telephorus), 129

pulchripilosellus (Lionotus), 486, 491

35 (Odynerus), 486, 491,

503

punctata (Apis), 364, 423, 424

53 (Melecta), 424

punctatulus (Listrus), 114, 119, 120,

12]

punctatus (Collops), 27, 41

a (Ebaeus), 79, 81

(Listrus), 110, 119, 120

oe (Pseudattalus), 81

punctulata (Cellia), 186

(Myzomyia), 186

punctulatus (Anopheles), 186

(Nyssorhynchus), 186

punctum (Evania), ee 391

purpurea (Thyone), 8

purpurina (‘Thalpochares), Ixxxviil

(

pusilla (Actenaspis), 463

(Leucaspis), 459, 461, 462,

463, 464, 465

(Anthocomus), 58

(Attalus), 45, 58

(Ebaeus), 82

(Malachius), 82

2 (Pseudebaeus), 82, 83

Pycnocrepis, 219, 224, 225

Pycnophion, 530, 531, 534

pygmaeus (Astatus), 382, 383

(Cephus), 383

(Listrus), 115, 123

(Sirex), 362, 382, 383, 384

3 (Trachelus), 383

pygmalion (Exoprosopa), v

Pygolampis, lvi

pylaon (Plebeius), xevii

Pyrameis, v, xxix

pyretodes (Noeza), 277

pyrrhina (Mesothen), 4

quadricolor (Collops), 17, 28

quadriguttatus (Collops), 19, 37

quadrimaculata (Apis), 364, 421, 422

(Collops), 14

FS (Lasius), 421, 422

3°

pusillus

9°

quadrimaculatus (Collops), 17, 32, 35,

(Dromanthus), 88 |

(Lionotus), 488, 497 |

(Malachius), 32

(Odynerus), 488, |

497, 515

quadripunctata (Scolia), 397

quadrituberculatus (Lionotus), 486,

491, 503

(Odynerus), 486,

491, 503

quartinae (Hoplomerus), 489

PP (Odynerus), 489

quercus (Bombyx), civ

; -folii (Cynips), 431

; -radicis (Cynips), 431

6 (Lasiocampa), xxxiv

Rvar. olivacea-fasciata (Lasio-

campa), XXXiv

quinquecinctus (Ceropales), 403

(Gorytes), 403

(Hoplisus), 403

. (Mellinus), 363, 403

quinquepunctata (Sapyga), 398

3 (Scolia), 398

raffrayi (Odynerus), 489

rapae (Ganoris), xxxiii

», (Pieris), iii

Raphidia, lvi

rasera (Cosmosoma), 4

rectilinea (Mictochroa), 450

exey, ,)

rectus (Hoplomerus), 489

», (Odynerus), 489

Recurvaria, 231, 233

refracta (Anacampsis), 258

regia (Strobisia), 267

renata (Mictochroa), 449

repandata (Boarmia), 1xxxiv

var. conversaria (Boar-

mia), Ixxxv

retusa (Apis), 422

rex (Chauliognathus), 139, 140

Rhinia, vi, vii

rhodocosma (Aristotelia), 229

rhodocrossa (Pachnistis), 273

Rhogas, 479

Rhopalocampta, li

Rhopalocera, 315, 324, 326, 327

Rhynchalastor, 501

Rhynchium, 509, 512, 513

rhynchoides (Lionotus), 487, 494, 509

(Odynerus), 487, 494, 509

Rhyssa, 388

riccae (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 461, 462

rikatlensis (Lionotus), 486, 491

i (Odynerus), 486, 491

rimosus (Cyphomyrmex), xliv

risi (Chorismagrion), 170

romulus (Papilio), xxvi, xcix

rosa (Crenis), xxix

rosae (Arge), 372

, (Cruptus), see rosae (Cryptus).

(Cryptus), 372

(Hylotoma), 372

(Tenthredo), 372

(Tentredo), seerosae (Tenthredo).

(Thenthredo), see rosae (‘Ten-

thredo).

rosea (Catasticta), cil

rostrata (Apis), 400

(Bembex), 400, 401

(Bembix), 400

(Bembyx), see rostrata (Bem-

bix).

rostrifera (Elasiprora), 231

rotundiscutis (Lionotus), 488, 497

35 (Odynerus), 488, 497

rubentula (Pachnistis), 273

rubiginosa (Cassida), xx

var. fuliginosa (Cassida),

xox

rubroniger (Lionotus), 487, 491

35 (Odynerus), 487, 491

rufa (Apis), 364, 426

», (Formica), xiii, c, ci, 430

rufescens (Polyergus), Ixxxii

rufibarbis (Formica), lxxxi, lxxxii

ruficornis (Apis), 418

(Mellinus), 363, 402

(. cxev )

ruficornis (Nomada), 364, 418

rufipennis (Anthocomus), 59, 60

pe (Attalus), 45, 58, 59, 60,

72, 73

Ph (Dasytes), 97

59 (Pristoscelis), 97

=A (Trichochrous), 91, 97, 98,

104

rufitarsis (Trichochrous), 92, 103

rufiventris (Attalus), 64

Rumicia, ]xxxi, 1xxxv

rupestralis (Orenaia), 327, 336

Ruralidae, 315, 316, 321, 322, 330

rurigena (Pachysaris), 277

rybyensis (Cerceris), 409

se (Sphex), 409

sabulosa (Ammophila), 392

» (Sphex), 392

sacraria (Sterrha), v

Sagaris, 431

sagittarius (Chauliognathus), 160

Salamis, lv

salicis (Anamaspis), 463

», (Leucaspis), 461, 462, 463, 465

Salius, iii

salvini (Pristoscelis), 105

», (Trichochrous), 93, 105

sandaracota (Zalithia), 269

sanguinea (Formica), lxxxi

sanguinolentus (Anthocomus), 84

santista (Iheringia), 440

saponariae (Neuria), 1xxxiii

sapphirinus (Anthocomus), 66

< (Attalus), 47, 66, 67

sapphiritis (Strobisia), 267

Sapyga, 363, 398

Sarcophaga, v

sarpedon f. choredon (Cosmodesmus),

XXXvV1

Satyrinae, iii

saulcyi (Collops), 27

saussurei (Lionotus), 487, 494

i (Odynerus), 487, 494, 509

scabripennis (Attalus), 45, 61

scalata (Agriastis), 252

Scalopterus, 41

scapularis (Chauliognathus), 150

scatellata (Nomada), 364, 423

schenki (Cremastogaster), xxxiv

Schizocera, 373

schonlandi (Lionotus), 487

mf (Odynerus), 487

schrankiana (Titania), 327, 336

schulthessi (Lionotus), 488, 497, 514

3 (Odynerus), 488, 497, 514

schultzeanus (Lionotus), 487, 495

0 (Odynerus), 487, 495

scincetus (Attalus), 64

Scioptera, 329, 336

Scolia, 356, 363, 397, 398

scopulata (Anacampsis), 260

scripticeps (Lionotus), 488, 496

(Odynerus), 488, 496

scriptus (Chauliognathus), 161

scrophulariae (Allantus), 373, 375, 376

33 (Tenthredo), 375, 376

scutellaris (Attalus), 46, 64

3 (Chauliognathus), 150, 151

3 (Culex), 188

5 (Nomada), 425

(Stegomyia), 188

scutellatus (Collops), 35, 38

scutosa (Heliothis), lxxxvilii

sebrus (Cupido), 286

segmentarius (Cryptus), 373

seitzi (Adeniana), iv

Selambina, 441

Selenaeus, 536, 537

Selidopogon, iv

semelina (Sphecosoma), 3

semiacma (Ethirostoma), 245

semiargus (Cyaniris), 286, 291

semiauratus (Cleptes), 432

9 (Ichneumon), 364, 432

Semiclaviger, xxxiv

seminulum (Anthocomus), 79, 81

bs (Ebaeus), 80

99 (Pseudattalus), 8

semiopacus (Listrus), 114, i

semirufus (Enicospilus), 533, 534

5 (Henicospilus), 535

senegalensis (Hoplomerus), 489

“5 (Odynerus), 489

senex (Lionotus), 486, 492

» (Odynerus), 486, 492

senilis (Dasytes), 118

», (Listrus), 114, 118, 119, 120

septempunctata (Mansonia), 200

Ss (Taeniorhynchus),

200

septentrionalis (Croesus), 378

a3 (Nematus), 378

= (Tenthredo), 362, 378,

379

sericans (Anthocomus), 52

» (Attalus), 42, 43, 51

serralis (Trogoblemma), 447

serrator (Ichneumon), 362, 388

» (Stephanus), 388

serratulae (Diphysis), 427

5 (Trachus1), 427, 428

serricauda (Melyrodes), 126

serricornis (Lemphus), 85, 86 °

serripes (Holomallus), 88, 89

sesamus (Precis), xxix

Sesiidae, 325

( ‘exert 7)

sesquicinctus (Lionotus), 487

BE (Odynerus), 487

setiger (Trichochrous), 94, 108, 109, 110

sevectella (Gelechia), 276

nA (Ilingiotis), 275, 276

sexcinctus (Halictus), 416

sexguttatus (Attalus), 45, 58

sharpei (Tabanus), lvii

sheffieldi (Lionotus), 488, 497, 515

= (Odynerus), 488, 497, 515,

516

signata (Cephaleia), 381

»» (Monedula), 400

», (Prosopis), 416

», (Sphex), 364, 416, 418

+ (Tenthredo), 381

signatus (Chauliognathus), 145

(Lionotus), 487, 493

np (Odynerus), 487, 493

signoreti (Leucaspis), 459, 460, 462,

463

sikorae (Semiclaviger), xxxiv

silaensis (Lionotus), 487, 492

»» (Odynerus), 487, 492, 507

silenus (Myrina), xxiv

silverlocki (Lionotus), 487, 492, 505

(Odynerus), 487, 492, 505

Simblephilus, 363, 402, 409

similata (Acidalia), 1xxxvilii

similis (Collops), 35

» (Skusea), 191

Simoneura, 238

simplex (Hoplomerus), 488, 498

(Odynerus), 488, 498

simplidentatus (Lionotus), 488, 496

a (Odynerus), 488, 496

sinenis (Neolycaena), 315

Siona, lxxxviii

Sirex, 356, 362, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386

sispes (Chalcis), 435, 436

» (Smiera), 435

» (Sphex), 435, 436

sjéstedti (Euliphyra), Ixxix

(Lionotus), 487, 492, 507

35 (Odynerus), 487, 492, 507

55 (Styringomyia), 208, 211,

213, 218, 219, 226, 227

Skusea, 191, 193, 203

smaragdaria v. volgaria (Kuchloris),

Ixxxviii

smaragdina (Oecophylla), ii

Smerinthus, Ixxxv

Smiera, 435

socialis (Eucheira), ix

sodalis (Chauliognathus), 131, 138

solocipennis (Styringomyia), 208, 210,

212, 224, 226

solstitialis (Lionotus), 487, 494

solstitialis (Odynerus), 487, 494

Sorotacta, 253, 254

Spalgis, 333, 334, 337

Sparasion, 436

sparta (Sphecosoma), 2

speratus (Anax), xxix

Speocropia, 439

Sphecosoma, 2, 3

Sphex, 356, 363, 364, 382, 391, 392,

393, 394, 395, 403, 405, 406, 407,

408, 409, 413, 414, 416, 418, 432,

433, 435

Sphinginus, 13, 83

Spilothyrus, 286

spiniger (Hoplomerus), 488, 498, 518

bis var. flavus (Hoplomerus),

488

He var. maculatus (Hoplo-

merus), 498

5c (Hoplopus), 518

(Odynerus), 488, 498, 518

var. flavus (Odynerus), 488

var. maculatus (Odynerus),

spinipes (Banchus), 362, 382

», (Odynerus), 518

spinosus (Alyson), sce spinosus (Alys-

son).

9 (Alysson), 406

(Crabro), 364, 407

(Nysson), 407, 408

3 (Pompilus), 368, 406, 407

35 (Sphex), 407, 408

spoliatus (Lionotus), 488, 497, 511

> (Odynerus), 488, 497, 511

sporozona (Anacampsis), 259

squalens (Dichomeris), 282

Stegomyia, 188, 189, 190, 191

Stelis, 426, 427

stellaboschensis (Lionotus), 488, 496

(Odynerus), 488, 496

Stenodynerus, 488, 497, 498, 501, 516,

517

Stenopogon, iii, iv

Stephanus, 388

stereogramma (Battaristis), 249

Sterrha, v

sticticalis (Phlyctaenodes), 1xxxviii

sticticus (Chauliognathus), 159, 160

Stigmus, 363, 393, 394

stiraspis (Lionotus), 487, 488, 492, 496

» (Odynerus), 487, 488, 492,

496

striativentris (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

cf (Odynerus), 486, 490

striatus (Aulacus), 387

stricta (Fiorinia), 462

», (Leucaspis), 459, 462

( exevili )

strigata (Haemaphlebia), 11

Strobisia, 267, 268, 269

stygne (Erebia), 285

Styringia, 223

Styringomyia, xxxiv, 206, 207, 208,

210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,

217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,

224, 225, 226, 227

styx (Ischnocampa), 11

subcuneatus (Trichochrous), 94, 108

subcupreus (Listrus), 113, 116

subcyaneus (Listrus), 113, 115, 116

subfasciatus (Attalus), 46, 65, 66

sublimbatus (Collops), 28

submarginatus (Chauliognathus), 157,

159, 160

subovalis (Dasytellus), 124

subrosea (Aristotelia), 230

subulipennis (Chauliognathus), 163,

164

succincta (Andrena), 364, 419, 420,

421

3 (Apis), 420, 421

suffumata (Cidaria), xvii

suffusa (Eriopyga), 437

sulcatus (Ceraphron), 434

» (Megaspilus), 434

sulci (Leucaspis), 459, 461, 462, 463

sulcifrons (Attalus), 47, 68, 69

sulphuralis (Emmelia), 1xxxviii

mY (Phlyctaenodes), ]xxxviii

sulphureus (Chauliognathus), 154

superstitiosus (Dysdercus), 1xxviii

suturalis (Pristoscelis), 101

», (Trichochrous), 101, 105

Sydates, 90

Sydatopsis, 90

sylvatica (Trichiosoma), 175

symbolica (Heleystogramma), 270

symphora (Untomia), 246

Synlestes, 170, 171

Syntomidae, |

Syntomis, lxxxviii

Tabanidae, lvii

Tabanus, lvii

tabida (Trachelastatus), 383

tabidus (Trachelastatus), 383

tabogensis (Attalus), 46, 59, 64

tabulatus (Chauliognathus), 141, 142

Tachinidae, xli

taeniola (Tabanus), lvii

Taeniorhynchus, 200

tagalica (Curetis), xxxil

talboti (Catasticta), cii

Tanaops, 42, 50, 77

tarquinius (Fenisca), 333, 337

Taurus, 364, 426, 427

teapanus (Attalus), 45, 59

tecta (Vespa), 512

tectus (Lionotus), 487, 494.

» (Odynerus), 487, 494

tegularis (Lionotus), 487

», (Odynerus), 487

Telephoridae, xviii, civ

Telephorinae, civ, 129, 130

Telephorus, 128, 136, 139

Telipna, 319, 335

Telphusa, 236

Temnopsophus, 83

tenax (Eristalis), v

tengstroemi (Neolycaena), 315, 335

Tenthredinidae, ix

Tenthredo, 356, 362, 371, 372, 373,

377, 378, 380, 381

Tentredo, see Tenthredo.

tephradactylus (Leioptilus), 479

Terias, xxii

terlooti (Neophasia), viii, ix

terminalis (Chauliognathus), 161

terpsichore (Acraea), iii

terrestris (Apis), 428, 429

3 (Bombus), 428, 429

- (Bremus), 428, 429

tessellatum (Anopheles), 186

testacea (Compsosaris), 234

testaceipes (Mecomycter), 125

Teuchophanes, 274

texanus (Trichochrous), 102

Thalpochares, 1xxxviii

Thecla, 315

Thenthredo, see Tenthredo.

thersites (Agriades), xiv, xxxi, civ, 285,

286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,

293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 304, 305,

306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,

313, 472, 474, 475, 476

thetis (Agriades), xeviii, 300, 308, 312

» (Curetis), xxxii

Thiotricha, 237

thoas (Papilio), xxi

thoracicus (Hylaeus), 363, 398

thrasynta (Ilingiotis), 275

thrombodes (Ptocheuusa), 232

Thrypsigenes, 272

Thyone, 8

Thyreopus, 413

Thyreus, 423

thysanora (Anacampsis), 261

tibialis (Collops), 18, 36, 37

Tibicininae, iv

tibida (Trachelastatus),

(Trachelastatus).

tineiformis (Paranthrene), 326, 336

Tiphia, 348, 356, 363, 365, 395, 396,

398, 399, 436

tiridates (Charaxes), 321, 336

see tabida

( -emcixi )

Tirumala, 323, 324, 336

titania (Acontia), 1xxxviii

Titanio, 327, 336

togata (Emphytus), 376

togatus (Chauliognathus), 143, 145

torniplaga (Clemensia), 9

trabealis (Emmelia), 1xxxvili

Trachelastatus, 383

Trachelus, 383

Trachusa, 364, 426, 427, 428

triangulatus (Hodgesia), 204

triangulum (Philanthus), 402

>) (Simblephilus), 402, 409

3 (Vespa), 402

Trichiosoma, ix, 173, 174, 175, 177,

179, 182

Trichochrous, 13, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93,

94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,

103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,

TKO TOTS NPA TES ee

Trichotaphe, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280

tricolor (Chauliognathus), 142

», (Collops), 14, 16, 21, 22, 23,

24, 25, 28

7 (Malachius), 24

trifolii (Anthrocera), xev

», (Zygaena), xcv

trigramma (Calliprora), 243

trimaculata (Illice), 8

trimaculatus (Chauliognathus), 136

3 (Crabro), 364, 407

trimolybda (Anacampsis), 258

trinotatus (Colotes), 64

tripartitus (Chauliognathus), 130, 138,

139 :

Triphaena, Ixxxvi

tripunctata (Pseuderesia), 320, 335

triquetra (Kuclidia), [xxxvili

Trochilium, ili, 325, 326, 336

troglodyta (EKumetabolus), 383

troglodytes (Lionotus), 488

54 (Odynerus), 488

Troglops, 83

Trogoblemma, 447, 448

tropicalis (Lionotus), 487, 494

s, (Odynerus), 487, 494

truncatipennis (Trichochrous), 92, 99

truncatus (Odynerus), 510, 512

Trypoxylon, 394

tulbaghia (Meneris), xevii

tumidus (Pompilus), 363, 406

Turneri (Palaeoneura), 538

», (Selenaeus), 537

turrita (Trichotaphe), 279

tydei (Ammophila), Ixxxv

Tylocerus, 134

tyndarus (Erebia), 285

tyrannus (Enicospilus), 524, 533, 534

U-flavum (Crabro), 363, 402

ukerewensis (Lionotus), 487, 493

ee (Odynerus), 487, 493

umbratus (Lasius), xix

unicolor (Crabro), 364, 414

» (Pachytelia), 329, 336

uniformis (Mansonia); 200

of (Panoplites), 200

EP (Taeniorhynchus), 200

uniglumis (Crabro), 364, 415

3 (Oxybelus), 415

cs (Vespa), 415

Untomia, 246, 251

Uranotaenia, 203, 204

Uranothauma, liv

Urocerus, 353, 362, 384, 385

ustus (Tabanus), lvii

vaalensis (Lionotus), 487, 495

5 (Odynerus), 487, 495

validus (Collops), 14, 39

variabilis (Tabanus), lvii

varicus (Attalus), 42, 49, 60, 75, 81,

variegata (Chytonix), 441

i (Epeolus), 418

» (Styringomyia), 211, 216,

225, 226, 227

variegatus (Culex), 188

3 (Enicospilus), 525, 533,

534

varipes (Collops), 18, 36

venosa (Chloroperla), xxx

venusta (Styringomyia), 212, 223, 224

verberatus (Attalus), 45, 61

versicolor (Listrus), 114, 120, 121

verticalis (Phlyctaenodes), ]xxxviii

vesicularis (Conops), lvi

Vespa, iii, xx, xxvi, 356, 363, 399, 400,

402, 403, 415, 512, 513

vespiformis (Masaris), 401

vestitus (Chauliognathus), 147

viatica (Pompilus), 391

;, (Psammochares), 391

», (Sphex), 391

viaticus (Pompilus), 391

viciella (Psyche), 328, 336

viduatorius (Genus ?), 373

vigilan (Jlingiotis), 275

vigilax (Culex), 195

», (Culicelsa), 195

violaria (Trichotaphe), 279

virescens (Aecophilla), 332

oe (Oecophylla), ii

33 (Oedemera), xv

viretella (Gelechia), 251

virgaureae (Chrysophanus), 286

viridans (Sorotacta), 254

viridator (Banchus), 362, 382

i¢

viridescens (Anthocomus), 85

zs (Paectes), 454

viridimicans (Attalus), 48, 73

viridis (Allantus), 375

, (Cassida), xx

,, (Lenthredo), 375

viridivittatus (Attalus), 46, 63

viridulus (Trichochrous), 94, 111

vitreipennis (Banchogastra), 534

vittata (Styringomyia), 211, 217, 226,

227

vittatus (Chauliognathus), 152

(Collops), 17, 28, 29, 30, 31

KA (Malachius), 29

vittiger (Trichochrous), 102

volgaria (Euchloris), lxxxviii

vulgaris (Vespa), 400

vulneratus (Lionotus), 487, 493

a (Odynerus), 487, 493

wahlbergi (Euralia), Ixx, Ixxi, ]xxii,

lxxiii, xxiv

35 (Hypolimnas), xvii, XXix,

Ibex, Ibex), Ibosi, Jbootit

|xxiv

waimeae (Enicospilus), 525, 533, 534

walkeri (Strobisia), 269

wellmani (Chrysops), lvii

af (Lionotus), 488, 497

3 (Odynerus), 488, 497

whiteanus (Lionotus), 487, 492

Pp (Odynerus), 487, 492

whitei (Eudectus), xv

ce)

wisei (Goliathus), xv

xanthophanes (Anthinora), 256

xanthosoma (Ancistrocerus), 501

5 (Odynerus), 501

3 (Rhynchalaster), 501

xanthostigma (Raphidia), lvi

xanthostomus (Malachius), 20

Xenismus, 128

Xiphydra, see Xiphydria.

Xiphydria, 384, 385

Xylocopa, xxxvi

yngvei (Lionotus), 492

» (Odynerus), 492, 507

zachroa (Noeza), 278

Zalithia, 268, 269, 270

zebra (Ancistrocerus), 486, 490

, (Odynerus), 486, 490

zebroides (Hoplomerus), 488, 498, 518

re (Odynerus), 488, 498, 518,

519

zephyrus var. hesperica (Plebeius),

civ

+ var. lycidas (Plebeius), cii,

482

zetes (Acraea), liii

Zizula, 330

zomias (Dichomeris), 283

Zonochroa, v, vii, ix

zonostoma (Dichomeris), 281

Zoraptera, ii

Zygaena, 1xxxii, xcv, ciii, 479

( 7cel, 7)

ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

Page 311, line 10 from top, for monogeneutic read monogoneutic.

Page 311, line 11 from top, for digeneutic read digoneutic.

Page 312, line 12 from bottom, for digeneutic read digoneutic.

Page 312, line 4 from bottom, for monogeneutic read monogoneutic.

Page 323, line 3 from top, for phlea’ppus read plexippus.

Page 332, line 3 from top, for Aecophilla read Occophylla.

Page 333, lines 6 and 11 from bottom, for Fenisca read Feniseca.

Page 335, line 15 from top, for Habrotis read Habrodius.

Page 337, line 2 from top, for Fenisca tarquinnius read Feniseca tarquinius.

PROCEEDINGS.

Page xv, lines 16 and 18 from top, for CLERKELLA read CLERCKELLA.

Page lxxxii, line 3 from bottom, for Epienaptera read Epicnaptera.

Pirates XXVIII anp XXIX.

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